SDH Fibre Optics

ND2100
FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR
Developed by Lucent Technologies Network Systems

Customer Training and Information Products
FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR II ND2100
Issue 2
September, 1999

2600 Warrenville Road
Naperville, IL 60566
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(1-888-582-3688)
407-767-2692 (International)
Web Sites:
CTIP Product Training Catalog:

http://newcat.cq.lucent.com/catalog/
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
NOTICE FOR PUBLICATIONS
Copyright © 1999 Lucent Technologies. All Rights Reserved.
This material is protected by the copyright laws of the United States and
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except in accordance with applicable agreements, contracts or licensing,
without the express written consent of the Customer Training and
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the material.
For permission to reproduce or distribute, please contact:
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1 888 LTINF06 (domestic)
1 317 322 6848 (international)
Copyright© 1999 Lucent Technologies All Rights Reserved nd2100sgiss2.doc

Printed in USA
ND2100 III FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR
Trademark Acknowledgments
ACCUMAX is a registered trademark of Lucent Technologies.

AccuDry is a registered trademark of Lucent Technologies.
AccuRibbon is a registered trademark of Lucent Technologies.
AllWave is a trademark of Lucent Technologies.
Amphenol is a registered trademark of Amphenol Company.
Anixter Fiber Optic Cable Link is a trademark of Anixter
International, Inc.
Autoplex is a registered trademark of Lucent Technologies.
BCS Definity is a registered trademark of Lucent Technologies.
BICSI is a Service mark of Building Industry Consulting Services
International.
CSL Lightsplice is a registered trademark of Lucent Technologies.
EMMI is a trademark of Lucent Technologies.
Enhanced AccuRibbon is a registered trademark of Lucent
Technologies.
Fiber Scout is a registered trademark of TeKtronix.
FIND-R-SCOPE is a registered trademark of FJW Industries.
Globeview is a trademark of Lucent Technologies.
Hydrasol is a registered trademark of American Polywater
Corporation.
Hytrel is a registered trademark of I.I. du Pont de Nemours and
Company.
IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines
Corporation.
Laser Link is a trademark of Anixter Brothers, Inc.
LC is a trade mark of Lucent Technologies, Inc.
LGX is a registered trademark of Lucent Technologies.
Lightpack is a registered trademark of Lucent Technologies.
National Electrical Code and NEC are registered trademarks of
National Fire Protection Association.
Optiflex is a trademark of Lucent Technologies.
OptiSPEED is a trademark of Lucent Technologies.

Printed in USA
FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR IV ND2100
TRADEMARK ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (CONT'D)
OPTION1 is a trademark of Lucent Technologies.

PATCHMAX is a registered trademark of Lucent Technologies.
Powerguide is a registered trademark of FiTel Lucent Technologies.
SLC 96 is a registered trademark of Lucent Technologies.
SLC 2000 is registered trademark of Lucent Technologies.
ST is a registered trademark of Lucent Technologies.
SYSTIMAX is a registered trademark of Lucent Technologies.
TrueWave is a register trademark of Lucent Technologies.
UL is a registered trademark of Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.
ValueChoice is a registered trademark of Fort Howard
Corporation.
Velcro is a registered trademark of 3M Corporation.
Other Acknowledgments
This course was developed entirely using Microsoft® PowerPoint

and Microsoft® Word for Windows Software.

Printed in USA
ND2100 V FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR
FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR
CONTENT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TAB
INTRODUCTION TO FIBER OPTIC TECHNOLOGIE.......................................... 1
GENERAL INFORMATION .................................................................................. 2
SAFETY................................................................................................................ 3
CONNECTORS & SPLICING ............................................................................... 4
Connectors-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4A
Splicing------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4B
INTRODUCTION TO FIBER OPTIC TESTING .................................................... 5
OTDR CONCEPTS............................................................................................... 6
GLOSSARY........................................................................................ GLOSSARY

Printed in USA
FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR VI ND2100

Printed in USA
ND2100 VII FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR
ND2100
FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR
AUDIENCE
This seminar is intended for anyone who is involved with optical fiber systems or
who wants or needs general knowledge about these systems.
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This seminar is a one-day lecture course that provides the student with basic
information about optical fiber types, optical fiber uses, and terminology used in
fiber systems. In this seminar the student is introduced to fiber optic technology,
general information, and product terms. Safety, introduction to fiber optic testing
and types of test sets, as well as tools and consumables needed to assemble
fiber optic connectors are also discussed.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this seminar, the student should be able to:
• List the different light sources and detectors used in fiber optic systems
• Identify the various types of fiber and fiber optic cables and their use
• Discuss laser and eye safety precautions
• Identify the various test sets used for splice loss, fault locating, and optical
path loss testing
Media: ND2100 is an instructor-led course.

Prerequisites: None
Length: One day
BICSI/RCDD Credit
This course qualifies for 7 hours of continuing education credit toward renewal of
Building Industry Consulting Services International (BICSI)/ Registered
Communication Distribution Designer (RCDD) or Installer/Technician
certification. This approval is based on course hours only and does not
constitute a quality endorsement by BICSI.

Printed in USA
FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR VIII ND2100

Printed in USA
INTRODUCTION TO
FIBER OPTIC TECHNOLOGY

Customer Training And Information Products
FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR II INTRODUCTION TO

Copyright 1999 Lucent Technologies All Rights Reserved tab1.doc
Printed in USA
INTRODUCTION TO III FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LESSON OVERVIEW........................................................................................... 1
LESSON OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................... 1
TYPICAL LIGHTWAVE SYSTEM......................................................................... 2
LIGHTWAVE SOURCES...................................................................................... 3
LASERS VS. LEDs .............................................................................................. 5
LIGHTWAVE DETECTORS ................................................................................. 6
OPTICAL FIBER .................................................................................................. 7
PREFORM MANUFACTURE ............................................................................... 8
FIBER DRAWING PROCESS .............................................................................. 9
FIBER GEOMETRY............................................................................................ 10
µm) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------10
Multimode Fiber (50/125µ
µm)----------------------------------------------------------------11
Enhanced Multimode Fiber (62.5/125µ
µm) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
Singlemode Fiber (8.3/125µ
LIGHT PROPAGATION...................................................................................... 12
Multimode Stepped-Index Fiber-----------------------------------------------------------------------------12

Multimode Graded-Index Fiber ------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
Singlemode Fiber ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
OPTICAL LOSS ................................................................................................. 17
Absorption ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
Scattering-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
Delay Dispersion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21

Copyright 1999 Lucent Technologies. All Rights Reserved tab1.doc
Printed in USA
FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR IV INTRODUCTION TO
Specialty Fibers --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24
CABLE/FIBER IDENTIFICATION ...................................................................... 27
OSP CABLE DESIGN ........................................................................................ 28
Lightpack Cable Core Design --------------------------------------------------------------------------------28

Enhanced AccuRibbon Cable Core Design--------------------------------------------------------------28
Loose Tubes Cable Core Design----------------------------------------------------------------------------29
OSP Cable Features---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29
OSP Cable Sheath Options -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------30
LXE Sheath Options---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------31
Cable Application ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33
ACCUMAX DISTRIBUTION CABLE, LGBC SERIES ........................................ 34
Riser, Plenum, and Halogen Free Cable ------------------------------------------------------------------34

High Fiber Count Building Cable ---------------------------------------------------------------------------34
Heavy Duty Building Cable -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------35
PVC Riser (Crossply Sheath Riser) ------------------------------------------------------------------------35
AccuDRY® Riser Rated Indoor/Outdoor cable ---------------------------------------------------------36
JUMPER CORDAGE DESIGN ........................................................................... 37
MiniCord Break-Out Cable ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------38
SPLICING AND CONNECTORIZING................................................................. 39
Cleave, Sleeve and Leave Light Splice System --------------------------------------------------------39

Rotary Mechanical Splice -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39
Fusion Splices ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40
Biconic Connector-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40
ST II+ Connector -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------41
SC Connector -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------41
 Connector ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------42
LC
Quick Light SC and ST® Compatible Connector ------------------------------------------------------43
Field Assembly of the Quick Light Connector----------------------------------------------------------43

Printed in USA
INTRODUCTION TO V FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR
FIBER SPLICING ............................................................................................... 44
Excessive End Separation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------44

Transverse Misalignment -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45
Axial Misalignment ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45
Splice Loss---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46
Core-to-Cladding Eccentricity -------------------------------------------------------------------------------47
Core Diameter Variations--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47
Core Ellipticity ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48
Cladding Diameter Variations--------------------------------------------------------------------------------48
Return Loss--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49
Fresnel Reflection -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49
FIBER OPTICS SUPERIOR SYSTEM ............................................................... 50
High Capacity -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50

Small Size/Light Weight----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50
Low Cost Per Channel------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51
Immunity Electrical Problems--------------------------------------------------------------------------------51
Reliability -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51
SONET STANDARD........................................................................................... 52

Printed in USA
FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR VI INTRODUCTION TO

Printed in USA
INTRODUCTION TO 1 FIBER OPTIC PRODUCTS -
FIBER OPTIC TECHNOLOGY BASIC INSTALLATION PROCEDURES
INTRODUCTION TO FIBER OPTIC TECHNOLOGY
LESSON OVERVIEW
Lightwave transmission systems are designed to provide high-capacity,

economical digital transmission of voice, data, and video signals.
The lightwave system departs from traditional digital transmission systems by

transmitting signals in the form of light pulses over optical fibers (glass) instead
of transmitting electrical pulses over copper conductors.
LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the completion of this lesson, the student should be able to:
• List the basic principles of fiber optic communication systems
• Recognize fiber optic terminology
• Identify the construction of various fiber, ribbon, and cable types
• State the advantages of fiber optic cable over copper cable

Printed in USA
FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR 2 INTRODUCTION TO
TYPICAL LIGHTWAVE SYSTEM
A typical lightwave system consists of:
• An electrical input signal that contains the information being transmitted.
• An optical transmitter that converts the digital electrical signal to digital

optical energy.
• A medium suitable for transmission of optical energy (optical fiber).
• An optical receiver (detector) that converts the optical signal back to an

electrical signal.
• An electrical output signal that is a replica of the original input signal.
The electrical energy of the input signal is changed to optical energy (light) by the
electrical-to-optical transmitter, referred to as a lightwave, or optical, source. The
lightwave source could range from a Light-Emitting Diode (LED) to a very
sophisticated laser device.
Any medium that transmits light signals could be used. One such medium is air,
which is suitable for applications such as ship-to-ship blinker communication.
However, digital transmission of voice and data requires a highly dependable,
high-capacity transmission medium. Low-loss fiber was developed for this
purpose.
The optical receiver converts optical energy to electrical energy and produces an
output signal that contains the transmitted information. This device is referred to
as a lightwave detector.
OPTICAL OPTICAL
INPUT OPTICAL FIBER OUTPUT
TRANSMITTER DETECTOR
MEDIUM (RECEIVER)
2600-511CDR/WMF 6/98

Printed in USA
LIGHTWAVE SOURCES
A lightwave source must emit light at wavelengths that can be transmitted with
minimal loss over optical fiber. Semiconductor lasers and LEDs are the two
most common light sources used in today's communication systems. The
detector must be highly sensitive to the same wavelengths and must respond to
transmitted signals produced by the lightwave source.
The word laser is an acronym that stands for light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation. A laser is a semiconductor device that produces a
narrow, intense beam of coherent light.
NOTE: Individual rays of ordinary light, such as those from a light bulb, have no
direct phase relationship to each other. Such light radiates in all directions and is
said to be incoherent.
A laser chip consists of several layers of semiconductor material. Each layer is

"doped" with chemical compounds to make it either positively or negatively
charged. These layers form semiconductor junctions, with the active region
similar to junctions in other semiconductor devices, such as ordinary transistors
and diodes. The amount and proportion of the dopant material can be altered so
that the light energy is emitted at specific wavelengths. Present lightwave
systems are designed to use light sources operating at wavelengths of 850,
1300, 1310, and 1550-nm (1-nm [nanometer] = one billionth of a meter, or 10-9
meter).
The laser chip is mounted in a fixture. Tungsten wire is wound over the surface.
The chip is then bombarded with protons, which causes all but the section
protected by the tungsten wire to become semi-insulating. Thus, the active
region (the region from which the laser’s beam is emitted) is reduced to only the
area under the tungsten wire.

Printed in USA
LIGHTWAVE SOURCES (Cont.)
The tungsten wire is removed and the laser chip is bonded to a post assembly
for testing and aging. In the graphic below, the chip is placed into a unit
containing a short optical fiber that provides a means of connection to an
external fiber. A laser source, as purchased, may or may not contain a
connector interface. The laser unit is then mounted on a printed circuit board.
Electrical energy is converted to light energy through chemical action that takes
place between the positive and negative layers when an electrical current passes
through the laser chip. Intense coherent light at a specific wavelength is given
off in the active region of the laser chip. The light is coupled into the fiber and
transmitted.
The laser unit also contains a detector chip that acts as a receiver. The detector
chip converts incoming laser pulses to electrical pulses.
Long life and high reliability are required in all components of communications
equipment. Semiconductor lasers available today meet these rigid standards.
The life expectancy of a semiconductor laser is estimated to be 1,000,000-hours
(approximately-113 years) in a controlled environment.
LEDs are similar in operation to laser devices. Layers of positive and negative
material are electrically stimulated to produce a coherent light output.

Printed in USA
LASERS VS. LEDs

LEDs and lasers are attractive light sources for use in optical fiber transmission
systems. Both sources have the following advantages:
• Controllable output
• Small size
• Ability to operate with low drive voltages
• Ability to emit bright, coherent light at wavelengths compatible with
low-loss fibers and available detectors
However, each source has characteristics that make it more suitable for some
applications.
LED sources are more stable, more reliable, and cheaper than laser sources.
However, they also exhibit a wider angle of emission, more pulse spreading, and
lower bandwidth capacity. Therefore, LED light sources are selected for use in
short-distance systems.
Lasers have a faster operating speed and emit light with a narrower angle of
emission and less pulse spreading. Thus laser light can be transmitted for
longer distances before regeneration of the signal is required. Laser sources are
used for long-distance, high-speed transmission.
The semiconductor laser output is coupled into optical fiber with a core diameter
of 8.3 or 50-µm (1-µm [micron] = one millionth of a meter, or 10-6 meter). For
maximum efficiency, the less coherent LED output requires fiber with a larger
core diameter of 62.5-µm.
Comparison of Laser and LED Light Sources Laser LED

More stable (less temperature sensitive) X
More reliable X
Lower cost X
Faster operating speed X
More coherent output (narrower angle of emission) X
Less pulse spreading (dispersion loss) X
Higher bandwidth (information carrying capacity) X
Longer regeneration spacing X

Printed in USA
LIGHTWAVE DETECTORS
Two types of photodetectors, the Positive-Intrinsic-Negative (PIN) diode and the

Avalanche Photo Diode (APD), are readily available to match the wavelengths of
existing light sources.
A photodetector is a solid-state device that becomes conductive when

illuminated by light of the proper wavelength. The basic difference between the
PIN and APD photodetectors is their degree of conductivity when activated by a
similar light source.
As with LED and semiconductor laser sources, detectors also exhibit unique
advantages and disadvantages.
• The PIN diode, operating from a lower input voltage, does not require a
high-voltage power supply, is not sensitive to temperature changes, and is
relatively inexpensive. But since the output signal produced by the PIN
diode is low, amplifiers are usually needed to produce a sufficiently large
output voltage. Use of external amplification introduces additional noise
into the system. Therefore, in terms of signal-to-noise ratio and gain, the
performance of the PIN diode is less satisfactory than that of the APD.
• The APD, having sufficiently high output voltage, does not require
amplification. Though it performs better in terms of signal-to-noise ratio
and gain than the PIN diode, it is more sensitive to temperature change
and is more expensive. The APD is, however, the most commonly used
photodetection device.
Comparison of APD to PIN Photodetectors APD PIN

More stable (less temperature sensitive) X
Lower voltage power supply (lower cost) X
Higher power output (more gain) X

Printed in USA
OPTICAL FIBER
A optical fiber is an extremely pure length of glass providing a low-loss

transmission path for the lightwave signals. This cross-sectional view of a fiber
illustrates its structural components: core, cladding, and protective coating. The
core, typically made of germanium-doped silica glass, is the medium through
which the lightwave signal travels. The cladding surrounding the core is also
made of silica glass, but with slightly different lightwave transmission
characteristics. It is the boundary between the glass core and the glass cladding
(and their different lightwave transmission characteristics) that keeps the
lightwave signals within the core. The diameter of the cladding surrounding the
core is 125-µm (approximately 0.005-inch), about the size of a human hair.
The protective coating is an essential component of a fiber which is usually a

clear material with a color coded dye over it (when needed for identification).
The coating material most commonly used today is a UV-cured urethane acrylate
(epoxy). The index of refraction for the epoxy coating is chosen to be higher
than that of the cladding, this ensures any light that has escaped or has been
coupled into the cladding does not stay confined in the cladding, but escapes
into the high loss coating where it is rapidly attenuated. Depending on the fiber
design and manufacture, the coating may either be a single or a dual epoxy layer
design. The layers in a dual coating structure consist of two different kinds of
UV-cured urethane acrylates, a soft inner layer and a hard outer layer. The soft
inner layer provides microbending resistance by cushioning the fiber, while the
hard outer layer provides abrasion resistance and strength. This enables the
glass fiber to float in a soft inner layer while being protected by a hard outer
layer. The total diameter of a fiber with UV-cured urethane acrylate coating
applied is 245 µm (0.0098 inch).

Printed in USA
PREFORM MANUFACTURE
A preform is a long glass rod that is a magnified replica of the fiber. It consists
of an inner-core and an outer-cladding whose index of refraction profile
reproduces that of the fiber that will be made from it. A preform’s size depends
on the fiber design and on the manufacturing process used to make it.
Three major processes are used for making preforms:

• Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (MCVD)
• Outside Vapor Deposition (OVD)
• Vapor-phase Axial Deposition (VAD)
Vapor deposition forms sub-microscopic glass particles, called “soot”, that
deposit themselves on the surface of a starting object. The starting object for the
MCVD process is a hollow glass tube which later becomes the fibers cladding,
whereas the OVD and VAD uses a solid (target) rod that is later removed.
In the Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (developed at Bell Laboratories)

process the deposition occurs on the inside surface of a radially rotating glass
starting tube. Upon completing the various deposited layers, which will later
become the core, the tube is collapsed into a solid preform rod.
In the Outside Vapor Deposition process the vapor deposition occurs on the
outside of a radially rotating target rod. Upon completing the various deposited
layers (core and cladding) the target rod is removed, leaving a porous, milky
looking soot perform which is placed in a furnace to dry and sinter into a solid
glassy preform rod.
The Vapor-phase Axial Deposition differs from the MCVD and OVD process in
that the layers are deposited on the end face of the starting rod, rather than
along the length of the rotating preform. Therefore, the VAD preforms are grown
axially (vertically) rather than radially (horizontally). As the sooty particles are
deposited on the end, the starting rod is raised upward as the preform grows and
rotates to maintain a cylindrical symmetry.
The two processes currently used by Lucent Technologies are the MCVD
and VAD.

Printed in USA
FIBER DRAWING PROCESS
The completed preform is mounted in a holding chuck attached to a feed

mechanism. Then it is slowly lowered into a furnace. At the lower end of the
preform, the glass is heated above its softening temperature and necked down
to the proper fiber diameter. The fiber passes through a laser detector device
that controls the diameter of the fiber by controlling the feed mechanism and the
speed of the capstan reel. The diameter of the fiber is maintained within
extremely close limits.
UV-curable urethane acrylate coating is applied to protect the fiber from

contamination and damage. The fiber passes through an ultra-violet oven that
cures the coatings. From there it is directed through the fiber drawing capstan
and wound onto a take-up reel, where it is tested and stored prior to the
packaging and cabling operations. Several kilometers of fiber can be drawn from
one preform.
HOLDING
CHUCK
PREFORM
NECKDOWN
FURNACE
REGION
(GLASS SOFTENING)
LASER
BEAM
DIAMETER
MEASUREMENT
FIBER
DETECTOR
COATING
APPLICATION UV CURING LAMPS
TAKE-UP
COATED REEL
FIBER
FIBER
DRAWING
CAPSTAN
2600-518 01/98

Printed in USA
FIBER GEOMETRY
Optical fiber is manufactured with various core diameters, each chosen for a
specific lightwave application. Each core diameter has certain advantages, as
shown below.
Advantages of Large Advantages of Small
µm) Core Diameter
(50-and 62.5-µ µm) Core Diameter
(8.3 & 8.8-µ
-Greater light coupling capacity -Improved transmission capability
-Less microbending loss -Lower cost per channel
-Use of inexpensive LEDs -Improved mechanical flexibility
The characteristics of the light source used in the system are also important.
The light signal emitted from an LED source is not as coherent as the signal from
a laser device. Therefore, the core diameter of fiber used in systems employing
LEDs must be larger (62.5-µm) than the core diameter of the fiber used in
systems employing laser sources (50-µm). A singlemode laser device produces
a signal so coherent that it appears as a single light ray. Fiber used in
singlemode systems has a very small diameter core (8.3-µm).
The cladding must be thick enough to protect the fiber core from microbending
and to guard against excessive light scattering loss. The standard optical fiber
diameter (core and cladding without epoxy coatings) has been established at
125-µm.
Most splicing techniques rely on outer fiber surface alignment. Since the loss
that occurs at splices or connections depends on fiber core match-up, it is
extremely important that the diameter variations, position of the core within the
cladding, and the shape of the core be very precisely controlled.
µm)
Multimode Fiber (50/125µ
Multimode fiber has a 50-µm core (approximately 0.002 inch). This type of fiber
accommodates electro-optical devices that use lasers and transmit at
wavelengths of 850-and 1300-nm.
ACRYLATE
COATINGS
GLASS 50 µm 125 µm 250 µm

CLADDING 0.0020 IN. 0.0049 IN. 0.0098 IN.
GLASS
CORE
2600-519 01/98

Printed in USA
µm)
Enhanced Multimode Fiber (62.5/125µ
Enhanced multimode fiber has a 62.5-µm core (approximately 0.0025-inch).
This type of fiber accommodates electro-optical devices that use LEDs and
transmit at a wavelength of 850 nm and 1300 nm. It is recognized as the
industry standard for Local Area Network (LAN) applications by the Electronic
Industries Association/American National Standards Institute (EIA/ANSI) and has
become the Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) standard under the American
National Standards Institute (ANSI).
250 µm
2600-520 4/98
µm)
Singlemode Fiber (8.3/125µ
Singlemode fiber has an 8.3-µm core (0.0003-inch). The fiber accommodates
electro-optical devices that use lasers and transmit at wavelengths of 1310 and
1550-nm. High capacity (high-speed, high-bandwidth) systems that operate at
2.5 gigabits per second (Gb/s) can transmit 32,256-voice channels
simultaneously over a pair of singlemode fibers.
ACRYLATE
COATINGS
8.3 µm
0.0003 IN. 125 µm 250 µm
GLASS
CLADDING 0.0049 IN. 0.0098 IN.
GLASS
CORE 2600-521 01/98

Printed in USA
LIGHT PROPAGATION
Light propagates (travels) along an optical fiber in the form of light rays. Each
light ray or mode, that enters an optical fiber propagates along a path
determined by the angle at which it enters the fiber and the characteristics of the
fiber itself. Each mode carries an individual (but not equal) portion of the total
light energy. Each mode also follows an individual propagation path.
Multimode Stepped-Index Fiber

Fibers with large core diameters have many paths propagating through their
length. Hence, they are characterized as multimode fibers. Optical fibers are
designed so the optical properties of the core differ from those of the cladding.
This design creates a channel that keeps most of the light energy concentrated
in the core.
If the optical properties of all layers of the core are the same, the fiber is
designated as stepped-index fiber.
Since each mode follows a separate propagation path, all modes do not arrive at
the receiving end of the fiber at the same time. The result is excessive pulse
spreading. This condition shortens the distance between regeneration points
and limits the bandwidth potential.
To be useful for communication purposes, the modes (light rays) must be

channeled along the optical path (fiber core) in a controlled, predictable manner.
Therefore, multimode stepped-index fiber is not suitable for telecommunication
transmission.

Printed in USA
Multimode Graded-Index Fiber

The poor transmission characteristics of stepped-index fiber are improved using
the graded-index process. In the graded-index fiber the core is made of 50 to
100 layers of glass. Each glass layer is made of a different index of refraction
(density of glass). The outer core layer of glass has the lowest Index of
Refraction (IOR) and each layer of glass progressing towards the center has a
higher IOR until the very center has the highest IOR or density of glass.
NOTE: Index of Refraction is the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to

that in an optically dense medium.
• Lower IOR - light travels faster
• Higher IOR - light travels slower
This design causes the modes (rays of light) that propagate down the center of
the core (shortest path) to travel at a slower speed than the modes that travel on
the outer core (longer path). Each modes velocity (speed) is proportional to the
path it takes (long or short). By controlling the speed at which each mode travels
in the fiber core, all the modes will arrive at the fiber end at about the same
time, thereby minimizing pulse spreading by a factor of 10 as compared to
stepped-index fibers. This will allow for higher output signals, resulting in longer
regeneration spacing and higher bandwidth. In short, an optical fiber that is
acceptable for use in today’s communication circuits.
2600-532B 01/98

Printed in USA
Singlemode Fiber
Singlemode fiber requires a thick and very pure cladding, however, the core
diameter (typically) is only 8.3 µm. Because of the small core, only one mode
(ray of light) can propagate (travel) down the fiber’s core.
Both the number of modes and the degree of pulse spreading are proportional to
the diameter and chemical properties of the fiber core. Fibers of large diameter
(50/125 and 62.5/125-µm multimode) carry more modes than fibers of small core
diameter (8.3/125-µm singlemode). Therefore, pulse spreading is less of a
limiting factor in singlemode fiber. The extremely small singlemode core
diameter cuts off all modes except the one that travels down the axis of the fiber
core. As a result, singlemode operation avoids the problem of unequal mode
path lengths that cause pulse spreading in multimode operation. The
achievement of less pulse spreading in singlemode fiber allows for very long
regeneration spacing and higher bandwidth range than is possible with
multimode fiber.

Printed in USA
Dispersion-Unshifted Singlemode Fiber

There are two major types of dispersion-unshifted singlemode fiber. One is the
"matched" cladding design, where the index of refraction of the cladding glass
matches that of pure silica. The other is the “depressed” cladding design, where
the cladding glass is divided into two regions: the inner region adjacent to the
core has an index of refraction that is "depressed" relative to that of pure silica,
the outer region has the index of pure silica.
The primary difference between fiber designs is bend performance.

• Depressed clad fiber experiences less added loss per loop than
matched clad fiber, for radius of 1.0 inch (25 mm). The recommended
minimum bend radius for depressed clad fiber is 1.5 inches (38 mm).
• Matched clad fiber experiences more loss per loop than depressed clad
design, for radius of 1.0 inch (25 mm). The recommended minimum bend
radius for matched clad fiber is 2.0 inches (50 mm).
AllWave™ - Using a new ultra-purifying glass process will eliminate water

molecules in the glass fiber that prevented transmission in the 1400-nm region of
the fiber spectrum. AllWave fiber provides 100-nm more bandwidth than
conventional singlemode fiber using 1310-nm and 1550-nm wavelengths for
video distribution. AllWave provides a broader operating range for CATV and
data-on-demand services by increasing capacity more than 50% and allowing
greater flexibility for delivering digital and analog services.
Large Effective Area - refers to fiber having a larger core diameter, 9 to 10 µm,
than standard singlemode fiber.
True Wave® Singlemode Fiber is specially designed for use in Dense

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) using Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers
(EDFA). Although dispersion-shifted fibers are commonly used for amplified
systems, their ability to support transmission at closely-spaced wavelengths
between 1530 and 1560 nm is limited by nonlinear fiber effects such as four-
wave mixing. This phenomenon occurs when two or more wavelengths mix with
one another to produce new wavelengths that may interfere with signal
wavelengths. The non-zero dispersion characteristic to TrueWave fiber
discourages phase matching between the various signal wavelengths, reducing
the efficiency of the mixing. The dispersion value is small enough to allow
single-channel data rates up to 20 Gb/s without dispersion compensation.
True Wave fiber allows DWDM operation between 1530.3 and 1563.9 nm with
100 GHz (.8 nm) spacing. This fiber allows easy upgrades to future systems
from 8-16-32 or more channels. Maximum proposed channel capacity with the
current technology is 43 channels.

Printed in USA
TrueWave® RS reduced dispersion slope fiber was designed to optimize the

capacity and cost advantages of the rapidly evolving high bit rate DWDM
systems, providing:
• Cost effective transmission at 10 Gb/s and evolution to 40 Gb/s

• Better capacity and lower cost than any other Non-Zero Chromatic
Dispersion Fiber (NZDF), from 1530 to 1620nm wavelength
• 1310 nm wavelength window transmission capability
• Low bending loss, allowing easier handling
This fiber comes close to the ideal long distance fiber that has enough dispersion
to suppress crosstalk, small enough dispersion to allow high bit rate signals to
travel long distances, and relatively the same amount of dispersion for each
wavelength.
Dispersion Slopes of NZDF
r ea
eA
ec tiv
E ff
rg e
La Wav
e
e
Dispersion (ps/nm-Km)
Tr u
av e RS
TrueW
L - Band
4th Window
Wavelength (nm)

Printed in USA
OPTICAL LOSS
Optical loss (attenuation) is basically defined as the ratio of input power to output
power and is expressed in decibels per kilometer (dB/km).
! Loss intrinsic to the glass fiber (fiber loss) at specific wavelengths:
• Absorption
• Scattering
" Rayleigh scattering
" Microbending
" Core size variation
" Mode coupling
• Delay dispersion
" Chromatic dispersion
" Material dispersion
" Waveguide dispersion
" Modal dispersion

Printed in USA
Absorption
Chemical interactions in the core material create a minute amount of "water"
(hydroxyl ion, OH-) as a by-product. The presence of the OH- causes a loss of
power by absorbing some of the light energy. Other impurities in the fiber core
can also absorb light energy and contribute to fiber loss, but not as significantly
as OH-.
The OH- causes a slight increase in fiber loss at wavelengths of 950 and 1240-
nm. At approximately 1400-nm, the fiber loss is greatly increased. Absorption
loss due to OH- is avoided simply by selecting light sources that operate at
wavelengths other than 950, 1240, and 1400-nm. Bell Laboratories has chosen
sources that operate at wavelengths of 850, 1300, 1310 and 1550-nm.
6
2600-535.cdr/wmf 6/98

Printed in USA
Scattering
Several types of light scattering are prevalent in fiber. Loss due to Rayleigh
scattering occurs in all fibers. In addition scattering may be caused by
microbending, core size variation, or mode coupling effects.
Rayleigh Scattering
Rayleigh scattering results from density and compositional variations within the
fiber material. The variations, occurring when the glass is produced, cannot be
eliminated. Some of the scattered energy is absorbed into the cladding, and
some is reflected back in the direction of the light source (backscattering). Since
Rayleigh scattering cannot be reduced during the fiber manufacturing process, in
order to keep the overall fiber loss low, it is extremely important to control those
impurities that contribute to absorption losses.
Microbending
Microbending can occur when the acrylate coating is applied to the fiber during
the drawing process. The fiber coating can act as a stiff jacket with microbumps
that cause corresponding irregularities in the fiber that produce scattering.
Therefore, it is important that the coating used provides insulation from
microbending forces as well as protection against abrasion and chemical attack.
Lucent fiber contains two layers of coating material. A soft inner layer cushions
against microbending losses. A harder outer layer provides the required
abrasion protection and increases fiber strength.
The inner surface of the preform is not perfectly smooth. Although a nonsmooth
tube surface can be improved during the deposition of the core material,
variation in the diameter of the core can occur throughout the length of the fiber.
These variations cause core-cladding surface flaws that produce microbends
and cause scattering.

Printed in USA
Core Size Variation

Core size variation also contributes to light loss. A mode that strikes the
core/cladding boundary of a graded-index fiber should be reflected at a
predictable angle. However, if the core diameter is not uniform, some modes
encounter the core/cladding boundary at sharper angles than desired. When
this occurs, some of the light energy radiates out of the fiber core. Ripples in the
fiber core must be avoided. They may be caused by air bubbles migrating from
the cladding, as shown in the figure below, or they may result from irregularities
in the cladding glass.
Mode Coupling
Mode coupling can occur when the reflected angle of a mode changes, due to
fluctuations in the core diameter. In such a case, some modes combine, or
"couple." Mode coupling may help reduce modal dispersion by averaging the
delay for all modes. However, scattering loss can increase if low-loss modes are
coupled to higher-loss modes.
Mode coupling also occurs at fiber connections or splices where fiber ends are
mated. The propagation paths change when light energy passes from one fiber
to another.

Printed in USA
Delay Dispersion
As pulses of light energy travel along a fiber, they broaden (spread) relative to
the length of the fiber. The output pulses become longer than the input pulses,
as shown in the drawing below. This signal dispersion results in power loss.
However, individual output pulses are still distinguishable.
As the fiber length increases, the pulse stream eventually spreads so much that
each individual output pulse can no longer be distinguished. The degree of
pulse spreading limits the maximum transmission bandwidth of the fiber.
Pulse spreading is primarily the result of chromatic and modal dispersion.

Chromatic dispersion affects both multimode and singlemode fiber, and is the
primary limiting factor of singlemode fiber. While modal dispersion affects only
multimode fiber.

Printed in USA
Chromatic Dispersion
Chromatic dispersion arises in both multimode and singlemode fibers because
most optical sources emit light at several wavelengths (colors) and because
different wavelengths travel at different speeds in the fiber.
When LEDs are used on multimode fiber, chromatic dispersion is frequently of

greater importance than modal bandwidth. Furthermore, chromatic dispersion is
usually the only mechanism limiting the bandwidth performance of singlemode
fibers.
Chromatic dispersion is discussed as though it were caused by one physical

phenomenon. In reality two mechanisms contribute to a fiber’s chromatic
dispersion: material dispersion and waveguide dispersion.
λ
25
LASER
20 10 nsec
DELAY-T (nsec/km)
RELATIVE GROUP
LED
15
10
800 900 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
WAVELENGTH — (nm)
T1pg22.cdr/wmf 6/98
Material Dispersion
Material dispersion can be envisioned as a light pulse spreading out when
transmitted through a large block of glass. The glass’ index of refraction
changes with wavelength (similar to glass prism separating sunlight into the
colors of the rainbow), and this causes different wavelengths to travel at different
speeds. Material dispersion is the predominant mechanism causing chromatic
dispersion in multimode fibers.

Printed in USA
Waveguide Dispersion
Waveguide dispersion is pulse spreading that occurs when light is confined to a
guiding structure (the fiber). Whereas almost all the light in a multimode fiber is
confined to its relatively large core, light in singlemode fiber travels in both the
core and cladding. The single propagating mode can therefore be considered as
traveling at a velocity determined by an effective index of refraction, which is
greater than the core index. As mode field diameter increases with wavelength
more power travels in the low index cladding, and the effective index of the total
power changes. The changing effective index causes the mode’s velocity to
likewise change with wavelength, and this produces a pulse spreading that
depends on the waveguide’s structure-hence, waveguide dispersion.
Modal Dispersion
Modal dispersion is the delay difference between the shortest and longest paths
through an optical fiber. Modal dispersion is high in multimode stepped-index
fiber, as seen by the widely spread output pulse. The high modal dispersion loss
makes stepped-index fiber unsuitable for use in high-capacity transmission
systems.
It is impossible to completely eliminate modal dispersion loss in multimode fiber.

However, it is possible to greatly reduce the loss by varying the index of
refraction across the fiber core during manufacture of the preform. As shown in
the drawing below, the output pulse is much improved when graded-index fiber is
used.
Modal dispersion is not a loss factor in singlemode fiber, since only one mode is
being transmitted.

Printed in USA
SPECIALTY FIBERS
As fiber optics come into wider use outside the telecommunications industry,
special fibers are developed for custom applications. Specialty fibers are
manufactured with unique coatings or glass characteristics to meet new design
and performance requirements. The following Lucent fibers typify solutions to
problems posed by many new fiber applications. They are compatible with
standard cable, connector, and splicing products.
High-temperature coating is an enhancement that extends the operating

temperature environment for any fiber. This coating ensures optical
performance in applications where the operating temperature reaches 200o C,
while maintaining the mechanical integrity of the fiber.
High-strength fibers are proof-tested to 200, 300, or 400-kpsi (100-kpsi =

114.30-kg/cm) to withstand higher stresses than in a standard telephony
environment (typically 100-kpsi), such as in undersea applications or for tethered
vehicles.
Dispersion-shifted singlemode fiber is optimized for transmission at the 1550-

nm zero-dispersion wavelength. Such fiber is called "dispersion-shifted" to
distinguish it from standard singlemode fiber, which is optimized at the 1310-nm
zero-dispersion wavelength. TrueWave NZDF is now replacing this fiber. Lasers
developed at the 1550-nm wavelength minimize absorption loss in dispersion-
shifted fiber, allowing long-haul land and undersea system applications. Such
fibers also resist bending loss.
Short-wavelength (800-nm) singlemode fiber was developed for applications

that require singlemode operation at the 750- to 1200-nm wavelengths. It is
used in sensor systems because it produces a tightly confined optical field,
couples efficiently to (inexpensive and stable) commercially available
semiconductor lasers, such as those used in compact disc players.

Printed in USA
Radiation-hardened fibers are less affected than standard fibers by nuclear

radiation with respect to added loss and recovery rate over a wide operating
temperature range. Loss increases in all fibers when they are exposed to
nuclear radiation. The degree depends on the level of dopant in the light-
carrying regions of the fiber, so dopants, particularly phosphorus, are carefully
controlled in radiation-hardened fibers. The hydroxyl ions that impede
transmission in standard fibers lessen radiation effects, so their removal is less
critical in the manufacture of radiation-hardened fibers. For this reason, such
fibers have a higher loss under normal conditions. Designed for military use,
radiation-hardened fibers are also used in the aerospace and nuclear power
industries and in scientific research.
Polarization Maintaining Fiber (PMF) is a singlemode fiber, the circular preform

squeezed into a rectangular shape as the fiber is drawn. This causes the
polarization axes to coincide with the fiber's geometrical axes, allowing
mechanical alignment during splicing operations and preventing twisting when
the fiber is wound. PMF is designed to operate at specific wavelengths (850,
1300, or 1550-nm) and its unique rectangular shape keeps lightwaves aligned for
applications in fiber optic sensors, switching, and gyroscopes.

Printed in USA
TrueWave® XL Submarine Fiber is a negative dispersion large effective area

fiber specially designed for maximum performance in long haul submarine
networks. This high strength, low loss fiber operates in the 1550 nm wavelength
range and allows DWDM, having low non-zero chromatic dispersion that
discourages four-wave mixing.
TrueWave® SRS Submarine Reduced Slope (SRS) is a negative dispersion

slope fiber. This NZDF supports DWDM allowing increased channel capacity at
higher speeds over longer distances. The dispersion compensation is more
uniform across the entire Erbium Doped Fiber Amplified (EDFA) spectrum.
TrueWave SRS has a maximum attenuation of 0.05 dB/km over the 1520-1590
nm wavelength.

Printed in USA
CABLE/FIBER IDENTIFICATION
A variety of cable types are available to protect the optical fibers and to match
the requirements of installations.
• Outside Plant Cable (OSP) is made for aerial, underground, and direct
buried installation as well as for use as building entrance cable. Lucent
offers singlemode and multimode fiber in OSP cable with distinct cable
core designs, ribbon and stranded, and with a variety of sheath options.
• Premise Cable (ribbon riser cable) is similar to OSP ribbon cable in

design, but constructed of fire-retardant materials and rated according to
Section 770 of the 1990 National Electrical Code (NEC) for building use.
• Fiber Optic Building Cable (LGBC) is designed for distribution use

within buildings. Building cables are NEC rated according to
flammability hazard for either riser or plenum installation.
• Jumper Cordage is single-fiber or duplex cable made with Polyvinyl

Chloride (PVC) for use in patching fiber optic cable into terminal
equipment.
Cable fibers are color coded for identification. The basic color codes are shown
below.
COLOR CODE FOR CABLE FIBERS

OSP and PREMISE CABLE LGBC CABLE JUMPER
CORDAGE
Lightpack and Lightpack Buffered Fiber PVC Jacket
Ribbon Bundles Binders Core
Fiber Core
FIBER BINDER FIBER COLOR
NUMBER NUMBER COLOR NUMBER COLOR
COLOR
1 blue 1 blue 1 blue orange 50/125- µm
2 orange 2 orange 2 orange
3 green 3 green 3 green
4 brown 4 brown 4 brown slate 62.5/125- µm
5 slate 5 slate 5 slate
6 white 6 white 6 white
7 red 7 red 7 red
8 black 8 black 8 black yellow 8.3/125-µm
9 yellow 9 yellow
10 violet 10 violet
11 rose 11 rose
12 aqua 12 aqua

Printed in USA
OSP CABLE DESIGN
Lightpack Cable Core Design

Lightpack cable core contains 1 to 8 bundles, each containing a maximum of 12
fibers (6 fiber bundles are a common option). The bundles are held together with
spiral wrapped, color-coded yarn binders. Fiber counts are available from 4 to 96
fibers, in increments of 2 fibers. The fiber bundles are contained in an extruded
core tube filled with a water-blocking compound to prevent water penetration and
migration.
Enhanced AccuRibbon Cable Core Design

Each Enhanced AccuRibbon may consist of a linear row of 4, 6, 8, 12, or 24
fibers bonded together by Ultra Violet (UV) curable (glue) type material. These
ribbons are stacked to form a rectangular block and housed inside an extruded
PE tube and filled with a water-blocking compound to prevent water penetration
and migration. The 12 fiber ribbon may be organized in 1 to 18 ribbon
arrangement for a fiber count of 12 to 216, where as the 24 fiber ribbon may
contain a maximum of 36 ribbons for a maximum fiber count of 864 fibers.
AccuRibbon riser cable is available in an unfilled (air core) 12 fiber ribbon design.

Printed in USA
Loose Tubes Cable Core Design

Loose tube cable contains from 1 to 12 optical fibers in each tube. These tubes
are stranded around a central member to form the cable core. Central member
options include a dielectric epoxied glass or steel rod with appropriate
polyethylene build up. High-density polyethylene filler rods are employed as
necessary to maintain the circularity of the cable core. A flooding compound is
applied to prevent water penetration and dual binder threads are used to secure
the cable core.
OSP Cable Features

Unique Design - Lucent's current cable design is an upgrade from earlier loose
tube cables. Fiber counts from 4 to 864 are found in the core tube, which is in
the center of the cable. The sheathing materials surround and protect the core
tube.
Cable Size and Weight - Lucent's standard fiber optic OSP cables range in size
from 0.42 to 1.00-inch (10.7 to 25.4-mm) in diameter and weigh 80 to 145-
pounds (36 to 65.25-kg) per 1,000 feet (0.3-km). The light weight and small size
of the cable allows for smaller inner ducts, reduced pulling tensions, more space
in underground ducts, light equipment use, and ease of shipment.
Tensile Pulling Strength - With the exception of fiber drop cable (mini LXE),
every Lucent fiber optic OSP cable has a maximum pulling tension of 600
pounds (270-kg), allowing longer lengths to be pulled. Fiber optic cable has a
bending radius of 10-times its diameter during unloaded conditions 0 to 180-
pounds (81-kg) and 20-times its diameter under loaded conditions, 181 to 600-
pounds (81 to 270-kg).

Printed in USA
OSP Cable Sheath Options

All sheath options for OSP cables are designed to protect the fibers within the
core tube. On the outer surface of the core tube there may be layers of water-
blocking tape, metallic or nonmetallic strength members, extruded sheathing
material, and an oversheath (armor), depending on the cable type. All Lucent
OSP cables use High-Density PolyEthylene (HDPE) for intermediate and outer
sheaths. The core tube is made of polypropylene.
Multiple sheath options are offered to meet a variety of applications and

conditions, but in general they are of two basic designs, crossply and LXE
(express entry). In crossply cables, the numerous strength members are
helically wound. In LXE cables, which are designed for easier access to fibers,
especially in midsheath entry applications, the strength members run
longitudinally along the cable.
Cable sheaths are designed to provide:
• Abrasion resistance against installation abuse.
• A low coefficient of friction to facilitate longer pull lengths with less

manpower, equipment, tension, and fewer splice points.
• Torque balance to control twisting when the cable is tensioned.
• Petrochemical resistance to minimize degradation from exposure to harsh

chemicals, acidic soils, and petroleum saturation, and to eliminate the
need for a lead outer protective sheath.
• Resistance to damage from rodents, lightning, and other hazards.

RIP CORD
CORRUGATED
COATED STEEL HDPE SHEATH
(LXE-ME)
HEAT TAPE
STRANDED
CORE TUBE
FILLED RIP CORD

CORE
WIRE
STRENGTH
MEMBERS
RIP
CORD
2600-525.wmf 7/99

Printed in USA
LXE Sheath Options

Three Sheath options are available for the LXE sheath system:
• Metallic Sheath (LXE-ME) - The outer jacket covers two steel wires
running parallel to the core tube that is wrapped in steel armor for
protection from lightning damage
• Rodent/Lightning Sheath (LXE-RL) - A Stainless Steel (SS) armor core
tube wrap replaces the steel armor that provides protection from both
lightning and rodent induced cable damage.
• Dielectric Sheath (LXE-DE) - The HDPE outer jacket covers two groups
of glass strength members running parallel to the core tube wrapped in
water blocking tape
For each sheath option, cable entry is extremely easy, even in mid-span cable
entry. The cable core can be accessed with the strength members remaining
intact, so cable tensile strength is maintained. In the metallic versions, electrical
continuity is also maintained.
Metallic Sheath (LXE-ME)
The construction of the LXE-ME sheath starts with the core tube that is wrapped
with heat tape impregnated with a water-blocking compound. An overlapping
armor layer of 0.006 in. (0.15 mm) thick corrugated Electrolytic Chrome Coated
Steel (ECCS) surrounds the water blocking tape and core tube. The steel armor
has a ripcord under it to ease removal. The armor is coated to inhibit corrosion
and to bond to the jacket. Next two steel wire strength members run
longitudinally along the armor opposite each other. A ripcord is located next to
each steel wire for easy sheath removal. The sheath is completed with an HDPE
jacket.
METALLIC
HDPE JACKET
HDPE JACKET
LIGHTPACK
CORE
RIPCORD
HEAT TAPE
HEAT TAPE
WIRE STRENGTH
CORE MEMBER
TUBE
RIPCORD
WIRE STRENGTH
MEMBER CORE TUBE
CORRUGATED COATED STEEL (ECCS): LXE-ME ECCS

LIGHTPACK
CORE RIPCORD

Printed in USA
Rodent/Lightning Sheath (LXE-RL)

The construction of the LXE-RL sheath is the same as the LXE-ME except the
ECCS armor is replaced with an adhesive-coated 0.005 in. (0.13 mm) SS armor
which provides additional protection against rodents and lightning.
RODENT/LIGHTING
HDPE JACKET
HDPE JACKET
LIGHTPACK
CORE
RIPCORD HEAT TAPE
HEAT TAPE WIRE STRENGTH

MEMBER
CORE
TUBE
RIPCORD
CORE TUBE
WIRE STRENGTH
MEMBER
ECCS OR SS
ARMOR
STAINLESS STEEL (SS): LXE-RL RIPCORD

LIGHTPACK
CORE T1pg31b.cdr/wmf 6/98
T1pg31a.cdr/wmf 6/98
Dielectric Sheath (LXE-DE)

The construction of the LXE-DE starts with the core tube wrapped with heat tape.
Two groups of three glass strength members are longitudinally applied, opposite
each other over the heat tape and core tube. Two ripcords located with glass
strength members are provided to facilitate sheath removal. The sheath is
completed with a black HDPE jacket.
DIELECTRIC SHEATH
HDPE JACKET
ACCURIBBON
CORE
HEAT TAPE
GLASS STRENGTH
CORE MEMBERS
TUBE
RIPCORD
HDPE
JACKET
RIPCORD
HEAT TAPE
GLASS STRENGTH
MEMBER
ACCURIBBON CORE TUBE

CORE T1 31 d/ f 6/98

Printed in USA
Cable Application
This is an application chart for various cable types.
CABLE APPLICATIONS
Application Environmental Recommended Sheath/Oversheath Type
Hazards
Underground Plant and None Fiber Optic Express Entry − (LXE − DE) consists of
Buried PVC Pipe two groups of glass strength members which are
longitudinally applied, diametrically opposite each other,
over the cable core, along with two ripcords. The two
ripcords, nestled along the strength members, provide
extremely easy sheath entry.
Buried PVC Pipe Rodent and/or Fiber Optic Express Entry − (LXE − ME) consists of
lightning two steel strength members running longitudinally along
a coated carbon steel armor. An economical cable that
is excellent for mid-span entry.
Direct Buried, Trench, Lightning Fiber Optic Express Entry − See (LXE − ME) above.
or Plowed
Rodent and/or Rodent/Lightning − Protected − Consists of a
lightning corrugated copper tape laminated to stainless steel,
followed by a single layer of helically applied steel
reinforcing wires and a polyethylene outer jacket.
Fiber Optic Express − (LXE - RL) consists of an
adhesive-coated 0.13 mm (5 mil) stainless armor that
envelopes the core tube and has a ripcord under it to
ease its removal. The steel armor is coated to inhibit
corrosion and to bond to the outer jacket. Two steel
wire strength members run longitudinally along the
armor, diametrically opposite each other. A ripcord is
located next to each steel wire for ease of sheath
removal.
Lake/River Crossings None C-Oversheath − Consists of a corrugated stainless
steel layer with a polyethylene outer jacket, applied over
a standard cable.
Bottom currents, Wire Armored Oversheath − Consists of from 1 to 3
snagging helically applied layers of steel laid in a tight package
over the cable sheath with a twine bedding and
wrapping, and flooded with an asphalt compound.
Aerial None LXE − DE lashed or self-support cables.
Lightning LXE − ME lashed or self-support cables.
Rodent and/or LXE − RL lashed or self-support cables.
lightning
Note: All Lucent Technologies outside plant cables may be used for aerial,
buried, or underground applications.

Printed in USA
ACCUMAX DISTRIBUTION CABLE, LGBC SERIES
ACCUMAX cables, LGBC series, contain color-coded, individually PVC buffered

or PVC jacketed fibers in fiber counts suitable for building distribution
applications. The outer sheath of all building cables is either flame-retardant in
riser rated, or halogen free rated for use in building risers, or fire-resistance PVC
for use in plenum areas. Riser building cables meet National Electric Code
(NEC) requirements for Optical Fiber Nonconductive Riser (OFNR) and
Canadian Standards Association for Riser (CSA FT4). Plenum cables meet
NEC requirements for Optical Fiber Nonconductive Plenum (OFNP) and CAS
FT4/FT6. Riser and Plenum cables also comply with Bellcore, ANSI-FDDI,
EIA/TIA-568, and ICEA standards.
Riser, Plenum, and Halogen Free Cable

ACCUMAX cables and LGBC series, consists of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 12 PVC buffered
fibers surrounded by aramid yarn for protection and added strength. LGBC
cable is available in singlemode and 62.5-µm core multimode fiber.
ARAMID YARD BUFFERED FIBER

COATED FIBER
PVC
BUFFERED FIBER
ARAMID YARN
PVC
2600-526 01/98
High Fiber Count Building Cable

ACCUMAX riser cable is available in singlemode and multimode fiber in counts
of 24, 36, 48, and 72. The 24 and 36 fiber cables are composed of multiple riser
rated sub-units. These sub-units are similar to the standard 6 and 12-fiber
ACCUMAX riser cables, and are color-coded for easy identification.
PVC OUTER
JACKET
FILLER 12 FIBER
SUB-UNITS
PVC OUTER
6 FIBER JACKET
SUB-UNIT
LGBC-024D-LRX LGBC-072D-LRX
2 6 0 0 - 5 2 6 B 0 1 /9 8

Printed in USA
Heavy Duty Building Cable

HDBC is available in singlemode or multimode fiber. Twelve color-coded single-
fiber cables are stranded around a central strength member made of PVC-
coated Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP), wrapped with clear tape, and enclosed
along with 2 rip cords in a PVC or fluoropolymer jacket.
PVC Riser (Crossply Sheath Riser)

PVC riser crossply is a transition cable from OSP HDPE sheath cable to flame-
retardant Riser Cable. Similar in design to OSP nonmetallic (dielectric) crossply
cable, it is usually used as a backbone riser cable in buildings. The core tube,
which is unfilled (air core), is made of PVC and encloses a heat barrier tape
wrapped around the fibers. A layer of water-blocking tape encloses the core
tube. Two layers of reinforced glass strength members are helically wound in
opposite directions. The outer sheath is PVC.

Printed in USA
AccuDRY® Riser Rated Indoor/Outdoor cable

AccuDRY cable is a totally dry waterproof, UV protected, jelly-free cable. The
cable does not contain gel, filling or flooding compound, grease or other
flammable fluid in the tubes or core. The AccuDRY cable contains subunits of 6-
buffered fibers to makeup the 12, 24 and 36-fiber cable counts. Three fiber
types are available: MM, SM Depressed Clad and SM Matched Clad.
The USA version of this cable is UL Listed, has low lead, OFNR rated by NEC
and may be installed under raised flooring. The part number is LGIO-0xxB-yRX,
(xx is fiber count and y is fiber type).
The European version of this cable meet ISO/IEC specifications for Low Smoke
Zero Halogen (LSZH), totally halogen free (the whole cable not just the outer
jacket), and flame retardant (self extinguishing). The part number is LGIO-0xxB-
yHX.
AccuDRY cables contain aramid yarn, for strength, impregnated with a

waterproofing agent. This cable contains water-absorbing tapes under the outer
jacket and around the central organizer unit. The cable "PREP" time is fast and
easy using the R-4366 tool to remove the jacket and subunit tube to expose the
buffered fibers.
The AccuDRY cable is recommended for use in the:

• Campus environment
• Last manhole before central office or entrance facility
A distance of 5-miles (8.05 km) is a good cutoff point, for cost reduction, to
change from AccuDRY to OSP cable.

Printed in USA
JUMPER CORDAGE DESIGN
A flexible means of accessing individual fibers for testing and patching the
terminal equipment to the fiber optic cable is provided by single-fiber cable
jumpers equipped with screw-in or twist-lock connectors. The jumpers are
available with 62.5-, 8.3- or 50-µm core fiber. A coated fiber is covered with one
layer of PVC buffer for protection and flexibility. Aramid yarn is added for
strength and flexibility. One final layer of PVC coating is added to complete the
single-fiber cable. The outside diameter can be ordered in 2.4 mm, 3 mm, or
1.6 mm mini-cord.
Two single-fiber cables may be enclosed in a PVC jacket to form duplex jumper
cordage and four single-fiber cables may be used to form quad jumper cordage.
MINICORD QUAD
ARAMID YARN
OUTER JACKET
FIBER
BUFFER
MINICORD
T1pg35b.cdr/wmf 6/98

Printed in USA
MiniCord Break-Out Cable

MiniCord Break-Out cables consist of 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 individual color
coded MiniCords. The MiniCords are organized in subunits of six MiniCords.
Each subunit is surrounded with a color-coded PVC tube for easy Break-Out
installation.
OUTER JACKET
CENTER MEMBER
MINICORD
ARAMID YARN
T1pg36.cdr/wmf 6/98

Printed in USA
SPLICING AND CONNECTORIZING

Cleave, Sleeve and Leave Light Splice System
Two fibers can be quickly butt-spliced using the Cleave, Sleeve, and Leave
LightSplice (CSL) splice. The fiber ends are first cleaved in a cleaving tool and
then aligned in a splice sleeve, which contains index-matching material. The
sleeve spring clip is then pressed closed, completing the splice.
2600-551 01/98
Rotary Mechanical Splice

Fibers can be joined mechanically using the Rotary Mechanical Splice (RMS).
Each fiber is placed in one half of a pair of mated glass ferrules, which are
manufactured as one piece and broken apart by the splicer. The ferrule and
fiber ends are highly polished, either flat for butt splicing or beveled for a low-
reflection polish. A drop of index-matching material is placed between the ends
of the ferrule assemblies, which are held together by an alignment clip.
The ferrule assemblies are then placed in an alignment tool and rotated in the
tool sleeve to position the alignment tabs on each ferrule ("passive alignment").
For an even lower loss, the splice can be tuned ("active alignment") by using an
injection/detection test set to verify the splice loss.
TAB
ALIGNMENT
SLEEVE
TAB
FERRULE
ASSEMBLIES
2600-550 01/98

Printed in USA
Fusion Splices
The fusion-splicing machine can fuse singlemode and multimode silica-glass
fiber with an outer diameter from 50-to-150 µm. The machine optics can align
singlemode cores that range in size from 4-to-14 µm. The splicing machine
optically evaluates splice loss, which results in the following averages;
singlemode fiber 0.03dB and multimode fiber 0.02dB.
SINGLE FIBER SPLICE
2600-580 01/98
MASS SPLICE
2600-581 01/98
Biconic Connector
Biconic, either the standard or keyed version, can be used on single-fiber cable
or buffered fiber. The fiber end is centered in the conical plug and polished to
provide low-loss connections. The polish on the keyed connector also provides
for low reflectance. A cable support provides strain relief at the back of the
connector.

Printed in USA
ST II+ Connector
ST II+ connectors can be used on single-fiber cable or buffered fiber. The ST II+
connector is a domed zirconia tipped plug that uses a twist-lock latch for
mounting. The fiber is inserted in the ST II+ connector tip assembly, and the end
is polished to ensure low loss. The tip assembly is coupled to a mating ST II+
connector using a coupling. This combination provides a rugged, low-loss, and
reliably performing connector.
SC Connector
SC connectors can also be used on single-fiber cable or buffered fiber. The SC
connector is a domed zirconia tipped plug that uses a push-pull latch for
mounting. The fiber is inserted in the SC connector tip assembly, and the end is
polished to ensure low loss. The tip assembly is coupled to a mating SC
connector using a coupling. This combination provides a rugged, low-loss, and
reliably performing connector.

Printed in USA
 Connector
LC
The LC is a new family of fiber optic, high-density products. The LC connector
uses an insertion-release mechanism similar to an ordinary data or telephone
type plug. The connector is half the size of ST and SC connectors making it the
perfect choice for high-density applications where space is limited. The LC
connector features are:
• Pull-proof design, which maintains optical contact under loads and
prevents accidental disconnects
• Easy disengagement in dense space
• Anti-snag latch (trigger) on the factory patchcords that prevents the
plug from snagging on other cables when jumper cables are re-routed
• Polarized to assure high repeatability
The product line consists of multimode and singlemode simplex and duplex
patchcords, pigtails, duplex adapters, and multimode field mountable LC
connectors for use on 900 µm buffered fiber in “Behind The Wall” applications.
Behind The Wall (BTW) refers to a recessed wall outlet, 4-inch (10.2 cm)
electrical box, with a cover plate that allows fiber, copper and coaxial
connections. Both multimode and singlemode patchcords are assembled on 1.6
mm (0.063 in.) mini-cords by the factory. The typical loss of mated connectors
(singlemode or multimode) is 0.1 dB and is Bellcore EIA/TIA and ANSI
compliant.

Printed in USA
Quick Light SC and ST® Compatible Connector

The Quick Light connectors do not require epoxy, primer-and-adhesive or
polishing. A fiber stub is bonded into the connector ferrule, tip, and polished at
the factory. The connectors will accept the following SM and MM fiber types:
• 3 mm single-fiber cable
• 900 µm tight-buffered fiber
• 250 µm furcated, definition forked, fiber
The Quick Light connectors have slightly higher loss then the Lucent
Technologies standard SC and ST connectors assembled using the EZ primer-
and-adhesive procedures. The Quick Light connectors are used in location
where epoxy, primer-and-adhesive use is not permitted.
Field Assembly of the Quick Light Connector

Protective coatings are removed from the fiber until bare glass is exposed. The
bare glass fiber is precision cleaved then placed into the connector, already in
the installation tool. The tool's wrench handle is rotated to align the cleaved fiber
against the connector's fiber stub. The tool's crimp handle is pressed down
crimping the connector's crimp tube onto the coated fiber. An additional crimp,
using a pliers-type crimp tool, is required for 3mm single fiber cable to hold the
aramid yarn to the connector with a crimp-sleeve.

Printed in USA
FIBER SPLICING
Regardless of the cable or fiber type being spliced, the primary objective is to
achieve a low-loss optical coupling. The face of each fiber must be perfectly
positioned so the receiving fiber accepts the maximum amount of light energy
and minimum reflection. Besides the optical and dimensional differences that
exist within the fibers being joined, misalignment of the fibers during splicing can
cause light reflection and degrade power. Optical fibers can be misaligned in the
following ways during splicing operations:
• Excessive end separation
• Transverse misalignment
• Axial misalignment
Excessive End Separation

Because of excessive end separation, the light beam spreads too much by the
time it reaches the receiving fiber. Therefore, an insufficient amount of light
energy is coupled into the core of the receiving fiber, causing excessive signal
loss.

Printed in USA
Transverse Misalignment
Transverse misalignment occurs when the cores of the mating fibers are offset,
causing the light signal from the transmitting fiber to be coupled into the cladding
of the receiving fiber. Since the refractive index of the cladding material is low
the signal is absorbed by the cladding, which results in high splice loss.
Axial Misalignment
High splice loss also occurs if the axes of the mated fibers do not coincide.
Some light may be coupled into the core of the receiving fiber, and some into the
cladding. Some of the light coupled into the core is quickly lost due to the angle
at which it enters.

Printed in USA
Splice Loss
Fibers carry a great deal more information than an equal number of copper
conductors. Therefore, the consequences caused by service outages due to
poor optical coupling are more severe. Physical and chemical differences in the
fibers being joined have far greater impact on the performance of optical
couplings than the influence of wire properties have on electrical connections.
Techniques to join optical fibers differ greatly from techniques to splice copper
conductors. Electrical connections require physical contact in the form of
twisting, crimping or soldering. Optical fibers are axially aligned (butted together
end to end).
The quality of a fiber coupling (splice) depends on the light source used. It also
depends on the degree to which the fibers are optically and dimensionally alike
and the precision with which the fiber ends are aligned. Ideal fiber coupling
occurs only when two perfectly round fibers with identical refractive index profiles
are spliced together.
Fiber splicing methods in use today rely on proper mechanical alignment of the
fiber cladding. However, splice loss depends on how well the fiber cores are
aligned. Therefore, extremely rigid standards must be adhered to during the
fiber manufacturing process to ensure that proper core and cladding geometry
are achieved.
Despite excellent quality control, it is still impossible to manufacture fiber with

perfect optical and dimensional qualities. Nonuniform fiber characteristics, that
may contribute to splice loss are core-to-cladding eccentricity, core diameter
variations, core-to-cladding ellipticity, and cladding diameter variations.

Printed in USA
Core-to-Cladding Eccentricity
Splice loss occurs when the axis of the core does not coincide with the axis of
the cladding. In other words, because the core is not perfectly centered within
the cladding, the cores of the mating fibers cannot align properly. Even if the
splice is completed correctly, splice loss is high regardless of the direction of
transmission.
Core Diameter Variations

Variations in the diameter of the core also contribute significantly to splice loss.
If the core diameter of the transmitting fiber is larger than that of the receiving
fiber, a portion of the light signal physically misses the receiving fiber core,
resulting in high loss. However, if the core diameter of the transmitting fiber is
smaller than that of the receiving fiber, most of the light energy is coupled across
the splice, and the resulting splice loss is usually low.

Printed in USA
Core Ellipticity
Ellipticity is a property of fibers that have become elliptical (egg-shaped) rather
than round. Elliptical cores cause high splice loss regardless of the direction of
transmission. The loss is similar to that of fibers with core-to-cladding
eccentricity.
Cladding Diameter Variations

Variations in the outer diameter of the cladding affect the loss in any coupling
design that uses the cladding for alignment. If the cladding diameter of the
mating fibers is not equal, proper core alignment cannot be achieved. Currently
there are several fiber-joining techniques available. The technique selected
depends on the type of cable being spliced.

Printed in USA
Return Loss
Reflection of light can present a problem for lightwave systems at the optical
transmitter and receiver as well as at splice and connection points along the
optical fibers.
Fresnel Reflection
Fresnel reflection is the name given to the reflection that occurs whenever light
passes between two similar materials with different refractive indexes. When the
ends of two optical fibers are joined, most of the optical power is transmitted
through the splice or connection. But some of the light is lost through absorption
or scattering, and a portion is reflected back into the optical source.
NOTE: Fresnel reflection is caused by different refractive indexes in

similar fibers; while Raylight scattering occurs from density and
composition differences in the fiber itself.
The amount of reflection at the interface between two optical materials depends
on the difference in their refractive indexes and the angle at which light strikes
the interface. Return loss is most pronounced in splices or connections that
leave an air gap between the fiber ends. Also, whenever the fiber cores are
misaligned, the cladding reflects light back towards the transmitter.
Most digital optical transmission systems, particularly systems using LEDs, are
relatively immune to reflections. But for high-speed systems above 1 Gb/s using
laser diodes, or in special applications such as bi-directional or Cable Television
(CATV) systems, if the reflections are strong enough they can disrupt
transmission by causing feedback at the transmitter, increasing the digital error
rate, and introducing noise into the system.
Reflections are greatly reduced or virtually eliminated in Lucent splices and

connectors by:
• Using index-matching material between the fiber ends.
• Preparing the fiber ends with an anti-reflection surface.
• Bringing the two fiber ends into physical contact to remove the air gap.
• Polishing the fiber ends at an angle to direct the reflection away from the
transmitter.

Printed in USA
FIBER OPTICS SUPERIOR SYSTEM
Fiber optic transmission systems are superior to copper systems in the following
ways:
• High capacity
• Small size/light weight
• Low cost per channel
• Immunity to electrical interference
• Reliability
High Capacity
The capacity of a fiber optic system depends upon many factors, including:
• Bit rate capacity of the lightwave equipment
• Quality of the fiber
• Number of conforming fibers in the cable
• Protection ratio employed
Small Size/Light Weight
Fiber optic cables are smaller in size and weight than copper cables with the
same channel capacity, as shown in the comparison below between a 900-pair
copper cable and a fiber optic cable with full fiber count. The difference in
diameter is remarkable, 0.49-inch (1.24-cm) for fiber optic as opposed to 2.86-
inch (7.27-cm) for copper cable. But the difference in weight for a length of
1000-feet (0.3-km) is staggering. The fiber optic cable would weigh 82-pounds
(36.9-kg) and the copper cable would weigh 10.8-tons (9,720-kg).
CABLE TYPE CABLE DIAMETER WEIGHT BIT RATE CHANNEL REPEATER

DESIGN PER CAPACITY SPACING
1000 FT. PER PAIR
(210km)
COPPER CABLE
900 PAIRS 2.86 4,800 1.54 24 1.14
SCREENED INCHES POUNDS Mb/s CHANNELS MILES
PULP (7.27 cm) (2.160kg) (2.14 km)
(22 GAUGE)
LIGHTGUIDE 1.54 24 10-90

CABLE Mb/s CHANNELS MILES
ACCURIBBON 0.49 82 (16-140 km)
ASR INCHES POUNDS
LIGHTPACK (1.24 cm) (3.69 kg)
32,2562.5 Gb/s
2633-043B 01/98
CHANNELS
* REPEATER SPACING DISTANCE DEPENDS ON: TYPE OF TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT, LASER OR
LED USE AND FIBER TYPE AND QUALITY.

Printed in USA
Low Cost Per Channel

Fiber optic cables have greater channel carrying capacity then copper cables. A
900-pair copper cable transmitting 24 channels (voice conversations) per pair at
a rate of 1.544 Mb/s can carry 21,600 channels. But just one pair of fibers
transmitting at a rate of 2.5 Gb/s has more channel capacity, 32,256 channels,
than the entire 900-pair copper cable.
Fiber optic cable provides low cost per channel in many high-capacity
applications. Numerous long-term cost benefits are associated with fiber optic
systems:
• Tremendous savings can be gained in duct space and lower construction

costs. For example, 3 fiber optic cables can be placed in a 4-inch (10.16-
cm) duct that formerly supported only 1 copper cable.
• The high bandwidth capacity of fiber optic cable reduces the need for
placing additional cable in the future.
• Fewer repeater sites are required for fiber systems. A typical singlemode
fiber optic system requires 1 repeater every 25 miles, while 20 repeaters
are required for copper systems over the same distance.
Immunity Electrical Problems

Optical fibers are nonmetallic and therefore immune to all electromagnetic
interference (induction) and crosstalk. Large electrical machinery and power
lines are automatically isolated from fiber optic systems.
Fiber optic transmission is secure. Very little light energy radiates out of the fiber
core, making interception of the signal virtually impossible. Attempts at tapping
are immediately detectable.
Fiber optic systems are also free from electrical sparking that can cause fires.
Reliability
Lucent is one of the most experienced fiber optic product manufacturers in the
world. All components used in fiber optic systems, from the lightwave terminal
equipment to the fiber optic cable, conform to the highest quality standards.

Printed in USA
SONET STANDARD
Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) is a digital hierarchy standard developed

for electrical-to-optical or optical-to-optical transmission systems. SONET
combines two existing standards, American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
and Consortium of European Post and Telegraph (CEPT), to interface
transmission systems and multiplexers.
Beginning at the bottom of the flow chart below, locate the DS1, DS1C, DS2,
and DS3 signal rates going up to the SONET level. These rates are
asynchronous signals converted by SONET Synchronous Transport Signal-Level
1E (STS-1E) to synchronous signals, with data link transport framing bytes
added. The DDM-2000 and FT-2000 signals are multiplexed to the channel
capacity of an optical carrier (i.e. OC-3) for transport. The FT-1, DDM-1000 and
the FT Series G are not converted to the SONET Level. As channel capacity
and data rates increase, the SONET digital hierarchy level have increased to
OC-192.
..

Printed in USA
GENERAL INFORMATION
Developed by Lucent Technologies Network systems

GENERAL INFORMATION II FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR
Copyright 1999 Lucent Technologies All Rights Reserved tab02.doc

Printed in USA
FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR III GENERAL INFORMATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LESSON OVERVIEW........................................................................................... 1
LESSON OBJECTIVE.......................................................................................... 1
FIBER COLOR AND NUMBER IDENTIFICATION .............................................. 2
OSP Lightpack and AccuRibbon Cable-------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
FIBER COLOR AND NUMBER IDENTIFICATION .............................................. 3
Building Cable ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

Jumper Cordage--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
ORDERING CODES............................................................................................. 4
Outside Plant Cable ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

Building Cable ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
MiniCord Cable ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
Jumper Cordage--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10
ST Connector------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
SC Connector -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
 Connector ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
LC
CONNECTOR POLISHING OVERVIEW............................................................ 14
ST II+, SC Connector Multimode Polish ------------------------------------------------------------------14

ST II+, SC Connector Singlemode Polish ----------------------------------------------------------------14
LC Connector Multimode Polish ----------------------------------------------------------------------------15
LC Connector Singlemode Polish --------------------------------------------------------------------------15
CLARIFICATION PRODUCT TERMS ................................................................ 16
MEASUREMENT CONVERSION TABLES........................................................ 21

Printed in USA
GENERAL INFORMATION IV FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR

Printed in USA
FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR 1 GENERAL INFORMATION
FIBER OPTIC GENERAL INFORMATION
LESSON OVERVIEW
This lesson contains general information needed for work operations in fiber
optic systems. It covers:
• Fiber and cable identification
• Cable ordering codes
• Measurement unit conversions
• Clarification of fiber optic product terms
LESSON OBJECTIVE
This lesson is designed for use as reference in fiber optic splicing,

connectorization, and cable order codes.

Printed in USA
GENERAL INFORMATION 2 FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR
FIBER COLOR AND NUMBER IDENTIFICATION
OSP Lightpack and AccuRibbon Cable
All OSP Cable Lightpack Cable AccuRibbon Cable

Fiber Binder Ribbon
Number and Color Number and Color Number and ID
1 blue 1 blue 1 BL (blue)
2 orange 2 orange 2 OR (orange)
3 green 3 green 3 GR (green)
4 brown 4 brown 4 BR (brown)
5 slate 5 slate 5 SL (slate)
6 white 6 white 6 WH (white)
7 red 7 red 7 RD (red)
8 black 8 black 8 BK (black)
9 yellow 9 YL (yellow)
10 violet 10 VI (violet)
11 rose 11 DBL (dashed blue)
12 aqua 12 DOR (dashed orange)
13 DGR (dashed green)
14 DBR (dashed brown)
15 DSL (dashed slate)
16 DWH (dashed white)
17 DRD (dashed red)
18 DBK (dashed black)

Printed in USA
FIBER COLOR AND NUMBER IDENTIFICATION
Building Cable
BUILDING CABLE NUMBER AND COLOR IDENTIFICATION

ACCUMAX LGBC High Fiber Count HDBC
(Lightguide Building Cable) LGBC (Heavy Duty Building Cable)
Buffered Fiber Sub Unit Fiber Unit
Number and Color Number and Number and Color
Color
1 blue 1 blue 1 blue
2 orange 2 orange 2 orange
3 green 3 green 3 green
4 brown 4 brown 4 brown
5 slate 5 slate 5 slate
6 white 6 white 6 white
7 red 7 red
8 black 8 black
9 yellow 9 yellow
10 violet 10 violet
11 rose 11 rose
12 aqua 12 aqua
Jumper Cordage
SINGLE-FIBER AND DUPLEX JUMPER CORDAGE

PVC (polyvinyl chloride) Cable Jacket Color Code
Code Color Fiber
1800A/1801A series orange 50/125 µm
9800A/9801A series
1860A/1861A series slate 62.5/125 µm
9860A/9861A series
2000A/2001A series yellow 8.3/125 µm
9000A/9001A series

Printed in USA
ORDERING CODES
Outside Plant Cable
Fiber Optic outside plant cable is ordered by a 16-character code. The first 12
characters specify cable design, fiber count, and MIFL (maximum individual fiber
loss). Four more characters are added when REA (Rural Electrification
Administration) specification, or to order a 6-bundle configuration is requested.
Characters 5, 9, and 13 are hyphens. The general format and description of the
code are as follows:
Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
position:
Code format: N A A A - N N N - A A A - R U S
| | | | | | | or
| | | | | | | - FB6
| | | | | | | 6 Fiber Bundle
| | | | | | | or
| | | | | | | - U04
| | | | | | | 4 Fiber Ribbon
Sub-Unit
| | | | | | | or
| | | | | | | - U06
| | | | | | | 6 Fiber Ribbon
Sub-Unit
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | MIFL Transmission Parameters
| | | | | |
| | | | | Wavelength
| | | | |
| | | | Number of Fibers
| | | |
| | | Oversheath (Protection) Design
| | |
| | Sheath Design
| |
| Cable Core Design
|
Fiber Design
N = Numeric value
A = Alpha value

Printed in USA
The following table provides a description of each code position, the available
cable options, a description of each option, and the corresponding cable code
designator.
Example: 3DSX-024-HXM-FB6 Multimode, Lightpack core with LXE-Metallic sheath, no
oversheath, 24 fibers with a MIFL of 3.4 dB/km at 850 nm, 1dB/km at 1300 nm, and fiber grouped
into 6 fiber bundles.
Outside Plant Cable Code Description

Code Cable Code Options
Position Description Designator Description
3 Multimode 62.5 µm core
4 Singlemode, Depressed Clad
1 Fiber design 5 Singlemode, Buffed Depressed Clad
7 Singlemode, Matched Clad
8 Singlemode, Buffed Matched Clad
9 Singlemode, TrueWave RS fiber*
A Singlemode, ALLWAVE fiber
D Lightpack, Filled Core
F AccuRibbon, Air (Non-Filled) Core
2 Cable core design G AccuRibbon, Filled Core, 12 Fiber Ribbon
K AccuRibbon, Filled Core, 4 Fiber Ribbon
L AccuRibbon, Filled Core, 8 Fiber Ribbon
M AccuRibbon, Filled Core, 6 Fiber Ribbon
R AccuRibbon, Filled Core, 24 Fiber Ribbon
D Dielectric Drop
F AccuRibbon DuctSaver (Dielectric Crossply)
G Armored Figure-8 Self-Support (+Oversheath)
H Primary RL
3 Sheath design K RL Figure-8 Self-Support (+Oversheath)
L PVC Crossply (Riser)
M Primary Armor (Requires RUS Designator)
N LXE-DE (Dielectric)
R LXE-RL (Rodent Lighting)
S LXE-ME (Metallic)
V Mini-LXE (Armored Drop)
Y AccuRibbon DuctSaver (Metallic)
1 Central Flex
2 AccuRibbon DuctSaver + (864 Fiber, Metallic)
C C-Oversheath (Stainless Steel)
D D-Oversheath (Coated Steel)
4 Oversheath design X No oversheath
Y Figure-8 Self-Support Oversheath
(Required for Figure-8 Sheath Designs)
5 -

Printed in USA
Outside Plant Cable Code Description (Continued)
Code Cable Code Options

Position Description Designator Description
No. guaranteed fibers
Lightpack Core (Mini-LXE, DE 1-18 All Fiber Counts
Drop)
6-8 Lightpack Core 4-96 Fiber Count in Even Numbers Only
AccuRibbon Core 4-8** Fiber Count in Multiples of 4 SM F/R
AccuRibbon Core 6-36 Fiber Count in Multiples of 6 SM F/R
AccuRibbon Core 240,264- Fiber Count in Multiples of 24 SM F/R
576,792-864
AccuRibbon Core 12-216 Fiber Count in Multiples of 12-62.5µm MM F/R
(F/R - fibers per ribbon)
9 -
10 Wavelength B Singlemode, 1310/1550 nm
C Singlemode TrueWave RS, 1550 nm
H Multimode, 850/1300 nm
MIFL Trans Parameters
Singlemode XC*** 0.35 dB/km at 1310 nm,
0.25 dB/km at 1550 nm
Depressed/Matched Clad XD*** 0.40 dB/km at 1310 nm,
11-12 0.30 dB/km at 1550 nm
Singlemode TrueWave XC*** 0.25 dB/km@1550 nm, 0.25@1600nm
RS*
Multimode 62.5 µm XM*** 3.4 dB/km, 200 Mhz km at 850 nm,
1.0 dB/km, 500 Mhz km at 1300 nm
13 -
RUS RUS Rural Utilities Services Listed formerly
6 Fiber Bundles FB6 REA
14-16 Ribbon Sub-Units U04 6 Fiber Bundles in Lightguide Core
8 Fiber Ribbons, Repeated First 4 colors
Ribbon Sub-Units U06 (for XLXX only)
12 Fiber Ribbons, Repeated First 6 colors
(for XGXX only)
* True Wave RS fibers are available on a special order basis.

** Available only in DVX and DDX Cable Designs.
*** Additional Transmission Parameters are available upon request.
If no value is specified when ordering, the default is: XD - 0.4/0.3 dB/km.
REA Rural Electrification Administration

Printed in USA
AccuDRY® Riser Rated Indoor/Outdoor cable
AccuDRY cable is ordered by an 11-character code with the following format:
Code 1 2 3 4 - 5 6 7 8 - 9 10 11
position:
Code format: X X X X - N N N X - X X X
| | | | | |
| | | | | Future
| | | | |
| | | | Cable Material
| | | |
| | | Fiber Type
| | |
| | Cable Version
| |
| Number of Fibers
|
AccuDRY Indoor/Outdoor Cable (LGIO) Designator
Position Description Options

1-4 Cable Design LGIO - AccuDRY® Riser Rated Indoor/Outdoor
5-7 Number of Fibers 012, 024, 036
8 Cable Version B-Second Version
L- Multimode 62.5 micron Core
9 Fiber Type S-Singlemode 8.3-micron Core -Depressed Clad
V-Singlemode 8.3 micron Core - Matched Clad
10 Cable Material Safety R-Optical Fiber Non-conductor Riser (OFNR)
Performance H-Low Smoke Zero Halogen (LSZH)
11 Future Use (Jacket Color) X-Default Color

Printed in USA
Building Cable
ACCUMAX and LGBC (lightguide building cable) is ordered by an 11-character

code with the following format:
Code 1 2 3 4 - 5 6 7 8 - 9 10 11
position:
| | | | | |
| | | | | Future
| | | | |
| | | | Jacket
Material
| | | |
| | | Fiber Type
| | |
| | Cable Version
| |
| Number of Fibers
|
Building Cable (LGBC) Designator

1-4 Cable Design Building Cable (LGBC)
5-7 Number of Fibers 001, 002, 004, 006, 008, 012, 024, 036, 048, or
072
8 Cable Version A-Original - First Version
D-Forth Version - ACCUMAX
9 Fiber Type S-Singlemode 8.3-micron Core - Depressed
Clad
10 Jacket Material Safety R-Riser Type, Flame Retardant, PVC Jacket
Performance P-Plenum Type, Low Smoke, PVC Jacket
H-Riser Type, Halogen-Free, PVC Jacket
11 Future Use (Jacket Color) X-Default Color

Printed in USA
MiniCord Cable
MiniCord cable designs are ordered by an 11-character code with the following
format:
Code 1 2 3 4 - 5 6 7 8 - 9 10 11
position:
| | | | | |
| | | | | Jacket
Color
| | | | |
| | | | Jacket Material
| | | |
| | | Fiber Type
| | |
| | Cable Version
| |
| Number of Fibers
|
MiniCord LGMC Designator

1-4 Cable Design MiniCord (LGMC)
5-7 Number of Fibers 001, 002
8 Cable Version A-Original - Twist Type Connectors
B-Second - All Types of Connectors
9 Fiber Type S-Singlemode 8.3-micron Core - Depressed
Clad
10 Jacket Material Safety R-Flame Retardant, PVC Jacket
Performance
X-Default Color
11 Jacket Color -Yellow - Singlemode
-Slate - 62.5/125 Multimode

Printed in USA
Jumper Cordage
Lightguide single-fiber, duplex, and quad jumper cordage is ordered by a
6-character code with the following format:
Code Position: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Code Format: N N N N A N
| | | | |
| | | | Diameter
| | | |
| | | Version
| | |
| | Number of Fibers
| |
| Fiber Type
|
Series of Cordage
N = Numeric value
A = Alpha value

1 - 1000 Series - (Multimode) Original Twist Type Connectors
1 Series of Cordage 2 - 2000 Series - (Singlemode) Original Twist Type Connectors
4 - 4000 Series - (Halogen) All Connectors Except STII+
6 - 6000 Series - (Plenum) Original Twist Type Connectors
9 - 9000 Series - (Riser) All Types of Connectors
00 - Singlemode - Depressed Clad
2-3 Fiber type 30 - Singlemode - Matched Clad
86 - Multimode - 62.5/125µm Core
80 - Multimode - 50/125 µm Core
0 - 1 Fiber (Single Fiber)
4 Number of fibers 1 - 2 Fibers (Duplex)
5 Cable version A - Original
Blank - 2.4 mm O.D.
6 Cable jacket outer
3- 3.0 mm O.D.
diameter

Printed in USA
ST II+ Connector
ST II+ Connectors are ordered by a 8-character code with the following format:
Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 - 7 - 8
position:
Code format: A N N N N A - A - N
| | | | | |
| | | | | Fiber O.D.
| | | | |
| | | | Tip Material
| | | |
| | | Design Number
| | |
| | Hardware
| |
| Connector Fiber Type
|
Plug

1 Plug P - Plug
20 - Multimode
2-3 Fiber Type 30 - Singlemode
20 - Zinc - 2.4 and 3 mm and 900 micron
21 - Zinc - Black Boot Connector
26 - Zinc - 3 Red Boot Plus 3 Black Boot Connectors
4-5 Hardware 36 - Zinc - 3.6 mm
50 - Stainless - Military
52 - Stainless Nonoptical Disconnect - Military
70 - ST II+ Pull Proof Connector, 3.0 mm and 900
micron
71 - ST II+ Pull Proof Connector for Buffered Fiber Only
6 Design C - 3rd
Version
7 Tip Material Z - Zirconia Ceramic
125 µm
8 Fiber O.D. 140 µm
240 µm

Printed in USA
SC Connector
SC Connectors are ordered by a 8-character code with the following format:
Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 - 7 - 8
position:
| | | | | |
| | | | | Fiber O.D.
| | | | |
| | | |
| | | Design Number
| | |
| | Hardware
| |
|
Plug

1 Plug P - Plug
62 - Multimode
2-3 Fiber Type
60 - Singlemode
01 - 900 micron Buffered Mounting
4-5 Hardware
00 - 3.0 mm Cordage Mounting
6 Design Version A - 1st

Printed in USA
 Connector
LC
LC Connectors are ordered by a 8-character code with the following format:
Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 - 7 - 8
position:
| | | | | |
| | | | | Fiber O.D.
| | | | |
| | | |
| | | Design Number
| | |
| | Hardware
| |
|
Plug

1 Plug P - Plug
10 - Multimode
2-3 Fiber Type 11- Singlemode
01 - 900 Micron Buffered
4-5 Hardware 00 - 1.6 mm Minicord (Multimode only)
6 Design A - 1st
Version

Printed in USA
CONNECTOR POLISHING OVERVIEW
ST II+, SC Connector Multimode Polish
No. of Figure-8
Step Polishing Materials Notes
Strokes
Type A paper (brown,
1 As Required Air polish to remove fiber stub.
foam-backed)
2 Type G paper (blue- As Required Dry polish on glass plate to remove
green, mylar-backed) excess EZ Adhesive/Primer completely.
Paper Polishing Pad
Repair polish, Type F, (yellow) As required to Wet polish on glass plate. After flaw is
only if needed Polishing Pad Rubber remove flaw removed, multimode connector is
Pad Paper finished.
ST II+, SC Connector Singlemode Polish
No. of Figure-8
Strokes
1 Type A paper (brown, As Required Air polish to remove fiber stub.

foam-backed)
2 Type G paper (blue- As Required Dry polish on glass plate to remove
green, mylar-backed) excess EZ Adhesive/Primer completely.
Paper Polishing Pad
Type E paper (white,
3 10 - 15 strokes Wet polish on glass plate.
mylar-backed)
DO NOT over
Paper Polishing Pad
polish
Repair polish, Type F, (yellow) As required to Wet polish on glass plate. After flaw is
only if needed Paper Polishing Pad remove flaw removed, repeat Step 3.
Rubber Pad

Printed in USA
LC Connector Multimode Polish
No. of Figure-8
Strokes
1 Type J, purple As Required Air polish to remove fiber stub.

2 Type J, purple 20, then as Dry polish on glass plate to remove
One spacer (clear) required excess EZ Adhesive/Primer.
3 Type F, yellow 20 Dry polish on glass plate to dome
Five spacers (clear), ferrule.
foam pad
Repair Type F, yellow As required to Repair polish. Dry polish on glass

polish, only One spacer (clear) remove flaw plate. After flaw is removed, repeat
if needed Step 3.
LC Connector Singlemode Polish
No. of Figure-8
Strokes
1 Type J, purple As Required Air polish to remove fiber stub.

2 Type J, purple 20, then as Dry polish on glass pate to remove
One spacer (clear) required excess EZ Adhesive/Primer.
3 Type F, yellow 20 Dry polish on glass plate to dome
Five spacers (clear), ferrule.
foam pad
4 Type K, gray 20 Dry polish on glass plate to improve
Five spacers (clear), dome surface finish.
foam pad
5 Type L, purple felt 20 light Dampen felt with distilled water for
final finish, on glass plate.
Repair Type F, yellow As required to Repair polish. Dry polish on glass

polish, only One spacer (clear) remove flaw plate. After flaw is removed, repeat
if needed Step 3.

Printed in USA
CLARIFICATION PRODUCT TERMS
BARE FIBER GLASS Cladding and core make up the bare fiber glass, outside
diameter 125 µm.
CLADDING CORE
T2pg14a.crd/wmf 4/98
FIBER A dual coating of acrylate is applied to the exterior of the bare fiber
glass for protection. Color-coded dye may be added to the coating, outside
diameter 250 µm.
RIBBON FIBER In the AccuRibbon fiber design, 12 color-coded fibers are

placed side by side and held in a "ribbon" form by a matrix material. Older-style
ribbon fiber was constructed by placing the 12 fibers between 2 adhesive-backed
pieces of tape.
BUFFERED FIBER A color-coded PVC buffer coating may be applied over

fiber (undyed, coated) in the manufacturing process for better handling in some
applications, such as for pigtails and in building cable, outside diameter 900 µm.
STRENGTH-BUFFERED FIBER Aramid yarn is included in buffered fiber

construction for added strength, used on pigtail applications.

Printed in USA
PIGTAIL Single-ended interconnection cables consisting of a strength-buffered

fiber (equipped with aramid yarn) and a connector. Pigtails can be ordered in
selected lengths of 1 to 40 feet.
BUFFERED FIBER E/W ARAMID YARN
2600-582 01/98
SINGLE-FIBER CABLE Jumper cordage with PVC outer protection and inner
aramid yarn for strength. Duplex jumper cables contain two single-fiber cables
wrapped in a common flame-retardant PVC oversheath, outside diameter 2.4 or
3.0 mm.
JUMPER Single-fiber or duplex interconnection cables are equipped with

connectors on both ends.
2633-15C 01/98
RIBBON CABLE OSP ribbon cable is manufactured with from 1 to 36 fiber

ribbons (4 to 864 total fibers), and is available with guaranteed fiber counts. Its
sheath and water-blocking filled core are designed for outside installations.
(Ribbon riser cable is similar in design except it is unfilled and its sheath is
NEC-rated for building use.)
LIGHTPACK CABLE Stranded OSP cable is manufactured with guaranteed
fiber counts of 4 to 96 fibers. These color-coded fibers are bundled, up to 12
fibers, and wrapped with color-coded yarn binders. Its sheath and water-
blocking filled core are designed for outside installations.
RIP CORD
CORRUGATED
COATED STEEL HDPE SHEATH
(LXE-ME)
HEAT TAPE
STRANDED
CORE TUBE
FILLED RIP CORD

CORE
WIRE
STRENGTH
MEMBERS
RIP
CORD

Printed in USA
BUFFER TUBE Clear PVC tubes are used to protect fibers spliced by a rotary
mechanical splice.
2”
900µm PVC BUFFER

T2p16a.crd/wmf 6/98
BUFFER TUBING Clear PVC tubing used to protect fiber in splice storage and
direct termination operations.
BULK
900µm (.035 in.) O.D. PVC TUBING
T2pg16b.crd/wmf 4/98
FIBER TUBING White PVC tubing used to protect fibers that have been
exposed from OSP cable.
BULK
.095 inch O.D. PVC TUBING

T2pg16c.crd/wmf 4/98
GEL BLOCKING TUBING PVC tubing used with B-sealant to block OSP cable
gel migration from a cable core tube.
FIBER SPLITTER A pitchfork-shaped apparatus used to organize and reroute

fibers to different fiber organizer trays.
GEL-BLOCKING SPLITTERS A pitchfork-shaped apparatus, available in two

sizes, used for gel blocking and organizing fibers in cable preparation. (The
small size is illustrated here.)

Printed in USA
B-SEALANT Silicone sealant used in gel and moisture blocking operations.
HEAT SHRINK TUBING Used to hold buffer tubing and fiber tubing together at
a transition point.
2”
HEAT SHRINK TUBING .187 inch I.D.

T2pg17b.crd/wmf 4-98
SPLICE Permanent connection in a fiber system.

TAB
ALIGNMENT
SLEEVE
TAB
SINGLE FIBER SPLICE
2600-580 01/98
FERRULE
ASSEMBLIES
2600-550 01/98
2600-551 01/98
CONNECTOR A connector is designed to connect and disconnect fibers

frequently and easily.
STRIPPING TOOL A wire stripper is used to remove the PVC coating from
buffered fiber and the PVC jacket from single-fiber cable.

Printed in USA
MECHANICAL STRIPPERS A stripping tool is used to remove acrylate coating

from standard fiber, PVC coating from buffered fiber, and matrix material from
AccuRibbon. Thermal strippers are used for hytrel, or nylon buffered fibers.
BARREL BUILDOUT This interconnection device consists of a sleeve (with or

without attenuation) housed in plastic that snaps into a buildout block or panel.
BUILDOUT BLOCK A molded plastic adapter that accepts any barrel buildout.
The block is a panel-mounted connection point for terminated cables and
jumpers.
COUPLER/COUPLING Connector hardware that contains an alignment sleeve

to hold connector plugs together.
PANEL A panel has six staggered, or in-line, coupling mountings and are
equipped with quick fasteners for easy installation into LIU or LGX
interconnection equipment.

Printed in USA
MEASUREMENT CONVERSION TABLES
1.609 km (kilometers) = 1609 meters = 1 mile = 5,280 feet

1 km = 0.621 mile = 3,279 feet
1 m (meter) = 3.28 feet = 39.37 inches
1 cm (centimeter) = 0.01 meter = 0.3937 inch
1 mm (millimeter) = 0.001 meter = 0.03937 inch
1 µm (micrometer, micron) = 0.000001 meter = 0.00003937 inch
1 nm (nanometer) = 0.000000001 meter = 0.00000003937 inch
25,400 um = 1 inch
25,400,000 nm = 1 inch
25.4 mm = 1 inch
2.54 cm = 1 inch
25.4 um = 1 mil = 0.001 inch
1 foot = 0.3048 m = 30.48 cm
CONVERSION FACTORS
miles x 1.61 = kilometers millimeters x 0.04 = inches

kilometers x 0.62 = miles feet x 0.305 = meters
kilometers x 3.28 = kilofeet meters x 3.28 = feet
kilofeet x 0.31 = kilometers pounds x 0.45 = kilograms
miles x 5.28 = kilofeet kilograms x 2.21 = pounds
inches x 2.54 = centimeters newtons x 0.225 = pounds
inches x 25.40 = millimeters newton/meters x 0.736 = pound/feet
PREFIXES
PREFIX SYMBOL MULTIPLIER

12
tera T 1,000,000,000,000=10
9
giga G 1,000,000,000=10
6
mega M 1,000,000=10
3
kilo k 1,000=10
2
hecto h 100=10
1
deka da 10=10
-1
deci d 0.1=10
-2
centi c 0.01=10
-3
milli m 0.001=10
-6
micro u 0.000 001=10
-9
nano n 0.000 000 001=10
-12
pico p 0.000 000 000 001=10
-15
femto f 0.000 000 000 000 001=10
-18
atto a 0.000 000 000 000 000 001=10
Speed of light=186,000 miles per second/300,000,000 meters

Printed in USA

Printed in USA
SAFETY

SAFETY II FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR

Printed in USA
FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR III SAFETY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LESSON OVERVIEW........................................................................................... 1
GENERAL LASER BACKGROUND .................................................................... 3
How Lasers Work ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

Lasers and Eye Damage ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
Classification of Lasers----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
FIBER OPTIC SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ............................................................. 7
Safety Precautions for Enclosed Systems---------------------------------------------------------------- 9

Safety Precautions for Unenclosed Systems -----------------------------------------------------------10
Safety Precautions for Accidental Breaks ---------------------------------------------------------------11
FIND-R-SCOPE .................................................................................................. 11
SPECIFIC RESPONSIBILITIES ......................................................................... 12
Safety Organization ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12

Supervisor----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
CHEMICAL AND TOOL SAFETY....................................................................... 13
General --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
No Smoking or Open Flames---------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
No Food -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
Illness or Injury ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
Eye Protection ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
Fiber/Cable Safety -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
Chemical Safety --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
Adhesive, Primer -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
Epoxy ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
Canned Air ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
Reagent-Grade Isopropyl Alcohol --------------------------------------------------------------------------16
Sealant---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
Encapsulant (Part 1) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17

Printed in USA
SAFETY IV FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR
Encapsulant (Part 2) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18

Type A Filling Compound - Water Blocking Compound for Cable-------------------------------18
Tool Safety ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
Diagonal Cutters -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
Razor Blades ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
Utility Knives ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
Syringes-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
SAFETY REVIEW............................................................................................... 20

Printed in USA
FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR 1 SAFETY
FIBER OPTIC SAFETY
LESSON OVERVIEW
This lesson covers the procedures required to work safely with fiber optic
systems, splicing, and testing techniques.
LESSON OBJECTIVES
• Identify the characteristics of the four major classes of lasers and their
properties
• Identify the correct safety procedures to be used during installation,

service and maintenance of fiber optic systems. For asbestos safety refer
to Placing Procedures for Lightguide Building Cable (LGBC)
• State the general rules regarding smoking and eating during fiber optic
work operations
• Explain the purpose of proper eye protection when working within fiber
optic equipment
• Explain the hazards unique to fiber optic systems and when handling fiber
optic cable
• State the correct precautions to safely handle chemicals used when

installing fiber optic systems
• Name and demonstrate the correct actions to safely handle tools used for
installing fiber optic systems

Printed in USA
SAFETY 2 FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR
FIBER OPTIC
WAVELENGTH IN NANOMETERS
1 nanometer (nm) = 0.000,000,001 meter = 10-9 meter = 0.000,000,039,37 inch
----300 Ultraviolet
----350 Spectrum
---------- ----400 ----------
Violet ----450
Blue ----500 Visible
Green ----550 Spectrum
Yellow ----600 (white light)
Orange ----650
Red ----700
---------- ----750 ----------
----800
850---- ----850
----900
----950
---1000
---1050
---1100
---1150 Infrared
---1200 Spectrum
---1250
1300---- ---1300
---1350
---1400
---1450
---1500
1550---- ---1550
---1600
---1650
---1700
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Printed in USA
GENERAL LASER BACKGROUND
Lightwave/lightguide systems, their associated test sets, and similar optical

systems use semiconductor laser transmitters that emit light at wavelengths
between approximately 800 nanometers and 1600 nanometers, a nanometer is
on one-billionth of a meter. The emitted light is below the red end of the visible
spectrum, which is normally not visible to the human eye. Although radiant
energy at near-infrared wavelengths is officially designated invisible, some
people can see the shorter wavelength energy even at power levels several
orders of magnitude below any that have been shown to cause injury to the eye.
Conventional lasers can produce an intense beam of monochromatic light. The

term monochromatice means a single wavelength output (or pure color) that may
be visible or invisible to the eye. A conventional laser produces a small size
beam of light, and because the beam size is small the power density, also called
irradiance, can be sufficiently high to cause injury. Consequently, lasers and
laser products are subject to federal and applicable state regulations as well as
international standards for their safe operation.
In the past few years, a new technology, called optical fiber amplification, has
come into wide use. This technology uses amplifiers which consist of a length of
erbium-doped fiber that is pumped with a laser, or lasers, of an appropriate
wavelength that amplifies the input signal the output signal of the amplifier is
typically 1550 nm and can achieve power levels well in excess of 50 mw. The
pump laser wavelengths are typically 1480 nm and can achieve power levels well
in excess of 50mw. The pump laser wavelengths are typically 1480 nm or 980
nm and may either be remote or internal to the amplifier. The signal from the
pump lasers themselves can also operate well in excess of 50 mw. The
amplifiers may be called erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, fiber booster amplifiers,
or just optical amplifiers. Because of the Class IIIb and potentially Class IV
hazard classification of these amplifiers, strict administrative controls
should be in place to prevent inadvertent exposure. These will be
discussed later.
All laser systems in the U.S., including semiconductor systems, are regulated by
the Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Devices and Radiological Health
(CDRH) and thus require certification and warning labels. However, Light-
Emitting Diode (LED) systems are not regulated by the CDRH, and thus do not
require certification because of their traditional low power. LED systems typically
have emitters that are well within the Class I (safe) range.

Printed in USA
How Lasers Work

The word laser is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation, which describes the physical process by which light is amplified.
Light, that slender portion of the entire electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to
the eye, is generally defined as white light, the radiation that we can see.
Amplification relates to a process by which something is increased. When light
is amplified, it becomes more intense. To stimulate something is to perform an
action that causes excitement. In the laser, the atoms in the laser material are
electrically stimulated into an excited state of high energy. Emission refers to the
process by which the energy leaves the laser material. When the material
absorbs certain energy, it is triggered to produce an extremely intense quantity of
light. This intense amount of light is known as emission of optical radiation.
All lasers can produce an intense beam of monochromatic light. The term
monochromatic means a single wavelength output of pure color that may be
visible or invisible to the eye. A laser produces a small-diameter beam of light,
and because the beam diameter is small, the power density is very high. The
power density, or power per unit area, is called irradiance. Very high values of
irradiance are associated with the practical uses of the laser in industry for
cutting, drilling, hardening, leveling, and aligning various materials. Lasers are
also used in medicine for various surgical procedures, including eye surgery.
A conventional laser beam expands very little over distance, or is said to be very
well collimated. Thus, irradiance from a conventional laser remains relatively
constant over distance. However, lasers used in fiber optic systems have a large
beam divergence, typically 10 to 20 degrees. In this case, irradiance obeys the
inverse square law (doubling the distance reduces the irradiance by a factor of
four) and rapidly decreases over distance.
Lasers and Eye Damage

Light energy emitted by lasers and high-radiance LEDs may cause eye damage
if absorbed by the retina. For wavelengths that can reach the retina, i.e., 400-
1400 nm, the eye magnifies and focuses the energy. The irradiance of the beam
5
at the cornea is amplified approximately 10 (100,000) times at the retina. Thus,
a beam of fairly low power entering the eye can have a very high irradiance at
the retina and can cause permanent eye damage.

Printed in USA
The damage mechanism at the wavelengths used in telecommunications is

thermal in origin. Damage is caused by heating, not by chemical change.
Therefore, a specific amount of energy is required for a definite period of time to
heat an area of retinal tissue. For lasers used in today’s telecommunication
systems, damage is not instantaneous. It would occur only when one looks at
the light so long that the product of the light irradiance and the viewing time
exceeds the damage threshold. For wavelengths or 400 nm - 1400 nm, these
values are defined as 10 mw (+10dBm) for 10 seconds and 5.6 mw (+7.5
dBm) for 100 seconds. Long-haul Laser systems (excluding erbium-doped
amplifiers) typically operate at a maximum power level of 1 mw (0 dBm), while
LED systems operate well below these levels, 31 uw (-15dBm) to 10 uw (-20
dBm).
Erbium-doped amplifiers operate around 1550 nm at power levels of 50 mw
(+17dBm), which would burn the cornea.
Radiant energy at wavelengths above 1400 nm would cause surface and skin
burns and burns to the cornea of the eye but would not affect the retina.
It is important that the worker avoids direct exposure to the system’s optical
output and never uses optical instruments to view the output of an energized
fiber or connector. This is especially important with the advent of the use of
optical amplifiers in the network. Optically amplified systems can easily exceed
the Class I and Class IIIb ranges and present a potential hazard to installation,
service and maintenance personnel. Therefore it is vital that strict work
procedures be in place to prevent exposure to potentially hazardous levels of
laser radiation. Such work procedures should include shut down
of the sources (e.g., transmitters) on the system before proceeding with
installation, service or maintenance. These procedures should also include
verification that the sources (e.g., transmitters) on both ends of system are
shutdown and will remain shutdown until after the installation, maintenance or
service of the system is complete. It is vital that only trained individuals using
approved viewing systems inspect the fiber. The equipment manual issued by
the manufacturer as well as labels on the terminal equipment itself should
designate whether the output presents a hazard.

Printed in USA
Classification of Lasers
Manufacturers of lasers and laser products in the United States are regulated by
the CDRH under 21 CFR 1040. These regulations require manufacturers to
certify each laser or laser product as belonging to one of four major classes: I, II
or IIa, IIIa or IIIb, or IV. Lasers are classified according to the accessible
emission limits and their potential for causing injury.
• Class I - A very low-power laser considered to be inherently safe.
• Class II - Visible lasers which operate at wavelengths between 400 to

700 nm. Within this range, the human eye protects itself via the blink
reflex, an involuntary response assumed to occur within 0.25 second
of exposure. Class IIa lasers also operate at wavelengths between
400 to 700 nm, but their output is not meant to be viewed. The
maximum power for a Class II laser is about 1 mw.
• Class III - A medium-power laser that can emit dangerous radiation

levels and cause eye damage when one looks at the output directly
(without optical instruments), or with an optical instrument, such as a
microscope, magnifying glass, or eye loupe. Corrective lenses
(glasses) are not considered optical instruments. Class III is divided
into two subclasses: IIIa lasers, visible only and IIIb lasers, visible and
invisible.
• Class IV - A very high-power laser that can cause eye injury from
either a direct, spectrally reflected, or diffusely reflected beam. Class
IV lasers can also injure the skin and cause fires. This class is
normally used in manufacturing processes, such as in cutting and
drilling applications. Class IV lasers can also ignite flammable
materials and create hazardous airborne contaminants. Typically,
Class IV lasers use a potentially lethal, high-current, high-voltage
power supply.

Printed in USA
FIBER OPTIC SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Various states have issued regulations covering the use of lasers and laser
products. Each product user must comply with the applicable state regulations.
Fiber optic systems typically use an internal transmitter with a laser classified as
either Class I or IIIb by the Food and Drug Administration/Center for Devices and
Radiological Health (FDA/CDRH).
In its normal operating mode, a lightwave system is totally enclosed and

presents no risk of eye injury. It is a Class I system under the FDA/CDRH
scheme. However, under service conditions, the output of an energized
connector or fiber may be of a more restrictive (higher) classification, typically
Class IIIb. This is especially true if the system employs a fiber amplifier which
can produce an output signal in excess of 50 mw. Manufacturers of optical
systems must supply appropriate warning labels, if such conditions exist. These
labels can be found on the transmission shelf itself as well as in the user manual.
The fiber optic cables that interconnect various components in a fiber optic
system can disconnect or break, and may expose people to fiber optic emission.
Also, certain measurement and maintenance procedures may expose the
technician to emission from the semiconductor laser during installation and
servicing. Unlike that of more familiar devices, such as solid-state and gas
lasers, the emission pattern of a semiconductor laser results in a highly divergent
beam. In a divergent beam, the irradiance (power density) dissipates rapidly with
distance. The greater the distance, the less potential risk for eye injury. Energy
from the end of a fractured fiber is more divergent than energy from a fiber end
that is polished flat.
Inadvertently viewing an unterminated or damaged fiber with the unaided eye at

distances greater than 5 to 6 inches (12.7 to 15.2 cm) normally will not cause
eye injury. However, damage can occur if an optical instrument, such as a
microscope, magnifying glass, or eye loupe, is used to view the energized fiber
end. Indirect image converters, such as a Find-R-Scope, also known as an
infrared (IR) scope, are safe for viewing. These devices should only be used by
trained personnel.

Printed in USA
Although viewing an unterminated, energized connector or a damaged fiber end

with the unaided eye at distances greater than a few inches (centimeters)
normally will not cause eye injury, nonetheless, it should always be avoided.
Therefore, appropriate safety precautions are required to protect employees
from accidental exposure to fiber optic emission.
Systems that employ fiber amplifiers typically operate at 1550 nm. While retinal
injury is not an issue, to avoid the possibility of a skin or corneal burn, the worker
should not touch the end of the termination or fiber. The pump lasers
themselves can be retinal hazards. Because of the possibility that the pump
laser may be remote from the amplifier, it is important that work practices include
shut down of the sources (e.g., transmitters) on the system before installation,
service or maintenance. It is important to verify that the sources are shut down
at both ends and remain shut down until the installation, service or maintenance
is complete.
Ribbon cable is defined in the document as a cable that contains two or more
fibers arranged in a fairly fixed array. Broken ribbon cable generally does not
present any greater risk than any of the fiber components individually. However,
ribbon cable fiber ends cleaved as a unit as well as an unterminated ribbon cable
connector will exhibit a higher hazard level than that of a single fiber cable. Only
trained personnel should work on such equipment.

Printed in USA
Safety Precautions for Enclosed Systems

Under normal operating conditions, fiber optic transmission systems are
completely enclosed; nonetheless, the following precautions should be observed:
• Because of the potential for eye damage, technicians should not

disconnect any fiber optic cable or splices and stare into the optical
connectors terminating the cables.
• Under no circumstances should fiber optic operations be performed by

a technician before satisfactorily completing an approved training
course.
• Since viewing fiber optic emission directly with an optical instrument

such as an eye loupe greatly increases the risk of eye damage, an
appropriate label must appear in plain view on the front of the main
frame or fiber optic termination/interconnection equipment. The label
should read:
NOTICE: UNTERMINATED OPTICAL CONNECTORS MAY

EMIT LASER RADIATION. DO NOT VIEW THIS
BEAM WITH OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS.
• For higher power output systems (Class IIIb transmitters or amplifiers),

the label on Lucent Technologies systems would typically look like that
illustrated below.

Printed in USA
Safety Precautions for Unenclosed Systems

During service, maintenance, or restoration, a fiber optic transmission is
considered unenclosed. Under these conditions, follow these practices:
• Only authorized, trained personnel should be permitted to perform

service, maintenance, and restoration. Considerable effort should be
taken to avoid exposing the eye to emissions from unterminated,
energized optical connectors at close distances. Connectors
associated with fiber optic regenerators are recessed, which limits the
exposure distance. Technicians performing the removal or
replacement of the regenerators should not stare or look directly into
the vacant regenerator slot with optical instruments or magnifying
lenses.
• Only authorized, trained personnel should be permitted to use the
fiber optic test equipment during installation and/or servicing since this
equipment contains semiconductor lasers.
• When working on an optically amplified system, because of the
potentially hazardous exposure from the output of the amplifier, or if
applicable, remote pump laser, the optical sources on the system must
be shut down before proceeding. Work procedures should include
verification that the optical sources on the system are shut down at
both ends with practices to ensure that the system remain shut down
until the procedure is complete.
• Special precautions should be taken when splicing or cleaving ribbon
cables as a unit and in handling unterminated ribbon cable connectors.
• Under no circumstances shall any personnel scan a fiber with an
optical test set without verifying that all lightwave sources on the fiber
are turned off.
• Only authorized, trained personnel shall be permitted to use Class
IIIb or Class IV test equipment during installation or servicing of Class I
or greater test sets with optically amplified systems. (Note: when
using test equipment in a system containing optical amplifiers, the
amplifier can boost the output power of the test set to a higher class.
Therefore, work practices must be implemented for these systems to
ensure safety throughout the system being tested.)
• All unauthorized personnel should be excluded from the immediate
area of fiber optic transmission systems during installation and service.

Printed in USA
Safety Precautions for Accidental Breaks

For accidental breaks in the fiber optic cable or accidental removal of a fiber
optic cable from its normal position, the following steps should be followed by
non-trained installation and/or service personnel:
1. Do not examine or stare into broken, severed, or disconnected fiber optic

cables. (Although the NOTICE and DANGER labels shown before clearly
defines the hazard associated with fiber optic transmission systems and
specifies appropriate safety precautions, all eye exposure to fiber optic
emission should be avoided.)
2. Report problems to the supervisor so that arrangements will be made for

trained installation or service personnel to repair or replace cables.
3. View broken cables only with an indirect image converter, such as the
Find-R-Scope or I-R-Scope, unless it has been verified that all fiber optic
emissions are turned off.
4. During all splicing operations that require viewing the end of the fiber, it is
mandatory that all fiber optic sources on the fibers involved be de-
energized.
FIND-R-SCOPE
Find-R-Scopes convert invisible infrared laser and LED light into visible light.
Most I-R scopes are designed to detect wavelengths up to 1200 nm. Newer
systems, however, are using longer wavelengths; therefore, it is important that
technicians use I-R scopes capable of detecting these longer wavelengths.
For example, a technician using an I-R scope capable of detecting wavelengths

up to 1300 nm on a 1550 nm system will not be able to detect the invisible 1550
nm wavelength laser light and may risk eye damage.
When ordering a Find-R-Scope for longer wavelength laser light, the technician
should specify one of the following:
• Scope, laser light, Find-R-Scope
• Hand-picked tube to sense 1300 nm laser light
• Hand-picked tube to sense 1550 nm laser light

Printed in USA
SPECIFIC RESPONSIBILITIES
Safety Organization
The corporate, company, or local safety organization is an integral part of the
fiber optic safety program, specific responsibilities include:
• Obtaining and maintaining an official file of appropriate and current

government (federal, state, and local) and company regulations applicable
to fiber optic telecommunications systems.
• Ensuring that fiber optic transmission systems are classified in

accordance with all applicable regulations.
• Conducting periodic safety surveys to ensure that prescribed practices

and procedures are being followed.
• Coordinating the educational, engineering, supervisory, and enforcement

activities related to the safety program for fiber optic transmission
systems.
Employees
Employees who install, operate, service, maintain, or repair fiber optic systems
have, in addition to normal safety precautions, the following responsibilities:
• Observe all rules, procedures, and practices established for the safe
operation of these systems.
• Immediately notify a supervisor of conditions or practices that may cause

potential personal injury or property damage.
• Immediately report to a supervisor any known, suspected, or accidental

exposure to laser radiation.
• WHEN WORKING ON ANY PART OF THE SYSTEM, PLACE A

WARNING ON BOTH TERMINATIONS OF THE SYSTEM TO ENSURE
THAT THE UNIT IS NOT REACTIVATED UNTIL THE INSTALLATION,
SERVICING OR MAINTENANCE OF THE SYSTEM IS COMPLETE.

Printed in USA
Supervisor
In addition to other safety responsibilities, the supervisor is responsible for
maintaining safe working conditions for all employees who operate, service,
maintain, or repair fiber optic systems. More specifically, the supervisor is
responsible for the following:
• Maintain a work environment that ensures safe and healthful conditions

for employees.
• Ensure that all company employees working with lightwave transmission
systems have had laser safety training and attend lightwave systems
safety meetings.
• Instruct employees periodically on the precautions, procedures, and
practices that are applicable to lightwave transmission systems.
• Ensure, insofar as possible, that lightwave transmission systems and any
associated test equipment are properly operated and controlled to protect
transients or personnel unfamiliar with lightwave safety practices.
• Ensure that all employees working with fiber optic transmission systems
are included in the medical surveillance program.
CHEMICAL AND TOOL SAFETY
General
While attending fiber optic training classes, general safety tips are established
for laboratory use.
No Smoking or Open Flames

Since many chemicals used in the laboratory are flammable, no smoking or open
flames are permitted.
No Food
Many of the chemicals used in the laboratory contain chemicals that should not
be taken internally. An accidental chemical spill can contaminate food with
which it comes in contact.
Beverages are not permitted in the laboratory.

Printed in USA
Illness or Injury
In case of illness or accidental injury, immediately notify the instructor so that
prompt action can be taken. If the instructor is unavailable, notify the security
guard at the student entrance.
A first aid kit is provided in each laboratory on the wall between the sink and the
storeroom door.
An eyewash station is provided in each laboratory in the same area as the first
aid kit.
Eye Protection
Safety glasses must be worn AT ALL TIMES when working with cable, fiber,
and/or chemicals.
Fiber/Cable Safety
Fiber ends are sharp and can easily penetrate skin and clothing. This is
particularly true when the protective coating is removed from the fiber. Fiber
optic fibers are small in diameter. Care should be exercised when cleaving or
cutting fibers and properly disposing of the pieces of fiber which have been cut
off.
When severing strength members during cable preparation, the clippings can
become projectiles. Be sure to sever in a direction away from
coworkers/students.
Chemical Safety
Many chemicals are used during laboratory procedures. Potentially hazardous
chemicals used in the laboratory are listed on following pages. Precautions
identified on the manufacturer's label are included.
Manufacturers also supply emergency first aid procedures for each chemical
used in the laboratory. Your instructor maintains an updated file of these
procedures in the Material Safety and Data Sheet (MSDS) Manual. These
procedures are available for review upon request.

Printed in USA
Adhesive, Primer
Warning: May cause eye injury and skin irritation. Keep out of reach of
children.
• Adhesive contains acrylic acid and methacrylic ester.
• Primer is trichloroethane solution.
• Avoid contact with eyes, skin, or clothing.
• Avoid prolonged or repeated breathing of vapor.
• Use with adequate ventilation.
First Aid: If inhaled, move patient to fresh air. For eye contact, flush with water
for 15 minutes. For skin contact, wash with soap and water. If symptoms persist
get medical attention.
• Ingestion: Do Not induce vomiting get medical attention.
Epoxy
Warning: May cause severe eye or skin burns. Keep out of reach of
children.
• Contains diethylene triamine.
• Do not take internally.
• Do not get into eyes, on skin, or on clothing.
• Avoid prolonged or repeated breathing of vapor.
First Aid: If inhaled, move patient to fresh air. For eye contact, flush with water
for 15 minutes. For skin contact, wash with soap and water. If symptoms persist
get medical attention.
• Ingestion: give lots of citrus juices or diluted vinegar and get medical
attention.

Printed in USA
Canned Air
Canned air is used for most all laboratory activities.
Warning: May be fatal if deliberately inhaled. Contents under pressure. Keep

out of reach of children.
• Do not direct spray towards self or another person.
• Do not spray in eyes or on skin.
• Do not inhale vapors.
• Always wear safety goggles when handling.
• Use only with approved equipment.
• Container will burst if applied to high pressure side of air conditioning

system.
• High temperatures may burst container. Do not expose to direct sunlight,

radiators, or other sources of heat or temperature above 120 degrees
Fahrenheit.
First Aid: If sprayed in eyes or on skin, flush affected areas with plenty of water.
If inhaled, move to fresh air. In either event, call a physician immediately.
Reagent-Grade Isopropyl Alcohol

This chemical is used during many laboratory work operations.
Warning: Flammable. May cause eye injury. Harmful if inhaled. Keep out of
reach of children.
• Keep container closed.
• Keep away from heat, arks, and flame.
• Use with adequate ventilation. Do not breathe vapor.
• Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing.
First Aid: Call a physician. If inhaled, move patient to fresh air. Use artificial
respiration if necessary. For eye contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of
water for at least 15 minutes. For laboratory use only. Not for drug use.

Printed in USA
Sealant
Warning: This chemical is used for cable sheath preparation. Keep out of
reach
of children.
• Uncured product contact irritates eyes. Use safety glasses.
• Wearers of contact lenses should not handle lenses until all sealant is
cleaned from the fingertips; sealant transfers to lenses and causes eye
irritation.
• Uncured product contact may irritate the skin.
• Store below 90 degrees Fahrenheit.
• Use mechanical ventilation.
First Aid: In case of eye contact, immediately flush eyes with large amounts of
water or KS-21527 eyewash solution. If irritation persists, get medical attention.
To clean from the skin, wipe thoroughly with a dry cloth or paper towel before
washing with soap and water.
Encapsulant (Part 1)
Warning: Avoid contact with skin, eyes, nose, and respiratory tract. Wear
safety glasses with side shields, chemical resistant rubber or plastic gloves, and
other clothing in accordance with potential risks of spills and splashes.
• Avoid contact with hot vapors and store in tightly closed container
between 60 and 90 degrees Fahrenheit.
First Aid: In case of eye contact, flush eyes with water for 15 minutes. If
irritation develops, call physician. In case of skin contact, remove contaminated
clothing, and wash affected area with soap and water. If reaction occurs, consult
a physician.

Printed in USA
Encapsulant (Part 2)
• Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Wear chemical-resistant gloves.
First Aid: In case of eye contact, flush eyes for 15 minutes, and call a
physician. In case of skin contact, remove contaminated clothing, and wash
affected area with soap and water.
Type A Filling Compound - Water Blocking Compound for Cable

• Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Wear chemical-resistant gloves.
• Avoid continuous or repetitive breathing of dust.
• Use only with adequate ventilation.
First Aid: In case of eye contact, flush eyes with water for 15 minutes. In case
of skin contact, wash affected area with soap and water. If oil mist is inhaled,
remove from exposure to mist, and get medical attention.
Tool Safety
Tools should only be used for what they were designed. Contact the instructor
or supervisor if you:
• Believe you do not have the proper tool.
• Feel that a tool is broken or not operating properly.
Diagonal Cutters
Diagonal cutters are primarily used during cable sheath preparation. The
diagonal cutters are used to cut or trim the metallic strength members in the
cable. Do not cut more than one strength member at a time. When trimming
strength members, hold the portion to be cut as close to the floor as possible and
away from other people.

Printed in USA
Razor Blades
Razor blades are used during certain light trimming operations.
• Always cut away from the body.
• Do not attempt to do heavy cutting with a razor blade.
• Tape used razor blades before discarding them.
Utility Knives
Utility knives are used for heavier cutting operations than the razor blade.
• Always cut away from the body.
• Never use a dull blade.
• Do not hold any item against your body and attempt to cut. When
preparing outside plant cable sheath, hold the knife in one hand and use
the other hand to hold the cable. Use the thumb of the hand holding the
cable to push the blade through the sheath and away from your body.
• Tape used blades before discarding them.
Syringes
Syringes are used for applying sealants and adhesives in the laboratory.
Syringes used in the laboratory are not to be used for medical purposes and
should be disposed of after use.

Printed in USA
SAFETY REVIEW
Adherence to the practices and procedures covered in this instruction will

facilitate the safe installation, maintenance, and testing of fiber optic
transmission systems.
In review:
• Never look into the end of an energized fiber without the appropriate
equipment and training.
• Always verify that the system is de-energized at both ends before

proceeding.
• Place appropriate warnings at both termainations of system before

working on that system.
• Do not smoke or bring food in the laboratory.
• Wear ultraviolet glasses when using ultraviolet light sources.
• Collect and discard small fiber pieces in a waste receptacle.
• Use canned air only at the instructor's guidance.
• Wash hands before breaks and lunch.
• Collect all razor blades after use.
• Cut away from the body with any knife or similar tool.
• Dispose of all syringes properly after use.
• Never use a dull knife or blade.
• Never use an improper or broken tool.

Printed in USA
Lucent Laser Communications Systems

Typical Equipment List (not exhaustive)
Lightwave Systems: Lightwave Systems, cont’d:

DDM-1000 Anixter Fiber Optic Cable Link
DDM-2000 Globeview 2000
DDM-Plus SL-2000*
SLC-2000
Autoplex™ Various Models of Test Sets:
FT-2000 Transmission Test Set
FT-LBA* Optical Injector Test Set
NS Optical Line Optical Talk Test Set
System*
DACS IV (new) Optical Loss Set
DACS VI
SLM-2000 Distribution Products (Do not contain laser
ISM-2000 but distribute laser signal):
EMMI™ Systimax® SCS (Optical)
BCS Definity® ECS LGX Fiber Optic Distribution Frame
Laser Link™ Fiber Optic Interconnection Units
(LIUs)
*Note: These systems are known to contain erbium-doped fiber amplifiers.

Printed in USA

Printed in USA
CONNECTORS & SPLICING

CONNECTORS

CONNECTORS II FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR

Printed in USA
FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR III CONNECTORS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL INFORMATION ON ST II+ CONNECTORS ....................................... 1
TOOL KIT ............................................................................................................. 2
CONSUMABLES .................................................................................................. 3
GENERAL INFORMATION ON SC CONNECTORS............................................ 5
TOOL KIT ............................................................................................................. 6
CONSUMABLES .................................................................................................. 7
GENERAL INFORMATION ON LC CONNECTORS............................................ 9
Tool Kit --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10

LC™ Connector Product Codes-----------------------------------------------------------------------------14
Reference (Golden) Singlemode LC Jumper Product Codes--------------------------------------15
Obtain Locally-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
ASSISTANCE INFORMATION........................................................................... 15
Epoxy Consumables --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16

Epoxy Tool and Upgrade Kits--------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
CONSUMABLES ................................................................................................ 17

Printed in USA
CONNECTORS IV FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR

Printed in USA
FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR 1 CONNECTORS
GENERAL INFORMATION ON ST II+ CONNECTORS
The ST II+ connectors with zirconia ferrules (P2070A-Z-125 multimode, and

P3070A-Z-125 singlemode) are designed for use on:
• 3.0 mm 9000 series type single-fiber cable (also called jumper cordage)
• 1.6 mm MiniCord single-fiber cable
• 900 µm buffered fiber, including Strength-Buffered Jacket (SBJ) fiber,
which contains aramid yarn strength members in the buffer
The standard connector assembly includes the connector body (plug) with
protective cap, sheath tube, crimp sleeve, and boot assembly for single-fiber
cable, and buffer support for buffered fiber.
ST II+ connectors has a domed ceramic tip to insure fiber-to-fiber contact, pull-
proof body for mechanical stability. The boot assembly is Loctite bonded to the
connector body for strain relief and allows easy connect and disconnect by
grasping only the boot.

Printed in USA
CONNECTORS 2 FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR
TOOL KIT
The 1032F1 tool kit contains the tools needed to assemble, finish, and inspect
ST II+ or SC EZ adhesive assembled connectors. The kit consists of a
carrying case with tools and materials listed below.
1. 1 1510B crimping tool 8 1 1039B template NOT SHOWN:

2. 1 300B microscope 9. 1 1510A polishing tool 1 6-inch (152-mm) scale
3. 12 1510C curing fixtures 10. 2 971A-1 holder blocks 15 1043A micro-clips
4. 1 R4366 unit scoring tool 11. 2 bottles (for water, alcohol) 1 stock list
5. 12 600B connector holders 12. 1 1026A heater stripper 1 instruction manual
6. 1 glass polishing plate 13. 1 700A strippers tool (blue) 1 pair of scissors
7. 1 eye loupe 14. 1 975A cleaving tool 1 carrying case
1 rubber polishing pad
2 modified MM/SM SC grip

Printed in USA
CONSUMABLES
• D182720 kit Consumables to install approximately 100 singlemode ST II+
or SC connectors. Connectors with pre-radius zirconia ferrules, EZ
(anaerobic) adhesive.
25 Paper polishing pads vial music wire 1 bottle, adhesive
25 type-A polishing papers 2 packages lint-free cloths 1 bottle, primer
25 type-G polishing papers 5 syringes 1 instruction sheet
20 type-E polishing papers 5 syringe dispensing tips 1 bottle Loctite
2 type-F polishing papers Super Bonder #495
• D182804 kit Consumables to install approximately 500 multimode ST II+

• connectors with pre-radius zirconia ferrules, EZ (anaerobic) adhesive.
50 Paper polishing pads 5 vial music wire 2 bottles, adhesive

25 type-A polishing papers 10 packages wipes 2 bottles, primer
125 type-G polishing papers 75 syringes 2 bottle Loctite
10 type-F polishing papers 125 syringe dispensing tips Super Bonder #495
2 each instruction sheet (ST II ST II+ SC EZ)
• D-182919 MiniCord Termination Kit
Kit Quantity Description

1 Instruction Sheet (ST II+ EZ)
1 Instruction Sheet (ST II+ Epoxy)
1 Instruction sheet (ST II+ MiniCord)
100 Sheath Tubes
100 Crimp sleeves (ST II+ MiniCord)
• 500B Insertion Tool
Quantity Description
1 500B Sheath-Tube Insertion Tool
Other required or optional materials are as follows:

• Reagent-grade isopropyl alcohol, not provided in the tool or consumables
kits. Obtain locally.
• D-181755 Kit Contains PVC buffer tubing. Is required for application on
OSP fiber to make a transition from cable to individually buffered fibers
before ST II connectors can be mounted.
• Mechanical stripper equipped with a guide tube size of .0135 for stripping
coated fibers, when using a D-181755 buffer tubing kit.

Printed in USA
This page is intentionally left blank.

Printed in USA
GENERAL INFORMATION ON SC CONNECTORS
The SC connectors (P6200A-Z-125 multimode, and P6000A-Z-125 singlemode)

is designed for use on 3.0 mm 9000 series type single-fiber cable (also called
jumper cordage), the 1.6 mm MiniCord single-fiber cable and (P6201A-Z-125
multimode, and P6001A-Z-125 singlemode) 900-µm buffered fiber, including SBJ
fiber, which contains aramid yarn strength members in the buffer. The standard
connector assembly includes the connector body (plug) with a protective cap,
sheath tube, crimp sleeve, grip, and boot assembly for single-fiber cable, and
buffer support for buffered fiber.
SC connectors has a domed ceramic tip to insure fiber-to-fiber contact, pull-proof

body for mechanical stability.

Printed in USA
TOOL KIT
SC or ST II+ EZ adhesive assembled connectors. The kit consists of a
carrying case with tools and materials listed below.
1. 1 1510B crimping tool 9. 1 1510A polishing tool NOT SHOWN:

2. 1 300B microscope 10. 2 971A-1 holder blocks 1 6-inch (152-mm) scale
3. 12 1510C curing fixtures 11. 2 bottles (for water, alcohol) 15 1043A micro-clips
4. 1 R4366 unit scoring tool 12. 1 1026A heater stripper 1 stock list
5. 12 600B connector holders 13 2 Modified MM/SM SC Grip 1 instruction manual
8. 1 1039B template 1 rubber polishing pad
SC CONNECTOR
(PULL PROOF)
CUT-LENGTH TEMPLATE

Printed in USA
CONSUMABLES
• D182720 kit Consumables to install approximately 100 singlemode SC

connectors. Connectors with pre-radiused zirconia ferrules, for EZ
25 Paper polishing pads 1 vial music wire 1 bottle, adhesive

25 type-A polishing papers 2 packages lint-free cloths 1 bottle, primer
25 type-G polishing papers 15 syringes 1 instruction sheet
20 type-E polishing papers 25 syringe dispensing tips 1 bottle Loctite -
2 type-F polishing papers Super Bonder #495
• D182804 kit Consumables to install approximately 500 multimode SC

connectors. Connectors with pre-radiused zirconia ferrules, for EZ
50 Paper polishing pads 5 vial music wire 2 bottle, adhesive

25 type-A polishing papers 10 packages, wipes 2 bottle, primer
125 type-G polishing papers 75 syringes 2 bottle Loctite -
10 type-F polishing paper 125 syringes dispensing tips Super Bonder#495
2 each instruction sheets (ST II ST II+ SC EZ)
• D-182918 MiniCord Termination Kit

1 Instruction Sheet (SCEZ)
1 Instruction Sheet (SC Epoxy)
1 Instruction sheet (SC MiniCord)
100 Sheath Tubes
100 Crimp sleeves (SC MiniCord)
• 500B Insertion Tool
Quantity Description
1 500B Sheath-Tube Insertion Tool

• Reagent-grade isopropyl alcohol, not provided in the tool or consumables
kits. Obtain locally.
• MiniCord Ordering Information

Printed in USA
This page is intentionally left blank.

Printed in USA
GENERAL INFORMATION ON LC CONNECTORS
The LC Fiber Optic Connector can be used to terminate OSP cables as well
as building cables. It is intended for use in Central Offices. LANs, Premises
Distribution Systems such as SYSTIMAX® Structured Cabling System,
computer backplane connections, computer peripheral interconnection, device
terminations, and other applications where quality, small-size, high density,
low-loss, and a low-cost infrastructure are required.
LC CONNECTOR PARTS
BOOT
CONNECTOR
LC CONNECTOR

Printed in USA
Tool Kit
ST II+ and SC connectors with the LC upgrade kit. The kit consists of a carrying
case with tools and materials listed below.
• The 1032F1 Tool Kit (107 149 320)

NOT SHOWN:
1. 1 1510B crimping tool 8. 1 1510A polishing tool 1 6-inch (152-mm) scale
2. 1 300B microscope 9. 2 971A-1 holder blocks 15 1043A micro-clips
3. 1 R4366 unit scoring tool 10. 2 bottles (for water, alcohol) 1 stock list
4. 12 600B connector holders 11. 1 1026A heater stripper 1 instruction manual
7. 1 1039B template 1 rubber polishing pad
12 1510C curing fixtures
2 modified MM/SM SC grip
THE 1032F1 TOOL KIT
SC CONNECTOR
(PULL PROOF)
CUT-LENGTH TEMPLATE
2600-728B 01/98

Printed in USA
• The D-182905 (107 852 139) UPGRADE KIT FOR LC CONNECTORS

Not Shown
1. 1 T2000A Polishing Tool 1 LC Installation Instructions
2. 1 LC Microscope
3. 12 LC Connector Holder
4. 1 Plastic Template/Polishing Pad
LC UPGRADE KIT
1
2
LC CONNECTOR
(PULL PROOF)
CUT-LENGTH TEMPLATE 4
NOTE: 1510 LC crimping tool is required for MiniCord crimp.

Printed in USA
D-182959 Upgrade Kit for LC™ Jumper and BTW Connectors (108 262 569)
Kit Replacement
Description
Quantity Comcode Quantity
1 T2001A Polishing Tool 108 209 651 1 Tool
1 LC Microscope 107 863 946 1
Microscope
12 LC BTW Connector Holders 107 852 493 12 Holders
12 LC Jumper Connector Holders 108 262 585 12 Holders
2 971A-2 Holder Block 108 266 123 1 Block
1 LC Cut Length Template 108 262 536 5 Pads
1 1510LC Crimping Tool 108 262 551 1 Tool
1 LC Stripper Guide Tube for 108 262 577 1 Insert
1026A
1 Ultra-Fine-Point Permanent NA 1 Pen
Pen
6 Heat Tube Assemblies 108 261 835 6
Assemblies
6 LC Adapter Brush 108 263 898 6 Brushes
1 C1001B-2 Multimode LC 108 072 497 1 Adapter
Adapter
1 Assembly Instructions for LC See Note 1 1 Manual
Fiber Optic Jumper
Connectors
1 Assembly Instructions for LC
Fiber Optic Behind-The-Wall See Note 2 1 Manual
(BTW) Connectors
Note 1: Obtain Jumper Connectors manual (640-252-054) from field support (1-888-342-3743).
Note 2: Obtain BTW Connectors manual (640-252-053) from field support (1-888-342-3743).

Printed in USA
D-182977 Kit of Consumables, Singlemode (108 338 591)

Note: Kit contains enough supplies to field-assemble 200 singlemode LC™
connectors using heat cured epoxy.
2 Packages Wipes
1 Vial Music Wire
15 Syringes Syringes
25 Tips Dispensing Tips
1 Package Epoxy 15 bi-packs
10 Sheets Clear Spacers 6 by 6 inches (150 by 150 mm)
10 Sheets Foam Pad (white) 6 by 6 inches (150 by 150 mm)
20 Sheets Type J Polishing Paper (purple) 6 by 6 inches (150 by 150 mm)
5 Sheets Type F Polishing Paper (yellow) 6 by 6 inches (150 by 150 mm)
5 Sheets Type K Polishing Paper (gray) 6 by 6 inches (150 by 150 mm)
10 Sheets Type L Polishing Paper (purple) 6 by 6 inches (150 by 150 mm)
1 Package LC Adapter Brush 6 items (Note)
Note: A six-pack of brushes is provided in the D-182959 Upgrade Kit (108 262 569). A six-pack of adapter
brushes (108 263 898) can be ordered separately.
D-182983 Kit of Consumables, Multimode (108 340 811)

Note: Kit contains enough supplies to install 200 multimode LC fiber optic
connectors using heat-cured epoxy. The kit is the same as the D-182977 kit
except no type K polishing paper and type L polishing felt are provided.

Printed in USA
D-183017 Singlemode Tuning Kit (108 476 094)
Replacement No.
Qty. Description
Comcode Quantity
1 LC™ SM Offset Test Jumper 108 476 1
110
1 LC Tuning Index Tool 108 476 1
Assembly 151
1 LC Tuning Wrench 108 476 1
136
1 Instruction Card (See Note) 848 339 1
305
1 Hard Case w/ foam insert NA NA
Note: Obtain instruction card from field support (1-888-342-3743).
LC™ Connector Product Codes

Product Code Description Comcode Package
P1000A-Z-125 MM Simplex Jumper Connector 108 064 445 1
P1100A-Z-125 SM Simplex Jumper Connector 108 064 452 1
P1002A-Z-125 MM Duplex Jumper Connector 108 138 678 1
P1002A-Z-125/100 MM Duplex Jumper Connector 108 241 977 100
P1102A-Z-125 SM Duplex Jumper Connector 108 137 605 1
P1102A-Z-125/100 SM Duplex Jumper Connector 108 241 969 100
P1102B-Z-125 Two SM Simplex Jumper Connectors 108 267 295 1
for Duplex Cord

Printed in USA
Reference (Golden) Singlemode LC Jumper Product Codes
The Reference (Golden) Singlemode LC Jumper can be used to measure optical

performance using a standard singlemode LC adapter. This reference jumper
has a yellow connector trigger.
Product Code Description Comcode Quantity
MS1GLC-LC-5 SM Reference Jumper - LC Reference to Standard LC, 108 513 045 1

Length 5 feet

Length 10 feet

Length 15 feet

Length 20 feet
MS1GLC-SC-10 SM Reference Jumper - LC Reference to Standard SC, 108 513 086 1

Length 10 feet
MS1GLC-FC-10 SM Reference Jumper - LC Reference to Standard FC, 108 513 094 1

Length 10 feet
MS1GLC-EP-10 SM Reference Jumper - LC Reference to Standard ST 108 513 102 1

II+, Length 10 feet
MS1GLC-SCA-10 SM Reference Jumper - LC Reference to Standard 108 547 860 1

Angled SC, Length 10 feet
Obtain Locally
! Distilled water
! Isopropyl alcohol (>91% 2-propanol + water)
! Canned air (non-ozone depleting)
! Alternate adhesives. (Locally obtained adhesives with shorter shelf life
and higher Tg for outside plant use are acceptable alternates, such as
EPO-TEK* 353ND adhesive.)
ASSISTANCE INFORMATION
For more information, contact your Lucent Technologies Sales Representative or

call 1-800-344-0223. For fiber optic technical assistance, call 1-888-FIBERHELP
(1-888-342-3743) or contact your Network Cable Systems Representative.
*
EPO-TEK is a registered trademark of Epoxy Technology Incorporated.

Printed in USA
Epoxy Consumables
Kit Type (Note) Kit Number Comcode Kit Includes
Multimode D-182983 108 340 811 Polishing paper, epoxy, and other materials
required to assemble 200 multimode connectors.
Singlemode D-182977 108 338 591 Polishing paper, epoxy, and other materials
required to assemble 200 singlemode connectors.
Note: Kits do not contain connectors, isopropyl alcohol, or nonozone-depleting canned air.
Epoxy Tool and Upgrade Kits

Kit Type (Note) Kit Number Comcode Kit Includes
Epoxy Tool Kit 1032B5 106 705 213 110-volt curing oven
Epoxy Tool Kit 1032B6 106 919 012 220-volt curing oven
Note: In addition to the tool kit, the D-182959 Upgrade Kit (108 262 569) is also required.

Printed in USA
CONSUMABLES

• Order LC singlemode or multimode connector plugs separately
• Isopropyl alcohol (>91% 2-propanol + water)
• D-181755 Kit Contains PVC buffer tubing. Is required for direct termination
of connectors on OSP cable, to make a transition from coated fiber to
individually buffered fibers, before LC connectors can be mounted.
• Mechanical strippers equipped with a guide tube size of .0135 for stripping
coated fiber, when using a D-181755 Buffer Tubing Kit.

Printed in USA

Printed in USA
SPLICING

SPLICING II FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR
Copyright© 1999 Lucent Technologies All Rights Reserved tab04b.doc

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FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR III SPLICING
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LESSON OVERVIEW........................................................................................... 1
LESSON OBJECTIVE.......................................................................................... 1
PRECAUTIONS.................................................................................................... 2
GENERAL CSL SPLICE INFORMATION ............................................................ 3
CSL Lightsplice System ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

Tool Kit --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
Consumables------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
©
Copyright 1999 Lucent Technologies All Rights Reserved tab04b.doc
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SPLICING IV FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR

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FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR 1 SPLICING
SPLICE
LESSON OVERVIEW
The Cleave, Sleeve, and Leave (CSL) LightSplice system is designed

compatible with singlemode or multimode 250-µm coated or 900-µm buffered
fibers to obtain an average splice loss of less than 0.20-dB and a mean
reflectance (return loss) of less than -50-dB. Splice assembly, including
preparation and cleaving of fiber, can be performed in 2 to 3 minutes. No
polishing of fiber ends or use of adhesives is required. The splice may be used
in any outside plant or premise distribution environment. No testing of the
completed splice is needed if assembled correctly, loss values fall within
acceptable parameters.
LESSON OBJECTIVE
At the completion of this lesson, the student should be able to use the
appropriate techniques to splice fiber and buffered fiber with the CSL Splice.
©
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SPLICING 2 FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR
PRECAUTIONS
NOTE: Wear safety glasses at all times while performing splicing

procedures.
Avoid penetrating your skin with glass fiber. Keep your work area free of broken
fibers, and use appropriate waste containers for their disposal.
Never view an energized optical fiber without proper eye protection. Non-
connected optical fibers may emit light waves if the far end is coupled with a
working laser or LED. These light waves may be invisible and can cause
permanent eye damage. Never view the fiber end of a cable with an optical
instrument unless you have verified that the fiber is disconnected from any
laser or LED source.

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GENERAL CSL SPLICE INFORMATION
The CSL splice consists of three components that are completely preassembled
and ready for use.
The clear plastic housing has a lens molded into the underside that is
designed to allow visual observation of fibers during splicing. Funnel openings in
each end of the housing allow easy insertion of fibers. The housing fits into
standard Lucent splice trays.
The glass capillary is prefilled with an index-matching material that has the
same refractive index as fiber. This material has an unlimited shelf life, is
optically clear at all wavelengths, and does not require curing. The capillary has
an eccentric (offset) bore for increased strength and a 10.2-mm (0.4-inch)
exposed section that eliminates the effects of fiber positioning. Funnel openings
in each end help guide the fibers into the bore.
A metal spring clip locks the fibers into place. Affixed to the underside of the
spring clip is a thin member that accommodates the different outside diameters
of fibers.
©
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CSL LightSplice System
2600-551 01/98

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Tool Kit
The 1048B (comcode 106 630 833) Tool Kit contains the tools necessary to
assemble a splice with the exception of the cleaver. This kit contains the hand-
held model workstation.
Contents:
1. 1 1041B Workstation (Hand-Held Model) 9. 1 Tweezers

2. 1 1046B Reentry Tool 10. 1 Brush
3. 1 1504B Buffer Retention Tool 11. 1 Safety Glasses
4. 1 Wire Stripper 12. 1 Workstation Light
5. 1 Microstripper (0.006") (152.4 microns) 13. 1 Instruction Manual
6. 1 Alcohol Bottle 14. 1 Instructional Video
7. 1 5X Eye Loupe 15. 1 Tool Case
8. 1 Spudger
The 1048B (comcode 106 714 108) includes the tools listed above an ALCOA
Fujikura, CT-03 A/T 12 mm, fixed-cleaved length model cleaver.
©
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Consumables
• D-182152 Kit contains six CSL LightSplice Splices and a condensed version
of the splicing instructions. The kit does not provide wipes, reagent alcohol,
or canned air.
Quantity Required: One kit per six fiber splices.
Product Code Comcode

D-182152 106 189 442

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INTRODUCTION TO
FIBER OPTIC TESTING

INTRODUCTION TO II FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR
FIBER OPTIC TESTING
Copyright© 1999 Lucent Technologies All Rights Reserved tab05.doc

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FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR III INTRODUCTION TO
FIBER OPTIC TESTING
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LESSON OVERVIEW........................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1
SPLICE AND CONNECTOR LOSS CRITERIA.................................................... 2
OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER..................................................... 3
OTDR Distance Calibration Settings------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4
FIBER OPTIC SPLICE LOSS TEST DATA SHEET............................................. 5
OPTICAL LOSS TEST SETS ............................................................................... 6
TEST FORMULAS WITH ADJUSTMENT FACTORS .......................................... 7
FIBER OPTIC CABLE COMPLETION TEST DATA SHEET ............................... 8
OTHER OPTICAL TEST EQUIPMENT ................................................................ 9
MEASUREMENT CONVERSION TABLES........................................................ 10
LIST TEST SETS AND EQUIPMENT................................................................ 11
Splice Loss Measurement-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11

Fault Location-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
Optical Path Loss Testing-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
Fiber Identification-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
Communication---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
Rotary Splicing Test Set ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11

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INTRODUCTION TO IV FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR
FIBER OPTIC TESTING

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FIBER OPTIC TESTING
INTRODUCTION TO FIBER OPTIC TESTING
LESSON OVERVIEW
Several kinds of tests can be performed on a fiber optic transmission system.

These tests ensure that the system is installed correctly and that it can operate
within specified tolerances. In cases of restoration, the tests determine the
location of damages and faults.
This module introduces information on testing installation and restoration work

operations for both multimode and singlemode systems.
LESSON OBJECTIVES
• Explain the reasons for performing tests on optical fibers
• Identify test sets used for splice loss, fault locating, and optical path loss
testing
• Determine loss specifications
• Properly complete data loss sheets
INTRODUCTION
A fiber optic transmission system is a way of conveying information between two

or more points by using light and optical fiber instead of electricity and copper
wire. The principal performance factor considered in a fiber optic system is
transmission loss. Optical transmission loss is the reduction of the transmitted
signal level of light as it travels through an optical fiber. Transmission loss is
measured in decibels (dB).

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INTRODUCTION TO 2 FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR
FIBER OPTIC TESTING
SPLICE AND CONNECTOR LOSS CRITERIA
CSL Splice
< 0.20 dB Average Non-Identical Fibers
< -50 dB Average Reflection Loss
Rotary Splice
0.25 dB Average Without Test Set, MM
0.10 dB Average With Test Set, MM
0.20 dB Average Without Test Set, SM.

0.05 dB Average With Test Set, SM
< -40 dB Average Reflection Loss
Losses listed for each connector are statistical losses, obtained from graphically
plotting the loss of randomly selected coupled connectors. The graph depicts
the mean “µ” (majority average) and standard deviation “σ σ“ (plotted points
outside of mean) loss of coupled connectors.
LC Connector
µ = 0.10 dB σ = 0.07 dB P1001A-Z-125 MM
µ = 0.08 dB σ = 0.05 dB P1101A-Z-125 SM

-50 to -60 dB Average Return Loss
SC Connector
µ = 0.3 dB σ = 0.2 dB P6200A-Z-125 MM
µ = 0.2 dB σ = 0.1 dB P6000A-Z-125 SM

-45 dB Average Return Loss
ST Connector
µ = 0.3 dB σ = 0.2 dB P2020C-A-125 MM
µ = 0.3 dB σ = 0.2 dB P3070A-Z-125 SM

-45 dB Average Return Loss
Biconic Connector - - (Loss Per Mated Junction)
µ = 1.0 dB σ = 0.3 dB 1005B 50/125 MM

µ = 0.7 dB σ = 0.2 dB 1006A 50/125 MM
0.5 dB Average 2016A 8.3/125 SM

Standard Connector -31 dB Average Return Loss

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FIBER OPTIC TESTING
OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER
Loss at any specific point or area of a fiber optic path can be measured with an
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) for multimode systems and with a
Singlemode OTDR (SMOTDR) for singlemode systems. Distance in meters to
any specific point of a fiber optic path can also be measured directly by these
test sets.
The OTDRs operate by transmitting laser pulses into one end of an optical fiber
and detecting backscattered light at the same end. Microprocessors in these
test sets compute the transmitted power versus the returned backscatter and the
elapsed time to transmit and receive. A graphic representation of this computed
information is then displayed as a trace on the test set display screen.

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FIBER OPTIC TESTING
OTDR Distance Calibration Settings

Optical Time Domain Reflectometers (OTDR) require the setting of the fibers
Index of Refraction (IOR) in order to calculate and display distance accurately.
For measuring the reflectance (return loss) of singlemode splices and/or
connectors accurately, the Rayleigh Backscattering Coefficient of the
singlemode fiber must also be set.
The tables below give the proper distance calibration, nanosecond/meter (ns/m),
and IOR settings for Lucent Technologies fibers, for various OTDR wavelengths:
Multimode Fiber IOR and ns/m Settings
IOR OF150 ns/m

OTDR
Light Fiber Type Light Fiber Type
Source 50 µm 62.5 µm Source 50 µm 62.5 µm
850-nm 1.486 1.496 850-nm 4.956 4.990
1300-nm 1.481 1.491 1300-nm 4.940 4.972
Singlemode Fiber IOR Settings
Fiber Type
Light Depressed Matched Dispersion Shifted
Source Cladding Cladding or
TrueWave Fiber
1310-nm 1.468 1.466 1.471
1550-nm 1.468 1.467 1.470
Singlemode Rayleigh Backscattering Coefficient Settings
Light Fiber Type

Source Depressed Matched Dispersion Shifted
1-us Cladding Cladding or
Pulse Width TrueWave Fiber
1310-nm -49.2 dB -49.6 dB -46.2 dB
1550-nm -51.8 dB -52.1 dB -49.8 dB

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FIBER OPTIC TESTING
FIBER OPTIC SPLICE LOSS TEST DATA SHEET
FIBER OPTIC SPLICE LOSS TEST DATA SHEET

RIBBON#___ RIBBON#___ RIBBON#___ RIBBON#____ RIBBON#____ RIBBON#____
BUNDLE#___ BUNDLE#___ BUNDLE#___ BUNDLE#___ BUNDLE#___ BUNDLE#___
FIBER Dist.to Splice Dist.to Splice Dist.to Splice Dist.to Splice Dist.to Splice Dist.to Splice
NUMBER
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
AVG.____
dB
OPERATOR_____________________ SPAN____________________ _____________________

DATE__________________________ OTDR LOCATION_________ _____________________
CABLE ID______________________ SPLICE LOCATION________ _____________________
_______________________________ __________________________ _____________________

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FIBER OPTIC TESTING
OPTICAL LOSS TEST SETS
Optical path loss tests (also called end-to-end, span completion, or cable
completion tests) and continuity tests are performed after all cable within a
regenerator section, link, or span is installed. These tests consist of measuring
the loss of each fiber path in both directions between the fiber connecting points
at interconnection equipment. Optical path loss tests serve to determine fiber
crossovers, identify high-loss paths, and provide information on attenuation
required for a cable span.
Overall loss of a completed fiber optic span can be measured using two
stabilized optical sources and associated power meters.
The optical loss test set features are: transmit and receive capabilities in one set;
self-zeroing and self-testing capabilities; simple, quick operation; and rugged,
lightweight construction.
The stabilized optical source transmits a stabilized signal, and the power meter
measures the overall loss of the signal at the receiving end of the fiber under
test.

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FIBER OPTIC TESTING
TEST FORMULAS WITH ADJUSTMENT FACTORS
Biconic connector Adjustments OSP
938A1 to 938A1 - OSP, multimode LA + LB

- 2.0 dB=____ Loss dB
2
Source to 938A - OSP, multimode LA + LB

- 1.5 dB=____ Loss dB
singlemode 2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ST/SC/LC Connector Adjustments OSP
938A1 to 938A1 - OSP, multimode LA + LB

- 1.0 dB=____ Loss
dB
singlemode 2
Source to 938A - OSP, multimode LA + LB

- 1.0 dB=____ Loss
dB
singlemode 2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ST/SC/LC Connectors LAN
938A1 to 938A1 (LAN), multimode LA + LB =____ Loss dB

Source to 938A1 (LAN), singlemode 2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LA = Loss at A receive direction (transmit from B direction)
LB = Loss at B receive direction (transmit from A direction)

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FIBER OPTIC TESTING
FIBER OPTIC CABLE COMPLETION TEST DATA SHEET
FIBER OPTIC CABLE COMPLETION TEST - LOSS DATA SHEET

SHEET _____ OF _____
CABLE IDENTIFICATION ___________________ DATE OF TEST _____________________
SECTION, END A LOCATION ____________________________________________________
SECTION, END B LOCATION ____________________________________________________
OPERATOR END A ______________________ OPERATOR END B ____________________
TEST REQUIREMENTS:
WAVELENGTH: _______________ WAVELENGTH: _______________
MAX. EXPECTED LOSS _______________ dB MAX. EXPECTED LOSS
_______________ dB
RIBBON OR BUNDLE NUMBER _______________

FIBER WAVELENGTH LOSS READING LOSS READING (LA + LB)÷2 = L OSP (dB)
NUMBER (nm) AT A (dB) LA AT B (dB) LB
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

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FIBER OPTIC TESTING
OTHER OPTICAL TEST EQUIPMENT
• A fiber identifier set is used to identify optical fibers by detecting a special

optical tracer signal placed on the fibers from an accessible location.
• A singlemode optical talk set is used for voice communication in long-haul

systems between two locations with access to the same fiber. It can also be
used as a laser source for splicing and as a transmitter for continuity testing
and fiber identification.
• A laser light scope is an indirect image-converting device used to view

invisible laser light present on optical fibers. The detection capability of any
given scope is limited to specific wavelengths only.
• Special rotary splicing test sets are used to optimally align the cores of
fibers in a splice by injecting light through the splice and measuring the
amount of light lost.
• A visual fault locator/identifier is used to send a bright red visible light

down a fiber path. Used to visually locate defective connector/coupler pairs
and splices.

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FIBER OPTIC TESTING
MEASUREMENT CONVERSION TABLES
1.609 km (kilometers) = 1609 meters = 1 mile = 5,280 feet

1 km = 0.621 mile = 3,279 feet
1 m (meter) = 3.28 feet = 39.37 inches
1 cm (centimeter) = 0.01 meter = 0.3937 inch
1 mm (millimeter) = 0.001 meter = 0.03937 inch
1 µm (micrometer, micron) = 0.000001 meter = 0.00003937 inch
1 nm (nanometer) = 0.000000001 meter = 0.00000003937 inch
25,400 um = 1 inch
25,400,000 nm = 1 inch
25.4 mm = 1 inch
2.54 cm = 1 inch
25.4 um = 1 mil = 0.001 inch
1 foot = 0.3048 m = 30.48 cm
CONVERSION FACTORS
miles x 1.61 = kilometers millimeters x 0.04 = inches

kilometers x 0.62 = miles feet x 0.305 = meters
kilometers x 3.28 = kilofeet meters x 3.28 = feet
kilofeet x 0.31 = kilometers pounds x 0.45 = kilograms
miles x 5.28 = kilofeet kilograms x 2.21 = pounds
inches x 2.54 = centimeters newtons x 0.225 = pounds
inches x 25.40 = millimeters newton/meters x 0.736 = pound/feet
PREFIXES
PREFIX SYMBOL MULTIPLIER

12
tera T 1,000,000,000,000=10
9
giga G 1,000,000,000=10
6
mega M 1,000,000=10
3
kilo k 1,000=10
2
hecto h 100=10
1
deka da 10=10
-1
deci d 0.1=10
-2
centi c 0.01=10
-3
milli m 0.001=10
-6
micro u 0.000 001=10
-9
nano n 0.000 000 001=10
-12
pico p 0.000 000 000 001=10
-15
femto f 0.000 000 000 000 001=10
-18
atto a 0.000 000 000 000 000 001=10
Speed of light=186,000 miles per second/300,000,000 meters

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FIBER OPTIC TESTING
LIST TEST SETS AND EQUIPMENT
Splice Loss Measurement

• Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
• Singlemode Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (SMOTDR)
Fault Location
• OTDR
• SMOTDR
• Fiber Scout
• Lucent Visual Fault Locator VFL 700
Optical Path Loss Testing

• Lucent 938A/938A1 optical loss set
• Lucent 958A/958D Singlemode Optical Loss Test Set (SMOLTS)
Fiber Identification
• Lucent 936A, 1310 nm fiber identifier (comprised of 736A transmitter,
836A receiver and 94A detector)
• Lucent 936C 1515 nm fiber identifier (comprised of 736C transmitter,
836A receiver and 94C detector)
• Lucent TS 956C Fiber Identifier Kit (comprised of TS 756C transmitter
and TS 856C receiver)
• FIND-R-SCOPE laser light scope
Communication
• Lucent 941A Optical Talk Set (OTS) for long-haul systems
• Lucent 750 OTS for long haul systems
Rotary Splicing Test Set
• Lucent 736A transmitter of the Lucent 936A fiber identifier as a modulated

laser source
• Lucent 941A OTS as a modulated laser source
• Lucent 935A Local Splice Alignment And Measurement (LSAM) set
• Lucent 944B Local Injection/Detection (LID) device splicing systems

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FIBER OPTIC TESTING

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OTDR CONCEPTS

OTDR CONCEPT II FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR

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FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR III OTDR CONCEPT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LESSON OVERVIEW........................................................................................... 1
OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER CONCEPTS................................ 2
BACKSCATTER................................................................................................... 3
Fiber Appearance ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

Mechanical Splice Discontinuity ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Fusion Splice Discontinuity ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
Fiber End/Break Point ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
Distance Measurements ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
Reading Fiber Loss Between Two-Points----------------------------------------------------------------- 6
Reading Splice Loss Between Two-Points (Horizontal)---------------------------------------------- 7
Reading Mechanical Splice, Least Squared Average (LSA) ----------------------------------------- 8
Splice Reflection (Return) Loss, Two-Points or Indicator (Triangle)----------------------------10
Splice Reflection Chart-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11

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OTDR CONCEPT IV FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR

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FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR 1 OTDR CONCEPT
OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER (OTDR)

CONCEPT
LESSON OVERVIEW
OTDR test sets are used to obtain splice loss and distance measurements.
Splice loss can be determined by using a 2-point or least square average (LSA)
calculation, determined by the type of OTDR used. Distance measurements are
calculated using one or two markers to determine the fiber’s length.
• OTDR measurements are required to locate fiber faults and determine

end-of-cable during maintenance or restoration.
• OTDR measurements are recommended after certain splicing operations

to ensure that completed splices meet splice loss specifications. The
measurements ensure that changes have not occurred to the splices after
storage in a splice organizer.
NOTE: Due to the optical characteristics of some fibers, a more accurate

final estimate of splice loss may need to be obtained by performing OTDR
measurements bidirectionally and averaging the two directional readings.
LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the completion of this lesson the student should be able to:
• Apply Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) concepts to any OTDR

testing requirements they encounter
• Obtain splice loss and fiber loss readings
• Recognize and measure distance to a splice or fault
• Determine the reflection measurement using a chart when a reading from
an OTDR is not available

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OTDR CONCEPT 2 FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR
OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER CONCEPTS
Loss at any specific point or area of a fiber optic path can be measured with an
OTDR for multimode systems and with a Singlemode OTDR (SMOTDR) for
singlemode systems.
Distance in meters (feet) to any specific point of a fiber optic path can also be
measured directly by these test sets.
Before you turn on the OTDR the following items should be known:
• Fiber type
• ns/m or IOR setting
• Wavelength of fiber being tested
• Length of fiber - distance/range setting
• What you want to measure: splice loss (LSA), fiber loss (2-point),
reflections or find a fault
The OTDRs operate by transmitting laser pulses into one end of an optical fiber
and detecting backscattered light at the same end. Microprocessors in these
test sets compute the transmitted power versus the returned backscatter and the
elapsed time to transmit and receive. A graphic representation of this computed
information is then displayed as a trace on the test set display screen.

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BACKSCATTER
Fiber Appearance
• The trace of a length of fiber appears as a sloped line across the screen.
Fiber
nd2633fig17a 4/98
Mechanical Splice Discontinuity

• A discontinuity (such as a mechanical splice) causes a spike to appear in the
trace on the screen.
Mechanical Splice
nd2633fig17 4/98

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Fusion Splice Discontinuity

• A fault (such as a fusion splice or a violation of the fiber bend radius) appears
as a small vertical drop-off in the sloped line.
Fusion Splice
nd2633fig18a 4/98
Fiber End/Break Point

• A fiber end appears as a spike immediately followed by a complete drop-off
of the trace. A break in the fiber would arch downward and roll off the trace.
Fiber End
nd2633fig18 4/98

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Distance Measurements
The distance to any point in a fiber optic path is measured by moving a vertical
cursor or marker to that point on the display screen, enlarging that area, and
reading the location in meters from the test set. See “Reading Fiber Loss
Between Two-Points” for an explanation of finding a distance measurement
using two points.
Cursor at End
of Fiber
(Display Enlarged)
nd2633fig19 4/98

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Reading Fiber Loss Between Two-Points
The dB/km loss of fiber can be determined using vertical markers at two-points,
on an OTDR trace, one kilometer apart. Another OTDR can calculate the dB/km
loss from two-points placed very close together. Also distance measurements
are obtained by placing markers at points where a distance measurement is
desired.
A B
T9cpg6.crd/wmf 4/98

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Reading Splice Loss Between Two-Points (Horizontal)
An OTDR may have two horizontal markers or a horizontal reference grid line
and one horizontal marker to determine the splice loss. Other OTDRs will
calculate the splice loss that includes a length of fiber. When looking at a splice
point, an OTDR may require additional meters/feet of fiber beyond the splice for
calculation. This additional fiber loss is included in the splice loss. To remove
the fiber loss from the splice loss, a length of the same fiber is measured and it’s
loss substrated from the splice loss reading.
A
B
T9cpg7.crd/wmf 4/98

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Reading Mechanical Splice, Least Squared Average (LSA)
Splice loss readings are determined from the amount of power before and after
the splice, represented between the set of Xs on each side of the star, shown at
marker “A”.
X X* X X
nd2633fig22 4/98

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Reading Fusion Splice, LSA

Fusion splice loss readings are obtained the same way that mechanical splices
are calculated.
X X* X X
nd2633fig23 4/98

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Splice Reflection (Return) Loss, Two-Points or Indicator (Triangle)

Splice reflection (return) loss is determined by knowing the vertical height of a
splice reflection in dB and the OTDRs pulse width. Then using a reflection chart,
the strength of the reflection can be determined.
nd2633fig24 4/98
Newer designed OTDRs may calculate the reflection (return) loss automatically if
a indicator (traingle) is placed at the top of the splice reflection.
T9cpg10b.crd/wmf 4/98
• Any reflection number 30dB and above (31dB or larger) is acceptable

because the reflection is “weaker”.
• Any reflection number below 30dB (29dB or smaller) is unacceptable
because the reflection is to strong.

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Splice Reflection Chart

The strength of the reflection (return) loss can be determined by using the
Reflection Chart.
Component Return Loss in dB for an OTDR Reflection

Measurement in dB for the Pulse Widths Shown Below
Meas. Microseconds (µs) nanoseconds (ns)
dB 4 2 1 500 250 125 100 50
1 45.5 48.5 51.5 54.5 57.5 60.5 61.5 64.5
1.5 43.2 46.2 49.2 52.2 55.2 58.2 59.2 62.2
2 41.4 44.4 47.4 50.4 53.4 56.4 57.4 60.4
2.5 39.9 42.9 45.9 48.9 51.9 54.9 55.9 58.9
3 38.5 41.5 44.5 47.5 50.5 53.5 54.5 57.5
3.5 37.2 40.2 43.2 46.2 49.2 52.2 53.2 56.2
4 36.0 39.0 42.0 45.0 48.0 51.0 52.0 55.0
4.5 34.8 37.8 40.8 43.8 46.8 49.8 50.8 53.8
5 33.7 36.7 39.7 42.7 45.7 48.7 49.7 52.7
5.5 32.6 35.6 38.6 41.6 44.6 47.6 48.6 51.6
6 31.5 34.5 37.5 40.5 43.5 46.5 47.5 50.5
Acceptable
6.5 30.4 33.4 36.4 39.4 42.4 45.4 46.4 49.4
7 29.4 32.4 35.4 38.4 41.4 44.4 45.4 48.4
Unacceptable 7.5 28.3 31.3 34.3 37.3 40.3 43.3 44.3 47.3
8 27.3 30.3 33.3 36.3 39.3 42.3 43.3 46.3
1550 nm 8.5 26.3 29.3 32.3 35.3 38.3 41.3 42.3 45.3
9 25.3 28.3 31.3 34.3 37.3 40.3 41.3 44.3
100 ns 9.5 24.3 27.3 30.3 33.3 36.3 39.3 40.3 43.3
10 23.2 26.2 29.2 32.2 35.2 38.2 39.2 42.2
10.5 22.2 25.2 28.2 31.2 34.2 37.2 38.2 41.2
11 21.2 24.2 27.2 30.2 33.2 36.2 37.2 40.2
11.5 20.2 23.2 26.2 29.2 32.2 35.2 36.2 39.2
12 19.2 22.2 25.2 28.2 31.2 34.2 35.2 38.2
12.5 18.2 21.2 24.2 27.2 30.2 33.2 34.2 37.2
13 17.2 20.2 23.2 26.2 29.2 32.2 33.2 36.2
13.5 16.2 19.2 22.2 25.2 28.2 31.2 32.2 35.2
14 15.2 18.2 21.2 24.2 27.2 30.2 31.2 34.2
14.5 14.2 17.2 20.2 23.2 26.2 29.2 30.2 33.2
15 13.2 16.2 19.2 22.2 25.2 28.2 29.2 32.2
15.5 12.2 15.2 18.2 21.2 24.2 27.2 28.2 31.2
16 11.2 14.2 17.2 20.2 23.2 26.2 27.2 30.2
16.5 10.2 13.2 16.2 19.2 22.2 25.2 26.2 29.2
17 9.2 12.2 15.2 18.2 21.2 24.2 25.2 28.2
17.5 8.2 11.2 14.2 17.2 20.2 23.2 24.2 27.2
18 7.2 10.2 13.2 16.2 19.2 22.2 23.2 26.2
18.5 6.2 9.2 12.2 15.2 18.2 21.2 22.2 25.2
19 5.2 8.2 11.2 14.2 17.2 20.2 21.2 24.2
19.5 4.2 7.2 10.2 13.2 16.2 19.2 20.2 23.2
20 3.2 6.2 9.2 12.2 15.2 18.2 19.2 22.2
20.5 2.2 5.2 8.2 11.2 14.2 17.2 18.2 21.2
21 1.2 4.2 7.2 10.2 13.2 16.2 17.2 20.2
21.5 0.2 3.2 6.2 9.2 12.2 15.2 16.2 19.2

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GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY II FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR
Copyright© 1999 Lucent Technologies All Rights Reserved glossary.doc

Printed in USA
FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR III GLOSSARY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TERMS ................................................................................................................. 1
ACRONYMS ....................................................................................................... 23
ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................. 29

Printed in USA
GLOSSARY IV FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR

Printed in USA
FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR 1 GLOSSARY
TERMS, ACRONYMS, AND ABBREVIATIONS

TERMS
Absorption Conversion of radiant energy into other forms by

passage through matter. In optical fibers, the portion of
attenuation resulting from the conversion of optical
power into heat. Usually expressed as dB/km.
Acceptance Angle The critical angle, measured from the core centerline,
above which light cannot enter an optical fiber. It is
equal to 1/2 the angle of the acceptance cone.
Acceptance Cone A right circular cone whose included angle is twice the
acceptance angle.
Add/Drop Multiplexer A multiplexer that can selectively add or drop lower data
rate signals from a higher date rate signal. Typically an
Intelligent Network Element (INE) allowing instruction-
controlled inputs through embedded data
communications channels.
Ambient Light Light present in the environment around a detecting or
interpreting device, especially a machine vision system,
and generated from outside sources. Such light must
be treated as noise by the vision system.
Analog Carrier Transmission of multiple voice frequency signals over
the same medium by placing the individual signals at
successively higher frequencies, then combining these
signals for transmission over a single path.
Analog Signal A signal whose amplitude continuously varies with time.
Analog Transmission Transmission of a continuously variable signal as
opposed to a digital signal.
Angle Of Incidence The angle between an incident ray and the normal ray
to a reflecting surface.
Aperture The diameter of the largest beam of light that can enter
an optical fiber.
Apparatus Lightguide hardware connected to or part of the
lightwave system.
Application Specific An Integrated Circuit (IC) designed for specific
Integrated Circuit applications, typically a gate array or a full custom chip.
(ASIC)
Astigmatism A refractive defect of an optical fiber that causes loss.

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GLOSSARY 2 FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR
Asynchronous A connection-type transmission mode carrying information

Transfer Mode (ATM) organized into blocks (header plus information field); it is
asynchronous in the sense that recurrence of blocks
depends on the required or instantaneous bit rate.
Statistical and deterministic values have been proposed
that correspond respectively to the packet and circuit
values defined for information transfer mode.
Attenuation The optical power loss per unit length along a waveguide.
It is the sum of absorption and light scattering.
Automatic Number A pay-per-view technology system in which the customer
Identification (ANI) uses a dial or Touch-Tone telephone to contact a computer
installed at the telephone company to order the program.
The telco's computer is the interface between the cable
television computer and the customer.
Avalanche A photodiode designed to take advantage of avalanche
Photodiode multiplication of photocurrent. As the reverse-bias voltage
approaches the breakdown voltage, hole-electron pairs
created by absorbed photons acquire sufficient energy to
create additional hole-electron pairs when they collide with
ions; thus a multiplication or signal gain is achieved.
Axial Ray A light ray that travels along the axis of an optical fiber.
Backscattering The scattering of light into a direction usually reverse to the
original one.
Bandwidth The maximum range of decodable frequencies that can
travel through an optical fiber of a given length. The
difference expressed in hertz, between the two limiting
frequencies of a band.
Bandwidth Limited The condition prevailing when the system bandwidth, rather
Operation than the amplitude of the signal, limits performance. The
condition is reached when modal dispersion distorts the
shape of the waveform beyond specified limits.
Baseband A Local Area Network (LAN) in which digitally encoded
information is directly connected to the transmission
medium without being modulated (as opposed to a
broadband system).

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Beamsplitter A device used to divide an optical beam into two or more

separate beams.
Beamwidth The distance between two diametrically opposed points at
which the irradiance is a specified fraction of the beam's
peak irradiance; most often applied to beams that are
circular in cross section.
Behind The Wall Refers to a recessed wall outlet, 4-inch (10.2 cm) electrical
box, with a cover plate that allows fiber, copper and coaxial
connections.
Bend Loss Attenuation caused by high-order modes that radiate around
a restrictive radius or when small distortions are introduced
inside the fiber from manufacturing imperfections or when
the bend radius is violated.
Bend Radius The minimum radius that optical fiber or cable can be bent
before bend loss results.
Biconic Connector A fiber connector with a cone-shaped tip.
Bit Contraction of "binary digit," the smallest unit of information
in the binary number system. Either of the digits 0 or 1.
Bit Error Rate (BER) In digital applications, the ratio of bits received in error to bits
sent.
Bit Rate Optimum number of bits per second sent into a fiber optics
system.
Bonding The connection of the metallic sheaths of all cables in a
manhole, cable vault, or building distribution system.
Bridging Amplifier An amplifier with the facility for connection across a trunk
with minimum reduction of trunk signal levels.
Broadband A service or system requiring transmission channels capable
of supporting rates greater than the primary rate; a
frequency-division multiplexing technique for LANs that uses
cable TV technology to provide multiple signals (digital
and/or analog) on the same distribution medium.
Broadband ISDN A proposed form of the Integrated Services Digital Network
(BISDN) (ISDN) that carries digital transmission at rates equal to or
greater than the T-1 rate (1.544 megabits per second).
Proposed BISDN standards packetize information (voice,
data, video) into fixed-length cells for transmission over
synchronous optical networks.

Printed in USA
Broadcast Unidirectional distribution to all subscribers, where the

Transmission message transmission may be read by a large number of
destinations. Bus and satellite are examples.
Broadcast A distribution service in which the information is transmitted
Videography (Teletext) within the blanking intervals of television signals.
Buffer A protective material that covers optical fiber. The buffer
has no optical function.
Bus A shared medium for transmitting signals or power, e.g., a
LAN bus operating in a broadcast transmission mode.
Byte A binary string (usually eight bits) operated as a unit. The
byte typically is shorter than a computer word and often
represents a character (usually refers to eight bits).
Cable One or more optical fibers enclosed within protective
coverings.
Cable Ready A consumer electronics marketing term (often
interchangeable with "cable compatible") used for a TV,
VCR, or other TV tuning device with a 75-ohm input
impedance, capable of tuning standard VHF and UHF TV
channels plus all or part of the cable midband, superband,
and hyperband channels and, ideally, having superior direct
pickup characteristics and equipped with an Electronic
Industries Association (EIA) multiport.
Cable TV (CATV) Generally, a facility consisting of a set of closed
System transmission paths and associated signal generation,
reception, and control equipment. It is designed to provide
cable service, including video programming, to multiple
subscribers within a community.
Carrier A continuous frequency capable of being modulated by an
information-carrying signal.
Carrier-to-Noise Ratio The bandwidth ratio of carrier power to noise power for a
specific system being measured.
C-Band For cable TV, a range of microwave frequencies, 3.7 to 4.2
gigahertz, commonly used for satellite downlinks.

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Chromatic Dispersion Spreading of a light pulse caused by the difference

in refractive index at different wavelengths.
Chrominance Signal The portion of the National Television Systems
Committee (NTSC) color-television signal that
contains the color information.
Circuit Switching A method of communication whereby an electrical
connection between calling and called stations is
established on demand for exclusive use of the
circuit until the connection is released.
Cladding Material, usually of a low refractive index, that
surrounds the central core of an optical fiber to
minimize surface scattering losses.
Cladding Noncircularity The difference between the largest cladding
diameter and the cladding diameter measured at
right angles to it, all divided by the average of the
two values.
Codec Coder-decoder (analog-to-digital and digital-to-
analog converter). Codec converts analog signals,
such as voice, to digital signals for transmission.
Coefficient of Friction The amount of friction produced when a lightguide
cable is pulled through an inner duct.
Coherent Radiation Light propagation in which the phase between any
two points in the field is exactly the same or
maintains a constant difference throughout the
duration of the light pulse.
Coherent Lightwave An optical transmission system that uses both the
System intensity and the phase of the transmitted light to
carry information.
Concentration The routing of information from a number of
communications links into a smaller number of
higher capacity links, and providing the reverse flow
from fewer to more links. A device that performs this
function usually is called a concentrator.
Connector A mechanical or optical device that provides a
demountable connection between two fibers or a
fiber and a source or detector.

Printed in USA
Core The center of an optical fiber, bound by the cladding.

It conducts the transmitted light in the region of high
refractive index of the fiber.
Core Concentricity The distance between the calculated core center
(Eccentricity) and the calculated cladding center, divided by the
average core diameter.
Core Noncircularity The difference between the longest diameter of the
(Ellipticity) core and the diameter at 90 to the longest diameter
divided by the average diameter.
Coupler An optical device that joins two connectors or that
combines or splits power from optical fibers.
Coupling Efficiency The efficiency of optical power transfer between two
components.
Coupling Loss The total optical power loss within a junction,
expressed in decibels, attributed to the termination
of the optical conductor.
Critical Angle The smallest angle of incidence at which total
reflection occurs at the boundary between two media
of different indices of refraction.
Crosstalk Measurable leakage of cutoff wavelength from one
optical conductor to another.
Crush Strength The physical limit of an optical fiber or cable to
withstand an applied force or weight perpendicular to
the fiber axis.
CSL Lightsplice A mechanical splice for permanent and restoration
System splicing of 250µm coated and 900µm buffered
single-mode and multimode fibers in all outside plant
and premises distribution environments.
Cutback Method A technique for measuring optical fiber attenuation
by measuring the optical power at two points at
different distances from the test source.
Cutoff Wavelength The shortest wavelength at which only the
fundamental mode of an optical waveguide can
propagate. For single-mode fibers, the cutoff
wavelength must be smaller than the wavelength of
the light to be transmitted.

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Dark Current The external current that, under specified biasing

conditions, flows in a photodetector when there is no
incident radiation.
Data Rate Maximum number of information bits that can be
transmitted per second.
D-Channel Bank Circuit terminating equipment that accepts up to 24
voice frequency analog signals and samples,
encodes, and multiplexes the signals into one DS1
digital signal and vice versa. A variety of line-plug
modules provides analog signal options (2-wire, 4-
wire, etc.) as well as digital signal options.
Decibel (dBm) The standard unit for expressing transmission gain
or loss and relative power levels, equal to 10 times
the log10 of the ratio; power out (Po), receiver,
divided by power in (Pi), transmitter,: dBm = 10 ×
log10 (Po ÷ Pi)
Decoding Changing a digital signal into analog form or into
another type of digital signal. The reverse operation
is encoding.
Depressed Cladding Single-mode fiber with two layers of cladding, the
Fiber outer cladding having a refractive index intermediate
between that of the core and the inner cladding.
This fiber design resists bending-induced loss.
Detector A device that converts optical energy to electrical
energy, such as a PIN photodiode.
Differential Gain The amplitude change, usually of the 3.58-MHz color
subcarrier, caused by the overall circuit as the
luminance is varied from blanking to white level. It is
expressed in percent or in decibels.
Digital Cross-Connect An electronic device that accepts digital signals and
System reconfigures component subchannels. (A 1/0 cross-
connect allows reconfiguration of DS-0 signals within
and between DS-1s.
Digital Line Carrier A digital pair gain system that uses multiplexing
(DLC) techniques over the subscriber plant.

Printed in USA
Digital Regeneration Restoration of a digital signal to its original digital

wavelength.
Dispersion The "spreading out" or "broadening" of a light pulse
as it propagates through an optical conductor.
Dispersion increases with the length of the conductor
and is caused by the difference in ray path lengths
within an optical fiber core.
Distributing Frame A device, usually situated in a telephone central
office building, that is used for the termination and
the interconnection of the outside plant and circuit
equipment, and for further interconnection with
switching systems.
Distribution Use of a broadband service or a channel for
transferring audio or video information to an end
user of the information.
Distribution Plant That portion of the subscriber outside plant that
connects the subscribers with the feeder plant.
Distribution plant is characterized by small cables,
multiple terminals, and bridged taps.
Distribution Service Service characterized by the unidirectional flow of
information from a given point in the network to
multiple other locations.
Dopants Chemical elements added to the core and cladding
of fibers to alter the transmission and reflective
properties of the fiber.
Drop (Drop Wire) Fiber or copper-based cable that connects a
customer's location with a terminal in the distribution
plant.
DS1, DS2, and DS3 Bipolar digital signals that conform to the North
Signals American Digital Hierarchy with the following line
rates and capacities: DS1=1.544Mb/s, 24 voice
frequency channels, DS2=6.312Mb/s, 96 voice
frequency channels, DS3=44.136Mb/s, 672 voice
frequency channels.
Dual-Fiber Cable A type of optical fiber cable with two single-fiber
cables enclosed in an extruded overjacket of
polyvinyl chloride.
Duplex Cable A pair of single-fiber interconnection cables
packaged together in a cable jacket.

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Duplex Transmission Data transmission over a circuit capable of

transmitting in both directions at the same time.
Synonymous with full-duplex and distinguished from
half-duplex transmission.
Electronic Industries A U. S. manufacturers' group which, as one of its
Association (EIA) functions, sets some interface standards.
Electro-Optical Switch A device that allows the routing of optical signals
(under electronic control) without an intermediary
conversion to electronic signals.
Electro-Optic Detector Any device capable of detecting transmitted light by
converting the received radiation into some form of
electrical signal.
Encoding Transforming an analog signal into a digital signal or
a digital signal into another digital format.
End Finish Surface condition at an optical conductor face.
Enhanced Multimode Multimode fiber with a 62.5 µm core diameter that
Fiber permits more light to be coupled into the fiber.
Exit Angle The angle between the output radiation vector and
the axis of an optical fiber or fiber bundle.
Feeder The portion of the subscriber outside plant that
extends from the CO to the interface between the
feeder and the distribution plant.
Fiber The material path along which light propagates; a
single, discrete optical transmission element.
Fiber Bundle Consolidated group of fibers used to transmit a
single optical signal.
Fiber Cable A cable composed of a single fiber or fiber bundle,
strength members, and a cable jacket.
Fiber Distributed Data A network standard that describes the physical,
Interface (FDDI) topological, and protocol requirements for a LAN
wired with optical fibers and operating at a peak data
rate of 100 megabits per second.
Fiber Geometry The physical characteristics of a lightguide fiber,
such as core diameter.

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Fiber Hubbing A network architecture that uses fiber transmission

facilities homing on a facility hub. At the hub, functions
such as automatic digital cross-connection, testing, and
network configuration may take place.
Fiber Loss Loss intrinsic to glass fiber.
Fiber Optics A general term that describes the function of converting
electrical energy to optical energy, transmitting it to
another location through optical fibers, and converting it
back to electrical energy. Most often used in digital
transmission systems, the term can also be applied to
analog systems.
Fiber Optic An assembly of one or more optical fibers incorporated
(Lightguide) Cable into units arranged for maximum pulling and twisting
strength.
Fiber Optic Link Any optical fiber transmission channel designed to
connect two end terminals or to be connected in series
with other channels.
Field-Effect A photodetector using photogeneration of carriers in the
Transistor channel region of an field-effect transistor (FET) to
Photodetector provide photodetection with current gain.
Filler Fibers Optical fibers with no guaranteed transmission
capabilities. Only the cladding and coating requirements
apply.
Four-Wire Circuit A 2-way communications circuit using two paths,
arranged so signals are transmitted in one direction on
one path, and in the other direction on the other path.
Frame A linear set of transmitted bits that define a basic
transport element.
Fresnel Reflection Reflection of a portion of light incident on a planar surface
between two homogeneous media having different
refractive indices. Fresnel reflection occurs at the
air/glass interface at the entrance and exit ends of optical
fiber.
Frequency Division A method of deriving two or more simultaneous,
Multiplexing (FDM) continuous channels from a transmission medium
connecting two points by assigning separate portions of
the available frequency spectrum to each of the individual
channels, each information channel or group of channels
being shifted to and allotted a different frequency band.

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Fundamental Mode The lowest order mode of a waveguide (optical

fiber).
Gap Loss A power loss, expressed in decibels, due to the
deviation from optimum spacing between the ends of
separable optical conductors.
Graded-Index Fiber Type of optical fiber in which the refractive index of
the core decreases radially outward toward the fiber
cladding, achieving high bandwidth capacity and
coupling efficiency.
Grounding The act of connecting an electric circuit or equipment
to earth, or to a conductor connected to earth. A
safety measure to avoid electric shock.
Headend The site in the cable system that receives,
processes, converts to the proper frequency, and
amplifies television signals for distribution to the
cable system.
High-Definition A new television format offering resolution and
Television (HDTV) picture quality comparable to 35-millimeter motion
picture film.
Hub An interconnection point for high-speed interoffice
trunks. Multiplexed on high-capacity facilities
(typically fiber), traffic is routed through the hub to its
destination.
Index-Matching Materials used in intimate contact between the ends
Materials of optical conductors to reduce coupling losses.
The index of refraction of the material matches or is
similar to the index of refraction of the conductor.
Index Of Refraction The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum (or in air)
to the speed of light in a material.
Index Profile Curve of the refractive index over the cross section
of an optical fiber.
Infrared Electromagnetic radiation in wavelengths extending
from approximately 770 nanometers to 1600
nanometers.
Injection Laser Diode Provides a coherent light source suitable for optical
fibers.
Insertion Loss The attenuation caused by the insertion of an optical
component.

Printed in USA
Integrated Services A wideband communication network providing analog

Digital Network and digital data, voice, and video transmission and
(ISDN) interconnection services over a single transmission
medium, particularly single-mode fiber.
Intensity Irradiance.
Interlace For TV displays, the interleaving of the two separately
transmitted fields.
Interlace Scanning A process in which each adjacent line belongs to the
alternate field.
Integrated Circuit A complete electronic device including transistors,
(IC) resistors, capacitors, plus all wiring and interconnections
fabricated as a unit on a single chip.
Intermodal Multimode distortion.
Distortion
Intrinsic Quality The mean of the calculated splice loss in two directions
Factor when the test fiber is spliced to a nominal fiber with zero
misalignment of the reference surfaces.
Irradiance Power density at a surface through which radiation
passes.
Jacket A durable, high-density polyethylene cable covering that
protects the sublayers and the fiber.
Laser A device that produces high-intensity light that is
monochromatic (of a single wavelength) and coherent
(of the same phase). Originally an acronym for "light
amplification by stimulated emission of radiation."
Laser Diode Semiconductor diode that emits coherent light above a
threshold current.
Launch Angle The angle between an input radiation vector and the
axis of an optical conductor.
Launching Fiber A fiber used in conjunction with a source to excite the
modes of another fiber in a particular way.
Leaky Modes In the bounded region between the guided modes of an
optical waveguide and the lightwaves that are not
capable of propagation there are so-called leaky modes
which are not guided but are capable of limited
propagation with increased attenuation.

Printed in USA
Light In the laser and optical communication fields, the

portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be
handled by the basic optical techniques used for the
visible spectrum extending from the near ultraviolet
region of approximately 0.3 microns, through the visible
region, and into the mid infrared region of about 30
microns.
Light-Emitting Diode A Positive-Negative (PN) junction semiconductor device
(LED) that emits incoherent light when biased in the forward
direction from the direction of the junction strip edge or
of its surface.
Lightguide Optical fibers mounted and finished in a component
used solely to transmit light.
Lightguide Building Cable designed as the transmission media for optical
Cable signals for all telecommunications applications within
buildings.
Lightguide Cable An optical fiber, multiple fibers, or fiber bundle that
includes a cable jacket and strength members,
fabricated to meet optical, mechanical and
environmental specifications.
Lightguide Cable The frame on which a riser cable terminates.
Interconnect
Equipment (LCIE)
Lightpack Cable A lightguide cable core design with up to 8 bundles that
hold stranded fibers rather than being grouped into a
ribbon design.
Lightwave The term applied to the technology utilizing light for the
transmission of voice or data between two points on an
optical fiber.
Line Extender An amplifier used to compensate for loss on a
distribution feeder line.
Loading Coils Small, high-inductance, low-resistance coils inserted at
regular intervals in long twisted-pair subscriber lines to
reduce capacitive line loss at audio frequencies.
Loading coils severely attenuate signals at frequencies
above the voiceband, and must be removed to provide
digital services over twisted pair.

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Local Area Network A data communications network consisting of host

(LAN) computers or other equipment interconnected to
other terminal devices, such as computers, often via
twisted-pair, coaxial, or fiber optic cable. Typically,
the network is limited to a single premise.
Loss The amount of a signal's power, expressed in
decibels, that is lost in connectors, splices, or the
fiber.
Macrobending Macroscopic axial deviations of a fiber from a
straight line that do not usually cause loss.
Macrobending Loss Loss attributable to macrobending. Usually causes
little or no radiative loss.
Material Dispersion The dispersion associated with a nonmonochromatic
light source due to the wavelength dependence of
the refractive index of the material or of the light
velocity in the material.
Mechanical Splice A fiber optic splice made by mechanical fixtures or
materials rather than by thermal fusion.
Metropolitan Area A network linking together LANs and other networks
Network (MAN) at many sites within a city area.
Microbending Sharp curvatures of optical fiber involving local axial
displacements of a few micrometers and spatial
wavelengths of a few millimeters that cause loss of
light.
Microbending Loss Attenuation caused by modes of light that radiate
from the side of an optical fiber when the fiber is
bent past tolerance, or as a result of manufacturing
imperfections inside the fiber core.
Modal Dispersion The signal distortion in an optical waveguide
resulting from the superposition of modes with
differing delays.
Modal Noise Disturbances in multimode fibers fed by laser
diodes.
Mode Filter A device that removes higher-order modes to
simulate steady state modal distribution.
Mode Mixing The gradual energy exchange that occurs between
modes with differing velocities as a result of
inhomogeneities of the fiber geometry and of the
index profile.

Printed in USA
Modes Discrete optical waves that can propagate (travel) in

an optical waveguide.
Mode Scrambler A device composed of one or more optical fibers in
which strong mode coupling occurs in order to
provide a mode distribution that is independent of
source characteristics.
Mode Stripper A device that removes cladding modes.
Modified Chemical A process in which deposits are produced by
Vapor Deposition heterogeneous gas/solid and gas/liquid chemical
(MCVD) reactions at the surface of a substrate. The method
is often used in fabricating optical waveguide
preforms by causing gaseous materials to react and
deposit glass oxides.
Modulation A controlled variation with time of any property of a
wave for the purpose of transferring information.
Monochromatic Consisting of a single wavelength.
Muldem One or more circuit packs with multiplexing and
demultiplexing capabilities.
Multidrop A system configuration that uses a single channel or
line to serve two or more terminals. This type of
configuration normally requires some protocol
control mechanism (polling, contention, token
passing) addressing each terminal with a unique
identification.
Multimode Distortion The signal distortion in an optical waveguide
resulting from the superposition of modes with
differing delays.
Multimode Fiber Fiber in which several modes can propagate.
Multiplexing The combination of several information signals from
different channels into a single optical channel for
increased bandwidth transmission.
Near Field Radiation Distribution of the irradiance over the cross section
Pattern of an optical waveguide.
Network Architecture The detailed design, including protocols, switching
and transmission, that constitutes a
telecommunications network.

Printed in USA
Newton (N) A unit of force in the meter-kilogram-second system

frequently used to specify cable pulling tension. For
lightguide cable, the typical maximum pulling tension
of 600 pounds equals 267-N.
Noninductive Fiber Fiber that does not create a change in loss.
Numerical Aperture The number that expresses the light-gathering
characteristic of an optical fiber, expressed by the
sine of the maximum angle with respect to the fiber
axis at which an entering ray is totally reflected into
the core.
Optical Alignment The lateral and angular alignment required to
minimize reflection loss when joining or splicing the
central axis of one fiber terminus to the central axis
of another fiber terminus.
Optical Amplifier A device that receives low-level optical signals from
an optical fiber, amplifies the optical signal, and
inserts it into an outbound optical fiber without
converting the signal to electrical pulses as an
intermediary step.
Optical Cement A permanent, transparent adhesive, usually epoxy or
methacrylate, capable of handling extreme
temperatures.
Optical Conductors Materials that offer a low attenuation to the
transmission of light energy.
Optical Connectors Connectors designed to terminate and connect
either single or multiple optical fibers. Optical
connectors are used to connect fiber optic cable to
equipment and interconnect cables.
Optical Coupler An optical device that distributes light signals
between multiple input and output fibers.
Optical Fiber A glass or plastic fiber that has the ability to guide
light along its axis.
Optical Loss Test Set A source and power meter combined to measure
(OLTS) attenuation or loss.
Optical Power Meter An instrument that measures the amount of optical
power present at the end of a fiber or cable.

Printed in USA
Optical Time Domain An instrument that locates faults in optical fibers or

Reflectometer (OTDR) infers attenuation from backscattered light
measurements.
Optical Time Domain A method for characterizing an optical fiber wherein
Reflectometry an optical pulse is transmitted through the fiber, and
the resulting light scattered and reflected back to the
input is measured as a function of time.
Optical Waveguide Any material structure capable of guiding light
radiation along a path parallel to its axis, containing
the light within its boundaries or adjacent to its
surface.
Optoelectronic Any device that functions as an optical-to-electrical
or electrical-to-optical transducer.
Outside Plant Portion of the physical telecommunications system
extending from the main distributing frame outward
to the telephone instrument (local loop) or to another
Central Office (CO) or telephone equipment building
(interoffice or trunk plant). The outside plant is
primary cable, either twisted pair or fiber.
Phase Distortion The variation from the linear relationship of phase
versus frequency over the frequency range required
for transmission.
Phase Modulation A form of modulation in which the phase of the
carrier is varied according to the instantaneous value
of the modulating signal.
Peak Wavelength The wavelength at which the optical power of a
source is at a maximum.
Photocurrent The current that flows through a photosensitive
device, such as a photodiode, as a result of being
exposed to radiant power.
Photodiode A semiconductor device used in lightwave systems
to convert light into electrical energy.
Photon The indivisible unit of the electromagnetic field.
Photonic Switching A generic term implying the combining, switching,
and routing of optical (photonic) signals without first
converting them to electrical signals.

Printed in USA
Pigtail A short length of optical fiber, permanently fixed to a

component, used to couple power between it and a
transmission fiber.
PIN (Positive-Intrinsic- A semiconductor having P-doped and N-doped
Negative) Photodiode regions separated by a lightly doped intrinsic region in
which absorbed photons generate an electric current.
PIN-FET Receiver Optical receiver with a Positive-Intrinsic-Negative (PIN)
photodiode and low noise amplifier with a high
impedance input, the first stage of which incorporates
an Field-Effect Transistor (FET).
Plastic-Clad Silica A step-index fiber with glass core and plastic cladding.
(PCS)
Plenum The space above a suspended ceiling used to
circulate air back to the heating or cooling system in a
building.
Plenum Cable Cable specifically designed for use in a plenum. It has
insulated conductors, often jacketed with
fluoropolymer resin material to give it low flame spread
and low smoke-producing properties.
Polarization Optical fiber that transmits polarized light while
Maintaining Fiber preserving the direction of the polarization.
Preform A solid glass rod that results from heating a glass tube
in the MCVD (modified chemical vapor deposition)
process and from which a fiber can be drawn.
Premises Distribution The transmission network inside a building or group of
System (PDS) buildings that connects various types of voice and
data communications devices, switching equipment,
and other information systems together, as well as to
outside communications networks.
Primary Coating The plastic coating applied directly to the cladding
surface of the fiber during manufacture to preserve the
integrity of the surface.
Protocol A set of rules governing the format and relative timing
of information exchange.
Pulse Dispersion The increase in pulse width (duration) within a given
(Pulse Spreading) length of fiber due to the effects of modal, material,
and waveguide dispersion.

Printed in USA
Rapid Ribbon Splice A quick restoration or permanent splicing technique for

joining multimode or single-mode fiber ribbons, 12
fibers, are aligned in grooved substrates and secured
with clips. Index-matching gel is used to minimize splice
loss.
Ray A line of light extending between points.
Ray Angle The angle between a light ray and a reference line or
plane.
Rayleigh Light Scattering of incident radiation through a fiber, inversely
proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength,
caused by various heterogeneities in the fiber.
Receiver, Optical A device that receives light signals and converts them to
electrical signals.
Receiver Sensitivity The optical power required by a receiver for low-error
signal transmission.
Reflection The abrupt change in direction of a light beam at an
interface between two dissimilar media so that the light
beam returns into the media from which it originated.
Refraction The deflection of a propagating wave.
Refractive Index The ratio of the velocity of light in vacuum to that in an
optically dense medium.
Regenerator A device that converts a received optical signal to its
electrical equivalent, reconstructs the source signal
format, amplifies it, and reconverts it to an optical output
signal.
Ribbon Cable A cable design which incorporates 12 color-coded
optical fibers into a flat, self-contained strip that looks
like a ribbon. Older design Adhesive Sandwich Ribbon
(ASR) aligned the fibers between two strips of tape. In
a newer design the AccuRibbon cable fibers are
bonded together with a matrix material.
Ribbon Fanout A device designed to break a 12-fiber ribbon down into
individual fibers.
Ribbon Pigtail A length of ribbon that extends beyond the sheath
termination hardware.
Roll-Off Gradually increasing attenuation of an audio signal with
increasing frequency.

Printed in USA
Rotary Mechanical A low-loss splicing technique for individual single-

Splice mode or multimode fibers in which mated glass
capillary ferrules are joined with a clip, and index-
matching gel is used to minimize loss. The splice
may be aligned with special tabs (passive alignment)
or "tuned" using special test sets for even lower loss
(active alignment).
Scattering The change in direction of light rays or photons after
striking a particle or particles.
Shadow Audio roll-off.
Sheath Termination An assembly of metal hardware designed to be
Hardware attached to the strength members in a lightguide
cable. It provides a means for attaching pulling
eyes, pressurizing cables, and bonding and
grounding hardware.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio The ratio of the power in a transmitted signal to the
undesirable noise in the absence of any signal.
Single-Fiber Cable A plastic-coated fiber surrounded by an extruded
layer of polyvinyl chloride, encased in an outer
polyvinyl chloride sheath.
Singlemode Fiber Optical fiber in which only one fundamental mode
can propagate.
Source The origin of radiant energy, such as an LED.
Splice A permanent junction of optical conductor.
Splice Loss The loss of light transmission when fibers are joined
at a splice point.
Sparkle Static in the voiceband.
Spontaneous Emission When too many electrons exist in the conduction
band of a semiconductor, these electrons drop into
vacant locations in the valence band, with a photon
being emitted for each electron.
Star Coupler An optical device used to distribute light signals
between one or more inputs and multiple outputs.
ST Connector A low-loss fiber connector with a straight tip and a
latching mechanism for repeatable loss in
reconnection.

Printed in USA
Step-Index Fiber Fiber that has a single index of refraction throughout the
core.
Step-Index Profile A refractive index profile characterized by a uniform
refractive index within the core and a sharp decrease in
refractive index at the core-cladding interface.
Stepped-Index Fiber An optical fiber composed of a core glass with one index
of refraction and a cladding material with a lower index of
refraction. The fiber is characterized by a sharp change
in index of refraction at the interface of the two materials.
Stimulated Emission Radiation emitted when the internal energy of a quantum
mechanical system drops from an excited level to a lower
level when induced by the presence of radiant energy at
the same frequency.
Stranded Lightguide Cable which incorporates individual optical fibers into a
Cable bundle.
Strength Buffered Buffered fiber with aramid yarn embedded in the buffered
Fiber coating.
Subscriber Loop The system of links between the telephone company
central office to home or businesses served.
Synchronous Optical A standard that defines a set of uniform transmission
Network (SONET) rates that connect high speed transmission systems.
Basic level is 51.80 Mb/s (OC-1); higher levels are exact
n times the basic rate (OC- n ). ANSI standards for
rates, formats, and optical interfaces are T1.105 and
T1.106 respectively.
Synchronous Data transmission in which the occurrence of each signal
Transmission representing a bit is related to a fixed time frame.
Telecommunication Classical communication by electrical transmission,
including telephone, telegraph, and television.
Tensile Pulling power.
Tensile Strength The force in newtons or pounds required to resist
breakage.
Terminal A device that allows for the physical connection or
interconnection of cable pairs or electronic components.
Threshold Current The driving current above which the amplification of the
lightwave in a laser diode becomes greater than the
optical losses so that stimulated emission results.

Printed in USA
Topology Description of the physical connections of a specific

network's node, such as bus, branching bus (tree),
or ring.
Torque Twisting force.
Total Internal Reflection The total reflection that occurs when light strikes an
interface at angles greater than the critical angle.
Transmission Loss Total loss encountered in transmission through a
system.
Transmitter A device that includes driving electronics that
functions as an electro-to-optical converter.
Transmitter, Optical An electro-optical module that converts an electrical
input signal to an output signal.
Trunk A dedicated communications channel between two
ranks of switching equipment in the same CO,
between two COs, or between a remote electron
device and a CO.
Ultraviolet (UV) The region of the electromagnetic spectrum between
about 400 nanometers and 40 nanometers.
Vapor-Phase Axial Cladding material layered over a core strand.
Deposition (VAD)
Vestigial Sideband Amplitude modulation generates an upper and a
lower sideband. To save spectrum space, most of
the lower sideband in a TV signal is filtered out. The
remaining lower, or vestigial sidebands
(approximately 0.75 MHz) are kept to avoid
impairment of the television signal.
Visible Light Electromagnetic wavelengths that can be seen by
the human eye, ranging from 380 nanometers to 770
nanometers.
Wavelength Division The provision of two or more channels over a
Multiplexing (WDM) common optical waveguide, the channels being
differentiated by optical wavelength.
Wide Area Network A data communications network designed to serve
(WAN) an area of hundreds or thousands of miles.

Printed in USA
ACRONYMS
AGC Automatic gain control.
ANSI American National Standards Institute.
APD Avalanche photo diode.
ASF Arranged Single Fiber.
ASR Adhesive sandwich ribbon.
ATM Asynchronous transfer mode.
BER Bit error rate.
BTW Behind The Wall
BWL (Minimum) bandwidth limit.
BWS Bandwidth support (required for the transmission system at its

ultimate length).
CATV Cable television.
CCITT Consultative Committee on International Telegraph and Telephone.
CEF Cable entrance facility.
CEV Controlled-environment vault.
CO Central office.
CSL Cleave, sleeve, and leave (splice).
CTU Channel test unit.
DMM Double muldem module.
DMU Data link and maintenance unit.
DS Digital signal.

Printed in USA
DS1, 2, 3 Digital signal (level) 1, 2, or 3.
DTLS Digital television lightwave system.
EIA Electronic Industries Association.
ELC Electrical looping card.
ELIU Electrical line interface unit.
EMI Electromagnetic interference.
EMI/RFI Electromagnetic interference/radio frequency interference.
EMPI Electromagnetic pulse interference.
ESTM Express span terminating module.
FDDI Fiber distributed data interface.
FDM Frequency division multiplexing.
FET Field-effect transmitter.
FMAC Facility maintenance administration center.
FRC Field restoration coordinator.
FT Fiber transmission.
FT3 Fiber transmission (signal rate) 3.
FT3C Fiber transmission at 90 Mb/s (megabits per second).
FWG Facility work group.
HDTV High-definition television.
HDWR Hardware.
IC Integrated circuit.
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

Printed in USA
ILD Injection laser diode.
IR Infrared.
IQF Intrinsic quality factor.
ISDN Integrated service digital network.
LAN Local area network.
LASER Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
LBO Lightguide buildout.
LC Length of cable.
LCD Liquid crystal display.
LD Laser diode.
LED Light-emitting diode.
LGBC Lightguide building cable.
LGX Lightguide cross-connect cabinet.
LID Local injector/detector.
LIU Lightguide interconnection unit.
LM Loop multiplexer.
LRB Line repeater bay.
LRS Line regenerator station.
LSAM Local splice alignment and measurement (test set).
LSIM Local splice injection module.
LSTA Lightwave span terminating assembly.
LSU Line switch unit.

Printed in USA
LT Transmitter-to-receiver section length.
LTDM Lightwave time division multiplexer.
LTF Lightwave terminating frame.
LTM Lightwave terminating module.
LTMA Lightwave terminating multiplex assembly.
LTS Lightwave transmission system.
MAN Metropolitan area network.
MCVD Modified chemical vapor deposition.
MM Multimode.
MOLTS Multimode optical loss test set.
MSTO Maintenance span terminating office.
MUX Multiplex assembly.
NA Numerical aperture.
NEBS New equipment building systems.
NOC Network operations center.
NTSC National Television Systems Committee.
OC-1 Optical carrier level 1.
ODL Optical data link.
OIU Optical interface unit.
OLIU Optical line interface unit.
OLTM Optical line terminating multiplexer.
OLTS Optical loss test set.

Printed in USA
OOCAT Optical order channel and alarm telemetry (system).
ORC Overall restoration coordinator.
OSP Outside plant.
OTDR Optical time domain reflectometer.
PAM Pulse amplitude modulation.
PCM Pulse code modulation.
PDS Premises distribution system.
PIN Positive-intrinsic-negative.
PVC Polyvinyl chloride.
PVM Portable violation monitor.
RFI Radio frequency interference.
R/L Rodent/lightning (cable sheath).
SBF Strength buffered fiber.
SBJ Strength buffered jacket.
SCOTS Surveillance and control of transmission systems.
SLC Subscriber loop carrier.
SM Single mode.
SMOLTS Single-mode optical loss test set.
SMOTDR Single-mode optical time domain reflectometer.
SONET Synchronous optical network.
SPD Span performance designator.
ST Straight tip (lightguide cable connector).

Printed in USA
STH Sheath terminating hardware.
STS-1 Synchronous transport signal level 1.
SX Lightwave span terminating frame.
TASC Telecommunication alarm and surveillance control.
TCAS Telecommunication carrier administration system.
TMU Terminating muldem unit.
TPD Transmission performance designator.
TRU Transmit/receive unit.
UC Universal closure or underground cable.
UV Ultraviolet.
VF Voice frequency.
WAN Wide area network.
WDM Wavelength division multiplexing.

Printed in USA
ABBREVIATIONS
dB Decibel.
dBm 0dB = 1miliwatt
Gm Gigameter.
Hz Hertz (frequency in cycles per second).
Mb Megabit (one million binary digits).
N Newton.
nm Nanometer.
psi Pounds per square inch (cable pulling tension specification).
µm Micron (micrometer).
AccuRibbon cable Registered trademark of Lucent Technologies

CSL Lightsplice System Trademark of Lucent Technologies
ST Connector Trademark of Lucent Technologies

Printed in USA

Printed in USA
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SDH Fibre Optics

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SDH Fibre Optics

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ND2100

FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR

Developed by Lucent Technologies Network Systems

Developed by Lucent Technologies Network Systems

CTIP Product Training Catalog:

NOTICE FOR PUBLICATIONS

Copyright © 1999 Lucent Technologies. All Rights Reserved.

For permission to reproduce or distribute, please contact:

Product Development Manager

Copyright© 1999 Lucent Technologies All Rights Reserved nd2100sgiss2.doc

ACCUMAX is a registered trademark of Lucent Technologies.

Copyright© 1999 Lucent Technologies All Rights Reserved nd2100sgiss2.doc

TRADEMARK ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (CONT'D)

OPTION1 is a trademark of Lucent Technologies.

This course was developed entirely using Microsoft® PowerPoint

Copyright© 1999 Lucent Technologies All Rights Reserved nd2100sgiss2.doc

FIBER OPTIC SEMINAR

CONTENT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TAB

INTRODUCTION TO FIBER OPTIC TECHNOLOGIE.......................................... 1

GENERAL INFORMATION .................................................................................. 2

CONNECTORS & SPLICING ............................................................................... 4

INTRODUCTION TO FIBER OPTIC TESTING .................................................... 5

Copyright© 1999 Lucent Technologies All Rights Reserved nd2100sgiss2.doc

Copyright© 1999 Lucent Technologies All Rights Reserved nd2100sgiss2.doc

• Discuss laser and eye safety precautions

Media: ND2100 is an instructor-led course.

Copyright© 1999 Lucent Technologies All Rights Reserved nd2100sgiss2.doc

Copyright© 1999 Lucent Technologies All Rights Reserved nd2100sgiss2.doc

Developed by Lucent Technologies Network Systems

LESSON OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................... 1

TYPICAL LIGHTWAVE SYSTEM......................................................................... 2

LASERS VS. LEDs .............................................................................................. 5

LIGHTWAVE DETECTORS ................................................................................. 6

OPTICAL FIBER .................................................................................................. 7

PREFORM MANUFACTURE ............................................................................... 8

FIBER DRAWING PROCESS .............................................................................. 9

Multimode Stepped-Index Fiber-----------------------------------------------------------------------------12

OPTICAL LOSS ................................................................................................. 17

Specialty Fibers --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24

CABLE/FIBER IDENTIFICATION ...................................................................... 27

OSP CABLE DESIGN ........................................................................................ 28

Lightpack Cable Core Design --------------------------------------------------------------------------------28

ACCUMAX DISTRIBUTION CABLE, LGBC SERIES ........................................ 34

Riser, Plenum, and Halogen Free Cable ------------------------------------------------------------------34

JUMPER CORDAGE DESIGN ........................................................................... 37

MiniCord Break-Out Cable ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------38

SPLICING AND CONNECTORIZING................................................................. 39

Cleave, Sleeve and Leave Light Splice System --------------------------------------------------------39

FIBER SPLICING ............................................................................................... 44

Excessive End Separation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------44

FIBER OPTICS SUPERIOR SYSTEM ............................................................... 50

High Capacity -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50

INTRODUCTION TO FIBER OPTIC TECHNOLOGY

Lightwave transmission systems are designed to provide high-capacity,

The lightwave system departs from traditional digital transmission systems by

At the completion of this lesson, the student should be able to:

• List the basic principles of fiber optic communication systems

• Recognize fiber optic terminology

• Identify the construction of various fiber, ribbon, and cable types

• State the advantages of fiber optic cable over copper cable

TYPICAL LIGHTWAVE SYSTEM

A typical lightwave system consists of:

• An electrical input signal that contains the information being transmitted.