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Course Outcome
At the end of this course the student
should be able to:
1. Analyze power system faults based on balance
and unbalanced faults techniques. (PLO4-
CTPS-C4)
2. Demonstrate power flow analysis using related
software. (PLO3-CS-P4)
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3. Express the suitable protection schemes based
on power system requirement. (PLO11-SD-A3)
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Lecture Plan
WEEKS CONTENTS
1 Per-Unit System
2 Power Flow Analysis
3 Analysis of Balanced Fault
4 Analysis of Unbalanced Fault
5 Power System Stability
6 Application of Power System Stability
7 Load Frequency and Automatic Generation Controls
8 Reactive Power and Voltage Controls
9 Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection
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L t
Lecture Pl
Plan
WEEK CONTENTS
Syllabus details
5
A
Assessments
t
Oral 5%
Test 1 15 % (week 4)
Test 2 15 % (week 8)
Assignment 15 %
Final exam 50 %
Total 100%
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Representation of Electric Power System
One-Line Diagram (OLD)
Definition:
◦ A diagram showing the interconnection of
various components of a balanced three-
three phase
power system by standard symbols on a single
phase basis.
R
Y =
B
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Advantages of OLD
SSimplicity
1-Φ represents all 3-Φs of the balanced system
The equivalent circuits of the components are replaced
by their standard symbols
The completion
p of the circuit through
g the neutral is
omitted
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Symbols for One-Line Diagram
Or Load
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Impedance (Z) and Reactance (X) Diagram
Impedance (Z = R + jX) diagram is converted from
OLD showing the equivalent circuit of each
componentt off the
th system.
t It is
i needed
d d to
t calculate
l l t the
th
performance of a system under normal and abnormal
conditions i.e. load conditions (Load Flow (LF) studies)
or upon theth occurrence off a fault/short
f lt/ h t circuit
i it (fault
(f lt
analysis studies).
Reactance (jX) diagram is further simplified from Z
diagram by omitting all static loads, all Rs, the
magnetizing I (Im) of each transformer, and the
capacitance (C) of the transmission line. It is applied
only to fault calculations, and not to LF studies.
Z and X diagrams sometimes called the Positive-
sequence diagram.
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Z and X Diagrams
Example: OLD of an EPS
T1 T2
Load B
Load A
E1 E2 E3
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X diagram corresponding to the OLD
E1 E2 E1
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Per - unit (P.U) Representation
Common quantities used in power system analysis (PSA) are
voltage (V) (in kV), current (I) (in kA), voltamperes (in kVA or
MVA), and impedance (in Ω). It is very cumbersome to convert
I to
Is t different
diff t voltage
lt l
levels
l in
i a PS having
h i t
two or more V
levels.
P.U. representation is introduced in such a way that the various
physical
h i l quantities
titi are expressedd as a decimal
d i l fraction
f ti or
multiples of base quantities and is defined as:
actual quantity
Quantity in per-unit
base value quantity
Example:
For instance, if a base voltage of 275 kV is chosen, actual
voltages of 247.5
247 5 kV,
kV 275 kV,
kV and 288.75
288 75 kV becomes 0.90,
0 90
1.00, and 1.05 per-unit.
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For 1-Φ systems: The formula relates the various quantities
for 1-Φ system:
Z p.u
Z (actuall )
Z
VAbase
Z base Vbase 2
For
F 3-Φ
3 Φ systems:
t
The formula relates the various quantities for 3-Φ system:
Base power, kW3φ base kVA 3φ Base power(3- ) (in kW) base kVA (3- )
Base power, MW 3φ base MVA 3φ Base power(3- ) (in MW) base MVA (3- )
Z p.u
Z (actual )
Z
VAbase
Z base Vbase 2
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Example:
The base impedance and base voltage for a given
power system are 10Ω and 400V, respectively.
Calculate the base kVA and the base current.
Solution:
F m Ohm’
From Ohm’s llaw,
400
Base current = 40 A
10
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Example:
The base current and the base voltage of a
345kV system are chosen to be 3000A and 300
kV, respectively. Determine the base impedance
and the per-unit
per unit voltage for the system.
system
Solution:
300 103
Base impedance = 100
3000
345
Per-unit voltage = 1.15pu
300
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Example:
A 3-Φ, Y-connected system is rated at 100 MVA and 132 kV.
Express 80 MVA of 3-Φ apparent power (S) as a p.u. value
referred to:
(a) the 3-Φ system MVA as base and
(b) the 1-Φ system MVA as base.
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base kVold base MVA new
P.U. Znew P.U. Zold
base kVnew base MVA old
Example 1:
The reactance X” of a generator is given as
0.20 p.u. based on the generator’s nameplate
rating of 13.2 kV, 30 MVA. The base for
calculations is 13.8 kV, 50 MVA. Find X
X” on this
new base.
2
13.2
13 2 50
x" 0.20 0.306 p.u.
13.8 30
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Example 2:
Calculate the p.u. impedance of a synchronous
motor rated 200 kVA, 13.2 kV and having reactance
of 50 ohm
Example 3:
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Analysis
A l i off PS problems
bl are greatly
l simplified
i lifi d by
b
using single-line Z diagram in which system
parameters are expressed in p.u. The steps to
compute p.u. values are summarized as follows:
Step 1: Select a common volt-ampere base for
the entire power system and a voltage base for one
part of the system.
system
Step 2: Compute voltage bases for all parts of the
PS byy correlating
g the transformation ratios of the
transformer banks.
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Step 3: Convert p.u. values (which is provided by the
nameplate of the equipment) to the common system
volt-ampere base and the applicable voltage base. In
case the parameters are provided in actual ohmic
values, compute base Z for the part of the PS in which
the equipment is connected and calculate the p.u.
values.
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Example 4:
Draw the reactance diagram of system shown
below. Assume reactance for the transmission line is
60 ohm and select the generator rating as base in
the generator circuit
6.6/66 kV
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Example 5:
A 30 MVA 13.8 kV 3-Φ generator has a sub-transient
reactance (Xd’’) of 15%. The generator supplies two
motors over a tr. line having transformers at both
ends, as shown in OLD below. The motors have rated
inputs of 20 MVA and 10 MVA, both 12.5 kV with x” =
20%. The 3-Φ transformer T1 is rated 35 MVA,, 13.2/116
(∆/Y) kV with leakage reactance (Xl) of 10%. 3-Φ
transformer T2 is rated at 10 MVA, 116/12.5 (Y/∆) kV
with Xl of 10%. Series X of the tr. line is 80 Ω. Draw the
X diagram with all Xs marked in p.u. Select the
generator rating as base in the generator circuit.
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