Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
BENZODIAZEPINES
BARBITURATES
TRANQUILIZERS:
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
NEUROLEPTICS
ANTI PYRETICS:
INTRODUCTION
SALICYLATES
ASPIRIN TOXICITY
REFERENCES
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Hypnotics, Tranquilizers and Anti Pyretics
Pharmacological actions:
2. Reduction in anxiety.
3. Muscle relaxation.
4. Anticonvulsant effects.
5. Amnesia.
Withdrawal symptoms:
Milder and slower in onset because of longer plasma half life of BZDs
When given to a pregnant mother during labour, BZDs cause hypotonia and
Insomnia
1. In anxiety
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Hypnotics, Tranquilizers and Anti Pyretics
2. As anti convulsants
3. Muscle relaxant
BZD ANTAGONIST:
Flumazenil is BZD receptor antagonist which competes with BZDs for the receptor
USES:
In BZD overdosage
MECHANISM OF ACTION:
Barbiturates bind to a specific site on GABA receptor Cl- channel complex. They facilitate
inhibitory neuro transmission by opening chloride ion channels and hyperpolarise neural
membrane
2. Anaesthesia
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Hypnotics, Tranquilizers and Anti Pyretics
Pharmacokinetics:
• Highly lipid barbiturates have fast onset of action and duration is short due to
• Metabolised in liver
• Excitement and irritability, Hypersensitivity reactions like skin rashes, swelling of eye
synthesis
• TRANQUILLIZERS
INTRODUCTION:
Tranquillizer –
A Drug which reduces mental tension and produces calmness without inducing sleep or
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Hypnotics, Tranquilizers and Anti Pyretics
Schizophrenia
• Patients lose empathy with others, become withdrawn, and demonstrate inappropriate
or blunted mood.
• Schizophrenic symptoms:
affect.
• Negative signs are more chronic and persistent and less responsive to treatment.
• The dopamine (DA) hypothesis for schizophrenia is the basis for rational drug
(1) Many antipsychotic drugs strongly block post-synaptic D2-receptors in the CNS,
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Hypnotics, Tranquilizers and Anti Pyretics
(3) DA receptor density has been found postmortem to be increased in the brains of
(4) positron emission tomography (PET) has shown increased DA receptor density in
both treated and untreated schizophrenics when compared with such scans of
nonschizophrenic persons;
(5) successful treatment of schizophrenic patients has been reported to increase the
Neuroleptics
Mechanism of action:
• Several important DA-ergic systems or pathways are now recognized in the brain:
• The first pathway (the one most closely related to behaviour) is the mesocortical
tract, which projects from cell bodies neaR the substantia nigra to the limbic system
and neocortex.
• The second system (the nigrostriatal tract)consists of neurons that project from the
voluntary movement.
• Five DA receptors have been described, consisting of two separate families – the D1-
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Hypnotics, Tranquilizers and Anti Pyretics
• The second member of this family is D5. It is coded by a gene on chromosome 4, also
(2) The D2-receptor family includes D2, D3 and D4-receptors. D2-receptors is coded
chromosome 11, is thought to decrease cAMP and is located in the frontal cortex,
Pharmacological Actions:
(1) CNS.
aggresiveness.
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Hypnotics, Tranquilizers and Anti Pyretics
(2) ANS.
action.
• Many patients stop taking these drugs because of the adverse effects, which may be
mitigated by giving small doses during the day and the major portion at bedtime.
• Other pseudodepressions may be due to higher doses; the decreasing the dose may
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Hypnotics, Tranquilizers and Anti Pyretics
• Toxic-confusional states may occur with very high doses of drugs that have
• Neurologic effects:
Extrapyramidal reactions occurring early during treatment with older agents include
typical
• Akathisia and dystonic reactions also respond to such treatment, but many prefer to
Antimuscarinic (atropine-like)
• Adverse effects:
• Alpha-blockade:
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Hypnotics, Tranquilizers and Anti Pyretics
• Ocular complications
Deposits in the anterior portions of the eye (cornea and lens) are a common
advanced cases may resemble retinitis pigmentosa. The deposits are usually
• The maximum daily dose of thioridazine has been limited to 800 mg to reduce the
• Weight gain is very common, especially with clozapine and olanzapine, and requires
Agranulocytosis, cholestatic jaundice, and skin eruptions occur rarely with the high-
• INTRODUCTION:
• Analgesics are the drugs that selectively relieves pain by acting in CNS or peripheral
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Hypnotics, Tranquilizers and Anti Pyretics
• Non opioid / non narcotic / ANTI PYRETIC/ non steroidal inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs).
• Antipyretic – analgesics and NSAIDs are most commonly employed for dental pain
because tissue injury and inflammation due to tooth abscess ,caries , tooth extraction .,
homeostasis.
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Hypnotics, Tranquilizers and Anti Pyretics
• Pharmacological actions:
1. Analgesia :
This is because PGs are formed during inflammation and they sensitize the tissues to
Pain originating from integumental structures like muscles , bones , joints and pain in
In fever, pyrogen – a protein circulates in the body and this increases the synthesis of
Aspirin inhibits PGs synthesis in hypothlamus and rests thermostat at normal level
Enhanced sweating and cutaneous vasodiltation promote heat loss and assist in anti
pyretic action.
4. Respiration:
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Hypnotics, Tranquilizers and Anti Pyretics
increased CO2 stimulates respiratory centre. These directly stimulate the medullary
respiratory centre. Both these actions increase rate and depth of respiration.
6.Metabolic effects:
phosphorylation.
8.Blood:
Even in small doses aspirin irreversibly inhibits platelet cyclooxygenase and thereby
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Hypnotics, Tranquilizers and Anti Pyretics
Hyperpyrexia, Dehydration
etc…
seizures
Acetaminophen: differes in effects and ADR’s from rest. Main toxicity: hepatitis due
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REFERENCES:
2. Uday kumarP ,Textbook of pharmacology for dental and allied health sciences. 2 nd ed.
4. Mohan H, Textbook of pathology for dental students. 4th ed,; Jaypee brothers medical
publishers 2012.
2016 ;32:46-49.
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