LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Practice session Experiment

 Load test on single phase Transformer
Regular session Experiments
1. Polarity test and OC /SC test on Single phase transformer
2. No load test on DC motor (Swinburne test)
3. Speed control of DC shunt motor
4. Magnetisation characteristics of a separately excited DC machine
5. Load test on DC shunt generator
6. No Load and Blocked Rotor test on Induction motor
7. Open Circuit Characteristics and Short Circuit Characteristics of 3-phase
Synchronous Generator
Demonstration session experiment
 Synchronization and load test on 3-phase Alternator
 INSTRUCTIONS
1. On the first day of the lab turn, you will receive general and safety instructions. Familiarize
yourself with the LAB with the help of the instructor or staff.
2. Read and understand thoroughly, the objectives and procedure and come prepared to
conduct the experiment.
3. Note down the Name Plate Rating of the set on which you have to conduct your
experiment. This will help you decide the range of instruments for the experiment.
4. Before starting the experiment:
(a) Have the manual corresponding to the experiment you are about to perform. The circuit
diagram given in the manual is to be used for rigging up the set up.
(b) Write down the Name Plate Rating of the machine.
(c) Write down the instruments and accessories that you need to conduct the
experiment (along with their ranges, rating etc.).
5. Connect the wires, meters etc. as per the circuit diagram. Get the circuit connections
verified by the instructor.
6. Once connection is verified, you may start the set-up by turning the power ON. Carry out
the experiment as per the steps given in the manual. If you have any questions or doubts
about the procedure, please consult the instructor, before you proceed to conduct the
experiment.
7. Record the readings and get the readings countersigned by the instructor.
8. All computations are to be carried out in the laboratory itself. Attach graph sheet and any
additional sheet you need.
9. You are required to submit the complete lab report while leaving the lab. At the same time
you will receive back, checked by instructor, the lab report that you submitted at the
previous turn. Reports on the regular lab carry weight in the evaluation.
10. If you miss any lab turn, you can conduct the make-up experiment with instructor’s
permission and in time slot to be allotted by him/her.
11. Each student of the batch will be asked viva questions individually to measure the depth of
understanding. This will carry some weight in the evaluation.
 SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS

 Wear Rubber sole shoes.

 Tuck in your shirt/T-shirt. Do not wear loose clothes or leave the (long) hair open.

 Before you switch ON power supply to your experimental set-up, verification of the
circuit connections by your instructor/lab personnel is a must. Turn OFF supply, for any
change in connections.

 Do not leave loose wires. All connections should be tight.

 Keep safe distance from the live circuit during observations.

 Switch ON or switch OFF the load carefully. Change rheostat or Variac slowly and
smoothly to avoid sudden change in current.

 Never exceed the permissible values of current, voltage of any apparatus, load, etc.

 Obtain the instructor’s counter sign on the observations. Graph sheets may be attached
wherever necessary.
 PRACTICE EXPERIMENT

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER

NAME _______________________________ID NO. _________________________________

BATCH NO. _____________________________GROUP NO. ____________________________

1. Objective
a) To Familiarise with single-phase transformer, Ammeter, Wattmeter, and Voltmeter,
connections.
b) To learn to use Wattmeter to measure power, power factor etc in a single phase electrical
circuit.
c) To conduct tests on a single-phase transformer and determine its voltage ratio, current
ratio, no load losses, and voltage regulation.

2. Name plate ratings of the transformer to be tested:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Range of instruments and accessories (standard format)

S. No. DESCRIPTION TYPE RANGE MFR. NAME MFR. NO.

4. Precautions
 Select proper ranges of the measuring instruments.
 Avoid loose wire connections.
 Verify your circuit connections with the instructor before you switch on the supply.
 5. Circuit Diagram

Fig 1 Circuit Diagram for test on a single-phase transformer

6. Procedure
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram (Fig 1).
2. Keep all the switches of the loading rheostats/Lamp load open (OFF).
3. Turn the supply ON to give the rated value to the transformer primary winding.
4. Note down the primary and secondary voltages. Also note down the no-load losses from the
wattmeter.
5. Increase the load gradually (Turn ON the load switches one by one) and note readings of
wattmeter, voltmeters, and the ammeters.
6. Once the measurement is taken near to rated load of the transformer, throw the load OFF
one by one.

OBSERVATIONS

No-load secondary voltage, 𝑽𝟐(𝑵𝑳) =__________

𝑽𝟏(𝑵𝑳 )
Turns ratio= No load Voltage ratio=𝑽
𝟐(𝑵𝑳)

S.No. Observations Calculations

Primary Side Secondary Side 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 = 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆
Voltage Current Power Voltage Current Power 𝑷𝟐 𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎% 𝑽𝑵𝑳 − 𝑽𝑭𝑳
(V1) (I1) (P1) (V2) (I2) (P2) 𝑷𝟏 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
Volts Amps Watts Volts Amps Watts 𝑽𝑭𝑳
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
RESULTS:
 EXPERIMENT NO. 1
NO LOAD TESTS ON A SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER
Name____________________________________________ID No._______________________
Sec.No________________________ Batch No._____________Date____________________
Instructor’s Signature_______________________________

1.1 Introduction
A transformer is a two-coil magnetic circuit used to step up/down voltages and currents. A
simplified schematic diagram of a transformer is shown in Fig.1.1.

Fig.1.1 Simplified Schematic diagram of a transformer

An ideal transformer is modelled by the following relations:

= = (1.1)

Impedance seen on primary (impedance–transformation property) is

𝑍 = 𝑍 (1.2)

Equivalent Circuit
A practical transformer deviates from the ideal characteristics and exhibit energy losses
and voltage regulation. An equivalent lumped parameter circuit model of the transformer can
be derived, considering the winding resistance and leakage reactance of each winding,
magnetizing current and no-load losses, as depicted in Fig.1.2.
 Fig.1.2 Exact equivalent circuit of a transformer
An approximate equivalent circuit, which is simple yet provide adequate accuracy is shown
in Fig. 1.3. Note that,
𝑁
𝑅 =𝑅 +𝑅 =𝑅 + 𝑅
𝑁
𝑁
𝑋 =𝑋 +𝑋 =𝑋 + 𝑋
𝑁

Fig.1.3 Approximate Equivalent circuit of transformer (as seen from primary side)
The values of the parameters for a given transfomer can be obtained by conducting tests on
the transformer.

1.2 Objective
 To determine the turns ratio of the transformer voltage ratio test.
 To determine the parameters of the equivalent circuit of a single-phase transformer
by conducting Open Circuit (O.C) test and Short circuit (S.C) test.
  Determine the equivalent circuit parameters and estimate the regulation and
efficiency of the transformer at various loading conditions.

1.3 Name plate ratings of the transformer to be tested:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

1.4 Range of instruments and accessories

S. No. DESCRIPTION TYPE RANGE MFR. NAME MFR. NO.

Note:
 In O.C. test, voltage applied is rated while current drawn is 2-5% of full-load current.
 In S.C. test, full-load current is drawn while the voltage applied is 5-8% of rated-
voltage.

1.5 Circuit Diagrams

Fig.1.3 Circuit diagram for O.C. Test

 Fig.1.4 Circuit diagram for S.C. Test
1.6 Methodology
The parameters of the equivalent circuit of Fig.1.2 can be determined by the following
non–loading tests:
 Open Circuit Test – for determining shunt parameters (Gi and Bm)
 Short Circuit Test – for determining series parameters (Req and Xeq)
a) Voltage ratio (turns ratio) Test and Open Circuit (O.C.) Test
Connect the transformer as depicted in Fig.1.3, with the HV side kept open-circuited
and LV side connected to single phase AC mains. Turn the mains ON to apply rated
voltage to the LV winding and note down the following readings:
Readings
Applied voltage (rated), 𝑉 =
𝑉
Voltage ratio (≈ turns ratio) , 𝑉1 =
2
No load current, 𝐼 =
No load power (= core loss), 𝑃 =

b) Short-Circuit (S.C test)

This test is conducted with LV side short-circuited and measurements taken from HV
side as given in the diagram of Fig.1.4 (a). It is sufficient to apply a reduced voltage of about
5 -8% of the rated voltage to get the rated current through the windings. An
autotransformer (variac) is used to get a lower voltage.
 Initially, keep the variac knob to zero voltage output position and then turn ON the
supply for the transformer under test. Increase the variac voltage gradually and smoothly
till input current to transformer reaches its rated value. Record meter readings.
Readings
Applied Voltage, 𝑉 =
Input current,𝐼 =
Input power (=copper loss), 𝑃 =
1.8 Calculations
Equivalent Circuit of the Transformer under Test:
With transformer parameter values obtained from O.C. and S.C. tests, fill in the values
in the equivalent circuits of Fig.1.5.

𝑌 = = (1.4)

𝐺 = (1.5)

𝐵 = (𝑌 − 𝐺 )= (1.6)

𝑍 = = (1.7)

𝑅 = = (1.8)

𝑋 = 𝑍 −𝑅 = (1.9)
 Table 1.1 Efficiency vs. Load characteristic at 0.8 power factor lag

Serial No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Different transformer
0.15 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.75 0.90 1.05 1.20
Loading (K)
Copper loss
(K2.PC)
Iron loss (Pi)
(constant loss)

Total loss(PL) = (Pi + K2.PC)

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑃 )𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑊

= 𝐾 × (𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑘𝑉𝐴)
× 𝑝𝑓
Input Power (Pi) in kW = P0
+ PL

Percent Efficiency, 𝜂 =

a) Maximum Efficiency

Load at which maximum efficiency occurs , 𝑥 = × 𝑘𝑉𝐴 =

Maximum efficiency, 𝜂 =

max at 0.8 power factor =

max at upf power factor =
b) Regulation vs. Power factor
Determine the following either on LV or HV side
Base voltage, 𝑉 =Rated voltage 𝑉 =
Base current 𝑉 = Rated current 𝐼 =

𝑍 = =

𝑅 , = =
 𝑋 , = =

Table 1.2 Voltage regulation vs power factor

Power factor, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
𝑅 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑋 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑅 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 +
𝑋 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑅 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
−𝑋 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
LAG
Regulation

= LEAD

Mark the power factor corresponding to zero voltage regulation.

7. Graphs and Results
a. Draw Efficiency vs. output curve at (i) 0.8 power factor lag, (ii) 0.6 pf (iii) 0.2 pf.
b. Draw Regulation vs. power factor curve for lagging and leading loads at full load.

c. Maximum efficiency =
Load at which maximum efficiency occurs =

d. Power factor at which regulation is zero =

Ref:
 NPTEL : Transformer testing
 IIT Bombay 1-phase Transformer OC SC test
 EXPERIMENT NO. 2
NO LOAD TEST ON A DC SHUNT MOTOR
Name____________________________________________ID No._______________________
Sec.No________________________ Batch No._____________Date____________________
Instructor’s Signature_______________________________

SWINBURNE’S TEST
2.1 Introduction
Swinburne’s test is essentially a no–load test conducted on a DC machine to estimate
the losses. In this test, the machine is run as a DC motor with no load connected to its
shaft. Under this condition, the power drawn from the source will be to compensate the
losses and the total loss can be estimated by measuring the line current of the motor. The
major components of the no-load losses are (i) Iron losses (Pi) (ii) Mechanical, friction and
windage loss (Pfw) (iii) Field Copper loss (Pshf). Apart from this armature copper loss and
stray load losses (approx 1% of kW rating of the machine at full-load) are also to be
accounted to exactly predict the efficiency of the machine.

2.2 Objective
To estimate the efficiency of the given DC shunt machine while operated as a
generator and a motor by performing Swinburne’s test.
2.3 Name plate ratings of the machine to be tested:
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.4 Range of Instruments and other Accessories
S. No. DESCRIPTION TYPE RANGE MFR. NAME MFR. NO.
 2.5 Circuit Diagram

Fig.
Fig 2.1 :Swinburne’s test
2.6 Methodology
 Make the connections as per the circuit diagram given in Fig. 2.1.
 Start the motor by smoothly varying the 3-point starter lever while including
maximum external resistance in armature circuit and bypassing external resistance
from the field circuit.
 Adjust external resistance in armature to give rated at voltage at machine terminals.
 Adjust regulating resistance in the field circuit to give rated speed at no–load.
Readings
Applied voltage, V =
Armature current, IA0 =
Field current, IF =
Measure the armature resistance by connecting a voltmeter across A–AA, an ammeter
and an external resistance in series, across a DC source (do not connect field circuit).

𝑅 = =

2.7 Calculations
 
Constant loss, Pk  VI L 0  I A2 0 Ra 

Armature copper loss, Pv  I a2 Ra 

Total loss, PL  Pk  Pv 

Efficiency can now be calculated as:

 Generator
I a  I L  I F   (2.1)

 VI 
G   L
  (2.2)
VI
 L  PL 

Motor
I a  I L  I F   (2.3)

 VI  PL 
 M   L   (2.4)
 VI L 
Using the above relations, carry out computations for generator and motor efficiencies
in the tabular form given below.
Generator Operation
V = _____________, If = ______________, Pk = ____________, Ra = ___________
IL (%FL) 20 40 60 80 100 120
Output(VIL)
Ia
Pv = I2aRa
PL = Pk + Pv
Input = Output + PL
Efficiency (%)

Motor Operation
V = ______________, If = ______________, Pk = ____________, Ra = ___________
IL(%FL) 20 40 60 80 100 120
Input(VIL)
Ia
Pv = I2aRa
PL = Pk + Pv
Output = Input - PL
% Efficiency
2.8 Graph to be drawn
1. Efficiency vs. output (kW) for generator operation
2. Efficiency vs. output (kW) for motor operation
2.9 Results
 EXPERIMENT NO. 3
SPEED CONTROL OF A DC MOTOR UNDER NO-LOAD
Name____________________________________________ID No._______________________
Sec.No________________________ Batch No._____________Date____________________
Instructor’s Signature_______________________________
3.1 Introduction
The DC motors are quite easy to control owing to its separate winding for field. The speed
of DC motor is related to the electrical variables as
 V  I a Ra 
n  K n  a  (3.1)
  
where Va = voltage across armature terminals
φ= flux of the machine
Ignoring armature resistance drop, we can approximate it as,
V 
n  K n  a  (3.2)
 
As per the magnetization characteristic,
  f I f  ; (3.3)

So from eq. (3.2) and (3.3),

 V 
n  Kn  a  (3.4)
 f I  
 f 

In the linear region of magnetization,   K f I f and so

V 
n  Kn  a  (3.5)
I 
 f 
Thus, we have two options to control the speed of the DC motor (i) Field control: By varying
field excitation while keeping Va constant, (usually above rated speed) and (ii) Armature
control : by varying the voltage across armature (Va) while keeping field current constant.
3.2 Objective
To obtain the speed control characteristics of a DC motor at no load (i) below base
speed under armature control and (ii) above base speed under field control
3.3 Name plate rating:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3.4 Rating of instruments and accessories (standard format)
S. No. DESCRIPTION TYPE RANGE MFR. NAME MFR. NO.

4. Connection Diagram

. Fig 3.1 :Speed control of DC shunt motor

3.5 Methodology
Field Control
 Connect the motor as per diagram in Fig 3.1.
 Start the machine with a 3-point starter with field external resistance kept at minimum
and by adjusting Ra, bring the machine to rated speed (Change Rf a bit if necessary).
 Now, increase the field resistance Rf and note down the speed for the corresponding
value of field current.
 Readings
1) Va = _________________
If
N

2) Va = ________________
If
N

Armature Control
In armature control, speed is directly proportional to the armature voltage, keeping
field current constant, and hence we obtains speeds lower than rated.
 Connect the motor as per diagram in Fig 3.1. Switch on the mains and run the
machine at rated r.p.m. as in field control.
 Keeping field current constant, vary the voltage across armature by adjusting Ra.
At each value of voltage across armature, note the corresponding speed.
Readings
1) If = ________________.
Va
n

2) If = ________________.
Va
n

3.6 Calculations: NIL

3.7 Graphs to be drawn
1. Speed vs. field current (field control)
2. Speed vs. voltage across armature (armature control)
3.8 Results
 The speed characteristics are as shown in the graphs

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
MAGNETISATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MACHINE
Name____________________________________________ID No._______________________
Sec.No________________________ Batch No._____________Date____________________
Instructor’s Signature_______________________________
A. NO LOAD (OPEN–CIRCUIT) TEST ON DC SHUNT MACHINE
4.1 Introduction
Emf induced in a DC machine is given by
 ZnP 
Ea    (4.1)
 60 A 
E a  Kn  (4.2)

For a given DC shunt generator, we can write

V  Ea  I a Ra  (4.3)

where V, Ia, Ra and n are the terminal voltage, armature current, armature resistance
and speed of DC generator respectively.
At no-load, Ia is negligible. Therefore, no-load voltage can be written as
V0  E a  K  n (4.4)

where n is speed which is kept constant at rated value. Therefore

V0  K 1 (4.5)

The flux per pole, φ is a function of If, the field current. The no-load voltage, V0 being
proportional to φ, eq. (4.5), therefore, represents magnetization characteristics as V0 is the
no-load voltage.
4.2 Objective
To obtain the magnetization characteristic and there from determine the critical field
resistance and critical speed of the given DC shunt generator.
4.3 Name plate ratings:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4.4 Range of instruments and accessories (standard format)

S.No. DESCRIPTION TYPE RANGE MFR. NAME MFR. NO.

4.5 Connection Diagram

Fig.4.1 Circuit to obtain Magnetisation characteristic of DC machine

4.6 Methodology
1. Connect the generator as shown in Fig. 4.1
2. Turn ON the DC mains.
3. Start the DC motor and adjust to the rated speed of the generator.
4. Slowly increase the voltage across generator field with the help of jockey of the
potential divider. Note down the induced e.m.f. and field current.
 5. Repeat the process until the voltage reads 20% more than the rated value.
Throughout the experiment the speed is kept constant at the rated value.

Readings
Residual voltage before introducing the field =
Rated speed, n =
Table 4.1

If
Ea

4.7 Calculations: NIL

4.8 Graph to be drawn

(1) Magnetization characteristics
4.9 Results
Critical field resistance Rc at rated speed (from the graph) =
 EXPERIMENT No. 5
LOAD TEST ON A DC SHUNT GENERATOR
Name____________________________________________ID No._______________________
Sec.No________________________ Batch No._____________Date____________________
Instructor’s Signature_______________________________

5.1 Introduction
DC generator exhibits dropping characteristics of the terminal voltage due to the internal
resistance. The realistic characteristic could be obtained by conducting a load test on the
machine, while the input speed of the generator is kept constant.

5.2 Objective
To obtain external characteristic of a DC shunt generator.

5.3 Name plate ratings:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………
………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………
……………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

5.4 Range of instruments and accessories (standard format)

S.No. DESCRIPTION TYPE RANGE MFR. NAME MFR. NO.
 5.5 Circuit Diagram

Fig.5.1

5.6 Methodology:
1. Connect as shown in Fig.5.1.
2. Switch on the supply and run the Motor-Generator set at rated speed.
3. Adjust the no-load voltage to rated value with the help of field regulating resistance Rf
in the generator field circuit and note the speed.
4. Connect the load. Increase the load. For each load, note down the load current and
voltage across load. Maintain the speed of the set at its no-load value and field
resistance of generator is kept constant.

Readings
Generator field resistance =
No-load speed, n0 = (to be kept constant)
No-load voltage, V0 =

Table 5.1

VL
IL

5.7 Calculations: NIL

5.8 Graph to be drawn
(1) Obtain VL vs. IL

5.9 Results
The external characteristic of the given DC shunt generator is shown in graph.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 6
NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TESTS ON A THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Name____________________________________________ID No._______________________
Sec.No________________________ Batch No._____________Date____________________
Instructor’s Signature_______________________________

6.1 Introduction
An induction machine can be viewed as a generalized transformer wherein the rotor
(secondary) voltage and frequency both vary, being directly proportional to rotor slip. The
circuit model (on per phase basis) of the machine, after transformation of rotor impedance
with reference to stator, is depicted in Fig.6.1.

Fig.6.1 Equivalent circuit model of Induction motor (per phase)

The load resistance is a function of slip and represents the mechanical power developed.
The circuit parameter of the equivalent circuit can be determined by: No load test and Blocked-
Rotor test.
No-load Test
At no-load, the machine runs at very small slip which enables a power flow sufficient to
compensate for windage and friction loss, core loss and also a certain amount of stator copper
loss. The copper loss has to be accounted because of the large no- load current, typically 40%
of the rated current. The no-load current is large because the magnetisation component is
large because more mmf is needed to set up the flux in the airgap.
With low slip, the following approximation will hold good:

1   R2' 
R  1 is very high and
'
2
   X 2' .
s   s 
With these approximations, we can obtain Xm from no-load test data.

6.2 Objective
To determine the circuit model parameters and estimate the performance of a three-phase
induction motor.

6.3 Name plate ratings:

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

6.4 Range of instruments and other accessories (standard format)

S.No. DESCRIPTION TYPE RANGE MFR. NAME MFR. NO.
 6.5 Connection Diagram

Fig.10.2.Circuit diagram no load tests on 3 phase IM

6.6 Methodology
No-load Test
Keep the variac at zero voltage position, turn ON the mains and increase the stator voltage
by gradually changing the variac close until the motor starts. Watch the stator current not to
exceed limits during the starting. Now, set the variac such that rated three-phase voltage is
applied on the stator windings.
Note:
Since the NL power factor is low, one of the wattmeter may tend to deflect negative. In
that case, correct measurement can be obtained by reversing one of the coils of the
negative reading wattmeter. (Connect M to V instead of M to C, essentially reversing the
potential coil.)
 Readings
Input voltage (line), VL =
Input current (line), IOL =
Wattmeter 1 reading, 𝑊 =
Wattmeter 2 reading, 𝑊 =
Input power, POT = Iron loss + Windage and friction loss = 𝑊 + 𝑊 =
(If the coil was reversed to get a positive deflection, then reading from wattmeter 2 should
be treated as negative.)
All calculations are done on per phase basis.
Input voltage (phase), V0 =
Input current (phase), I0 =
Input power (phase), P0 =

Blocked Rotor Test

The shaft is held tight so that the rotor is prevented from rotating. Turn on the msins with
variac kelpt at zero position. Increase the variac gradually from zero position till the motor
current reaches full-load value.
Readings
Input voltage (line), VBRL =
Input current (line), IBRL =
Wattmeter 1 reading, 𝑊 =
Wattmeter 2 reading, 𝑊 =
Input power, PBRT = copper losses = 𝑊 + 𝑊 =
All calculations are done on per phase basis.
Input voltage (phase), VBR =
Input current (phase), IBR =
Input power (phase) PBR =

Measurement of stator resistance

Apply a DC source across two terminals of motor (stator) and read values of voltage and
current.
1. In case of a star-connected machine, anyone of the line terminal and the neutral
terminal can be used.
2. In case of delta connected machine, the resistance thus measured is a combination of r
(resistance per phase of delta winding) and 2r connected in parallel. The value of r can
now be calculated.
Average value of stator DC resistance (per phase), R1 =

6.7 Calculations
V 
Z 0   0  
 I0 

P 
R0   02  
 I0 

X0  Z 2
0  R02 
X m  X 0  X 1   (X1 is to be obtained from B.R. test)


Rotational losses of the induction motor, Pr  P0  3I 02 R1 
V 
Z BR   BR  
 I BR 

P 
R BR   BR2
 
 I BR 

X BR  Z 2
BR  RBR
2



X BR  X 1  X 2' 

X 
X 1  X 2'   BR   (Assumption)
 2 
2
 X m  X 2' 
R  R BR
'
2  R1   
 Xm 
Draw the circuit model indicating the values of the parameters calculated above.
Induction Motor performance can be computed from equivalent circuit.

(a) Estimation of performance characteristics from equivalent circuit.

Determine the following:
Rated voltage (phase), V =
 X 1  X 2' 

R1  R2' 

 R ' 1  s  
Load resistance, R L   2  
 s 
Synchronous speed, ns =___________r.p.m.;
s =_________rad/s.

No-load current (phase), I 0  I 0  0 

Table 6.1
Slip, s = 0.0 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.85 1.0
RL =

 R' 
R1   2  
 s 

 R ' 
  R1  2   
Z  
'
2 s  


 j X1  X 2 
' 

V 
I 2'   '  2 
 Z2 

I1  I 0  I 2'  

Pout
 
 3 I ' 2 R ' (1  s ) 
 2 2 
 s 
 

Pshaft  Pout  Pr

Pin  VI1 cos  

P 
Efficiency,     
shaft

P
 in 

Power factor, cos( ) =

Torque,

 2  
 I ' 2 R'
2


T  3 s 
 s 
 
 
 6.9 Graphs:
 Obtain the complete Torque vs Slip characteristics estimated from the NL and BR test
data and equivalent circuit model.
 Obtain the efficiency vs angular velocity characteristics estimated from the NL and BR
test data and equivalent circuit model.

9. Results:
Complete performance characteristics of the given three-phase IM are as shown in graphs
 EXPERIMENT NO.7
NO LOAD TESTS ON A SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
Name____________________________________________ID No._______________________
Sec.No________________________ Batch No._____________Date____________________
Instructor’s Signature_______________________________

7.1 Introduction
A synchronous machine can be represented by its equivalent circuit (per phase) as in Fig.
7.1. The machine is run at synchronous speed.

Fig.7.1 Equivalent circuit model of a Synchronous machine

The synchronous speed is given by

 120 f 
ns    where f = frequency in Hz, P = number of poles
 P 
In the equivalent circuit, the excitation e.m.f. is given by

E f  2  K w  fN ph (7.1)

where Kw = winding factor

Nph = number of turns (series)/phase
 = flux/pole; a function If, the field current
Zs = synchronous impedance = Re + jXs
Xs = synchronous reactance = Xl + Xa
Xl = leakage reactance of armature
 Xa = reactance equivalent of armature reaction
The equivalent circuit of Fig.7.1 is linear circuit but the magnetization characteristic has the
magnetic nonlinearity (saturation). We shall adopt heuristic method of correcting Xs for the
effect of magnetic circuit nonlinearity.
Armature circuit resistance of a synchronous machine can be ignored for voltage and
power transfer studies. Of course, it has to be accounted in determining the efficiency.
The synchronous impedance (Zs) can be determined by means of O.C. and S.C. tests.
OC Test
The machine is run (as a generator) at synchronous speed with armature terminals
open. The graph of VOCL vs. If is the O.C.C. (open-circuit-characteristic) which indeed is the
magnetization characteristic of the machine. It exhibits the saturation effects.
SC Test
The armature terminals are shorted. The machine is run at synchronous speed and If is
gradually increased, starting from zero value. The field current needed for ISCL = IFL (rated) is
very small. The graph of ISCL vs. If is S.C.C. (short-circuit-characteristic). The field current
being very small, this operates in linear region. So S.C.C. is a straight line, only one point on
S.C.C. corresponding to ISCL = IFL need to be determined experimentally.
Determination of Zs
All calculations are done on per phase basis.

V 
Z s unsaturated    OC  (3.2)
 I SC 
If = constant (in linear-region of O.C.C.)
Value of Zs heuristically corrected for saturation effect is obtained as

V 
Z s adjusted    OC  (3.3)
 I SC 
If corresponding to VOC (rated value)

For most practical situation, Zs (adjusted) yield results of acceptable accuracy.

7.2 Objective:
To determine the equivalent circuit parameters of a synchronous machine and thereby
to estimate the percentage regulation as power factor is varied.
 7.3 Name plate ratings:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7.4 Range of instruments and accessories (standard format)
S.No. DESCRIPTION TYPE RANGE MFR. NAME MFR. NO.

7.5 Connection Diagram

Fig.7.2 Connection diagram for conducting O.C. and S.C. test.

 7.6 Methodology
The synchronous machine you are required to test is mechanically coupled to a DC shunt
motor. Connect the synchronous machine with DC shunt motor as shown in Fig.7.2
O.C. Test
 Keep the TPST switch of the synchronous machine circuit in open state. Start the set
by means of the DC shunt motor. Adjust its speed to synchronous value.
 Adjust the potentiometer of synchronous machine field circuit such that the field
current is minimum. Switch on the DC mains to it.
 The synchronous machine is now running as open circuited generator.
 Gradually increase If and read line voltage V. Record the observations in Table 3.1
and plot O.C.C.
Table 7.1 (O.C.C.)
If
VOCL (line)
VOC (phase)

SC Test
 With the set running at ns, switch off the DC excitation of the synchronous machine.
 Close the TPST switch to short circuit the generator terminals.
 Adjust the potentiometer of synchronous machine field circuit such that the field
current is minimum. Switch on the DC mains to it.
 Gradually raise the If. Go on till the ammeter reads 15% above the rated value of AC
current of the armature.
 Record If, ISCL at this value and plot S.C.C.
Measurement of Armature Resistance
Using a DC source, voltmeter and ammeter, take a few readings across two terminals of
SM. Record in Table 3.2
Table 7.2

V
I
7.7 Calculations (all calculations are done on per phase basis)
1. Plot the O.C.C. (VOCL vs. If)
2. Plot on the same graph S.C.C. (ISCL vs. If)
Using the above graph, calculate the following parameters.

V 
1. Z s unsaturated    OC  =
 I SC 
If = constant

VOC
ISC
If

2) Calculate Zs for all values of If. Plot Zs against If. Comment on the variation of Zs and
explain reasons for the same.

If
Zs

3) Calculate

 V rated  
Z s adjusted    OC  =
 I SC 
If corresponding to VOC (rated value)

Xs  Z adj 
s
2

 Re2 

Observe that in your calculation of Xs (adj), effect of Re (phase) can be ignored so that
X s adj   Z s adj 

4) Calculate the percentage regulation at full load 0.8 power factor lag/ lead and unity
power factor for synchronous generator.

7.8 Graphs
O.C.C., S.C.C. and ZS vs. If.
7.9 Results
Percentage regulation at upf =
at 0.8 pf lag =
at 0.8 pf lead =
 DEMO EXPERIMENT
LOAD TEST ON SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
Name____________________________________________ID No._______________________
Sec.No_______________________BatchNo._____________ Date_______________________
Instructor’s signature______________________________

1. Introduction
A synchronous machine has a three-phase stator winding and a DC excited rotor winding.
The speed at which the machine runs is called as the synchronous speed and the frequency of
the applied/generated emf is linearly related to the speed. The stator and rotor fields get
locked with respect to each other and the rotor is forced to run at synchronous speed. The
torque devolved is proportional to sine of angle between the two fields, delta. Delta or power
angle is the angle between the rotor field axis and resultant air-gap field.
When the power is put into the machine by a prime mover coupled to it, then the rotor
field leads the resultant air gap field by an angle delta. The electrical power flows out of the
machine to the load or to the bus-bars, as the case may be, while the mechanical power flows
into it through the shaft from the prime mover. This is generating operation of the machine.
If instead, a mechanical load is placed on the shaft of the machine, the rotor field then
begins to lag behind the resultant air gap field by an angle delta. The electrical power is now
drawn from the mains while the mechanical power goes out of the shaft into the load. This is
the motoring operation of the machine.
If the electrical load on the generating machine or mechanical load on the motoring
machine is maximum, the machine excites the maximum value of torque (power)
corresponding to delta equal to 90° elect. Sometimes, the locking action of the two fields is lost
and the machine is said to lose synchronism or fall out of step. In such a condition the machine
must be electrically disconnected from the bus bar and the input to the prime mover must be
immediately brought down.
A per phase circuit model of the machine with DC field indicated is drawn in Fig. 8.1. Xs is
the synchronous reactance of the machine and Ef is the excitation e.m.f. due to the rotor
alone. In generating operation, Ef leads V by angle delta while in motoring operation it lags. In
any given load condition, if the DC field excitation is changed, the excitation e.m.f. changes
accordingly and thus results in change in power factor of the current being fed by the
generator or drawn by the motor. While the machine is run at synchronous speed, the
excitation gives a simple control over the power factor of its operation.
In order to connect synchronous machine to the bus-bars, it has to be properly
synchronized i.e., the rotor brought to a speed close to synchronous speed, adjusted to give
rated voltage at its terminals and the machine is switched over to the bus-bars at the exact
moment when the machine voltage phasor and the bus-bars voltage phasor are coincident.
This process is known as synchronization.

Fig. 8.1

2. Objective

1. To start and synchronize the synchronous machine (SM) to the bus-bars.

2. To conduct load test on the SM as a generator.

3. Name plate ratings:

..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Range of instruments and accessories (standard format)
S.No. DESCRIPTION TYPE RANGE MFR. NAME MFR. NO.

5. Connection Diagram

Fig. 8.2
6. Methodology

Starting and Synchronization

 Keeping the synchronizing switch open, start the DC motor which acts as a prime-mover
for the SM which at present acts as an open-circuited generator.
  Adjust the set speed by adjusting the DC motor field regulator and the field current of
SM by its field potentiometer such that the machine voltage and frequency are nearly
the same as that of the bus-bars. This can be checked by means of DPDT switch. The set
of synchronizing lamps (L1, L2, and L3) are wired in a sequence. Each of the lamp (or pair
of lamps) will go bright and dark alternatively and will light up in sequence giving a
flicker. In other words, when the frequencies are very close to each other, there is
hardly any flickering and the glow of lamps is nearly stable. Direction of light sequence
indicates the frequency which is higher or lower.
 Switch on the synchronizing switch at the instance when L1 is dark and L2 and L3 are
equally bright (In case the operation is delayed, wait for such occurrence in the second
cycle). The SM is now synchronized to the bus-bars and is in a floating state.
A. Load Test on Synchronous Generator
1. The machine is floating on the mains.
2. Decrease the field excitation of the DC machine. The field current decreases and
correspondingly the speed should increase. But as the machine is synchronized to
the bus-bars, its speed can’t change. So Eg decreases, resulting in more power being
drawn from the mains. Therefore, mechanical power being supplied to the SM
increases which then act as a generating machine, feeding power to the bus-bars.
3. Gradually reduce the SM field current by increasing its regulating resistance. The
SM armature current will pass through a minimum value (at unity pf) and then
begin to increase. Do not permit it to exceed 4.0 A and take readings indicated
below.
4. Decrease the field excitation of the DC machine further. Keeping the input to the DC
motor constant at the new value, repeat step 3. Record the readings in Tables.

7. Calculations:
SET: 1
DC Motor
V=
Ia =
Pout =
 Synchronous Generator

If (A)

Ig (A)

Pin (kW)

pf

8. Graphs to be drawn
(a) V-curve, Ia vs. If at a particular load.
(b) Inverted V-curve, pf vs. If at a particular load.

9. Results
V-curves and inverted V-curves of the given SM are as shown in graphs.