CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION

TERMINATION FOR CAUSE – COMMERCIAL ITEM

TASK: TERMINATION FOR CAUSE – COMMERCIAL ITEM

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the CCO’s ability to assess contract situation and effect a Termination for Cause for
Commercial items.
 Did the CCO ask for a written termination request?
 Did the CCO use the preferred remedy as stated in FAR 12.403 (c)(2)?
 Did the CCO issue the contractor a letter IAW FAR 12.403 (c)(3)?
 Did the CCO effect a SF 30, canceling contract?
 Did the CCO site T4C clause on the SF 30 as authority?
 Did the CCO obtain contractor signature on SF 30?
 Did the CCO accurately complete SF 30 w/all pertinent info?

SITUATION: LT Carpenter, the CE inspector and Mr. Akmed have arrived at the CCO's office. Both appear to be
upset. Lt Carpenter informs the CCO that the deployment commander is angry because of delays in the delivery of
rebar which was ordered 30 days ago. Mr. Akmed, frustrated with trying to locate the desired rebar, complains that
he is tired of trying to please the Americans and simply wants to go home. LT Carpenter has in his pocket a letter
addressed to the CCO and signed by the CE commander. The letter informs the CCO, that CE requests termination of
the purchase order due to the contractor not fulfilling the contract.

PREFACE: 30 days ago, the CCO awarded a purchase order to Akmed and Sons Construction Co. Mr. Akmed was
to provide rebar for a Red Horse project to construct concrete reinforcement walls around a small trailer which housed
the deployment commander's office and sleeping quarters. The specifications required the concrete walls to be
reinforced using heavy gauge steel rebar. The rebar must be approved by CE before the concrete may be poured and
the walls placed in the ground. Despite his continued apologies and promises to comply, thus far Akmed has failed to
come up with the required rebar.

PROPS: 1) CCO Completed SF Form 1449. 2) Letter signed by CE/CC requesting termination of contract. 3) Letter
to the Contractor
 CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION
TERMINATION FOR CAUSE – COMMERCIAL ITEM

From: CE/CC

Subject: Termination Request

To: CCO

1. Request you take all steps necessary to cancel contract F1234-97-M0005 for the purchase of rebar. This action is
requested due to the apparent inability of the contractor to provide rebar.

2. The deployment commander has now directed that I take immediate steps to find alternative sources for the rebar.
The contractor (Akmed and Sons Construction Co.) has appeared not to make a good faith attempt to obtain the
specified rebar.

3. If you have any questions, my POC is Lt Carpenter ext 2122.

Jeffry Concrete
Jeffry Concrete, Maj, USAF
CE Commander
 SOLICITATION/CONTRACT/ORDER FOR COMMERCIAL ITEM 1. REQUISITION NUMBER PAGE 1 OF 33
OFFEROR TO COPLETE BLOCKS 12, 17, 23, 24, & 30 FC481465002
2. CONTRACT NO. 3. AWARD/EFFECTIVE DATE 4. ORDER NUMBER 5. SOLICITATION NUMBER 6. SOLICITATION
ISSUE DATE
F0865001M0005 00 Dec 01
7. FOR SOLICITATION a. NAME b. TELEPHONE NUMBER 8. OFFER DUE DATE/LOCAL
RMATI ON CALL TIME

9. ISSUED BY 10. THIS ACQUISITION IS 11.DELIVERY FOR FOB 12. DISCOUNT TERMS
UNRESTRICTED DESTINATION UNLESS BLOCK IS.0000% 0 DAYS
Contracting Office 0002550 SET ASIDE 00000% FOR MARKED NET 30 DAYS
SMALL BUSINESS SEE SCHEDULE
208 Bullard Ave SMALL DISADV BUS
Training Base, USA SIC:
8(A) 13a. THIS CONTRACT IS A RATED ORDER UNDER
DPAS (15 CFR 700)
SIZE STANDARD: 13b. RATING 00-C9E
14. METHOD OF SOLICITATION
RFQ IFB RFP
15. DELIVER TO Red Horse 16. ADMINISTERED BY
BLDG 77 BOX 1392
TRAINING BASE, USA 9999 SEE BLOCK 9

17a. CONTRACTOR/OFFEROR CODE 18a. PAYMENT WILL BE MADE BY

FACILITY CODE 000045 DFAS-TRNG F43662
Akmed and Sons TRAINING OPLOC 99999
1313 FT WALTON BEACH LANE
COCOA BEACH, FL 12345
17b. CHECK IF REMITTANCE IS DIFFERENT AND PUT SUCH 18b. SUBMIT INVOICES TO ADDRESS SHOWN IN BLCOK 18a UNLESS BLOCK BELOW IS
ADDRESSW IN OFFER CHECKED SEE ADDENDUM

19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

ITEM NO. SCHEDULE OF SUPPLIES/SERVICES QUANTITY UNIT UNIT PRICE AMOUNT

0001 Steel Rebar 30000 LF $5.00 $150000.00

********************************************************************************************************************
THIS CONFIRMS ORDER PLACED WITH ******************* ON 00JUL 15 *
DO NOT DUPLICATE SHIPMENT DO NOT DUPLICATE SHIPMENT DO NOT DUPLICATE SHIPMENT DO NOT DUPLICATE SHIPMENT ***
********************************************************************************************************************

SEE ATTACHED SCHEDULE(S) ITEMS: DELIVER TO FOB POINT BY: 2000 Dec 10

ACCOUNTING AND APPROPRIATION DATA 26. TOTAL AWARD AMOUNT (for Govt. Use Only)
5713400 301 9310 401640 03 619 525700 $150000.00
27a. SOLICIATATION INCORPORATES BY REFERENCE FAR 52.212-1, 52-212-3 AND 52.212-3 AND 52.212-5 ARE ATTACHED ADDENDA ARE
ARE NOT ATTACHED
27b. CONTRACT/PURCHASE ORDER INCORPORATES BY REFERENCE FAR 52.212-4, FAR 52.212-5 IS ATTACHED ADDENDA ARE ARE NOT ATTACHED

28. CONTRACTOR IS REQUIRED TO SIGN THIS DOCUMENTAND RETURN _______ COPIES TO 29. AWARD OF CONTRACT: REFERENCE 97t8850
ISSUING OFFICE. CONTRACTOR AGREES TO FURNISH AND DELIVER ALL ITEMS SET FORTH OR OTHERWISE OFFER DATED _______. YOUR OFFER ON
TIFIED ABOVE AND ON ANY ADDITIONAL SHEETS SUBECT TO THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS SPECIFIED HEREIN. SOLICITATION (BLOCK 5), INCLUDING ANY ADDITIONS OR CHANGES
WHICH ARE SET FORTH HEREIN, IS ACCEPTED AS TO ITEMS;

30a. SIGNATURE OF OFFEROR/CONTRACTOR 31a. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (SIGNATURE OF CONTRACTING OFFICER)

Mr Akmedy Janes T. Kirk

30b. NAME AND TITLE OF SIGNER (TYPE OR PRINT) 30c. DATE SIGNED 31b. NAME OF CONTRACTING OFFICER (TYPE OR 31c. DATE SIGNED
Mr. Akmed, Big Boss 1 Dec 00 PRINT) 15 Oct 00
James T. Kirk
32a. QUANTITY IN COLUMN 21 HAS BEEN 33. SHIP NUM BER 34. VOUCHER 35. AMOUNT VERIFIED
NUMBER CORRECT FOR
RECEIVED INSPECTED ACCEPTED AND CONFORMS TO THE PARTIAL FINAL
CONTRACT, EXCEPT AS NOTED
32b.SIGNATURE OF AUTHORIZED GOVT. REPRESENTATIVE 32c. DATE 36. PAYMENT 37. CHECK NUMBER
COMPLETE PARTIAL FINAL
41a. I CERTIFY THIS ACCOUNT IS CORRECT AND PROPER FOR PAYMENT S/R ACCOUNT NUMBER 39. S/R VOUCHER NUMBER
40. PAID BY

42a. RECEIVED BY (PRINT)

42b. RECEIVED AT (LOCATION)

41b. SIGNATURE AND TITLE OF CERTIFYING OFFICER 41c. DATE
42c. DATE REC’D YY/MM/DD 42d. TOTAL CONTAINERS

AUTHORIZED FOR LOCAL REPRODUCTION STANDARD FOR 1449 (REV. 10-95) Prescribed by GSA-FAR (48 CFR) 53.212
 CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION
TERMINATION FOR CAUSE – COMMERCIAL ITEM

From: CCO

To: Akmed and Sons Construction Co

Subject: Termination for Cause – F1234-01-M0005

1. The purpose of this letter is to inform your company that the above referenced purchase order
is to be terminated for cause IAW FAR 12.403 (c).

2. The reason this purchase order is being terminated for cause is due to the fact that your
company has been unable to provide the required material in the time requested.

3. This office intends to acquire similar items from another contractor in the area. At this time
there are no excess re-procurement costs associated with this action.

4. This is the final decision of the Contracting Officer. Your company has the right to appeal
this decision under the Disputes clause under FAR 33.211. If you have any questions, please
contact the undersigned at 998-3452.

JOE SMITH, TSgt., USAF

Contracting Officer
 1 . CONTRA CT ID CODE PA GE OF PA GES
AMENDMENT OF SOLICITATION/MODIFICATION OF CONTRACT
1
2 . A MENDMENT/MODIFICA TION NO. 3 . EFFECTIV E DA TE 4 . REQUISITION/PURCHA SE REQ. NO. 5 . PROJECT NO. (If applicable)

6 . ISSUED BY CODE 7 . A DMINISTERED BY (If ot her t han It em 6 ) CODE

8 . NA ME A ND A DDRESS OF CONTRA CTOR(No., st reet , count y, St at e and ZIP Code) (X) 9 A . A MENDMENT OF SOLICITA TION NO.

9 B. DA TED (SEE ITEM 1 1 )

1 0 A . MODIFICATION OF CONTRA CT/ORDER NO.

1 0 B. DA TED (SEE ITEM 1 1 )

CODE FA CILITY CODE

1 1 . THIS ITEM ONLY APPLIES TO AMENDMENTS OF SOLICITATIONS

The above numbered solicit at ion is amend ed as set f ort h in It em 1 4 . The hour a nd dat e specif ied f or receipt of Of f ers is ext ended, is not ext ended.
Of f ers must acknow ledg e receipt of t his amen dment prior t o t he hou r and dat e specif ied i n t he solicit at ion or as amended, by one of t he f ollow ing met hods:
(a)By complet ing it ems 8 and 1 5 , and ret urning copies of t he amendment ; (b ) By acknow ledging receipt of t his amendment on each c opy of t he of f er submit t ed;
or (c) By separat e let t er or t elegram w h ich includes a ref erence t o t he solicit at ion and amendment numbers. FA ILURE O F YOUR A CKNOWLEDGMENT TO BE RECEIV ED A T
THE PLA CE DESIGNA TED FOR THE RECEIPT OF OFFERS PRIOR TO THE HOUR A ND DA TE SPECIFIED MA Y RESULT IN REJECTION OF YOUR OFFER. If by virt ue of t his
amendment your desire t o change an of f er alread y submit t ed, such chang e may be made by t elegr am or let t er, provided each t elegram or let t er makes ref erence t o t he
solicit at ion and t his amendme nt , and is re ceived prior t o t he openin g hour and da t e specif ied.

1 2 . A CCOUNTING A ND APPROPRIA TION DA TA (If required)

1 3 . THIS ITEM ONLY APPLIES TO MODIFICATION OF CONTRACTS/ORDERS.

IT MODIFIES THE CONTRACT/ORDER NO. AS DESCRIBED IN ITEM 1 4 .
CHECK ONE A . THIS CHA NGE ORDER IS ISSUED PURSUA NT TO: (Specif y aut horit y) THE CHA NGES SET FORTH IN ITEM 14 A RE MA DE IN THE CONTRA CT ORDER
NO. IN ITEM 1 0 A .

B. THE A BOV E NUMBERED CONTRA CT/ORDER IS MODIFIED TO REFLECT THE A DMINISTRA TIV E CHA NGES (such as changes i n paying of f ice,
appropriat ion dat e, et c. ) SET FORTH IN ITEM 1 4 , PURSUA NT TO THE A UTHORITY OF FA R 4 3 .1 0 3 (b).
C. THIS SUPPLEMENTA L A GREEMENT IS ENTERED INTO PURSUA NT TO A UTHORITY OF:

X IAW FAR 12.403(c) - Termination for Cause

D. OTHER (Specif y t ype of modif icat ion and aut horit y)

E. IMPORTANT: Cont ractor is not, X is required to sign this document and return copies to the i ssuing office.
1 4 . DESCRIPTION OF A MENDMENT/MODIFICA TION (Organized by UCF sect i on headings, includ ing solicit at ion/co nt ract subject mat t er w here f easible.)
The purpose of this modification is to Terminate for Cause the above referenced purchase
order.

A. The above referenced purchase order is hereby terminated.

B. By signing this modification, the Contractor releases all claims against the Government
regarding this purchase order.

Except as provided he rein, all t erms and c ondit ions of t he docu ment ref erenced in It em 9 A or 1 0 A , as here t of ore changed, remai ns unchanged and in f ull f orce and ef f ect .
1 5 A . NA ME A ND TITLE OF SIGNER (Type or print ) 1 6 A . NA ME A ND TITLE OF CONTRACTING OFFICER (Type or print )

**Signed by the Contracting Officer Block 16B

1 5 B. CONTRA CTOR/OFFEROR 1 5 C. DA TE SIGNED 1 6 B. UNITED STA TES OF A MERICA 1 6 C. DA TE SIGNED

**Signed**
(Signat ure of person aut hor ized t o sign) (Signat ure of Cont ract ing Of f icer)

NSN 7 5 4 0 -0 1 -1 5 2 -8 0 7 0 STANDARD FORM 3 0 (REV . 1 0 -8 3 )

Previous edit ion unusable Prescribed by GSA FA R (4 8 CFR) 5 3 .2 4 3
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Health
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY
San Lazaro Compound, Rizal Avenue, Sta. Cruz, Manila, Philippines 1003
Tel. No. (632) 743-8601 locals 1107, 1125; (632) 711-9502/03;
TeleFax: (632) 743-1829
Email Address: osec@doh.gov.ph Website: http://www.doh.gov.ph

09 March 2007

ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER
No. 2007- __0012____

SUBJECT: Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water 2007

I. RATIONALE/INTRODUCTION

Access to safe drinking water is not only essential for the promotion and protection of public
health but is a basic human right. Provision of safe water supply prevents the transmission of
waterborne pathogens and reduces the exposure of individuals to chemical and physical
hazards that could be ingested through contaminated drinking water. Diarrheas and other
waterborne diseases still rank among the leading causes of illnesses in the country. It is
apparent that continuous development or refinement of policies and programs geared
towards minimizing the risk of contracting waterborne diseases should be supported to
provide optimal health service for the population.

Setting standards for drinking water establishes threshold limits for different impurities found
in drinking water. These limits are intended to minimize risk and therefore prevent
deleterious health repercussions that result from lifelong exposure to these impurities
through consumption of water. The Department of Health is mandated to formulate
standards to this effect. Chapter II (Water Supply), Section 9 of the Code on Sanitation of the
Philippines states that “Standards for drinking water and their microbiological and chemical
examinations, together with the evaluation of results, shall conform to the criteria set by the
National Drinking Water Standards.”

The government recognizes recent quality-related developments in the water supply sector
in the country and elsewhere such as the following:

1. New information on many chemicals. As an outcome of evolving agricultural,

industrial and even domestic practices, new chemicals find their way into the
environment and contaminate drinking water sources

2. Proliferation of water refilling stations as alternative (or main) sources of

drinking water. The quality of “processed” water from these stations may require
distinct standards compared to the water from large water systems.

1
 3. Detection of naturally occurring hazardous substances in groundwater, e.g.
arsenic and fluoride. The presence of these chemicals is inevitable constituent in
some water sources.

4. The need for different approaches in supporting safe management of water

supply systems.

While PNSDW 2007 aims to achieve more comprehensive parameters to address issues on
water quality, it also advocates for an efficient water quality surveillance system by
prioritizing the parameters that need to be monitored (refer to Annex 1). The concept of
performance targets through the application of water safety plans has been introduced to
encourage water providers to systematically monitor the quality of water at all phases of
production and distribution.

The standards set in 2007 PNSDW are based on guidelines or criteria that are
recommended by international institutions like the World Health Organization, United States
Environmental Protection Agency, etc. There are certain factors that the national
government should consider whether or not to adapt these guideline values. First, standards
that are very stringent could limit the availability of water supply that meets such levels.
National standards are influenced by national priorities and economic factors. The judgment
of safety, or what is acceptable level of risk in particular circumstances, is a matter that our
society should decide.

II. OBJECTIVE

To protect public health, safety and welfare by ensuring quality standards of drinking water.

III. SCOPE/COVERAGE

These standards shall apply to all waterworks officials, developers and operators of water
supply systems both government and private entities, water refilling station operators, water
vending machine operators, ice manufacturers, all establishments and institutions that
supply or serve drinking water, drinking water laboratories, health and sanitation authorities,
the general public and all other concerned

IV. DEFINITION OF TERMS

As used in this document, the terms below shall be defined as follows:

Acceptability – physical or chemical quality of water that conforms to the appearance, taste
and odor or drinking water that satisfy the consumer.

Aerobic bacteria – bacteria that live or occur only in the presence of oxygen.

Agricultural land - a tract of land cultivated for the purpose of agricultural production
including but not limited to crop production, raising and breeding of domestic animals,
raising, breeding, or production of a specific aquatic animal, and similar activities.

Algae - any of various chiefly aquatic, eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms, ranging in size
from single-celled forms to the giant kelp.
2
Anaerobic – a descriptive term for a process such as fermentation that can proceed only in
the absence of oxygen or a living thing that can survive only in the absence of oxygen.

Banned pesticides – pesticides whose use in the country has been prohibited by official
order by the government

Bioaccumulation – is the accumulation of substances in life forms or biological system

through uptake from the environment or the food chain

Biofilm – a microbial (bacterial, fungal, algal) community, enveloped by the extracellular

biopolymer, which these microbial cells produce, that adheres to the interface of a liquid and
a surface

By-product - a secondary or incidental product deriving from a manufacturing process or

chemical reaction that is not the primary product or service being produced.

Chlorination – the process of adding the element chlorine to water disinfection to make it fit
for human consumption as drinking water.

Coagulation – is a water treatment process that promotes aggregation of small particles into
larger particles that can be subsequently removed by sedimentation and/or filtration.

Coliform Organisms (Total Coliforms) - refers to any rod-shaped, non-spore-forming

gram negative bacteria capable of growth in the presence of bile sales, or other surface-
active agents with similar growth-inhibiting properties which are cytochrome-oxidase
negative and able to ferment lactose at either 35 or 37oC with the production of acid, gas
and aldehyde within 24-48 hours.

Composite sample- a series of individual grab samples taken at different times from the
same sampling point and mixed together

Consumer’s tap - a valve and spout used to regulate delivery of water supply located at end
of the water distribution systems usually within the vicinity of the houses or buildings.

Contact time – the length of time water supply is held in direct contact with a treating agent,
e.g. chlorine solution.

Contamination – a general term referring to the introduction of materials not normally found
in water that make the water less desirable or unfit for its intended use.

Cyanotoxin – any of several poisonous substances produced by certain cyanobacteria.

Decomposition – refers to the reduction of the body of a formerly living organism into
simpler forms of matter.

Detergent – a substance used to enhance the cleansing action of water , which acts
similarly to soap but is made from chemical compounds rather than fats and lye

Disinfection – water treatment processes designed to destroy disease-causing

microorganisms. The efficacy of disinfection is often assessed by measuring the coliform
group of indicator organisms.

3
Dissolution – any of a class of chemical reactions in which solute and solvent molecules
combine with relatively weak covalent bonds.

Drinking water – water intended for direct human consumption or use in food preparation.
Where high quality waters are scarce, the quality of water used for other domestic purposes
need not be as high as that of drinking water.

Effluent – an outflowing of water from a natural body of water or from a sewage treatment
facility

Facultative Bacteria – bacteria that can adapt themselves to growth and metabolism under
aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Many organisms of interest in wastewater stabilization are
among this group.

False negative – negative test result when the attribute for which the subject is being tested
actually exists in that subject

False positive – a positive finding of a test when, in fact, the true result was negative.

Fecal coliforms – subgroup of coliform bacteria that has a high positive correlation with
fecal contamination associated with all warm blooded animals. These organisms can
ferment lactose at 44.5oC and produce gas in a multiple tube procedure (EC Confirmation)
or acidity with Membrane Filter procedure

Fecal indicator organisms – microorganisms that when detected present in water supply
signals fecal pollution of water

Fitting – any machine, piping, or tubing part that can attach or connect two or more larger
parts in a plumbing system

Flora – refers to the collective bacteria and other microorganisms in an ecosystem (usually
an animal host or a single part of its body

Freshwater – water with less than 0.5 parts per thousand dissolved salts which may be
found in lakes, rivers, and groundwater.

Galvanized pipe – iron or steel pipe that is coated with rust-resistant zinc.

Grab sample- a single water sample collected at one time from a single point.

Gram-negative bacteria – bacteria that decolorize and accept the safranin stain which
appears pink using the gram-stain technique

Gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity – radioactivity emanating from radionuclides
belonging to the uranium, thorium and actinium series, which are terrestrial in origin. It also
includes radionuclides that occur singly and are produced by cosmic rays and are terrestrial
in origin.

Groundwater – water that occurs below the surface of the Earth, where it occupies spaces
in soils or geologic strata

Humic Acid – a complex organic acid that is present in soil, peat, and coal formed from the
decomposition of vegetable matter. It is responsible for much of the color in water.

4
Igneous - rocks or processes involving the formation and solidification of hot, molten magma
produced under conditions involving intense heat

Ion - an atom or a group of atoms that has acquired a net electric charge by gaining or
losing one or more electrons

Leaching - is the loss of soluble substances and colloids from ores or other rock formations
beneath the Earth’s surface into groundwater. It is also the separation of soluble substances
from plumbing materials into water supply.

Level I (or point source) – a protected well or a developed spring with an outlet but without
distribution system, generally adaptable for rural areas where the houses are thinly
scattered. A level I facility normally serves 15 to 25 households and its outreach must not
be more than 250 meters from the farthest user. The yield or discharge is generally from 40
to 140 liters per minute.

Level II (communal faucet system or standposts) – a system composed of source, a

reservoir, piped distribution network and communal faucets, located no more than 25 meters
from the farthest house. The system is designed to deliver 40 to 80 liters per capita per day
to an average of 100 households, with one faucet per 4 to 6 households. It is generally
suitable for rural and urban areas where houses are clustered densely to justify a simple
pipe system.

Level III (waterworks system or individual house connections) – a system with a source, a
reservoir, a piped distribution network and household taps. It is generally suited for densely
populated areas. This level of facility requires a minimum treatment of disinfection.

Local health authority – a government official or employee responsible for application of a

prescribed health measure in a local political subdivision. It is the provincial governor, city or
municipal mayor, as the case maybe.

Metabolite – organic compound that is a starting material in, an intermediate in, or an end
product of metabolism.

Methylation – refers to the replacement of hydrogen atom (H) with a methyl group (CH3),
regardless of the substrate.

Most Probable Number (MPN) - a statistical method of determining microbial populations.

A multiple dilution tube technique is utilized with a standard medium and observations are
made for specific individual tube effects. Resultant coding is translated by mathematical
probability tables into population numbers.

Oxidation – a chemical reaction in which the atoms in an element lose electrons and the
valence of the element is correspondingly increased

Persistence – extent to which compounds in the environment tend to accumulate and do

not easily degrade as a result of natural processes of decomposition

Pesticide – chemical substance or biological agent used against pests including insects,
plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes, and microbes that
compete with humans for food, destroy property, spread disease or are a nuisance.

5
Petroleum – a substance, generally liquid, occurring naturally in the earth and composed
mainly of mixtures of chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen with or without other
nonmetallic elements such as sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Pipe – a long hollow cylinder used chiefly to convey water supply or sewage

Plumbing – includes the pipes, materials, fixtures and other appurtenances used in the
installation, maintenance, extension or alteration of building water supply system and
building drainage system.

Potable water – water suitable (both health and acceptability considerations) for drinking
and cooking purposes

Proteinaceous – pertains to any adhesive material having a protein base such as animal
glue, casein, and soya.

Radioactivity – the spontaneous emission of radiation, generally alpha and beta particles,
often accompanied by gamma rays, from the nucleus of an unstable isotope.

Registered pesticides – types of pesticides that are imported or manufactured locally and
are officially recognized by the government for use in the country.

Residual chlorine – When a sufficient dosage of chlorine is applied to water,

microorganisms of sanitary significance are destroyed and there is a reaction on all
oxidizable matter. After all these reactions have taken place, at the end of a specified
contact time, there remains a certain minute quantity of chlorine in the water. Its presence in
the water is usually an indication of sufficiency of treatment or chlorination, and is therefore
an assurance of protection of the microbiological quality.

Risk assessment – an estimate of the severity or likelihood of harm to populations or

ecosystems from exposure to hazard

Sedimentary rock – rock that has formed through the deposition and solidification of
sediment, especially sediment transported by water (rivers, lakes, and oceans), ice
(glaciers), and wind.

Solvent – a substance, ordinarily a liquid, in which other materials dissolve to form a

solution. The most familiar and widely used solvent is water. Other compounds valuable as
solvents because they dissolve materials that are insoluble or nearly insoluble in water are
acetone, alcohol, benzene (or benzol), carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform,
ether, ethyl acetate, furfural, gasoline, toluene, turpentine, and xylene (or xylol).

Trace element –an element found in small quantities (usually less than 1.0%) in a mineral
also known as accessory element or guest element.

Turbidity - a cloudiness or haziness of water (or other fluid) caused by individual particles
that are too small to be seen without magnification. Turbidity in drinking water is caused by
particulate matter that may be present from source as a consequence of inadequate filtration
or from resuspension of sediment in the distribution system

Water Refilling stations – establishments where water is purified, sold and placed in water
containers

6
Water safety plan – a comprehensive risk assessment and risk management approach that
encompasses all steps in water supply from catchments to consumer to ensure the safety of
drinking water supply.

Water softening – any physical or chemical process of reducing the concentration of

divalent cations (including calcium and magnesium) in water supply.

Water treatment works – includes devices and equipment or physical and chemical
processes for making water suitable for human consumption and other purposes

V. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

1. Microbiological Quality

1.1. Public Health Implications

Drinking-water supplies should be free from contamination by human and animal

excreta, which can contain a variety of microbial contaminants. Microbiological
parameters are indices of potential waterborne diseases and, in general, are
limited to bacteria, viruses and pathogenic protozoa. The major interest in
classifying and issuing standards is the identification, quantification, and evaluation
of organisms associated with waterborne diseases. Practically, all pathogenic
organisms that can be carried by water originate from the intestinal tract of warm
blooded animals.

Bacterial intestinal pathogens known to be transmitted in drinking-water are strains

of Salmonella, Shigella, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Yersinia
enterocolitica and Campylobacter fetus, Legionella pneumophila although, a soil
bacterium, may be contracted by inhalation exposure to the bacteria in water.

There are also many common viral and protozoan organisms that transmit disease
in humans. Human enteric viruses that may be present in water include Poliovirus,
Echovirus, Coxsackie Virus A, Coxsackie Virus B, new enterovirus types 68-71,
Hepatitis type A, Gastroenteritis type Norwalk, Rotavirus and Adenovirus. The
protozoans are Giardia, Cryptosporidium spp, Entamoeba histolytica, Balantidium
coli, Naegleria and Acanthamoeba.

Public health concern regarding cyanobacteria relates to their potential to produce

a variety of toxins, known as “cyanotoxins.” In contrast to pathogenic bacteria,
cyanobacteria do not proliferate within the human body after uptake; they
proliferate only in the aquatic environment before intake. Toxic peptides (e.g.,
microcystins) are usually contained within the cells and may be largely eliminated
by filtration. However, toxic alkaloids such as cylindrospermospsin and neurotoxins
are also released into the water and may pass through filtration systems.

Some microorganisms will grow as biofilms on surfaces (e.g. pipelines) in contact

with water. Although most of these organisms do not cause illness to human, they
can cause nuisance through generation of taste and odor or discoloration of
drinking-water supplies. Growth following drinking-water treatment is referred to as
“regrowth”. It is typically reflected in measurement of increasing heterotrophic
plate counts (HPC) in water samples. Elevated HPC occur especially in stagnant
parts of piped distribution systems, in domestic plumbing, in some bottled water

7
 and in plumbed-in devices such as water softeners, carbon filters and vending
machines.

Potential consequences of microbial contamination are such that it must be of

paramount importance and must never be compromised. It should be the primary
concern of water providers to secure microbial safety of drinking-water supplies
based on the use of multiple barriers, from catchments/source to consumer, to
prevent the contamination of drinking-water or to reduce contamination to levels
not deleterious to public health. Two approaches can be used to reduce the risk of
bacterial, viral and parasitic infection to a negligible level: providing drinking water
from a source verified free of fecal contamination or adequately treating fecal
contaminated water. It is particularly more important to prevent or reduce the entry
of pathogens into water sources than to rely on treatment processes to remove
these pathogens.
Local health authorities should advocate the preparation and implementation of
water safety plans (refer to Annex 2) to consistently ensure drinking water safety
and thereby protect public health.

1.2. Microbiological Indicators of Drinking-Water Quality

Frequent examinations for fecal indicator organisms remain as the most sensitive
and specific way of assessing the hygienic quality of water. Fecal indicator bacteria
should fulfill certain criteria to give meaningful results. The tests required to detect
specific pathogens are generally very difficult and expensive so it is impractical for
water systems to routinely test for specific types of organisms. A more practical
approach is to examine the water for indicator organisms specifically associated
with fecal contamination. An indicator organism essentially provides evidence of
fecal contamination from humans or warm-blooded animals. The criteria for an
ideal organism are as follows:

a. Always present when pathogenic organism of concern is present, and absent in

clean, uncontaminated water.
b. Present in large numbers in the feces of humans and warm-blooded animals
c. Respond to natural environmental conditions and to treatment process in a
manner similar to the waterborne pathogens of interest
d. Readily detectable by simple methods, easy to isolate, identify and enumerate
e. Ratio of indicator/pathogen should be high
f. Indicator and pathogen should come from the same source (gastrointestinal
tract).

No organism fulfills all the criteria for an indicator organism, but the coliform
bacteria fulfill most. The coliform group of bacteria (also called as total coliforms) is
defined as all the aerobic and facultative anaerobic, gram-negative, nonspore-
forming, rod-shaped bacteria that ferment lactose with gas formation within 48 h at
35oC. This definition includes E. coli, the most numerous facultative bacterium in
the feces of warm-blooded animals, plus species belonging to the genera
Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Citrobacter.

Total coliform could be considered as part of natural aquatic flora because of their
regrowth in water. Because of this characteristic, their detection in water supply
may mean false positive for fecal contamination. Another way by which false
positive can occur is when the bacteria Aeromonas is present in the sample.
Aeromonas can biochemically mimic the coliform group. False negatives can occur

8
 when coliforms are present along with high populations of HPC bacteria. The
presence of HPC bacteria may restrict the activities of coliform group bacteria.

Thermotolerant fecal coliforms are a subgroup of total coliforms that are

differentiated from the total coliforms through laboratory examinations using
elevated temperature (43 to 44.5oC). Although fecal coliforms provide stronger
evidence of fecal contamination than total coliforms, they could not be
distinguished as human or animal origin. E. coli is the indicator organism of choice
for fecal contamination.

On the other hand, Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) describes a broad group of
bacteria that include pathogens, nonpathogens and opportunistic microorganisms.
HPC could be used to indicate general biological condition of drinking-water as a
consequence of insufficiency of treatment processes, regrowth or recontamination
of drinking water in the distribution system.

Water intended for human consumption should contain no indicator organisms.

However, pathogens more resistant to conventional environmental conditions or
treatment technologies may be present in treated drinking-water in the absence of
E. coli or total coliforms. Protozoa and some enteroviruses are more resistant to
many disinfectants including chlorine, and may remain viable and pathogenic in
drinking-water following disinfection process.

1.3. Standard Methods of Detection and Values for Microbiological Quality

Method of Units of
Parameters Value* Point of Compliance
Determination Measurement
Total coliform Multiple Tube < 1.1 MPN/ 100 mL  Service reservoirs
Fermentation  Water treatment
Technique (MTFT) works
 Consumer’s Taps
Chromogenic Absent  Refilling Stations
substrate test  Water Haulers
(Presence-Absence)* <1.1 MPN/100 mL  Water Vending
Machines

Membrane Filter (MF) <1 Total coliform

Technique colonies / 100 mL

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Edition, 1998
* Should be validated and approved by Department of Health

9
 Compliance to Total coliform
(a) For water systems analyzing at least 40  Consumer’s Taps
samples per month, no more than 5% of the
monthly sample may be positive for total
coliform;

(b) For water systems analyzing fewer than 40

samples per month, no more than one (1)
sample per month may be positive for total
coliform
At least 95% of standard samples taken in each  Service reservoirs
year from each reservoir are total coliform negative

No standard sample taken each month should  Water treatment

exceed maximum allowable value specified in the works
above.  Refilling stations
 Water haulers
 Water vending
machines

Fecal coliform Multiple Tube < 1.1 MPN/ 100 mL  Service reservoirs
Fermentation  Water treatment
Technique (MTFT) works
 Consumer’s Taps
Membrane Filter <1 Fecal coliform  Refilling Stations
Technique (MFT) colonies / 100 mL  Point Sources (Level
I)
Chromogenic < 1.1 MPN/100mL  Water Haulers
substrate test  Water Vending
(Presence-Absence)* Machines

Heterotrophic  Pour Plate <500 CFU / mL  Service reservoirs

Plate Count  Spread Plate  Water treatment
 Membrane Filter works
Technique  Consumer’s taps
nearest the meter
 Refilling Station
 Water Vending
Machines

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Edition, 1998
* Should be validated and approved by Department of Health

1.4. Sampling and Analysis for Microbiological Quality

To determine the safety and acceptability of drinking-water supply, appropriate

laboratory examinations should be conducted on representative samples of water
taken at all critical stages in the production and consumption of water supply.
These stages include, and not limited to: the water sources, in the course of and
after the treatment process (if any), and from a reasonable number of points in the
distribution network. Microbiological examination, i.e. determination of fecal
contamination of water supply, is conducted more frequently than the other tests

10
 because of the high probability of microbial contamination and the extent of public
health it might cause.

Volume of sample

The volume of sample should be sufficient to carry out all tests required,
preferably not less than 100 ml.

Sample container

Collect samples for microbiological examination in 120 ml clear bottles that

have been cleansed and rinsed carefully, given a final rinse with distilled
water and sterilized as directed in the standard method of analysis for
water and wastewater. Sampling bottles should be provided with either
ground glass stoppers or plastic screw caps. A paper or a thin aluminum
foil cover should protect both the stopper and neck of the bottle. For waters
that have been chlorinated, add 0.1 ml of a 3% solution of sodium
thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) to a clean sample bottle before sterilization

Sample Collection, Handling and Storage

The sample should be representative of the water under examination.

Contamination during collection and before examination should be avoided.

The tap should be cleaned and free from attachments and fully opened with
water allowed to waste for a sufficient time to permit the flushing/clearing of
the service lines. Flaming is not necessary. Taps with a history of previous
contamination may be disinfected with hypochlorite solution (NaOCl 100
mg/L). No samples shall be taken from leaking taps.

The sampling bottle should be kept unopened until it is ready for filling.
Remove stopper or cap as a unit; do not contaminate inner surface of
stopper or cap and neck of bottle. Fill container without rinsing, it should be
filled without rinsing and ample space (at least 2.5 cm) must be left to
facilitate mixing by shaking. Replace stopper or cap immediately.

Water samples should be processed promptly or within six (6) hours after
collection or if not possible the use of ice coolers for storage of water
samples during transport to the laboratory is recommended. The time
elapsed between collections and processing should in no case exceed 24
hours.

Identification of Samples

Sampling bottles must be tagged with complete and accurate identification

and description. The information about the samples can be recorded in a
request form for analysis of water quality.

11
 Frequency of Sampling

The minimum number of samples to be collected and examined periodically

must be based on the mode and source of water supply (as shown in
Table 1).

However, frequency of sampling should also take into account the past
frequency of records yielding unsatisfactory results, the quality of raw water
treated, the number of raw water sources, the adequacy of treatment and
capacity of the treatment plant, risks of contamination at the source and in
the distribution system, the size and complexity of the distribution system,
the risk of an epidemic and the practice of disinfection.

Table 1. Minimum Frequency of Sampling for Drinking-Water Supply Systems for

Microbiological Examination

Source and mode of Population Served Minimum Frequency of

Supply Sampling
a. Level I 90 – 150 Once in three (3) months
b. Level II 600 Once in two (2) months
c. Level III Less than 5,000 1 sample monthly
5,000 – 100,000 1 sample per 5,000 population
monthly
More than 100,000 20 samples and additional
one (1) sample per 10,000
population monthly
d. Emergency Supplies of Before delivery to users
Drinking Water
e. Water Refilling Stations 1 sample monthly
(product water)
f. Water Vending Machines 1 sample monthly
(product water)

Location of Sampling Points.

Adherence to the set guidelines for sampling point selection must be

observed. These guidelines cover zoning of piped water supply as well as
sampling from the point source (refer to Annex 3).

2. Chemical and Physical Quality

2.1 Chemical Contaminants

Various forms of chemicals, which occur naturally in the environment and in raw,
water or used in agriculture, industries, and water treatment processes or
domestically may be found in drinking water supplies. There are few chemical
constituents of water that can lead to acute health problems except through

12
 massive accidental contamination of drinking water supply. In such incidents, water
usually becomes undrinkable owing to unacceptable taste, odor, and appearance.

Certain inorganic constituents may be present in drinking water as a result of

leaching out of piping or plumbing materials such as lead, copper, asbestos, nickel
and cadmium. Some of these chemicals are known or suspected carcinogens such
as arsenic, lead, chromium, and cadmium among others. Organic constituents in
water could come from various sources such as the decomposition of organic
debris, domestic, agricultural and industrial activities and contamination that occur
during water treatment and distribution. These activities generate wastewater
discharges, agricultural and urban runoff and leachates from contaminated soils
that may include pesticides, solvents, metal degreasers and plasticizers and
petroleum products. Other organic contaminants are formed during water
treatment processes such as coagulation, chlorination and ozonation. It is
recommended that Local Drinking Water Monitoring Committee should look into
the possible sources of these chemicals in their respective areas and direct efforts
to monitor its possible implications to drinking water supplies.

2.2 Acceptability Aspect

The chemicals and physical quality of water may affect its acceptability by
consumers. Problems resulting to taste, odor, turbidity, color and similar nature
may originate in raw water sources, within the treatment processes, in the
distribution system or in the plumbing systems of the consumers. Although
acceptability aspects of drinking water quality do not have adverse health
implications, standards are set to satisfy the need of consumers for a colorless,
odorless and tasteless drinking water. Sections 2.9 to 2.13 indicate the physical
and chemical quality requirements of drinking water supply to be provided to
consumers.

2.3 Particulates in Water Supply

Particles in water may consist of suspended finely divided solids and colloids, clay,
silt, fibrous substances as well as living organisms. Particles affect the aesthetic
quality or acceptability by the consumers. They can also be of significant health
concern since they could be toxic or could adsorb toxic substances. Particulates
could interfere with disinfection and other treatment processes. There are no
recommended standard values for floating and settled materials, but it is
suggested that no floating or settled materials should be found in drinking water.

2.4 Water Sampling for chemical and physical analysis

The actual collection of the water sample is a matter of considerable importance.

Refer to section 1.4.6 for sampling location. It is impossible to state unequivocally
how much time should be allowed between the time of collection of a sample and
its analysis. This depends on the character of the sample, the particular analyses
to be made and the conditions of storage. For sampling, the following procedures
should be observed:

2.4.1 Collect samples from wells only after the well has been pumped sufficiently
to ensure that the samples represent the quality of groundwater that feeds
the well. Sometimes it will be necessary to pump at a specified rate to
achieve a characteristic drawdown as part of the sample record. New wells
13
 will require sufficient utilization and abstraction before sampling. Collect
samples from open shallow wells by taking a composite sample.

2.4.2 When samples are collected from surface water sources such as river or
stream, it is best to take a composite sample from three depths (top, middle
and bottom). In this way, the sample becomes representative. If only a grab
or catch sample can be collected, it is best to take it in the middle of the
stream and at mid-depth.

2.4.3 When sampling lakes and reservoirs, which are naturally subjected to
considerable variations from normal causes, the choice of location, depth,
and frequency of sampling will depend on the local conditions and the
purpose of the investigation.

2.4.4 Before samples are collected from distribution systems, flush the lines
sufficiently to ensure that the sample is representative of the supply, taking
into account the diameter and length of the pipe to be flushed and the
velocity of flow.

2.4.5 Sample of oil films recovered from the surface of stream or other bodies of
water will be almost impossible to evaluate in relation to the total volume of
water, the total film area, and the thickness involved. A method commonly
used to estimate total volume is to divert the water into a wide-mouth
container (washed with solvent and air-dried before use). The glass-
stopped container should not be completely filled, as a loss of floating oil
may occur in stoppering. It is advisable to collect the desired quantity of
sample in an oversized bottle that has previously been marked at the
desired volume.

2.5 Minimum Frequency of Sampling

The minimum frequency of sampling for drinking water supply systems for physical
and chemical analysis is provided in Table 2.

Table 2. Minimum Frequency of Sampling for Drinking-Water Supply Systems for

Physical and Chemical Analysis

Source and mode of Minimum Frequency of

Supply Sampling
a. Level I
b. Level II
c. Level III Once a year
d. Emergency Supplies of
Drinking Water
e. Water Refilling Stations
Twice a year
f. Water Vending Machines

2.6 Volume of Sample

Three (3) liters of sample should suffice for physical and chemical analyses.

14
 Note: No attempt should be made to use the sample for microbiological and
microscopic examination because collection and handling methods for are quite
different for these analyses.

2.7 Sample Container

In all cases, the container should be chosen so that it will not contaminate the
sample.

2.7.1 Chemically resistant glass (Pyrex), polyethylene, or hard rubbers are

suitable materials for containers (see Table 3). For samples containing
organics, avoid plastic containers except those made of fluorinated
polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Glass containers
generally are preferred for volatile organics. Sample containers must be
carefully cleaned to remove all extraneous surface dirt, thoroughly rinsed
with distilled water and drained before use.

a. For glass bottles, rinsing with chromic acid cleaning solution is

necessary. An alternative method is with the use of alkaline
permanganate solution followed by an oxalic acid solution.

b. For polyethylene bottles, detergents or concentrated hydrochloric acid

can be used.

2.7.2 Stoppers, caps and plugs should be chosen to resist the attack of material
contained in the vessel or container. Cork stoppers wrapped with a
relatively inert metal foil are suitable for many samples, or
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

2.7.3 The sample containers should be such that when filled with the desired
amount of sample, space roughly equivalent to 1 percent of the volumetric
capacity of the containers is available for expansion of the liquid.

2.7.4 Sample containers must be properly labeled. A gummed label, or a

cardboard or tag securely affixed to the container should be provided with
the following information.

 Date and time of sampling

 Source of sample
 Point of sampling (designed in sufficient detail to enable anyone to
collect a second sample from the identical spot from which the first
sample was taken)
 Temperature of the sample
 Sampled by: (name of collector)

2.8 Sample Handling and Storage

In general, the shorter the time lapse between collection of a sample and its
analysis, the more reliable will analytical results be.

2.8.1 For certain constituents and physical values, immediate analysis in the field
is required in order to obtain dependable results, because the composition
of the sample may change before it arrives at the laboratory.
15
2.8.2 Changes caused by the growth of organisms may be greatly retarded by
keeping the sample in the dark and at a low temperature until it can be
analyzed.

2.8.3 It is necessary to keep the samples cool or refrigerated. Storage at a low

temperature (4oC) is the best way to preserve most samples.

2.8.4 Add chemical preservatives to samples only as specified in specific

analytical methods. Suitable preservative that will not affect the results of
the analyses to be made must be selected.

The recommended sampling and preservation of sample according to parameters

for analysis are presented in Table 3. The list is by no means inclusive. It is clearly
impossible to prescribe absolute rules for the preservation of all possible changes.
Advice is included in the notes under the individual determination.

16
Table 3. Sampling and Preservation methods according to parameters†

Determination Container Minimum Mode of Preservation Holding Time

Material Sample Recommended
(mL) /Regulatory‡
Acidity P, G(B) 100 Refrigerate 24 h / 14 d
Alkalinity P, G 200 Refrigerate 24 h / 14 d
Boron P (PTFE) 1000 HNO3 to pH <2 28 d / 6 months
or
Quartz
Chloride P, G 50 None required N.S. / 28 d
Chlorine, P, G 500 Analyze immediately 0.25 h / 0.25 h
residual
Color P ,G 500 Refrigerate 48 h / 48 h
Cyanide, total P, G 1000 Add NaOH to pH >12, 24 h / 14 d; 24 h
refrigerate in the dark if sulfide present
Fluoride P 100 None required 28 d / 28 d
Hardness P, G 100 Add HNO3 or H2SO4 to 6 mo / 6 mo
pH<2
Iodine P, G 500 Analyze immediately 0.25 h / N.S.
Metals, general P(A), G(A) 1000 For dissolved metals filter 6 mo / 6 mo
immediately, add HNO3 to
pH <2
Chromium VI P(A), G(A) 1000 Refrigerate 24 h / 24 h
Mercury P(A), G(A) 1000 Add HNO3 to pH<2, 4oC, 28 d / 28 d
refrigerate
Nitrate P,G 100 Analyze as soon as 48 h / 48 h (28 d
possible; refrigerate for chlorinated)
Nitrite P, G 100 Analyze as soon as None / 48 h
possible; refrigerate
Odor G 500 Analyze as soon as 6 h / N.S.
possible; refrigerate
Organic Compounds
MBAs P, G 250 Refrigerate 48 h / N.S.
Pesticides G(S), 1000 Refrigerate, add 1000 mg 7 d / 7 d until
PTFE-line ascorbic acid/L if residual extraction; 40
cap chlorine present day after
extraction
Phenols P,G, 500 Refrigerate, add H2SO4 to * / 28 d until
PTFE-line pH<2 extraction
cap
PH P, G 50 Analyze immediately 0.25 / N.S.
Phosphate G(A) 100 For dissolved phosphate 48 h / N.S.
filter immediately;
refrigerate
Sulfate P, G 100 Refrigerate 28 d / 28 d
Turbidity P, G 100 Analyze same day; store in 24 h / 48 h
dark up to 24 h, refrigerate

†
For determination not listed, use glass or plastic containers; preferably refrigerate during storage and analyze
as soon as possible
‡
Environmental Protection Agency, 40CFR Part 136 Table II, Dated July 1, 1999

17
P = plastic (polyethylene or equivalent); G = glass; G(A) or P(A) – Rinsed with 1 + 1 HNO3;
G(B) – Glass, borosilicate; G(S) – Glass, rinsed with organic solvents or baked; N.S. – Not
stated in cited reference; Stat – no storage allowed; analyze immediately

18
 2.9 Standard Values for Inorganic Chemical Constituents with Health
Significance

Maximum
Constituent Remarks (Sources/Occurrence) Method of Analysis
Level (mg/L)
Antimony 0.02 Antimony is a contaminant from pipe and FAAS. EAAS;
fitting materials. It is not a raw water ICP/MS;
contaminant.
Arsenic 0.05 For existing water supply systems. ICP/MS; hydride
Arsenic may be naturally occurring in water generation AAS; Silver
sources. Where maximum level of arsenic Diethyldithiocarbamate
is unachievable, concentration in water Method, EAAS
supply must be kept as low as possible. By (Graphite furnace
2010, the maximum level shall be 0.01 AAS)
mg/L

Barium 0.7 Barium occurs naturally as trace elements ICP/MS; FAAS; EAAS,
in both igneous and sedimentary rocks. ICP
Boron 0.5 Present in surface water due to discharge ICP/MS; ICP/AES
of treated sewage effluent, which still
contains detergents; could be naturally
occurring in certain areas. Maximum level
has been elevated from 0.3 mg/L (PNSDW
1993) to 0.5 mg/L (PNSDW 2007) because
it is difficult to achieve in areas with high
natural levels and limited access to
treatment technology.
Cadmium 0.003 Cadmium is used in manufacture of steel, ICP/MS; FAAS
plastics and battery and released to the
environment through wastewater or fumes.
Cadmium is released in water supply as
impurity of the zinc coating of galvanized
pipes and solders and metal fittings.
Chromium (Total) 0.05 Chromium is widely distributed in the FAAS; EAAS, ICP,
Earth’s crust. Occurs in wastewater in ICP/MS
certain industries such as chromium plating
of bumpers, grills and ornaments.
Cyanide (Total) 0.07 Cyanides are occasionally found in drinking Titrimetric;
water primarily as a consequence of Colorimetric; CN
industrial contamination. Selective Electrode
Fluoride 1.0 In areas where high natural fluoride levels Ion chromatography,
occur, the maximum level may be difficult to Ion-selective
achieve due to limited access to treatment electrodes; SPADNS
technology. colorimetric;
Complexone Method
Lead 0.01 Lead may be present in water primarily FAAS; EAAS;
from plumbing systems containing lead ICP/MS; Anodic
pipes, solder, fittings or the service Stripping Voltammetry;
connections to the homes. Although it may Dithizone
be found naturally occurring in certain
areas, rarely is it present in water supply as
a result of its dissolution from natural
sources.
19
 2.9 Standard Values for Inorganic Chemical Constituents with Health
Significance - Continuation

Constituent Maximum Remarks (Sources/Occurrence) Method of Analysis

Level (mg/L)
Mercury (Total) 0.001 Mercury is used in industries such as in the Cold vapor AAS;
electrolytic production of chlorine, in ICP/MS
electrical appliances, in dental amalgams
and as a raw material for various mercury
compounds. Mercury occurs naturally in
freshwater and groundwater in the inorganic
form. Methylation of inorganic mercury
occurs in freshwater and seawater.
Nickel 0.02 Nickel is very toxic and usually occurs in ICP/MS; EAAS; ICP;
water supply as a result of nickel or nickel- FAAS
plated plumbing components. Although
nickel could be naturally occurring in certain
areas, it is not usually a raw water
contaminant.
Nitrate 50 Nitrate concentration in groundwater and Cd Reduction
Nitrite 3 surface water can reach high levels as a Method; IC; Capillary
result of leaching or run-off from agricultural Ion electrophoresis
land or contamination from human or animal Colorimetric
wastes. Anaerobic conditions may result in (Diazotization); IC;
the formation and persistence of nitrite. Flow Injection
Analysis

Selenium 0.01 Selenium occurs naturally in groundwater AAS with hydride

sources. generation;
Colorimetric,
Fluorometric, EAAS,
ICP, ICP/MS

20
 2.10 Organic Chemical Constituents from Industrial Pollution (with health
significance)

Maximum
Constituent Sources Method of Analysis
Level (mg/L)
Benzene 0.01 Benzene may be introduced into water by GC/PID; GC/MS
industrial effluents and atmospheric
pollution due to vehicular emissions.
Carbon 0.004 From industrial discharges, carbon GC/PID; GC/ELCD;
Tetrachloride tetrachloride levels in anaerobic GC/MS
groundwater may remain elevated for
months or even years.
1,2- 1.0 DCBs are widely used in industry and in GC/PID; GC/ELCD;
Dichlorobenzene domestic products such as odor-masking GC/MS
1,4- 0.30 agents, chemical dyestuffs and pesticides
Dichlorobenzene
1,2-Dichloroethane 0.03 Used as an intermediate in the production of GC/PID; GC/ELCD;
vinyl chloride and other chemicals and as a GC/MS
solvent.
1,1-Dichloroethene 0.03 Used as monomer in the production of GC/PID; GC/ELCD;
polyvinylidene chloride co-polymers and as GC/MS
an intermediate in synthesis of other organic
chemicals.
1,2-Dichloroethene 0.05 Its presence appears as metabolites of GC/PID; GC/ELCD;
other unsaturated halogenated GC/MS
hydrocarbons in wastewater and anaerobic
groundwater, which may indicate the
simultaneous presence of more toxic
organochlorine chemicals such as vinyl
chloride.
Dichloromethane 0.02 Dichloromethane or methylene chloride is GC/MS
widely used as a solvent for many purposes
including coffee decaffeination and paint
stripping.
Di(2-ethylhexyl) 0.008 Used mainly as a plasticizer. GC/MS
phthalate
Edetic Acid (EDTA) 0.6 Maximum value of 0.6 mg/L for EDTA as the Potentionmetric
free acid. stripping analysis
Human exposure to EDTA arises directly
from its use in food additives, medicines,
and personal care and hygienic products.
Ethylbenzene 0.3 Primary sources are petroleum industry and GC/PID; GC/MS
use of petroleum products.

21
 2.10 Organic Chemical Constituents from Industrial Pollution (with health
significance) - Continuation

Constituent Maximum Sources Method of Analysis

Level (mg/L)
Nitrilotriacetic acid 0.2 Used primarily in laundry detergents as a GC with nitrogen-
(NTA) replacement for phosphates and in the specific detector
treatment of boiler water to prevent
accumulation of mineral scale.
Polynuclear 0.0007 Used as coal-tar coating in drinking-water GC/MS; reverse-
aromatic distribution pipes phase HPLC with a
hydrocarbons fluorescence detector
(PAHs)
Styrene 0.02 Used in the production of plastics and GC/PID; GC/MS
resins
Tetrachloroethene 0.04 Used as solvent in dry cleaning industries GC with ECD; GC/MS
and as a metal degreasing solvent.
Toluene 0.7 Used in the blending of petrol, as a solvent GC/ FID; GC/MS
and as a raw material in chemical
production. It may penetrate plastic pipes
from contaminated soil.
Trichloroethene 0.07 Used in dry cleaning and metal degreasing GC/ ECD; GC/MS
processes. Trichloroethene in anaerobic
groundwater may degrade to more toxic
compounds, including vinyl chloride.
Vinyl chloride 0.0003 Used primarily for production of PVC. GC / ECD; FID ; with
Migration of vinyl chloride monomer from MS for confirmation
unplasticized PVC is possible source of
vinyl chloride in drinking water.
Degradation product of the chlorinated
solvents trichloroethene and
tetrachloroethene in groundwater.
Xylene 0.5 Used in blending petrol, as a solvent and as GC/MS; GC/ FID
a chemical intermediate.

22
 2.11 Standard Value for Organic Chemical Constituents (Pesticides)
Status in
Maximum
the
Constituent Level Remarks (Persistence) Method of Analysis
Philippines
(µg/L) §

Aldrin and Dieldrin 0.03 Banned Highly persistent GC with ECD

(combined) organochlorine compounds
Atrazine 2.0 Registered Relatively stable in soil and GC/MS
aquatic environments; half-life
measured in months, but is
degraded by phytolysis and
microbial action in soil
Carbofuran 7.0 Registered 0.007 mg/L is based on the GC with nitrogen-
1998 amendment to the 1993 phosphorus detector;
WHO GV reverse-phase HPLC
with fluorescence
detector
Chlordane 0.2 Banned Chlordane is highly persistent GC /ECD, GC/MS
and has a high
bioaccumulation potential.
DDT 1.0 Banned* DDT is highly persistent. GC /ECD, GC/MS
1,2-Dibromo-3- 1.0 Banned Highly soluble in water GC /ECD, GC/MS
chloropropane
(DBCP)
2,4- 30.0 Registered 2,4 D is rapidly biodegraded in GC/ECD, GC/MS
Dichlorophenoxyac the environment
etic acid (2,4-D)
Endrin 0.6 Banned Endrin is highly persistent GC / ECD, GC/MS
1,2-Dibromoethane 0.4 Banned Used also in industry as GC/MS; GC/ELCD;
(Ethylene solvent GC/PID
dibromide) WHO GV is provisional value
due to serious limitations of
the critical studies. PNSDW
adapts precautionary
approach.
Heptachlor and 0.03 Banned Heptachlor is quite persistent GC/MS;/GC/ECD
Heptachlor epoxide in soil where it is transformed
(combined) into its epoxide. Heptachlor
epoxide is resistant to further
degradation.
Lindane 2.0 Restricted GC/MS; GC/ECD
MCPA [4-(2methyl- 2.0 Registered Very soluble, highly mobile GC/MS; GC/ECD
4- and can leach from soil. It has
chlorophenoxy)acet limited persistence in water.
ic acid]
Pendimethalin 20.0 Registered Fairly immobile and persistent GC/MS
in soil
Pentachlorophenol 9.0 Banned WHO GV is provisional value GC/ ECD, GC/FID,
(PCP) due to serious limitations of GC/MS
the critical studies.

§
Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority Pesticide Circular No. 04, Series of 1989
* Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority Board Resolution No. 04, Series of 2005
23
 2.12 Standard Values for Physical and Chemical Quality for Acceptability Aspects
Maximum
Level (mg/L)
Constituent Remarks Method of Analysis
Or
Characteristic
Taste No The cause of taste must be determined. Sensory Evaluation
objectionable Technique
Taste
Odor No The cause of odor must be determined. Sensory Evaluation
objectionable Technique
odor
Apparent 10 Color Units Decomposition of organic materials such Visual Comparison
as leaves or woods usually yield coloring Colorimetric
substances to water; Tannins, humic acid,
Color
and humates from the decomposition of
True 5 Color Units
lignin; Insoluble form of iron and
manganese; colored suspended matters
Turbidity 5 NTU Turbidity increases with the quantity of Turbidimetry
suspended matters in water.
Aluminum 0.2 Aluminum sulfate is used in water FAAS, EAAS, ICP,
treatment as coagulants Colorimetry Method
Chloride 250.0 Chloride in drinking water originates from Argentometric
natural sources, sewage and industrial Method, IC
effluents, urban runoff, and seawater
intrusion.
Copper 1.0 Copper in drinking water occurs primarily FAAS, EAAS, ICP,
as corrosion of interior of copper plumbing Neocuproine Method,
especially with acid pH or high-carbonate Bathocuproine
waters with alkaline pH. Method
Hardness 300 as CaCO3 Hardness is due to the presence of FAAS, EAAS, ICP,
naturally occurring divalent cations, such Colorimetry Method
as calcium, magnesium, and strontium
resulting from contact of acidic
groundwater with rocks such as limestone
and dolomites. Hardness beyond the
standard value maybe acceptable for
drinking by the consumers in certain
areas.
Hydrogen sulfide 0.05 Hydrogen sulfide may be generated by Methylene Blue
microorganisms under anaerobic Method, Iodometric
conditions in bottom of swamps, marshes, Method
eutrophic lakes and groundwater.
Iron 1.0 Applicable for existing and new water Phenanthroline, AAS,
supply systems. Iron is found in natural ICP, Colorimetric
fresh waters. It may be present in drinking Method
water as a result of the use or iron
coagulants or the corrosion of steel and
cast iron pipes during water distribution.
Manganese 0.4 Applicable for existing and new water Persulfate Method,
supply systems. Manganese is naturally AAS, ICP, ICP/MS
occurring in many surface and
groundwater sources, particularly in
anaerobic or low oxidation conditions.
24
 2.12 Standard Values for Physical and Chemical Quality for Acceptability Aspects

Constituent Maximum Remarks Method of Analysis

Level (mg/L)
Or
Characteristic
pH 6.5 – 8.5 The pH range is based on aesthetic Electrometric method
consideration only. The acceptable range
5–7 may be broader in the absence of a
for product distribution system. pH is important as
water that operational water quality parameter
undergone
reverse
osmosis or
distillation
process
Sodium 200 Sodium is usually associated with AAS (Flame
chloride, thus, it may have the same absorption mode) ,
sources in drinking water as chloride. ICP/MS, Flame
Water softeners can add significantly to photometry
the sodium content in drinking water
especially from water refilling stations.
Sulfate 250 High levels of sulfate occur naturally in Turbidimetric Method,
groundwater. Ion Chromatography,
Gravimetric Method
Total Dissolved 500 TDS in drinking water originate from Gravimetric, dried at
Solids (TDS) natural sources, sewage, urban runoff and 180oC
industrial wastewater.
<10
for product
water that
undergone
reverse
osmosis or
distillation
process
Zinc 5.0 Zinc may occur naturally in groundwater. FAAS, ICP, ICP/MS
Concentration in tap water can be much
higher as a result of dissolution of zinc
from pipes.

25
 2.13 Standard Values for Chemicals Used in Treatment and Disinfection and
Disinfection by-products

Maximum
Constituent Occurrence Method of Analysis
Level (mg/L)
a. Contaminants from Treatment Chemicals
Acrylamide 0.0005 Residual acrylamide monomer occurs in GC/ELCD; HPLC with
the use of anionic, cationic and non-ionic UV Detection
polyacrylamide coagulant aids;
Epichlorohydrin 0.0004 Epichlorohydrin is used for the GC /ECD, GC/MS,
manufacture of glycerol, unmodified epoxy GC/FID
resins and water treatment resins.
b. Disinfection Chemicals
Chlorine Residual 0.3 min Detected at the farthest point of the Iodometric;
distribution system Amperometric
1.5 max Detected at any point in the distribution Titration; DPD
system Colorimetric Method
Iodine Not recommended for long term disinfection Leuco Crystal Violet/
Amperometric Method
c. Disinfection by-products
Bromate 0.01 As DBP, bromate is formed during IC
ozonation when bromide ion is found in
water or in concentrated hypochlorite
solutions used to disinfect drinking water.
The maximum level is based on the recent
(2003) risk assessment as reported in
WHO Guidelines (2004).
Chlorite 0.7 The maximum values for chlorite and IC with suppressed
chlorate are provisional values. When conductivity detection
chlorine dioxide is used as a disinfectant, for chlorate
Chlorate 0.7 chlorite or chlorate levels may be allowed
to exceed the maximum level. Difficulty in
meeting the maximum level is not a
reason for compromising adequate
disinfection.
Chloral hydrate 0.01 Chloral hydrate is formed as a by-product GC /ECD; GC/MS
(trichloroacetaldehy of chlorination when chlorine reacts with
de) humic acids.
Dibromoacetonitrile 0.07 Dibromoacetonitrile is produced during GC/ ECD
water chlorination from naturally occurring
substances including algae, fulvic acid and
proteinaceous material.
Dichloroacetic acid 0.05 Chlorinated acetic acids are formed from GC/ECD; GC/MS
organic material during water chlorination.
Dichloroacetonitrile 0.02 Dichloroacetonitrile is produced during GC/ECD
water chlorination from naturally occurring
substances including algae, fulvic acid and
proteinaceous material.

26
 2.13 Standard Values for Chemicals Used in Treatment and Disinfection and
Disinfection by-products - Continuation

Constituent Maximum Occurrence Method of Analysis

Level (mg/L)
Formaldehyde 0.9 Formaldehyde in drinking water results GC/ECD
primarily from oxidation of natural organic
matter during ozonation and chlorination.
Monochloroacetate 0.02 Chlorinated acetic acids are formed from GC/ ECD; GC/MS
organic material during water chlorination.
Trichloroacetate 0.20 Chlorinated acetic acids are formed from GC /ECD; GC/MS
organic material during water chlorination.
2,4,6- 0.2 Chlorophenols are present in drinking GC/ ECD;GC/MS
trichlorophenol water as a result of the chlorination of
phenols, as by-products of hypochlorite
with phenolic acid, as biocides or as
degradation products of phenoxy
herbicides.
Trihalomethanes
Bromoform 0.1 Trihalomethanes are generated principally GC /ECD; GC/MS
Dibromochloro- 0.1 as by-products of chlorination of drinking
methane water, being formed from naturally
Bromodichloro- 0.06 occurring organic compounds.
methane
Chloroform 0.2

 AAS - Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

 DPD -N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (under residual chlorine method)
 EAAS - Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
 ELISA - Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
 FAAS - Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS)
 FID – Flame Ionization Detector
 GC - Gas Chromatography
 GC/ECD - Gas Chromatography/Electron Capture Detector
 GC/ELCD - Gas Chromatograph/Electrolytic Conductivity Detector
 GC/FID -Gas Chromatograph/Flame Ionization Detector
 GC/MS - Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry
 GC/PID - Gas Chromatograph/Photoionization Detector
 HPLC - High-performance Liquid Chromatography
 ICP/AES - Inductively Coupled Plasma / Atomic Emission Spectrometry
 ICP/MS - Inductively Couple Plasma / Mass Spectrometry (ICP/MS)

27
3. Radiological Quality

Radioactive contaminants in drinking water may come from naturally-occurring

radionuclides present in rocks and soils from earth's formation and from man-made
radionuclide arising from power generated by nuclear energy. Deepwells, groundwater
and mineral springs have been known to be sources of natural radioactivity, principally
radium and radon. Deposition of radioactive fallout from nuclear weapon testing abroad
or from nuclear accidents, nuclear power plants facilities or from medical use of
radioactive substances may also be a source of contamination. Although the
contribution of radioactivity in drinking water from above sources is very minimal, it is still
important to monitor radioactivity to protect the public from undue exposure to radiation,

The World Health Organization has set radioactivity levels for gross alpha and gross
beta activity as shown on Section 3.7, in radioactivity units of Becquerel per liter (Bq/L).
The guidelines are based on the fact that radioactivity in drinking water contributes only
a minor part of the total radiation dose received from natural sources. Screening of gross
alpha and gross beta emitters is used to determine whether more complete analyses for
specific radionuclides are needed. The term screening value is used in the same manner
as reference level as defined by the International Commission on Radiological Protection
(ICRP). A reference level is not a dose limit requirement.

The values of the gross alpha and beta which is used as the initial screening technique
for assessing the radiological quality of drinking water do not include gaseous
radionuclide such as radon, so that if its presence is suspected, special measurement
should be used. The Environmental Protection Agency has established Maximum
Contaminant Level and Alternate Maximum Contaminant Level for radon in drinking
water. (Refer to Section 3.7).

3.1. Collection of Samples

Samples of drinking water are collected directly from the source, typically from
household faucets. Groundwater and springwater used as drinking water are also
collected directly from pumpwells or deepwells.

3.2. Sample Size: containers: handling and storage

One liter of water sample is collected and contained in a properly labeled

polyethylene plastic container. After sample collection, the sample is acidified to a
pH of less than 2 using minimum amounts of diluted hydrochloric acid to minimize
losses caused by adsorption in the container walls as well as to preserve the
sample. Radiochemical analysis is then performed in the laboratory at any time
except perhaps when short-lived radionuclides are known to be present in the
sample.

3.3. Sampling frequency

Based on the 2000 EPA final rule on radiological requirements on drinking water,
the PNRI established monitoring frequency for the Philippine drinking water
(Section 3.8). In case of emergencies such as nuclear accidents from neighboring
countries, immediate sampling and analysis should be done.

28
3.4. Resampling

Re-sampling and reexamination of the source of drinking water should be

performed in cases where gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity levels exceed
the standard values. In the event that gross alpha is exceeded, analysis of
specific alpha-emitting radionuclides, total Radium shall be conducted. If the gross
beta activity is exceeded, analysis of specific beta-emitting radionuclides, tritium
(3H) and Strontium (90Sr) shall be performed. Additional advice may be obtained
from the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute, Commonwealth Avenue, Diliman,
Quezon City.

3.5. Method of Analysis

The methods for analyses of gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity), 226Ra, 3H
and 90Sr shall be based on the standard procedures by the Health Physics
Research Section and Analytical Measurement Research Section of the Philippine
Nuclear Research Institute. The procedures are based on the procedure manual
of the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML-300) and the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Prescribed Procedures for
Measurement of Radioactivity in Drinking water (EPA 600/4-80-032).

The determination of gross alpha radioactivity should be made as soon as

practicable to minimize the in growth of radon and its daughter products in the
prepared sample. If the gross alpha and gross beta levels are less than the
standard values, no further examination is necessary except for routine
surveillance as may be required in the vicinity of nuclear installations or the major
sources of radionuclides pollution.

3.6. Health Effects

Radiation causes a variety of health effects, depending on the dose rate, Linear
Energy Transfer (LET) of the type of radiation and several other factors. At low
doses, the health effects of radiation are primarily cancer induction and genetic
disorder. However, these effects may take a number of years before they are
manifested. The conservative approach in radiation protection is to assume that
any dose, no matter how small, carries with it a finite, albeit small, probability of
inducing cancer.

The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation

(UNSCEAR) has estimated that the probability of fatal cancer induction after low-
dose, low dose-rate irradiation of the total population to be 5 x 10-3 sievert per
year (Sv/y). For instance, the limits for 3H(7600 Bq/L) and 90Sr(5 Bq/L) in drinking
water, when combined, are estimated to have probability of causing in two out of
one million persons exposed. However, based on the data obtained at the
Philippine Nuclear Research Institute on 3H and 90Sr as well as 222Rn in drinking
water, the limits for drinking water are generally not reached, much less exceeded.

Breathing radon from the indoor air in homes is the primary public health risk from
radon contributing to about 20,000 lung cancer death each year in the United
States according to 1999 landmark report by the National Academy of Sciences
(NAS) on radon in indoor air. Radon from tap water is a smallest source of radon
in indoor air. Only about 1-2 percent of radon in indoor air comes from drinking
water.

29
 3.7. Standard Values for Radiological Constituents

Constituents Activity Level (Bq/liter)

gross alpha activity 0.1 (excluding radon)
gross beta 1.0
radon 11(MCL)

3.8. Sampling Frequency Requirements for Radiological Constituents

Type Frequency Condition

Initial Four consecutive
quarters for one
year
Routine One sample every 3 If running average from four consecutive quarterly
years samples > 50% of MCL
Reduced One sample every If initial average is 50% of MCL
6 years

VI. REPEALING CLAUSE

All administrative orders, rules and regulations and administrative issuances or parts
thereof inconsistent with the provisions of these standards are hereby repealed or amended
accordingly.

VII. EFFECTIVITY

This order takes effect fifteen (15) days after its publication in an official gazette or in
a newspaper of general circulation.

30
 Annex 1.

Guidelines in Identifying Priority Drinking-Water Quality Parameters for Monitoring

The Local Health Authority at the municipal or city level shall identify the list of parameters
that will be examined to determine the potability of drinking water supply provided in the local
area. To achieve this, the local health authority through the Local Drinking Water Quality
Monitoring Committee shall undertake a systematic assessment of all the parameters listed
in the 2007 Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW 2007) in consultation
with, but not limited to, the following authorities: health, water resources, water supply
provision, environment, agriculture, geological services/mining, industry, and radiological
services. As a matter of prudent public health decision, particularly in situations where
resources are limited, to give priority to ensuring availability and accessibility of water supply
all individuals over rendering treatment to water for the benefit of few individuals.

Based on its health significance and acceptability, the following priority parameters shall be
tested:

1. microbiological 8. turbidity
2. arsenic 9. iron
3. cadmium 10. pH
4. lead 11. manganese
5. nitrate 12. chloride
6. benzene 13. sulfate
7. color 14. TDS

In addition to the above, other physical and chemical parameters shall be tested based on
the following conditions:

1. Chemical/Physical Quality

1.1 All naturally occurring chemicals based on the geological characteristics in

the local area that are of health significance and are found in drinking-water
supply should be in the priority list.

1.2 An inventory of chemicals used in local agricultural practices such as

pesticide, herbicide and fungicides shall be the basis for identifying which the
organic constituents (pesticides) to include in the priority list.

1.3 Industries that transport, use as raw materials, produce either as

intermediate or final product or by-product or generate as wastes any or all of
the chemicals listed in PNSDW 2006 shall be identified and mapped. Water
sources taken within 50 meters from the location of the said industries should
be examined for such chemicals.

1.4 Chemical disinfection by-products shall be identified based on the type of

disinfectants used. If water providers could provide evidence of control of
generation of disinfection by-product such as pretreatment to remove
precursors, use of treatment technology that evidently removes disinfection
by-product or two successive analysis showing that suspected by-product
does not occur then such chemical disinfection by-products will be removed
from the priority list.

31
1.5 Chemicals leaching from plumbing system materials or facilities such as
copper, lead, zinc and nickel shall be included in the list if the pH of water is
6 or below.

1.6 Hardness will only be in the list if the general population deems it
unacceptable at certain level due to taste or odor.

1.7 The list of priority physical and chemical parameters to be monitored may
change based on the results of previous water examinations. Parameters
that are less likely to occur in water may be tested less frequent.

Radiological Quality.

2.1 Radiological quality shall be included in the priority list if there is fall-out or
contamination from suspected sources of radiological impurities of water
such as hospitals or other industries.

2.2 Sources of naturally occurring radiological contaminants should be identified

by the Department of Health or Philippine Nuclear Research Institute

32
Annex 2.

Water Safety Plans

The application of an extensive risk assessment and risk management approach that
encompasses all steps in water supply system from sources, production, storage and
conveyance to consumers will ensure safety of drinking water supply. Such approach is
termed as Water Safety Plans. It follows the principles and concepts of multiple-barrier
approach and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) as used in the food
industry. It is proposed that these plans will be prepared by all water providers from large
water systems to water refilling stations.

Three key-components of Water Safety Plans:

 System assessment – to determine whether the drinking water supply chain as a

whole can deliver water of quality that meets health-based targets. This also includes
the assessment of design criteria or new systems

 Operational monitoring – to identifying control measures in a drinking-water system

that will collectively control identified risks and ensure that the health-based targets
are met; to rapidly detect any deviation from required performance

 Management plans – to describe actions to be taken during normal operations or

incident conditions

A thorough discussion of water safety plans is presented in WHO’s Guidelines for Drinking-
water Quality, 2004, Third Edition.

33
Annex 3

Guidelines for Selecting the Location of Sampling Points

1. Sample Location

Piped water supply zoning

Zoning of piped water supplies should be undertaken to ensure that different

parts of the water supply system that may have different level of risk are
adequately covered for water quality sampling.

A zone can be considered as coverage area per source, service reservoir

supplies specific area , an area where different parts of distribution system
operates at different pressures and elevations and an area where leakage or
reliability is different in different parts of the system

Point Source

Samples should be taken from the point source from the principal outlet –
handpump or spring outlet.

For routine monitoring boreholes or deepwells generally requires less frequent

sampling as they are usually of better quality than shallow groundwater given the
greater depths of water abstraction.

It is also important to undertake an extended assessment of point source quality

in order to develop an understanding of the process causing water quality failure
and thus the appropriate interventions required to improve the source.

Selection of Sampling Sites

When the sample locations and frequencies of sampling visits have been
calculated, the final stage is the selection of sampling sites. Sample sites will
usually be taken as being representative of a wider area. Samples sites can be
either fixed – i.e. every time sampling is carried out in the area, a sample is
always picked from the same point. Sample sites can also be random, with the
exact location of the sample point in zone or area varying between sample
rounds.

1.3.1. Key fixed points that should always be included in the surveillance
include:

 water leaving treatment works (usually the first tap)

 the inlets and outlets of service reservoirs
 critical points in the distribution system - (e.g. low-pressure area
or parts of the system prone to frequent discontinuity

1.3.2. Regular sampling points will include public taps in high-density areas or
in places such as markets where large number of people congregate.

34
References

American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Standard Methods
for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th edition, 1998

CFR Title 40 Part 136 Table II, Dated July 1, 1999

Committee on Water Treatment Chemical, Food and Nutrition Board, Water Chemical Codex

Connell, Gerald F., The Chlorination/Chloramination Handbook, AWWA, 1996

De Zuane, John, Handbook of Drinking Water Quality, 2nd edition

Degremont, Water Treatment Handbook, 5th edition, 1979

Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority Pesticide Circular No. 04, Series of 1989

Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority Board Resolution No. 04, Series of 2005

Hayashi, Tabata, Catapang, Evaluation Report: LWUA-JICA Technical Cooperation Project

on “Improvement of Water Quality in the Philippines”, JICA, 2003

Hem, John D., Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water,
USGS, 1985

JICA, Baseline Survey on Nationwide Ground Water Quality Monitoring in the Philippines,
2003

Letterman, Raymond D., (Technical Editor), Water Quality and Treatment – A Handbook of
Community Water Supplies, 5th edition, AWWA

Sabandeja, Victor V., Development of 2006 Philippine National Standards for Drinking
Water, Paper Presented at the National Convention of Philippine Society of Sanitary
Engineers, Baguio City, June 8, 2006.

Sommerfield, Elmer O., Iron and Manganese Removal Handbook, AWWA, 1999

WHO’s Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 2004, Third Edition.

35
 Republic Act No. 1378
An Act To Regulate the Trade Of Master Plumber

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress

assembled:

Section 1. This Act shall be known as the “Plumbing Law”.

Section 2. (a) The practice of plumbing within the meaning and intent of this Act shall embrace
services in the form of consultations, designing, preparations of plans, specifications; estimates,
erection, installation and supervision of plumbing work including the inspection and acceptance
of materials used therein; extension and alteration of all pipings to fixtures, appliances,
appurtenances in connection with any of the following: storm and sanitary drainage, facilities of
buildings, the sanitary venting of fixtures, hot or cold water supply systems within or adjacent to
any building, storm drains, sewerage system of any premises and/or in connection with any public
disposal or any acceptable terminal. The enumeration in this paragraph shall not be construed as
excluding any other work requiring plumbing knowledge and application. (b) The term “master
plumber” as used in this Act shall mean a person duly registered with the Board of Examiners for
Master Plumbers in the manner as hereinafter provided.

Section 3. Within thirty days after the approval of this Act, there shall be created a Board of
Examiners for Master Plumbers, hereinafter referred to as the Board, to be composed of a
Chairman and two members who shall be appointed by the President of the Philippines upon the
recommendation of the Commissioner of Civil Service3 in consultation with a duly registered
national association of master plumbers. The members of the Board shall hold office for a term of
three years. The first members of the Board appointed under this Act shall hold office for the
following terms: One member for one year; one member for two years; and one member for three
years. Each member of the Board shall qualify by taking the proper oath of office before entering
upon the performance of his duties. Any member of the Board may be removed by the President
of the Philippines for neglect of duty, in competency, malpractice, and unprofessional, unethical,
immoral, or dishonorable conduct, after said member has been given opportunity to defend
himself in an administrative investigation duly held. Vacancies in the Board shall be filled for the
unexpired term.

Section 4. The Board shall administer the provisions of this Act; issue, suspend or revoke
certificates of registration of master plumbers; and administer oaths in connection with such
certificates of registration. In carrying into effect the provisions of this Act, the Board may, under
the hands of its chairman and the seal of the Board, issue subpoena and subpoena duces tecum,
to compel the attendance of witnesses and require the production of books, documents, and
similar evidence in a case involving violation of any of the provisions of this Act. Any member of
the Board may administer oaths or affirmations to witnesses appearing before it. If any person
shall refuse to obey any subpoena or subpoena duces tecum so issued, or shall refuse to testify
or produce any book, record or document, the Board may present its petition to the Court of First
Instance, setting forth the facts, and thereupon such court shall, in a proper case, issue its
subpoena to such person, requiring his appearance before such court and there to testify or
produce such books, records or documents, as may be deemed necessary and pertinent by the
Board. Any person failing or refusing to obey the subpoena or subpoena duces tecum or order of
the said court may be proceeded against in the same manners as for refusal to obey any other
subpoena or subpoena duces tecum or order of the court.

The Board shall, from time to time, look into conditions affecting the trade of master plumber in
the Philippines and whenever necessary, recommend to the President of the Philippines the
adoption of such rules and regulations as may be deemed proper for the maintenance of good
ethics and standards in the trade and for the protection of the public welfare, life, health, and
property.

Section 5. The President of the Philippines6 is hereby authorized to issue rules and regulations to
carry into effect the objectives of this Act, upon recommendation of the Board of Examiners for
Master Plumbers7 and in consultation with a duly registered national association of master
plumbers ,in accordance with the following basic principles, except in cases where it may prove
oppressive or excessively burdensome to those without sufficient means and to such buildings,
structures or constructions valued at five thousand pesos or less:

a. All premises intended for human habitation, occupancy, or use shall be provided with a supply
of pure and wholesome water, neither connected with unsafe water supplies nor subject to the
hazards of backflow or back siphonage.

b. Plumbing fixtures, devices all appurtenances shall be supplied with water in sufficient volume
and at pressures adequate to enable them to function satisfactorily and without undue noise
under all normal conditions of use.

c. Plumbing shall be deigned and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of water consistent with
proper performance and cleaning.
d. Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to prevent dangers
from explosion through overheating.

e. Every building having plumbing fixtures installed and intended for human habitation,
occupancy, or use on premises abutting on a street, alley, or easement in which there is a public
sewer shall have a connection with the sewer.

f. Each family dwelling unit on premises abutting on sewer or with a private sewerage-disposal
system shall have, at least, one water closet and one kitchen-type sink. It is further recommended
that a lavatory and bathtub or shower shall be installed to meet the basic requirements of
sanitation and personal hygiene. All other structures for human occupancy or use on premises
abutting on a sewer or with a private sewage-disposal system shall have adequate sanitary
facilities but in no case less than one water closet and one other fixture for cleansing purposes.

g. Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material, and shall be free from
concealed fouling surface.

h. The drainage system shall be designed, constructed, and maintained so as to guard against
fouling, deposit of solids, and clogging, and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the pipes
may be readily cleaned.

i. The piping of the plumbing system shall be of durable materials, free from defective
workmanship and so designed and constructed as to give satisfactory from service for its
reasonable expected life.

j. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a water-seal trap.

k. The drainage system shall be designed to provide an adequate circulation of air in pipes with
no danger of siphonage, aspiration, or forcing of trap seals under condition of ordinary use.

l. Each terminal shall extend to the outer air and be so installed as to minimize the possibilities of
clogging and the return of foul air to the building.

m. The plumbing system shall be subject to such tests as will effectively disclose all leaks and
defects in the work.
n. No substance will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints,
or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall be allowed to enter the building
drainage system.
o. Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water, sterile goods, and
similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device, or appliance shall
be connected indirectly with the building drainage system.

p. No water closets nor urinal shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly
lighted and ventilated.

q. If water closet or other plumbing fixtures are installed in buildings where there is no sewer
within a reasonable distance, suitable provision shall be made for disposing of the building
sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal.

r. Where a plumbing drainage system may be subjected to backflow of sewage, suitable provision
shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building.

s. Plumbing system shall be maintained in a sanitary and serviceable condition.

t. All plumbing fixtures shall be so installed with regard to spacing as to be reasonably accessible
for their intended use.

u. Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to preservation of the strength of structural
members and prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces through fixture usage.

v. Sewage or other waste from the plumbing system which may be deleterious to surface or
subsurface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway unless it has first
been rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.

Section 6. Each member of the Board shall, at the time of his appointment:

a. Be a citizen and resident of the Philippines;

b. Be at least thirty years of age and of good moral character; and
c. Has been actively engaged in the trade of master plumber for at least five years.

Section 7. The Board of Examiner’s shall charge for each applicant for examination, the sum of
thirty five pesos, and for each certificate of registration, ten pesos.

Section 8. The members of the Board shall each receive a compensation, the sum of ten pesos
for each applicant examined. All authorized expenses of the Board shall be paid by the Bureau of
Civil Service. All fees shall be received by the disbursing officer of the Bureau of Civil Service,
and said officer shall pay all authorized expenses of the Board including the compensation
provided herein above for members of the Board.

Section 9. The Commissioner of Civil Service, shall be the executive officer of the Board, and
shall conduct the examinations given by the board and shall designate any subordinate officer of
the Bureau of Civil Service to act as secretary of the Board. All records and minutes of the Board,
including all examination papers, shall be kept by the Bureau of Civil Service.

Section 10. The Board shall submit an annual report to the President of the Philippines, after the
close of each fiscal year, giving a detailed account of the proceedings during the year and making
such recommendation as may be deemed proper.

Section 11. A roster showing the names and address of master plumbers shall be prepared by
the Commissioner of Civil Service, during the month of July of every year. Copies of this roster
shall be mailed to each person so registered and placed on file with the Office of the President of
the Philippines, and copies thereof shall be furnished to all Department Heads, to the mayors of
all chartered cities, to the Director of Health, Director of Public Works, District Engineers, City
Engineers and to such other bureaus, government agencies and provincial and municipal
authorities as may be deemed necessary, and to the public, upon request.

Section 12. All applicants for registration as master plumber shall be required to pass an
examination as hereinafter provided. Persons applying for admission to the examination as herein
provided, shall, prior to the date of the examination, establish to the satisfaction of the Board of
Examiners, that he:

a. Is at least twenty-one years of age;

b. Is a citizen of the Philippines;
c. Is of good moral character
d. Is at least a high school graduate;
e. Has at least five years of experience in actual plumbing work under the supervision of a
registered master plumber.

Section 13. Applicants for registration as master plumbers shall be examined in the following
subjects:
a. Plumbing arithmetic, ten per cent;
b. Plumbing Code, ten per cent;
c. Sanitation, plumbing design and installation, forty per cent;
d. Practical problems, twenty per cent;
e. Oral practice problems and experience, twenty percent.

Section 14. The Board shall, within one hundred and twenty days after the date of completion of
the examination, report the rating obtained by each candidate to the Commissioner of Civil
Service, who shall submit such ratings to the President of the Philippines.

Section 15. The Office of the President, upon the recommendation of the Board, shall issue a
certificate of registration upon payment of the registration fee as provided in this Act to any
applicant who has satisfactorily met all the requirements specified in this Act. All certificates of
registration shall show the full name of the registrant, shall have a serial number, and shall be
signed by all members of the Board, the President of the Philippine, and the Commissioner of Civil
Service, and shall bear the official seal of the Board. The issuance of a certificate of registration
by the Board, to a registrant shall be evidence that the person named therein is entitled to all the
rights and privileges of a registered master plumber, while said certificate remains unrevoked.

Section 16. All successful candidates shall be required to take an oath before the Board or any
other Government official authorized to administer oaths, prior to engaging in the trade of
registered master plumber.

Section 17. Examination and registration shall not be required of the following persons:

a. Officers or enlisted men of the Armed Forces of the United States and of the Philippines and
civilian employees of the Government of the United States stationed for the United States and/or
the Philippines.

b. Plumbing experts called in by the Philippine Government for consultation in connection with
certain specific construction, provided that their services shall be limited to such work.

Section 18. The Board, shall not issue a certificate to any person convicted by a court of
competent jurisdiction for any criminal offense involving moral turpitude, or to any person found
guilty of immoral or dishonorable conduct, or to any person of unsound mind. In the event of a
refusal to issue a certificate to any person, the Board shall give to the applicant a written
statement setting forth its reason for such action, which statement shall be incorporated into the
records of the Board.

Section 19. Subject to the approval of the Philippines, the board shall have the power, after due
notice and hearing, to suspend or revoke the certificate of registration for any of the causes
mentioned in the preceding section. The Board may, upon application and upon satisfactory
showing, reinstate a registered master plumber whose certificate of registration has been
suspended or revoked.

Section 20. Any person who shall engage in plumbing in the Philippines without being registered
in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or any person presenting or attempting to use as his
own the certificate of registration of a registered master plumber, or any person who shall give
any false or forged evidence of any kind to the Board, or any person who shall impersonate any
registered master plumber, or any person who shall attempt to use a revoked or suspended
certificate of registration, or any person who shall use in connection with his name or otherwise
assume, use, or advertise any title or description tending to convey the impression that he is a
registered master plumber, without holding a valid certificate of registration, or any person who
shall violate any of the provisions of this Act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall, upon
conviction, be sentenced to a fine of not less than five hundred pesos nor more than two
thousand pesos, or to suffer imprisonment for a period of not less than six months nor more than
one year, or both, in the discretion of the court.

Section 21. No person who is not a citizen of the Philippines at the time he applies for
examination shall be allowed to take it unless he can prove in the manner provided by law that,
the country or state of which he is a citizen, subject, or national, either admits citizens of the
Philippines to engage in the same trade without restriction or allows them to practice it after an
examination on terms of strict and absolute equality with citizens, subjects, or nationals of the
country concerned, including the unconditional recognition of degrees issued by institutions of
learning duly recognized for the purpose by the Government of the Philippines.

Section 22. As soon as this Act shall take effect, any person desiring to practice the trade of
master plumber, shall be required to obtain a certificate of registration in the manner and under
the conditions, herein provided. All master plumbers duly registered and examined under the
provisions of the city ordinances in force one year prior to the effectivity of this Act and all persons
with at least five years of continuous practice as plumbers and certified to as capable to practice
the trade by the Board of Examiners, within one year after the effectivity of this Act, shall be
automatically registered under the provisions hereof. Certificates of registration held by such
persons in good standing shall have the same force and effect as though the same had been
issued under the provisions of this Act.

Section 23. The Provisions of this Act shall apply only in chartered cities.

Section 24. This Act shall effect upon its approval. Approved, June 18, 1955.
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum

Technology and Livelihood Education
Learning Module

PLUMBING
EXPLORATORY COURSE
Grade 7 and Grade 8
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

What Is This Module About ?.................................................................................... 2

How Do You Use This Module ............................................................................... 3

LESSON 1 – Prepare Plumbing Materials and Tools............................... 4 -37

LESSON 2 – Perform Mensurations and Calculations............................ 38-57

LESSON 3 – Interpret Technical Drawings and Plans ........................... 58-72

LESSON 4 – Maintain Tools and Equipment ......................................... 73-108

LESSON 5 – Practice Occupational Health and Safety Procedures 109-121

ANSWER KEYS ............................................................................................ 122 -128

Acknowledgment .....................................................................................................129

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 1
 What Is This Module About?
Welcome to the world of Plumbing!
This Module is an exploratory and introductory course on Plumbing which leads you
to Plumbing National Certificate Level I ( NC I)1. It covers 5 basic competencies in
Plumbing that a Grade 7/Grade 8 Technology and Livelihood Education ( TLE)
student like you ought to possess, namely:

1) Prepare plumbing materials and tools;

2) Perform mensuration and calculation;
3) Interpret Technical Drawings and Plans;
4) Maintain tools and equipment;and
5) Practice occupational health and safety procedures

These 5 common competencies are covered separately in 5 Lessons. As shown below,

each lesson is directed to the attainment of one or more learning outcomes:

Lesson 1: Prepare Plumbing Materials and Tools

LO 1. Identify and select materials and tools
LO 2. Request appropriate materials and tools.
LO 3. Receive and inspect materials and tools.

Lesson 2: Perform Mensuration and Calculation

LO 1. Select measuring instrument.
LO 2. Carry out mensuration and calculation.

Lesson 3 : Interpret Technical Drawings and Plans

LO1 Analyze signs, symbols and data.
LO 2. Interpret technical drawing.
LO 3 Apply free hand drawing.

Lesson 4: Maintain Tools and Equipment

LO 1. Check condition of tools and equipment.
LO 2. Perform basic preventive maintenance.
LO 3. Store tools and equipment.
Lesson 5 : Practice Occupational Health and Safety Procedures
LO 1. Identify hazards and risks.
LO 2. Evaluate hazards and risks.
LO 3. Control hazards and risks.

1NATIONAL CERTIFICATE (NC) is a certification issued to individuals who achieved all the required units of competency for a
national qualification as defined under the Training Regulations. NCs are aligned to specific levels within the PTQF. (TESDA Board
Resolution No. 2004-13, Training Regulations Framework)

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE LEVEL refers to the four (4) qualification levels defined in the Philippine TVET Qualifications
Framework (PTQF) Where the worker in:
a. NC I performs a routine and predictable tasks; has little judgment; and, works under supervision;
b. NC II performs prescribe range of functions involving known routines and procedures; has limited choice and
complexity of functions, and has little accountability;

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 2
 How Do You Use This Module?

This Module has 5 Lessons. Each Lesson has the following parts.

 Learning Outcomes
 Performance Standards
 Materials
 References
 Definition of Terms
 What Do You Already Know?
 What Do You Need to Know?
 How Much Have You Learned?
 How Do You Apply What You Learned?
 How Well Did You Perform?
 How Do You Extend Your Learning?

To get the most from this Module, you need to do the following:

1. Begin by reading and understanding the Learning Outcome/s and Performance

Standards. These tell you what you should know and be able to do at the end of
this Module.
2. Find out what you already know by taking the Pretest then check your answer
against the Answer Key. If you get 99 to 100% of the items correctly, you may
proceed to the next Lesson. This means that you need not go through the
Lesson because you already know what it is about. If you failed to get 99 to
100% correctly, go through the Lesson again and review especially those items
which you failed to get.
3. Do the required Learning Activities. They begin with one or more Information
Sheets. An Information Sheet contains important notes or basic information that
you need to know.
After reading the Information Sheet, test yourself on how much you
learned by means of the Self-check. Refer to the Answer Key for correction. Do
not hesitate to go back to the Information Sheet when you do not get all test
items correctly. This will ensure your mastery of basic information.
4. Demonstrate what you learned by doing what the Activity / Operation /Job Sheet
directs you to do.
5. You must be able to apply what you have learned in another activity or in real life
situation.
6. Accomplish the Scoring Rubrics for you to know how well you performed.

Each Lesson also provides you with references and definition of key terms for your
guide. They can be of great help. Use them fully.

If you have questions, ask your teacher for assistance.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 3
 LESSON 1

Prepare Plumbing Materials and Tools

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson you are expected to
do the following:

LO 1. identify and select materials and tools;

LO 2. request appropriate materials and tools;
LO 3. receive and inspect materials and tools.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 4
 Definition of Terms

Pipe is a long hollow cylinder used chiefly to convey fluid.

Material is the stuff from which a thing is made of or consisting of matter.

Requisition form is a form requesting materials and supplies needed for making a
project
.
Specification is the description involving measurements like volume, board feet,
quality, trademark manufacturer etc.

Tools is anything which is held by hands and assists a person to do

manual work.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 5
 LEARNING OUTCOME 1

Identify and select materials and tools

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

1. Tools and materials are identified per job requirements

2. Tools are classified according to their functions per job requirements.
3. Materials are classified according to their uses for specific construction
project.
4. Tools and materials are selected per job requirement.

What Do You Already Know?

Pretest LO 1

Let us determine how much you already know about the use of plumbing tools.
Take this test.

Direction: Identify the following materials and tools used in plumbing. Choose your
answer from the given in the box.

Steel Square Hack Saw Cross-Cut Saw Pipe Cutter

Pipe Threader Pipe Reamer Spirit Level Plumb Bob
Clamps Bench Vise Pipe Wrench Pipe Vise

1. 2.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 6
3. 4.

5. 6.

7. 8.

9. 10.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 7
 What Do You Need To Know?

Read the Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing the Self-check 1.1.

Information Sheet 1.1

Plumbing Materials and Tools

1. Plumbing Materials

 Steel Pipe Characteristics

Steel piping is designed for a long list of applications. Steel piping has gained
popularity in the petroleum, oil, automobile, shipping and food industries because of its
durability and versatility. Schools, hospitals and refineries also widely employ steel
piping.

1. Facts

o Steel piping can be engineered to any height and strength and is easily
modified on-site. There remains a variety of types of steel piping on the
market. Common types of steel pipe include standard steel pipe, line steel
pipe, structural steel pipe and plumbing tubes. Steel is ductile, bending
rather than breaking in the presence of excessive stress. Steel will not
morph or lose its strength as time passes. Also, steel is naturally resistant
to rot.
Applications
o Line steel pipes are used to transport liquids and gases that are
combustible. Standard steel pipes are used for transporting water, natural
gas or steam. Structural steel pipes are often used for drainage piping.
Plumbing tubes made of steel are used to move potable water or
waterborne waste removal.
Properties
o Line steel pipes are galvanized, giving the piping corrosion-resistant properties.
Standard steel pipes are fabricated to a diameter no greater than 16 inches,
according to Steel Pipes & Tubing. Structural steel tubes are constructed into either
square or circular shapes. Plumbing tubes are often fabricated thinner than other

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 8
 types of steel pipes to allow for easier soldering.

Different Types of Pipes

PVC PIPE -refers to Poly Vinyl Chloride Plastic material. This is the
most common pipe for plumbing system.

PE PIPE -refers to Polyethylene Plastic material intended for long

span water system installation.

CI PIPE -is a heavy metal made of casting on molds to make fixtures.

such as sink, tubs and lavatories, covered with a porcelain enamel coating.

GI PIPE -is a galvanized iron pipe which is better fitted for plumbing
installation than steel pipe. It is constructed of rough iron, dipped in
molten zinc and maybe identified by its dull grayishcolor

SOLVENT -is an adhesive material usually used externally.

TEFLON TAPE -is specifically used for attachment threaded pipe on fittings.

ABS CLEANER AND CEMENT -is an adhesive material used by a plumbean

when working with ABS pipes.

FITTINGS -are made in different forms that are intended for plumbing
joints and connections.

FAUCET -is a point of installation system where flow of water or gas

could be manipulated.

MSS-refers to Manufacturer’s Standardization Society.

NIPPLE -is a short length of pipe installed between couplings or

other fittings.

ADAPTOR/ADAPTER-is fittings that joints two different types of pipes

together, such as ABS to cast iron or threaded to non-
threaded.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 9
2. FITTINGS – are any pipe part used to join two sections of pipes.

Characteristics of Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings

Stainless steel pipe fittings is an alloy based on iron, which combines together
the mechanical properties of steels and some specific features of corrosion resistance.
These alloys are also liable to tarnish.

This means that they have the possibility to passivate, that means to get covered
with an invisible layer of oxides that protects the underlying metal from corrosive attacks.
stainless steel pipe fittings is the name given to a type of steel with high chromium
contents that thanks to this feature does not rust when exposed to water and air. They
are a very important class of steels, used in countless applications. In fact, nowadays
both stainless steel pipe fittings furniture and construction machinery are very popular.

The discovery of this type of steel is due to Harry Brearly, who while was
experimenting with various types of alloys for the reeds of guns, noticed that a type of
steel with a certain percentage of chromium did not get rusted when exposed to the
atmosphere. Later this property was explained by the passivation of chromium, which
forms a very thin oxide film on the surface, continuous and stable. The following
progresses in metallurgy between the forty and the sixty have extended their
development and their applications. They are still refined and adapted to the demands of
various industries such as oil/petrochemical, mining, energy, nuclear and food industries.
Stainless steel pipe fittings is still refined and adapted to the demands of various
industries like petroleum, petrochemical, mining, energy, nuclear, food and obviously
building. A lot of machines are built with parts made of steel, from pipes to sheet to steel
trolleys.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 10
 TYPES of FITTINGS

COPPER SUPPLY

GALVANIZED SUPPLY

PLASTIC SUPPLY

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 11
 POLYETHYLENE (PE) AND SPIGOT FITTING

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 12
  FIXTURES

Plumbing Fixture

A plumbing fixture is an exchangeable device which can be connected to an

existing plumbing system to deliver and drain away water but which is also configured to
enable a particular use.
The most common plumbing fixtures are:

 Bathtubs
 Bidets
 Channel drains (also called trench drains)
 Drinking fountains
 Hose bibbs (connections for water hoses)
 Kitchen sinks
 Lavatories (also called bathroom sinks)
 Showers
 Tapware - an industry term for that sub-category of plumbing
fixtures consisting of tap valves, also called water taps
or faucets and their accessories, such as water spouts
and shower heads.
 Terminal valves for dishwashers, ice makers, humidifiers, etc.
 Urinals
 Utility sinks
 Water closets- (known as toilets in the USA, loos, flush
toilets or lavatories in Britain)

Outlets and drains

Each of these plumbing fixtures has one or more water outlets and
a drain. In some cases, the drain has a device that can be manipulated to
block the drain to fill the basin of the fixture. Each fixture also has a flood
rim, or level at which water will begin to overflow. Most fixtures also have
an overflow, which is a conduit for water to drain away, when the regular
drain is plugged, before the water actually overflows at the flood rim level.
However, water closets and showers (that are not in bathtubs) usually lack
this feature because their drains normally cannot be stopped.

Each fixture usually has a characteristic means of connection. Normal plumbing

practice is to install a valve on each water supply line before the fixture, and this is most
commonly termed a stop or "service valve". The water supply to some fixtures is cold
water only (such as water closets and urinals). Most fixtures also have a hot water
supply. In some occasional cases, a sink may have both a potable (drinkable) and a non-
potable water supply.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 13
Traps and vents

This drain cover has a

container underneath (which can
be taken out for cleaning and
revealing another container
below) acting as a trap. Water
inside the container forms a seal
when the cover is in place.
Positive air pressure will push the
cover up, acting as an early
warning device. The underside of
the cover (centre image) is kept
moist by condensation occurring
and insects that go back up the drain pipe get stuck to the walls of the cover.

All plumbing fixtures have traps in their drains; these traps are either internal or external
to the fixtures. Traps are pipes which curve down then back up; they 'trap' a small
amount of water to create a water seal between the ambient air space and the inside of
the drain system. This prevents sewer gas from entering buildings.
Most water closets, bidets, and many urinals have the trap integral with the fixture itself.
The visible water surface in a toilet is the top of the trap's water seal.
Each fixture drain, with exceptions, must be vented so that negative air pressure in the
drain cannot siphon the trap dry, to prevent positive air pressure in the sewer from
forcing gases past the water seal, and to prevent explosive sewer gas buildup.
Drains The actual initial drain part in a lavatory or sink is termed a strainer. If there is
a removable strainer device that fits into the fixed strainer, it is termed a strainer
basket. The initial pipe that leads from the strainer to the trap is termed the tailpiece.

Floor-mounted water closets seal to the toilet flange of the drain pipe by means
of a wax ring. These are traditionally made out of beeswax. However, their proper
sealing depends on proper seating of the water closet, on a firm and secure base
(floor), and on proper installation of the closet bolts which secure the closet to the
flange, which is in turn supposed to be securely fastened to the floor.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 14
 PLASTIC DRAIN

PEX

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 15
II. PLUMBING TOOLS

MEASURING TOOLS- is the activity of obtaining and comparing physical quantities of

real-world objects and events. Established standard objects and events are used
as units, and the process of measurement gives a number relating the item under
study and the referenced unit of measurement.

L-SQUARE/STEEL TRY SQUARE PUSH-PULL RULE

SQUARE

CUTTING TOOLS- is any tool that is used to remove material from the workpiece by
means of shear deformation. Cutting may be accomplished by single-point or multipoint
tools. Single-point tools are used in turning, shaping, plaining and similar operations, and
remove material by means of one cutting edge. Milling and drilling tools are often
multipoint tools. Grinding tools are also multipoint tools.

HACK SAW CROSS CUT PIPE REAMER

SAW

PIPE THREADER
PIPE CUTTER

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 16
BORING TOOLS-boring is the process of enlarging a hole that has already
been drilled (or cast), by means of a single-point cutting tool, for example as in
boring a cannon barrel. Boring is used to achieve greater accuracy of the
diameter of a hole, and can be used to cut a tapered hole.

ELECTRICAL
HAMMER DRILL DRILL AUGER BRACE WITH BITS

TESTING TOOLS-used in finding out how well the finished work.

SPIRIT LEVEL PLUMB BOB HORSE LEVEL

DRIVING TOOLS-driving tools help hand tools and power tools work together,
especially important for the variety of drilling tasks that get done in woodworking.

SLEDGER HAMMER | CLAW HAMMER | CROW BAR

DRILL PRESS SCREW DRIVER

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 17
HOLDING TOOLS-Tool for holding firmly any material that has to be cut.

ADJUSTABLE WRENCH CLAMP BENCH VISE

PIPE VISE ADJUSTABLE WRENCH

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 18
 How Much Have You Learned?

Self-Check 1.1

A. Directions: Look at the Table below, from the list the appropriate plumbing
materials and tools for each of the following activities.

1. Plastic Pipe 11. Pipe Reamer

2. Elbows 12. Threader

3. Fittings 13. L – Square

4. Wrench 14. Water hose

5. Floor drain 15. Auger Brace and Bits

6. Metal Pipes 16. Sledge hammer

7. Couplings 17. Screw driver

8. Faucet 18. Lavatory

9. Telephone shower 19. Cross-Cut Saw

10.Hack saw 20. Clamps

1. Cutting pipes - ____________________________________

2. Measuring the bend angle of pipes -

____________________________________

3. Threading pipes - ____________________________________

4. Testing the levelness of installed pipes -

___________________________________

5. Connecting two pipes - ____________________________________

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 19
B. Directions: according to classifications, identify the following plumbing tools.

1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

C. Directions: List down the materials and tools required by the following task.

Write your answer on a separate answer sheet.

1. Repair of defective faucet.

2. Replacement of damaged gate valve.
3. Repair of fitting with leakage.
4. Installation of additional faucet.
5. Changing G.I. pipes with PVC pipes.

Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 20
 How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?

Show that you learned something by doing this activity

Activity Sheet 1.1

SELECTING MATERIALS AND TOOLS

Directions: Call your teacher and request him to check if you have executed the task
based upon his observation.

1. While inside the workplace, your teacher will give you a job order or a particular work
to do.

2. Based on the job order, identify all the materials and tools needed.

3. Classify the materials and tools according to their uses.

4. Let the teacher examine the list of the Tools and Materials if they conform to the job
requirement.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 21
 LEARNING OUTCOME 2

Request appropriate Materials and Tools

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

 Needed materials and tools are listed as per job requirement.

 Materials and tools are requested according to the list prepared.
 Requests are done as per company’s standard operating procedures
(SOP)
 Materials and tools are substituted and provided unavailable without
sacrificing cost and quality of work.

What Do You Need To Know?

Read the Information Sheet 2.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing the Self-check 2.1.

Information Sheet 2.1

REQUISITION OF MATERIALS AND TOOLS

When making a request of materials and tools, the following forms should be
accomplished:

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 22
 A. Requisition Slip

Name of School:
______________________________________________________________
Address:
_____________________________________________________________________

Plumbing Shop
Requisition Slip

NAME OF PROJECT_______________________________ DATE:

____________________
Purpose___________________________________________ Group:
___________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Balance on Quantity Materials and Unit Price Total
Hand Description

Requested by:
_____________________ Approved:
Student’s Name
_____________________ ______________________
Foreman Shop Teacher

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 23
 B. The following are the terminologies found in a requisition form:

1. Name of Project indicates the task in which the materials will be used.
Example: Repair of School Lavatory

2. Balance On Hand indicates the quantity and unit of materials still

available in the stockroom

3. Requisition Quantity
and Unit is a number and units of materials requested

4. Unit write the unit of measuring quantity

5. Material/ Description write the name of material and description or

Specification (e.g. PVC Pipe 12mm X 3m)

6. Unit Price is a price of material per piece or per unit

7. Total is a unit price X Quantity (ex. 3 pc x P30 = P90.00)

8. Barrower is a name and signature of the person requesting tools and

materials.

9. Tool Keeper is the one who is responsible to take care the of the tool
room

10. Job Order is workings sheet that server as a complete guide of the
student to a certain task to be done.

11. Safety Officer is the person in-charge to monitor the safety

conditioning of the workplace.

12. Material Officer is a person responsible in the release and retrieve of

excess materials.

13. Lead man is a person that leads the group in the specific task.

14. Foreman is a person responsible in the overall operation of the

worker in the workplace.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 24
B. Borrower’s Slip

Plumbing Shop

Barrower’s Slip
Date:_____________

Approved by:

__________________________________
_______________________________
Tool Keeper Borrower

__________________________________
Foreman

__________________________________
Shop Teacher

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 25
REQUISITION PROCEDURE

In making a request for materials and tools needed, the following StandardOperating
Procedure (SOP) should be followed:

1. List down the materials and tools needed as per job requirement.

2. Check for the availability of the needed materials and tools in the stockroom.

3. Accomplish a requisition form

4. Let the shop teacher check the requisition form.

5. Submit the requisition form to the material officer

6. Unavailable requested materials and tools should be substituted without

sacrificing the cost and quality of work

7. The material officer will prepare the requested material for issuance to the
student.

How Much Have You Learned?

Self-Check 2.1

I. Directions: Fill in the blanks with appropriate term in filling out a requisition
form. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet.
Choose from the choices below:

a. Name of project
b. Requisition quantity
c. Balance on hand
d. Material description
e. Borrower

1. The specification of materials is requested for_____.

2. The task in which the materials and tools will be used is_____.

3. The price of the material per piece or per unit is_____.

4. The quantity and unit of materials still available in the stockroom is _____.

5. Name and signature of the person making the request_____.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 26
II. Directions: Arrange the following steps in proper order. Write the letter of the
correct
sequence on a separate sheet of paper.

a. Check for the availability of materials and tools needed in the stockroom

b. Submit the accomplished requisition form to the supply officer

c. Accomplish a requisition form

d. Prepare a list of the materials and tools needed as per job requirements

e. Select substitute materials and tools if the requested ones are not available

f. Let the shop teacher check the requisition form.

g. List down the materials needed as per job requirement

Proper order in making a request

1. _________________________
2. _________________________
3. _________________________
4. _________________________
5. _________________________
6. _________________________
7. _________________________

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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 27
 LEARNING OUTCOME 3

Receive and inspect materials and tools

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

 Received and inspected materials and tools as per quantity and

specification are based on requisition.
 Tools and materials are checked for damages and manufacturing
defects.
 Materials and tools received are handled with appropriate safety
devices.
 Materials and tools are set aside to appropriate location nearest to
the workplace.

What Do You Already Know?

Pretest LO 3

Let us determine how much you already know about receiving and inspecting
materials and tools. Take this test.

Directions: Encircle the best answer from the choices given.

1. What is the importance of material management?

A. It provides the best service to the clientele
B. It maximizes efficiency
C. It helps in monitoring and managing inventories
D. All of the above.

2. What happens when the employees are not informed of the Receiving
Procedure?
A. Productivity and efficiency of the company’s employees are affected.
B. Wastage of resources is evident.
C. Misunderstanding among and between employees occurs.
D. All of the above.

3. Which ensures correctness of deliveries or performance of services?

A. Requisition procedure C. Inspection procedure
B. Receiving procedure D. any of the above

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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 28
 4. Which procedure generally finds out inconsistency in the required
specifications of materials, tools, and equipment?
A. Requisition procedure C. Inspection procedure
B. Receiving procedure D. Handling procedure

5. Which shows proper carrying and safekeeping of items?

A. Requisition procedure C. Inspection procedure
B. Receiving procedure D. Handling procedure

What Do You Need To Know?

Read the Information Sheet 3.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing the Self-check 3.1.

Information Sheet 3.1

PROCEDURE IN RECEIVING MATERIALS AND TOOLS

After you have made a request, you are now ready to receive the needed
materials and tools. A standard operating procedure (SOP) must be followed. In
connection to this, the following are safety measures and proper handling of
materials and tools:

1. Check if the materials and tools are complete in terms of quantity or unit.
2. Check if the materials and tools are of correct specifications.
3. See to it that the materials and tools are of good working conditions.
4. Check the tools with accessories. See to it that nothing is missing.
5. Check the materials for damages or defects.
6. If any of the following is found, report/ return immediately to the material
officer.
and tools
are not in accordance with specifications
.g. faucet without handle or
gasket )

7. Get replacements for those returned materials or tools.

8. Sign an issue receipt or borrower’s slip. It signifies that you have received
the materials and tools issued in good conditions.
9. Take the issued materials and tools to the workplace.

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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 29
Material Management

Effective material management is very essential in so many ways for the

company or office: First, it provides the best service to the clientele; second, it maximizes
efficiency; and, third, it helps in monitoring and managing inventories.

Receiving Procedure

Procedure for receiving requisitions varies in every office or school shop for
certain purposes. Offices make it a point that everything is in proper order and
perspective to ensure effectiveness and efficiency. However, it is a must that everybody
in the company especially the concerned employees are well-acquainted of the process
to avoid or at least minimize waste of resources which is very significant to the
company’s success.

Below, are samples of Receiving Procedure:

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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 30
 Fig.1. Receiving Procedure in Matrix Form

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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 31
 Fig. 2. Receiving Procedure in Schematic Diagram

Quality Inspection and Procedure

Delivered or issued items out of requisition should be properly inspected for

accuracy in terms of quality, specifications, quantity, and functionality or workability. The
act which involves monitoring, observing or testing, usually involving product sampling,
to insure compliance with the requirements is known as quality inspection. It includes
activities such as collecting data from the item or items to ensure quality and
preciseness.

Once quality inspection has been done, the receiver signs a paper or form to
attest to the completeness and compliance with the requisition; otherwise, he is obliged
PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 32
to make a report of his inspection findings to persons or authorities concerned for
appropriate action.

Materials Handling

Materials handling operations are carried out in most offices or plants. Each
handling task poses unique demands on the worker. However, work places can help
workers to perform these tasks safely and easily by implementing and upholding proper
policies and procedures. For Industrial plants, regulations under Industrial
Establishments (O. Reg. 851/90) made under the Occupational Health and Safety Act
should be properly observed.

 Hazards

To assess the hazards of manual material handling operations, consider

the load, the task, the environment in which the task is performed, and the
operator. When these factors interact with each other, they can create hazards
that result in injuries. A load may be hazardous because of:
o Weight
o Size
o shape (making it awkward to handle)
o coupling (type of grip on the load)
o slippery or damaged surfaces
o absent or inappropriate handles, and
o imbalance (i.e., changing centre of gravity)
The task or method of handling may be hazardous when it involves:
o lifting or lowering
–– repetitively
–– quickly
–– for extended periods of time
–– while seated or kneeling
–– immediately after prolonged flexion
–– shortly after a period of rest
o an inability to get close to the load
o moving the load over large distances
o accuracy and precision required because of
–– fragile loads, or
–– specific unloading locations
o materials positioned too low or too high
o hazardous movements or postures (e.g.,twisting, extended bending and
reaching)
o multiple handling requirements (e.g., lifting, carrying, unloading)

 Control Measures

The best control measure is to eliminate the need for workers to perform
manual handling tasks. Since this is not always possible, design manual handling
tasks so that they are within the workers’ capabilities. Considerations include the
load itself, the design of the workstation and work practices. Providing
mechanical handling devices or aids can often eliminate the task itself or ease
the demands on the worker.

 Training

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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 33
 Traditional training has focused on proper lifting methods and safe work
procedures. More recently, workplaces have introduced fitness and back
education approaches. In combination with job and workplace design changes,
these approaches are effective in preventing accidents and injuries. On the job
demonstrations and practice sessions are the best methods of training. Cover
basic manual materials handling procedures, and the proper use of mechanical
aids and techniques. Regularly reinforce the proper techniques to ensure their
continued use. The objectives of material handling training are to teach the
worker:

1. How to identify hazardous loads or handling tasks

2. The proper selection and use of mechanical handling aids
3. Safe postures and manual lifting techniques to minimize strain
4. Safe lifting techniques

How Much Have You Learned?

Self-Check 3.1

Directions: This part checks whether you have learned the required competencies for
this particular module. Simply encircle the best answer from the choices given.

1. What is the importance of material management?

A. It provides the best service to the clientele.
B. It maximizes efficiency.
C. It helps in monitoring and managing inventories.
D. All of the above.

2. What happens when the employees are not informed of the Receiving Procedure?
A. Productivity and efficiency of the company’s employees are affected.
B. Wastage of resources is evident.
C. Misunderstanding among and between employees occurs.
D. All of the above

3. Which ensures correctness of deliveries or performance of services?

A. Requisition procedure C. Inspection procedure
B. Receiving procedure D. Any of the above

4. Which procedure that generally finds out inconsistency in the required specifications
of materials, tools, and equipment?
A. Requisition procedure C. Inspection procedure
B. Receiving procedure D. Handling procedure

5. Which shows proper carrying and safekeeping of items?

A. Requisition procedure C. Inspection procedure
B. Receiving Procedure D. Handling procedure

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 34
 Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?

How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?

Directions: Call your teacher and request him to check if you have executed
the task based upon his observation.

Show that you learned something by doing this activity

Activity Sheet 3.1

DONE NOT DONE UNCERTAIN

1. Materials are identified and listed

based on job requirements. _______ _______ _______

2. Quantity and specifications of

materials and tools issued are _______ _______ _______
checked.

3. Materials and tools are checked for _______ _______ _______

damages or defects.

4. Defective materials and tools are _______ _______ _______

returned and replaced.

5. Materials and tools are properly _______ _______ _______

issued.

RECEIVING MATERIALS AND TOOLS

Directions: Using the materials to be used in requesting materials and tools do the
following task.
Procedure:
1. Secure a job order from your teacher.
2. Make a list of materials and tools needed based on the job order.
3. Check for the availability of materials and tools in the stockroom.
4. Accomplish and submit a requisition form to the supply officer.
5. Accomplish the barrower slip and submit to the tool keeper.
6. Wait till the supply officer has prepared the needed materials and tools.
7. Receive the materials and tools by followingthe procedure discussed in
Information Sheet #3.1

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 35
 How Do You Extend Your Learning?

Show that you learned something by doing this activity

Activity Sheet 3.1

I. Directions: Call your teacher and request him to check if you have executed the task
based upon his observation.

__________ 1. Materials and tools are issued only after proper requisition process.

__________ 2. Materials and tools should be checked before receiving.

__________ 3. When the materials or tools are found to be defective, better ignore it.

__________ 4. Sign an issue receipt to indicate that the materials and tools received are
of good working conditions.

__________ 5. To be able to work efficiently, the received materials and tools should be
stored to a place far from your work area.

II. Directions: Call your teacher and request him to check if you have executed the task
based upon his observation.

DONE NOT DONE UNCERTAIN

1. Materials are identified and listed

based on job requirements. _______ _______ _______

2. Quantity and specifications of

materials and tools issued are _______ _______ _______
checked.

3. Materials and tools are checked for _______ _______ _______

damages or defects.

4. Defective materials and tools are _______ _______ _______

returned and replaced.

5. Materials and tools are properly _______ _______ _______

issued.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 36
 Congratulations! You did a great job! Rest
and relax a while then move on to the next
lesson. Good luck!

REFERENCES

LO 1

 Barba, Joshua A. , Plumbing, ConvergeLink Books Corp.,

Philippines, 2006
 Better Homes and Gardens Plumbing, Meredith Books Desmoines,
Iowa, 2003
 www.wikipedia.com
LO 2

 Burghardt , Henry D. et al, Machine Tool Operation, 5th Edition,

McGraw Hill Book Co., New York , 1963
 Fajardo Jr. , Max B , Plumbing Design and Estimate, 5138 Trading
Philippines , 1975
 www.google.com.ph

LO 3

 Matthias Jr. , AJ and Smith , Esles Sr., How to Design and Install
Plumbing , 4th Edition, Navotas Press, Philippines
 Morgan , Robert E , The Complete Handbook of Plumbing, TAB
Books Inc., Phils. , 1962
 www.google.com.ph
 http://www.virginia.edu/integratedsystem/howdoi/HTML/PRO5007U.h
tml
 http://www.accountingformanagement.com/controlling_and_costing_
materials.htm
 http://search.yahoo.com/search;_ylt=A0oG7jK6RkRP5GgAi_VXNyo
A?p=Receiving%20Procedure%20of%20Requisitioned%20Materials
&fr2=sb-top&fr=yfp-t-701
 http://www.sixsigmaspc.com/dictionary/quality-inspection.html
 http://www.iapa.ca/pdf/manmat.pdf

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 LESSON 2

Perform Mensurations and Calculations

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson you are expected to
do the following:

LO 1. select measuring instrument; and

LO 2. carry out mensurations and calculations.

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 Definition of Terms
Accuracy -means correctness, exactness, precision.
Area -is any of space especially of ground or surface that
is distinguishable
from its surrounding in appearance or in certain distinctive features
Clearance - is the space, allowance or gap between working part of an object.
English System -is the old way of measurement that replaced the metric system.
Height -may be used with reference whether high or low by a standard of
companion.
Instrument - is a device that measures or controls something.
Length - refers to how long an object is
Measurement - refers to the size, length, quantity or rate of something that has been
measured.
Mensurations -the calculation of geometric quantities such as length, area and
volume from dimensions and angles that are already known.
Metric System -is the System of measurement which uses 10 as its multiple in all
its
conversion is it in distance, volume, weight etc.
PPE - is an acronym that stands for Personal Protective Equipment
Pressure - is the force acting on a surface divided by the area over which it
acts.
Volume -refers to the magnitude size intent, dimension, areas, and bulk,
mass
the total amount of something.
Weight -refers to the total quality of heaviness and things determined by
their
mass or control acts efforts to lift or move them.

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 LEARNING OUTCOME 1

Select measuring instrument

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

 Accurate measurements are obtained according to job requirements.

 Identified and converted systems of measurement are according to job
requirements.
 Measured work pieces are according to job requirements.

What Do You Already Know?

Pretest LO 1

Let us determine how much you already know about perform estimation. Take
this test.

Measuring Instruments in Plumbing

Matching Type: Match the definition in Column A with the term Column B.
COLUMN A COLUMN B

1. A tool used to measure the outside diameter of a pipe. a. Outside Caliper

b. L-Square
2. A tool which is made up of steel having divisions in metric c. Pull Push Rule
system used for layout. d. Try Square
e. Inside Caliper
3. A measuring tools used to measure the inside diameters
or width of pipe and slots.

4. A tool intended to measure the angle, if necessary.

5. A tool used to measure the length of a pipe.

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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 40
 What Do You Need To Know?

Read the Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing the Self-check 1.1.

Information Sheet 1.1

Measuring Instruments

Measuring Tools

Inside Caliper is used to measure the internal size of an object.

Outside Caliper is used to measure the external size of an object

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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 41
Steel Square is a tool that carpenters and other tradesman use consisting of a large
arm and a smaller arm which meet at an angle 90˚.Today the steel square is more
commonly referred to as the framing square.

TRY SQUARE is a wood working or a metal working tool used for marking/measuring a
piece of wood. It is primarily used to measure the accuracy of right angle (90˚ degrees)
tried on any surface so as to check its straightness or correspondence to an adjoining
surface.

PULL PUSH RULE (Tape Measure) is a flexible tape measure which is available
in lengths up to 50 feet. Other tapes that are 12 to 25 feet are usually
considered adequate. Most tapes have an automatic power return that is useful
but not necessary.

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 Proper Handling of Measuring Instruments

How to Handle Measuring Tool

Each measuring tool has its specific way of handling. This must be followed by
every student user to maintain its usefulness. Listed below are some of the measuring
tools, there are also safety measures to be observed in handling each tool.

Measuring Tools

Inside Caliper is adjusted by rotating the screw to measure holes and diameters

Avoid using tip of the inside caliper to open the cover of any can. Avoid dropping
it to maintain its accuracy in taking measurements.

Outside Caliper is a tool used to measure the external size of an object

Outside Caliper is a tool used to measure the external size of an object

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 43
Steel Square is a tool that a carpenter and other tradesman use. It consists of a large
arm and a smaller arm which meet at an angle of 90˚.Today the steel square is more
commonly referred to as the framing square.

Hold the tool firmly and cautiously. See to it that it won‟t drop. It has a sharp pointed end
and dangerous.

TRY SQUARE is a wood working or a metal working tool used for marking/measuring a
piece of wood. It is primarily used to measure the accuracy of right angle (90˚ degrees)
tried on any surface so as to check its straightness or correspondence to an adjoining
surface.

Hold the try-square properly to maintain its straight edges which are used to
get the desired angle. Don‟t use it for other purposes. Put it in its proper place.

PULL PUSH RULE (Tape Measure) is a flexible tape measure available in lengths
up to 50 feet. Other tapes that are 12 to 25 feet are usually considered adequate.
Most tapes have an automatic power return that is useful but not necessary.

Hold the tip of the pull push rule when removing it from its housing. Put it slowly to avoid
cut from the steel tape.

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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 44
 How Much Have You Learned?

Self-Check 1.1

Measuring Instruments in Plumbing

I. Matching Type: Match the definition in Column A with the term Column B.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1. A tool used to measure the outside diameter of a pipe. a. Outside Caliper

b. L-Square
2. A tool which is made up of steel having divisions in metric c. Pull Push Rule
system used for layout. d. Try Square
e. Inside Caliper
3. A measuring tools used to measure the inside diameters or
width of pipe and slots.

4. A tool intended to measure the angle, if necessary.

5. A tool used to measure the length of a pipe.

After this activity proceed to next page please.

Competent_____ Not Competent______

Students Name: ______________________________ Date: ___________

Teacher‟s Name: ______________________________ Date: ___________

II. Directions: On a blank sheet. Write T if the statement is true and F if the
statement is false.

A.
______ 1. The steel tape in the housing of pull push rule should be avoided.
______ 2. It is safe to bend a try square.
______ 3. Any user can keep the tools at any place.
______ 4. Holding the outside caliper tightly make difficult adjustments.
______ 5. To get the desired data measuring tools should be handled properly.

B. Essay

Directions: Explain how the following tools are handled properly.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 45
1. Pull push rule
2. Try square
3. Frame square
4. Outside caliper
5. Inside caliper

Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?

LEARNING OUTCOME 2

Carry out mensurations and calculations

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

 Object or component to be measured are identified, classified and

interpreted according to the appropriate regular geometric shape.
 Measuring tools are selected/identified as per object to be measured or
job requirements.
 Correct specifications are obtained from relevant sources.
 Measuring instruments are selected according to job requirements.
 Alternative measuring tools are used without sacrificing cost and
quality of work.
 Measurements are obtained according to job requirements.

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 What Do You Already Know?

Pretest LO 2

Let us determine how much you already know about calculation. Take this test.

Direction: Convert the following measurements as required in the given.

1). 64 cm - ---------------------- inches

2). 59 yards - --------------------- feet

3). 95.5 dm - --------------------- meter

4). 19 inches - ------------------- centimetre

5). 47 feet - ----------------------- inches

6). 4 m - ----------------------cm

7). 9 yards - --------------------- feet

8). 5.5 dm - --------------------- meter

9). 9meters - ------------------- centimetre

10). 7 feet - ----------------------- inches

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 What Do You Need To Know?

Read the Information Sheet 2.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing the Self-check 2.1.

Information Sheet 2.1

LINEAR MEASUREMENT (International System)

1 meter = 1.0936 yards

Metric System Basic Measurement 1 statute = 5280 feet
1 kilometer = 3281 feet
LINEAR MEASURE 1 foot = 12 inches
1 rod = 165 feet
1 mile = 5280 feet
1 Centimeter = 10 Millimeters 1 meter = 39.37 inches
1 Decimeter = 10 Centimeters 10 millimeters = 1 centimeter
1 Meter = 10 Decimeters 10 centimeters = 1 decimeter
1 Decameter = 10 Meters 10 decimeters = 1 meter
1 Hectometer = 10 Decameter 1000 meters = 1 kilometer = 3,281 ft.
100 hectometer = 1 kilometer = 3,28.1 ft.
1 Kilometer = 1000 Meters
LINEAR CONVERSION TABLE
SQUARE MEASURE (AREA) Inches Centimeters
1 Sq. Centimeter = 100 Sq. Millimeters 0.3937 1 2.5399
.7874 2 5.0799
1 Sq. Meter = 10,000 Sq. Centimeters 1.1811 3 7.6199
1 Acre = 100 Sq. Meters 1.5748 4 10.1599
1 Hectare = 100 Acres 1.9685 5 12.6999
= 10,000 Sq. Meter 2.3622 6 15.2399
2.7559 7 17.7799
1 Sq. Kilometer = 100 Hectares
3.1496 8 20.3199
= 1,000,000 Sq. Meters 3.5433 9 22.8599

CUBIC MEASURE (VOLUME) Feet Centimeters

1 Cubic Centimeter = 1000 Cu. Millimeters 3.2808 1 0.3048
6.5617 2 .6069
1 Cubic Decimeters = 1000 Cu. Centimeters 9.8425 3 .9144
1 Cubic Meter = 1000 Cu. Decimeters 13.1234 4 1.2192
16.4042 5 1.5240
CAPACITY MEASURE (LIQUID) 19.6850 6 1.8288
1 Centiliter = 10 Milliliters 22.9658 7 2.1336
26.2467 8 2.4384
1 Deciliter = 10 Centiliters 29.5275 9 2.7432
1 Liter = 10 Deciliters
1 Deciliter = 10 Liters Feet Centimeters
1 Hectoliter = 10 Decaliters 1.0936 1 0.9144
2.1872 2 1.8288
1 Kiloliter = 10 Hectoliters 3.2808 3 2.7432
= 100 Liters 4.3744 4 3.6576
5.4681 5 4.5720
METRIC CONVERSION 6.5616 6 5.4864
IN TERMS OF LINEAR 7.6553 7 6.4008
8.7489 8 7.3152
1 inch = 25.400 millimeters 9.8425 9 8.2296
1 mm = 0.03937 inch

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1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 cm = 0.3937 inch
1 foot = 12 inches
1 inch = 0.08333 foot
1 foot = 0.333 yard
1 yard = 3 feet
1 foot = 0.30481 meter
1 meter = 3.2809 feet
1 yard = 36 inches
1 yard = 91.44 centimeters
1 centimeter = 0.9144 meter

METRIC CONVERSION METRIC CONVERSION

IN TERMS OF SQ. MEASURE IN TERMS OF VOLUME
1 sq. in. = 6.4516 sq. cm. 1 cu. in = 0.00051787 cu. ft.
1 sq. cm. = 0.15500 sq. ft. 1 cu. ft. = 1728 cu. inches
1 sq. ft. = 144 sq. ft. 1 cu. in. = 0.004329 gallons
1 sq. in. = 0.0094 sq. ft. 1 gallon = 231 cu. inches
1 sq. ft. = 929.03 sq. cm. 1 cu. in. = 16.93 cu. m.
1 sq. cm. = 0.00180 sq. ft. 1 cu. cm. = 0.06102 cu. in.
1 sq. ft. = 0.092903 sq. m. 1 cu. in = 0.00001639 cu. m.
1 sq. m. = 10.764 sq. ft. 1 cu. in = 61023 cu. m.
1 sq. yd = 9 sq. ft. 1 cu. ft. = 1728 cu. inches
1 sq. ft. = 0.1111 sq. yd. 1 cu. in = 0.0005787 cu. ft.
1 sq. yd = 0.83612 sq. m. 1 cu. ft. = 7481 gallons
1 sq. m. = 1.196 sq. yd. 1 gallon = 0.1337 cu. ft.
640 acres = 1 sq. mile 1 cu. ft. = 0.0283 cu. m.
30-1/4 sq. yd. = 1 sq. pole 1 cu. m. = 35.31 cu. ft.
40 sq. pole = 1 rod 1 cu. ft. = 28.32 liters
1 rod = 1 acre 1 liter = 0.03531 cu. ft.
1 cu. yd = 27 cu. ft.
AREA 1 cu. ft. = 0.300873 cu. yd
1 pint = 0.4732 liters
Sq. Inches Sq. Centimeters 1 liter = 2.11327 pints
0.1550 1 6.4515 1 quart = 2 pints
0.3100 2 12.9030 1 pint = 0.50 quarts
0.4650 3 19.3545 1 quart = 0.25 gallons
0.6200 4 25.8060 1 gallon = 4 quarts
0.7750 5 32.2575 1 quart = 57.75 cu. inches
0.9300 6 38.7090 1 cu. in = 0.17316 quarts
1.0850 7 45.1605 1 quart = 0.03342 cu. ft.
1.2400 8 51.6120 1 cu. ft. = 29.9222 quarts
1.3950 9 58.0635 1 quart = 0.9464 liter
1 liter = 1.057 quarts
Sq. Feet Sq. Meters 1 gallon = 231 cu. inches
10.7638 1 0.0930 1 cu. in. = 0.004329 gallons
21.5276 2 0.1860 1 gallon = 3.78 liters
32.2914 3 0.2790 1 liter = 0.2642 gallon
43.0552 4 0.3720 1 kiloliter = 1,000 liters
53.8190 5 0.4650 = 1.308 cu. Yards
64.5828 6 0.5580 =264.18 gallons
75.3466 7 0.6510 1 hectoliter = 100 liters
86.1104 8 0.7440 = 2.838 bushels
96.8742 9 0.8370 =26.418 gallons

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 1 liter = 0.908 quart or 1.057
Sq. Yards Sq. Meters quarts
1.1960 1 0.8361 1 centiliter = 0.01 liter
2.3920 2 1.6723 = 0.0610 cu. Inch
3.5880 3 2.5084 =338 ft. ounce
4.7840 4 3.3445 1 milliliter = 0.001 liter
5.9800 5 4.1806 = 0.061 cu. inch
7.1760 6 5.0168 =.271 ft. dram
8.3720 7 5.8529 1000 cu. millimeters = 1 cu. centimeter
9.5680 8 6.6890 1000 cu. centimeters = 1 cu. decimeter
10.7640 9 7.5252 1000 cu. decimeters = 1 cu. meter
728 cu. inches = 1 cu. foot
27 cu. feet = 1 cu. yard
128 cu. ft. = 1 core of wd
24-1/4 cu. ft. = 1 ph of stone

Cubic Inches Cubic Centimeters

0.0610 1 16.3871 OUNCES TO POUNDS
0.1220 2 32.7742 2.2046 1 0.4536
0.1830 3 49.1613 4.4092 2 0.9072
0.2440 4 65.5484 6.6139 3 1.3608
0.3050 5 81.9355 8.8185 4 1.8144
0.3660 6 98.3226 11.0231 5 2.2680
0.4270 7 114.7097 13.2277 6 2.7215
0.4880 8 131.0968 15.4323 7 3.1751
0.5490 9 147.4839 17.6370 8 3.6287
19.8416 9 4.0823
Cubic Feet Cubic Meters
35.3145 1 0.0283 TROY (WEIGHT)
70.6289 2 0.0566 24 Grains = 1 Penny-Weight
105.9434 3 0.0850 12 Ounces = 1 Ounce Weight
141.2578 4 0.1133 12 Ounces = 1 Pound
176.5723 5 0.1416
211.8867 6 0.1699 AVOIRDUPOIS (WEIGHT)
247.2042 7 0.1982 16 Drams = 1 Ounce
282.5156 8 0.2266 16 Ounces = 1 Pound
317.8301 9 0.2550 100 Pounds = 1 Short Hundred Weight
112 Pounds = 1 Long Hundred Weight
WEIGHT CONVERSION IN METRIC 20 Hundred = 1 Ton Weight
1 Kilogram = 100 Grams
= 2.205 Pounds APOTHECARIES (WEIGHT)
1 Hectogram = 10 Grams 20 Grains = 1 Scruple
= 3.527 Ounces 3 Scruples = 1 Dram
1 Gram = 0.035 Ounce 8 Drams = 1 Ounce
1 Centigram = 0.01 Gram 12 Ounces = 1 Ton Weight
= .154 Grain (Troy)
1 Milligram = 0.001 Gram (gr.) LIQUID MEASUREMENT
= 0.015 Grain (Troy) Pint to Liters
1 Ounce = 28.35 Grams 2.1134 1 0.4732
1 Gram = 0.03537 Ounce (oz.) 4.2268 2 0.9464
1 Ounce = 0.2835 Kilogram (kg.) 6.3402 3 1.4196

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 50
1 Kilogram = 35.274 Ounces. 8.4536 4 1.8928
1 Pound = 16 Ounces 10.5670 5 2.3660
1 Ounce = 0.0625 Pounds 12.6804 6 2.8392
1 Pound = 453.6 Grams 14.7938 7 3.3124
1 Gram = 0.002205 Pounds 16.9072 8 3.7856
1 Pound = .4536 Joules Gram 19.0206 9 4.2588

OUNCES TO POUNDS
0.03573 1 28.3495
0.0705 2 56.6990
0.1058 3 85.0486
0.1429 4 113.3980
0.1787 5 141.7475
0.2144 6 170.0970
0.2501 7 198.4465
0.2858 8 226.7960
0.3216 9 255.1455

PLUMBING
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 IDENTIFY MEASURING TOOL AND INSTRUMENT IN MEASURING OBJECTS

BASIC MEASURING TOOLS

Graduations on a Rule

INCHES

HALVES

QUARTERS

EIGHTHS

SIXTEENTH
S

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 52
 THIRTY- SECONDS

READING FOURTHS ON A RULE

READING
FOURTHS
ON A RULE

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 53
BASIC TYPES OF OBJECTS ON ITS REGULAR GEOMETRIC SHAPE

Types of Geometric Figures

a. Square - Figure having four sides of equal length and four right angles

b. Rectangle - Figure with two parallel ends of equal length,two parallel sides of equal
length, and four right angles.

c. Triangle - Figure having three sides and three angles

d. Circle - Flat, round figure formed by one curved line, all points of which are equidistant
from center point

e. Rhombus - Figure having no right

angles and four sides of equal length

f. Parallelogram - Figure such as a square, rectangle or rhombus with two parallel ends
of equal length and two parallel sides of equal length.

g. Trapezoid - Figure with only one pair of parallel opposite sides.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 54
Units of Measure and their Equivalents:

a. Inch (“) - Equal to one-twelfth of a foot (1/12) or one thirty-sixth of a yard (1/36 yard)
b. Foot („) - Equal to twelve inches (12”) or one-third of a yard (1/3 yard)
c. Yard - Equal to three feet (3‟) or thirty-six inches (36”)
d. Rod - Equal to sixteen and one-half feet (161/2)
e. Mile - Equal to five thousand, two hundred and eighty feet (5280‟)

12 inch 3 ft

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 55
 How Much Have You Learned?

Self-Check 2.1

Metric System
10 millimeter – 1 centimeter
10 centimeter – 1 decimeter
10 decimeter – 1 meter

English System
12 inches – 1 foot
3 feet - 1 yard

Metric – English
1 millimeter – 0.03993 inches
1 inch – 2.54 centimeter
1 foot – 0.3048 millimeter
1 yard – 0.9144 millimeter

Using the given conversion table above solve for the desire units

1. 64 cm - ---------------------- inches
2. 59 yards - --------------------- feet
3. 95.5 dm - --------------------- meter
4. 19 inches - ------------------- centimeter
5. 47 feet - ----------------------- inches

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 56
 Congratulations! You did a great job! Rest
and relax a while then move on to the next
lesson. Good luck!

REFERENCES

LO1
 Barba, Joshua A., Plumbing, ConvergeLink Books Corp., Philippines, 2006.
 Better Homes and Gardens Plumbing, Meredith Books Desmoines, Iowa,
2003
 www.google.com.ph
LO 2

 Burghardt , Henry D. et al, Machine Tool Operation, 5th Edition, Mc Graw

Hill Book Co., New York , 1963
 Fajardo Jr. , Max B , Plumbing Design and Estimate, 5138 Trading
Philippines , 1975
 www.google.com.ph

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 57
 LESSON 3

Interpret technical drawings and plans

30 30
0 0

a
l
t
base

A H h
h
B
CONE PYRAMID

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson you are expected to do the
following:

LO 1. Analyze signs, symbols and data

LO 2. Interpret technical drawing

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 58
 Definition of Terms

Analyze – to examine something in great detail in order to understand it better or

Block Diagram – showing the basic form or lay-out of plumbing diagram in block form
labeled

Blueprint – a photographic print of technical drawing with white lines and blue
backgrounds.

Construct – to build or assemble something by putting together separate parts in an

Data – factual information obtain from experiments or survey. Basis for making
calculation

Dimension – measurement of one or more direction such as length, width, and height.

discover more about it.

Electrical – involving electric cables or circuits powered by electricity.

Interpret – to ascribe particular meaning of significance to something.

Mechanical – a system involving the pipe lines, and mechanical component of

or drawing conclusions.

Ordered way.

Pictorial Diagram – showing the basic form or lay-out of pictures of actual component.

Plan – method of doing something that is work out in advance.

Refrigeration and Air conditioning technology.

Schematic Diagram – showing the basic form or lay-out of plumbing symbols.

Sign – something that indicates the rule to follow.

Symbol – something that represents abstraction

with the names of plumbing components.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 59
LEARNING OUTCOME 1

Analyze signs, symbols and data

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

1. Sign, symbols, and data are identified according to job specifications.

2. Sign, symbols and data are determined according to classification or as
appropriate in drawing.

Materials / Resources
 PLAN
 SIGN AND SYMBOLS
 PAPER
 PENCIL
 BALLPEN
 RULER
 TRIANGLE
 ERASER
 CORRECTION LIQUID
 OSLO PAPER
 SHARPENER
 COMPASS

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 60
 What Do You Already Know?

Pretest LO. 1

Let us determine how much you already know about Analyze Symbols and Data. .
Take this test.

IDENTIFICATION
Direction: Identify the plumbing symbols in each item. Write your answer on the space
provided before each number.

1. _________________________________________

2. _________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________

4. ___________________________________________

5. ___________________________________________

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 61
Directions: Match column A to column B

COLUMN A COLUMN B

____1. Long break line a. Very light line used to “block in” an object. These
lines are made so light that little or no erasing is
needed. They serve as base for darkening in the
permanent line

____2. Dimension line b. Heavy, solid line used to frame in the

drawing

____3. Centerline c. A medium line used to show edges and

contours visible to the eye.

____4. Invisible line d. A medium line used to show edges and

contours not visible to the eye.

____5. Visible line e.A light line used as axis of symmetry.

Used for center of circle and arcs.
Sometimes the symbol is shown

____6. Borderline f. Light thin lines used to show the sizes of the
object. Extension lights start about 1/16” from
visible or object line. The dimension line is broken
near the center for the dimension.

____7. Construction line g. Wavy line draws freehand for the same purpose
as long break.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 62
 What Do You Need To Know?

Read the Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing the Self-check 3.1. , 2.2

Information Sheet 3.1

PLUMBING SYMBOLS

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 63
 Information Sheet 3.2

Alphabets of Lines

In sketching orthographic drawing, certain conventional lines are used for a

definite purpose. These lines are commonly called Alphabet of Lines.

USES OF ALPHABET OF LINES

Construction line Very light line used to “block in” an object. These lines are
made so light that little or no erasing is needed. They serve
as base for darkening in the permanent line

Borderline Heavy, solid line used to frame in the drawing

Visible line A medium line used to show edges and contours not visible
to the eye.

Invisible line A medium line used to show edges and contours not visible
to the eye.

Centerline A light line used as axis of symmetry. Used for center of

circle and arcs. Sometimes the symbol is shown

Dimension line Light thin lines used to show the sizes of the object.
Extension lights start about 1/16” from visible or object line.
The dimension line is broken near the center for the
dimension.

Long break line Wavy line draws freehand for same purpose as long break.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 64
 How Much Have You Learned?
Self-Check 3.1

Direction: Enumerate at least 10 plumbing signs and symbols

1. ________________________
2. ________________________
3. ________________________
4. ________________________
5. ________________________
6. ________________________
7. ________________________
8. ________________________
9. ________________________
10. ________________________

Self-Check 3.2

Direction: Enumerate the different kinds of lines.

1. ________________________
2. ________________________
3. ________________________
4. ________________________
5. ________________________
6. ________________________
7. ________________________
8. ________________________
9. ________________________
10. ________________________

Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 65
 Congratulations! You did a great job! Rest
and relax a while then move on to the next
lesson. Good luck!

REFERENCES

LO1
 Barba, Joshua A., Plumbing, ConvergeLink Books Corp., Philippines, 2006.
 Better Homes and Gardens Plumbing, Meredith Books Desmoines, Iowa,
2003
 www.google.com.ph
LO 2

 Burghardt , Henry D. et al, Machine Tool Operation, 5th Edition, Mc Graw

Hill Book Co., New York , 1963
 Fajardo Jr. , Max B , Plumbing Design and Estimate, 5138 Trading
Philippines , 1975
 www.google.com.ph

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 66
 LEARNING OUTCOME 2

Interpret Technical Drawing

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

 Necessary tools, materials and equipment are identified according to the plan.
 Components, assemblies or object are recognized as per job requirement.
 Dimensions and specification are identified according to job requirements.
 Freehand sketch is produced in accordance with job requirements.

Materials / Resources

 Plumbing Symbols
 Blueprint
 Plumbing Plan
 Pencil
 Ruler
 Eraser
 Plumbing manuals

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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 67
 What Do You Already Know?

Pretest LO 2

Let us determine how much you already know about technical drawings plans and
plumbing plans

B. True or False.
Directions: Write letter T if the statement is true, and letter F, if it’s false.

____________1. Blueprint is a framework gives you a solid foundation to build your

project on top of, with an easy-to-use grid, sensible typography, useful plug-in, and even
a style sheet for printing.
____________2. Mechanical Plan is a drawing done to scale using specialized
instruments showing the actual part of an object.
____________3. Electrical Plan is a drawing done to scale using specialized
instruments.
____________4.Sign and Symbol is very much important to plan of the worker.

____________5.Schematic Diagram is the design that follows of the technician when

there is a problem encounter.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 68
 What Do You Need To Know?

Read the Information Sheet 2.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing the Self-check 2.1.

Information Sheet 2.1

PLUMBING PARTS AND FITTINGS WITH SYMBOLS

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 69
Information Sheet 2.2

PROPER INSTALLATION/LAYOUT OF INSULATED VENTILLATION PIPES

AND PROPER INSTALLATION/LAY OUT OF LAVATORY,BATH TAB, TOILET BOWL,
KITCHEN SINK AND LAUNDRY APPLIANCE

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 70
 Self-Check 2.1

Draw the following signs, signals, symbols and barricades used in building
construction:

1. Under Construction
2. Exit
3. Slippery When Wet
4. Directional signs
5. Danger Keep Out

Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 71
 How Do You Extend What You Have Learned?
Show that you learned something by doing this activity

Assignment Sheet 2.1

Draw the plumbing lay out of residential unit with the

following :

Kitchen Sink
Toilet Bowl
Bath Tab
Laundry Appliances

Congratulations! You did a great job! Rest

and relax a while then move on to the next
lesson. Good luck!

REFERENCES

LO2

 Giesecke, Mitchell and Spencer, Technical Drawing; The

Macmillan Company: 1999
 German M. Manaois, Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:
1983
 Esguerra and Molino, Exploratory Drafting; Abiva
Publishing: 1980
 Stirling, Norman, Introduction to Technical Drawing, Metric
Edition
 http://www.images.search.yahoo.com/search/image


PLUMBING
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 LESSON 4
Maintain Tools and Equipment

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson you are expected to do the
following:

LO 1. Check conditions of tools and equipment

LO 2. Perform basic preventive maintenance

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 73
 Definition of Terms

Condemned Unfunctional tools or equipment that are to be disposed

Dull Unsharpened cutting and tools.
Equipment A power tool usually run by motor.
Grind to wear down, polish, or sharpen by friction.
Lubricant A good solvent cleaner
Maintenance The act of keeping tools and equipment in good working condition.
P.P.E Personal Protective Equipment
Repair The process of fixing tool or equipment to make it serviceable again.
Sharpening the process of sharpening of tools cutting edge or fine point
Solvent A substance, usually a liquid, capable of dissolving another substance

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 74
LEARNING OUTCOME 1

Check conditions of tools and equipment

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

 Tools and equipment are identified according to classification/specification and

job requirements.
 Non-functional tools and equipment are segregated and labeled according to
classification.
 Safety of tools and equipment are observed in accordance with manufacturer’s
instructions.
.

What Do You Already Know?

Pretest LO 1

Let us determine how much you already know about checking conditions of tools
and equipments. Take this test.

Direction: Given the choices below, identify the following tools and equipment used in
plumbing.

PLUMB BOB OR PLUMMET PULL PUSH RULE (Tape Measure)

TRY SQUARE Steel Square
Outside Caliper Inside Caliper
CLAMP BENCH VISE
BASIN WRENCH

1. It is a tool used for testing and surveying to position a point on the ground that is
not readily visible.

2. It is a flexible tape measure which is available in lengths up to 50 feet.

3. Itis a wood working or a metal working tool used for marking/measuring a piece of
wood. It is primarily used to measure the accuracy of right angle (90˚ degrees)
tried on any surface so as to check its straightness or correspondence to an
adjoining surface.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 75
 4. It is a tool used by carpenters and other tradesman. It consists of a large arm and
a smaller arm that meet at an angle of 90˚.

5. It is a tool used to measure the external size of an object.

6. It is a tool used to measure the internal size of an object

7. It is a tool used to grip and hold an object firmly such as wood, paper, plastic, and
some metals for a short period time.

8. It is a tool with a mechanical screw apparatus used for holding or clamping a

work piece to allow work to be performed on it using anchor.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 76
 What Do You Need To Know?

Read the Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing the Self-check 1.1.

Information Sheet 1.1

CLASSIFICATION OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

BORING TOOLS

COLD CHISEL is a tool made from hexagon or octagon-shaped steel and is

commonly called cold chisel steel. Its convenient size is for
handling. One end is shaped for cutting operations.

ELECTRIC DRILL is a power tool that rotates a replaced drill bit to make a hole
in wood, plastic or metal. Alternately, a screw driver tip can
be installed to turn screw.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 77
HAND DRILL is a tool used with drills or bits found around the tang. The tang is the
end of the bit of which is held in the brace.

CUTTING TOOLS

CROSSCUT SAW is a type of cutting tool used to cut the grain of the wood.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 78
HACKSAW is a tool used for cutting metal, plastic or pipe.

PIPE CUTTER is a tool used for cutting pipe and tube.

PIPE REAMER is a tool used for cleaning the inside portion of the pipe and tube to
remove the burst and chips.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 79
PIPE THREAD is a tool used for threading the pipe. PIPE THREAD is a tool used
for threading the pipe.

DRIVING TOOLS

CLAW HAMMER is a tool used for pulling and driving the nails from some other
object. Generally, a hammer is associated with woodworking but is not limited to
use for any purpose.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 80
CROW BAR is a tool consisting of a metal bar with a single curved end and
flattened points, often with a small fissure on one or both ends for
removing nails.

SCREW DRIVER is a tool used to insert and tighten, or to loosen and remove screw.
The screw driver comprises a head or tip which engages with a screw, a
mechanism to apply torque by rotating the tip, and some way to position and
support screw driver.

(Screw drives types: Triple Square, Spanner head, Torque, Tri wing,
Robertson, Hex Allen, Torx, Pozidive, Crosshead, Flat)

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 81
HOLDING TOOLS

ADJUSTABLE SPANNER/WRENCH, ADJUSTABLE ANGLE HEAD WRENCH is

a tool which can be used to loosen and tighten a nut or bolt. It has a “jaw”
of adjustable-size, which allows different sizes of nut and bolt.

BASIN WRENCH is a specialized tool which allows one to reach tight spot under
sink and basin. The jaw of the basin wrench can not only be adjusted to
accommodate nuts of different sizes, but it can also be flipped over the opposite
side to keep it turning without removing the wrench

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 82
BENCH VISE is a tool with a mechanical screw apparatus used for holding or
clamping a work piece to allow work to be performed on it which uses an
anchor. Bench vise or vice has one fixed jaw and another, parallel, jaw
which is moved towards or away from the fixed jaw by the screw.

CLAMP is a tool used to grip and hold an object firmly such as wood, paper, plastic
and some metals for a short period time.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 83
PIPE WRENCH OR STILLSON WRENCH is an adjustable wrench used for turning
soft iron pipes fittings with a rounded surface. The design of the adjustable jaw
allows it to rock in the frame such that any forward pressure on the handle tends to
pull the jaw tighter together.

Measuring Tools

Inside Caliperis a tool used to measure the internal size of an object.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 84
Outside Caliperis a tool used to measure the external size of an object.

Steel Square is a tool used by carpenters and other tradesman. It consists a large
arm and a smaller arm that meet at an angle of 90˚.Today the steel square is
commonly referred to as the framing square.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 85
TRY SQUARE is a woodworking or a metal working tool used for marking/measuring
a piece of wood. It is primarily used to measure the accuracy of right angle (90˚
degrees) tried on any surface so as to check its straightness or correspondence to
an adjoining surface.

PULL PUSH RULE (Tape Measure) is a flexible tape measure which is available
in lengths up to 50 feet. Other tapes that are 12 to 25 feet are usually
considered adequate. Most tapes have an automatic power return that is
useful but not necessary.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 86
TESTING TOOLS
PLUMB BOB OR PLUMMET is a tool used for testing and surveying to position
a point on the ground that is not readily visible. Plumb bob is a weight with a
pointed tip at the bottom that is suspended from a string and used as a vertical
reference line.

TESTING TOOLS

CARPENTERS’ SQUARE - a steel square used by carpenters; larger than a try

square. Square-a hand tool consisting of two straight arms at right angles.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 87
 How Much Have You Learned?

Self-Check 1.1

Directions: Call your teacher and request him to check if you have executed
the task. You will be evaluated based upon his observation. You
have 40 minutes to complete this exercise.

Teacher’s Checklist Acceptability

YES NO

1. Tools were classified correctly.

2. Demonstrated correct use of tools.

3. Applied safety measures in holding tools.

4. Recorded the damage accurately.

5. Organized the tools properly.

After this activity, proceed to next page please.

Competent_______ Not Competent________

Students Name: ____________________________________Date: ___________

Teacher’s Name: _____________________________________Date:
____________

Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?

PLUMBING
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 How Do You Extend What You Have Learned?

Show that you learned something by doing this activity

LO 1. : CHECK OF CONDITION OF TOOLS

TITLE: CHECKING CONDITION OF TOOLS

INTRODUCTON:

Non-functional tools and equipment must be reported and filled up in the

report card. The following tools and equipment are used in checking the condition of
tools.
Given below is a sample on how to fill up the Record Card.

CLASSIFICATION OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT:

Boring tools
Cutting Tools
Holding tools
Measuring tools
Testing tools
 Supporting materials:
Inventory sheet
Report Cards
BAR CODE LEGEND
P BOR.T – 0008 – AUGER BIT
P- Plumbing tools (shop name)
BOR.T- Classification of tools
0008- Code no. in the tool panel
AUGER BIT- Name of tools
QUANTITY UNIT NAME OF CODE CONDITION REMARKS
TOOLS
2 PCS AUGER BIT PBOR.T 0001- Broken Replaced
#1 A. BIT thread
1 pc Claw Hammer PDRI.T 0002 Loose Repair
#2 Claw hammer Handle
1 pc C – Clamp # 4 P Hold.T. 0004 Broken Repair
CClmp Handle
1 pc Inside Caliper P.Meas.T 0008 Loose Legs Repair
#8 In.Cal.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 89
 RECORD CARD
NAME:________________________________________
DATE:_____________________
YR/SEC:______________________________________ STUDENT
NO:_____________
SHOP TEACHER:_____________________________ SHOP
NAME:______________

Classification of tools
BORING TOOLS

QUANTITY UNIT NAME OF CODE CONDITION REMARKS

TOOLS

DRIVING TOOLS
QUANTITY UNIT NAME OF CODE CONDITION REMARKS
TOOLS

HOLDING TOOL
QUANTITY UNIT NAME OF CODE CONDITION REMARKS
TOOLS

MEASURING TOOLS
QUANTITY UNIT NAME OF CODE CONDITION REMARKS
TOOLS

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 90
LEARNING OUTCOME 2

Perform basic preventive maintenance

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

 Lubricants are identified according to types of equipment.

 Tools and equipment are lubricated according to preventive maintenance
schedule or manufacturer’s specifications.
 Tools are cleaned and lubricated according to standard procedures.
 Defective equipment and tools are inspected and replaced according to
manufacturer’s specifications.
 Work place is cleaned and kept in safe state in line with OSHC regulations.
 OSHC regulations are followed and aaply in the workplace

What Do You Already Know?

Pretest LO 2

Let us determine how much you already know about safely keep / dispose
materials and outfit. Take this test.

Directions: Write T if the statement is true and F, if it is false.

____________1. Safety goggles must be worn anytime the power tools are being used
in the work area.
____________2. Ear protection should be worn when operating tools with high noise
level.
____________3. Loose clothing should be worn around when operating power tools.
____________4.The pockets of pants are so designed to carry sharp tools thus
preventing damage to the cutting edge.
____________5. The dust collection system is a large vacuum that should only be
operated at clean-up time.
____________6. Certain glues and most finishes are toxic. Prolonged exposure to their
fumes should be avoided.
____________7. Used rags should be placed in the metal container except when in use.
____________8. Tools should be returned to their storage location after use.
____________9. When debris accumulates on the floor it should be put into the trash
container.
____________10. Mirror cuts and splinters need not be reported to the teacher.
PLUMBING
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 What Do You Need To Know?

Read the Information Sheet 2.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing the Self-check 2.1.

Information Sheet 2.1

CLASSIFICATION OF LUBRICANTS

Before using the tools and equipment in the installation of pipes, you have to
know first the types of lubricants to be used. In this manner, you can prevent rusting and
malfunctioning of the tools and equipment.

There are four types of lubricants and these are liquid including emulsion and
suspension, solid, grease, and paste.

Liquid lubricants – are known as lanolin natural water repellent lanolin which is
derived from wool grease and is a safe alternative to the more common
petrochemical based lubricants. These lubricants are also preventive agents
against inhibitors such as rust, salt and acids.

Water can also be used on its own or as a major component with one of the
other base oils.

Mineral oil is used to encompass lubricating base oil derived from crude oil.

Vegetable oil is primarily triglyceride esters derived from plants and animals.

Purpose of Lubricating

Here are the advantages of lubricating the tools and equipment:

 Keeps moving parts apart.
 Reduces friction.
 Transfers heat.
 Carries away contaminant and debris.
 Transmits power.
 Protects against wear.
 Prevents corrosion.

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GENERAL SAFETY IN THE WORKING AREA

General Safety Practices

Safety practices are an important component in performing one’s job in order to

prevent accidents. In relation to this, safe work habits acquired now will be useful in
years to come. The following are reminders that will guide you in practicing safety
measures in the working area.
1. Always think “safety first” before performing an operation.
2. Wear safety goggles, or a face shield in the danger zones or in
other designed area.
3. Report even the slightest injury; small cuts or other minor
injuries may become serious if left unattended. Inform your
teacher immediately.
4. Notify your teacher of any unsafe conditions observed. This
may include such things as dull tools and frayed electrical cords.
5. Keep the floor clear of scraps of materials.
6. Place clamped stock so it will not fall. Make sure the
clamps do not extend into pathways.
7. Place all used rags in a metal fireproof container.
8. Close vise handle so they do not protrude into the aisles.
However, do not tighten them.
9. Stay alert! Keep your mind on the operation of the machine all
the time. Do not talk to anyone while operating machine.

10. Ask for assistance prior to the cutting long or

heavy piece.
11. Wear safe clothing. Make sure you button your
shirt, and wear your shoes or
sneakers. Do not wear jewelry. If you have
long hair tie it back.
12. Respect the right of others and their property.
13. Wear ear protection when operating tools with
high noise levels.
14. Be sure everyone is out of danger zone around a
machine before beginning an operation.
15. Ask your teacher for permission
before using machines.

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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 93
PREVENTING SLIPS
Slips occur when there is too little friction between your feet and the ground.
Common causes of slips are wet surfaces, weather hazards, and loose soil or ground.
Slips often happen when you are distracted or in a hurry, but they can be prevented.
Here are the following examples of accidents that normally occur if an individual is
careless:

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 94
 Safety should be the concern of everybody
In relation to this, safe work habits must also be practiced in the shop Room. The
illustrations will describe the causes and effects once you are careless inside the working
area.

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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 95
PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 96
PLUMBING
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PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 98
 How Much Have You Learned?

Self-Check 2.1

I. Directions: Call your teacher and request him to check if you have
executed the task. You will be evaluated based upon his
observation.
Teacher’s Checklist Acceptability
YES NO
1. The tools are
identified correctly
according to the
job requirement.
2. The work place is
kept safe.

3. Tools are lubricated

correctly.

4. Tools are used and

handled properly.

5. The surrounding is
kept clean after doing
the standard procedure
in applying lubricant.

Student’s Signature: ___________________________ Date: ______________

Teacher’s Signature: ___________________________ Date: ______________

Competent____ Not Competent_____

PLUMBING
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 GENERAL SAFETY IN THE WORKING AREA
II. True or False

Directions: Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false.

____________1. Safety goggles must be worn anytime the power tools are being
used in the work area.
____________2. Ear protection should be worn when operating tools with high noise
level.
____________3. Loose clothing should be worn around when operating power tools.
____________4.The pockets of pants are designed to carry sharp tools to prevent
damage to the cutting edge.
____________5. The dust collection system is a large vacuum that should only be
operated at clean-up time.
____________6. Certain glues and most finishes are toxic. Prolonged exposure to
their fumes should be avoided.
____________7. Used rags should be placed in the metal container except when in
use.
____________8. Tools should be returned to their storage location after use.
____________9.When debris accumulates on the floor. It should be put into the
trash container.
____________10. Mirror cuts and splinters need not be reported to the teacher.

Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?

How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?

Show that you learned something by doing this activity

Activity Sheet 2.1

GENERAL SAFETY IN THE WORKING AREA

Directions: Form groups of three and do the following task.

1. Make a safety poster showing a good workplace.

2. Tour in the shop room to determine any potential safety hazards. If you find any
hazards, analyze what should be done to correct the situation.
3. Research various types of fire extinguisher A, B, C, and D. Create a chart that lists
the types and purpose of each type of extinguisher.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 100
 Congratulations! You did a great job!

REFERENCES

 Fajardo Jr. , Max B , Plumbing Design and Estimate, 5138 Trading Philippines ,
1975.
 Matthias Jr. , AJ and Smith , Esles Sr., How to Design
and Install Plumbing , 4th Edition, Navotas Press, Philippines
 www.google.com.ph

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 101
 LEARNING OUTCOME 3

Store tools and equipment

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

 Inventory of tools, instruments, and equipment are conducted

and recorded as per company practices.
 Tools and equipment are stored safely in accordance with
manufacturer’s specifications or company procedures.

What Do You Already Know?

Let us determine how much you already know about storing tools and equipment.
Take this test.

Pretest LO 3

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the answer on your answer
sheet.

1. Which was created by virtue of Executive Order No. 307, on Nov. 1987?
A. Department of Labor and Employment
B. Office of the President
C. Department of Public Works and Highways
D. Occupational Safety and Health Center

2. Which is the mandate of this agency?

A. Protect the Filipino workers against accidents and illnesses.
B. Let the workers choose their own type of job.
C. Help the employers gain profits from their business.
D. Protect the right of the employers.

3. It is a detailed list of all the items in stock.

A. Delivery Receipt C. Inventory
B. List of Merchandise D. Directory

4. Which is true?
A. Create a sign out sheet for all shop tools.
B. Conduct an audit for long-term jobs.
C. Restrict shop tool access to one individual.
PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 102
 D. All of the above.

5. Its advantage is to find out whether tools and equipment are complete, in proper
quality, and quantity.
A. Delivery Receipt C. Inventory
B. List of Merchandise D. Directory

What Do You Need To Know?

Read Information Sheet 3.1 very well then find out how much you can remember
and how much you learned by doing Self-check 3.1.

Information Sheet 3.1

STORE TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

A. Tools and Equipment Inventory

Some companies often spend more time in tracking and managing their
inventory. Others --- such as manufacturers, producers and construction companies ---
may use specific equipment for specific jobs. This creates a difficult situation of
attempting to manage inventory at multiple job locations. Business owners and
managers typically create systems or processes that employees must follow when using
the company's shop tools.

Depending on the type of company, owners or managers may require employees

to use own tools for certain jobs. For example, construction companies may require
employees to have their own items such as a hammer, painting equipment or welding
supplies. This reduces inventory management.

Whatever is the type of company or shop, inventory taking is very important. On

this context, inventory is defined as a detailed list of all the items in stock.

Reason for Maintaining Tools and Equipment Inventory

The most important point to consider is to purchase top-grade tools. They must be
made of high-quality steel and manufactured for precision. Special consideration is given
to balance so that the tool/equipment will be properly maintained and prevent loses.
Since the technician must work with his tools daily, regular inventory of tools/equipment
is very important.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 103
 The initial cost of a minimum number of tools is high but there is accompanying
warranty guarantees satisfaction and many years of service. It is better, in the long run,
to start with a few carefully selected tools that will take care of your most common needs
and then gradually build-up to a complete set. It is sometimes hard to identify and
memorize the huge number of tools and equipment in the workshop, maintaining the
inventory record is of great value.

Points to Consider

 Create a sign out sheet for all shop tools. Companies can use a sign out sheet
where employees must fill up with specific information relating to the inventory
item and specific job use. This allows business owners and managers to know
where each tool is located at all times.

 Conduct an audit for long-term jobs. Shop tools left at working place for long
periods may require a manager to verify that the tool is still on the job site. A
manager can visit the site unannounced and review the sign out sheet against all
tools on the job.

 Restrict shop tool access to one individual. This allows companies to have one
person on each job responsible for checking out, or in, various shop tools.
Companies can require this individual to be a manager or foreman.

 Use a barcode system to track inventory. Companies can place barcode labels
on each shop tool and require employees to electronically scan each tool when
using them at different job sites. This creates an electronic record and can allow
real-time reporting of tool use.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 104
 How Much Have You Learned?
Self-Check 3.1

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the answer on your answer
sheet.

1. Which was created by virtue of Executive Order No. 307, on Nov. 1987?
A. Department of Labor and Employment
B. Office of the President
C. Department of Public Works and Highways
D. Occupational Safety and Health Center

2. Which is the mandate of this agency?

A. Protect the Filipino workers against accidents and illnesses.
B. Let the workers choose their own type of job.
C. Help the employers gain profits from their business.
D. Protect the right of the employers.

3. It is a detailed list of all the items in stock.

A. Delivery Receipt C. Inventory
B. List of Merchandise D. Directory

4. Which is true?
A. Create a sign out sheet for all shop tools.
B. Conduct an audit for long-term jobs.
C. Restrict shop tool access to one individual.
D. All of the above.

5. One advantage of this system is to find out whether tools and equipment are
complete, in proper quality, and quantity.
A. A. Delivery Receipt C. Inventory
B. List of Merchandise D. Directory

Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 105
 How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?

Activity Sheet 3.1

I. This is a work group.

1. Conduct a 15-minute buzz session to come up with your own inventory system as
if you own a shop.
2. Then, prepare your output on butcher’s papers for presentation to and discussion
with the entire class.

How Well Did You Perform?

Find out by accomplishing the Scoring Rubric honestly and sincerely. Remember it is
your learning at stake!

Rubric to be used for assessment

PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA LEVEL
YES NO NA
1. Were the Record Book and the Inventory Form secured from your
trainer before starting the performance of task?
2. Were all tools of different sizes, conditions and quantities checked
and recorded in the inventory form?
3. Were all equipment of different ratings/capacities, conditions and
quantities checked and recorded in the inventory form?
4. Were damaged/lost tools/equipment identified and recorded?
5. Were repair recommendations made for the damaged but
repairable tools/equipment?
6. Were reports on damaged tools/equipment submitted and
accurate?
Satisfactory
Overall Performance
Unsatisfactory

Student’s name: __________________________

Teacher’s comment: ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 106
 How Do You Extend Your Learning?
Assignment Sheet 3.1

This is a group work. Prepare for a 10-minute panel discussion on

OSHC pertinent regulations for construction workers.(Plumbing Works)

Below is the rubric to be used for the group performance:

Symbols and Meaning:

___+ Consistently ___ Usually ___- Seldom

Knowledge:
____ The group used research to advance arguments and defend positions.
____ Research was effectively applied to arguments.
Understanding:
____ The group demonstrates understanding of the issue.
____ The group presented key points.
____ The group presented original ideas.
____ The group was able to use examples or analogies to defend an argument.
____ The group demonstrated empathy for the cause he or she represented.
____ The group showed respect for others’ opinions.
Communication:
____ The group was logical in presenting arguments.
____ The group was able to communicate effectively and clearly.
____ The group incorporated key terminology/vocabulary.
Participation:
____ The student contributed to the discussion.
____ The student tended to dominate a discussion, thereby hindering others’
participation.
For group evaluation:
____ All students participated in the discussion.
____ Students within the group tended to dominate discussion within the group,
hindering other group members’ participation?

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 107
 Congratulations! You did a great job! Rest
and relax a while then move on to the next
lesson. Good luck!

REFERENCES

LO 1
 Dajac, A. B., (2012). Handout in Masonry.
 http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/layer?topicId=107
4425195
 http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg229.pdf
 http://www.osha.gov/doc/outreachtraining/htmlfiles/tools.html
 http://masonrymagazine.com/11-07/tools.html
 http://www.masonryforlife.com/HowToBasics.htm
 http://masonrymagazine.com/3-08/safety.html
 http://www.cdxetextbook.com/toolsEquip/hpt/toolsEquip/cleani
ng.html
 http://www.reliableplant.com/Read/5510/hand-tools-safety
 http://www.commerce.wa.gov.au/worksafe/PDF/Codes_of_Practi
ce/Code_concrete_masonr.pdf
 http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?itemId=107
4426995&r.l1=1073858799&r.l2=1087350927&r.l3=1074425195
&r.s=sc&type=RESOURCES
 http://sourcing.indiamart.com/engineering/hand-tools/
 http://www.curriculumsupport.education.nsw.gov.au/secondary
/technology/safety/student_activities/index.htm
 http://www.isbe.net/career/pdf/IT_C2-1.pdf

LO 2

 Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines

Incorporated. Philippine Electrical Code of 1992.
 Fajardo Jr. M. B. & Fajardo, L.R. Electrical Layout and Estimate,
2nd Edition.
 Azares, E. F. and Recana, C. B. (1999). Practical Electricity III:
Adriana Publishing.
 www.thefabricator.com/Safety/Safety_Article.cfm?ID=1095

LO3
 http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-inventory.htm
 http://www.ehow.com/how_6911205_inventory-shop-tools-job.html
 http://topics.wisegeek.com/topics/inventory.htm#
 http://www.reliableplant.com/Read/1622/control-power-tools
 http://www.oshc.dole.gov.ph/123/
 http://www.spartans.spa.edu/

PLUMBING
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 LESSON 5

Practice Occupational Health and Safety

Procedures

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to do
the following:

LO 1. identify hazards and risks;

LO 2. evaluate risks and hazards; and
LO 3. control hazards and risks.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 109
 Definition of Terms

Accident -is an event occurring unintentionally or by chance.

Control -means to direct or determine.

Hazard -is a source of danger.

Occupation -is an activity in which one is engaged in.

OHSP -Occupational Health and Safety Procedures

PPE -Personal Protective Equipment

Safety -state of being out danger, uninjured, not involving risk

Threshold -starting point, bar stone or wood forming bottom of doorway

Toxic -deadly, harmful and poisonous

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 110
LEARNING OUTCOME 1

Identify hazards and risks

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

1. Hazards are identified correctly in accordance with OHS procedures.

2. Safety signs and symbols are identified and adhered to in
accordance with workplace safety procedures.

What Do You Already Know?

Let us determine how much you already know about identifying hazards and
risks. Take this test.

Pretest LO 1

Directions: Write the letter of your choice on your answer sheet.

1. OSH means ____________.

a) Occupational Service Healthy
b) Occupational Safe and Healthy
c) Occupational Safety and Health

2. Who should first know about the accident that happened in your shop?
a) principal
b) nurse
c) teacher
d) doctor

3. Accidents can be prevented ___________________.

a) through proper care and maintenance of tools and equipment
b) right attitude toward work
c) if you have a good knowledge about safety practices.

4. Your employer must conduct a hazard assessment in order to _____________.

a) avoid accident
b) promote accident
c) eliminate workers

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 111
5. Identifying hazards makes you___________.
a) safe from working
b) comfortable while working
c) work efficient d) all of the above

Now check your answers using the Answer Key. If you got 90-
100% of the items correctly, proceed to the next Learning Outcome. If
not, do the next activity/ies again to gain knowledge and skills required
for mastery.

What Do You Need To Know?

Read the Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check 1.1.

Information Sheet 1.1

Hazards and Risks Identification and Control

 Requirements in Conducting/Identifying Hazards

-Survey the workplace to identify hazards. This survey must be in writing and
must be available to all workers
- Determine whether any hazard requires Personal Protective Equipment
- Pay special attention to working conditions or process that can produce
hazards.
- Reassess hazards whenever necessary, especially when new equipment is
installed, to avoid accidents.
Any reassessment must be written and must be available to workers upon
request.

HAZARD, RISK AND EXPOSURE IN THE WORKPLACE

Plumbing works covers with a lot of activities to be done in the different workplace. While
performing these activities we expose ourselves to a lot of risk. Workplace hazard is a major
cause of accident, injury, or harm to a worker who performs such task. These hazards should be
the major concern of all who are involved in a certain job or work.
It is important to distinguish hazard, risk and exposure when undertaking risk
management.
o Hazard is the potential for harm, or adverse effect on an employee’s health. Anything
which may cause injury or ill health to anyone at or near a workplace is a hazard.
o Risk is the likelihood that a hazard will cause injury or ill health to anyone at or near a
workplace. The level of risk increases with the severity of the hazard and the duration and
frequency of exposure.
o Exposure occurs when a person comes into contact with a hazard.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 112
Types of Hazard
Hazards are classified into five different types. They are:
1. Physical - includes floors, stairs, work platforms, steps, ladders, fire, falling objects,
slippery surfaces, manual handling (lifting, pushing, pulling), excessively loud and
prolonged noise, vibration, heat and cold, radiation, poor lighting, ventilation, air quality
2. Mechanical and/or electrical - includes electricity, machinery, equipment, pressure
vessels, dangerous goods, fork lifts, cranes, hoists
3. Chemical - includes chemical substances such as acids or poisons and those that could
lead to fire or explosion, like pesticides, herbicides, cleaning agents, dusts and fumes
from various processes such as welding
4. Biological - includes bacteria, viruses, mold, mildew, insects, vermin, animals
5. Psychosocial environment - includes workplace stressors arising from a variety of
sources.

Emergency procedures regarding safety working environment

1. Identify the potential emergencies.
The emergencies that may occur on plumbing site could include:
a. Fire
b. Flood
c. Typhoon
d. machinery entrapment
e. electrical shock
f. chemical exposure
g. injuries
h. illness and
i. accidents
2. Provide emergency facilities appropriate for the sorts of emergencies that might occur on the
farm (e.g. deluge showers, eye washes, firefighting equipment, first aid kits).
3. Make sure that the correct equipment is available to contain and handle any chemical or other
dangerous materials spills that might happen.
4. To help minimize the risk of personal injury or property damage in the event of an emergency,
people working on and visiting the farm need to know and understand the emergency
procedures and their responsibilities.
5. Instruct everyone working on the farm in the emergency response procedures
6. Everyone should know the location of fire alarms, fire extinguishers and first aid kits; how and

WORKING CONDITIONS THAT CAN PRODUCE HAZARDS

1. Falling objects
2. Objects that can puncture skin
3. Objects that could roll over worker’s feet
4. Toxic chemicals
5. Heat
6. Harmful Dust
7. Radiation

PLUMBING
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 How Much Have You Learned?

Self-Check 1.1

Directions: Write the letter of your choice on your answer sheet.

1. Your employer must conduct a hazard assessment in order to ___________.

a) avoid accident
b) promote accident
c) eliminate workers

2. OSH means _______________.

a) Occupational Service Healthy
b) Occupational Safe and Healthy
c) Occupational Safety and Health

3. Identifying hazards makes you_________________.

a) safe from working
b) comfortable while working
c) work efficient d) all of the above

4. Who should first know about the accident that happened in your shop?
a) principal
b) nurse
c) teacher
d) doctor

5. Accidents can be prevented ____________________.

a) through proper care and maintenance of tools and equipment
b) right attitude toward work
c) if you have a good knowledge about safety practices.

Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 114
 LEARNING OUTCOME 2

Evaluate hazards and risks

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
 OHS procedures for controlling hazards and risk are strictly followed.
 Procedures in dealing with workplace accidents, fire and emergencies are
followed in accordance with the organization’s OHS policies.
 Personal protective equipment (PPE) is correctly used in accordance with
organization’s OHS procedures and practices.
 Procedures in providing appropriate assistance in the event of workplace
emergencies are identified in line with the established organizational
protocol.

What Do You Already Know?

Let us determine how much you already know about evaluating hazards and risks.
Take this test.

Pretest LO 2

Direction: Identify the following Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

1.
4.

2.

5.

3.

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 115
 What Do You Need To Know?

Read the Information Sheet 2.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check 2.1.

Information Sheet 2.1

Signs and their location:

1. Danger Signs -are used only where immediate hazards exist. They are printed in red
as the predominating color.
2. Caution Signs -are used to warn against potential hazards.
3. Exit Signs -are printed in legible red letters for exits.
4. Safety Instructions Signs
5. Accidental Prevention Tags - are used as temporary means of warning to
existing hazards, such as defection, tools and equipment.
6. Barricades -are used for protection of employees

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Here are the types of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) use for safety
purposes:

A. Face protection
Goggles and face protection must be used
when workers are at risk from flying particles, liquid
chemicals, acids or caustic liquids and chemical gases.
Various goggles for face protection must meet certain
design criteria for safety.

B. Foot Protection
Safety shoes with impact protection are used in work areas
where heavy objects or tools could be accidentally dropped on
the feet. Safety shoes with puncture protection are required
when working around nails, wire tacks, scrap metals and other
objects that could fierce the feet.

C. Hand Protection
Gloves are required to protect the hands of workers from cuts,
scrapes, punctures, burns, chemical absorption, and exhaust
temperatures. It is crucial that the type of glove being used is
the right one for the job.
D. Hearing Protection

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 116
 Appropriate ear muffs or ear plugs must be made available as a
last resort if it is not possible to make the workplace less noisy. The
requirement is a small part of the occupational noise exposure
standard which requires employers to ensure that workers are
exposed to less than 90 decibels of noise over an 8 hour period.
E. Respirators
Appropriate respirators must be worn as a last resort if it is
not possible to ventilate the work area properly.

How Much Have You Learned?

Self-Check 2.1

DIRECTIONS: Define and describe the following:

a. Danger Signs- ____________________________________

b. Caution Signs-____________________________________

c. Exit Signs- ________________________________________

d. Accidental Prevention Tags- _______________________

Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 117
 LEARNING OUTCOME 3

Control hazards and risks

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

 OHS procedures for controlling hazards and risk are strictly followed.
 Procedures in dealing with workplace accidents, fire and emergencies
are followed in accordance with the organization’s OHS policies.
 Personal protective equipment (PPE) is correctly used in accordance
with organization’s OHS procedures and practices.
 Procedures in providing appropriate assistance in the event of
workplace emergencies are identified in line with the established
organizational protocol.

What Do You Already Know?

Let us determine how much you already know controlling hazards and risks.
Take this test.

Pretest LO 3

A. DIRECTION: : Write the letter of the correct answer on your Answer Sheet

1. Conducting hazard assessment to a workplace should be done_______.

a) during working hours
b) after working hours
c) before working hours
d) all of the above

2. Observing good housekeeping ________________.

a) prevents fire
b) makes for easy location of tool and materials needed
c) both a and b
d) none of the above

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 118
3. In dealing with accidents , the first thing to do is to_________________.
a) stay calm and study the situation
b) apply first aid
c) call the attention of your teacher
d) all of the above

4. Accidents can be prevented _____________.

a) thru proper cares and maintenance of tools and equipment
b) right attitude towards works
c) if you have enough knowledge about safety practices
d) all of the above

5. When an injury occurs, how soon should it be treated?

a) After class hours
b) Immediately
c) Both a and b
d) Later

What Do You Need To Know?

Read the Information Sheet 3.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check 3.1.

Information Sheet 3.1

Occupation Health and Safety (OHS) Procedures for controlling hazards and
risks.

1. Conduct a hazard assessment like;

 Survey workplace to identify hazards (put them in writing)

 Determine whether any hazard required Personal Protective Equipment.
 Pay attention to working conditions that can produce hazards
 Reassess hazards whenever necessary, especially when new equipment is
installed

2. Select appropriate equipment;

Ensure that all Personal Protective

Equipment used is the right kind of equipment for the
job, and is maintained properly
PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 119
1. Have knowledge on the following:

 Which PPE is necessary

 How to identify if it fits properly
 How to put on, remove, adjust and wear Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
 How to dispose of Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)
 The limitation of using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Procedure in dealing with workplace, accidents, fire and Emergencies

PROCEDURES:

A. DEALING WITH ACCIDENTS

1. Keep calm, don’t panic and study the situation.

2. Report immediately to your teacher
3. Apply first aid to the victim while waiting for a nurse or a physician
4. Bring the patient to the nearest clinic or hospital

B. DEALING WITH FIRE

1. Do not panic, stay calm.

2. Call the attention of everybody.
3. Use your firefighting equipment to control extinguish the fire.
4. Call the office or the fire station

C. DEALING WITH EMERGENCIES

1. Stay calm and study the situation.

2. Call the attention of your teacher.

How Much Have You Learned?

Self-Check 3.1

Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer on your Answer Sheet

1. Conducting hazard assessment to a workplace should be done_______.

a) during working hours
b) after working hours
c) before working hours

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 120
 d) all of the above

2. Observing good housekeeping ________________.

a) prevents fire
b) makes for easy location of tool and materials needed
c) both a and b
d) none of the above

3. In dealing with accidents , the first thing to do is to_________________.

a) stay calm and study the situation
b) apply first aid
c) call the attention of your teacher
d) all of the above

4. Accidents can be prevented _____________.

a) thru proper cares and maintenance of tools and equipment
b) right attitude towards works
c) if you have enough knowledge about safety practices
d) all of the above
5. When an injury occurs, how soon should it be treated?
a) After class hours
b) Immediately
c) Both a and b
d) Later

Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?

Congratulations! You did a great job! Rest and

relax a while then move on to the next lesson.
Good luck!

REFERENCES

 Morgan , Robert E , The Complete Handbook of Plumbing, TAB Books Inc., Phils. ,
1962

 Oravetz , Jules Revised by Re Miller, Audel Questions and
 Answers for Plumbers‟ Examination, 3rd Edition Mac Millan Publishing Co., New York.
 Oravetz , Jules Revised by Re Miller, Audel Questions and Answers for Plumbers‟
Examination, 3rd Edition Mac Millan Publishing Co., New York.
 www.google.com

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 121
 Answer Key

LESSON 1:PREPARE PLUMBING MATERIALS AND TOOLS

What do you already know?

LO.1 LO.2
1. Steel Square 1. Foreman
2. Pipe cutter 2. Leadman
3. Pipe threader 3. Material officer
4. Pipe reamer 4. Safety officer
5. Plumb bob 5. Job order
6. Pipe wrench 6. Tool keeper
7. Bench vise 7. Borrower
8. Pipe vise 8. total
9. Cross cutsaw 9. Unit price
10. Pull –push rule 10. Requisition quality and unit

How much have you learned?

LO.1
A.
1. Pipe cutter
2. L-square
3. Pipe threader
4. Hose level
5. Fittings

B.
1. Clamp
2. Hacksaw
3. Pipe reamer
4. Power hack saw
5. Lavatory

LO.2
I.
1. Material/description
2. Name of project
3. Unit price
4. Balance on hand
5. Requisitioner

II.
1. G
2. A
3. C
4. F
5. B
6. E

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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 122
LESSON 2:PERFORM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION

What do you already know?

LO.1
1. A
2. B
3. E
4. D
5. C

LO.2

1. 64 cm x 1 inch = 25.20inch
2.54cm

2. 59 yards x 3 ft = 177ft
1 yard

3. 95.5 dm x 1m = 9.55m
10dm

4. 19 inches x 2.54 cm = 48.26cm

1 inch

5. 47 feet x 12 inches = 5.64 inches

1ft
6). 4 m - ----------------------400cm

7). 9 yards - ---------------------27 feet

8). 5.5 dm - --------------------- .55meter

9). 9meters - ------------------- 900centimetre

10). 7 feet - ----------------------- 84inches

How much have you learned?

LO 1
I.
1. Outside caliper

2. L Square

3. Inside caliper

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 123
 4. Try square

5. Pull Push rule

II.
A.
1. T
2. F
3. F
4. T
5. T

B.
Inside Caliper
Avoid using tip of the inside caliper to open the cover of any can. Avoid
dropping it to maintain its accuracy in taking measurements.

Outside Caliper
Don‟t hold the outside caliper tightly so that you can adjust it easily.
Don‟t take the diameter of a revolving type.

Steel Square
Hold the tool firmly and cautiously. See to it that it won‟t drop. It has a
very pointed end which is very harmful.

TRY SQUARE
Avoid mishandling the try square to maintain their straight edges which
are used to get the desired angle. Don‟t use it for other purposes. Put
it in its proper place.

PULL PUSH RULE (Tape Measure)

Hold the tip of the pull push rule when removing it from its housing. Put
it slowly to avoid cut from the steel tape.
LO 2

1. 64 cm x 1 inch = 25.20inch
2.54cm

2. 59 yards x 3 ft = 177ft
1 yard

3. 95.5 dm x 1m = 9.55m
10dm

4. 19 inches x 2.54 cm = 48.26cm

1 inch

5. 47 feet x 12 inches = 5.64 inches

1ft

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 124
 LESSON 3: INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWINGS AND PLAN

What do you already know?

Pre Test LO1. A.

1. Floor Drain
2. Shower Head
3. Shower Head Gang
4. Clean Out
5. Hot water tank

Pre Test B
1. G
2. F
3. E
4. D
5. C
6. B
7. A

Self Check 3.1

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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 125
 Self Check 3.2

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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 126
LESSON 4:MAINTAIN TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

What do you already know?

LO.1
1. Plumb bob
2. Pull push rule
3. Try square
4. Steel square
5. Outside caliper
6. Inside caliper
7. Clamp
8. Bench vise

LO.2
1. True
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. False
6. True
7. True
8. True
9. True
10. False

How much have you learned?

LO 2
1. True
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. False
6. True
7. True
8. True
9. True
10. False

PLUMBING
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 127
LESSON 5:PRACTICE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
PROCEDURES

What do you already know? How much have you learned?

LO.1 LO.1
1. C 1. A
2. C 2. C
3. A 3. D
4. A 4. C
5. D 5. D

LO.2 LO.2
1. Hand Protection a. Danger Signs- are used only where
2. Goggles immediate hazards exist. They are
printed in red as the predominating
3. Respirators
color.
4. Hearing Protection
b. Caution Signs- are used to warn against
5. Safety Shoes potential hazards.
c. Exit Signs- are printed in legible red
LO.3
letters for exits.
1. C
d. Accidental Prevention Tags- are used as
2. C
temporary means of warning existing
3. A hazards, such as defection, tools and
4. D equipment.
5. B LO.3
1. C
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. B

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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 128
 Acknowledgement
This Learning Module was developed for the Exploratory Courses in Technology
and Livelihood Education, Grades 7 and 8 of the K to 12 Curriculum with the assistance
of the following persons:

This Learning Module on Plumbing NC I was developed by the following

personnel:
MODULE WRITERS

RONALDO V. RAMILO DEOVER M. PASCO

Division ICT Coordinator ICT Coordinator
Tanauan City Division Tagum National Trade School
Tanauan City - Region IV-A Calabarzon Tagum, Davao del Norte - Region XI

REVIEWERS

GIL P. CASUGA
Chief TESD Specialist

REYNALDO S. DANTES MARIA A. ROQUE

Senior TESD Specialist Senior TESD Specialist

BERNADETTE S. AUDIJE VICTORIO N. MEDRANO

Senior TESD Specialist Principal IV, SPRCNHS

PARALUMAN R. GIRON, Ed.D. BRENDA B. CORPUZ, Ph.D.

Chair, Sub-TWG on K to 10 TA for K to 12 Curriculum

OFELIA O. FLOJO BEATRIZ A. ADRIANO

Retired Assistant Chief, EED, Region IV-A Principal IV, ERVHS

AIDA T. GALURA DOMINGA CAROLINA F. CHAVEZ

VSA II, ACNTS Principal II, MBHS

DOCUMENTORS /SECRETARIAT

PRISCILLA E. ONG FREDERICK G. DEL ROSARIO

K to 12 Secretariat Head Teacher III, BNAHS

EMMANUEL V. DIONISIO LYMWEL P. LOPEZ

Head Teacher III, AFGBMTS Teacher I, AFGBMTS

DANTE D. VERMON JR. CHERLYN F. DE LUNA

Teacher I, AFGBMTS Teacher I, AFGBMTS

Dir. IMELDA B. TAGANAS

Executive Director, Qualifications Standards Office
K to 12 Learning Area Team Convenor, TLE/TVE

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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 129
PLUMBING
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