where
the resonant frequency of a rectangular patch antenna of
E+ =
£_ —
and similar expressions are found for F n and F22- It is clear
that these expressions are rapidly evaluated without recourse
to Bessel or Hankel function computation.
Accuracy of approximation: Calculations of impedance were
carried out for a junction between a coaxial line and a stan-
dard X-band rectangular waveguide, using the square contour
approximation, and the results compared with previously
published experimental measurements.3 The infinite series in
the expr. 4 were truncated at m = 3A/2a and n < 10.
Figs. 2 and 3 show experimental and theoretical results for
Z c = 50 Q and 133 Q line.
The comparison with experimental measurements shows
that eqn. 4 yields good accuracy, with the square-contour
approximation and that it provides a useful alternative to use
of the circular contours for the coaxial-line cross-sectional
boundaries.
Acknowledgment: This work was supported in part by the
Australian Research Grants Committee and a University of
Queensland Postdoctoral Fellowship (MEB).
M. E. BIALKOWSKI* 15th August 1983
P. J. KHAN
Electrical Engineering Department
University of Queensland
St. Lucia, Qld., 4067, Australia
* On research leave from the Institute of Radioelectronics, Warsaw
Technical University, Warsaw, Poland
References
1 ALLEN, p. j . , BATES, B. D., and KHAN, p. j . : 'Analyses and use of
Harkless diode mount for IMPATT oscillators'. IEEE MTT-S
International Microwave Symposium Digest, Dallas, 1982, pp.
138-141
2 ALLEN, P. j . , and KHAN, P. J.: 'Equivalent circuit of a Kurokawa-
type waveguide power combiner'. IEEE MTT-S International
Microwave Symposium Digest, Boston, 1983, pp. 212-214
3 EISENHART, R. L., GREILING, P. T., ROBERS, L. K., a n d ROBERTSON, R.
s.: 'A useful equivalence for a coaxial-waveguide junction', IEEE
Trans., 1978, MTT-26, pp. 172-174
4 WILLIAMSON, A. c : 'Analysis and modelling of a coaxial-line/
rectangular-waveguide junction', 1EE Proc. H, Microwaves, Opt. &
Antennas, 1982, 129, pp. 262-270
5 BIALKOWSKI, M. E., and KHAN, p. j . : 'Modal analysis of a coaxial-
line waveguide junction'. IEEE MYY-S International Microwave
Symposium Digest, Boston, 1983, pp. 424-426
APPROXIMATE EXPRESSION FOR THE
RESONANT FREQUENCY OF A
RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTENNA
Indexing terms: Antennas, Resonant frequency
An approximate expression is derived for the resonant fre-
quency of a rectangular patch antenna. It shows explicitly
the dependence of the resonant frequency on the character-
istic parameters of the antenna. Accuracy of the expression is
established by comparing the theoretical results with avail-
able measured results.
The resonant frequency of a rectangular patch antenna, and
its dependence on the various characteristic parameters of the
patch, are generally determined by numerical computation
using either the transmission line 12 or the modified cavity
model 3 of the antenna. In the present communication the
834 ELECTRONICS LETTERS 29th September 1983
former model is used to derive an approximate expression for
length /, width a, having a substrate thickness d (d <€ a) and
relative permittivity er. It is assumed that the antenna is fed
from the back with a coaxial probe of radius r 0 located at one
of the radiating edges. The equivalent transmission-line circuit
for the antenna is shown in Fig. 1 where G and B are the
JXL
-generator
Fig. 1 Equivalent transmission-line circuit for a rectangular patch
antenna fed by a coaxial probe at one edge
normalised conductance and capacitive susceptance appropri-
ate for each radiating aperture, and XL is the normalised
inductive reactance of the exciting probe. The characteristic
admittance Yc (= 1/ZC) and the propagation constant fi of the
line are: 4
_
c nod
(2)
where
er+l WdY112
(3)
a = 1 + 1 -393 ( - J + 0-667 ( - J \n(-.+ \ 444 ) (4)
W W V J
and (o{= 2nf), c are the radian frequency and the velocity of
light in free space, respectively.
Exact determination of the radiating aperture admittance
(Y — G + jB) is a difficult boundary value problem. Although
formal expressions for Y have been derived5 using the
Wiener-Hopf technique, they are too complicated, and mea-
ningful results can only be obtained through detailed compu-
tation. Various empirical approximations to B and G have
also been found useful1*26 in the analysis of such antennas.
For the present purpose we shall use the following expressions
for G and B obtained by using the image principle and the
known results for a semi-infinite parallel-plate guide radiating
into free space:7
JL (5)
(6)
yfid
where
>•= 1-78107
e = 2-71828
The inductive reactance XL of the probe may be obtained
from considerations similar to those for the excitation of a
parallel-plate guide propagating only the dominant mode8'9
and is given by
(7)
Using the equivalent circuit given in Fig. 1, the resonant /?
(hence, the frequency) is obtained from the condition that the
Vol. 19 No. 20
imaginary part of the admittance seen by the generator is zero. Table 1 CALCULATED AND MEASURED
In the absence of the probe inductance (i.e. XL = 0), this con- VALUE 1 OF RESONANT FREQUENCY
dition means that the imaginary part of the admittance at A-A FOR RECTANGULAR PATCH
(Fig. 1) is zero which yields the following transcendental equa- ANTENNAS
tion for the resonant propagation constant
Resonant frequency
IB VIHz
tan pi = (8)
B2 + G2 - 1
Calculated
Eqn. 8 is generally solved numerically. 26 a / /o (eqn. 12) Measured 3
Based on the observation B, G <| 1 appropriate for most cm cm
antennas of practical interest, we simplify eqn. 8 to
4100 4 140 2 •390 2343 2248 2228
tan 01= -IB (9) 6-858 4 •140 2•428 2325 2228 2200
10-800 4 •140 2•452 2314 2216 2181
To solve eqn. 9 we make use of the experimentally observed 11 049 6 •909 2•453 1386 1347 1344
fact that at the fundamental resonance the propagation con- d = 01524 cm, er = 2-5; a and / variable
stant P ~ 7i/7 and assume that the solution of eqn. 9 is such
that antenna, and its input impedance as a function of frequency
can be determined and will be reported elsewhere. This work
PI = 7t(l - 5/n) (10) was supported by the US Army Research Office under Con-
tract DAAG29-82-K-0076.
where 8/n <^ 1. Using the assumption of eqn. 10, eqn. 9 can be
linearised in 5, and we obtain D. L. SENGUPTA 16th August 1983
Radiation Laboratory
Id (J(ee)2el Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
—;— l n I T The University of Michigan
eelwx y yd (11) Ann Arbor, Ml 48109, USA
ee Iwx yd
References
Using eqns. 2, 10 and 11, we obtain the following expression 1 BAHL, i. J., and BHARTIA, P.: 'Microstrip antennas' (Artech House,
for the resonant frequency: 1980)
2 DERNERYD, A. G.: 'Linearly polarized microstrip antennas', IEEE
Id Trans., 1976, AP-24, pp. 846-851
1 - 3 CARVER, K. R.: 'Practical analytical techniques for microstrip
= fo (12) antenna'. Proceedings of workshop on printed circuit antenna
technology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, 1979, pp.
yd 7/1-20
4 HAMMERSTAD, E. o.: 'Equations for microstrip circuit design'. 5th
where European microwave conference, Hamburg, 1975, pp. 268-272
5 CHANG, D. c : 'Analytical theory of an unloaded rectangular micro-
strip patch', IEEE Trans., 1981, AP-29, pp. 54-62
(13) 6 CHOWDHURY, S. K., BANDYOPADHYAY, A. K., BHATTACHARYYA, T.,
2/A and ROY, M. N.: 'Resonant length of a linearly polarised microstrip
radiator', Electron. Lett., 1978, 14, pp. 594-595
is the resonant frequency under the assumption B — 0. Eqn. 12 7 MARCUVITZ, N.: 'Waveguide handbook' (McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
clearly indicates the dependence of the resonant frequency on 1951), pp. 179-183
all the characteristic parameters of the patch. 8 SENGUPTA, D. L., and MARTINS-CAMELO, L. F.: 'Theory of dielectric
From circuit considerations it is expected that the inductive filled edge-slot antennas', IEEE Trans., 1980, AP-28, pp. 481-490
probe would slightly increase the resonant frequency given in 9 LEWIN, L.: Theory of waveguides' (John Wiley & Sons, 1975), pp.
152-158
eqn. 13, and in the present case with the probe located at one
edge it can be shown that the upward frequency shift is

al p = nil
a'
(14)
ynr,
With a stripline excitation, a similar expression for the down-
ward shift of the resonant frequency may be obtained after
replacing XL in eqn. 14 by the equivalent series reactance of
the capacitive probe.
Theoretical resonant frequency and ze for a rectangular
patch antenna having constant d, er and variable a and / are
shown in Table 1 where the corresponding experimental res-
onant frequencies3 are also shown for comparison.
For the edge-fed antenna with r0 = 0064 cm, a = 4-10 cm
and / = 4-140 cm, the frequency shift due to the probe induc-
tance, as calculated from eqn. 14, is
y = 102 X 10
The accuracy of the expressions derived are such that they
can be used for the design of rectangular patch antennas
without making detailed computation. With the knowledge of
the resonant frequency, the resonant resistance and Q of the
SENSITIVITY BEHAVIOUR OF SEVERAL
TWO OP-AMP INVERTING AND
NON-INVERTING INTEGRATORS
Indexing terms: Filters, Integrators, Active filters
Several integrators which are claimed to be useful for high-
frequency filter design are compared. The basis of compari-
son is the sensitivity of the integrator magnitude and phase
with respect to the time constants of the operational ampli-
fiers.
It is a well known fact that integrators are a very important
building block in the design of active-i?C filters, such as the
state-variable filters (two integrator loop), the leap-frog and
signal-flow-graph topologies, etc. Unfortunately, due to the
high-frequency roll-off of the operational amplifiers (OA) used
in the realisation of the integrators, the performance of the
filter at high frequencies or at high-Q deviates from the
designed function.
Much effort has been directed during the last recent years to
overcoming this drawback. As a result, compensation tech-

ELECTRONICS LETTERS 29th September 1983 Vol. 19 No. 20 835