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Experimental study of light-transmitting concrete

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DOI: 10.1080/2093761X.2016.1237396

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ISSN: 2093-761X (Print) 2093-7628 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tsub20

Experimental study of light-transmitting concrete

Abdelmajeed Altlomate, Faesal Alatshan, Fidelis Mashiri & Mohamed Jadan

To cite this article: Abdelmajeed Altlomate, Faesal Alatshan, Fidelis Mashiri & Mohamed
Jadan (2016) Experimental study of light-transmitting concrete, International Journal
of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development, 7:3-4, 133-139, DOI:
10.1080/2093761X.2016.1237396

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 International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development, 2016
VOL. 7, NOS. 3–4, 133–139
https://doi.org/10.1080/2093761X.2016.1237396

Experimental study of light-transmitting concrete

Abdelmajeed Altlomatea  , Faesal Alatshana  , Fidelis Mashirib and Mohamed Jadana
a
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering Technology, Houn, Libya; bSchool of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics,
University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

This paper aims to investigate the performance of concrete which incorporates plastic optical fibre Received 23 June 2016
(POF). In this study, the performance of light-transmitting concrete (LTC) specimens made by using Accepted 1 September 2016
different dosages and spacings of POF is investigated. The properties of POF are investigated and KEYWORDS
discussed. The experimental results show that LTC can provide a high light-transmitting ratio. This Plastic optical fibre; light-
paper contributes to the determination of new alternatives for sustainable construction around the transmitting concrete;
world. LTC can help to reduce power consumption in buildings by allowing natural light to shine energy saving; visual appeal;
Downloaded by [Abdelmajeed Altlomate] at 13:04 04 October 2017

into the building interior through external walls. This paper adds distinctive knowledge to the area architecture; environment;
of sustainable construction by studying the effect of POF on the properties and performance of sustainability
concrete. In addition, the use of POF in concrete can lead to an increase in compressive strength.

1. Introduction in the residential and commercial sectors [2]. The large

Concrete is one of the most significant materials used
in the construction industry. Each year, billions of cubic
metres are produced. This trend in the use of concrete is
due to many reasons, including its ability to resist mechan-
ical loads, its fire resistance and its durability. Additionally,
the raw materials needed to make concrete are readily
available and competitively priced compared to other
types of construction materials and systems.
The increase in the rate of development and modern-
isation in the construction sector has become significant
in the past few years. Part of the industry’s progression is
the inclusion of optical fibres in concrete to make what is
known as light-transmitting concrete (LTC) or translucent
concrete. It is one of the new discoveries and subsequently
trends in the building industry, and it is being used to
­create environmentally friendly and bright building mate-
rial. The economic growth and development of new tech-
nology around the world has led to the building of more
civil engineering infrastructure such as high-rise build-
ings and underground construction. This urban growth
is accompanied by an increase in energy consumption.
Lighting consumes a significant part – 19% of all elec-
tricity in the world [1]. For example, in the United States
(US), and according to the estimates of the US Energy
Information Administration (EIA), nearly 15% of all
­electricity consumption in 2014 is attributed to lighting
amount of electricity needed for lighting influences many
issues relating to climate change, economic growth and
rising energy prices.
High-rise buildings, for example, have significant lighting
demands, even during daylight hours. This has led to think-
ing about the need to invent new, creative and sustainable
construction materials. LTC technology is utilised to harness
the vast amount of potential energy in sunlight as a source
of light in order to reduce electrical energy consumption.
In addition, LTC technology contributes to reducing the
­negative image of concrete as being a grey, dark, harsh, rigid
and opaque material.
1.1.  The concept of LTC
The basic idea of LTC is quite simple, and it can be con-
sidered an eco-friendly, aesthetic and energy-saving tech-
nology. LTC is created through the addition of transparent
material to concrete, which affects some of its properties.
This transparent or translucent alternative material allows
light to pass through the concrete. The performance of
LTC is similar to slits, enabling the transmission of light
through a body of concrete. The function of this invention
is to change the traditional image of concrete and add a
modern architectural touch. While its main purpose is to
use sunlight as a source of light in order to reduce lighting

CONTACT  Abdelmajeed Altlomate  a.altlomate@ceh.edu.ly

© 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
 134   A. ALTLOMATE ET AL.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
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(e) (f)

Figure 1. Examples of applications of light-transmitting concrete: (a) Abu Dhabi, United Emirates, competed in 2015, 30 mm and 40 mm
thickness, 525 m2, (b) Shanghai, China, completed in 2010, 1887 m2, (c) Izmir, Turkey, completed in 2015, 20 mm thickness, 300 m2, (d)
Berlin, Germany, completed in 2014, 20 mm thickness, 60 m2, (e) Tbilisi, Georgia, completed in 2011, 15 mm thickness, 300 m2, (f) Aachen,
Germany, completed in 2012, 102 m2 [3–5].

energy consumption, LTC can be used for a diverse range
of applications, including floors, pavements, load-bearing
walls, furniture, facades, interior wall cladding, dividing
walls, and partition walls.
There are two basic materials that are used to produce
LTC: fine concrete and light-transmitting material. Fine
concrete consists of cement, fine aggregate and water,
while many materials such as optical fibre, glass and
plastic fibre can be added to create LTC. Optical fibre
is most commonly used to produce LTC and consists of
three parts: core, cladding and coating. The light travels
through the glass core centre while the cladding surrounds
the core and reflects the light into it. The coating works to
protect the fibre from damage and moisture.
In LTC, the optical fibre occupies 2% to 6% of the con-
crete’s volume. The distance between the rows of fibres
ranges between 5 mm and 10 mm.
The implementation of LTC in construction has
increased over the last five years. Figure 1 shows examples
of the application of LTC in different buildings around the
world. One of the buildings that was built using the con-
cept of LTC is the Italian Pavilion at the Shanghai World
Expo 2010 in China. No optic fibres were used in this LTC,
however; a precast concrete panel protected by adding
special plastic resins (polymer-based material) to an inno-
vative mortar was adopted. A total of 3774 LTC panels
were used to cover a surface area of 1,887 m² (around 40%
of the building’s envelope). Each plate weighs 50 kg and
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT   135

is 1 × 0.5 m with a thickness of 5 cm [3,4]. The Al-Aziz
Mosque in Abu Dhabi is another example of a newly con-
structed building which uses LTC technology. The mosque
was opened in 2015 and used optical fibres to transmute
the light. LTC panels of dimensions 1.8 × 1.4 × 0.3 m LTC
panels with a total area of 525 m2 were used [5]. The most
important challenge facing this technique is the casting
of LTC using a skilled labour force that has the capacity
to make use of this technology.
2.  Literature review
The concept of LTC was introduced by the young
Hungarian architect Aron Losonzi in 2001. Losonzi
begun working on his project with other scientists while
he was conducting a postgraduate study in Sweden’s Royal
University College of Fine Arts. After returning to his
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used when making and curing the specimens. In addi-
tion, ordinary Portland cement produced by the Al-Burg
Cement Plant and complying with the Libyan specifi-
cation no. 340-2009 was used in the concrete mix. The
cement was examined for fineness (using a no. 200 sieve)
and the result was 9.3% (<22%), which complies with
the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
C150. Natural fine aggregate available in the Al-Jufra area
was used in this research. The properties of the fine aggre-
gate are summarised in Table 1, while Figure 2 illustrates
the sieve analysis of the sand. A Sika ViscoCrete Tempo
12 was used to acquire self-compacted concrete, and tap
water was used in all concrete mixes.
3.1.1.  Optical fibre preparation
The optical fibres used in this research were prepared
through the stages outlined in this section. Firstly, optical

hometown, Mr Losonzi had completed his project and fibres of 0.3 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.75 mm and 1.5 mm diame-
presented his design in exhibitions across Europe [6,7]. ters were sourced. After this, the fibres were cut into spe-
The spread of this innovative idea reflects wide accept- cific lengths to be used in the concrete cubes. Finally, the
ance among researchers and those interested in the field fibres were inserted by passing them through holes in the
of construction materials. 100-mm cubic wood formwork made specifically for this
There are few previous studies that have addressed the research (Figure 3).
topic of LTC [8–15]. Bashbash et al. [14] examined the
mechanical impact of adding plastic optical fibre (POF) into
3.2.  Mix design
concrete. The results show that the compressive strength
of LTC increases when the amount of fibre increases; how- Six concrete mixtures containing different diameters and
ever, the flexural strength decreases as the fibre percentage spaces of POF were prepared. The optical fibres with a dos-
increases. Sawant et al. [12] investigated the compressive age by mass of 0.06%, 0.12%, 0.36%, 1.43% and 1.59% were
behaviour of LTC and found that the compressive strength distributed with specified spacings of 5 mm and 10 mm in
of LTC is lower than the original mix without POF when the concrete. A trial method using the slump test according
percentage of fibre ranges from 0.06% to 1.59%. The results
obtained by Salih et al. [11] show an apparent fluctuation Table 1. Physical and mechanical properties of fine aggregates.
of the compressive and ­flexure strength depending on the Test Result Standard
fibre diameter and c­ uring duration. Overall, the mechani- Specific gravity 2.700 BS 812 Part2:1995
Compacted unit weight (kg/m3) 1.034 ASTM C29
cal properties of concrete are not significantly affected after Voids ratio (%) 18.800 ASTM C29
adding POF to produce LTC. Fineness modulus (FM) 3.050 ASTM C125
Another study conducted by Momin et al. [13] aimed Nominal maximum size of aggregate (mm) 2.360 ASTM C125
Clay lumps and friable particles in 20.000 ASTM C142
to compare the behaviour of LTC using glass rods and ­aggregate (%)
optical fibres. The light transmittance of optical fibre LTC
was clearly greater than that of glass LTC for the speci-
mens used in that research. To the authors’ knowledge, 100
to date no study has investigated the behaviour of LTC (%)
Perent of Passing (%)

produced by adding transmitting resins. This paper aims 80

(%)
to fill this gap by studying and analysing the optical and 60
mechanical properties of concrete mixes of LTC utilising
different percentages of POF. 40

20
3.  Materials and method
0
3.1. Materials 0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve Size (mm)
The LTC produced for this study consists of cement, water,
sand and specific quantities of optical fibre. Tap water was Figure 2. Particle-size distribution curves of sand.
 136   A. ALTLOMATE ET AL.
Table 2. Mix design proportion for 1 m3 of concrete.
Cubic D0.3-S1 D0.5-S1
Spacing of fibres (cm) 1.00 1.00
Diameter of fibre (cm) 0.30 0.50
Fibre (% by mass) 0.06 0.12
Cement (kg)
Water (l)
Fine aggregate (kg)
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Figure 3. Optical fibres inserted in 100-mm cubic wood formwork.
to ASTM C143 was chosen to design the concrete mix
and get the appropriate water-to-cement ratio (w/c = 0.4)
with a slump of 190 mm. Table 2 presents the mix design
proportions of concrete for the specimens.
3.3.  Curing conditions
The LTC specimens were cured for 24 hours under nor-
mal laboratory climatic conditions and then placed in tap
water for 28 days.
4.  The experimental method
A total of 66 concrete cubes were used to investigate the
effect of POF on both concrete compressive strength and
ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). The properties of POF
were established, which include microscopic inspection,
water absorption, tensile strength and Young’s modulus. As
part of the mechanical behaviour of LTC, the compressive
strength of the concrete at 28 days was determined using
cubic specimens of 10 × 10 × 10 cm according to BS 1881,
part 116. In addition, the UPV in the concrete was tested at
3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, as recommended by ASTM C597.
5.  Results and discussion
5.1.  Mechanical properties of POF
The physical and mechanical properties of the POF used
in this study are shown in Table 3. As per the microscopic
D0.75-S0.5 D0.75-S1 D1.5-S1
0.50 1.00 1.00
0.75 0.75 1.50
0.36 1.43 1.59
26.00
10.40
65.00
inspection notes presented in Table 4, the POF has three
layers: core, cladding and buffer coating. The core layer
allows the light to transfer from one side to the other and
the cladding layer keeps the light inside the core layer,
while the buffer coating protects the POF from scratches.
It is apparent from the Table 4 that the external layer
(the buffer coating) has some scratches, but these do not
exceed the layer thickness.
5.2.  Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV)
The UPV method is an extremely useful and popular test
for both in-situ and laboratory use. It involves measuring
the time taken for an ultrasonic pulse to travel through
a known distance in concrete, from which the quality,
velocity and strength of the concrete can be estimated.
The principle is that the speed of the propagation of the
stress waves depends on the density and elastic constants
of the solids.
Direct, semi-direct and indirect test set-ups can be
used, but the direct test is preferred and was adopted for
this study. For in-situ measurements, the semi-­direct and
indirect methods can be used if access to the ­opposite
side of a concrete wall is limited. The direct ultrasonic
pulse velocity of the concrete cubes (10 × 10 × 10 cm)
used in this research were measured according to ASTM
C597.
Figure 4 shows the ultrasonic pulse wave speed for the
six groups of concrete mix used in this study (36 cube
specimens). Table 5 and Figure 4 demonstrate that the
values of velocity of ultrasonic waves for all specimens
increase gradually with time up to 28 days. This is because
of the progressive hydration of concrete with age. The
UPV of all mixes remains approximately the same, despite
the increase in the volume fraction of POF.
Based on Figure 4, the results of age (7 days) show that
the speed exceeds 3.5 m/s2, indicating that the concrete
used is of good quality, while for the ages of 14, 21 and
28 days, all of the results exceed 4 m/s2, indicating that
the concrete is of excellent quality. As shown in Figure 4,
six specimens were prepared with different POF diameter
(1.5-0.75-0.75-0.5-0.3-0 mm) and different POF spaces
(1-0.5 cm).
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT   137

Table 3. The physical and mechanical properties of POF. maximum compressive strength of the LTC is 34.16 N/
Diameter mm2, which occurs with a POF of 1.43% (D1.5-S1) and
Test 0.3 mm 0.5 mm 0.75 mm 1.5 mm
is higher than the 26.52 N/mm2 of concrete with 0.00%
Tensile strength (MPa) 20.00 23.00 25.00 30.00 POF. For a POF content of 1.43% and 1.59% both the
Modulus of elasticity 9.25 10.20 13.60 15.02 7-day and 28-day compressive strengths are greater than
(GPa)
Water absorption after 0.001%
the 0.00% mix. However, the results also show that despite
24 h the increase in POF percentage from 1.43% to 1.59%, the
1.59% mix has a lower 28-day compressive strength than
the 1.43% mix. This might be due to the fact that smaller
5.3.  Compressive strength spacing arrangements of POF result in weaker cubes due
The compressive strength of concrete is one of the most to the smaller interconnecting distances when macro
significant and useful properties for the design of con- cracks propagate under a compressive load. This phenom-
crete structures. For instance, as a construction material, enon will be investigated in future research. These results
concrete is employed to resist compressive stresses. At confirm that the POF has a significant impact on the
locations where tensile strength or shear strength is of compression strength of concrete and presents a favour-
primary importance, the compressive strength is used to able sustainable outcome for enhancing the compressive
estimate the required property. strength of concrete structures.
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The effects of the volume fraction of POF on compres-

sion strength at different ages are shown in Figure 5 and
Table 6. The strength value is the average of three samples.
At the different ages, there is a continuing improvement in
the strength performance of all mixtures of POF.
The results show that the compressive strength
increases with the increasing POF percentage. The
5.4.  Light transmittance test
In order to study the light-guiding properties of the LTC,
36 units of LTC with different POF volume ratios of 0.00%,
0.06%, 0.12%, 0.36%, 1.43% and 1.59% and POF diame-
ters of 0.3 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.75 mm and 1.5 mm were used

Table 4. The microscopic inspection of POF.

Note
Clear transparent, limpid buffer
coating and many scratches on
buffer coating layer.
LU Plan Flour. Magnification LU Plan Flour. Magnification LU Plan Flour. Magnification
= 20x; numerical aperture = 10x; numerical aperture = 5x; numerical aperture
= 0.45. = 0.3. = 0.45. Diameter (mm)
0.30

Clear transparent, translucent 0.50

buffer coating and little
scratches on buffer coating
layer.

Clear transparent, limpid buffer 0.75

coating and medium scratches
on buffer coating layer.

Clear transparent, limpid and 1.50

sensitive buffer coating and
many scratches on buffer
coating layer.
 138   A. ALTLOMATE ET AL.

5.00 Sensor Box

4.00

Speed (km/s)
28
3.00

40 W lamp
21
2.00

LDR
mA
14
1.00
7
0.00

100
C1.5-1 C0.75-1 C0.75-0.5 C0.5-1 C0.3-1 C0-0
10 V
Specimen
Concrete

Figure 4. Ultrasonic pulse velocity results for the six specimens.

Figure 6.  Experimental set-up and equipment for the
measurement of lux values.

Table 5. Ultrasonic pulse velocity results for the six specimens.

Speed of ultrasonic pulse waves (km/s) Table 7. Amount of light passing through the concrete cubes.
Mix 3 days 7 days 14 days 21 days 28 days Amount of light
C0 3.28 3.86 4.17 4.24 4.30 Increase in POF passing through
C0.3-1 3.38 3.89 4.16 4.29 4.33 Concrete mix POF (%) (%) (lux)
Downloaded by [Abdelmajeed Altlomate] at 13:04 04 October 2017

C0.5-1 3.35 3.91 4.14 4.19 4.25 C0 0.00 0.00 0.00

C0.75-0.5 3.35 3.75 4.13 4.22 4.26 C0.3-1 0.06 100.00 1.74
C0.75-1 3.31 3.78 4.11 4.22 4.24 C0.5-1 0.12 77.89 6.31
C1.5-1 3.27 3.94 4.17 4.27 4.31 C0.75-1 0.36 69.76 18.16
C1.5-1 1.43 74.24 75.53
C0.75-0.5 1.59 33.58 46.30

80

light transmitted (lux)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1.59% 1.43% 0.36% 0.12% 0.06%
Figure 5. Compression strength for 7 and 28 days. Specimen

Figure 7. Amount of light passing through the concrete cubes.

Table 6. Compression strength for 7 and 28 days.
Compression strength (N/mm2)
used (Table 7). The maximum intensity of the light passing
Mix POF (%) 7 days 28 days through the block is 1.74 lux for 0.06% POF, 6.31 lux for
D0-S0 0.00 20.90 26.52
D0.3-S1 0.06 18.67 22.52 0.12% POF, 18.16 lux for 0.36% POF, 75.53 lux for 1.43%
D0.5-S1 0.12 20.92 22.95 POF, and 46.3 lux for 1.59%. The transmission of light
D0.75-S1 0.36 19.97 26.17
D1.5-S1 1.43 23.92 34.16
at 1.59% shows that despite the increase in percentage
D0.75-S0.5 1.59 24.19 27.41 of POF, smaller spacing might not be of greater benefit
to overall light transmission. From Table 7 and Figure 7,
it is clear that this average value of transmission of light
in this investigation. The light-transmittance ability of through the LTC blocks will minimise the daily electric-
the specimens was tested by an electrical circuit set-up ity consumption needed for the lighting inside buildings
with a light-dependent resistor (LDR). The source of light which use them.
used was a 40 W lamp; a resistance of 100 Ω was applied
in the circuit set-up and a uniform DC voltage of 10 V
was kept between the circuits. Figure 6 shows the experi- 6. Conclusion
mental set-up, including the translucent concrete and the This study investigates the compressive behaviour of
experimental equipment used for the lux measurements. LTC. The properties of POF used are also investigated.
The transmission of light through the LTC block depends This paper contributes to new alternatives of concrete
on the percentage of POF used on the surface area. The for sustainable construction. The compressive strength
transmission of light increases with the percentage of POF with the standard concrete mix samples was found to
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT   139

be 26.52  N/mm2, and adding POF to the concrete has  
a variable impact on the compressive strength, with the
greatest improvement (34.16 N/mm2) accomplished with  
POF concrete with using fibres of 1.5 mm diameter spaced
10 mm apart for a percentage of 1.43% of fibres. Based
on the results of the UPV test in the concrete samples, it  
is clear that the compressive strength of the specimens
increased with time. The maximum amount of light pass-
 
ing through the cubes was 75.53 LUX using fibres of 1.5
mm diameter spaces 10 mm apart for a percentage of
1.43% of fibres. Therefore the study shows that the trans-
parency of light is possible in concrete without affecting its
compressive strength, as the fibres and fibre reinforcement
enhance the strength and appearance.
 
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