Volume 1

E-ISSN: 2581-7140
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TAMIL LANGUAGE
AND LITERARY STUDIES (Ijtlls)
A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal
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INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TAMIL STUDIES
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Archaeological Evidence and Tamil Culture
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SPECIAL ISSUE : VOL – 1, 27, APRIL 2019
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CONFERENCE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
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Kidth; Nfh. tprauhftd;> Dr. G. Vijayaragavan,
,af;Feh; (K.$.ngh)> The Director,
cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> jukzp> International Institute of Tamil Studies,
nrd;id - 600113. jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah. Chennai- 6000113, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Kidth; eh. RNyhrdh j.kNf];thp
cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> ,af;Feh; IJTLLS,
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cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> jukzp> Ma;tpjo;>
nrd;id – 600113> tpUJefh; - 626001>
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Dr. N. Sulochana, Ms. D. Maheswari,

Assistant Professor, Director cum Editor-in Chief
Department of Tamil Language and Linguistics, International journal of Tamil Language and
International Institute of Tamil Studies, literary Studies,
Taramani, Chennai-600113, IJTLLS, Online Journal
Tamil Nadu, India. Virudhunagar- 626001,
Tamil Nadu, India.
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Qh. me;Njhzp RNu\; Mr. G. Antony Suresh,

cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil,
rjf;fj;Jy;yh`; mg;gh fy;Y}hp> Sadakathullah Appa College,
u`;kj; efh;> Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli.
jpUney;Ntyp-11> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah. Tamil Nadu,
India
tp.tpky;> Ms. V.Vimal,

cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw> Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil,
kJiuf; fy;Y}hp> The Madura College, Madurai- 625011,
kJiu- 11> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah. Tamil Nadu, India.
R. ma;adhh;> Mr. S. Ayyanar,

cjtpg; Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw> Assistant Professor of Tamil,
gp\g; `Pgh; fy;Y}hp> Bishop Huber College, Trichy-17.
jpUr;rp – 17> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah. Tamil Nadu, India.
Kidth; jp.ghpksh> Dr. T. Parimala,

kd;dh; jpUkiy ehaf;fh; fy;Y}hp> Mannar Thirumalai Nayakkar College,
kJiu- 18> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah. Madurai-18,
Tamil Nadu, India.
EDITORIAL BOARD
Special Issue Editors’
Kidth; Nfh. tprauhftd;> Dr. G. Vijayaragavan,

,af;Feh; (K.$.ngh)> The Director,
cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> jukzp> International Institute of Tamil Studies,
nrd;id - 600113. jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah. Chennai- 6000113, Tamil Nadu, India.
Kidth; eh. RNyhrdh j.kNf];thp

cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> ,af;Feh; IJTLLS,
jkpo;nkhop (k) nkhopapay; Gyk;> jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo;>
cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> jukzp> tpUJefh; - 626001>
nrd;id – 600113> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.
jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.
Dr. N. Sulochana, Ms. D. Maheswari,

Assistant Professor, Director cum Editor-in Chief
Department of Tamil Language and Linguistics, International journal of Tamil Language and literary Studies,
International Institute of Tamil Studies, IJTLLS, Online Journal
Taramani, Chennai-600113, Virudhunagar- 626001,
Tamil Nadu, India. Tamil Nadu, India.
Associate Editors
Qh. me;Njhzp RNu\; Mr. G. Antony Suresh,

cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil,
rjf;fj;Jy;yh`; mg;gh fy;Y}hp> Sadakathullah Appa College,
u`;kj; efh;> Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli.
jpUney;Ntyp-11> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah. Tamil Nadu,
India
tp.tpky;> Ms. V.Vimal,

cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw> Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil,
kJiuf; fy;Y}hp> The Madura College, Madurai- 625011,
kJiu- 11> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah. Tamil Nadu, India.
R. ma;adhh;> Mr. S. Ayyanar,

gp\g; `Pgh; fy;Y}hp> Bishop Huber College, Trichy-17.
jpUr;rp – 17> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah. Tamil Nadu, India.
Kidth; jp.ghpksh> Dr. T. Parimala,

kd;dh; jpUkiy ehaf;fh; fy;Y}hp> Mannar Thirumalai Nayakkar College,
kJiu- 18> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah. Madurai-18,
Tamil Nadu, India.
Mr. M.Vinoth Kumar,
Head & Assistant Professor, Department of English,
MSUC College,
Nagalapuram, Thoothukudi Dist, Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: vinothkumar@ijtlls.com, vinoth5082@gmail.com
Advisory Editorial Board
Dr.Mohana Dass A/l Ramasamy, Dr. Sasi Kumar,

Head of the Department, Indian Teaching Fellow, Dr. A. Boologarambai,
Studies, Asian Languages & Cultures Assistant Professor,
Faculty of Arts and Social Academic Group, Department of Tamil Language
Sciences, National Institute of Education, and Translation Studies,
University of Malaya, Malaysia. Nanyang Technological (Sangam Literature & Traditional
Tel: +603-79675629, Fax: +603- University, Nanyang Walk, Grammar, Telugu, Hindi &
79675460. Singapore- 637616. Japanese, Tamil, English)
Email:rmohana-dass@um.edu.my, E-mail: sasikumar.p@nie.edu.sg Dravidian University, Kuppam-
rmdassa@gmail.com 517425,
Dr. J.B.Prashant More, Andra Pradesh, India.
Dr. Sascha Ebeling, Professor of Social Sciences, E-mail:
Associate Professor, Institute of Research in Social arpudharambai@gmail.com
College Senior Adviser in the Sciences and Humanities,
Humanities, Inseec, Paris, Dr. V. Raman,
Chair, Readings in World France. Dean- Department of Visual
Literature Collegiate Core E-mail: morejbplee@aol.com Communication,
Sequence, Rathinam Arts and Science
Department of South Asian Ms. Punitha Subramaniam, College,
Languages and Civilizations, P.G. Assistant in Tamil, Eachanari, Coimbatore,
Department of Comparative SJKT Ladang Temerloh, Tamilnadu- 641021, India.
Literature, 34800 Trong, Perak, Malaysia. E-mail:
The University of Chicago, E-mail: kashnitha@gmail.com, dean.viscom@rathinamcollege.co
1130 East 59th Street, Foster 203, punitha.su@moe.edu.my m
Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
E-mail: ebeling@uchicago.edu Mr. K. Raguparan, Dr. S. Manimaran,
Senior Lecturer Gr.II in Tamil, Associate Professor, Department
R. Venkatesh, Department of Languages, of Tamil,
(PLM Leader in FORD, Faculty of Arts and Culture, N.M.S.S.Vellaichamy Nadar
Michigan) South Eastern University, Sri College, Madurai-19.
President and Secretary, Lanka, Tamil Nadu, India.
Tamil Academy, Canton, E-mail: E-mail:
Michigan – 48187, kanagasabai.raguparan1@gmail.co manimaransvn@gmail.com
America. m
E-mail: vradhak1@ford.com Dr. T. K. Vedaraja,
Assistant Professor of English,
Alagappa Govt. Arts College,
Karaikudi, Sivaganga-630003,
Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: tkvraja@gmail.com
PUBLISHER: D. Maheswari,
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mzpe;Jiu
முனைவர் க ோ.விசயரோ வன், எம்.ஏ., எம்ஃபில்., பி.எட்., பிஎச்.டி.,
இயக்குநர் (மு.கூ.பபோ.)
உல த் தமிழோரோய்ச்சி நிறுவைம்
தரமணி, பசன்னை – 113.
தமிழர் ளின் பதோன்னமயோை வரலோற்னையும் பண்போட்னையும்

அைிந்துப ோள்ள பபோிதும் துனணநிற்பது பதோல்லியல் சோன்று களயோகும். சங் ப்
போைல் ளின் உறுதிப்போட்னை வரலோற்று அடிப்பனையில் அ ழோய்வு ளின் மூலம்
பவளிக்ப ோணர்வகத பதோல்லியல் ஆய்வின் கநோக் மோகும். இந்த அடிப்பனையில்
வரலோற்று அைிஞர், பதோல்லியல் அைிஞர், மோனுைவியலோளர், பமோழியியலோளர்,
பண்போட்டு ஆய்வோளர், இலக் ிய ஆய்வைிஞர், ல்பவட்டியல் அைிஞர் எைப்

பல்கவறு புலனம பபற்கைோர் ளின் ஒத்துனழப்பிைோலும் துனணயிைோலும்
பதோல்லியல் ஆய்வு ள் தமிழ த்தில் நனைபபற்று வரு ின்ைை.
பதோல்லியல் ஆய்வு ளில் ினைத்த பபோருள் னளக் ப ோண்டு தமிழர் ளின்

பதோன்னம உறுதி பசய்யப்படு ிைது. பதோல்லியல் ஆய்வோளர் ளின் ஈடுபோட்டின்
ோரணமோ பவளிவரும் பல்கவறு தைிக் ட்டுனர ளும், ட்டுனரத் பதோகுப்பு ளும்,
ள ஆய்வு ள் பற்ைிய சிைப்பு நூல் ளும், இதழ் ளும் பதோல்லியல் சோர்ந்து புதிய
ண்டுபிடிப்பு னள உைனுக்குைன் பவளியிட்டு பண்னைய மக் ளின்
பண்போடு னளயும் வோழ்க்ன முனை னளயும், வோணி முனை னளயும் நமக்குத்
பதோிவிக்கும் தையங் ளோ த் தி ழ் ின்ைை. முப்பதுக்கும் கமற்பட்ை பதோல்லியல்

ளங் ள் உள்ள தமிழ த்தில் ஒரு சில இைங் ளில் மி க்குனைந்த அளகவ
அ ழோய்வு ள் நைந்கதைியுள்ளை. ளங் ள் முழுவதும் அ ழோய்வு ளுக்கு உட்படுத்தி
அங்கு ினைக்கும் பபோருள் னளக் ோல முனைப்படுத்திைோல் தமிழோின் பதோன்னம
இன்னும் பழனமயோைது என்பது புலப்படும். தமிழ் பமோழி (ம) பமோழியியல் புலத்தின்
இன்னைய ோல ட்ைத்திற்கு கதனவப்படும் வன யிலும் தமிழர் ளின்
பதோன்னமனயயும் பண்போட்னையும் உல ைியச் பசய்யும் வன யில் உல த்
தமிழோரோய்ச்சி நிறுவைத் தமிழ்பமோழி (ம) பமோழியியல் புலத்துைன் தமிழ் பமோழி (ம)
இலக் ிய பன்ைோட்டு ஆய்வு இதழ் (IJTLLS) இனணந்து ‘பதோல்லியல் சோன்றும் தமிழர்
பண்போடும்’ எனும் பபோருண்னமயில் பன்ைோட்டுக் ருத்தரங் ம் நைத்துவது ோலத்தின்
கதனவயோகும்.
பதோல்லியல் அைிஞர் ள், பதோல்லியல் னல ள், ல்பவட்டியல், ைல் சோர்
ஆய்வு ள், ஓனலச்சுவடி ள், பசப்கபடு ள், நோணயங் ள், அ ழோய்வு ளில் ினைத்த
பபோருள் ள் எைத் தமிழோின் பதோன்னமக்குச் சோன்ைோகும் வன யில் பல்கவறு
தனலப்பு ளில் பதோல்லியல் சோர்ந்து ஆரோய்ந்து ட்டுனர ள் வழங் ிய தமிழ்நோடு
மற்றும் இலங்ன யிலுள்ள பல் னலக் ழ ப் கபரோசிோியர் ள், ல்லூோிப்
கபரோசிோியர் ள், தமிழோசிோியர் ள், தமிழைிஞர் ள், தமிழோர்வலர் ள் எைக் ட்டுனர ள்
வழங் ிய அனைவனரயும் போரோட்டு ிகைன்.
ட்டுனர னளபயல்லோம் பசப்பம் பசய்து ஆய்வுக்க ோனவ பன்ைோட்டுத்

தரக்குைியீட்டு எண்ணுைன் (ISSN) ருத்தரங் நோளன்கை பவளியிடுவது உள்ளபடிகய
சிைப்பு. இவ் அத்தனை முயற்சி னளயும் கமற்ப ோண்டு பன்ைோட்டுக் ருத்தரங் ம்

பசவ்வகை நனைபபைவும் பல்லோற்ைோனும் உனழத்த ருத்தரங்
ஒருங் ினணப்போளர் ள் தமிழ்பமோழி (ம) பமோழியியல் புல உதவிப் கபரோசிோியர்
முனைவர் நோ.சுகலோசைோ அவர் ளுக்கும் பன்ைோட்டு ஆய்விதழின் ஆசிோியர் முனைவர்

திருமதி மக சுவோி அவர் ளுக்கும் தமிழ்ப்பணினயச் சிைப்போ ச் பசய்திை
வோழ்த்து ளும் போரோட்டு ளும் ோலத்திற்க ற்ைோர்கபோன்ை பபோருண்னம ளில்
பல்கவறு நூல் ள் பவளிவரகவண்டும் என்றும் இவர் ளின் பணி கமன்கமலும்
பதோைரகவண்டும் எைவும் வோழ்த்து ிகைன்.
இைம்: பசன்னை
இயக்குநர்
நோள்: 27.04.2019 (முனைவர் க ோ. விசயரோ வன்)
tho;j;Jiu
முனைவர் நோ. சுகலோசைோ
உதவிப் கபரோசிோியர்
தமிழ்பமோழி (ம) பமோழியியல் புலம்
உல த் தமிழோரோய்ச்சி நிறுவைம்
தரமணி, பசன்னை – 113.
தமிழர் ளின் பதோன்னமக்குச் சோன்ைோ ச் சங் ப் போைல் னளகயக் குைிப்பிட்டு

வரு ிகைோம். அதற்ப ல்லோம் வரலோற்றுத் தரவு ளின் அடிப்பனையில் பதோல்லியல்
அ ழோய்வு ளில் ினைத்த பபோருள் ள் சங் ோலத்னதயும் முந்னதய
பதோன்னமனயயும் பண்போட்னையும் உனையது என்பனத நிரூபித்து வரு ின்ைை.
தமிழ த்திலுள்ள பதோல்லியல் ளங் ளில் அ ழோய்வு ள் மி க் குனைந்த அளகவ
நைந்திருக் ின்ைை. முழுவதுமோை ஆய்வு ள் நைத்தப்பபற்ைோல் தமிழோின் பதோன்னம
இன்னும் பல நூற்ைோண்டு ளுக்கு முற்பட்ை பழனமயோை நோ ோி ம் தமிழர் ளுனையது
என்பது உறுதியோகும்.
ல்பவட்டியல், பசப்கபடு ள், ஓனலச்சுவடி ள், நோணயங் ள், பதோல்லியல்

சோர்ந்த ஆய்வு நூல் ள் எை இதுகபோன்ை ளங் ளில் ஆய்வுக் ட்டுனர வரப்பபற்று
‘பதோல்லியல் சோன்றும் தமிழர் பண்போடும்’ எனும் பபோருண்னமயில் பன்ைோட்டுத்தரக்
குைியீட்டு எண்ணுைன் (ISSN) ஆய்வுக்க ோனவ பவளிவருவது ோலத்தின்
கதனவயோகும்.
பதோைர்ந்து நோங் ள் நைத்தும் ருத்தரங்கு ளுக்கு ஆய்வுக் ட்டுனர வழங் ி

வரும் பல் னலக் ழ ப் கபரோசிோியர் ள், ல்லூோிப் கபரோசிோியர் ள், தமிழோசிோியர் ள்,
தமிழைிஞர் ள், தமிழோர்வலர் ள் மற்றும் ஆய்வு மோணவர் ள் எை அனைவோின்
ஒத்துனழப்போலும் ஒவ்பவோரு ருத்தரங் மும் சிைப்போ நனைபபற்ைது, நனைபபற்று
வரு ிைது என்பனத ம ிழ்கவோடும் நன்ைியுணர்கவோடும் நினைத்துப் போர்க் ிகைன்.
அந்த வன யில் உல த் தமிழோரோய்ச்சி நிறுவை தமிழ்பமோழி (ம) பமோழியியல்
புலத்துைன் இனணந்து தமிழ்பமோழி (ம) இலக் ிய பன்ைோட்டு ஆய்வு இதழ் (IJTLLS)
இக் ருத்தரங்ன நைத்துவது உள்ளபடிகய ம ிழ்ச்சி.
தமிழர் ளின் பண்போட்னை உல ிற்கு எடுத்துனரக்கும் உன்ைத பணினயச்

பசய்துவரும் பதோல்லியல் அைிஞர் ளின் பணினயயும் தமிழோின் பதோன்னமக்கு
ஆவணமோ த் தி ழும் பதோல்லியல் ஆய்வு னளயும் எல்கலோருக்கும் ப ோண்டுகபோய்ச்
கசர்க்கும் வன யிலும் அனைவரும் பதோல்லியல் ளங் னளயும், ஆய்வு னளயும்
அைிய கவண்டும் எனும் கநோக் த்தில் இத்தன ய ருத்தரங் ம் நைத்தப்பபற்று அதற்கு
ஆவணமோ ஆய்வுக்க ோனவயும் பவளியிட்டு உன்ைதமோைத் தமிழ்ப்பணினயச்
பசய்துவரும் ஆய்வு இதழுக்கு வோழ்த்து ள். இன்னும் இது கபோன்ை நல்ல
தமிழ்ப்பணி னளச் பசவ்வகை பசய்ய போரோட்டு ளும் வோழ்த்து ளும்.
இைம்: பசன்னை இப்படிக்கு

நோள்: 27.04.2019 (முனைவர் நோ. சுகலோசைோ)
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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo;>
tpUJefh; - 626 001.
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1. ehzaq;fSk; ghJfhf;Fk; topKiwfSk;
Measurements to Preserve Coins 1
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2. jpU tptpypa ew;nra;jp E}y;fspd; fhyf;fzpg;GKiw
Time Calculation of The Holy Bible 6
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3. jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj;jpy; fhzg;ngWk; njhy;ypay;
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13
Archaeological Evidences in Thiruvannamalai District
Kidtu; m.mutpe;jd;
4. jkpoh; gz;ghl;by; ePh;ts Nkyhz;ikAk;> njhy;ypay; rhd;Wk;
Archaeological Evidence and Water Management in Tamil Culture 18
Kidth; Nt.mUl;ghkzp
5. jkpoh; njhy;ypay; mfo;tha;Tfs;
Tamilar Archeological Excavations 23
mUzhr;ryk; NtZNfhghyd;
6. Nrho kz;lyj;jpy; kuhl;bah; rhh;e;j fy;ntl;LfSk;
nrg;NgLfSk;
32
Culverts and Copper Platelets on the Marathas of the Chola Region
Kidth;. v];.myNkYkq;fhs;
7. jkpofj;jpy; fy;ntl;Lfs; nrg;NgLfs;
Culverts and Copper Plates in Tamil Nadu 36
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8. njhy;ypay; rhd;wpy; kpspUk; jkpoh; gz;ghL
The Evidences of Tamil Culture in Archaeology 51
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9. njhy;ypay; fhyf;fzpg;G Kiwfs;
Calculating Methods in Archaeology 55
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10. njhy;ypay; nka;g;gpf;Fk; G+k;Gfhu;
Poombukar as revealed by Archaeology 62
Kidtu; g. ,uhjh
11. eLfy; topghl;L Kiwapy; tho;tpay; gjpTfs;
Social Life Registration from Stonehenge Worship 67
Kidth; it.,uhkuh[ghz;bad; & f.fUg;grhkp
12. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; jkpoh; njhy;khdpltpay;
Tamil Classical Society in Sangam Literature 72
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13. jpUf;fl;lis Re;jNuRtuh; Nfhapy; tuyhW kw;Wk; fiy
Art and History of Thirukattalai Sundareswara Temple 77
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14. NrhoH fhy Nfhapy;fspd; jdpj;jd;ikfs;
The Individuality of the Temples of the Chola Period 84
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15. njhy;nghUs; gz;ghl;by; rka ek;gpf;iffs;
Religious Beliefs in Archaic Culture 89
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16. fy;ntl;L nrg;NgLfspy; mwpayhFk; GwehD}w;W kd;du;fs;
The Kings of Purananooru from the Culverts and Bronze Plates 93
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17. Mjpr;rey;Y}h; mfo;tha;Tk; ,Uk;gpd; gad;ghLfs;
Iron Usage in Aathichanallur Antique Excavations 99
Kidth; K.fy;gdh
18. jkpo; vOj;jpd; goikAk; nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fSk;
The Antiqueness of Tamil Language and Classical Literatures 103
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19. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzyhFk; njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs;
Archaeological Evidences as seen in Sangam Literature 111
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20. njd;nfhq;F ehl;bd; ngUq;fw; rpd;dq;fs;
Megalithic Symbols in the South Kongu Region 116
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21. njhy;Fb jkpoHfspd; topghL
Worship of the Classical Tamil People 120
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22. njhy;ypay; ghHitapy; khdpltpay;
Anthropology in the Light of Archaeology 125
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23. jkpoff; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
Culverts in Tamil Nadu Temples 130
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24. njhy;ypay; Nehf;fpy; NtY}h; khtl;lj;jpd; rpy Fwpg;G nra;jpfs;
A Brief Archaeological Scrutiny of Vellore District 135
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25. nfhq;F ehl;Lf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; tzpf mwk;
Business Ethics in Kongu County Culverts 139
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26. njhy;nghUs; rkaf;Fwpg;Gfs;
Religious Archaeological Inscriptions 144
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27. nra;ahW tl;lf; fy;ntl;Lfshy; mwpag;gLk; jfty;fs;
Evidences Evinced through the Culverts of Cheiyyar 150
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28. jkpofj;jpy; njhy;ypay; Ma;T Xu; ghu;it
A Survey on Archaeology in Tamil Nadu 156
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Future Archaeological Sites of Tamil Nadu 162
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30. ghrd Ntshz;ikapd; gupzhk tsu;r;rp
Gradual Development of Water Management in Agriculture 167
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31. ,yq;ifapy; jkpo; mur kugpd; cUthf;fk; - mz;ikf;fhyj;
njhy;ypaw; fz;Lgpbg;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Ma;T
The Creation of the King’s Clan in Ilankai- An Analysis based on the 174
Recent Archaeological Findings
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32. jpuhtpl kf;fspd; tuyhW Xh; ghh;it
A Glance on the Chronology of the Dravidians 184
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33. njhy;ypay; Nehf;fpy; G+ypj;Njtd; tuyhW
The Chronicle of Pulithevan through the Traces of Archaeology 190
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34. eLfw;fs; rhd;Wk; jkpou; gz;ghLk;
Stonehenge and Tamil Culture 196
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35. jkpoh; gz;ghl;by; kQ;rs;
Turmeric in Tamil Culture 201
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36. njhy;jkpoHfspd; gz;ghl;L milahsq;fs;
Cultural Evidences of the Classic Tamils 210
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37. juzpnay;yhk; jkpou; tho;e;j jlk;
The Traces of Tamilar on the Globe 220
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38. ngUq;fy; GijFop mfoha;Tfs;;
Megalithic Archaeological Excavations 226
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39. fy;ntl;Lfshy; mwpayhFk; gj;Jg;ghl;L Gytu;fSk; kd;du;fSk;
Bards and Kings of Pattupattu Comprehended through Culverts 232
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40. Mjpj;jkpou; mUe;jjpau; tuyhW: fy;ntl;Lf;fs; topf;
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Adi Tamilar Arunthathiyinar Chronology: Infrastructuring Via Culvert 237
Perspective
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41. jkpof tuyhw;wpy; Kjy; jPg;gha;e;jk;kd;
The First Woman who Committed Sati in Tamil Nadu History 242
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42. fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;; Nrhoh;fhy ngz;fs;
Women of the Chola Period in Culverts 247
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43. ,uhkehjGuk; muz;kid ,uhkypq;f tpyhrk; Xtpaq;fs; $Wk;
nra;jpfs;
252
Informations from the Rama Vilasa Paintings of the Ramnad Palace
k.nra;aJ ,g;uh`pk;
44. jw;fhy njhy;ypay; Ma;Tg; Nghf;Ffs;
The Present Scenario of Archaeology Today 259
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45. frhf;Fbr; nrg;NgLfs;
The Copper Plates of Kasakudi 263
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46. jkpou; gz;ghl;bypUe;J jw;fhyj;jpy; kiwe;J nrd;W
nfhz;bUf;Fk; kuGupikfs;- tl,yq;if ikakhff; nfhz;l
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267
A Study on Northern Lanka- Vanishing Classical Antiquity from the
Tamil Culture
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47. gz;ila njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfs; %yk; mwpag;gLk; jkpou;
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Tamil Culture through Ancient Archaeological Evidences 273
(Wrought Art Models)
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48. njhy;ypaw; fskhf tpsq;Fk; nfhLkzy;
Kodumanal the Archaeological Site 277
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49. fy;ntl;LfSk;> nrg;NgLfSk; Xh; Ma;T
An Analysis on Culverts and Copper Plates 284
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50. rq;f ,f;fpaj;jpy; jkpou; tho;tpay;
The Lifestyle of Tamil People in Sangam Literature 287
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51. njhy;ypay; fhl;Lk; itif epjp ehfhpfk;
The Evidences of Archeology on Vaigai Civilization 294
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52. njhy;ypay; gjpTfspy; VWjOTjy;
Taming of the Bull (Jallikattu) in Archaeological Evidences 300
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53. fy;ntl;Lk; nrg;NgLk;
The Culverts and The Copper Plates 304
jpUf;Fws; J}jH R.eluhrd;
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International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 1

E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Special Issue : Vol. 1, April-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
ehzaq;fSk; ghJfhf;Fk; topKiwfSk;

Measurements to Preserve Coins
KidtH.Qh.me;;Njhzp RNu\;> cjtpg;NguhrpupaH>

jkpo;j;Jiw> rjf;fj;Jy;yh`; mg;gh fy;Y}up> jpUney;Ntyp.
Abstract
The study of the paper deals with the coins and its preservation methods. In Tamil
Monarchal rule, the kings issued various types of coins. The triumvirate, Chere, Chola and
The Pandian kings coined coins made up of gold, copper and other metals. They are sparsely
found out by the archaeologists and preserved in many methods. Therefore, the study traces
the art of numismatics and the preserving measures.
Keywords: Measurements, Preserve Coins, Tamil Society, Coins, Numismatics
Kd;Diu
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vilAs;s XH cNyhfj;jpw;F ehzaj;jpd; kjpg;G toq;fg;gl;ljhfj; njupatpy;iy.
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khHbkH tPyH fUj;Jj; njuptpj;Js;shH. ùg;gh kf;fis mLj;J ehfupfk; mile;j
MupaH njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; fhy;eil Nka;g;gtHfshfTk; gpd;dH cotHfshfTk;
khwpdH. mtHfs; njhlf;fj;jpy; fhy;eilr; nry;tq;fisAk; jhdpaq;fisAk;
gz;lkhw;Wg; nghUl;fshfg; gad;gLj;jpdH vd;W mwpa ,lKz;L. gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy;
muprp rpwe;j gz;lkhw;Wg; nghUshfj; jpfo;e;jJ.
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhRfs;

fhR vd;gJ gy;nghUs; Fwpj;j xU nrhy;. rq;f E}y;fspy; fhR vd;gJ
1.nghw;fhR 2.fyd; 3.kzp vd;w nghUl;fspy; ifahsg;gLfpd;wJ. gz;ilj; jkpo;
kfspH fhRfis NkfiyNahL NrHj;J mzpe;jpUf;fpd;wdH. gz;ilj; jkpo; kfspH
fhRfis NkfiyNahL NrHj;J mzpe;jpUf;fpd;wdH. Iq;FWE}w;W ciuahrpupaH
‘ghz;by; nghd;dhy; tl;lkhfr; nra;ag;gLtNjhH mzptif ,ijr; Rw;wp kzpfs;
NfhHj;J NkfiyNahlzpjy;’ vd;wdH vd;W $wpg; gpd;Dk; ‘nghd;nra; ghz;bw;
nghyq;fyk; je;j’ vd;w tupf;Fg; nghd;dhw; nra;ag;gl;l ghz;byhfpa nghd;dzp
nefpo;e;njhopa vd;Wk; ciu$wp tpl;Lg; nghyq;fyj;ij tpsf;Fk;NghJ ghz;biyr;
Rw;wpf; NfhHf;fg;gLk; nghw;fhRfs; <z;Lg; nghyq;fyk; vdg;gl;l gb> nghw;fyk;>
nghyq;fyk; vd te;jJ vd;W Fwpf;fpd;wdH. ,tw;why;> gz;ilj; jkpo; kfspH
fhRfis xU tif mzpfydhff; ifahz;bUf;fpd;wdH vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.
mj;jifa fhRfs; nghd;dhy; nra;ag;gl;bUe;jd vd;gij mwpayhk;.
‘nghd;nra; fhR’ vd;W ew;wpizak;’ ‘nghyq;Fy xU fhR> ‘nghyQ;nra; fpz;fzpf;
fhR’ vd;W FWe;njhifAk; ‘nghyq;fhR’> nghyQ;nra; fhR’ vd;W mfehD}Wk;>
fhrhdJ nghd;dhy; nra;ag;gl;ljw;F Neubr; rhd;W jUfpd;wd.
gz;lkhw;wj;jpy; Njhd;wpa rpf;fy;fNs ehzaf; fz;Lgpbg;gpw;F fhuzkhapw;W
vd;gJ nghJthd fUj;J. rq;f fhyj;jpy; ele;j cs;ehl;L tzpfk; ngUk;ghYk;
gz;lkhw;wpNyNa ele;jpUf;fpwJ. ntspehl;L tzpfk; Njhd;wpa NghJ> cs;ehl;by;
nra;jJ Nghy; vspjhfg; gz;lkhw;W Kiwfis Nkw;nfhs;s ,aytpy;iy. vdNt>
Kj;J kw;Wk; ney;ypf;fha; mstpyhd jq;ff; fl;bfisg; gupkhwpf; nfhz;ldH.
nghd;dhyhfpa fhRfs; rq;f fhyj;jpy; tof;fpy; ,Ue;jd vd;gJk; mit Ntg;gk; go
tbtpYk; ney;ypf; fha; Nghd;w cUz;ilahd tbtpYk; mike;jpUe;jd vd;gJk;
,it fhRfshf tzpfj; njhopypy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld vd;gJk; nra;jpfshf
mikfpd;wd.
NruH fhRfs; (Kjy; tif)
,f; fhRfs; nrk;gpYk; ePz;l rJu tbtj;jpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Kd;
gf;fj;jpy;> tyJ gf;fk; Nehf;fp epw;Fk; ahidAk;> mjw;F Nky; gz;ilj; jkpo;
vOj;Jf;fSk; gpd; gf;fj;jpy;> NruHfspd; ,yr;rpidahd tpy;Yk; mk;Gk; fPNo
mq;FrKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fUT+upy; fpilj;j rq;f fhy NruH fhRfspy; vy;yhk;
ahidf;F NkNy kq;fyr; rpd;dq;fs;jhk; cs;sd. Mdhy;> ,e;j fhrpy; rpy
vOj;Jf;fs; njsptw;w epiyapy; ,Ug;gjhy; ve;j Nru kd;ddhy; ,J
ntspaplg;gl;lJ vd;W cWjpahff; $w ,aytpy;iy. ,Uk;nghiw kd;dHfs;
ntspapl;l nfhy;ypg;Giwf; fhRfs; fUT+upy; fpilj;Js;sd. ,Uk;nghiw kd;dd;
xUtuhy; ,e;jf; fhR ntspaplg;gl;bUf;fyhk;.
khf;Nfhijf; fhR (,uz;lhk; tif)
mkuhtjp Mw;Wg; gLifapypUe;J fpilj;jtw;Ws; xd;W ‘Nrukhd;
khf;Nfhijapd;’ ngaUlDk; cUtj;JlDk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J> jkpof ehza
tuyhw;wpNyNa kpfr; rpwg;ghd fz;Lgpbg;ghFk;. ,f;fhR fpilf;Fk; tiu> rq;f fhy
kd;dHfspd; ngaHfNsh> cUtq;fNsh nghwpj;j nts;spf; fhRfs;
fz;nlLf;fg;gltpy;iy. fhrpd; Kd;Gwj;jpy;> gz;ilj; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fSk; mjd; fPo;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
eLNt tyg;Gwk; Nehf;fpa murdpd; khHgsT cUtK; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,f; fhrpd;

gpd;Gwk;;> vt;tpj rpd;dKk; ,y;yhky; cs;sJ. murdpd; jiyf;F Nky; ‘khf;Nfhij’
vd;W vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
‘k’ vd;w vOj;jpy; FWf;Ff; NfhL rw;W tyg;Gwk; ePl;lg;gl;L ,Ug;gjhYk; ‘j’
vd;w vOj;J tise;J fhzg;gLtjhYk; ,e;j vOj;jpd; fhyk; fp.gp.Kjy;
E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjp vd;W nfhs;syhk;. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Nrukhd;
Nfhl;lk;gyj;Jj; JQ;rpa khf;Nfhij(Gwk;-52) Nrukhd; Nfhf;Nfhij khHgd;(mfk;-63)>
Nrukhd; Fl;Ltd; Nfhij (Gwk;-54) Nghd;w ngaHfs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j
nts;spf; fhR Nkw;$wpa kd;dHfSs; xUtuhy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ vdyhk;.
NruH fhRfs; (%d;whk tif)
rq;f fhyr; Nru kd;dHfspd; tuyhw;iw mwpa ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs;
kpFjpahff; fpilf;fg; ngw;w E}y;fSs; ‘gjpw;Wg;gj;J’ xU fUtp E}yhf cs;sJ.
mjpy; Kjw; gj;Jk; filrpg; gj;Jk; ,g;NghJ fpilf;fhj fhuzj;jhy;> Kjypy;; Ml;rp
nra;j rq;f fhyr; Nru kd;dH ahH? vd;W tiuaWj;Jf; $w ,aytpy;iy. MapDk;>
,U topr; Nru kd;dHfs; xNu fhyj;jpy; G+ry;fs; VJkpy;yhj epiyapy; Mz;L
te;jik ,e;E}ypd; %yk; mwpaf; fpilf;fpd;wJ. me;Jtd; Nrud; ,Uk;nghiw vd;gtH
nghiwaH Fy Kjy;td; vd Muha;r;rpahsH $Wfpd;wdH. ,tuJ fhyk; ahJ vd;gJ
njupatpy;iy. ,Uk;nghiwg; gpupT kd;dHfs; gjpw;Wg; gj;jpd; 7Mk; gj;J Kjy; 9Mk;
gj;J tiuapy; cs;s ghf;fspd; ghl;Lilj; jiytHfs;. rq;f fhyj;jpy; ,tHfsJ
Mjpf;fk; fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghiwapd; Ml;rpNahL KbtilfpwJ.
,Uk;nghiw kd;dHfs; ntspapl;Ls;s ,U tif ehzaq;fs; ,Jtiu
fpilj;Js;sd. mitahtd>
nfhy;ypg;nghiwf; fhR – Kd;Gwj;jpy; Njhuz thapypd; cs;Ns XH murdpd;
epw;fpd;w cUtk; cs;sJ. tpspk;gpy;> gz;ilj; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspy; ‘nfhy;ypg;Giw’
vd;W vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; gpd;Gwk;> tpy;Yk; mk;Gk; cs;sd. kiyapd; cUtk;
tisTfshff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. xU rJuj;jpd; cs;Ns cs;s cUtk; Nja;e;J>
njsptw;w epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,f;fhR ‘nfhy;ypg; nghiwad;’ vd;gtuhy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ vd;W
fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,f;fhrpd; gpd;Gwk; ‘tpy;’ rpwg;ghf cs;sJ.
(M) nfhy;ypUk;nghiwf; fhR - ,J ‘nfhy;ypg;Giw’ vd;W ngaH nghwpf;fg;gl;l
fhrpid xj;jJ. Mdhy;> ,Wjpapy; ‘md;’ tpFjp ngw;W nfhy;ypg;Giwad; vd;w
ngaUld; kw;nwhU fhR fpilj;Js;sJ. ,f;fhR tbtikg;gpy; tl;lkhfTk; jbj;Jk;
rpy rpd;dq;fisAk; jd;dfj;Nj jhq;fpAs;sJ. ,e;jf; fhrpd; Kd;Gwj;jpy;
Njhuzthapypd; eLNt fk;gPukhd Njhw;wj;JlDk; tyJ ifapy; xU NghH
MAjj;JlDk; XHmurdpd; KO cUtk; Njhw;wkspf;fpwJ. kd;ddpd; ,lJ gf;fk;
neba Ntypapl;l kuk; xd;Wk; tyJ gf;fk; %d;W kPd;fs; xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf
kd;dupd; ghjq;fSf;Ff; fPohf Ntypapl;l kuj;ij Nehf;fp ePe;Jk; epiyapy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
rq;f fhyr; NrhoH ehzaq;fs;
rq;f fhyr; NrhoH ehzaq;fss; kpff; Fiwe;j mstpNyNa fpilj;Js;sd.
rq;f fhyg; ghz;baHfis Nghy NrhoHfs; kpFjpahd ehzaq;fis ntspapl;ljhfj;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njupatpy;iy. rq;f fhy NrhoH ehzaq;fspy; vOj;Jg; nghwpg;G vJTk;

fhzg;gltpy;iy. rq;f fhyr; NrhoH ehzaq;fspy; Kd;Gwk; ahid> mzp
nra;ag;gl;l Fjpiufs; G+l;ba NjH> ahidAk; FjpiuAk;> Ntypapl;l kuk;> tpyq;Fk;
kuKk;> Fil> NtyhAjk; Nghd;w rpd;dq;fs; cs;sd. ,jd; gpd;Gwj;jpy;> Gypr;
rpd;dNk ngupJk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Gyp jdJ tyJ fhiyj; J}f;fp> thiag; gpse;J>
jiyia epkpHj;jp mjd; Edp tise;jpUf;Fk; mikg;gpNyNa fhzg;gLfpwJ. xU rpy
ehzaq;fspy; GypAld; fjputd; rpd;dKk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
rq;f fhyr; NrhoH ehzaq;fspy; vt;tpj vOj;Jg; nghwpg;Gk; ,d;ikahy;>
mtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; ,yr;rpidfisf; nfhz;Ljhd; fhyj;ijf; fzf;fpl Ntz;b
cs;sJ. a`{Nja ehzaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Ntypapl;l kur; rpd;dk; kpf
Kf;fpakhdJ. ,r; rpd;dk; jhd; rq;f fhyr; NrhoH ehzaq;fspd; fhy
Muha;r;rpf;Fupa mbg;gilr; rhd;whf mikfpd;wJ.
rq;f fhyg; ghz;baH ehzaq;fs;
rq;f fhyg; ghz;baHfSila ehzak; rJukhf cs;sJ. xUGwk; ahid
nghwpf;fg;gl;L> kWGwk; ntw;wplkhf cs;sJ my;yJ ,ul;il kPd; rpd;dk; moFw
nghwpf;fg;gl;L
; s;sJ. mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy;> ,uhkehjGuk; mofd;Fsj;jpy; ele;j
mfo;thuha;r;rpapd;NghJ Vuhskhfr; rq;f fhyg; ghz;baH ehzaq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd.
,e; ehzaq;fspy; m\;lkq;fyf; FwpaPLfSk; cs;sd.
ehzaq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;
jq;f ehzaq;fs; ghJfhf;Fk; Kiw
jq;f ehzaq;fisj; jdpahf kw;w cNyhf ehzaq;fNshL NrHf;fhky;
itf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtw;wpidj; jdpahfj; jhspy; ghJfhg;ghf itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mtw;wpy; VNjDk; ghrpNah> fiwNah kzy; gbe;J ,Ue;jhNyh mjid ePHj;j
iel;upf; mkpyk; %yk; ftdkhfj; J}a;ik nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
nrk;Gf; fhRfisj; J}a;ik nra;Ak; Kiw
gr;ir gbe;j ehzaq;fisf; fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s jputq;fSs; VNjDk;
xd;wpy; %o;f itj;Jg; gr;ir epwk; ePq;Fk; tiu J}a;ik nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
Nuhr;ry; fhu cg;Gj; jputk;
50fpuhk;> Nrhbak; i`buhf;iril xU ypl;lH fha;r;rp tbj;j ePupy; fiuj;J
,j;Jld; 150fpuhk; Nuhr;ry; cg;G vdg;gLk; nghl;lhrpak; lhHl;Nul; fiuj;j fiury;
fhu fpspruhy; jputk;
150 fpuhk; vilAs;s vupNrhlhj; JZf;Ffis xU ypl;lH fha;r;rp tbj;j ePupy;
fiuj;J 50 fpuhk; fpsprupd; NrHf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J ,uz;lhk; tifj; jputk;.
NkNy $wg;gl;Ls;s jputq;fSs; VNjDk; xd;wpy; nrk;G ehzaq;fis ehd;F
kzp Neuk; Cw itf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd; ehzaq;fis jputj;jpy; ,Ue;J vLj;J
J}a;ikahd ePupy; fOt Ntz;Lk;. fOTk; nghOJ nky;ypa ieyhd; Jilg;ghidf;
nfhz;L Nja;f;f Ntz;Lk;. ,r;nra;Kiwf;Fg; gpd;Gk; gr;ir epwk; jq;fp ,Ue;jhy;>
ehzaq;fisg; Gjpa jputj;jpy; ,d;Dk; ehd;F kzp Neuk; Cw itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nrk;G ehzaq;fspy; gr;ir KOtJk; ePq;Fk; tiu ,e;j nra;Kiwiaj; jpUk;gj;
jpUk;gr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dH> mJ ePHj;j fe;jf mkpyj;jpy; miu kzp Neuk; Cu
itf;fg;gLfpwJ. Nja;g;gjw;F nky;ypa Jfpypiag; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. gpd;G


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
FspHe;j ePupy; fOtpg; ghyptpidy; mrpl;Nll; ghJfhg;Gj; jputg; G+r;R ,UKiw G+rpg;
ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ehzaq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; nghJthd Kiwfs;
1. ehzaq;fisj; jdpj; jdpahf vLj;Jr; rpwpa fhfpj ciwfspy; Nghl;L>
ciwapd; Nky; ehzaj;jpd; kjpg;G> fhyk;> NguuR Nghd;wtw;wpid Fwpj;J
itf;f Ntz;Lk; ehzaq;fis lg;gh> ghj;jpuk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; Ftpayhf
xd;iwnahd;W cuRk; gb itf;ff;$lhJ.
2. rha;e;jthW cs;s Nkirapy; ehzaq;fis itf;f Ntz;Lk;. fhuPa> nts;sPa
ehzaq;fis gpsh];bf; ngl;bapy; itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. ehzaq;fisr; Rj;jk; nra;a Gsp> vYkpr;ir nfhz;L J}a;ik nra;af; $lhJ.
Gsp> vYkpr;ir Mfpatw;wpy; cs;s rpl;upf; mkpyj;jpdhy; ehzaq;fs;
mg;Nghijf;Fg; gsgsg;ghfpd;wd. Mdhy;> ,it nrk;gpd; Nkw;Gwj;ij epwk;
khw;wp fUik gba itj;JtpLk;. vdNt Gsp> vYkpr;ir Nghd;wtw;iw
itj;Jj; Nja;j;J ehzaq;fisj; J}a;ikg;gLj;Jtijj; jtpHf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. ehzaq;fisj; J}a;ik nra;a mlHe;j fe;jf mkpyk;> mlHe;j iel;upf;
mkpyk;> mlHe;j i`bNuh FNshupf; mkpyk; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jf;
$lhJ.
5. J}a;ikahd jz;zPupy; ehzaq;fis fOtpaTld; Jzpapdhy; ed;F Jilj;J
tpLttJ Kf;fpakhdJ.
kpd;gFg;G Kiw
vupNrhlh fiurypy; ehzaq;fis vjpHkpd; JUtj;jpYk; ,Uk;G jfL xd;wpid
NeHkpd; JUtj;jpYk; ,izj;J> kpff; Fiwe;j NeH kpd;rhuj;jpid kpd;fyk; %yk;
njhlH;r;rpahf ehzaq;fspy; cs;s mRj;jq;fSf;F Vw;wthW Xlr;nra;J> gpd;G
ehzaq;fisj; J}a;ikahd ePupy; fOtpg; ghyptpidy; mrpNll; G+r;R nfhLj;Jtpl
Ntz;Lk;. nts;sp ehzaq;fisj; J}a;ik nra;a Nrhlhtpw;Fg; gjpyhfg; nghl;lhrpak;
iridL fiuriyg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,f;fiury; er;Rj;jd;ik cilaJ. vdNt>
,jidf; ftdkhff; ifahs Ntz;Lk;. <a ehzaq;fisj; J}a;ik nra;ar; #lhd
mk;Nkhdpak; mrpl;Nlby; 20 epkplk; Kjy; xU kzpNeuk; tiu mtw;iw %o;f
itj;Jr; Rj;jk; nra;J ghyptpidy; mrpNll; G+ryhk;.
ghHit E}y;fs;
1. ,uh.fpU\;z%Hj;jp> rq;f fhyr;NrhoH ehzaq;fs; - jpdkyH ntspaPL> gjpg;G-
1986.
2. ,uh.fpU\;z%Hj;jp> ghz;baHngUtOjp ehzaq;fs; - jpdkyHntspaPL> gjpg;G-
1987.
3. eld fhrpehjd;> jkpoH fhR ,ay; - cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> nrd;id.
4. njhy;ypay; fUj;juq;F kyH> njhy;ypay;Jiw ntspaPL.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jpU tptpypa ew;nra;jp E}y;fspd; fhyf;fzpg;GKiw

Time Calculation of The Holy Bible
m.mkyp nry;t uhzp> Kidth; gl;l Ma;thsh;>

uhzp mz;zh muR kfsph; fy;Y}hp> jpUney;Ntyp – 8
Abstract
The study of the paper extends an analysis of time calculation from the evidences from
the holy Bible. Middle East is the place where the Hebrews lived and their successors live.
They followed certain time methods in their culture. After the New Testament was written by
the Greek, Latin, and English Bible scholars, the time methods vary. The study focuses on the
evidences based on it. Hence, the study helps to know the cultural ethics and informations of
Tamil Culture.
Keywords: Time Calculation, The Holy Bible
KfTiu>
fz;zpw;F Gyg;glhj mZj;Jfs;> itu]; Kjy; MwwpT kdpjd; tiu
cyfpYs;s capUs;s> capuw;wit> tpz;zpYs;s Nfhs;fs;> kz;zpYs;s kz;> kuk;>
,aw;if vd vij vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhYk; rhp xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; xU fhyk; cz;L.
Njhw;wk;> tsh;r;rp> gad;gLk;fhyk;> MAs; vd fhyf;fzpg;G cs;sij ahuhYk;
kWf;fTk; KbahJ kiwf;fTk; ,ayhJ. mt;tt; fhyj;ij itj;Nj mjdjd;
njhd;ik> mf;fhy kf;fs;> ehfhpfk;> gz;ghL> tsh;r;rp fz;lwpag;gLfpwJ.
mz;;lruhruj;jpd; mj;jid mirTfSf;Fk; fhyf;fzpg;G mjpKf;fpakhdJ.
,jd;bg;gilapy; fpwp];jth;fspd; Gdpj E}yhfpa “jpUtptpypa ew;nra;jp E}y;fspd;
fhyf;fzpg;G Kiw” ia ,f;fl;Liu vLj;jpak;GfpwJ. gioa Vw;ghL 47 E}y;fs; +
Gjpa Vw;ghL 26 E}y;fs; vd 73 E}y;fis cs;slf;fpa jpUtptpypaj;jpy; Gjpa
Vw;ghL E}y;fs; 26k; ,NaRtpd; thapypUe;J cjph;e;j Kj;Jf;fis
,iwthh;j;ijfshf (,NaRtpd; gpwg;G> tho;T> Nghjid> GJik> ,wg;G> caph;g;G)
gpufhrpf;fpd;wd. mjpy; Kjy; ehd;F E}y;fshd kj;NjA ew;nra;jp> Y}f;fh ew;nra;jp>
Nahthd; ew;nra;jp Mfpatw;wpd; fhyf;fzpg;G Kiwia ,f;fl;Liu vLj;Jr;
nrhy;fpwJ. jpUtptpypak; mjd; gphpTfs;> ew;nra;jp E}y;fs; kyh;e;jtpjk;> kzk;
gug;gpa Kiw> xj;jik ew;nra;jpfs;> E}y;mikg;G Kiw mtw;wpd; Mrphpah;>
vojg;gl;l fhyk; vd ,q;Nf tpthpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
jpUtptpypak; xUNrhiy
gy;NtW tuyhw;Wr; $oy;fspy; gythwhf njhFf;fg;gl;L >RUf;fg;gl;L
>Nrhf;fg;gl;l xU E}y; jpul;L jpUtptpypak;> kdpj tho;f;if vg;gb mika Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij cyfpw;F vLj;Jr; nrhy;Yk; xg;gw;w mr;Rg;; gpujp jpUtptpypak;> J}a
Mtpapd; VTjyhy; J}z;lg;gl;L kdpj Mrphpah;fshy; vojg;gl;l 73 E}y;fspd;
njhFg;G jpUtptpypak;. gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd; tha;nkhopahf Ngrg;gl;l


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,wthh;j;ijfs; voj;Jtbtpy; cjpj;j ePjpnewp tpsf;fk; jpUtptpypak;. kdk; Nrhh;e;J

Nghfpd;w Ntisapy; Gul;ba gf;fnky;yhk; Gj;njor;rp jUk; ek;gpf;if ,yf;fpak;
jpUtptpypak;. cyfpy; mjpf nkhopfspy; (1200f;F Nky;) nkhopngah;ff ; g;gl;l mjpf
kf;fshy; Fwpg;ghf tpspk;Gepiyapy; cs;s> Gwe;js;sg;gl;l> ntWj;J xJf;fg;gl;l
Vio> vspa kf;fspd; tho;tpd; fyq;fiu tpsf;fha; xsph;fpd;w capNuhtpak;
jpUtptpypak;. epiwtho;tpidf; fhl;Lfpd;w ,yf;fpar;Rit kpf;f kPl;gpd; ,ufrpak;
jpUtptpypak; vd;Dk; NrhiyahFk;.
,UngUk; kyh;fs;
jpUtptpypak; vd;Dk; Nrhiy ,UngUk; (gioa Vw;fhL >Gjpa Vw;ghL) kyh;fshf
73 ,jo;fshf (gioa Vw;ghL 46 E}y;fs; + Gjpa Vw;ghL 27 E}y;fs;) kzk; tPRfpwJ.
jpUtptpypaj;ij 70 kzp Neuj;jpy; xUth; gbj;J Kbj;J tplyhk;. iggpspy; 8>674
tpj;jpahrkhd vgpNuar; nrhw;fSk;> 5>6244 tpj;jpahrkhd fpNuf;fr; nrhw;fSk;
nghjpe;Js;;sd. 1560y; iggps; mjpfhuq;fshfTk; trdq;fSf;F vz;fs; Nghlg;gl;Lk;
Kjd;Kjypy; ntspte;jJ nIdpth iggps; gjpg;gpy;jhd;.
mjpfhuq;fs;> trdq;fs; gphpT
jpUtptpypak; vojg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Mrphpah;fs; jk; E}y;fis
mjpfhuq;fshfTk;> trdq;fshTk; gphpj;J vojtpy;iy. fp.gp.1238y; “fhh;bdy; `_Nfh
b.v];.NfNuh” vd;gtuhy; jpUtptpypak; mjpfhuq;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ. fp.gp. 1551y;
“uhngh;l;l]; ];Bngd]; “(Robetus Stephanus) vd;gth; trdq;fshf gphpj;jhh;.
fhl;bq;fk; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; (University of Gottingen) xU iggps; 2>470 gid
Xiyfspy; vojg;gl;Ls;sJ. fp.gp.2k; E}w;whz;bNyNa jhrpad; Nghd;Nwhh; iggpisr;
rpWrpW gphpTfshfg; gphpj;jdh;. 1216y; ];Bgd; yhq;ld; vd;gth; Gjpa Vw;ghl;L
E}y;fis mjpfhuq;fshf gphpj;j KiwiaNa ehk; ifahs;fpd;Nwhk;. , g;NghJ ehk;
gpd;gw;Wk; trdg;gphpit cz;lhf;fpath; “uhgh;l; ];Bgd;” 1448y; uhgpehj;jhd; nra;j
mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; trdg;gphpT KiwiaNa Gjpa Vw;ghl;by; ,d;Wk;
filgpbf;fpNwhk;. jpUtptpypak; KotjpYk; 1189 mjpfhuq;fSk;> 31173 trdq;fSk;
cs;sd. %yE}y;fspd; gb (vgpNuak;> muNkak;> fpNuf;fk;) nkhj;jk; 7>73>692
nrhw;fSk;> 35>66>480 voj;Jf;fSk; cs;sd.
jpUtptpypa E}y;fs; kyh;fs;> kyh;e;jtpjk;
Vwj;jho fp.K.1300 Kjy; fpgp.100 tiu cUthd gilg;Gfs; jpUtptpypaj;jpy;
cs;sd. Kjypy; rpW rpW ghly;fs; fijfs; cUthfp> tha;nkhopahf tsh;e;J
gbg;gbahf rkak; rhh;e;j nghUs;ngw;wd. “njNghuh”tpd; ghly;jhd; kpfg;goikahdJ.
(fp.K.100 fhz; ePjp 5) gpd;dhspy; rpW rpW voj;Njhtpaq;fshf cUntLj;J
rhyNkhd; fhyj;jpNyNa gilay;fs; cUthfp gpd; VLfshf njhFf;fg;gl;L
ghuk;ghpak; cUthapd. (fp.gp.750) ,g;NghJ ehk; fhz;fpd;w tbtj;jpd;gb gioa
Vw;ghl;by; Kjypy; vojg;gl;l E}y; “MNkh];” E}y; Gdpj Nahthdpd; ew;nra;jp
kw;Wk; jpUKfq;fs; Kjy; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; fhzg;gl;lJ.
%yghlq;fSk;> nkhopngah;g;GfSk;
iggpspd; %y E}y; Nfdd; (Canon) vdg;gLfpwJ. muhkpf; tbtk; $l
nkhopngah;g;Ng MFk;. %yE}y; rhuhJ vojg;gLk; gFjpfis “mghfphp/gh”
(Apocrypha) vd;gJ kuG. jpUtptpypak; Kjypy; kug;gl;ilfs;> fspkz;> XLfs;>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ghg;gpu];jhs;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; vojg;gl;ld. %y Mrphpah;fs; vojpa ifg;gpujpfs;

fpilf;ftpy;iy> kw;wth; vLj;j efy;fNs cs;sd. goikahd ifg;gpujpfs;
(tj;jpf;fhd; Rtb> rPdha;rR ; tb ,uz;Lk;) fp.gp.350 thf;fpy; vLf;fg;ll
; it.
njhd;ik
1947y; a+Njah ghiy epyg;gFjpapy; rhf;flypd; mUNf Fiffspy; gy VLfs;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld. ,it fp.gp.2k; E}w;whz;Lf;F Kw;gl;lit. Fk;uhd; Fiffspy;
tho;e;j Jwtpfshfpa vNrdpah; ,tw;iwf; fspkz; [hbfspy; ghJfhj;J
itj;jpUe;jdh;. mq;fpUe;J 2001k; Mz;Ltiu 180 rpWJz;L VLfs;
vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Vrhah ,iwthf;fpdh; E}ypd; KotbtKk; fpilj;Js;sd.
Gioa Vw;ghl;bd; ngUk;gFjp vgpNua nkhopapy; vojg;gl;Ls;sd. me;j vgpNuaj;jpy;
capnuoj;Jf; FwpaPLfs; ,y;iy. ,NaRtpd; fhyj;jpy; a+jh;fs; muNka nkhopiaNa
Ngrpdh;.vgpNuaKk; muNkaKk; xNutpj voj;Jf;fshy MdhYk; ,uz;bw;Fk; ,yf;fz
NtWghL cz;L.
ew;nra;jp E}y;fs;
ew;nra;jp vd;gJ kPl;gpd; nra;jp> Euangelion vd;w fpNuf;fr;nrhy;ypd; nkhop
ngah;g;Ng ew;nra;jp. ew;nra;jp vd;w thh;j;ijia gTybahh; jd; fbjq;fspy; 19
Kiw gjpT nra;Js;shh;. ,NaRtpd; gpwg;G> tho;T Nghjidfs;> GJikfs;>
ctikfs; >ghLfs;> ,wg;G> caph;g;G> flTs; jd; kfd; topaha; cyif kPl;l nra;jp
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaNj ew;nra;jp E}y;fs;. Gjpa Vw;ghl;bd; %yghlk;
(nrg;Jtrpe;jh) vd;Dk; fpNuf;f tptpypaj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,NaR jk; Nghjidfis
mwptpf;f jpUj;J}jh;fis mDg;gpdhh;. tpy;ypak; ild;NlNy (William Tyndale)
vgpNuak;> fpNuf;f nkhopapypUe;j Gjpa Vw;ghl;il Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngah;j;jhh;.
ew;nra;jp E}y;fs;-4> jpUj;J}jh; gzp-1> jpUkly;fs;-21> jpUntspg;ghL-1 vd Gjpa
Vw;ghL 27 E}y;fisAk; cs;slf;fpapUe;jhYk; kj;NjA> khw;F Y}f;fh> Nahthd;
Mfpa ehd;F jpUj;J}jh;fs; vojpa E}y;fNs ew;nra;jp E}y;fshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
fp.gp.50y; vgpNuak;> fpNuf;f fyhr;rhuk; epytpa gFjpfspy; “nfhapNd fpNuf;fj;jpy;”
Gjpa Vw;ghL E}y;fs; vojg;gl;ld. Kjy; 4 ew;nra;jp E}y;fs; ahuhy;> vq;F>
vg;NghJ vojg;gl;ld vd;W gw;wp Jy;ypakhf mwpa ,aytpy;iy. jpUr;rigahy;
mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l Kjd;ikahd ehd;F ew;nr;ajpfs; kj;NjA> khw;F >Y}f;fh> Nahthd;
MfpNahuhy; vojg;gl;lit. fj;Njhypf;fh; gad;gLj;jk; Gjpa Vw;ghL 1970-y; jhd;
%ynkhopahfpa fpNuf;fj;jpypUe;J jkpohf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ xd;wpg;G
nkhopngah;g;G nra;ag;l;Ls;sJ.
fhyk;
kdpj tho;f;ifapy; fhyk; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. fhyj;ij itj;Nj mjd;
njhy;ypay; jd;ik Ma;T nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ‘fhyk; nghd; Nghd;wJ’> ‘fhyj;Nj
gaph;nra;’> ‘fhw;Ws;s NghNj J}w;wpf;nfhs;’> ‘Mbg;gl;lk; Njbtpij’> ‘,sikapy; fy;’>
‘Ie;jpy; tisahjJ Ik;gjpy; tisahJ’> ‘itfiwj; Japy; vO’ vd;gd Nghd;w gy
go nkhopfs; Mj;jpr;#bfs; fhyj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ffpd;wd. rq;ffhyk;>
fhg;gpafhyk;> ehfhPf fhyk;> thdpiy mbg;gilapy; fhyk; vd gythwhf fhyk;
gFf;fg;gLfpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“fhyj;jpdhy; nra;j ed;wp rpwpnjdpDk;

Qhyj;jpd; khzg; nghpJ”
vd;W thd;Gfo; ts;Sth; fhyj;jpd; kfj;Jtj;ij czh;j;Jfpwhh;. fpwp];J gpwg;gjw;F
Kd; cs;s fhyk; fp.K vd;Wk; fpwp];J gpwe;jjw;Fg;gpd; cs;s fhyk; fp.gp vd;Wk;
gFf;fg;gl;L ,g;NghJ eil Kiwapy; cs;s Mq;fpy tUlk;> Mq;fpy khjq;fs;
mjd; mbg;gilapNyNa ek;khy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpwJ. Gioa Vw;ghl;L
rhpj;jpuf;fhyk; fp.K 4000 Kjy; fp.K 400 tiu MFk;.
ew;nra;jp Ehy;fspd; fhyf;fzpg;G Kiw
fp.gp. 120-140 fhyfl;lj;ijr; rhh;e;j Gdpj Nahthdhy; vOjg;gl;l tptpypa
ifg;gpujpNa iggpspd; Mfg;goikahdJ. vgpNuau; tof;fg;gb xt;nthU khjj;jpw;Fk;
30 (my;yJ) 29 ehl;fs; cz;L. mtu;fSf;F tUlj;jpy; 354 ehl;fNs cz;L. Rkhh;
%d;W tUlq;fSf;F xUKiw 119 Mz;Lfspy; 7 Kiw 29 ehl;fs; cs;;s xU
rpwg;G khjk; ‘Ntjhh;’; vd;Dk; ngahpy; ‘mjhh;’ kw;Wk; eprhd; khjq;fSf;fpilNa
,izf;fg;gLk;. A+jh;fspd; ehs; #hpad; miltjpypUj;J kWehs; #hpad; miltJ
tiu ehs; fzf;fplg;gl;lJ.
,uT
Kjy;fhty; -khiy 6.00 Kjy; 9.00 tiu 2-k; fhty; -,uT 9.00 Kjy; 12.00
tiu 3-k; fhty; -,uT 12.00 Kjy; 03.00 tiu 4.k; fhty; - fhiy 03.00
Kjy; 06.00 tiu
gfy;
Kjy; fhty; - fhiy 6.00 Kjy; 9.00 tiu 2-k; fhty; -fhiy 9.00 Kjy;
12.00 tiu
3.k; fhty; - fhiy 12.00 Kjy; 03.00 tiu 4-k; fhty; -fhiy 03.00 Kjy;
06.00 tiu
khjq;fs; Mq;fpy khjq;fSld; njhlh;Gilahj ,Ue;jd.
v.fh. mjhh;-gpg; > khh;;r-29 (my;yJ) 30 ehs; eprhd;; -khh;;r> Vg; - 30 ehs; kjf;
fhyz;lh; jpUtpohf;fspd; mbg;gilapy; fzpf;fg;gl;ld. gh];fh vd;gjw;F flj;jy;
vd;gJ nghUs;. eprhd; khjk; 14y; Gspahj mg;g jpUtpohTk; nfhz;lhg;gl;lJ.
xj;jik ew;nra;jpfs;
kj;NjA> khw;F> Y}f;fh %d;Wk; xd;iwnahd;W xj;jpUe;jJ. vdNt mit
%d;Wk; xj;jik ew;nra;jpfs; vdg;gl;lJ. kj;NjA ew;nra;jpapd; 1068 trdq;fs; 28
mjpfhuq;fspYk;> khw;F ew;nra;jpapd; 661 trdq;fs; 16 mjpfhuq;fspYk;> Y}f;fh
ew;nra;jpapd; 1149 trdq;fs; 24 mjpfhuq;fspYk; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. khw;F
ew;nra;jpapd; 661 trdq;fspy; 600 trdq;fs; kj;NjAtpYk;> Y}f;fhtpYk; cs;sd.
,k;%d;Wk; xd;iwnahd;W xj;jikj; jd;ikAld; mike;Js;sd. ,g;gb mikg;gij
fpNuf;f nkhopapy; “rpdhg;]p];” vd;gh;. 18k; E}w;whz;oy; Kjy; %d;W ew;nra;jpfSk;
xj;jik ew;nra;j ; p E}y;fs; (Synolptic Gospels) vd ngah; toq;fyhapw;W.
kj;NjA ew;nra;jp
Mt kj;NjA ew;nra;jp> M-kj;NjA ew;nra;jpf;Fhpa rpwg;G. ,NaR fpwp];J
epWtpa ,iwahl;rp gw;wpa ew;nra;jpiaj; jpUj;J}jh; kj;NjA Kjd;Kjypy; vojpdhh;.
mjid muNka nkhopapy; vojpdhh; vd;Wk; jpUr;rig kuG fUJfpwJ. ,NaRitg;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gpd;gw;wpa xU jpUj;J}jh; jhNk Nehpy; fz;l> Nfl;l epfo;rr ; pfis E}yhf

je;jpUf;fpwhh; vd;gij tpl mtuJ top kugpy; te;j rPlNuh> FotpdNuh ,jidj;
njhFe;J vojpapUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj rpwg;G kj;NjA – kdpjd; vd;W milahsk;
fhl;bdh;.
#oy;
vUrNyk; Nfhtpypd; mopTf;Fg; gpd;dh; a+jr;rq;fq;fs; fpwp];jth;fisj;
Jd;GWj;jpa xU fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,e;E}y; vojg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,NaRtpd; rPlh;fs;
a+jj; njhoiff; $lq;fis tpl;Ltpl;Lj; jpUr;rigahff; $btu njhlq;fptpl;l
fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; ,e;E}y; vojg;gl;bUf;fyhk;;.
khw;F ew;nra;jp
khw;F ew;nra;jp fp.gp 60-65y; vojg;gl;lJ. khw;F ew;nra;jpapd; Mrphpah;
Nahthd; khw;F vd;gJ jpUr;rig kuG. khw;Ftpd; jha; ngah; khpah. ,th;fs; tPl;by;
njhlf;ff;fhy fpwp];jth;fs; $b topgl;L te;jdh; (jp.g12:12) khw;F 14:51>52y;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ,isQh; ,tuhf ,Uf;fyhk;. gh;dghtpd; cwtpdh;. njhlf;fj;jpy;
gTNyhL gazk; nra;jth;. NgJUTf;Fk; Jizahf ,Ue;jjhy; mthpd; mwpTiu
(Nghjid)g;gb ,e;ew;nra;jp vojg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd;gJk; fUj;J.
#oy;
ew;nra;jp E}y;fspy; khw;F ew;nra;jp E}y;jhd; Kjd;Kjyhf vog;gl;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F gy rhd;Wfs; cs;sd. cs;slf;fk;> gzp> ,iwapay; Nehf;F
mbg;gilapy; ghh;j;jhy; khw;F ew;nra;jpjhd; Kjd;Kjyhf vojg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJ tptpypa mwpQh;fspd; fUj;J. MK-khw;F ew;nra;jp khw;F-rpq;fk; vd;W
milahsj;ijf; nfhLj;Js;sdh;. vUrNyk; mopf;fg;gltpUe;j #oypy; cNuhikauhy;
fpwp];jth;fs; Jd;GWj;jg;gl;lf; fhyj;jpy; cNuhik efhpypUe;j khw;F mjid
vojpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;ew;nra;jp E}y; gpw ,dj;Jf; fpwp];jth;fisf; Fwpg;ghff;
fz;Kd; nfhz;L vojg;gl;ljhfj; njhpfpwJ. ,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; ,NaRitg; gw;wpa
nray;fs;> ctikfs; kw;Wk; $w;Wf;fis jkf;Nf chpa ghzpapy; tpWtpWg;ghfj;
njhFj;Js;shh;. gpw ,df; fpwp];jth;fs; tsu ,e;E}y; NgUjtpahf ,Ue;jJ.
cs;slf;fk;
flTspd; kfdhfpa ,NaR fpwp];Jitg;gw;wpa ew;nra;jp vd;Dk; njhlf;fr;
nrhw;fNs ew;nra;jp E}Yf;F ey;y jiyg;ghf mikfpd;wd. Kjy; gFjpapy;
,NaRfpwp];J khl;rpkpf;f ,iwkfd; nkrpah (1:1) vd;gijAk;> kdk; khWk; kf;fs;
ghtkd;dpg;Gg; ngw;W ,iwahl;rpapy; chpikf; Fbkf;fshFk; jFjp; ngWfpd;wdh;
vd;gij tpsf;Ffpwhh;.
Y}f;fh ew;nra;jp
Y}f;fh ew;nra;jpf;Fhpa rpwg;G. Y}f;fh - khL vd milahsg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
Gjpa Vw;ghl;bd; 3tJ ew;nra;jpia Y}f;fh vOjpdhh;. kj;NjATk;> Y}f;fhTk; khw;fpd;
mikg;ig mg;gbNa gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdh;. ,e;ew;nra;jpia Y}f;fh vojpajw;fhd
rhd;Wfs; 2k; E}w;whz;by; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Y}f;fh ew;nra;jpapd; Mrphpah; rphpa ehl;L
me;jpNahf;fpahitr; rhh;e;j fpNuf;fg; ngw;NwhUf;F gpwe;jth;. nfhNyh (4:10-14) Y}f;fh
vd;w ngah; Y}rpa]; vd;w ,yj;jPd; ngahpd; fpNuf;f tbtj;jpypUe;Njh> my;yJ
Y}f;fh vd;w ngah; Y}f;fhD]; vd;w ,yj;jPd; ngahpypUe;Njh te;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,th; kUj;Jtk; njhpe;jth;. ,th; Xh; Xtpah; vd 6k; E}w;whz;L rhd;W $Wfpd;wd.
Gdpj gTypd; rPlh;. ew;nra;jp Vio vspath;fl;F mwptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Mokha;r; nrhd;dth;. fpNuf;f ehl;by; fp.gp 70y; ,e;E}iy vojpdhh; (Y}f; 1:1) Y}f;fh
jdf;F Kd; vojg;gl;l nra;jpfis EZfp Muha;e;J gpw ,dj;jtUk; ,NaRit
rhpahf mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,e;E}iy vojpdhh;.
rpwg;gpay;G
thh;j;ijfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; xU fiyQd;> nkhop ty;yhsh; cah;e;j eil>
nrhy; eaKz;L. Gjpa Vw;ghl;il eakpf;f ,yf;fpa cyfpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;fpwhh;. xU
E}y; mjpf msT gutpl Gfo;kpf;f xUth;f;F me;E}y; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. me;j
tifapy; Y}f;fh jdJ E}iy khz;Gkpf;f jpNahgpYf;F mh;g;gzp;f;fpwhh;.
#oy;
vUrNyk; efuk;> mopf;fg;gl;lNghJ epfo;e;jit rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; fp.gp.
70f;F gpd;jhd; ,e;E}y; vojg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;wdh;. fp.gp.60-62 y;
,e;ew;nra;jp vojg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd;W $Wk; fhyf; fzpg;ig gyh; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;stpy;iy. J}a Mtpapd; nray;ghL ,NaRtpd; ,uf;fk;> jpUg;gzp> kdkhw;wk;>
ghtkd;dpg;G ,tw;why; Vw;gLk; kfpo;rr ; p Mfpait typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
%yq;fs;
Y}f;fhtpd; %yq;fspy; Kjd;ikahdJ khw;F ew;nra;jp. Y}f;fh ew;nra;jpapd;
1149 trdq;fspy; 548 trdq;fs; mtUf;F kl;LNk chpait. khw;Ftpd; 660
trdq;fspy; 450 trdq;fis Y}f;fh vLj;jhz;Ls;shh;. 525 trdq;fs; Y}f;fh
kj;NjATf;F kl;LNk nghJthdit.
Nahthd; ew;nra;jp
Nahthd; - foF vd milahsg;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. ,iwapay; ew;nra;jp vdg;gLk;
,e;E}iy nrgNjAtpd; kfdhfpa Nahthd; vojpdhh; vd;gJ njhd;ikahd kuG.
,e;ew;nra;jp 21> mjpfhuq;fis nfhz;lJ. ,NaRtpd; nja;tf P j; jd;ikia
typAWj;jp fp.gp.95 mjhtJ Kjy; E}w;whz;bNyNa vojg;gl;l E}y;. ,jpy;
nrhy;yg;gLk; gy nra;jpfis mfo;tha;Tfs; ep&gpf;fpd;wd. Nahthd; NaRthy;
kpfTk; Nerpf;fg;gl;l md;Gr; rPlh; (21:24) ,Wjp ,uT cztpd; NghJ ,NaRtpd;
khh;gpy; rha;e;J ,Uf;Fk; kfh NgW ngw;wth;. mk;kh ,Njh cd; kfd; vd;W
jk;jha;f;F tpsf;fg;gl;lth; (19:25-27) ,NaRNthL neUf;fk; nfhz;bUe;j %d;W
jpUj;J}jh;fspy; (13:22-28) (khw; 5: 379:2 ;13:3; 14:33) kw;w vy;NyhUk; Xbtpl;l NghjpYk;
,NaRtpd; rpYitabapy; epd;wth;. Kjy; 14 mjpfhuq;fs; milahs E}yhfTk; 14
Kjy; 21 tiu kfpikapd; (ghLfs;) E}yhfTk; cs;sd. 7 vd;gjw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
jug;gLfpwJ. 7 vd;why; epiwT my;yJ Koik vd;W nghUs;. vdNt
jpUtUl;rhjdq;fs; - 7> jpUehl;fs; - 7> thuq;fs; -7> epy Xa;T Mz;L (7 MzLf;F
xUKiw)> thuehl;fs; - 7> GJikfs;- 7> tpohf;fs;- 7 vd;W 7d; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
typAWj;jpAs;shh;.
E}ypd; Nehf;fk;
,NaRNt nkrpah vd;W ePq;fs; ek;gp mth; ngauhy; tho;T ngWtjw;fhfNt
,e;E}y; vojg;gl;lJ. fpwp];jt ek;gpf;ifia Mog;gLj;jp fpwp];jt tho;it
tsg;gLj;JtJ ew;nra;jpapd; Kf;fpaNeuf;fk;; Vwj;jho fp.gp 90k; Mz;by; fpNuf;f


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nkhopapy; ,e;ew;nra;jp vojg;gl;lJ. ,e;ew;nra;jp xU ghly;. ,g;ghly; ,e;E}ypd;

Kf;fpa nra;jpfspd; rhuhk;rk;.
epiwthf
jkpofj;jpy; Kjd;Kjyhf jkpopy; mr;rplg;gl;l xNu E}y; jpUtptpypak;. mjpf
nkhopfspy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; nkhop ngah;ff ; g;gl;l E}y; jpul;Lk; jpUtptpypaNk>
tptpypaj;jhf;fk; rkak;> ,ir> fiy> murpay; jj;Jtk;> Xtpak;> ehlfk; vd gy;NtW
Jiwfspy; ntspg;gLfpwJ. mj;jpUtptpypaj;jpd; ew;nra;jp E}y;fspd; fhyf;fzpg;G
Kiwia Kd;Diu njhlq;fp jpUtptpypak;>,UngUk;> kyh;fs;> mjpfhuq;fs;>
trdq;fs; gphpT jpUtptpypa E}y;fs; kyh;e;j tpjk; %yghlqfSk;>
nkhopngah;g;GfSk;> njhd;ik ew;nra;jp E}y;fs;> fhyk;> ew;nra;jp E}y;fspd;
fhyf;fzpg;G Kiw> fhyg;gphpTfs; xj;jik ew;nra;jpfs;> kj;NjA ew;nra;jp> khw;F
ew;nra;jp> Y}f;fh ew;nra;jp> Nahthd; ew;nra;jp vd gy;NtW gphpTfspy; mikg;G>
fhyk;> #oy;> Mrphpah;> rpwg;gpay;Gfs;> njhd;ik tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. xg;gw;w E}yhd
jpUtptpypaj;ij ew;nra;jp E}y;fis gbg;gNjhL epd;WptplhJ. Xt;nthUtUk; jdJ
tho;thf;fpfdhy; td;Kiwaw;w> Coyw;w> md;G epiwe;j njhlf;ff;hy
fpwp];jth;fis Nghd;w gfph;Tld; $ba mikjpahd cyfk; kyUk; vd;gjpy;
Iakpy;iy.
Jizepd;w E}y;fs;
1. jpUf;Fws; - jpUts;Sth;
2. ntw;wpr;rpe;jidfs; - Iag;gd;
3. jpUtptpypak; - nghJnkhopngah;g;G
4. khpa myq;fhuk;> ehd;F ew;nra;jpfisAk; xd;wpizj;j fhtpak;> Xa;Tngw;w
Mrphpah; (Nyl;) 27> Kd;rg
P ; Nfhh;l;Kj; njU> rhj;J}h; - 626 203
5. NI.njNahgpy];> t. ,uNgy;> Ih. vy;gpd;];ld; (njh.M)> tptpypa ,iwapay;
mfuhjp> nry];bay; ky;b kPbah> mUs;thf;F kd;wk;> nrd;id.
6. Y}f;fh]; ew;nra;jp tpsf;fTiu> mUs;thf;F kd;w ntspaPL> jpUr;rp.
7. mUs;jpU tp. ,uNgy;> jpUtptpypak; Xh; mwpKfk;> eyk; ntspaPL> ngUtpis -
629003.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj;jpy; fhzg;ngWk; njhy;ypay; Mjhuq;fs;

Archaeological Evidences in Thiruvannamalai District
Kidtu; m.mutpe;jd;> tUif tpupTiuahsu;>

jkpo;j;Jiw> mwpQu; mz;zh muR fiyf; fy;Y}up nra;ahW– 604 407.
Abstract
The article has been the source of the relics found at the time of the archaeological
survey, sites and the culverts in the Thiruvannamalai Temple and the caves and other places
with the edicts. The origin of the Thiruvannamalai temple, the archaeological study, Polur,
Sengam Sites, Mottur Urn burial sites, Urn burial culture, Pot usage, rituals, sacrifice to the
dead, Mother Goddesses Cult, are evinced through this scrutiny. Many Pallava, Chola kings
and the philanthrophists had done sacred service to the temple and they are still in the
culverts. Hence, the study brings out the related facts.
Keywords: Archaeology, Evidence, Thiruvannamalai District, Mother Godess Cult
jkpof vy;iyg;gug;gpy; jytuyhW Fwpj;j E}y;fSk;> Ma;TfSk; njhlu;e;J

gy;NtW vjpu;ghu;g;Gfisg; ngw;Ws;sd. mtw;wpy; ,e;jpa fyhr;rhuk;> ehfuPfk;>
gz;ghLkw;Wk; gof;ftof;fq;fs; Mfpa mwpag;ngWfpd;wd. ,jpy; jkpofr; R+oypy;
rkaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vOe;Js;s ,iwtopghl;L Myaq;fs;
gz;ghl;bd; kpf Kf;fpar; rpd;dq;fshf mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; ghz;bau;> Nrhou;>
gy;ytu;> tp[aefu ehaf;f kd;du;fs; MfpNahiu ikakhff; nfhz;Nl rpw;gk;>
fl;blk;> ,ir> eldk;> Xtpak; Kjyhd Ez;fiyfSf;fhd tuyhw;Wg;
gpd;Gyq;fSk; cs;slq;fpapUf;fpwJ. ,j;jd;ikapy; Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;Sk; R+oypy;>
xt;nthU fhyf;fl;lq;fspYk; xt;nthU tifahd rkaq;fs; jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy;
epWtg;gl;L> mjd; guty;fs; epfo;e;jpUg;gij mwpa KbfpwJ. mt;tifapy;
,t;tha;Tf; fl;Liu ghly; ngw;w jy tuyhw;Wj; jykhf tpsq;Fk; jpUtz;zhkiy
khtl;lj;jpy; fhzyhFk; njhy;ypay; Mjuq;fis tpsf;Fk; tpsf;f Kiw Ma;thf
mikf;fg;ngWfpwJ.
jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lk;
jpUtz;zhkiy> jkpo;ehl;L khtl;lq;fspy; xd;W. ,jd; jiyefuk;
Ntq;fpf;fhy;. ,k;khtl;lk; Rkhu; 6191 rJu.fp.kP gug;gsTf; nfhz;lJ. ,jd;
jiyikafk; jpUtz;zhkiy. ,J fpof;Nf fhQ;rpGuk;> tlf;Nf NtY}u;> njw;Nf
tpOg;Guk;> Nkw;Nf jUkGup> fpU\;zfpup cs;spl;l khtl;lq;fshy; R+og; ngw;Ws;sJ.
jpUtz;zhkiy njhz;il ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j gFjpahFk;. njhz;il ehL 24
Nfhl;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. mjpy; xd;whd gy;Fd;w Nfhl;lj;jpy; jhd;
jpUtz;zhkiy vd;Dk; gFjp mike;Js;sJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhz;il kz;lyg; gFjp Re;jur;Nrhod; Ml;rp Kjy; mjpuhN[e;jpud; Ml;rp

fhyk; tiu Nrhou;fspd; Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;l gFjpahf ,Ue;jJ. Nrhou;fSf;Fg; gpwF
,g;gFjpiar; rk;Gtuhau;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l FWepy kd;du;fshy; Msg;gl;lJ.
,tu;fSf;Fg;gpd; ,g;gFjp tp[aefu ehaf;fu;fshy; Msg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; Mw;fhl;L
ethg;gpd; MSifapd; fPopUe;J Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpf;Fg;NghdJ. Mq;fpNyaiu
,e;jpau;fs; ntw;wp fz;ljw;Fg; gpd; (Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpwF) tlMw;fhL khtl;lkhf
NtY}Uld; ,ize;jpUe;J> gpd;du; 30-09-1989 Kjy; ,k;khtl;lk; jpUtz;zhkiy
khtl;lkhf cUg;ngw;wJ.
jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj;jpd; rupj;jpur; rhrdq;fs;
jpUmz;zhkiy gFjpapy; jpUtyk; tpy;tehjPRtu; Nfhapy; kz;lgj;jpd;
tlf;Fr; Rtupy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;by; njhlq;fp> fp.gp.849 Mk; Mz;L
fpilj;jpUf;Fk; fy;ntl;Lfs; tiuapyhdit kpfTk; goik tha;e;j fy;ntl;Lfshf
mwpag;gLfpd;wd. ,f;fy;ntl;Lfs;
“Kjw;Nrhou; fhyj;jpy;>Nfhapypd; fUtiwgFjpjhd; Kjd; Kjypy;
Njhd;wpapUg;gjhfMa;Tj; jfty;fs; njuptpf;fpd;wd.”1
mNjNghy> mz;zhkiyahu; NfhapYs;s fy;ntl;L rhrdq;fspy;>
“jkpo;> tlnkhop> fd;dlk; cs;spl;l nkhopfSk; fhzg;ngWfpd;wd.
rpyfy;ntl;Lfs; nra;As; eilapYk; mike;Js;sd”2
nghJthf mUzhrNyru; fUtiw njhlq;fp> Kjw; Rw;W kjpy;fs;> KUfd; rd;djp>
Vfhk;gNuRtuu;> rpjk;guNuRtu;> rd;djp Rtu;fs;> fpsp NfhGuj;jpd; ,Ug;Gwq;fs;>
ty;yhs NfhGuk;> fpof;F Nkw;F NfhGuq;fs;> Mapuk; fhy; kz;lgk;> cs;spl;l
,lq;fspy; gy;NtW rhrdq;fs; fhzg; ngWfpd;wd. mtw;wpy;>
“fpU\;z Njtuhau; (fp.gp.1516)> jpUg;gzpfs;; gy;yt kd;ddhd
Nfhg;ngUQ;rpq;fDk;> mtd; kfd; NtzhTilahDk; gy;NtW
jpUg;gzpfs;” 3
Kjyhd nra;jpfis mwpa KbfpwJ. ,d;Dk; ,f;fl;ntl;Lfspd; thapyhf
gpukehadhu; ngupaklj;J Kjypahu;> itae;njhOthu;> CUf;Fg;ngupahu;>
jpUtz;zhkiy cilahu; MfpNahu; jpUKw;wj;Nj ,uhNre;jpuNrhod; rhiyapidAk;
fhq;Nfad;klk;> mk;ik klk; cs;spl;litfisAk; cUthf;fg; gy tifapy;
cjtpAs;sdu; vd;gJk;>
“nea;> kpsF> cg;G> japu;> milf;fha;> ntw;wpiy> rPufk;> thiog;gok;>
thioapiy Kjypad ney;yse;J ngwg;gl;ld”4
vd;gJkhd Fwpg;GfSk;;
“];uU
P j;jpuu;> ];uk
P hNfRuu;> ];uk
P hNfRuf; fz;fhzp> jhdj;jhu;>
P hupaQ;nra;thu;” 5
jhdgjpkhNfRuu;> Njtfd;kpfs;> Nfhapw;fzf;fu;> ];uf
vd;Dk; ngau;fs; jpUtz;zhkiy Nfhapypy; gzpahw;wpa Nkyhsu;fs; (mjpfhupfs;)
Fwpj;jf; Fwpg;GfSk; fpilf;fpd;wd.
njhy;ypay; Ma;thjuq;fs;
jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj;jpw;F cl;gl;l gFjpapy; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs;
njhlu;e;J elj;jg; ngWfpd;wd. mjd; %yk; Nkhl;û;> Mz;bg;gl;b> (nrq;fk;)> glNtL
(NghShu;) Mfpa ,lq;fspy; gy njhy; nghUl;fs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mitahtd; jpUtz;zhkiykhtl;lk;> nrq;fk; tl;lj;jpy; jpUtz;zhkiyapypUe;J

jhdpg;ghb nry;Yk; rhiyapy; Rkhu; 25.fp.kP njhiytpy; Nkhl;û; mike;Js;sJ.
,t;T+u; kiyabthuj;jpy; mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,q;F ngUq;fw;fhyr; rpd;dq;fs;
ngUkstpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Nkhl;ûpd; Nkw;fpYs;s kiyabthug; gFjpapy;
60-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fy;tl;lq;fs; ,Ug;gij Kidtu; gp.eurpk;ka;ahjk; fs Ma;tpd;
%yk; fz;nlLj;Js;shu;. ,f;fy ;tl;lq;fs; 3.5.kPl;lypUe;J 12.kPl;lu; tiu
tpl;lKilad. NtY}u; kiy vd;W $wg;gLk; ,k;kiyapd; fpof;Fg; gFjp KOtJk;
Vwf;Fiwa 7 n`f;Nlu; gug;gstpy; ,r;rpd;dq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,itahTk;
cs;Shu; kf;fshy; gy;NtW fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; rpijf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jpa njhy;ypay;
gug;gha;Tj; Jiwahsu; jpU.rPdpthrd; jiyikapy; 1976–79 Mk; Mz;Lfspy;
,t;tha;Tfs; epfo;j;jg;ngw;Ws;sd.
“ngUq;fw;fhyr; rpd;dq;fSs; ,LJisfs; vd;Dk; FOfspy;
fhzg;gl;ljhfTk;> mtw;wpy; ehd;fpy; xd;W kl;LNk rpijf;fg; glhky;
,Ue;jjhfTk; Ma;T KbTfs; njuptpf;fpd;wd.”6
<kf; Fopfspy; ngUq;fw;fhyg; gz;ghl;bidr; Nru;e;j kl;fyd;fSk; <kg;NgiofSk;
,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd. <f;Fopfs; fpof;F Nkw;F Nehf;fpathW Gijf;fg;gl;bUe;jjhfTk;>
%ba jd;ikapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jjhfTk; Ma;thsu;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.
,tw;Wld; nrk;gpdhyhd fpz;zk;> khdpd; cUtk;> tisay;fs; Nghd;w
nghUl;fSk; ,Uk;ghyhd fj;jpfs;> csp> FWths;> mupa fy;kzpfs; Kjyhd
MAjg; nghUl;fSk; fpilj;Js;sd.
<kf;FopfSf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; Ngiofs; ’<kg;Ngiofs;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
mt;thW ehd;fhtJ <kf;Fopf;Fs; Nkw;Fg;gf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;j ,uz;L <kg;Ngiofspy;
kdpj vYk;Gfs; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd. Kjy; <kf;Fopfs; ,Ue;j rpwpa <kg;Ngiofspy;
vJTkpy;iy. ,g;Ngiofs; Fopf;Fs; epWj;Jtjw;F Vw;w fhy; gFjpfisf;
nfhz;bUg;gJ rpwg;Gf;FupajhFk;. ,e;j <kg;Ngiofspd; Nkw;gFjpapYk; gf;fthl;bYk;
kz;ghidfs; ,Ue;jjhfTk;> mtw;wpy; rpy ghidfspy; ,we;j gwitfspd;
vYk;GfSk; mg;gwitfisf; nfhy;y gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fj;jp Nghd;w MAjq;fSk;
,Ue;jjhf Ma;thsu;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.
<kf;Fopf;Fs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l kz;ghz;lg; gz;ghL
Nkhl;û; <kf;Fopfspy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l kz;ghidfs; midj;Jk; rf;fuk;
nfhz;L tidag;gl;l ghidfshFk;. ,g;ghidfs; totog;ghd jd;ikapy; fWg;G>
rptg;G> fUg;Gk;-rptg;Gk; fye;j khw;W epwj;jpyhd ghidfshFk;. mNjhL fhy;gFjp
nfhz;l $k;Gtbtj;jpyhd kl;fyd;fs;> mfd;wtha; gFjpiaf; nfhz;lkl;fyd;fs;>
ePz;l fOj;Jila kl;fyd;fs;> jhq;fpfs;> fpz;zq;fs; Nghd;witAk; tz;z
myq;fhuj;Jld; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it ek; goe;jkpoupd; ghuk;gupaj;ijAk;
gz;ghl;ilAk; fhl;Lk; fhyf;fz;zhbfs; vdyhk;.
jha;j; nja;tf; fy;
Nkhl;ûpy; fhzf;fpilj;j fy;tl;lq;fspy; kdpj cUtj;jpyhd jha;j; nja;tf;
fy; xd;iwAk; ‘eurpk;ka;ah’ fz;nlLj;Js;shu;. jha;j; nja;tf; fy;iyg; gw;wp
Ma;thsu; eurpk;ka;ah>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“<kr;rpd;dk; 1-,y; jhd; jha;j; nja;t cUtf;fy; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,J

fy;tl;l mikg;gpy; %d;W fw;gyiffis tl;lkhff; nfhz;L
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. jha;j; nja;t tbtKilafy;> njw;F Nehf;fpa
epiyapy; elg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,J 3.25 kPl;lu; mfyKk; cauKk; cilaJ.
fOj;jw;W Njhs; gl;ilfSld; ,ilapy; ,Wfp> kdpj cUtj;ijg;
Nghd;W ,f;fy; tbtikf;fg; gl;bUe;jJ. ,Nj Nghd;w cUtf;fy;
xd;wpidj; jkpo;ehL muR njhy;ypay; Jiw tpOg;Guk; khtl;lk;> nrQ;rp
tl;lk;> cilahej;jk; vd;Dk; Cupy; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sJ. ,jid ,t;T+u;
kf;fs; tprpwpf;fy; vd;W miof;fpd;wdu;.” 7
vd;wthW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
mNjNghy> jpUtz;zhkiykhtl;lk;> nrq;fk; tl;lj;jpypUe;J Rkhu; 15.fp.kP
njhiytpy; Mz;bg;gl;bvd;Dk; rpw;W}u; cs;sJ. Mz;bg;gl;bf;F mUfhikapy;
,Uf;Fk; nrq;fk;> rq;ffhyj;jpypUe;Nj tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;G kpf;f Cuhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; 45-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l eLfw;fs; nrq;fk; gFjpapy;
jkpo;ehL muR njhy;ypay; Jiwapduhy; ,Jtiuf; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,e;eLfw;fs; gy;ytu; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gfis mwpe;J nfhs;s
cjTgitfshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd. nrq;fj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yk; fztha; xd;W
Mz;bg;gl;bapd; topahfr; nry;fpwJ. ,J rq;ffhyj; jkpofj;jpd; Nkw;Fg;
gFjpapidAk; fpof;Fg; gFjpapidAk; ,izf;Fk; Kf;fparhiyahf ,d;W
mike;jpUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,f;fzthapd; top gazj;jpD}lhfr; rq;f
fhyj;jpy; nrq;fk; kpf Kf;fpa tzpf efukhf tpsq;fpapUf;fpwJ.
“,jid cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tpjkhfNt Mz;bg;gl;bapy; 1968-Mk;
Mz;L fpilj;jg; Gijaypy; 143 <af;fhRfs; fpilj;jd. ,g;Gijaypy;
fpilj;jfhRfs; midj;Jk; xNu tpjkhditfs; MFk;.”8
,g;gFjpiaj; njhy;ypay; Jiwapd; rpwg;G Mizau; jpU>=.=Pju;> jpUthsu;
nry;tuh[;> kh.fiythzd;> jpUkjp.tre;jp MfpNahiuf; nfhz;L ,q;F 2004–05 Mk;
Mz;Lfspy; mfoha;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. mg;nghOJ> Mz;bg;gl;bapy; fy;Nyhil
vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ,e;jpuhefu; FbapUg;gpy; ngUq;fw;fhyr; rpd;dq;fs;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld. ej;jNkL rhk;gy;fhL vd;Dk; gFjpfspYk; rq;ffhyg; ghid
XLfs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld. mijj;njhlu;e;J>
“,g;gFjpapy; nkhj;jk; 12 mfo;Tf; Fopfs; Njhz;lg;gl;L> RLkz;
jha;j; nja;t cUtq;fs;> ahidfs; mzptFj;Jr; nry;Yk; RLkz;
jhq;fpfs;> RLkz; fhiskhLfs; vd Mz;bg;gl;bapy; nkhj;jkhf 655
njhy;nghUl;fs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld” 9
,t;tfoha;Tg; nghUl;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,q;F trpj;j kf;fs;
ngUq;fw;fhyk; Kjy; fp.gp.12-Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu tho;e;j kf;fshf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;
vd;w fUj;J cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ. NkYk; ,j;njhy;nghUl;fs; ,g;gFjp kf;fs;
vj;jifa tho;f;if Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpdhu;fs; vd;gijAk; fz;L nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
mjd; fPo; ,g;gFjpapy; fpilj;Js;s RLkz;zhy; Mdtl;lr;rpy;YfSk; tl;lkhd
cile;j epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; rf;fuq;fSk;> rJf;fha;fSk; ,k;kf;fspd; ciog;gpy;
cUthd nghOJ Nghf;F kw;Wk; tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fis ekf;F


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
epidTUj;Jfpd;wd. mNj Nghy; jq;fj; Jz;Lfs;> jq;f Nkhjpuq;fs;> jq;f ,iyfs;

vd jq;fj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; kzpfs; Mfpad fpilj;jpUg;gjhy;
,q;F trpj;j kf;fs; nry;tr; nropg;gpduhfTk; ,Ue;jpUf;f tha;g;gpUg;gJ cWjp
nra;ag; ngw;wJ. mNjNghy; ,g;gFjpapy;>
“R+J gtsk;> gr;ir> ePyepwk;> kQ;rs;> ngupy;> gspq;F> rq;F> RLkz;>
muf;F> Nghd;wtw;why; nra;ag;gl;l 194 tifapyhd mofpa kzpfs;”10
Mfpaf; fpilj;jpUg;gjhf Ma;thsu;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;> ,jpypUe;J ,g;gFjpapy;
tho;e;j kf;fspd; ifj;jpwk; ed;F ntspg;gLfpwJ. NkYk;> tzpfj;njhlu;gpYk;
,g;gFjp Kd;dpiy tfpj;jpUf;fpwJ.
epiwTiu
jpUtz;zhkiyapy; fpilj;Js;s fy;ntl;Lfs; goikahdjhfTk;> gy;NtW
tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfisj; jhq;fpajhfTk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. mjd; fPo;>
jpUtz;zhkiyapd; ngau; fhuzk; Kjy; jpUtz;zhkiy gFjpia Ml;rp nra;j
kd;du;fspd; tptuq;fs;> jpUtz;zhkiy Myaj;jpw;Fg; gy;NtW fhyr; R+oypy;
gy;NtW kd;du;fs; toq;fpa nfhilfs; Kjypatw;iw mwpa KbfpwJ.
jpUtz;zhkiy jpUj;jyj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; fy;ntl;Lfspy; kjpy; Rtu;
fy;ntl;Lfs; Fwpg;gplj; jf;fjhfpwJ. mNj Nghy jpUtz;zhkiyf;F mUfhikapy;
,Uf;Fk;> MilA+u; nrf;Ff; fy;ntl;LfSk;> XilA+u; fy;ntl;LfSk;
jpUtz;zhkiy jyj;jpw;fhd Mjhuq;fis mjpf mstpy; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s Nkhl;û;> Mz;bg;gl;b> glNtL cs;spl;l
,lq;fspy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;s mfoha;Tg; nghUs;fSk; mg;nghUl;fspd;
fhyf;Fwpg;GfSk; jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj;jpd; njhd;ikia tpsf;Fk; tifapy;
mikfpd;wd.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. “,f;fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLk; ,uz;Lrhrdq;fs; tp[ahyaNrhoDilajhFk;.

,k;kd;dd; jhd; rupj;jpuuPjpahfj; jkpofj;ijMz;lKw;Nrhod; Mthd;. ,td;
fhyk; fp.gp.846 – 880.”- nt.ehuhazrhkp.> jpUtz;zhkiy jy tuyhW.> g.26.
2. NkyJ.> g.20.
3. re;jpuNrfud;.> njd;dpe;jpaNfhapy; rhrdq;fs;.> g.125.
4. jp.it.rjhrptgz;lhuj;jhu;.> ,yf;fpaKk; fy;ntl;LfSk;.> g.104.
5. g. nt.ehuhazrhkp.> jpUtz;zhkiy jy tuyhW.> g.30.
6. kh..re;jpu%u;j;jp> F.ntq;fNlrd;.> jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj; jlaq;fs;.>
jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj;jpy; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs; (f.,).> g.21).
7. NkyJ.> gf;.22-23.
8. kh.re;jpu%u;j;jp> F.ntq;fNlrd;.> jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj; jlaq;fs;.> gf;.23-
24.
9. NkyJ.> gf;.26-27.
10. NkyJ.> g.28.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpoh; gz;ghl;by; ePh;ts Nkyhz;ikAk;> njhy;ypay; rhd;Wk;

Archaeological Evidence and Water Management in Tamil Culture
Kidth; Nt.mUl;ghkzp> cjtpg; Nguhrphpah;>

,e;Njh mnkhpf;fd; fy;Y}hp> nra;ahh;.
Abstract
The purpose of the study has been determined to find out the water management
system of Tamil society through archaeological facts. The classical antiquity of the Tamil
people shows that they are keenly aware of life is without water and water is the elixir of life.
They rely on agriculture and cattle rearing and built their civilizations on the banks of the
famous rivers of Tamil nadu. The Tamil Triumvirate kings channeled big rivers and let them
to be stored by digging ponds, lakes in the remote places to save water to get used of it when
there is much scarcity of water. Thus, the water management system is highly systematic in
the Tamil society and the study becomes too much important to research with objectives and
that becomes the need of the present study.
Keywords: Water Management, Tamil Culture, Archaeology, Facts
Kd;Diu
njhy;jkpo;f;Fbapdhpd; tho;tpay; Kiwfs; ngUk;ghYk; mth;fs; tho;e;j
epyg;ghq;fpidr; rhh;e;Nj ,Ue;jd. ,aw;ifNahL $l;Lwthf ,Ue;jhy; md;wp kdpj
tho;T rpwf;f KbahJ vd;gij rq;fj;jkpoh;fs; ed;F mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. mth;fs; tho;T
,aw;ifAld; ,ize;J ,Ue;jJld; mt;tsq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk;
njhd;ikKiwapidAk; mth;fs; ed;F mwpe;J ,Ue;jdh;. efuq;fs; Kjd; Kjy;
Njhd;wpaJ cotpy; rpwe;j kUj epyj;jpy; jhd;. coTj; njhopYk;> epiyahd
FbapUg;Gk; ehfhpfk; Njhd;Wtjw;Fj; Jiz nra;jd. ,y;tho;thd; vd;W
jpUts;Stuhw; rpwg;gpj;Jr; nrhy;yg; ngw;wtDk; cotNd. ehfhpfk; vd;gJ jpUe;jpa
tho;f;if MFk;. ehfhpfj;jpDk; cah;e;j epiyNa gz;ghL MFk;. ehfhpfk; vd;w
nrhy;iyNa gz;ghL vd;W Mz;Ls;sdh;. mjdhNyNa gz;ghl;Lf;F ,lkhd
fz;Nzhl;lj;ij ehfhpfk; vd;whh; jpUts;Sth;.
“ngaf;fz;Lk; eQ;Rz;likth; eaj;jf;f
ehfhpfk; Ntz;Lgth;.” (Fws;: 580)
,q;F jpUj;jpa epiy vd;w nghJf;fUj;jpy; ehfhpfKk; gz;ghLk; xd;Nw vdf;
fhz;f. kUj epyg;gFjpfs; nghpJk; tsk; kpf;f Mw;Wg;gLiffisAk;> Fsk;
Fl;ilfisAk; xl;b mike;jd. czT NjLk; tho;f;ifapy; ,Ue;J czT cw;gj;jp
vd;w epiyf;F khwpaJk; ,q;Fjhd;. cyfpd; gok; ngUk; ehfhpfq;fs; vy;yhk;
Mw;wq;fiuapy; jhd; Njhd;wpd. jkpofk; ,aw;ifahfNt Kg;GwKk; flyhy;
R+og;gl;lJ. fhtphp> njd;ngz;iz> ghyhW> itif> jz;nghUie vdg; gy MWfspd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ePh;tsj;ij cilaJ vd;whYk; gz;ilf; fhyj;jpYk; ePh;g;gw;whf;Fiw vd;w ,ilA+W

rpy fhyq;fspy; Vw;gl;ld. Mifahy; jhd; ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;gpUe;Nj
jkpofj;ij Mz;L te;j kd;dh;fs; Fsk; njhl;L tsk; ngUf;Ftjpy; ngUk; ftdk;
nrYj;jp te;jdu; vd;gij mwpa KbfpwJ. rq;ffhyr; Nrho ngUNte;jd; fhpfhyd;
fhtphpf;Ff; fiufz;L ePh;g;ghrdj;ij newpg;gLj;jpdhd; vd;gij ,yf;fpaq;fSk;
nrg;NgLfSk; vLj;jpak;Gfpd; NkYk; tha;f;fhy;fs; ntl;lg;gl;L Mw;wpy; ,Ue;J
ghrdj;jpw;fhf ePh; gphpf;fg;gl;L> fhy;tha;fs; %yKk;> kjFfs; %yKk; ePh;
Fsq;fSf;Fk; VhpfSf;Fk; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lJ. khwth;kd; mhpNfrhp
kJiuf;fUfpy; jk; ngauhNyNa itifapy; xU kjF mikj;jik itiff;fiuf;fy;
fy;ntl;lhy; Gyg;gLfpwJ.
Ik;ngUk; Mw;wy;fspy; epyk; jhd; Kd;Dhpik ngw;Wj; jpfo;fpwJ. epyk; tsk;
ngw ePh; mtrpak;. kUjk; epytsKk;> ePh; tsKk; ,ize;jNj rq;f jkpoh; jk; ePh;
Nkyhz;ikr; rpwg;GfSk;> mth;fs; ePh; ts Nkyhz;ikf;Ff; filgpbj;j mwptpapy;
rhh;e;j kpf El;gkhd Neh;j;jpahd nray;ghLfisAk; njhd;ik Nehf;fpy; ,g;gjptpy;
fhzyhk;.
%Nte;jh; jk; Ml;rpapy; ePh; tsr;rhd;Wfs;
rq;f fhyj;jpy; Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba ehl;Lg; gFjpfs; kd;dh;fspd; Neubf;
ftdj;ijg; ngw;W ePh;tsk; epuk;gpapUe;jpUf;fpwJ. gy;yth;fs; fhyj;jpy; ngUk;
Vhpfisf; Fb ePUf;Fk;> ePh;g;ghrdj;jpw;Fk; Vw;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. kNfe;jpu jlhfk;>
kNfe;jputhb> guNkr;Ru jlhfk;> $uk;> tapuNkfj;jlhfk; Nghd;wit gy;yth;fshy;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ MFk;. gy;yth;fisg; Nghd;Nw> ghz;ba ehl;by; Ml;rp Ghpe;j
Kw;fhyg; ghz;bah;fSk; Vhpfs; mikj;Jg; ghrdj;ijr; rPh;gLj;Jtjpy; ngUk; <LghL
fhl;bapUf;fpd;wdh;. ghz;ba kd;dh;fs; gy;NtW tifahd ghrd Kiwfisf;
ifahz;L ,Ug;gijf; fy;ntl;LfSk; nrg;NgLfSk; ekf;Fj; njhptpf;fpd;wd.
NguhWfs; newpahf XLk;gb mtw;wpd; ,UkUq;Fk; fiufs; vOg;gg; ngw;wd.
,g;NguhWfs; gy rpwpa MWfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;L ; mit ePuw;w epyq;fis Nehf;fp
XLk;gb nra;ag;gl;ld. Gjpjhf Vhpfs; Fsq;fs; Njhz;lg; ngw;W mtw;wpy; kilfs;
fl;L mk;kilfspd; thapyhf ePh; fodpiar; nrd;wile;jJ. tay;fSf;F ,ilNa
fpzWfs; ntl;lg;gl;L mtw;wpypUe;Jk; ghrdj;jpw;F ePh; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
ghz;bad; guhe;jf tPuehuhazdpd; (fp.gp.866-611) jstha;g;Gur; nrg;Ngl;by; gd;dpUth;
me;jzh;fF ; j; jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;l gpukNjaj;jpd; vy;iyfisf; $Wfpd;w NghJ
gy;NtW tifahd ePh;epiyfspd; ngah;fs; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ePh;g;ghrdk; Fwpj;j nrhw;fs;:-
MWfs; gphpf;fg;gl;L NguhW> rpw;whW vdg;ngah; ngw;wd. kiof;fhyj;jpy;
kl;Lk; ePh; Xb tUk; gFjp Xil vdg;gl;lJ. ePh;epiyfs; Vhp> Fsk;> fpzW vdg;
gy;NtW ngah; ngw;W tpsq;fpd. mstpy; nghpait NgNuhp> ngUq;Fsk;> ngUq;fpzW
vdg;ngah; ngw;wd. ePh; XLk; rpwpa topfisf; “fhy;” tha;f;fhy; rpWfhy;> ngUq;fhy;>
ePh;Nfhs;> fz;zhW vd;w nrhw;fshy; NtWgLj;jpdh;.
VhpfspypUe;J ePiuf; fodpf;Fs; nfhz;L nry;y Vhpf;fiuapy; kilfs; vd;w
ngahpy; ePh; nry;y top mikf;fg;gl;lJ. jstha;g;Gur; nrg;Ngl;bYk;> fOFkiyf;
fy;ntl;Lf;fspYk; $wg;gl;Ls;s nts;shW> njd; itif Nghd;w MWfs; gw;wpAk;>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Fbeil Vhp> me;ij Vhp (Vhpae;ij) fhlNdhp> tPuehuz Vhp> rhj;jNdhp Nghd;w Vhpfs;
gw;wpAk;> eilahl;bf; Fsk;> FbeilNahp Xq;fpa Fsk; thhpf;nfhs;spf;Fsk;>
jkhzpf;Fsk;> Xiyf;Fsk;> ew;rpq;fFsk;> ty;yhiu ntd;whd; Fsk; Nghd;w Fsq;fs;
gw;wpAk;> xd;gJ fpzWfs; gw;wpAk;> Cilahd Fop> fzj;jhh;Fop> $w;wd;Fop>
mbFop Nghd;w Fopfs; gw;wpAk;> $w;wd; Fopkp gw;wpAk;> gLfhy; gw;wpAk;> ePh; Nfhs;>
ePh; khw;Wj;jply;> tpuhy; cfs; Gdy;> fiunghUfdy; Nghd;w ePh; epiyfs; gw;wpAk;>
gUj;jp taf;fy;> fz;zq;fPud; taf;fy;> Nrhkhrp taf;fy;> rhyptpis tay;> fhh;
tay;> fd;dpf;Fr;rp tay; Nghd;w tay;fs; gw;wpAk; nrg;NgLfs; $Wfpd;wd.
gj;jhk; E}w;whz;by; ghz;bad; gjhe;jf tPu ehuhazd; jhdk; toq;fpa
gpukNjaj;ij jstha;g;Gur; nrg;Ngl;bd; %yk; mwpayhk;. ,JNt jpUkq;fyq;Fwpr;rp
vd;Dk; fpuhkNk. nrg;Ngl;by; gpukNjaj;jpd; vy;iyfshf $wg;gl;Ls;s ePh; epiyfs;
midj;Jk; gj;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ,t;T+hpy; ehd;F jpirfspYk; ,Ue;j
ePh; epiyfs; MFk;. nts;shW jpUtpUg;G+h; vd;Dk; Chpd; mUfpy; ,Ue;J
njd;fpof;fhf XLfpd;wJ. ,r;nra;jp jpUtpUg;G+h; %opepd;W njd;fpof;F Nehf;fpg;
Nghapd nts;shw;Wf;Fk; Nkw;F vdTk;> nts;shw;Wf;Fk; njw;F vdTk; nrg;Ngl;by;
nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; nghd;tud;wp kzp tud;wp mfpy; tud;wp fiunghUGdy;
njd; itif vd;W nghd;idAk; kzpiaAk; mfpy; fl;ilfisAk; mhpj;Jf; nfhz;L
nrd;w nra;jp nrg;Ngl;by; cs;sJ. Njd;itif vd;w ngahpy; njd;ghz;b ehl;by;
Mnwhd;W nrd;wjhf jstha;g;Gur; nrg;NgL $WfpwJ.
guhe;jf tPu ehuhazd; vz;zw;w VhpfisAk;> Fsq;fisAk; ed;nra;> Gd;nra;
epyq;fis ntl;L tpj;jhd; vd;gij>
“vz;zpwe;j jlhfq;fSk; ,Uepyj;jpy;
,aw;Wtpj;Jk;>” vd;W nrg;Ngl;by; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
11-k; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j Re;juNrho ghz;badpd; (fpgp.1025-1040) fOFkiy
fy;ntl;by; rhj;jNdhp gw;wpa nra;jp cs;sJ.
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; njhy;ypapy; juTfs;
ed;nra; epyq;fs; tsKld; fhzg;gl;ld. Gd;nra; epyq;fs; thdk; ghh;j;j
G+kpahf ,Ue;jd. ed;nra; epyq;fs; ejpfshy; ePh; tsk; ngw;wd. ePiuj; Njf;fp
itj;Jg; gad;gLj;Jjy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ. kpFjpahf tUk; nts;s ePiuj;
jk;Ks; mlf;fpf;nfhs;sf; $ba ngUk; Vhpfs; ,Ug;gJ xU ehl;bw;Fr; rpwg;G jUk;
vd;fpwJ ehd;kzpf;fbif. Mw;wpd; kpFjp ePiu cs;thq;fpf;nfhs;sf; $ba NgNuhpfs;
chpa Mo mfyj;Jld; ,Uf;Fkhapd; nts;sf; fhyq;fspy; tUk; mjpfg;gbahd ePh;
tPzhff; flypy; fyf;fhky; KOikAk;. Nrkpj;Jg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;
vd;gijr; rq;ffhy kf;fs; ed;F mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. gyE}W Mz;LfSf;F Kd;
jkpofj;jpd; VhpfspYk; Fsq;fspYk; ,Ue;J ePh; ntspNaw;Wk; kjF mikg;G
Ruq;iffshf ,Ue;jd. ,e;j kjF mikg;Ng Fkpopj;J}k;G MFk;. goe;jkpoh;fspd;
ePh;Nkyhz;ikr; nray;ghl;by; ,e;j Fkpopj;J}k;G mwptpay; rhh;e;j kpfEl;gkhd
Neu;j;jpahd gad;ghLila gilg;ghFk;. (kzpkhwd; jkpo; Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs;> njhFjp
g.vz;.16) kiof;fhyq;fspy; nga;Ak; kpFePiu Fsq;fspy; Njf;Ftjw;fhf typik
cila fiufis vLj;J ePiuj; Njf;fpf; fhj;jy; kioePh; Nrfhpg;gpd; Kogad;ghl;il
ek; fz;Kd; epWj;JfpwJ. rq;f fhyj;jpy; ePiur; Nrkpf;ff; Fsk;> MW Nghd;w


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Mjhuq;fis Vw;gLj;jpdh;. CUf;F kpf mUfpy; MWk;> ngha;ifAk; ,Ue;jJ. NkYk;

Cuzp Fsq;fs; ,Ue;jij:
“Ch; cz;Nfzp cz;Jiwj; njhf;f
ghrp Mw;Nw” (ew;.399:1-2)
vd;w thpfs; Rl;Lfpd;wd.
Ntshz;ikf;fhf ePh;j;Njf;fq;fspy; ,Ue;J Gjtpd; top ghrdj;jpw;fhd ePh;
nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lJ. tay;fSf;F ePhpidj; jpUg;gptpl Nghf;Fkilfs;
mikf;fg;gl;ld. Ntshz; njhopypd; caph;ehbahf tpsq;Fk; ePhpidf;fhf;f ePh;
epiyfSf;Ff; fhtyh;fs; ghJfhg;Gf;F mkh;j;jg;gl;ldh; (Gwk;.24:18-19> Gwk;.24:19>
Gwk;.176:5). ePh; epiyfs; ,yQ;rp> Nfzp> Nfhl;lfk;> Vhp> kyq;fz;> kL> Xil> thtp>
rye;juk;> tl;lk;> jlhfk;> espdp> ngha;if> Fg;gk;> fplq;F> Fsk;> fz;kha; Nghd;w
ngah;fshy; miof;fg;gl;lij nghUeuhw;Wg;gilAk; (nghUe.307) gjpTnra;fpwJ.
Nrhoehl;bd; rpwg;Gf;F fhtphp vd;fpd;w nghd;dp MW jhd; fhuzk;. ,e;j MW
ghahtpl;lhy; Nrhoehl;Lf;Fr; rpwg;G ,y;iy. mjdhy; jhd; gl;bdg;ghiy 5-6
fhtphpahw;wpd; ngUikfisg; NgRrpwJ. ePh; epiyfis mikj;J kioePiuj; jLj;J
epwj;jpath;fs; vtNuh mtNu rpwe;j kd;dh;fs; vd;W FlGytpadhh; ghz;bad;
neLQ;nropaDf;Fg; GwehD}w;wpd; top tpsf;Ffpwhu;. ,t;tplj;jpy; Gyth; epiy ngw;w
GfOf;F mwpTiuahf ePh;tsk; fhj;jiy ikag;gLj;Jfpwhh;.
Vhpfs; “vl;lhk; gpiwr;re;jpud;” tbtpy; mikf;fg;gl;ld. mjdhy; fiuapd;
ePsk; FiwthfTk; nfhs;sT mjpfkhfTk; mikAk;. epy mikg;GfSf;F Vw;gf;
fiufspd; tbtKk; cauKk; ,Ue;jd. nghpa ePh;j;Njf;fq;fis ,U Fd;Wfis
,izj;Nj cUthf;fpdh;. ghhpapd; ehl;by; miutl;l Vhpfs; ,Ue;jjhf fgpyh;
$Wfpwhh;. gy;yth;fs; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; mike;jJ jhd; njhlh;Fs mikg;G Kiw
(Chain Tanks) MFk;. midj;J Fsq;FSk; fhy;tha;fs; topahf xd;Wld; xd;W
,izf;fg;gl;ld. jkpofj;jpd; ve;j ,lj;jpy; kio nga;jhYk; mjpfg;gbahd kio
ePh; ,e;jf; fhy;tha;fspd; topafhg; gha;e;J kio nga;ahj njhiyJ}u %iy
KLf;nfy;yhk; nrd;wilAk;.
vdNt vy;yhf; fhyq;fspYk; epykhdJ ePh; tsk; kpf;fjhf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j
Fsq;fs; ghuk;ghpakpf;f nrk;khe;j tifapy; njhlu;r;rpahf mike;j Fsq;fspd;
mikg;G vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Fsq;fspd; fl;likg;ig ehk; Muha;e;J
ghu;f;Fk; NghJ ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; mwpitf; fz;L tpae;J epw;fpd;Nwhk;.
Nrhoh;fs; Ml;rpapd; NghJ fhtphp ejpg; gLifapy; ,Ue;J ePhpid ehl;bd; kw;w
gFjpfSf;Fk; tpepNahfpf;ff; fhy;tha;fis ntl;bdh;. ,f;fhy;tha;fs; fpis
MWfshfr; nray;gl;ld. gz;ila ghrd fl;likg;Gfspy; kpfr;rpwe;jhf cyfNk
ghuhl;LtJ Nrho kd;dd; fhpfhyd; fl;ba fy;yiz MFk;. Mok; fhzKbahj
fhtphpahw;W kzw;gLiffapy; ngUk; ngUk; fw;fisf; nfhz;L mbj;jsk; mikj;J
mjd;Nky; miz vOg;gp fhtphpapd; ePh;g;Nghf;fpidf; fopKfg; ghrdg; gFjpfSf;Fj;
jpUg;gp mDg;GtNj ,t;tizapd; Nehf;fk; MFk;. 2000 Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhfg;
gad;ghl;by; ,Uf;Fk; ,e;jf; fy;yiz jkpoh;jk; Ez;zwpit ehk; tpae;J Nghw;wr;
nra;fpwJ. ghrdg; gzpfisr; nra;a Mw;WePiuf; nfhz;L nry;y tha;f;fhy;fs;
mikg;gJ Ml;rpahpd; flik vd;Nw Gwk; $WfpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
KbTiu
Rid vd;gJ kiy Cw;wpidf; Fwpf;Fk; “G+tkd;wd;W RidAkd;W” vdf;
fypj;njhif $WfpwJ. ePUil msitr; Rid vd;W nrg;NgL $WfpwJ. vy;yhf;
fhyq;fspYk; ePiuAila Ridahf ,J tsq;fpaJ ek; rq;fj;jkpoh;fs; ePhpd; Njit>
kw;Wk; mjd;gad;ghl;bd; kjpg;ig mwpe;J Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. mtu;fs; jk;
gz;ghl;by; ePh;ts Nkyhz;ikiaf; filgpbj;jdh;. Fsq;fs; rpWFsk;> ngUq;Fsk;
vd ,Utifg;gLk;. rpWFsj;J ePu; Fbg;gjw;Fk;> ngUq;Fsj;J ePh; ghrdj;Jf;Fk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Fsk;> $ty; Nghd;w ePh;j;Njf;fq;fisf; fl;Lgtd; nrhu;f;fk;
milthd; vd;w gz;ghLk; ekf;F mwpTWj;jg;gl;lJ. Fsk; njhl;L fhT gjpj;J top
rPj;J csk; njhl;L cOtay; Mf;fp tsk; njhl;Lg; ghFgLk; fpzw;NwhL vd;W
,it ghw;gLj;jhd; VFk; Rtu;ff ; k; ,dpJ (rpWgQ;rk;.64). kf;fs; kfpo;NthLk;
je;epiwNthLk; tho ek; njhy;ypay; juTfs; mwpe;J mtw;iwg; Nghw;WNthk;! ek;
tho;tpaypd; njhd;ik gz;ghl;ilg; ghJfhg;Nghk;.
gad;ik E}y;fs;
1. Fws;: 580.
2. ew;. 399:1-2.
3. Gwk;. 24:18-19> Gwk;.24:19> Gwk;.176:5.
4. nghUe. 307
5. rpWgQ;rk;. 64.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpoh; njhy;ypay; mfo;tha;Tfs;

Tamilar Archeological Excavations
mUzhr;ryk; NtZNfhghyd;>
Mrphpah;> nrd;id.
Abstract
The paper culls out the details of the excavations done on the central focus on the
Archeological sites of the Tamilar regions all over the world. Tamil people are a universal
one and their culture are seen in many continents and in many countries. Many individual
geologists and governments of various countries are doing research on it. Indian government
also did many researches on the remnants of the Tamil civilization. The survey done at Eelam
is also a particular one and is discussed here. Hence, the article gives out the minute details
of the remnants of Tamil civilization.
Keywords: Tamilar, Archeological Excavations, Eelam, Relics
kdpj Fyj;jpd;njhy;ypay; mwptpay; khngUk; tuyhw;Wg; ngUikAilait.

ehfhPfj; njhd;ikAk; gz;ghLfisAk; cila ,dk; xd;W gy;yhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F
Kd; tho;e;j njhy;ypay; ghh;itia ,q;Nf Nehf;FNthk;. xU ,dk; vg;gb
thoNtz;Lk; vd;w mbg;gila cUthf;fpath;fs; ,th;fs;. fpl;lj;jl;l fp.K 4500
tUlq;fSf;F Kd;Ng Xh; mwptpay; rKjhak; tho;e;J mope;jpUf;fpd;wJ vd;w
Muha;rr; pfspd; KbT Nrhfj;jpd; KfLfisj; njhl;Lf;nfhs;fpd;wd. Mdhy; mjd;
njhlh;r;rp ekJ tho;NthLk; gz;ghl;Lf; fiyfNshLk; xd;Wgl;bUf;fpd;wJ vd;why;
mjDila rpwg;G vj;jifaJ vd;W ehk; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. cyfpd; ve;j
%iyapy; ,Ue;jhYk; mjd; tuyhw;Wg; gbkq;fs; ekJ nfhs;iffNshL
xj;jpUf;Fkhdhy; mJ rpe;jpf;f Ntz;banjhU fUj;jhFk;. Mdhy; kpfg;ngUik
tha;e;j ,e;jpa ehfhPfj;jpd; gjpTfspNy nkhfQ;rjhNuh> ùg;gh vd;w ,UngUk;
efuq;fspd; rpijT vd;gJ mstpl;Lf; $wKbahj Mjhuq;fspd; rpijthfpg; NghdJ.
rpjpykile;JNghd rpj;jpu efuq;fspd; ,og;Gfspd; njhlh;r;rp tPo;e;JNghd ,dj;jpd;
tpOkpaq;fshf ePz;L fplf;fpd;wd.
,it kpfj;njspthf Muhag;gl;L kpfg;goikahd ehfhPfj;ijf;nfhz;l xU
,dj;jpd; njhd;kq;fs; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa xU
tuyhW ,d;W ek;kpilNa ,y;yhJ NghdhYk; mJNghd;wnjhU gz;ghl;L tho;tpay;
ek; fz;Kd;Nd efh;e;Jnfhz;bUg;gij fhzKbfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpahtpd; gy
,lq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l njhy;ypay; Ma;TfspNy Mjpr;r ey;Y}h;> fPob vd;w
,U ,lq;fspYk; ,JNghd;w Xh; tho;tpay; njhd;kq;fs; fpilg;gjhf
Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whh;fs;.,JTk; mope;JNghd gok;ngUk; efuq;fspd;
njhlh;r;rpahf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;gJk; Ma;thsh;fSila fUj;jhFk;. ,it ,d;iwa


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,isa rKjhaj;jpw;F Kd;dhy; eilngWk; Xh; mfoha;T vd;gij ehk; czu

Kbfpd;wJ. ,UE}Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,lq;fspd; tho;e;j Xh; ,dk; ,d;W ,y;yhky;
NghdJ vg;gb vd;gJ kh;kkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
kpfg;goik tha;e;j ehfhPfq;fspd; nfhs;splkhf ,Uf;Fk; fpNuf;fk;> rPdk;>
,e;jpak;> Nghd;w ehLfspd; thpirapNy nkhfQ;rjhNuh ùg;gh Nghd;w efuq;fspd;
ehfhPfk; ,e;jpahtpd; vy;iyf;F cl;gl;L ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; ,e;j kz;zpy; ,Ue;J
,lg;ngah;T Vw;gl;bUe;jhYk; mth;fs; vq;Nfh xU %iyapy; gytpjkhd
khw;wq;fNshL thoyhk; vd;Wk; vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nkhfQ;rjhNuh ùg;gh Nghd;w
ehfhPfg; gjpTfs; ,d;W tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,dj;jpDila tho;tpay; gz;ghl;L
tpOkpaq;fSf;F Vw;whw;Nghy; ,Ug;gjhYk; mJNghd;wnjhU njhy;ypay; $Wfspd;
gz;ghl;L tpOkpaq;fs; Ma;Tfspy; mbnahw;wp ,Ug;gjhYk; ,it me;j ,dq;fspd;
milahsj;jpw;Fhpait vd;gij ehk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
,J Nghd;wnjhU njhy;ypay; gbkq;fis ,dptUk; fhyq;fspy; ehk; re;jpf;Fk;
nghOJ ,it tpQ;Qhdj; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; Ez;zha;TfSf;F cl;gLj;jg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;. xU ,dj;jpd; tho;tpay; njhd;kj;jpd; njhlh;r;rpfs; tsUk; rKjhaj;jpd;
ghh;itf;Fs; tsUk; njhlh;r;rpfs; Mf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,e;j Ma;tpd;
Nehf;fkhf mikfpd;wJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fSk; rkaf;fUj;JfSk; ciuj;J epw;fpd;w
fhtpaq;fspd; gbkq;fSf;Fs; ,it kiwe;jpUf;Fk; khzpf;fq;fs; vd;gij Rl;bf;
fhl;lNtz;Lk;. mjw;fhf mUk; gzpahw;Wk; Ma;thsh;fSk; njhy;ypay; epGzh;fSk;
ngUkjpg;Gf;Fhpath;fshff; fUjg;gLthh;fs;. mJ kl;Lkd;wp ,J rhh;e;j
gilg;Gf;fshYk; njhy;ypay; Ma;TfshYk; xU ,dj;jpd; my;yJ me;j ehLgw;wpa
njspthd mwpTila murpay; jiyth;fSk; mj;Jiw rhh;e;j gzpahsh;fSk;
Nghw;Wjw;F hpath;fs; vd;Nw fUjKbfpd;wJ.
,e;j cyfk; flTSila ghpR vd;fpwhh;fs; Md;Nwhh;fs;. ,y;iy ,uz;L
Nfhs;fs; Nkhjpf;nfhz;ljdhy; Vw;wg;gl;l ntbg;gpd; rpjwy;fs; jhd; ,e;j cyfk;
vd;fpwhh;fs; rhd;Nwhh;fs;. ,iwtd; kdpjd; kpUfq;fs; gwitfs; vd;w caphpfis
tplTk; gy mjpraq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ ,e;j cyfk; kdpjh;fs; ,e;j
cyfj;jpNy gy;yhapuk; Mz;Lfshf tho;;e;jpUf;fpd;whh;fs; vd;gJ kl;Lk; cz;ikahf
,Uf;fpd;wJ. fy;tpawptpd; tsh;r;rpAk; mit Rl;Lfpd;w fhyf;fzpg;GfSk; kdpj
,dk; gyfhykhf vq;nfy;yhk; tho;fpd;wNjh mq;nfy;yhk; tho;tpay; RtLfisg;
gjpj;jpUf;fpd;whh;fs; vd;gJk; cz;ik. ,e;j kdpjg; gilg;gpYk; gy khh;kq;fs;
xspe;jpUg;gij rpy tuyhw;Wj; njhd;kq;fs; ntspg;gLj; Jfpd;wd. Mdhy; mjprakhd
cyf ehfhPf tuyhw;wpd; gilg;ghsh;fshf xU ,dk; tho;e;jpUf;fpd;wJ vd;gij
epidj;Jg; ghh;f;f Kbatpy;iy. ,e;jpahtpd; ,d;iwa epiyia rPh;J}f;fpg;ghh;ff ; pd;w
nghOJ mjd; goik kpfTk; ghhpa xU mwptpay; topj;Njhd;wy;fspd; mbj;jskhf
,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W jhd; vz;zj; Njhd;WfpwJ. mNj rkaj;jpy; ,e;j
,dj;jpd; tho;tpay; njhd;kj;ij ehk; ,d;dKk; rhpahff; fzf;fpl
Kbahjth;fshfNt fhzg;gLfpd;Nwhk;.
Ntjq;fSk; ,jpfhrq;fSk; Guhzq;fSk; $Wk; fUj;Jfs;
ehd;F Ntjq;fSk; Guhzq;fSk; ,jpfhrq;fSk; $WtJ Nghy ,e;jpa kf;fs;
Mhpaf; nfhs;iffSf;F cl;gl;L tho Ntz;bapUe;jJ. Mdhy; mtw;Wf;F khwhf


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Ntjfhyq;fspd; njhlf;f fhyNk ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhW vd;W vz;zpf; nfhz;bUe;j

th;fSf;F rpe;Jntsp ehfhPfk; ngUk; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpapUf;fpd;wJ. ,e;jj;
njhd;kg; Gij nghUl;fspd; kPsy;fs; cyfj;jpd; GUtq;fis cah;j;jpapUf;fpd;wJ.
,it rkaf; nfhs;iffis tpl njhd;kq;fSf;F Jizahf epw;fpd;wd. xU
,dj;jpDila tuyhw;W cz;ikiag; gjpTnra;Js;sJ. ,e;jpa kz;zpNy md;W
Vw;gl;l fhykhw;wq;fSk; nghUshjhu khw;wq;fSk; th;f;fg; gpsTfSk; Ma;tpay;
Gyj;jpy; gy gpd;dilTfisf; nfhLj;jpUf;fyhk; vd;W jhd; vz;zj;Njhd;WfpwJ.
mjdhy; ,e;j kdpjehfhPfg; gz;ghl;bay; vd;gJ Ntjfhyq;fSf;Fk; Kw;gl;l xU
tuyhw;wpd; gjpthff; fhzg;gLtij njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd.
,e;jpahtpd; njhd;ikAk; INuhg;gpah; tUifAk;.
cyftuyhw;wpNy gy ehfhPf tsh;r;rpfspYk; nkhopapay; tsh;r;rpfspYk; gy
,dq;fspd; njhd;kq;fSf;Fk; mbj;jskhf ,e;jpah ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ. Mdhy;
,e;jpahtpd; tuyhw;wpNy nkhfQ;rjhNuh ùg;gh Nghhd;w efuq;fspd; ntspg;;ghL
Muha;e;J fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l tuyhw;wpd; njhlh;r;rp vd;gijAk; mit ,d;dKk;
caph;j;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd vd;gijj; jhd; ehk; ghh;f;f Kbfpd;wJ.
,e;j kz;zpd; njhd;kq;fspd; mwptpay; fz;L gpbg;Gf;fspNy Kd;G
,Ue;jth;fs; mf;fiwaw;W ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. md;iwa fy;tpawpTk; tpQ;Qhdj;
njhopy; El;gq;fspd; Mw;wy;fSk; ,y;yhjpUe;jpUf;fyhk;. rdj;njhifg; ngUf;fKk;
nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpapd;ikAk; jilahf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk; vd;w thjq;fis ehk;
Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhYk; fhyq;fle;j tuyhw;wpd; cz;ikahdJ Mhpahpd; tUiff;Fg;
gpd;dhy; vOe;j khw;wq;fis tpl INuhg;gpahpd; tUifNa Mrpa ehLfspy; vOe;j
gy Gul;rpfSf;Fk; tho;tpay; cz;ikfSf;Fkhd Nghuhl;lkhf khw;wg;gl;bU
e;jpUf;fpd;wJ vd;Wjhd; vz;zj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. rpe;J rkntsp ehfhPfj;jpd; mopT
Mhpah; tUifapdhy; ele;j xd;whfNt fUjpdhYk; mit gy;yhapuk; Mz;Lg;
goikahdJ vd;gij Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;fs;. xl;Lnkhj;j ,e;jpa
ehfhPfj;jpd; Njhw;wj;Jf;Fk; tsh;r;rpf;Fk; mbj;jskhf ,Ue;j xU ,dj;jpd; vr;rq;fs;
vt;thW GijAz;L NghdJ vd;gJ Ghpahj Gjpuhdnjhd;Nw. xU tuyhw;wpd;
cz;ikfis ntspAyfj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L te;j INuhg;gpah; tUif gy
tuyhw;whrphpah;fSf;F topfhl;bahf mike;jpUe;jhYk; mjd; cz;ikfs; rpy
,dq;fSf;F frg;ghf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. fyfk; gpwf;Fk; ,lq;fspNy mtw;Wf;Fhpa
epahaq;fs; cUthFk; vd;w ,aw;ifapd; tpjpfSf;Fs; cz;ikfisj; Njbg;
gazpj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;.
cyf ehfhPfq;fs;
,d;iwa cyf mwpf;iffspd; gbf;F fpNuf;fk;> ,e;jpak;> rPdk;> vd;w
ehLfspd; tho;tpay; gbkq;fspNy ,e;j %d;W ehLfSk; kdpj ehfhPfj;jpd;
tsh;r;rpfSf;Fhpa rhd;Wfisf;; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,d;dKk; fz;L gpbf;fg;glhj
gbkq;fs; NtW ehLfspy; ,Ue;jhYk; ehk; tpae;J Nghtjw;fpy;iy. gok;ngUk;
ehfhPfj;jpd; gbkq;fspNy ejpfiu ehfhPfg; gz;ghLfSk;> njhd;kq;fSk;>
Muha;r;rpahsh;fshy; ,d;dKk; Muhag;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
rpe;Jntsp ehfhPfj;jpd; Ma;TfSk; Muha;r;rpfSk; tho;tpay; gbkq;fSk;
njhd;ikahd gjpTfSk; Muha;r;rpfSf;Fhpa jlaq;fshf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. Mdhy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,Wjpahf kpfj;njhd;ikahd goq;FbahfTk; Muk;g khdpl ehfhPfj; Njhd;wYkhfTk;

,Ue;j xU ,dj;jpd; jlaq;fisf; nfhz;L mJ vt;tsT fhyk; goikahdJ vd;W
eph;zapf;f Kbfpd;wJ. mjw;Fhpa ,urhadg; gFg;gha;Tfshy; mit eph;zapf;
fg;gLfpd;;wd. rpe;Jntsp ehfhPfj;jpNy nkhfQ;rjhNuh ùg;gh vd;w ,UngUk;
efufq;fspYk; gok;ngUk; ehfhPfj;ijf; nfhz;l kf;fs; tho;e;jpUf;fpd;whh;fs; vd;gJ
cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,q;F tho;e;jth;fs; jq;fSila ,y;yq;fisAk; Rw;whliyAk;
kpfNeh;j;jpahf mikj;jpUe;jJk; xt;nthU ,y;yq;fSf;Fk; fpzW fopTj; njhl;b
tha;f;fhy; vd;gd mofhf mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd vd;gijAk;> vy;NyhUk; ePuhLtjw;fhf
ngUq;Fsk; mikf;fg;gl;bUg;gijAk; ntspf; nfhzh;e;jpUf;fpd;whh;fs; Muha;r;rpah
sh;fs;. J}a;ikhd ePh; cs;Ns tuTk; mOf;fhd ePh; ntspNawTk; $ba Kiwapy;
tha;fhy;fspd; nghwpKiw mikg;Gfs; moF nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ. Fsj;jpd; ,uz;L
gf;fq;fspYk; gbf;fw;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Lk;> ngz;fs; Milkhw;Wtjw;Fhpa trjpfSk;
nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,J fpl;lj;jl;l fp. K 4500Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l gok;ngUk;
ehfhPfj;jpd; mbj;jskhf ,Ug;gijAk; ehk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
cyf ehLfspd; Njly;fSf;Fk; Muha;r;rpfSf;Fk; eLtpy; ,e;jpahtpy;
Vw;gl;bUe;j ,e;j gok;ngUk; efuj;jpd; Muha;r;rp kdpj ,dj;jpd; Njhw;wf;
fhyj;ijAk; mstpl;Lf; $wpaJ. mJNt rpe;Jntsp ehfhPfkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
Nkw;fj;jpa ehLfspd; njhd;kq;fisf; fhl;bYk; xU Gjpa ghpkhzq;fNshL Kw;wpYk;
tsh;r;rpaile;j xU ,dj;jpDila tho;f;ifiag; glk; gplbj;Jf; fhl;baJ
rpe;Jntspf;fhyk;. kdpjj; Njhw;Wthapd; mbj;jsj;ij Njbf; nfhz;bUe;j tpQ;Qhdj;
njhopy; El;gj;ijf; fhl;bYk; xU ,dj;jpDila ,Uz;L Nghd tuyhw;Wj; njhlh;r;rp
cyf ehfhPf tho;tpaYf;F Kj;jpiu gjpj;Jf;nfhhz;lJ. ,j;jid fhy
,ilntspf;Fk; mg;ghy; kdpjj;Jtj;ij cyfpw;F ntspf; nfhzh;e;j ,e;j Muha;r;rp
,e;jpa tuyhw;Wg; ngUikia czh;j;Jk; xU jlakhFk;. vj;jid nghpa
cz;ikfs; epiwe;j tuyhw;iwAk; ,e;j Njrj;jpw;F xU ngUikiaAk; vLj;Jf;
$Wfpd;wJ rpe;Jntsp.kdpj Fy tuyhw;wpNy vj;jid nghpa tho;tpaiyAk;
njhd;kj;ijAk; nfhz;bUe;j ,dj;jpd; rpwg;ig ,it vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
kf;fspd; tho;f;ifAk; nghUshjhuKk;.
czT cw;gj;jpapYk; mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gjpYk; rpwg;ghd mwpTj;jpwidf;
nfhz;bUe;jth;fs; rpe;Jntsp rpwg;Gf;Fhpath;fs;. jhdpa fsQ;rpaq;fSk; thho;f;ifg;
ghpkhzq;fSk; rpwg;Gg;ngw;wpUe;jd. xU kdpjDila tho;Tf;Fg; ghj;jpuq;fs;
vt;tsT mtrpakhdit vd;gjw;Fk; jlaq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. mit fzpkz;zpdhy;
nra;ag;gl;bUe;jd. fspkz;zpdhy; nra;ag;gl;l ghidfisAk; rl;bfisAk; ,d;Wk;
ghh;f;fpd;wNghJ ,jd; cz;ikj;Jtj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. Mdhy;
tPLfisf; fl;Lfpd;wNghJ Rlg;gl;l nrq;fw;fshy; kpf Neh;j;jpahf
mikj;jpUf;fpd;whh;fs;. ngUk; epyg;gug;igf; nfhz;l ehfhPfj; jpl;Lf;fspy; kf;fs;
vt;tsT ghJfhg;ghfTk; Rw;Wr; R+oy; ghJfhg;NghLk; kpfg; gj;jpukhf tho;e;J
te;jpUg;ghh;fs; vd;gij mfo;tha;Tfs; Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. tPl;Lf; FbapUg;GfSk;
fsp kz;jpl;Lf;fspd; Nkyhf caukhd ,lq;fspNy Nfhl;il Nghd;w mikg;Gf;fSk;
fhzg;gl;bUe;jd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nghUj;jkhd tho;f;if Kiwfs;.

rpe;Jntsp ehfhPfj;jpd; tho;tpay; xl;Lnkhj;jkhd mwptpd; Kjpr;rpahFk;.
nghUj;jkhd mofhd mikg;Gila tPLfs;. mit jhsuq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;
ftpy;iy. Nkw;Fy mikg;Gf;fisg;Nghy rpwe;jKiwapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. fopTj;
njhl;bfSk; ePh;tbfhy; mikg;Gf;fSk; fopTePiu ntspNaw;Wk; fhy;tha;fshYk;
,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.tPLfSf;Fk; Kw;wKk; fpzWk; ,Ue;jd. ntspapNy Fspg;gjw;F
ngUk; Fsq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. ,uz;L gf;fq;fspYk; gbf;fl;Lfs;> ngz;fs;
Milfs; khw;Wtjw;Fhpa miwfs;> ePh;frpT Vw;glhky; ,Uf;f Rl;L nkOF G+rpa
nrq;fw;fs;> vdg;gytpj mwptpay; EZf;fq;fNshL mikf;fg;gl;l tPLfspy; tho;e;j
xU ,dj;jpd; tuyhW ,d;W ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpl;lJ. tpisepyq;fs; fbd ciog;G
fy;tpawpT> ,it xt;nthd;iwAk; itj;J xg;gPL nra;J ghh;f;fpd;wNghJ kf;fs;
vt;tsT epytpay; mwpTf; nfhs;ifAs;s r%fkhf tho;e;jpUf;fpd;whh;fs; vd;gij
xt;nthU jlaq;fSk; vLj;Jf; $Wfpd;wd. ,e;j mwptpay; r%fj;jpd; vr;rq;fs;
vg;gb kiwe;J Nghapd vd;w Nfs;tpfNshL ehk; thoNtz;bAs;sJ.
rhpj;jpuq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; kdpjtho;tpay; $Wfisj; jhq;fp epw;fpd;w
J}z;fshf ,Ug;gjhy; ,it ,yFtpy; ,lg;ngah;T nfhs;s Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;yh
jit. ,Ue;j NghJk; ,e;j ,dj;jpd; gbkq;fSk; gz;GfSk; tho;f;if KiwfSk;
xU cyf ehfhPfj;Jr; rKjhankhd;W mofhf thoe;jpUf;fpd;whh;fs;. ,th;fSila
tuyhw;iwr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;w tho;tpayDgtq;fs; ,Uf;Fk; tiu mit ekJ
epidTfNshL xd;wpj;jpUf;f Ntz;baitfNs vd;gij ahUk; kwe;Jtpl Kbahjit.
xUNghJk; cz;ikfs; cwq;Ftjpy;iy vd;w cz;ikfis ntspAyfj;jpw;Ff;
nfhz;Lte;j kdpj tho;tpaw; $Wfs;. ,JNghd;w tho;tpay; jlaq;fs; xUNghJk;
Ngrg;glhky; kiwe;J tpLtjpy;iy. mjw;fhf vq;Nfh xU %iyapy; ,Ue;J Xh;
Ma;thsd; gpwe;Jnfhz;Nl ,Ug;ghd; vd;gNj ,yl;rpaj;jpd; tho;f;ifg;ghij vd;gij
ehk; czh;e;Jnfhz;Nl ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. xU ehfhPf mbg;giliaf; nfhz;l xU ,dk;
gy Mz;Lfshf tuyhw;Wg; gz;GfNshL tho;e;jpUf;Fk; vd;gJ cyf Ma;Tfspd;
ntspg;ghlhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; cyfj;jpNyNa kpfj; jpwik kpf;fth;fs; Rkhh;
,UE}W Ch;fspy; czT murpay; nghUshjhu tsj;JlDk; tpahghu
kfj;Jtj;JlDk; tho;e;jpUf;fpd;whh;fs; vd;gij vz;zpg; ngUikg;gl;Lf; nfhs;sy;
Ntz;Lk;. kpfg; goikahd jj;Jtq;fisAila ngsj;j jj;Jtj;jpd; tpOkpaq;fisj;
Njbf;nfhz;bUe;j Ma;tsh; xUtUila Njlypy; fpilj;j efuq;fspd; $WfNs
nkhfQ;rjhNuh ùg;gh vd;w ,Uefuq;fshFk;.
fuhr;rpf;Fk; yh$Uf;Fk; ,ilapy; cUthf;f Kide;j nwapy;ghijf;F
Nrfhpj;j fw;fspd; gjpTfspy; ,Ue;Jjhd; GijAz;L fple;j GJikfs; ntspf;
nfhzug;gl;ld. gok;ngUk; ehfhpf gbkq;fisg;Nghy ekf;nfd;Wk; kpfg;goikahd
xU efu gz;ghl;bay; tho;itf; nfhz;l r%fk; tho;e;jpUf;fpd;wJ vd;gij
vz;zpg;ghh;f;Fk; NghJ mtw;iw cs;thq;fpf; nfhs;tjpNy ngUikf;Fhpath;fs; vd;Nw
fUj Kbfpd;wJ. cyftuyhw;W cz;ikfspy; kpfg;gioa ehfhPfj;ij cilath;fs;
jkpoh;fs; jhd; vd;w mfo;tha;Tfs; Rl;bf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,e;jf;fhyj;jpNy tho;tJk;
ekf;Fg; ngUikf;FhpajhfNt ,Uf;fpd;wdJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mwpQh;fspd; ntspg;ghLfSk; jlaq;fSk;

,tw;wpd; cz;ikfis ,tw;wpd; milahsq;fis ,tw;wpd; kz;gbkq;fis
kdpjf;$Wfspd; tho;tpay; gz;ghLfis ekJ mwpQh;fSk; Ma;thsh;fSk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;;sdh;. jkpoh;fs; fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpa xU gjpTf;Fhpath;fs; vd;w
cz;ikia nkhopfis Muhae;J FwpaPLfSf;Fk; ekJ vOj;Jf;fSf;Fk; chpa
,yf;fzj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpa Iuhtjk; kfhNjtDila Muha;r;rpfs; xU
,dj;jpDila milahsj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpAs;;sJ. fp.K. 4500Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng
nkhfQ;rjhNuh ùg;gh efuq;fspy; tho;e;j ,dk; Ngrpa nkhopahdJ jkpo;nkhopapd;
tbtq;fs; vd;gij cyfpw;F czh;j;jpath;. Jkpo;$Wk; ey;Yyfj;jpy; thOk; ehKk;
rpwg;Gilath;fs; vd;gij tuyhWfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. mNj gz;ghl;Lj; njhlh;
ekJ tho;tpd; gug;Gf;fspYk; ehfhPfj;jpd; cr;rkhf tpijf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ vd;gij
ehk; ,d;W fhzKbtJ ngUikf;Fhpait.,d;W fPob vd;Wk; ,lj;jpNy
fhzg;gLfpd;w njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfspd; njhlh;rr ; papy; nkhfQ;rjhNuhTk; ùg;ghTk;
epidTgLj;jg;gLtjhy; jkpopdNk ,e;j cyfj;jpd; %j;j tuyhw;Wf;F
chpj;Jilath;fs; vd;w cz;ik ntsptUk; fhyk; ntFnjhiytpy; ,y;iy. ,J
fp.K 4500Mz;Lfspy; kpfr;rpwg;Gila tuyhw;iwf;nfhz;bUe;jJ vd;gjw;F gy
Mjhuq;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whh;fs; mwpQh;fs;. mt;thNw khngUk; Muha;r;rpahsh;
Iuhtjk; kfhNjtDila khzth;fspd; Muha;rpfSk; fz;Lgpbg;GfSk; ghid
XLfspd; milahsq;fSk; ghidfspNy vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk; thrfq;fSk; kz;Zf;
fbapy; fpilf;fg;ngw;w jhopfSk; jkpoh; ehfhPfj;jpd; vr;rq;fNs vd;gJ cz;ikahfp
tUfpd;wJ.
<oj;jpNy njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tfs;
<oj;J kz;zpNy fe;Njhuilg;gFjpapy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fis
cila fy;ntl;LfSk;> ghid XLfSk; mjid mz;bAs;s ,lq;fspYk; ehfNjtd;
JiwNghd;w gFjpfspYk; fz;nlLf;fg;gl; jhopfSk; rpe;J rkntspg;gz;ghl;L ehfhPf
tpOkpaq;fspd; jlaq;fNshL xj;jpUg;gijAk; Ma;thsh;fshy; xg;gPL nra;ag;gl;lJ.
mNj gFjpay; rpy ,lq;fspNy ngsj;j ehfhPf tsh;r;rpf;Fhpa milahsq;fshff;
fhzg;gl;l tpfhiufisAk; mwpaf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; jkpoh;fs;
ngsj;jh;fshfTk; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ,yq;if rPdh Nghd;w ehLfSf;Fg;
guk;gpapUg;ghh;fs; vd;w fUj;JfSf;fpzq;f Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lNghJ me;j
Ma;TfSk; Njly;fSk; murhq;f njhy;nghUs; Muha;r;rpJiwapduhy; epWj;jg;
gl;bUg;gijAk; ehk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; fy;tp mwptpay;
njhd;kq;fis nfhz;bUe;j guk;giuahf tho;e;j gyh; Vw;fdNt ,e;j Muha;r;rpfspd;
Ma;TfSf;Fhpa fUJNfhs;fis ntspapl;bUe;jhh;fs;. aho; gy;fiyf;fofg;
Nguhrphpah;fSk; nkhopg;gw;Wila mwptpayhsh;fSk; ,tw;wpNy mjpf Mh;tkhf
,Ue;jdh;. gz;bjkzp> ifyhrgjp> rptj;jk;gp Nghd;wth;fSk; njhy;ypay;
Ma;TfSf;F MjuT toq;fpath;fs;. Mdhy; ehl;bd; murpay; fhuzq;fshYk;
Vw;gl;bUe;j mikjpapd;ik fhuzkhfTk; ,it njhluKbahky; NghdJ.
Mdhy; aho; kz;zpy; vOj;jhsh; r%fj;jpduhy; vkJ kz;zpd; tuyhWfSk;
njhy;ypay; Muha;r;rpfSk; Njlg;gl Ntz;ba xd;W vd;gij ntspg;
gLj;jpapUf;fpd;whh;fs;. Fwpg;ghf aho;g;ghzj;jpy; mur mjpguhf gyfhyk; gzpahw;wpa


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nrq;if Mopahd; vd vy;NyhuhYk; miof;fg;gLfpd;w Gtpapy; Jiwapy; rpwe;J

tpsq;fpa nr.Fzuhrh khngUk; gilag;ghsp Mthh;. ,th; jdJ fijfspNy
,aw;if mikg;Gf;fs;> Fd;Wfs>; gs;sq;fs;> mUtpfs;> jPTfs;> jiufs;> Nghd;w gy
gFjpfspd; Gtpapy;rhh; kz;tsq;fisr; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wNghJ mjd; mikg;Gf;fSf;Nfw;w
njhy;ypay; fhuzq;fis kpfj;njspthfr; Rl;bf; fhl;bapUf;fpd;whh;. jkpofj;jpw;Fk;
,yq;iff;Fk; kpf neUq;fpa njhlh;Gfs; ,Ug;gjhy; aho;g;ghzk;> fhq;Nfrd;Jiw>
kd;dhh; jpUNfhzkiy> Nghd;w ,lq;fs; gy tzpftpayhsh;fSf;F ,wq;F
Jiwfshf ,Ue;jikahYk; ,tw;Wf;$lhf gyh; te;jpUf;f tha;g;Gfs; cz;L
vd;gij Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wdh;. mNjNtis ,uhkazj;jpd; fjhehafdhf tpsq;Fk;
,uhkidAk;> ,yq;ifapd; mjpgjpahf tpsq;fpa ,uhtzDf;Fk; ,izg;ig ntspg;g
Lj;Jfpd;w ,jpfhrkhd ,uhkhazKk; fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpajhf ,Ue;jhYk; rkag;ghuk;
ghpaq;fNshL $ba tho;tpay; gz;Gfs; xj;jitahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mJNghyNt
rk;ge;jg; ngUkhdpd; 316tJ jpUg;gjpfkhf tpsq;Fk; jpUNfhzkiyg; gjpfj;jpy;
epiufoy; mutk; vd;Wnjhlq;Fk; gjpfj; jpUKiwapy; ,yq;ifapd; khz;G> kz;rpwg;G
mwk;> jUkk;> ,uhtzDila Ml;rpiaAk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,JNghyNt
jpUf;NfjP];tuKk; ehad;khh;fshy; ghly; ngw;w jykhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,it
fhyj;jhy; gpe;jpa tuyhwhf ,Ue;jhYk; nkhopapay; gz;ghl;Lf; $WfSf;fpilNa
nkhopapd; tsr;rpNahL jkpoh;fspd; tho;tpay; gz;Gfis czh;j;jg;gLtij ghh;f;f
Kbfpd;wJ. mJ kl;Lkd;wp NjkJuj; jkpNohir cyfnkyhk; guTk; tif nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk; vd;w kfhftp ghujpahhpd; fUj;ijj; jhq;fpath;fshf <oj;jkpoh;fs;
nkhopiaAk; ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; irtrkaj;ijAk; cyfehLfspNy tsh;j;J
tUfpd;whh;fs;. ,itfSk; tUq;fhy rKjhaj;jpd; milahsk; khwhj gz;Gfis
tsh;ff; Tk; fhykhw;wq;fshy; vOfpd;w nkhopapd; tsh;r;rpia cWjpg;gLj;Jk;
fhuzpaq;fshfTk; ,it ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
md;iwa Ma;Tfspd; njhlh;rr ; pAk; ,d;iwa Ma;Tfspd; ePl;rpAk;
mwptpayhsh;fs; $Wtijg;Nghy rpe;Jntspapd; gjpTfSk; rq;ffhyj;jpd;
njhlh;r;rpfSf;Fk; ,d;iwa njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfspd; ePl;rpAk; r%ftuyhw;W
tpOkpaq;fspd; ePl;rpAk; mbj;jsj;Jld; njhlh;Gfs; cilait vd;W mwpaf;
fplf;fpd;wJ. xU nkhopahdJ fUj;Jf;fs; khWglhj ghpkhzq;fNshL GJikfis
Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wJ vd;gjpNy ehk; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. kpfg;gioa fhyj;jpNy
FwpapLfshfTk; gpuhkpahfTk; tsh;e;J te;j xU nkhopahdJ fUj;Jf;fs; khWglhj
ghpkhzq;fisf; nfhz;L tsh;r;rpailfpd;wd vd;gij czUk; xt;nthUtUf;Fk;
nkhopahy; mile;j ntw;wpfNs rhd;Wfshf ,Uf;fpd;wd. Mdhy; njhy;ypay; fhl;Lk;
milahsq;fSk; fyhr;rhu tho;tpaYk; kuGfNshL xj;jpUf;fpd;wNghJ mit
mq;FthOfpd;w kf;fs; r%fj;jpdhy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ vd;W jhd; nfhs;s
Kbfpd;wJ.
xU kdpjDila Njitfis ntspg;gLj;Jgit nkhopfshFk;. Mdhy; ,q;F
Ngrg;gl;l nkhopahdJ njhy; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspd; tbtq;fis xj;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j
nkhopiag; Ngrpath;fs; jkpopdj;jpd; guk;giuiar; rhh;e;jth;fshff; fhzg;gl;ldh;.
,th;fSk; gy fiyfisf; fw;Wf; nfhz;ltuhfj; njhpfpd;wJ. nkfQ;rjhNuh
ùg;ghtpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l ntz;fyj;jpdhy; Md ehl;bag; ngz; cUtr;rpiy.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jhbAila xU kdpjd; Rz;zhk;gpdhy; nra;ag; gl;bUe;jJ. trjpgilj;j nghpath;fs;

,we;J Nghdhy; mth;fis jhopfs; vdg;gLk; nghpa ghidapy; mth;fs; mzpe;jpUe;j
Mguzq;fNshL mlf;fk; nra;JtpLthh;fs;. fly; thhzpfq;fs; nra;jpUg;gJk;
nkhrg;gjNjkpah vfpg;j;J RNkhpah <uhf; Nghd;w ehLfSld; tzpfj;njhlh;G
,Ue;Js;sijAk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ,e;j khngUk; ngUikf;Fhpa ,lk; vg;gb
mope;jd vd;gJ GjpuhdNj.
rpe;Jntsp ehfhPfj;jpd; Mw;Wg; gLf;iffspYk; gs;sj;jhf;FfspYk; fpilj;j
,yr;ridfSk; rpd;dq;fSk; rka topghl;L KiwfisAk; me;j topghLfspy;
ngz;nja;t topghL fhzg;gLtijAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;fs; njhy;ypay; Ma;T
epGzh;fs;. mq;Nf fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l milahs Kj;jpiufs;. FwpaPLfs;. ,yr;rpidfs;
irtj;ijAk; jkpo;nkhopiaAk; czh;j;JtjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpe;Jntsp
ehfhPfj;jpd; guk;gYk; tho;tpaYk; xU irtrkaj;jpd; khh;f;fj;jpid
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjhf mike;jpUe;jd. ,it ekJ ghltpjhdq;fSf;F mikthfTk;
,Ue;jij ehk; kwe;Jtpl KbahJ. rpe;Jntsp ehfhPfj;jpd; Mw;Wg;gLf;if
milahsq;fs; Kd;G xU ,dk; kuGtopr; r%fkhf tho;e;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
vz;zj;ij nkhopf;fhfTk; rkaj;jpw;fhfTk; Nghuhba jkpo; mwpQh;fspd; Mw;wy;fis
ehk; Nghw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j cyfk; fhyj;jpd; ,af;fj;Jld; ,ize;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
fhyKk; ,lKk; xU tuyhw;Wg;gjpthf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,yf;Ffis Nehf;fpa
,af;fq;fshf ,yf;fpaq;fs; efh;e;jhYk; tuyhw;Wg; ghpkhzq;fis vLj;Jiuf;Fk;
njhy;ypay; Muha;r;rpfs; xU fhyj;jpd; cz;ikfis jhq;fp elf;fpd;wd. cyfk;
,aw;ifapd; Row;rpf;Fs; efh;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,q;Nf gy cz;ikfSk;
ek;gKbahj tuyhw;Wg; gbkq;fSk; kdpjtho;tpd; vr;rq;fshf ntspg;gLfpd;wNghJ
jhd; gy mjpraq;fisAk; ehk; re;jpf;fpd;Nwhk;. mtw;wpd; jlaq;fs; xU ,dj;jpd;
milahskhf fhzg;gLtjhy; Muha;rr ; pahsh;fspd; NjlYf;F jlaq;fshfptUfpd;wd.
,e;jj; Njly;fs; Vd; nra;ag;glNtz;Lk;. rhpahd cz;ikfisr;
nrhy;yg;glhj KbTfs; kdpjFyj;jpw;F ed;ik gaf;fg; Nghtjpy;iy. ,e;j
Ma;Tfspd; gbf;F xU ,dk; Mjpj; jkpopdj;jpd; tuyhWfNshL ,izahd
fyhrr;rhuj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jhy; mtw;why; ehk; milag;NghFk; ed;ikfs; vit
vd;gijAk; cyf muq;fpNy ekf;F Vw;glf;$ba el;GwTf; nfhs;iffspd;
mq;fPfhuKk; tsUk; jiyKiwf;F vt;tifah chpikfis toq;fg;Nghfpd;wd vd;w
Njly;fisAk; ehk; MuhaNtz;bath;fshfNt ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;. gioikahd
tuyhWfis gyh; kwe;J Nghfyhk;. Mdhy; mth;fSilka gz;ghl;L tpOkpaq;fs;
mth;fSila kugpay; tho;NthL ,ize;J ,Uf;Fk;. ehfhPfk; fhyj;Jf;fhyk; gy
Gjpa Milfis khw;wpf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; kuGtop te;j gz;ghL
khwhJ vd;gJk; cz;ikaahFk;.
khDl ehfhPf tsh;rr;rpf;F xUNghJk; risj;jpUf;fhj njhd;kf;Fbfspd;
tho;tpay; gz;Gfis ehk; MiuhaNtz;ba R+oYf;Fs; ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;.
ehk; jkpoh;fs;. irtrkaj;ijAk; jkpo;nkhopiaAk; ek; gz;ghl;L tho;tpay;
tpOkpaq;fspd; rpfuq;fshf;fpf; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. ,e;jpa tho;tpay;
fyhr;rhuq;fSf;$lhf filg;gpbf;fg;gLfpd;w kjq;fs; ek;gpf;iffspd; njhFg;ghf
,Ug;gjhy; ehk; mwpthh;e;j rpe;jidfspd; njhFg;ghf tpsq;Fk; irtj;ij gz;ghl;bd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
topahf;fpf;nfhz;L tho;tNjhL epd;Wtplhky; nkhopNa ekJ ,dj;jpd; milahsk;

vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L thOk; NghJ ekJ tho;tpay; njhd;kq;fSk;
gz;ghl;bd; vr;rq;fSk; caph;Gs;s kdpj Neak; cUthf;Fk;. mjdhy; ,d;iwa
Mjhuq;fs; ehisa tho;tpaYf;F mbj;jsq;fs; vd;w rpe;jidNahL nkhopiaAk;
,d milahsj;ijAk; cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s ,JNghd;w Njy;fSk; rpe;jidfSk;
ekf;F vd;W topfhl;b epw;Fk;. mjdhy; tuyhWfis kwe;J tho;tJ xU ,dj;jpd;
tho;tpaYf;F jilNghLtJ NghyhFk;. vdNt ve;j cyfj;jpy; tho;e;jhYk; vq;fs;
tho;Tk; vq;fs; tsKk; kq;fhj Gfo; vd;W rq;Nf Koq;F vd;W tho;Nthkhf.
Jizepd;wit
1. NrJg;gps;is.uh.gp.> jkpofk; CUk; NgUk;> jkpo; epiyak;> nrd;id> 2009.

2. jhNkhjud.;F.> njhy;ypay; Nehf;fpy; jkpofk;> njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj;Jiw>
jkpo;ehL muR>1999.
3. jpUehTf;fuRf.j.> rpe;Jntspj; jkpo; tbtq;fs;> kzpafk;> nrd;id> 1982.
4. eldfhrpdhjd;> “jkpof epy mfoha;Tfs;”> cyfj; jkpo;r; nrk;nkhop khehL>
Ma;Tkyu;> Nfhit> 2010.
5. gTe;Jiu. ,uhR> gz;ila jkpof tiuTfSk; FwpaPLfSk;> cyfj;
jkpohuha;rp epWtdk;> jukzp> nrd;id>2009.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Nrho kz;lyj;jpy; kuhl;bah; rhh;e;j fy;ntl;LfSk; nrg;NgLfSk;

Culverts and Copper Platelets on the Marathas of the Chola Region
Kidth;. v];.myNkYkq;fhs;> cjtpg; Nghurphpia

kPdhl;rp kfsph; fy;Y}hp> Nfhlk;ghf;fk;> nrd;id – 600 024.
Abstract
The article has the plan to find out the deeds of good done by the Marathas who had
succeeded the Nayaks in the Clola region after the fall of the Cholas.The culvert and plate
evidences show evidently that many of the Maratha kings did dedicated efforts to the people
of their occupied area. They were patrons to many schools and inns to the way of
Rameswaram. They even built a hospital relied on Sidda Medicine on the time. Most
probably, Shambaji is the noted of the Marathas who did many reformations. Nevertheless,
the purpose of the article is to bring out the glimpses of such informations from the
archaeological evidences.
Keywords: Culverts and Copper Platelets, Marathas, Chola Region
gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; ePz;l fhyk; mopahjpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; fUjg;gl;l

nra;jpfs; fw;fspy; ntl;lg;gl;ld. ,t;thW fy;ypy; nghwpf;fg;gl;l nra;jpNa
fy;ntl;L vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ngUk;ghYk;> kd;dh;fspd; Mizfs;> mth;fs; nra;j
gzpfs; Nghd;wit fy;ntl;Lf;fshfg; nghwpf;fg;gl;ld. ,it jtpu tPuu;fs;>
gpuGf;fs;> mjpfhhpfs; Nghd;Nwhh; njhlh;gpYk;> Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs; njhlh;gpYk;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; cs;sd.
fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> ngUk;ghYk; nghJkf;fs; ghh;gjw;fhf ntl;lg;gLtjhy; ,it
nghJ ,lq;fspNyNa mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nfhapy;fs;> Fiffs;> nghJ
kz;lgq;fs;> ntw;wpj; J}z;fs;> eLfw;fs; vdg;gLk; ,we;Njhh; epidTf; fw;fs;
vd;gtw;wpy; fy;ntl;Lf;fisf; fhzyhk;. fy;ntl;Lg; nghwpf;Fk; tof;fk; cyfpd; gy
gFjpfspYk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; ,we;Jgl;l my;yJ ,d;Dk;
tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;w gy;NtW nkhopfspYkhd fy;ntl;Lf;fis ntspr;rj;Jf;Ff;
nfhz;Lte;js;sd.
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gy Mapuk; Mz;Lfs; epiyj;jpUf;ff; $bait Mjyhy;> kpfg;
goq;fhy tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs;> epfo;TfSf;fhd ek;gfkhd rhd;Wfshf ,it
jpfo;fpd;wd. gy fy;ntl;Lf;fs; xU nkhopapy; kl;Lkd;wp> xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l
nkhopfspYk; xNu nra;jpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;gb mike;Js;sd. ,j;jifa fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
tof;nfhope;J kwf;fg;gl;Ltpl;l nkhopfs; gytw;iw thrpj;J mwpaTk; mtw;iw
kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;aTk; cjTfpd;wd. gz;il vfpg;jpa nkhop ,t;thW kPl;LUthf;fk;
nra;ag;gl;lNj. gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fisr; Nrh;e;j fy;ntl;Lf;fis Ma;T nra;atjd;
%yk; vOj;Jf;fspd; gbKiw tsh;r;rpfisAk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpo; ehl;bd; kpfg; gioa fy;ntl;Lf;fs; eLfw;fspy; ntl;lg;gl;lit MFk;.

njhy;fhg;gpak; Kjyhd goe;jkpo; E}y;fspYs;s nra;jpfSk; ,jw;Fr; rhd;whf
mikfpd;wd. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy;> Nghh;f;fsj;jpNy tPur;rhT mile;NjhUf;Ff;
fy;nyLj;jYk;> mf;fy;ypy; mth;jk; tPur; nray;fisg; nghwpj;jYk; gw;wpa
Fwpg;Gf;fs; fhzg;Lfpd;wd.
,t;thwhf eLfw;fspy; Njhd;wpa fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; NtW
NjitfSf;Fk; gad;glj;jf;fjhf tsh;r;rpaile;jd. gy;yth;fspd; njhlf;ffhyf;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gpuhfpUj nkhopapYk;. ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; rk];fpUjj;jpYk; fp.gp Mwhk;
E}w;whz;L Kjy;> gpw;fhyg; gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; jkpopYk; nghwpf;fg;gl;ld.
,th;fSf;Fg; gpd;dh; Nrho kd;dUk;> ghz;baUk; fy;ntl;Lf;fisg; nghwpf;Fk;
tof;fk; cilNahuhf ,Ue;jdh;. ,jdhy; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; nghpJk; tsh;r;rpAw;wd.
,t;thW nghwpf;fg;gl;l Mapuf;fzf;fhd fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; %yNk jkpo; ehl;bd;
,ilf;fhy tuyhw;wpd; ngUk;gFjpia mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbe;jJ.
mjpfkhd nrg;NgLfs; toq;fpath;fs; gy;yth;fs; f;ue;j vOj;J jkpo; ,uz;Lk;
cz;L njhy;ypay; Jiw fz;Lgpbj;j mguh[pjth;kdph; NtsQ;Nrhpg; gl;lak; rpwg;G
tha;e;jJ fy;ntl;L %yk; kuhl;bah; nra;j ed;ikfs; ,f; fl;Liuapd; top fzyhk;.
fp.gp. 1676-Mk; Mz;by;> jQ;ir ehaf;fhplkpUe;J kuhl;bah; iff;F khwpw;W. nrq;fky
jhrid tpul;b vf;Nfh[p vd;Dk; ntq;fh[p jQ;iriaf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;. ,th; tPu
rpth[papd; jk;gpahthh;. mtUila topapdh; 128 Mz;Lfs; jQ;ir ehl;il Mz;ldh;.
kuhl;ba kd;dh;fs; kf;fl;Fr; nra;j gzpfs; gythFk;.
kuhl;bah; nra;j ed;ikfs;
kuhl;ba kd;dh;fs; gy ,lq;fspy; Fsq;fis ntl;bdh;. ,jdhy; Viofl;Fg;
gpiog;Gf; fpilj;jJ ehnlq;fZk; gs;spfisAk; rj;jpuq;fisAk; epWtpdh;. kUj;Jt
kidfis Vw;gLj;jpdh;. ,e;J rkag; gw;WilNahh;. vdNt> Nfhapy;fl;F epyq;fis
vOjp itj;jdh;. mzp fyd;fs; nra;J nfhLj;jdh;. fl;blk;> rpw;gk;> ,ir> xtpak;
vd;Dk; fiyfis tsh;j;jdh;. fiyQh;fisg; Nghw;wpf;fhj;jdh;.
gpujhg;rpq; vd;Dk; kd;dh; jQ;irapYk;> kzNkw;FbapYk;> ePlhkq;fyj;jpYk;
rj;jpuq;fis epWtpdhh;. ,tw;iwnahl;bg; gs;spf; $lq;fs; ,Ue;jd. Vio khzth;fs;
czTk; jiyf;F vz;nzAk; ngw;Wf; fy;tp fw;wdh;. Jy;[h[p vd;gth; kPd;kpry;>
jhuhRuk;> mk;kh rj;jpuk;> ,uhrhklk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; rj;jpuq;fis mikj;jhh;.
,uhrh klj;jpy; ,d;wsTk; gy khzth;fs; fy;tp ngWfpd;wdh;. rNuhNgh[p kd;dh;
,th;fspy; Fwpg;gplj; jf;ftuhthh;. ,th; xuj;j ehl;by; jd; fhjw; fpoj;jp
Kj;jk;khspd; ngauhy; rj;jpuKk; gs;spAk; mikj;jhh;. jQ;irapy; Nkdhl;L kUe;jfk;
xd;Wk;> ,e;jpa kUe;jfk; xd;Wk; mikj;jhh;. ,tw;Wf;F khdpaq;fs; tplg;gl;ld.
,th; rpwe;j fy;tpahsh;. Mq;fpyj;jpYk;> gpw INuhg;gpa nkhopfspYk;> tl nkhopapYk;
gapw;rp kpf;fth;. mwptpay;> fiy> thd E}y;> kUe;j;Jtk;> Nrhjplk; midj;jpYk;
ehl;lKk; gapw;rpAk; kpf;fth;. ,th; tl nkhopapYk;> Mq;fpyj;jpYk; Mapuf;fzf;fhd
Vl;Lr; Rtbfisj; jpul;b itj;jhh;. mit ru Rrtjp kfhy; vd;w E}y; epiyaj;;jpy;
,d;Wk; cs;sd. ,yf;fpak;> fzpjk;. Nrhjplk;> thd E}y; kUj;Jtk; Kjypa gy
Jiwfiar; rhh;e;j Vl;Lr; Rtbfs; cs;sd. Mq;fpy muR jkf;Ff; nfhLj;j cjtpj;
njhifapd; ngUk; gFjpia ,jw;fhfr; nrytpl;lhh;. nfhl;ilA+h; rptf;nfhOe;J


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Njrpfhpd; cjtpNahL kUj;Jt E}y;fisr; nra;As; tbtpy; cUthf;fpdhh;.

ruRtjpkfhypy; 30433 tl nkhopapYk; gpwnkhopapYk; mike;j Vl;Lr; RtbfSk;>
6>426 mr;rpl;l E}y;fSk; cs;sd vd;gh;. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ifnaOj;Jr; Rtb E}y;
epiyaq;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjpJthFk;. jpUitahw;wpy; tlnkhopAk; jkpOk; ,irAk;
fw;gpf;Fk; fy;Y}hpia epWtpdhh;. jQ;ir khtl;lj;jpy; ,jndhL njhlh;Gila gy
gs;spfs; cs;sd.
jQ;irf; Nfhapypy; cs;s rpy fy;ntl;Lf;fshy; ,th; nra;j NtW rpy
njhz;Lfis mwpayhk; jpUf;Nfhapypd; tlf;Fg; gpufhuj; jsj;jpy; rpy gFjpfisr;
nrg;gdpl;Ls;shh;:; tlf;Fg; gpufhuj;jpw;F mUNfAs;s kz;^fj;jPhj ; ;jk; vd;Dk;
Fsj;ijg; GJg;gpj;Jf; fl;bdhh; ,q;Fs;s fNzrh; Nfhapypd; fUtiwia mbKjy;
Kbtiuapy; GJJg;gpj;j jNjhL> Gjpa fNzrh; rpiyiar; nra;J itj;jhh;. ,jw;F
kfhkz;lgKk;> mh;j;j kz;lgKk; fl;bf; nfhLj;Js;shh;. NtnwhU fy;ntl;L mth;
nra;j gy jpUg;gzpfisAk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. jd;idj; jQ;irapd; kd;ddhf mUs;
Ghpe;jjw;F ed;wpahf> gy mzpfisAk; nts;spf; fyq;fisAk; nra;J nfhLj;jhh;.
,Jkl;Lkd;wp> Kd;Ndhh;fs; nra;j mwf;nfhilfs; midj;ijAk; cWjp nra;jhh;
,uhNkRtuj;jpYk;> NrJf;fiuapYk; ,Ue;j ,uz;L rj;jpuq;fNshL Kd;Ng 16
rj;jpuq;fs; ,Ue;jd. ,itaidj;Jk; muz;kidg; ngz;bh; ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;ld.
jdJ md;Gf; Fhpa Kj;jk;khspd; epidthf. ,uhNkRtuk; NghFk; rhiyapy; Fsq;fs;
ntl;bdhh;;: nghpa md;dr;rhiy epWtpdhh;: Kj;jk;khs; rj;jpuj;jpw;F Mz;L NjhWk;
35>000 &gha; tUkhdk; te;jJ. irjk;ghs; ngauhy; kfhNjtg;gl;lzk;> ky;ypak;>
fhrhq;Fsk;> gQ;rdhj Nkfhdhk;ghs;Guk;> nelhh; Kjypa ,lq;fspy; rj;jpu Kz;L>
,tw;Wf;F> 40>000 Vf;fh; epyKk; tplg;gl;lJ. gy ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fl;F epyKk;
eiffSk; mspj;jhh;. jpUg;gde;jhs; jpUthtLJiw> jUkGuk; Mfpa irtklq;fl;Fk;
cjtp nra;Js;shh;.
1801-Mk; Mz;L rdthp 28-Mk; ehs; ,th; muRf;F vOjpa fbjnkhd;wpy;
,r;rj;jpuq;fs; nra;j gzpfis tpthpj;Js;sh;;; ‘,e;jpahtpd; gy gFjpfspypUe;Jk;
Mz;L NjhWk; 40>000 gf;jh;fl;F Nky; ,uhNkRtuk; nry;fpd;wdh;. mth;fs; nry;Yk;
topapNyNa ,r;rj;jpuq;fs; kpFjp. ,g;gFjpapd; kz; tskw;wJ; ,th;fl;fhfNt
,r;rj;jpuq;fs; Vw;gl;ld mtw;NwhL gs;spf;$lk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gpuhkzh; Kjy;
giwah; <whf midtUk; ,q;Nf GOq;fyhprp czT ngwyhk;. gr;rhprp Ntz;Lthh;
mjidAk; ngwyhk;. eL,uT tiuapy; czT Nghlg;gLk;. jk; gazj;ijj; njhlh;e;J
Nkw; nfhs;s ,ayhjth; vt;tsT ehs; Ntz;LkhapDk; jq;fyhk; xt;nthU
rj;e;jpuj;jpYk; ehd;F Ntjq;fisAk; mwpe;j xUtUk;> XuhrphpaUk;> fl;bfs;> tplk;>
Neha;fisf; Fzg;gLj;Jk; kUj;JtUk; cz;L. mehijfshf tUk; Foe;ijfs;
czTk; ciwASk; ngw;W ,q;Nf gbf;fyhk;. mth;fs; fy;tp fw;wJk; jpUkzKk;
nra;J itf;fg;gLk;;: gazj;jpd; nghOJ NehAWthh; kUe;Jk; rj;JzTk; ngWth;.
,we;JNghNthh; rhjp tof;fg;gb. mlf;fk; nra;ag;gLth;. Foe;ijfl;Fg; ghy;
toq;fg;gLk;. gpuauhzpfspy; #Yw;wth; ,Ug;gpd; mth;fs; kfg;NgW mila kUe;Jtk;
nra;ag;gLk;. nryitr; rj;jpuk; Vw;Fk;. mth;fs; Ngwile;j gpwF xU jpq;fs; jq;fp
cjtp ngwyhk;;: G+Z}y; fypahzj;jpw;Fk;> jpUkzj;jpw;Fk;> ngw;Nwhh;f;Fr; nra;Ak;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rlq;fpw;Fk; cjtp Ntz;bdhy; nra;ag;gLk;. ,itNa ruNghrp kd;dh; fbjj;jpy;

Fwpf;fg;gl;lit.
kuhl;ba kd;dh;fs; fiyQh;fs;
Jf;Nfh[p> gpujhgrpq;> MfpNahh; rpwe;j ,irf; fiyQh;fshth;. ,th;fs; ,ir
E}w;fis ,aw;wpAs;sdh;. muz;kidapy; ,irf;F vdNt> Xh; mofpa kz;lgk;
fl;bdh;. mjpy; ,irAk;> ehlfKk;> ehl;baKk; epfo;e;jd. fiyQh;fs; ngUQ; rpwg;Gg;
ngw;wdh;. ,th;fs; gl;L neritg; Nghw;wpdh;. jQ;ir muz;kid ,th;fsJ fl;blf;
fiyapd; khl;rpiaf; fhl;Lk;. gy nghpa fl;blq;fSk; ,th;fs; fl;badNt.
ehNshyf;f kz;lgk;> VOepiy khlk;> $lNfhGuk;> njhiyf;fhty; kz;lgk;>
fiyf;$lk; Mfpait ,th;fsJ fl;blq;fNs. ehNshyf;f kz;lgj;jpYk;> ruRtjp
kfhypd; Kd; gFjpapYk; gpw ,lq;fspYk; ,th;fsJ mofpa tz;z Xtpaq;fisf;
fhzyhk;. kd;dh; rNuhNghrpapd; mitapy; rptf;nfhOe;J Njrpfh;> jpUNtq;flehj
gps;is> fhiuf;Fwpr;rp NtyhAj cghj;jpahah;> Ntq;flhryk;gps;is> Rg;igaf;
ftpuhah; Mfpa jkpowpQh;fs; ,Ue;jdh;. 1805-Mk; Mz;by; Xh; mr;rfj;ij epWtpdhh;.
fiyf;$lj;jpy; mhpa fhRfs;> Kjypatw;iwr; Nrh;j;J itj;jhh;.
Nkw;$wpa nra;jpfshy; kuhl;ba Nte;jh;fs; Vida kd;dh;fl;Fg; gpd;G
jq;ftpy;iynad;Wk;> fy;tpAk;> rkaKk;> fiyfSk; ,th;fshy; tho;T ngw;wd
vd;Wk; czuhyhk;.
Jiz E}y;fs;
1. cyfj;jkpohuha;rr ; p epWtdk; gy;yth;fs; nra;NgLfs; Kidth;.K.uhN[e;jpud;.

mf;. 2015
2. cd;d Futa ghisa nrg;NgLfs;. gf; 61 – 62 6 k; eh.Flk; rhh;e;jit.
3. eh;rpk;kth;kzpd; “NuT+h;” nrg;NgLfs;
gf; 75-76
4. jkpo; ehl;Lf; nrg;NgLfs; r. fpU\;zh %h;j;jp nka;ag;gd; jkpoha;tfk;
br.2002.
5. jQ;ir kuhl;bah;. Gyth;.nr.,uhR jkpo; gy;fiyfofk; jQ;ir nr.1983
6. jpUKiw nrg;NgLfs;
7. nrg;NgLfspy; mhpa nra;jps;
8. nrg;Ngl;Lr; rpjwy;fs;.
9. fd;dpah Fkhp kthl;lf; fy;ntl;Lfs; eld. fhrpehjd; 2k; njhFjp 1974
10. jkpoh; ehfhpfKk; gz;ghLk;
m. jl;rpid%h;j;jp jpU Gl;gk; fy;Y}hp G+z;b ntw;wpr; nry;tp ntsPaPl;lfk;
jQ;ir.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpofj;jpy; fy;ntl;Lfs; nrg;NgLfs;

Culverts and Copper Plates in Tamil Nadu
R.MWKfk;> Kidth; gl;l Ma;thsh;>

nghpahh; kzpak;ik epfh;epiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> jQ;rhhT+h; -613403.
Abstract
The present study deals with the idea of evincing the facts collected from the culverts
and copper plates found in Tamil Nadu. It is real fact that a society’s glory can be assessed
through the edicts edited by the royal people of the dynasty. The edicts may show their
culture, lifestyle, aesthetics, ethics, charity and society related renovations and building
water ponds, lakes and the order of provincial arrangement. Here in the article, it is
discussed about the Chera, Chola and the Pandian kings and the Tamil Brahmi Scripts they
have used to edict their messages. Then it focuses on the Sethupathis and their title culverts
and about their feats and lifestyle. Hence, the paper is a fine sort out of culture with
Keywords: Culverts, Copper Plates, Tamil Nadu, Tamil Culture
fy;ntl;Lfs; tuyhW
jkpofj;jpy; Rkhh; 150 tUl fhykhf fhfpjKk; mr;R ,ae;jpuKk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;Js;sd. mr;R ,ae;jpuj;ij fp.gp.16Mk; Ehw;whz;by;
Nghh;rR
; f;fPrpaUk; fp.gp.18Mk; Ehw;whz;by; n[h;kd; ehl;Lg; ghjphpahh; rPrd; ghy;Fk;>
Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpahsUk; jkpo;ehl;bw;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpdh;. MdhYk;
mr;R ,ae;jpuq;fs; fpwp];Jt Ntj Mfkq;fis ntspapLtjw;Fk;> gpd;dh; Mq;fpy
fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpahhpd; muR ,jo;fis mr;rpLtjw;Fk; kl;LNk gad;gLj;jg;gl;L
te;jd vd;gJ ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
filr;rq;f fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J 18Mk; Ehw;whz;L tiuahd fhy ,ilntspapy;
jkpofj;jpd; murpaiy elj;jp te;j Nru> Nrho> ghz;bah;fSk;> gy;yth;fSk;> ehaf;f
kd;dh;fSk; NrJgjp kd;dh;fSk; jq;fsJ muR MizfisAk;> nfhilfisAk;
mwptpg;gjw;Ff; fy;iyAk;> nrk;igAk; gad;gLj;jpdh;. fhyj;jhy; mopahJ epd;W
kf;fSf;F mit tuyhw;W Mtzq;fshf tpsq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj mth;fsJ
Fwpf;Nfhs;. mjdhy; jq;fsJ muR MizfisAk;> jPh;g;GiufisAk;>
jhdrhrdq;fisAk;> fy;ypYk;> nrk;gpYk; ntl;b itj;jdh;. ,it KiwNa
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; vd;Wk; nrg;Gg; gl;ilaq;fs; my;yJ nrg;NgLfs; vd;Wk;
toq;fg;gl;ld. fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; ehl;bd; nghJ ,lq;fshd jpUf;Nfhapy;fs;
jpUklq;fs;> rj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; nghJ kf;fs; $Lfpd;w mq;fhbfs;> jz;zPh;GwTfs;
Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; fy;ypy; nghwpf;fg;gl;ld. nrg;NgLfs; ,uz;L gphpTfshfr; nrg;Gj;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jfLfspy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Lk; xd;W mjid toq;fpa kd;dhplKk;> kw;nwhd;W mjd;

jhdj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhz;l me;jzh; GythplKk;> klhjpgjpfsplKk; ,Ue;J te;jd.
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; %d;W tifahd nray;fis nghwpf;Fk; gb nra;jdh;.
KjyhtJ kd;duJ tPuk;> gilnaLg;G> ntw;wp> Nghd;witfisf; Fwpg;gdthFk;.
,it nka;f;fhP ;j;jp vdg;gLk;. gpwpnjhU tifapy; ehl;L kf;fspd; eyidf; fUjp
ntspaplg;gLk; gy tif Mizfisf; nfhz;l fy;ntl;Lf;fshFk;. ,d;ndhU tif
Nfhapy;fspy; eph;thfpahfTk;> kd;wq;fspy; tof;Ffspd; Nghpy; epahak; toq;Fk;
eLtuhf ,Ue;j gpwg;gpf;f jPh;g;GiufshFk;. ,e;j %d;W tifahd fy;ntl;Lf;fSk;
,d;iwf;F ekJ fle;j fhy murpay;> rKjha r%f epiyfspd; tsh;r;rpfisg; gw;wp
mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F VJthf mike;Js;s tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfshf tpsq;fp tUfpd;wd.
Nfh efhpy; muR fl;bypy; mkh;e;J kd;dh; Ml;rp nra;jhYk;> ehl;bd; gy;NtW
gFjpfspy; ,aq;fp te;j Ch;r; rigfSk;> Nfhapy; jh;kfh;j;jh FOf;fSNk
cz;ikahd eph;thfj;ij ,af;fp te;jdh; vd;W nrhd;dhy; mJ kpifahfhJ. ,e;j
Ch; rigfSk; Nfhapy; FOf;fSk;> Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;fspy; xUNru mkh;e;J Ch;g;
gpur;ridfisf; fye;J Ngrp ey;y KbTfisr; nra;jdh;. mit Chpd; eyidAk;>
Nfhapy; eyidAk;> cl;nghUshff; nfhz;L ,Ue;jjhy; me;j mitfspd; jPh;g;G
ciufs; Mq;fhq;F jpUf;Nfhapy;fspd; Rth;fspy; nghwpf;fg;gl;ld. ,j;jifa
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; md;iwa tof;fpypUe;j jkpo; gpuhkp vOj;J tbtpYk;> tl;nlOj;jpYk;
gpd;dh; fue;j vOj;jpYk; ,d;iwa jkpo; thptbtpYk; nghwpf;fg;gl;L te;jd. ,e;jf;
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; thrf thp tbtq;fspypUe;J ekJ jkpo; nkhopapd; %y nkhopahd
jhkpop vd;wnjhU tbtpy; mike;J gpd;dh; gpuhkp> jkpo; gpuhkp> tl;nlOj;J vd fhy
NtWghLfspdhy; nkhopapd; thp tbt tsh;r;rpapid mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F
cjTfpd;wd. gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fshf fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fp.K. ,uz;lhk; Ehw;whz;L Kjy;
%d;whk; Ehw;whz;L Mfpa fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;jit. tl;nlOj;Jf;fs; fp.gp.10Mk;
Ehw;whz;L tiu gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;Js;sd. Fwpg;ghfg; ghz;ba ehl;by; jhd; ,e;j
tl;nlOj;Jf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; kpFjpahf fpilj;Js;sd. njhz;il ehl;L> nfhq;F
ehl;L eLfw;fspYk; ,it fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rk];fpUj nkhopapy; nghwpf;fg;gl;l rpy
fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; fpilj;Js;sd. ,itfspy; rpwg;ghdit vl;lhk; Ehw;whz;ilr;
rhh;e;j khwd; rilad; vd;w ghz;ba kd;duJ fhyj;jit. jpUg;gj;Jhh;
jpUf;Nfhapypy; nghwpf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ,d;iwa jkpo; nkhopAld; rk];fpUjr;
nrhw;fs; fye;j fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs; vd;w tifahd fy;ntl;Lf;fshf mit
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,d;W fpilj;Js;s jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; kpfTk; goikahdJ>
,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lk; tlf;Fg; gFjpapy; mike;Js;s g+yhq;Fwpr;rpf; Fd;wpy;
nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fp.gp.6Mk; Ehw;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lf;fshFk;. ,jid
xj;j njhd;ikahd nrg;NgL vdf; fUjg;gLtJ guhe;jf Nrhod; fp.gp.10Mk;
Ehw;whz;by; jpUj;jzpif Rg;ukzpa Rthkp jpUf;NfhapYf;F toq;fpa jhd
rhrdkhd jpUNtsQ;Nrhp nrg;NgL MFk;. ,e;jr; nrg;Ngl;bd; xU gFjp rk];fpUj
nkhopapYk;> kWgFjp jkpopYk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jidg; Nghd;w tp[a efu
Nguuruhd fpU\;z NjtuhauJ jpUkiy jpUg;gjpf; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
midj;Jk;> jkpo;> njYq;F> rk];fpUjk; Mfpa %d;W nkhopfspYk;
nghwpf;fg;gl;litahFk;.1 kw;Wk; fp.gp.1710y; jpy;yp Nguuruhd KjyhtJ gfJhh;\h


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fhQ;rp rhujh klj;Jf;F toq;fpa nrg;NgL jkpo;> rk];fpUjk;> ghurPfk; Mfpa

nkhopfspy; tiuag;gl;bUg;gJ ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.2
nghJthf NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l nra;jpfspypUe;J fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; nrg;NgLfSk;>
me;je;jf; fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy; epytpa Ml;rpahsh;fs; tpUg;gj;jpidAk;> md;W
tof;fpy; ,Ue;j Ml;rp nkhopiaAk;> rhh;e;jitahf ,Ug;gij mwpe;J nfhs;fpNwhk;.
fp.gp.1751 Kjy; njd;dfj;jpd; Ml;rpahsuhf mike;j fh;ehlf ethg; tyh[h
Kfk;kJ myp mth;fs; toq;fpAs;s Rd;dj;Jf;fSk;> gh;thdhf;fSk;> muG> ghh;rp>
nkhopfspy; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fp.gp.18Mk; Ehw;whz;by;
NrJehl;L nghpa gl;lzj;jpy; ,];yhkpa nghpath; xUtuJ Gfo;e;Jiu muG
nkhopapy; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jf; fy;ntl;L jQ;rht+h; jkpo;g; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy;
ghJfhf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,jidg; NghyNt nghpagl;lz fpuhkj;jpy; a+jh;fsJ
nkhopahdJ `pg;&tpy; tiuag;gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;L xd;Wk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L
3
ntspaplg;gl;bUg;gJ ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ ,Jtiu jkpo;ehl;by; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l
`pg;U nkhop fy;ntl;L ,J xd;Nw MFk;. ,e;jf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; xU rpytw;iw
fp.gp.1890-y; ,e;jpa Fwpg;gpLtd MFk;. ,e;jj; jpUg;gzpapy; Nrhokz;lyj;ijr; rhh;e;j
eh$h; efhpd; - NfhKl;b nrl;bahh; cjtpa nra;jpAk;> ,e;j fy;ntl;L thrfq;fspy;
mike;Js;sd. fhy ePl;rpahy; ,e;jf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; mope;J tpl;ljhy; mitfspy;
fz;l KOikahd thrfj;ij ,q;F ntspapl Kbatpy;iy. Mdhy; ,e;jf;
fy;ntl;bid Mq;fpy ehl;L mwpQh; ngh;$rd; vd;gth; gbnaLj;J ntspapl;Ls;shh;.
,uhNk];tuk; jpUf;Nfhapy; fy;ntl;L:
,e;jf; fy;ntl;Lk; ,uhNk];tuk; jpUf;Nfhapiyr; rhh;e;jjhFk;. ,jid
ntl;Ltpj;jth; rpd;d cilahd; NrJgjp vd;w kd;duhFk;. ,jd; fhyk; fp.gp.1447.
,uhNk];tuk; jpUf;Nfhapypd; gad;gjhl;bw;fhf VO fpuhkq;fis ,uhNk];tuk;
jpUf;NfhapYf;Fr; rh;t khd;akhf NrJkd;dh; toq;fpaJ gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLtJ MFk;.
,e;jf; fy;ntl;bd; thrfKk;> flypypUe;J tPRk; fhw;wpd; cg;Gj; jd;ikapy; mope;J
tpl;ljhy; ,e;jf; fy;ntl;bd; KO thrfj;ijAk; gbj;J njhpe;J nfhs;tjw;F
,aytpy;iy. Mdhy; fp.gp.19Mk; Ehw;whz;by; ,uhNk];tuk; jpUf;NfhapYf;F tUif
je;j tuyhw;Wg; Nguhrphpah; ngh;$rd; vd;gth; ,itfisg; gbj;J mitfspd;
cs;slfj;ijj; jkJ Ehypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. me;j mhpa Kaw;rp ,e;j kd;dh;fsJ
Ml;rpf; fhy tuk;gpidr; Rl;Ltjw;F kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.
fp.gp.1603–ypUe;J NghfYhiu jiyikaplkhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;j NrJgjp
kd;dh;fspy; $j;jd; NrJgjp ,uz;lhtJ kd;dh; Mthh;. ,e;j kd;duJ Ml;rpf; fhyk;
kpfTk; FWfpajhFk;. fp.gp.1622 Kjy; 30 tiu xd;gJ Mz;LfNs ePbj;j nghOjpYk;>
,e;j kd;duJ ,uhNk];tuk; jpUf;Nfhapy; jpUg;gzpfs; kpfTk; Nghw;wj;jf;fit
MFk;. ,uhNk];tuk; Nfhapypd; fUtiwia xl;b eph;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kfhkz;lgKk;>
mjid mLj;J mikag;ngw;Ws;s KjyhtJ gpufhuKk; ,e;j kd;duhy;
mikf;fg;gl;lit vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jg; gpurhuj;jpd; Nkw;Fr; Rthpy;
ntspg;Gwkhf ntl;Ltpj;Js;s fy;ntl;Nl ,jw;Fr; rhd;whFk;. ,e;jf; fy;ntl;by;
uhkehj Rthkpf;F el khspifiaAk;> M&l kz;lgj;ijAk;> ,e;j kd;dh; fl;Ltpj;j
nra;jp Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jf; fl;Lkhdk; epiwtile;j Mz;L cj;Nuhfhhp Mz;L
khrp khjk; 20Mk; Njjp vd;Wk; ,jw;F rhpahf Mq;fpy Mz;L fp.gp.1623 MFk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,e;jf; fy;ntl;bd; KOikahd thrfk; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ:

1. c rfhj;jk; 1545d; Nk
2. w; nry;yhepd;w cjpNuhw;
3. fhhp= khrp kP29 cjpuKk; ng
4. w;w ehspy; cila ehadhd
5. NrJgjp fhj;j Njth; Gj;jpud;
6. ($)j;jdhd NrJgjp fhj;j Nj
7. (th;)cgakhf uhkeehj R
8. (th)kp Kjw; gpufhuk; jpUelkh
9. (sp)ifg; gj;jp M&l kz;lgKk;
10. (f)l;b Kfpo;gpj;jhd; c
KjYhh; fy;ntl;L:
$j;jd; NrJgjp fp.gp.1630-y; Mz; thhpR ,y;yhky; ,aw;if va;jpdhh;. NrJ
kd;dh; gjtpf;F mtuJ jk;gpAk;> mtuJ je;ijapd; ngaiu cilatUkhd
rilf;fd; vd;w jstha; NrJgjp NrJ ehl;bd; kd;duhdhh;. ,tuJ Ml;rpf;fhyk;
fp.gp.1630-1645 tiu MFk;.
jstha; vd;gJ njYq;F nkhopapy; Nridj;jiyth; vd;w nghUisj; jUtJ.
KjyhtJ rilf;fd; NrJgjp kJiu ehaf;f kd;dh; Kj;Jf;fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fUld;
neUf;fkhd el;G nfhz;L ,Ue;jJld;> kJiu kz;lyj;jpy; Kj;Jf;fpU\;zg;g
ehaf;fUf;F vjpuhd fpsh;rr ; pfisAk;> Fwpg;ghfj; jpUg;gj;Jhh; tl;lk; gl;lkq;fyk;
gFjpapy; vOe;j fpsh;rr ; pia mlf;fp xLf;fpdhh;. NkYk; me;jg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J
ehaf;f kd;dUf;Fr; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba muR ,iwiaAk; xOq;fhfr;
nrYj;Jtjw;F Vw;ghL nra;jhh;. ,e;j eltbf;ifapdhy; kfpo;rr
; pAw;w
Kj;Jf;fpU\;zg;g ehaf;f kd;dh; cilahd; rilf;fd; NrJgjpf;F “jstha;” vd;w
rpwg;G tpUjpid toq;fpdhh;. ,e;j tpUJ njhlh;e;J ,uz;lhtJ rilf;fz;
NrJgjpapd; ngaUld; Nrh;j;J toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ePh;ghrdg; gzpfspy; jstha; NrJgjp kpfTk; mf;fiwAld; <Lgl;bUe;jjw;Fr;
rhd;whf mike;Js;sJ mtuJ ,e;j KjYhh;f; fz;kha;f; fy;ntl;lhFk;. ,d;iwa
gukf;Fb tl;lk; Ke;ija NrJ ehl;by; nrt;tpUf;if ehl;L Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy;
mike;jpUe;jJ. itif Mw;wpd; gpujhd fhyhd> ehl;lhh; fhy; nry;Yk; gFjpapy;
,e;j kd;dh; xU fz;khia mikj;jijAk;> mjpy; fYq;F xd;Wk;> kilfs; ,uz;Lk;
mikf;fg;gl;lij ,e;jf; fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,jd; fhyk; fp.gp.1637 MFk;.
fYq;F vd;gJ fz;khapd; jho;thd gFjpapy; fz;khapypUe;J ePiu
ntspNaw;Wtjw;fhf mikf;fg;gLk; fl;Lkhdk; MFk;. ,e;jf; fYq;fpy; gy fz;fs;
mikf;fg;gl;Lk; mitfs; midj;Jk; XNu Neuj;jpNyh my;yJ jdpj;jdpahfNth
my;yJ Njitg;gLk; nghOjpNyh Ntz;ba ePiu ntspNaw;Wtjw;Fk; milg;gjw;Fk;
(ngUk;ghYk; kuf;fl;ilfshy;) jLg;G mikf;fg;gLtjhFk;.
,jidg; Nghd;Nw fz;khapd; fiuia mLj;Js;s tay;fSf;F ePh;
gha;r;Rtjw;F Vw;wthW mikf;fg;gLtJ kil vdg;gLk;. ngUk;ghYk; ,e;j mikg;G
Rl;l nrq;fypdhy; fl;lg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,jidf; fYq;fpy; xU rpW gFjpahff;
nfhs;syhk;. GJf;Nfhl;il rPikapy; ,e;j kil Fkpop vd toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
kilia xl;br; rpy ,lq;fspy; kf;fs; FbapUg;GfSk; mikjy; cz;L. NrJgjpr;

rPikapy; rf;fuf;Nfhl;il fz;kha; mLj;Js;s uh[R+hpa kil vd;W xU fpuhkKk;>
uh[ rpq;f kq;fyk; nghpa fz;kha; mUfpy; mike;Js;s ,uhkehj kil> ,uFehj
kil vd;w kilfspd; ngauhy; mq;Nf ,U fpuhkq;fs; Vw;gl;L ,Ug;gJ ,q;Nf
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
“tug;G cau ePh; caUk;> ePh; cau ney; caUk;> ney; cauf; Fb caUk;>
Fb cau Nfhy; caUk;” vd;w gok; ghlYf;F Vw;g ehl;bd; Ntshz;ikj; njhopypy;
<Lgl;bUe;j Fbkf;fSf;F ePh;ghrd trjpfisr; nra;J nfhLg;gJ NrJ kd;duJ
flikahf ,Ue;jJ. Fwpg;ghf NrJ ehl;by; itif> fpUJkhy;> kzpKj;jhW> NjdhW
Nghd;w rpW ejpfs; mike;J ,Ue;jhYk;> mitfSk; fhh; fhyj;J kiog;
nghoptpidia Mjhukhff; nfhz;L ,Ue;jd. NkYk; NrJehl;bd; kpfg; ngUk;ghyhd
gug;G khdhthhp (thd;khhp vd;w nrhy;ypd; jphpG) epykhf mike;jpUe;jd.
,itfisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;l jstha; NrJgjp kd;dh; jkJ ehl;bd;
Fbkf;fSf;F ePh; Mjhuq;fisg; ngUf;Fk; gzpapy; <Lgl;lhh;. Mq;fhq;F Mw;Wg;
Nghf;fpYk; jho;thd gFjpfspYk; mizfis vOg;gp kio ePiuj; Njf;Ftjw;F
Vw;ghLfisr; nra;jhh;. ,itfs; fz;kha;fs; vd;Wk;> Ve;jy;fs; vd;W miof;fgl;L
te;jd. ,itfSf;F ePhpidf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; fhy;tha;fs; fhy;fs; vd;Wk;>
mitfspdhy; nfhz;L Nrh;f;fg;gl;l nts;s ePh; kpFjpahfj; Njq;Fk; nghOJ
mitfisf; fz;kha;f; fiuf;F Fe;jfk; ,y;yhky; ntspNaw;Wtjw;fhd Vw;ghlhf
“jhd; Nghjpf fhy;fisAk;” mikj;J cjtpdhh;. ,e;j kd;duJ je;ijahh; $j;jd;
NrJgjp itif ePhpid twz;l KJFsj;Jhh; gFjpf;F vLj;Jr; nry;y mikj;j
ePz;l fhy;tha; (fKjf;Fbf;F> mUfpy; itif Mw;wpypUe;J njw;Nf gphpe;J
nry;fpwJ) ,e;jf; fhy; “$j;jd; fhy;” vd;W ,d;Wk; toq;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,e;jf;
fy;ntl;L mike;Js;s Ch; nrt;tpUf;if ehl;by; ,Ug;gjhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;L cs;sJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,e;jf; fy;ntl;L thrfk; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ:
1. “rfhj;jk;
2. 1559 Nky;
3. epd;w nry;yhep
4. d;w <Ru tU\k;
5. Mdp kP 30 c
6. nrt;tpUf;if
7. ehl;by; Kj
8. YhUf; Fs
9. Kk; fypq;F
10. K; kilud;
11. Lk; cila
12. ehad; jotha;
13. ahd NrJg
14. jp fhj;j Nj
15. th; cigak;”


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rptGhpg;gl;b fy;ntl;L:
jpUg;gj;Jhh; tl;lk; rptGhpg;gl;b mUs;kpF jhd; Njhd;wp<Rtuh; jpUf;Nfhtpypd;
njd;Rthpy; fPNo ,e;jf; fy;ntl;L nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j fy;ntl;L thrfk;
nfhLf;fgl;L ,Uf;fpwJ.
fy;;ntl;L:
“Rt];jp = 1590 ,jd; Nky; nry;yhepd;w fPyf tU\k; Mtzp khrj;J
=kJ Nfh tpira ,uFehj jpUkiy fhj;j Njth; mth;fs; Nfusrpq;f
tsehl;L Nts;Fyuhk epiyahd tPughz;ba ey;Yhh; mk;gyj;jhb
rJh;Ntjp kq;fyj;J cilahh; rptGhp jhd;Njhd;wp <RtuKila ehadhh;
Mjprz;NlRtu NjtUf;F…. FLj;j rhj;jDhUf;F vy;iyahtJ
fPo;ghuf; nfhy;iy ,d;dhadhh; Njtjhdkhd rhj;jq;Fb
Nknyy;iyf;Fk; ,e;j ehadhh; Njtjhdk; rpWj;j fz;kha;
ePh;f;NfhUitf;Fk; nfhz;l nrt;it njf;F Nehf;fp rptfz;khd;aj;
njd;fil tha;fhYf;Fk; tz;zhd;Fz;L nrt;ntf;F Nkw;Fk;
njd;ndy;iy tz;zhd; Fz;L ePh;gpbf;Fk; fz;kha; ePh;g;gpbf;Fk;
Ntyj;Jhh; fz;kha;f;Fk; tlf;Fnky;iy ,d;dhadhh; Njtjhdkhf
kilaNdk;gy; fiuf;Fk; jr;rd; Fsf;fiuf;Fk; ,jw;Fs; fz;kha;
Nky;fz;lf; nfhk;G ghiwf;Fk; Nfhl;il Ntq;ifg;gl;bg; GuTf; fy;Yf;
fpof;F tlghw;f; nfy;iy ,d;dhadhh; klg;Guk; fhg;Giu taYf;F ……
fy;Yf;Fk; Fkud; tay; GuTf;Fk; cwg;gzpg; ghiwf;Fk; ,d;dhadhh;
Njtjhdk; fz;zkq;fy tay;g;gug;G klj;Jg; nghl;lYf;F R+yf;
fy;Yf;F njf;Fk; Mf ,irQ;r ngUehs; vy;iyf;Fs;gl;l ej;jKk;
gug;;Gk; FsKk; fPo; Nehf;fpa fpzWk; Nky; Nehf;fpa kuKk;
nag;Ngh;g;gl;l ……… AkpWg;gjhf fy;ypYk; nrk;gpYk; ntl;bf;
nfhLj;Njhk; fy;Yk; fhNthp Gy;Yk; g+kp cs;stiuf;Fk; Mz;L
mDgtpj;Jf; nfhs;thuhfTk; ,e;j jw;kj;Jf;F ahjhnkhUj;jh; Fjk;
gz;zpdth;fs; ….. gRitf; nfhd;w Njh\j;jpNy NghthuhfTk;”
,e;j fy;ntl;bidj; jpUkiy nuFehj NrJgjp kd;dh; fPyf Mz;L Mtzp
khjk; 28Mk; Njjp rptGhp fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s jhd;Nwhd;wp <Rtuh; jpUf;Nfhapypy;
ntl;btpj;Js;shh;. ,e;j fy;ntl;L 28.08.1668-y; ntl;Ltpj;jjhfj; njhpfpwJ. ,e;jf;
fy;ntl;L mUs;kpF jhd;Njhd;wp <Rtuh; Nfhapypd; ,iwtuhd jhd;Njhd;wp
<RtuUf;Fj; rhj;jDhh; vd;w fpuhkj;ijr; NrJ kd;dh; Nehpy; jhdk; toq;fpaijf;
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jj;jpUf;Nfhapy; Nfusrpq;f tsehl;by; Nts;Fy epiyahd
tPughz;ba ey;Yhhpd; mk;gyj;jhbr; rJh;Ntjp kq;fyj;jpy; rptGhp vd;Dk; Chpy;
mike;jpUg;gjhf tptuk; njspthff; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghz;bah; fhyj;jpy;
epyg;gug;G> $w;wk;> tsehL> thL> Ch; vd;w gphpTfshf mikf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ.
mjidr; Rl;Lk; tz;zk; ,e;jr; rptGhp fpuhkk; Nfusrpq;f tsehl;by; mike;J
,Ug;gjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;L ,Ug;gjpy; ,Ue;J Nfushe;jfd; vdg; Gfog;gl;l gpw;fhyg;
ghz;badhd khwth;kd; FyNrfu ghz;bad; vd;gtuJ ngauhy; ,e;j tsehL ngah;
R+l;lg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,d;iwa rptfq;if khtl;lj;jpd; fhiuf;Fb tl;lj;jpd;
tlgFjpiaAk; jpUg;gj;Jhh; tl;lj;jpd; KOg;gFjpiaAk; nfz;ljhf ,e;j tsehL


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,Ue;J te;jJ. NkYk; ,e;j Ch; rptg;gpuhkzh;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l mk;gyj;jhb

rJh;Ntjpkq;fyk; xd;wpd; xU gFjpahfTk; Nts;Fy uhkepiy vd;W toq;fg;gl;l
tPughz;ba ey;Yhhpd; gpwpnjhU gFjpahfTk; mike;jpUe;jjJ. Mdhy; ehsiltpy;
,e;j rptGuk; vd;w fpuhkk; ngUf;fkile;J ,d;W rptGhp> fPo;rN ; rty;gl;b> tpuhkjp
vd;w %d;w Ch;fshf khwpAs;sd. ,J Ke;ija NrJehl;bd; tlgFjpahfTk;
jpUkiy nuFehj NrJgjpf;F Kd;dh; tiu ,Ue;jJ kw;Wk; ,e;jf; fy;ntl;by;
jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;l rhj;jDhhpd; ngUehd;F vy;iyfs; kpfj; njspthf
tpthpf;fg;gl;L ,Ug;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
rhj;jd; vd;gJ ,e;Jr; rkag;gb rh];jh vd;Wk;> Ia;adhh; vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLk; fhty; nja;tj;jpd; ngauhFk;. NkYk; ghz;ba ehl;by; fp.gp7Mk;
Ehw;whz;bw;F Kd;dh; rkz rkak; tYtile;j epiyapy; rkzh;fsJ jiytUk;>
jPh;j;jq;fuh;fSk; rhj;jd; vd;Nw toq;fg;gl;L te;jdh;. mth;fsJ gs;spfs; rhj;jd;
gs;spfs; vd;Wk; FbapUg;GfSk; rhj;jDhh;> rhj;jNde;jy;> rhj;jkq;fyk; vd;Wk;
toq;fg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; njd;dhl;by; Fwpg;ghfg; ghz;ba ehl;by; gy gFjpfspy;
rhj;jDhh; vd;w ngahpy; gy Ch;fs; cs;sd. ,e;jf; fhuzj;jpdhy; vd;dNth ,e;ef;
fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;ngWk; rhj;jDhUf;F njspthd ehd;F vy;iyfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;L
cs;sd.
,e;j ehd;F vy;iyfs; Mtz:
1. fPo;ghw;f;nfy;iyahtJ
2. njd;ndy;iy
3. Nkw;nfy;if
4. tlghw; nfy;iy
,e;j vy;iyf; Fwpg;GfspypUe;J NrJgjpr; rPikapd; epyk;> ePh; rk;ke;jg;gl;l gy
tl;lhur; nrhw;fs; tof;fpy; ,Ue;jijf; fhzKbfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf fz;khapd; njhlh;r;rp
vdg; nghUs;gLk; ePh;f;Nfhit> tha;ff ; hy; ePhpidf; fz;khapypUe;J taYf;F ePiu
vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; fhy;tha;ff ; hy; vdTk;> rpwpa ePh;j;Njf;fk; Fz;L vdTk;> rpwpa
ePh;j;Njf;fk; Fsg;gug;G vdTk;> Chpd; vy;iyiaf; Fwpf;Fk; gFjp GuT vdTk;
,jid mWjpapl;Lf; Fwpg;gpLtjw;fhf ehl;lg;gl;l vy;iyf;fy; GuTf;fy; vdTk;
klq;fSf;F kd;dh;fs; toq;fpa epyf;nfhil klg;Guk; vdTk;> xU gFjpapypUe;J
kw;nwhU gFjpf;Fr; nry;tjw;fhf ,UNtW epyq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l top topg;ghij
vdTk; ngUk;ghYk;> ele;J nry;tjw;nfd;Nw gad;gl;l gFjp xw;iwabg; ghij
vdTk; toq;fg;gl;L te;jd. tprhaj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jglhky; nghJf; fhhpaq;fSf;Fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l epyg;gFjp nghl;ly; vdTk;> kf;fs; $b thOk; FbapUg;G gFjp
ej;jk; vdTk;> toq;fg;gl;L te;jd. Njtjhdk; vd;gJ Nfhapy;fSf;Fj; jhdkhf
toq;fg;gl;l epyf;nfhil MFk;.
NkYk; ,e;jf; fy;ntl;by; fPo;fz;l Ch;fs; Fwpf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.
1. rhj;jq;Fb
2. tpsj;Jhh;
3. kilaNdk;gy;
4. jr;rd;Fsk;
5. Ntq;ifg;gl;b


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
6. mz;zkq;fyk;
7. Nts;Fyuhkd; epiy
8. tPughz;ba ey;Yhh;
9. mk;gyj;jhb rJh;Ntjpkq;fyk;
10. rptGhp
11. ghiwf;Nfhl;il
ePh;epiyfspd; ngah;:
1. rpWj;j fz;kha;
2. tz;zhd; Fz;L
3. jr;rd;Fsk;
4. kilaNde;jy;
tay;fspd; ngah;fs;:
1. fhg;Giu
2. Fkud; tay;
3. fz;zkq;fy tay;
tpiuahr; rpiyf; fy;ntl;L:
NrJgjpr; rPikapd; gFjpahf tpsq;fpa fhdhl;by; mike;jpUg;gJ
tpiuahr;rpiy vd;w CuhFk;. tPuh;fspd; rpiy vd;gJ kUtp tpiuahr;rpiy
vd;whfpAs;sJ. Nghhpy; ,we;Jgl;l tPuh;fspd; epidthf rpiyfs; vOg;gpg; Nghw;WtJ
jkpofj;jpd; rq;f fhyk; Kjy; ,Ue;Jte;j tof;fhFk;. ,j;jifa tPuh;fSf;fhd
epidTf;fy;> eLf;fy; vdTk;> tPuf;fy; vdTk; gpd;dh; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jidg; Nghd;w
eL fy; xd;W Kd;dh; ,q;F mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Ch; ,g;nghOJ
GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lk; jpUnka;ak; tl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,e;jg; gFjp jpUkiy
NrJgjpapd; Ml;rpapy; fs;sh; rPik vd;w ngUk; gFjpapy; ,e;j Ch;
mike;jpUe;jjhfj; njhpatUfpwJ.
,q;Fs;s cyftplq;Nf];tuh; Rthkp NfhapYf;Fj; jpUkiy NrJgjp kd;dh;
rhh;ghf toq;fg;gl;l epyf;nfhilr; nra;jpapid fy;ntl;bd; thrfk; njhptpf;fpd;wJ.
,e;j Miziaj; jpUkiy nuFehj NrJgjp kd;dUf;fhf mtuJ gpujhd
mYtyuhd nrhf;fg;gd; Nrh;itf;fhuh; vd;gth; toq;fpAs;shh;. ,e;j mYtyh; NrJgjp
kd;duJ kpf Kf;fpakhd mYtyh; vd;gJ mth; toq;fpAs;s gpw Mtzq;fspy;
,Ue;Jk; njhpatUfpwJ. ,e;j mYtyh; fp.gp.1668-y; ,uhNk];tuk; jpUf;NfhapYf;fhf
NrJgjp kd;duJ rpwg;ghd mYtyh; vd;w Kiwapy; ,uhNk];tuk; jpUf;NfhapYf;F
jpUthlhid tl;lk; Mde;Jhh;> ghg;ghf;Fb Mfpa Ch;fisr; rh;t khd;akhf ,th;
toq;fpa nrg;Ngl;bid Vw;fdNt ntspaplg;gl;L ,Ug;gJ ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
rpwg;ghd ehl;fspy; RthkpiaAk;> mk;ghisAk; gy;yf;fpy; itj;J myq;fhpj;Jf;
Nfhapy; jpUr;Rtw;wpYk;> Chpd; gpujhd tPjpfspYk; cyh tUtijg; gy;yf;Fr;Nrhit
vd ,e;jf; fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. Nrit vd;w tlnkhopr; nrhy; ,q;F
jkpopy; Nrh;it vd Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
gpuhkz Nghrdk; vd;gJ jpUtpohf; fhyq;fspy; gpuhkzh;fSf;F mspf;fg;gLk;
rpwg;ghd tpUe;J. Ke;ija rKjhaj;jpy; kf;fs; ,iwtDf;F mLj;jgbahf fy;tp
Nfs;tpapYk; Ntj tpahfuzq;fspYk; rpwg;Gw;W tpsq;fpath;fs; gpuhkzh;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Mifapdhy; gpw rhjpapdiutpl gpukhzh;fs; rpwg;ghfg; Nghw;wg;gl;L Nfhapy;

tpohf;fspd; nghOJ mth;fSf;F Kd;DhpikAk;> tpUe;J czTk; toq;fg;gl;L
te;jJ.
Njtjhak; (m) Njtjhdk; vd;w nrhy; jpUf;Nfhapy;fSf;Fj; jhdkhf
toq;fg;gLk; fhzpfisf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. ,jidg; Nghd;w gpuhkzh;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l
epyq;fs; gpuk;kNjak; vdTk; Nrho ghz;bah;fsJ fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,e;jf; fy;ntl;by; FbePq;fhj; Njtjhdk; vd;w nrhy; Gjpjhfg; GFj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Vw;fdNt Fbfs; tho;e;J tUfpd;w Chpid kd;dh; NfhapYf;Fj; jhdkhf
toq;Fk;nghOJ me;j Ch;fspy; njhd;Wnjhl;L FbapUe;J tUk; FbfsJ FbapUg;G
chpikf;Ff; Fe;jfk; Vw;glhJ ,Uf;Fk; tz;zk; Fbfs; me;j Ch;fspy; FbapUe;J
tUk; chpikia kjpj;Jf; fl;lisaplg;gLtJjhd; ,e;j FbePq;fhj; Njtjhdk; vd;w
nrhy;Yf;F chap nghUshFk;. NkYk; ,e;jf; fy;ntl;bd; Ie;jhtJ thpapy;
fy;Nghl;Lf; nfhLj;J vd;w nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L ,Ug;gJ Nehf;fj;jf;fJ. xU fhzp
my;yJ Chpid KOikahff; NfhapYf;Fj; jhdkhf toq;Fk;nghOJ me;j epyg;
gFjpapd; ngU ehd;F vy;iyfisAk; KOikahf msit nra;J mWjpapl;L
mjw;fhd vy;iyf; fy;iy ehl;bf; nfhLg;gJjhd; ,e;jr; nrhy;ypd; nghUshFk;.
jhdk; nfhLf;fg;gLk; Ch;fspd; ehd;F ngUk; vy;iyiaf; Fwpg;gjw;fhfj;
jhdk; ngWfpd;w jpUf;Nfhapy; rptd; Nfhapyhf ,Ue;jhy; me;j vy;iyapy; R+yf;
fy;iyAk; (rptngUkhdJ R+yk; cUtk; nghwpf;fg;gl;l fy;) itztj;
jpUf;Nfhapyhf ,Ue;jhy; jpU Mopf;fy; (kfhtp\;ZtpdJ rf;fuj;jpd; cUtk;
nghwpf;fg;gl;l fy;) ehl;b itg;gJ tof;fk;. ,j;jifa vy;iyfisj; njspthf
mWjpapl;Lf; fhz;gpg;gjw;fhf Mq;fhq;F fpuhkq;fspy; vy;iy tpUj;jp vd;w mYtyh;
NrJgjpfspd; Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;jij ,uhehjGuk; rk];jhdk; Nkd;Aty; njhptpf;fpd;wJ.1
,q;Nf tPufz;ld;gl;b vy;iyapy; R+yf;fy; ehl;b ,Uf;f Btz;Lk; vd;gJ
njhpatUfpwJ. ,e;j fy;ntl;bw;fhd thrfj;ijr; NrJgjp kd;dh; gpujpepjp
nrhf;fg;gd; Nrh;itapd; Mizg;gb khdhkJiuapypUe;j Nrhiyahg;gps;is kfd;
nfq;ifahb vd;gth; tiue;jij tpiuahr;rpiy Ciur; Nrh;e;jtuhd fzf;fh;
rpjk;guehj gpr;rd; vd;gth; ,jidf; fy;ntl;by; nghwpj;jhh; vd;w tptuKk;
njhpatUfpwJ. khdtPud; kJiu vd;gJ rptfq;if khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s CuhFk;.
khdtPud; kJiu vd Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j nrhy; gpd;dh; thdutPu kJiu vd
kUtpaJ. thdutPu kJiu Guhzk; rpw;wpyf;fpak; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ vd;gJk; ,q;F
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
fp.gp.15> 16 Mk; Ehw;whz;Lfspy; ,e;j Chpd; itif Mw;Wf;F tlfiuapy;
thdhjpuhad; vd;w FWepy kd;dd; xUtd; Nfhl;ilapidf; fl;b Ml;rp nra;J
te;jhd; kJiu ehaf;f kd;dh;fSf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;Lk;> fl;LglhkYk; ,aq;fp te;j ,e;j
kd;dd; kPJ jdpg;ghly; xd;W ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpy; khdtPu fQ;Rfd; vd;w
rpwg;Gg; ngah; Fwpf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhy; ,e;j kd;dd; Re;juj;Njhd; thdhjpuhad;
vd;gtidf; Fwpg;gjhf cs;sJ. ,e;j khdtPu fQ;Rfd; vd;w njhlhpypUe;J khdtPu
kJiu vd;w Ch;g;ngah; cUthfp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.1 fq;ifahb – Gdpjkhd fq;if
Mw;wpy; ePuhb te;j nraiy ,e;jr; nrhy; Fwpf;fpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,e;jf; fy;ntl;bd; thrfk; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ:

“];t];jp= ` mw;grp khjk; 1 c tpiuahr;rpiy cyftpl q;fPRtu
Rthkpf;F gy;yf;Fr; Nrh;itf;Fk; gpuhkd Nghrdj;Jf;Fk; jpUg;gzpf;Fk;
elf;fj;jf;fjhf fl;lisapl;lJ jpUkiyapuFehj NrJgjp fhj;j Njth;
Gz;zpakhf nrhf;fg;gd; NrUitfwhd; fl;lisapl;lJ. tPufz;ld;gl;b
eQ;ir GQ;ir FbePq;fh Njt jhdkhf fl;lisapl;lgbapehNy ,e;jgb
fy;ypYk; nrk;gpYk; ntl;b fy;Nghl;L FLj;jgb apdhNy
re;jpuhjpj;jtiuf;Fk; aDgtpj;Jf; nfhz;L gy;yf;F Nrh;itAk;
gpuhkzh; Nghrdk; Kk; jpUg;gzpAk; elj;jptuf; fltuhfTk; ,e;j
Gz;zpaj;Jf;F Ahjhk;nkhUj;jh; ,irNfL gz;zpdtd; nfq;if
fiuapy; fhuhk;gRitf; nfhd;w ghtj;jpNy NghfflthuhfTk; ,e;j
fy;ntl;L vOjpNdd; khdhuha;ad; Fg;igad; vOj;J ,g;gbf;F
thdtPud; kJiuapypUf;Fk; Nrh iya;ahg;gps;is nfq;ifahbah;
vOj;J tpiuahr;rpiy Cuhaike;jth; nrhw;gbf;F fzf;F rpjk;guehj
gpr;rd; vOj;J Rgk];J c”
nrg;NgLfs;
jkpof tuyhw;iw XusTf;Fj; njhFj;j vOj cjTk; rhd;Wfshf ,Ug;git
fy;ntl;LfSk;> nrg;NgLfSk; jhd;. Mjpapy; jkpof muRfisg; gw;wp nghJthfr;
nrhy;yg;gLfpw nra;jpfs; gytw;iw khw;wpnaOjp> tuyhw;wpy; jpUg;gkhf tpsq;fpait
mtw;wpy; rpy. jpUthyq;fhl;Lr; nrg;NgLfSk; mj;jifa xU tuyhw;W Mtzk;jhd;.
gpw;fhy Nrho tuyhw;wpy; xU iky;fy; vd;W ,ijr; nrhy;yyhk;. nya;ld;
nrg;NgLfNshL Nrh;e;J gpw;fhyr; Nrhoh; tuyhw;iw KOikahf;fpajd; ngUk;gq;F
,r;nrg;NgLfSf;F cz;L. tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfisj; jtpu mf;fhyr; r%fk;>
mjpfhuth;ff; k; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpAk;,J Nghd;w nrg;NgLfspd; %yk; mwpe;J
nfhs;sKbfpwJ. Kjyhk; uhN[e;jpu Nrhodhy; ntspaplg;gl;l ,e;jr; nrg;Ngl;by;
31VLfs; cs;sd. mjpy; Kjy; 10VLfs; rk];fpUjj;jpYk; mLj;j 21 VLfs;
jkpopYk; cs;sd.
ghz;bah; nrg;NgLfs;
ghz;bah; nrg;NgLfs; vd;gJ ghz;ba Nte;jh;fs; nfhLj;j epy jhdq;fisAk;> jd;
Kd;Ndhh; epy jhdq;fis Mtzg;gLj;jTk; cUthf;fg;gl;l gl;laq;fshFk;.
Ghz;bah; nrg;NgLfspy; ,ilf;fhy kw;Wk; gpw;fhy ghz;bah;fs; fhyj;jpy;
nfhLf;fg;gl;l VO nrg;Gg;gl;laq;fs; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjha; mike;jd.
,it fpilf;fhky; NghapUe;jhy; fsg;gpuh; Ml;rpiaj; jkpo;ehl;by; NtuWj;j ghz;bah;
Nte;jd; fLq;Nfhd; gw;wp tuyhW mwpahkNyNa NghapUf;Fk;. ,ilf;fhy kw;Wk;
gpw;fhy ghz;bah;fspd; fhyq;fisf; fzpg;gjw;Fk;> Kiwg;gLj;jtjw;Fk;
tifapyhky; NghapUf;Fk;.
VO Kf;fpar;nrg;NgLfs;
Kw;fhy kw;Wk; gpw;fhy; nrg;NgLfspy; VO nrg;NgLfs; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhditahff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wd. mit:
1. ,isad;GJhh; nrg;NgLfs;
2. Nts;tpf;Fbr; nrg;NgLfs;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
3. jpUtukq;fyj;Jr; nrg;NgLfs;
4. rpd;dkDhh; nrg;NgLfs; (rpwpait)
5. rpd;dkDhh; nrg;NgLfs; (nghpait)
6. ghz;bad; guhe;j tPuehuhazpd; jstha;g;Gur; nrg;NgLfs;
7. rptfhrpr; nrg;NgLfs;
nrg;NgLfspd; tptuq;fs;
jhdk; nfhLj;j nrg;NgLfis
nrg;NgLfspd; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; nrg;NgLfspd; nrg;NgLfs;
Nte;jdpd; ntspapl;l
ngah;fs; ,lk; tptuk; fpilj;j ,lk;
ngah; mikg;Gfs;
3VLfs;>
khwth;kd; tl;nlOj;J>
,isad;GJhh; Mtzk; kJiu
mhpNfrhp KOikahf
cs;sJ
10VLfs;>
gphpj;jhdpa tl;nlOj;J>
Nts;tpf;Fb neLQ;rilad; nre;jkpo; njhpatpy;iy
mUq;fhl;rpafk; KOikahf
cs;sJ
7VLfs;>
kjuhrpa ,e;jpa tl;nlOj;J>
jpUtukq;fyk; neLQ;rilad; njhpatpy;iy
mUq;fhl;rpafk; gok;nghUsfk; KOikahf
cs;sJ
3VLfs; kl;LNk
rpd;dkDhh;>
kj;jpa cs;sd>
rpd;dkDhh; njd;dpe;jpa cj;jkghisak;
njhpatpy;iy njhy;ypay;Jiw> tl;nlOj;J rpy
(rpwpaJ) fy;ntl;Lfs; tl;lk;> Njdp
ikR+h; VLfs;
khtl;lk;
fz;lwpag;gltpy;iy
jstha;Guk;>
7VLfs;>
jkpo; Nfhtpy;gl;b
guhe;jfd; tPu b.vd;.Rg;gpukzpa tl;nlOj;J>
jstha;Guk; tuyhw;Wf; tl;lk;>
ehuhazd; d; KOikahf
fofk; Jhj;Jf;Fb
cs;sJ
khtl;lk;
7VLfs; kl;LNk
rpd;dkDhh;>
kj;jpa cs;sd.
rpd;dkDhh; njd;dpe;jpa cj;jkghisak;
,uhrrpk;kd; njhy;ypay;Jiw> tl;nlOj;J> KjYk;
(nghpaJ) fy;ntl;Lfs tl;lk;> Njdp
ikR+h; ,WjpAkhd VLfs;
khtl;lk
fpilf;ftpy;iy
5VLfs; tl;nlOj;J>
jkpo; Rptfhrp>
kjuhrpa ,uz;lhk; Ie;jhk;
rptfhrp tPughz;bad; tuyhw;Wf; tpUJefh;
mUq;fhl;rpafk; VLfs; cile;J
fofk; khtl;lk;
cs;sd.
NrJgjp kd;dh; nrg;NgLfs;
,uhkehjGuk; NrJgjpfsJ rPik> kwth; rPikia kl;Lk; nfhz;ljhf
,y;yhky; tlf;fpYk;> tlfpof;fpYk;> Nrho kz;lyj;jpw;Fs;Sk; tphpe;J ,Ue;jjJ.
,e;j cz;ikia nuFehj jpUkiy NrJgjp> nuFehj fpotd; NrJgjp> Kj;Jtpira
nuFehj NrJgjp kd;dh;fs;> jpUthLJiw Mjpd fh;j;jh;fSf;Fk;> jpUg;ngUe;Jiw
gz;lhuj;jpw;Fk;> jpUth&h; jpahfuhrRthkp jpUf;NfhapYf;Fk; toq;fpa nrg;NgL (,e;j
Ehypd; njhFg;G vz;fs; 17>19>22>42 kw;Wk; GJf;Nfhl;il rPik tuyhW fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
topAk; mwpa KbfpwJ.11 ,jidg; NghyNt ,e;j kd;dh;fsJ ehl;bd; fpof;F
vy;iy ,yq;if ehl;L kd;dh; Kj;Jryhgj;Jiw tiu njhlh;e;J ,Ue;;jJ. njhd;W
njhl;L te;Js;s kd;dh; Kj;J ryhg chpikapdpd;Wk; ,uhNkRtuk;> jpUg;Gy;yhzp>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
MTilahh; Nfhtpy;fSf;F jq;fs; glFfs; %yk; kd;dh; ryhgj;jpy; Kj;Jf;Fspj;Jf;

nfhs;tjw;F NrJgjpfs; mspj;Js;s nrg;Ngl;L thrfk; rhd;whf cs;sd.
NrJgjpfspd; rPik njw;Nf Ntk;ghw;Wtiu ,Ue;j ij fpotd; NrJgjp Ml;rpf;fhyg;
gl;lankhd;Wk; nry;yKj;J NrJgjp fp.gp1759-y; NghfYhh; fdp Nrh;it vd;gtUf;F
fd;dpuhrGuk; vd;w Chpidj; jhdkhf toq;fpa nrg;NgLk; njhptpf;fpd;wd.12
ehl;Lg;gphpTfs;:
NrJgjpfspd; rPik> Ke;ija Nrho ghz;ba eph;thf mikg;Gfisg; Nghd;W
gytpjkhd vy;iyf; $Wfshfg; gphptpid nra;ag;gl;L ,Ue;jd. (nrg;NgL vz;fs;:
15> 17> 39) ,e;j kd;dh;fs; toq;fpa rh;t khdpa fpuhkq;fSf;F Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
ehd;F vy;iyfs; ,Ue;J NrJ ehl;by; fPo;f;fz;l epyf;$Wfs; Kd;dh; mike;J
,Ue;jJ njhpa tUfpwJ. nghpa mstpyhd epyf;$W “rPik”“ehL” vd;Wk; rpW
$Wfs; “$w;wk;”“gw;W” vd;W toq;fg;gl;ld. mitfspy; rpy:
rPikfs;
1. jpUth&h; rPik 8. fhisahh;Nfhtpy; rPik
2. gl;Lf;Nfhl;il rPik 9. rptfq;ifr; rPik
3. mwe;jhq;fp rPik 10. fKijr; rPik
4. R+uf;Fb rPik 11. ,uhkehjGuk; rPik
5. mQ;rpuz;L rPik 12. jpUthlidr; rPik
6. nts;shk;gw;Wr; rPik 13. GJf;Nfhl;ilr; rPik
7. Nkykhfhzr; rPik
ehLfs;
1. Mg;gDhh; ehL 8. Fwpr;rp ehL
2. nrt;tpUf;if ehL 9. VOh; ehL
3. fPl;nrk;gp ehL 10. R+uf;Fb ehL
4. iff;fp ehL 11. njd;dhiy ehL
5. gUj;jpf;Fb ehL 12. Njh;Nghfp ehL
6. fplhj;jpUf;if ehL 13. Kj;jj;J ehL
7. fpof;F tsehL 14. tljiyr; nrk;gp ehL
$w;wq;fs;
1. JfT+h; $w;wk; 3. eLtpy; $w;wk;
2. mUk;G+h; $w;wk; 4. kpoiyf; $w;wk;
gw;Wfs;
1. rpf;fpy; gw;W 4. mQ;RNfhl;il gw;W
2. iff;fp ehl;L gw;W 5. Fkhuzp gw;W
3. nts;shk; gw;W 6. mkulf;fpg; gw;W
tl;lif
1. fplhuk; tl;lif 4. fhf;$h; tl;lif
2. iff;fp ehl;L tl;lif 5. mkulf;fp tl;lif
3. X&h; tl;lif
GuT
1. ,bfiug; GuT 4. NrkDhh; GuT


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
2. fg;gYhh; GuT 5. ngUq;fhl;Lg; GuT

3. jpUntw;wpA+h; GuT 6. Fkhp Ve;jy; GuT
,e;j gphpTfisj; jtpu> ,e;jg; gphpTfspd; gFjpiaf; Fwpg;gpLtjw;F tl;lhuk;>
tl;lif> jl;L vd;w nrhw;fSk; tof;fpy; ,Ue;J te;jJ njhpa tUfpwJ.
,itaidj;Jk; NrJgjpfspy; ,Wjp jd;dhl;rp kd;duhf ,Ue;j Kj;Juhkypq;f
tpira nuFehj NrJgjp Ml;rpf; fhyk; tiu ePbj;jJ. me;j kd;diu gjtp ePf;fk;
nra;J rpiwapypl;L Mq;fpNyah;fs;> ,e;j jd;durpd; rpwg;gpidf; Fiyj;J fp.gp.1803-
y;> ,uhkehjGuj;ij [kpdhf khw;wk; nra;J (fp.gp.1844-y;) Gjpa epy msit
Kiwia GFj;jpaJk; ,e;j ehl;bd; njhd;ikahd ,e;j epyf;$WfSk;> mitfis
mWjpapl;Lr; nrhy;yf;$ba Fyg;gpuhkz msT KiwAk; kiwe;J tpl;ld.
epyq;fs;;
nghJthf ,uhkehjGuk; muRg;gFjpapy; mike;j G+kp> nrt;ty;> fhpry;>
nghl;ly;> kzw;fhL> vd;W ,aw;ifj; jd;ikia xl;b toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,itfspy;
eQ;ir> GQ;ir> fl;L> tay;> Njhl;lk;> vd;w gFg;Gfs; ,Ue;jd. ePh;g;ghrd trjp
cs;sJ eQ;ir vdTk;> mt;tpj trjp ,y;yhJ thdk; ghh;j;j G+kp GQ;ir vd;Wk;
fUjg;gl;lJ. rpwpa ePh; Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;L> tptrhak; nra;ag;gLk; epyk; tay;>
jl;L> Njl;L vd;Wk;> Nfzp fpzW Nghd;w RUq;fpa ePh; trjpAila tptrhag;gFjp
Njhl;lk; vd;Wk; toq;fg;gl;ld. Gjpjhf mikf;fg;gl;l Njhl;lk; nra;> Mf;fy; vd;w
Ch; ,Ug;gJ rpe;jpf;fj;jf;fJ. ,e;j epyq;fspd; njhFjp rPikapd; eLg;gFjpapy;
nfhj;J vd;Wk; njd; gFjpapy; Nfhh;it vd;Wk; tlgFjpapy; Nrh;it vd;Wk;
ngahplg;gl;bUe;jd. tpisr;rYf;Fg; gad;glhJ ,aw;ifapNyNa Nklhf mike;j
epyj;jpd; rpWgFjp jpl;L vd;Wk; ngUk; NkL jply; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ld.
(kapyhLjply;> fhdj;jply;> ehpf;Fkpr;rjply;) tphpe;j gug;Gk; tptrhaj;jpw;Fg;
gad;glhjJkhd gutyhd G+kp vd ,e;j rPikapy; nghl;ly; vdg;gl;lJ.
Kdpad; nghl;ly;> Xeha; nghl;ly;> fhQ;rpubg; nghl;ly;> rpte;jpag;gd; nghl;ly;>
Nrhrpad; nghl;ly; vd;w nrhw;fs; ,e;jr; nrg;NgLfspy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
,itfSf;F ,ilapy;> tpise;j jhdpa kzpfis ePf;fp xg;gb> R+L mbj;jy; Nghd;w
nray;fSf;F gad;gLj;j fsk; vd;w rpwpa mstpyhd epyg;gFjpAk; ,Ue;jJ.
tptrhak; ,y;yhj gokuq;fs;> gad;jUk; kuq;fs; nfhz;l gFjp Njhg;G vd
miof;fg;gl;L te;jJ. gid kuq;fs; kpFjpahfTk;> njhFjpahfTk; ,Ue;j Njhg;G
xd;wpidf; Fwpf;f “gdq;$ly;” vd;w nrhy; xU nrg;Ngl;by; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.13.
,q;qdk; gythW cl;gphpTfisf; nfhz;L ,Ue;j epyg;gFjpapd; nghJthd vy;iy
tuk;G> tug;G> GuT> nghyp vd tof;Fg; ngw;wpUe;jJ. ,itfspd; ngU vy;iyfisf;
Fwpg;gpl vy;iyf;fy;> R+yf;fy;> Fj;Jf;fy;> rf;fuf;fy;> Fopf;fy;> jpUthopf;fy; vd;gd
elg;gl;ld. rpthyaq;fSf;F tplg;gl;l epyg;gug;G vy;iyiaf; Fwpf;f “R+yf;fy;Yk;”
itzt jpUf;NfhapYf;F toq;fpa khdpa epy vy;iyiaf; Fwpg;gpl
“rf;fuf;fy;”“jpUthopf;fy;”Yk; gad;gl;ld. kw;Wk; fp.gp.1781-y; Kj;Juhkypq;f
tpranuFehj NrJgjp kd;dh; Kj;Jg;Ngl;il (,uhkehjGuk; tl;lk;) Njthyj;jpw;F
rh;tkhdpakhf toq;fpa Kj;Jg;Ngl;il fpuhkj;ij Fwpg;gpLtjw;F rpYit nghwpj;j
fy; GJikahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJk; mz;ik mfo;tpy; ,Ue;J njhpa


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tUfpwJ.14 gs;spr;re;jk;> gs;spthry; khdpa Ch;> epyk; vy;iyiaf; Fwpg;gpl

ehl;lg;gl;l fw;fSf;F ngah; VJk; ,Ue;jjh vd;gJ njhpatpy;iy.
ePh; Mjhuq;fs;
,e;jr; nrg;NgLfspy; ePh;Njf;fq;fs; Fwpj;j fz;kha;> Ve;jy;> Cuzp> Fsk;>
Fl;il> Fz;L vd;w nrhw;fs; gapyg;gl;L te;Js;sd. rpy nrg;NgLfspy; fz;kha;
vd;w nrhy; fz;tha; vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,itfSf;F Mjhukhf itif
Mw;Wg;gha;r;ry;> ghz;laha; Mw;Wg;gha;r;ry;> Njdhw;Wg; gha;r;ry;> tphprpiy
Mw;Wg;gha;r;ry;> Fz;lhw;W gha;r;ry;> nuFehj fhNthp vd;w ePh; Mjhuq;fs; Mq;fhq;F
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,itfspypUe;J Mw;W ePhpid nfhz;L tUtjw;F ePz;l FWfpa
fhy;fs; ntl;lg;gl;L ,Ue;jd. ,it ePh;thq;fp> tuj;Jf;fhy; vdTk;> tha;f;fhy;
vdTk; toq;fg;gl;ld. rpy gFjpfspy; ,e;jr;nrhw;fs; “tFj;Jf;fhy;” vd tof;fpy;
,Ue;jd. ,itfspd; %yk; tug;ngw;w nts;s ePiu kpFjpahfg; ngw;w nghOJ
,jid ntspNaw;Wtjw;F gpwpnjhU fhYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjw;F kWfhy;
vdg;ngah;. fz;kha;fspy; ,Ue;J Neubahf ePiu ntspNaw;w nghpa fz;fis cila
top fYq;F vd;Wk; rpwpa top kil vd;Wk; tof;Fg; ngw;wpUe;jd. rpwpa Ve;jy;
fz;kha;fspd; ePh; nfhs;ssT Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy;> $Ljyhf tUk; ePhpid
ntspNaw;Wtjw;F me;jf; fz;kha;f; fiuapd; xU ,lj;jpy;> fiu ,y;yhky;
,ilntsp tpl;L fiu mikf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk;. ,jd; top nts;sk; jhdhf tope;J
ntspNaWk;. me;jg;gFjp “jhd; Nghfp” vdg;gl;lJ. Mw;W ePiuj;jtpu kioePiuf;
nfhz;L tUfpw fhy; Xil vdg;gl;lJ.
xU fz;khapd; ePz;l fiu mLj;j fz;khAld; njhlh;e;J ,izg;ghf
mikf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jhy; me;j ,izg;Gg;gFjp “nghUj;J” MFk;. me;j fz;khapd;
%iy> njhlf;fk;. my;yJ ,Wjpg;gFjp “nfhk;G> filf;nfhk;G” vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;ld.
,e;j fz;kha; fiuiaaLj;Js;s fz;kha;gFjp “cs;tha;” vd;Wk; ,e;jg;gFjpapy;>
ePh;g;gpbianahl;b ,Ue;j tpisepyk; “Fsk; Nfhh;it” vd;Wk; toq;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j
fiufs; kpFjpahd nts;sj;jpdhy; mope;J Nghdhy; mit “cilg;G” MFk;.
fz;kha;fspy; ePh; epuk;gpa gpwFk;> fpuhkGwq;fspy; ePh;g;gpb my;yhj gFjpfspYk;
mjhtJ fz;khapd; ntspg;gFjp jz;zPh; Njq;fp epw;Fk; gFjp “ fhyhq;fiu”
vdg;gl;lJ. fhiy xl;ba fiu. ehsilapy; ,e;jg; gFjpapd; ePh; tw;wp rfjpAkhf
khwpa <ug;gFjp “tjp” ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
,it Nghd;w epyk;> ePh; rk;ge;jkhd Vuhskhd fiyr;nrhw;fs;> gy Ehw;whz;L
fhykhf ,e;jr; rPikapy; tof;fpy; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd. mitfspy; ekf;Ff;
fpilj;Js;s nrg;NgLfspy; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sit kl;Lk; ,q;F Rl;bf;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sit.
,e;jr; nrg;NgLfspy; fhzg;gLk; ePh;j;Njf;fq;fspd; ngah;fs; njhFg;ghf fPNo
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
MWfs;
1. itif MW 4. ghk;ghW
2. tphprpiy MW 5. NjdhW
3. kyl;lhW 6. Fz;lhW


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Vhpfs;
1. ,uhkhD[g;NgNuhp 4. khjtNdhp
2. ,skNdhp 5. khzpf;fNdhp
3. fpotNdhp 6. NtshNdhp
fz;kha;fs;
1. Mj;jhDhh; fz;kha; 7. Vuzpf;Nfhl;il fz;kha;
2. md;Ddp fz;kha; 8. ,iutpkq;fyk; fz;kha;
3. Mbf;fz;kha; 9. fLf;fDhh; fz;kha;
4. Ma;f;Fb fz;kha; 10. fUf;fhj;jp fz;kha;
5. Mz;LFb fz;kha; 11. fUq;Fb fz;kha;
6. ,uhkehjGuk; nghpa fz;kha; 12. fz;zd;Fb fz;kha;
13. fhdhl;lhd;Fb fz;kha;

14. nfhq;fptay; fz;kha; 25. Gy;yhf;Fsk; fz;kha;
15. rpf;fy; fz;kha; 26. Gypahj;jp fz;kha;
16. rpj;jNde;jy; fz;kha; 27. GJf;Fb fz;kha;
17. rpWfhDh; fz;kha; 28. G+jFb fz;kha;
18. rpWiff; fz;kha; 29. KjYhh; fz;kha;
19. rpiwf;Fsk; fz;kha; 30. tskhT+h; fz;kha;
20. rpd;dhiff; fz;kha; 31. tiyad; fz;kha;
21. jtisf;Fsk; fz;kha; 32. itia fz;kha;
22. Njj;jhq;fhy; fz;kha; 33. ntz;nza;Fb fz;kha;
23. jdpr;r fz;kha; 34. Nguh fz;kha;
24. jpUkz fz;kha;
KbTiu
Nkw;fz;lthW jkpofj;jpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspd; fy;ntl;Lfs; kw;Wk;
nrg;NgLfspy; gy mwpa jfty;fis fhzKbfpwJ.
JizE}y; gl;bay;
1. ,uhkd;.Nf.tp. njhy;ypapay; Ma;Tfs;, mfoyha;T>fy;ntl;L>ehzak; gw;wpait

epA+ nrQ;Rup Gf; `T]; (gp) ypl;.> nrd;id> Kjy; gjpg;G> 2014.
2. mwpTuh[;.e. jkpof tuyhWk; jkpou; gz;ghLk;> ghit gg;spNf\d;];> nrd;id>
%d;whk; gjpg;G> 2014.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;ypay; rhd;wpy; kpspUk; jkpoh; gz;ghL

The Evidences of Tamil Culture in Archaeology
,uh.Mde;jN[hjp> Kidth; gl;l Ma;thsh;>

cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> nrd;id – 600 113
Abstract
The paper intends to find out the evidences of Tamil culture in Archaeology. The
culture of Tamils is a noble one based on the natural life and its related principles. The
Indian government through the archaeological department has conducted many surveys and
site exvacuations to study on the Tamil culture. The culverts and the Kodumanal exvacation
are certain examples of Tamil culture. Hence, the study helps to cull down the stance of
archaeology and Tamil culture.
Keywords: Evidences, Tamil Culture, Archaeology
Kd;Diu
jkpoh;fspd; gz;ghL kpfg; goikahdJ. ek; jkpo; nkhop vd;W Njhd;wpaJ
vdf; fhyj;ij tFf;fKbahj njhd;ikia cilaJ vd;W rhd;Nwhh;fshy;
$wg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. Mdhy; mjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; KOikahff; fpilf;fg;
ngwtpy;iy. jkpoh;fspd; njhd;ikiaAk; gz;ghl;ilAk; mwpa cjTk; rhd;Wfshf
,Ug;git fy;ntl;Lf;fSk;> nrg;NgLfSk; mfo;thuha;r;rpap;y fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l njhy;
nghUs;fSk;> ,yf;fpaq;fSk; MFk;. ,yf;fpaq;fis;f nfhz;L jkpoh;fspd;
gz;ghLk; ehfhpfKk; mwpag;gLfpwJ. mfo;thuha;r;rpapy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l
njhy;nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L jkpohpd; gz;ghl;il mwpaKbAk; vd gy;NtW Ma;Tfs;
elj;jg;ngWfpd;wd. njhy;nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L jkpoh;fspd; gz;ghl;il Muha;tNj
,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
njhy;ypay;
fhjiyAk; tPuj;ijAk; ,U fz;fshff; nfhz;L tho;e;jth;fs; jkpoh;fs;.
jkpo;ehl;by; njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj;Jiw 300-f;F Nkw;gl;l eLfw;fis tlhh;fhL>
jUkGhp khtl;lq;fspy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhdit ,d;Wk;
topghl;by; cs;sJ.
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; mfoha;tpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l ehzaq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lfs;
,tw;iwj; jdpj;jdpahff; nfhz;L ek; gz;ghl;il mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbahJ.
midj;ijAk; xUq;fpizj;J nray;gl;lhy;jhd; KOikngWk;. gue;Jgl;l Ma;it
xJf;fp ,th;fs; fy;ntl;lha;thsh;> tuyhw;W Ma;thsh;> njhy;ypayhsh; vdg; gphpj;Jg;
ghh;g;gij jtph;ff; Ntz;Lk;.
jkpofj;jpy; ,uz;L tifahd mUq;fhl;rpafq;fs; cz;L.
mfo; itg;gfk; (mfo;e;J itg;gJ) - njhy;ypay; Jiw


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mUq;fhl;rpafk; - mhpag; nghUs;fis itf;Fk; ,lk; (tuyhW> mwptpay; fye;J

,Ue;jy;)
mfoha;T nra;jg; nghUs;fs; 13 mfo; itg;gfj;jpy; cz;L. jUkGhpapy;
eLfy; mfo;itg;gfk;> njhy;khe;jh; mfo;itg;gfk; - G+z;b> RLkz; nghk;ikfs; -
NfhaKj;J}h;> ,uhruhrd; mUq;fhl;rpak; - jQ;ir> jf^h; tuyhw;Wg; Nguit vd;w
mikg;ig ,q;Fs;s Mrphpah;fs; cUthf;fp ,q;F fpilf;Fk; nghUs;fis ,q;F
nfhz;Lte;J Nrh;j;jhh;fs;. gy Mz;LfSf;Fg;gpd; njhy;ypay; Jiwf;F
nfhLj;Jtpl;lhh;fs;.
fy;ntl;Lfs;
,e;jpahtpy; fpilj;j fy;ntl;Lfspy; mjpfk; jkpo; nkhopapy;jhd; fpilj;jJ
jkpo; nkhopapy;jhd;. ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs;> rhrdk;> jdk;> jhdk; ,tw;iw fy;ypy;
vOjpitj;J ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. Vndd;why; fhyq;fhykhf epiyngw;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjw;fhf fy;ypy; vOjpdhh;fs;. nrg;Gj; jfLfspYk;> jhkpuj; jfLfspYk;
vOjpapUf;fpd;whh;fs;. ,tw;wpd; %yk; ek; Kd;Ndhh;fspd; tho;tpaiy mwpe;Jnfhs;s
Kbfpd;wJ. cz;ikahd tuyhw;iw kPl;Lf; nfhLf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w ed; Nehf;fj;Jld;
njhy;ypay; Jiw nray;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. “njhO kPl;Lg;gl;lhd;” vd;W fy;ntl;by;
,Uf;fpwJ. ,jd; nghUs; Mepiu kPl;f nrd;wNghJ ,we;jhd; vd;gjhFk;.
fy;ntl;Lfspd; Nehf;fNk nra;jpfs; kf;fis nrd;W NruNtz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
G+yhd;Fwpr;rpf; fy;ntl;L jkpo; kuGg;gb vOj;Jf;fs; cs;sd. fy;ntl;Lfs;
ngUk;ghYk; Mtzq;fis gjpT nra;tjhf cs;sJ. Mtzq;fisf; fy;ypYk;
nrk;gpYk; vOjpapUf;fpwhh;fs;. ‘,uh[fPak;’> ‘[hdghjk;’ vd Mtzq;fs;
,Utifg;gLk;. ‘,uh[fPak;’ vd;gJ murd;> mikr;rh;fs; nra;Jnfhs;Sk;
MtzkhFk;. ‘[hdghjk;’ vd;gJ nghJkf;fs; vOjpf;nfhs;Sk; MtzkhFk;.
‘rhrdk;’ vd;gJ Xh; murd; mspf;Fk; epyf;nfhil my;yJ nghUs;jhdk; nfhLg;gJ
gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;sg;gLtJ MFk;. ‘n[agj;uk;’ vd;gJ ePjpKiwiag; gw;wp
tpsf;FtjhFk;. ‘Mf;Qhgj;uk;’ vd;gJ murhq;f mjpfhhpfSf;F mspf;Fk; Miziaf;
Fwpg;gjhFk;. ‘gpuf;Qhgj;uk;’ vd;gJ muR toq;Fk; rYiffis Fwpg;gjhFk;. ,t;thW
ekJ gz;ghl;ilAk; gof;ftof;fq;fisAk; fy;ypYk;> nrg;Gg;gl;ilaj;jpYk; vOjpr;
nrd;Ws;shh;fs;. ,jd;%yk; mf;fhy tho;f;if Kiwia ehk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s
Kbfpd;wJ.
1882 - ,y; cj;jpuNk&h; fy;ntl;by; FlNthiy gwpj;Jf; nfhs;thUk;> fiu
gwpj;Jf;nfhs;thUk;. fiu vd;gJ vy;iyiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.
nfhLkzy; mfoha;T
rq;f fhyj;ijf; fhy tiuaiw nra;a nfhLkzy; mfoha;Tfs; gy
rhd;Wfisj; je;Js;sjhfTk; ,g;gFjp kf;fs; njhopy;Jiwapy; Kd;Ndwp ,Ue;jhh;fs;
vd;gijAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tpjkhf nfhLkzy; mfoha;T jpfo;fpd;wJ vd ,e;E}ypd;
gjpg;ghrphpah; jp.=.=jh; mth;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. <NuhL khtl;lk; ngUe;Jiw tl;lk;
neha;ayhw;wpd; tlfiuapy; neha;ay; fhtphp Mw;wpd; JizahW MFk;. nerTj;
njhopypy; Gfo;ngw;w nrd;dpkiyf;F Nkw;fpy; nfhLkzy; gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy;
iftpidj; njhopYf;Fg; Gfo;ngw;w Ch; vd;gjid nfhLkzy; mfoha;tpd; top
njhpe;J nfhs;sKbfpd;wJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Gfo;ngw;w rq;fg; Gyth;fshfpa fgpyUk;> mhprpy;fpohUk; nfhLkzypd; rpwg;Gg;

gw;wpg; ghbAs;shh;fs;. gjpw;Wg;gj;jpy; 4 ,lq;fspy; ,t;T+iug; gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. “nfhLkzk; gl;ltpid khz; ed;fyk;” (gjpw;Wg;gj;J 67)
vd;W fgpyh; ghbAs;shh;. nfhLkzypy; nra;ag;gl;l mofpa fy;kzpfisg; gw;wpa
nra;jpfis ,d;W mwpaKbfpd;wJ. jkpoh;fs; goq;fhyj;jpNyNa gz;ghl;L
ehfhpfj;jpy; kpfr; rpwe;J tpsq;fpapUf;fpwhh;fs; vd;gjid mfo;thuha;r;rp rhd;W
gfh;fpd;wd. nfhq;Fr; Nrhof; fy;ntl;Lfspy; nts;sY}h; vd miof;fg;ngWk; Chpy;
xg;gpypNkL vd;nwhU NkL cs;sJ vd;Wk; mk;Nkl;by; nrq;fhtpghid XL> Kw;fhyr;
nrq;fhtpg; ghid XL> fUQ;rptg;G ghid XL Mfpait Nkw;gug;gha;tpy;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd vd;W nfhLkzy; Ma;thsh;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.
nts;sY}h; vdg;gLk; Chpy; %d;WKiw (1842> 1891> 1932) Nuhkhdpaf; fhRfs;
Gijayhff; fpilj;jd vd;Wk; mit nghd;> nts;sp Mfpa cNyhfq;fshy;
fpilj;jJ vd;Wk; fp.K.Kjy; E}w;whz;bypUe;J fp.gp.4 – Mk; E}w;whz;Ltiu
ntspaplg;ngw;wit vd;Wk;> gj;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l nghd; mzpfyd;fs;> #Jgts
kzpfs; (Carnelian Beads) Mfpait mfo;e;njLf;fg;gl;ld vd;w nra;jpfs; E}ypy;
,lk; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. ,t;tha;tpd; top jkpoh;fs; fp.K.Kjyhk; E}w;whz;bNyNa
rpwe;j Ntiyg;ghLila nghd; eiffis mzpe;jpUf;fpwhh;fs; vd;Wk; gts kzpfis
mzpaf;$ba ehfhpfg; gz;ghl;bid cilath;fshfj; jkpoh;fs;
jpfo;e;jpUf;fpd;whh;fs; vd;gij ,t;tha;Tfs; top mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
jkpoh;fspd; gz;ghl;il nfhLkzy; mfoha;tpy; gz;ghl;Lf; fyq;fs; vd;w
epiyapy; Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;fpf; $wpAs;shh;fs; fy;ntl;lha;thsh;fs;.
Kjy; gz;ghl;Lf; fhyk;
Kjy; gz;ghl;Lf; fhykhf fp.K. 300 fp.gp.100 ,e;j Kjyhk; gz;ghl;Lf; fhyk;
mfoha;Tf; Fopapd; fPo;kl;lj;jpy; cs;s 3-tJ kz;zLf;fpy; ruhrhpahf 30 nr.kP.
jbg;gpy; kz;zLf;F Fopfs; cs;sJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,Uk;ig cUf;f gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
ciyapd; gFjpfs; kw;Wk; ,Uk;G rpl;lq;fs; Nghd;wit fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,tw;Wld; ,Uk;G ths;> ,Uk;gpyhd mk;G Kidfs; Nghd;w MAjq;fSk; nrg;G
cNyhfj;jhy; Md tbj;jl;bd; gFjpAk; Nrfhpf;fgl;Ls;sd. ,uz;L GwKk; ntl;Lk;
tpspk;igf; nfhz;l NfhlhhpAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f MAjkhFk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy;
Neh;j;jpahfTk; gsgsg;ghfTk; nra;ag;gl;l kl;fyq;fis gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. mjpy;
jkpo; gpuhkp fPwy; vOj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpypUe;J mf;fhy jkpoh;fs;
,Uk;gpd; gad;ghl;ilAk; vOj;jwpTk; ngw;wpUf;fpwhh;fs; vd;gjid mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
nfhLkzy; Ma;tpd; topahf jkpo; kf;fs; ,Uk;G Mzpfs;> ,Uk;ghy;
nra;ag;gl;l nghUis Mz;bUf;fpwhh;fs;. fw;fshy; Md fy;kzpfisAk;> rq;F
tiyay;fisAk; mzpe;jpUf;fpd;whh;fs; vd;w gz;ghl;Lr; nra;jpfs; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
,uz;lhtJ gz;ghl;Lf; fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; tPl;bd; jiug;gFjpapy; fspkz; kw;Wk;
nfhuk;G kz;izf; nfhz;L fye;j nfl;bg;gLj;jp jiug;gFjp mikf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ
njhpatUfpd;wJ. ,e;epiy fpuhkq;fspy; nghq;fy; tpohtpw;F thrypy; Nfhyk;
NghLtjw;F jpl;lhzp vd;w mikg;gpy; ,d;Wk; nkYfpf; NfhykpLtijf; fhzyhk;.
nrhwnrhwg;ghd rptg;G epw kl;fyq;fSk; rptg;G tz;z G+r;R G+rg;gl;l
jbj;j kl;fyq;fSk; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,f;fhyj;jpy; jhdpaq;fs; Nrkpj;J


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
itf;f gad;gLj;jg;gl;l “jhdpaf;Fop” xd;Wk; fpilj;Js;sJ. vdNt ,f;fhy kf;fs;

tptrhaj;jpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpapUf;fpd;whh;fs;> $iu Nta;e;j tPLfspy;
tho;e;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. ,e;j Ma;Tfspd; mbggilapy; jkpoh; gz;ghL kpfj;
njhd;ikahdJ vd;gij mwpaKbfpd;wJ. fPwy; FwpaPL kw;Wk; jkpo;g; gpuhkp
vOj;Jf;fs; nghwpj;j kl;fyq;fspd; XLfSk;> $iuapd; XLfSk;> vYk;G> fy;kzpfs;>
RLkz; nghUl;fs; fpilj;Js;sJ. ,tw;wpypUe;J goe;jkpo; kf;fs; $iu Nta;e;j
tPLfspy; tho;e;Js;sdh; vd;gij mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
nfhLkzy; mfoh;atpy; 15 mfoha;Tf; Fopfs; topahf jkpoh;fspd; ehfhpfg;
gz;ghl;il jw;fhyj;jpy; ehk; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy; gy;NtW nghUl;fs;
fpilf;fg; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. fpilf;fg;ngw;w mhpa nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L jkpoh;fspd;
gz;ghl;Lf; fhyj;ij Ma;thsh;g; ngUkf;fs; gFg;gha;T nra;J ,se;jiyKiwfs;
mwpe;Jnfhs;sTk;. jkpoh;fspd; njhd;ikahd gz;ghl;ilg; ghJfhf;fTk; nghpJk;
cioj;Jr; Nrfhpj;Jj; je;Js;shh;fs;. mth;fspd; topapy; njhy;nghUs; gz;ghl;bidf;
fz;Zw;Wg; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;Fk; gzpapidr; nrt;tNd nra;a jkpoh;fshfpa
midtUk; KayNtz;Lk; vd;gNj Muha;r;rpahsh;fspd; tpUg;gkhFk;. J}j;Jf;Fb
khtl;lk; Mjpr;rey;Y}hpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fs; fpwp];J gpwg;gjw;F Kw;gl;l
fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jit vd jw;NghJ cWjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ Rkhh; 3>000
Mz;L goikahdJ vdj; njhpatUfpwJ. Mjpr;rey;Y}h; mfoha;Tg; gzpfs;
KOikahf eilngwtpy;iy. ,q;Nf fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l ,uz;L nghUs;fs; fhh;gd;
ghpNrhjid nra;jjpy; xU nghUs; fp.K.905-Mk; Mz;ilr; Nrh;e;jJ. kw;nwhd;W
fp.K.791 – Mk; Mz;ilr; Nrh;e;jJ. ,jpypUe;J jkpoh; ehfhpfk; Rkhh; 3>000
Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;lJ vd;gJ njhpfpwJ. ,jid cyfk; KOtJk; thOk;
jkpoh;fs; r%f Clfq;fs; topahf nfhz;lhb tUfpd;wdh;.
KbTiu
,Jtiu 25 ,lq;fspy; mfo;thuha;r;rp eilngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ. ,it midj;Jk;
KOikahd Muha;r;rpahf eilngWk; NghJjhd; jkpoh;fspd; gz;ghl;il KOikahf
mwpaKbAk;. jkpoh;fspd; gz;ghl;L ehfhpfk; vj;jid Mz;Lfs; goikahdJ
vd;gjid mfo;thuha;r;rpapd; topjhd; jf;f rhd;WfSld; epWtKbAk;. vdNt
Gije;J fplf;Fk; jkpoh;fspd; ehfhpfj;ij kPl;nlLf;f mfo;thuha;r;rpfs; kpf
Kjd;ik gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd vd;gjpy; rpwpJk; Iakpy;iy vd;gJ ,f;fl;Liuapd; top
mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
ghh;it E}y;fs;
1. =.=jh; - ,.M.g.> njhy;ypay; Jiw> nfhLkzy; mfoha;T.

2. Kidth; ng.mh;j;jehhP];tuh;> fy;ntl;L top gz;ghl;bay;.
3. f.g.mwthzd;> jkpo; rKjha tuyhW.
4. fy;ntl;Lg; gapyuq;fk; (2017)> cyfj; jkpouha;rr
; p epWtdk;> jukzp> nrd;id.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;ypay; fhyf;fzpg;G Kiwfs;

Calculating Methods in Archaeology
KidtH. ,uh. ,e;Jghyh> cjtpg; Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

jpUts;StH fy;Y}hp> ghgehrk; - 627 425.
Abstract
The study deals with a close analysis on the archaeological survey methods to
evaluate the artefacts found in the archaeological sites. The discussion explains about the
types of methods in the estimation of the relics. These methods help exactly in their phases to
know the real facts of the evidences. Hence, the brief study aids to understand the assessing
process of archaeology.
Keywords: Calculation Methods, Archaeology, Civilization
Kd;Diu
kdpj ,dj;jpd; tsHr;rpiaAk;> mjd; gyjug;gl;l ,ay;GfisAk; mwpe;J
nfhs;s njhy;ypay; gad;gLfpwJ. gz;ila kdpjHfspd; ehfhpf tsHr;rp
gbepiyfis tpsf;FfpwJ. kf;fspd; ghuk;ghpa ngUikiaAk;> gz;ghl;ilAk;>
gof;f tof;fq;fisAk; giwrhw;Wtjhf njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; mikfpd;wd.
njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; %yk; fpilf;Fk; rhd;Wfs; ek;gfj; jd;ik nfhz;ldthf
cs;sd. ,t;tha;Tfs; xU ehl;bd; ehfhpf tsHr;rpia> gpw ehl;L ehfhpf
tsHr;rpAld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghHf;f KbfpwJ. tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;s %yjhuhkhf
tpsq;Fk; njhy;ypay; Jiwapy;> mfoha;tpy; fpilf;Fk; ehzaq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lfs;>
gad;gLj;jpa nghUl;fs;> Gij gbtq;fs; ,tw;wpd; taijf; fzf;fpl gyjug;gl;l
fhyf;fzpg;G Kiwfis Ma;thsHfs; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdH. mtw;iwg; gw;wp tphpthf
,f;fl;Liuapy; fhzyhk;.
cj;Njr kjpg;G fhytiuaiw (Relative Dating)
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; gw;wpa nra;jpfis mwpe;J nfhs;s njhy;ypay;
Ma;thsHfshy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vspaKiw ,k;Kiw MFk;. fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l
Guhjdg; nghUs;fspd; tbtk;> mikg;G> msT> tz;zk; Nghd;wit ,e;j Kiwapy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l mk;rq;fspy; xj;jpUf;Fk; Guhjdg;nghUl;fs;
xd;whfj; jpul;lg;gLfpd;wd. xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l fUtpfs;
kw;Wk; kl;ghz;lq;fs; xNutpjkhd jd;ikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,t;thW xNu tpjkhd
jd;ikfisf; nfhz;l Guhjdg; nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l my;yJ
Njhz;b vLf;fg;gl;l Guhjdg; nghUl;fspd; fhyj;ijf; fzpf;fyhk;.
Xhplj;jpy; eilngWk; mfoha;tpy; gytifahd kl;fyd;fs;> fhRfs;>
vOj;Jf;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l XLfs;> rpw;gq;fs; Kjypait fpilf;Fnkd;why; mtw;iw
cj;Njr kjpg;G Kiwapy; fhytiuaiw nra;ayhk;. cjhuzkhf XH Ma;Tf;
Fopapy; vl;L kz;zLf;Ffs; ,Ug;gjhf itj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. ,tw;Ws; KjyhtJ


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
kz;zLf;fpy; tp[aefu murHfspd; fhRfSk;> Ie;jhtJ kz;zLf;fpy; gy;ytHfsJ

fhRfSk; fpilg;gjhf itj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk; mg;gbnad;why; KjyhtjpypUe;J
Ie;jhtJ tiuAs;s kz;zLf;fspd; fhyk; Vwj;jho fp.gp. Vohk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J
fp.gp.gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;L tiu vd;W $w KbAk;. ,J Nghd;W Ie;jhtJ
kz;zLf;fpw;F fPohf cs;s kz;zLf;Ffs; fp.gp.Vohk; E}w;whz;Lf;F Kw;gl;lit
vd;gJk; njspthFk;.
,Nj Nghd;W xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk; rpw;gq;fs; me;je;j fhyf;
fiyg;ghzpapy; nra;ag;gl;bUg;gJ midtUk; mwpe;j xd;W. ,e;j rpw;gq;fs;
kz;zLf;fspy; fpilj;jhy; fiyg;ghzpia mbg;gilahf itj;Nj mr;rpw;gq;fspd;
fhyj;ij kz;zLf;FfSf;F toq;fyhk;. ,Nj NghyNt RLkz; cUtq;fs;> Mil
myq;fhuk; Kjypat;wiwf; nfhz;Lk; fhyj;ijf; fzf;fplyhk;.
fhHgd; - 14 my;yJ NubNah fhHgd;Kiw (Radio active C-14 dating)
mfoha;tpy; fpilf;Fk; kuj;Jz;Lfs;> fhpj;Jz;Lfs;> vYk;Gfs;> rhk;gy;
Kjypatw;wpYs;s fhpj;jd;ikia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fhyepHzak; nra;tNj
fhHgd;-14 KiwahFk;. njhy;ypay; Jiwapy; gad;gLk; Kf;fpa njhopy;El;gkhf
,jidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. rpf;fhNfh efiur; NrHe;j tpy;yh;l; ypgp (Willard Libby)
vd;gtH ,e;j fhyf;fzpg;G Kiwia 1949-y; cUthf;fpdhH. ,e;j Ma;Tf;fhf
mtUf;F 1960-k; Mz;L Nehgy; ghpR toq;fg;gl;lJ.
vy;yh capH tho;tdtw;wpYk; fhp vd;Dk; jdpkk; epiwe;Js;sJ. cly;
tsHr;rpf;F ,d;wpaikahj nghUshf miktJ fhpahFk;. jhtuq;fspYk;>
tpyq;FfspYk; xUGwk; gioa fhp mZf;fs; ntspNawpf; nfhz;bUf;f kWGwk; Gjpa
fhp mZf;fs; Eioe;j tz;zk; cs;sd. ,it fhw;wpypUe;J fhHgz;il Mf;i]L
thAit cs;thq;Ffpd;wd. mjpy; fhpia (Carbon) jd; trg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L
mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; Mf;rp[id ntspNaw;Wfpd;wd. ,e;j jhtuq;fis tpyq;FfSk;
kdpjHfSk; cl;nfhs;sNt mtw;wpd; clypYk; fhpaZf;fs; NrHfpd;wd. ,it
caphpfspd; tsH;rrpf;F cWJizahf cs;sd.
tspkz;lyj;jpYs;s fhHgd; il Mf;i]L thAtpy; C-12> C-13> C-14 Mfpa
%d;W fhp mZf;fs; ,Uf;;fpd;wd. ,ay;gpy; fhp C-12 tif mZf;fshy; MdJ.
tspkz;lyj;jpd; caH mLf;FfspYs;s iel;lu[d; mZf;fs; kPJ mz;lf;fjpHfs;
(Cosmic rays) NkhJtjhy; C-14 mZf;fs; cUthfpd;wd. rw;Nw epiw $ba ,e;j
fhp mZf;fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; Fiwthf ,Ue;jhYk;> caphpdq;fspd; clypy;
Eioe;JtpLfpd;wd. ,e;j mZf;fs; fjphpaf;fj;jd;ik (radio activity) ngw;wjhf
cs;sJ. ,it rpijAk; NghJ gpd;Ndw;wj;Jfs;fs; ntspg;gLfpd;wd. C-14
mZf;fs; ek; cly; jpRtpYk; ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gjhy; ehKk; xUtifapy; fjphpaf;fk;
nfhz;ltHfNs MFk;.
xU jhtuNkh> caphpNah kbAk; NghJ mtw;Ws; cl;nfhs;sg;gLk; fhpapd;
msT Kw;wpYk; jilgLfpwJ. mjhtJ fhHgd; mZf;fspd; EioT epd;WNghfpwJ.
mit fhyg;Nghf;fpy; kpd;Ndw;wk; nfhz;l Jfs;fis ntspapl;L ,ay;ghd fhHgd;-12
tif mZf;fshf khWfpd;wd. ,ij rpijTWk; Ntfj;ij miu – MAs; (Half
life) vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH. mjhtJ xU nghUspd; fjphpaf;fk; mjd; njhlf;f


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
epiyapypUe;jijf; fhl;bYk; ghjpahff; Fiwtjw;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; fhyj;ij

miu MAs; vd;W miof;fpd;wdH.
fhHgd; 14 mZf;fspd; miu MAs; fhyk; 5568 Mz;Lfs; vd;W
kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ 5568 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G xU kuk; tPoj;jg;glbUe;jhy;
mjpypUe;J ntspg;gLk; fjphpaf;fj;jpd; msT ,d;W ntl;lg;gLk; kuj;jpypUe;J
ntspahFk; fjphpaf;fj;jpd; mstpy; rhpghjpahf ,Uf;Fk;. fjphpaf;fj;jhy;
ntspg;gLk; Jfs;fis vz;Ztjw;F iffH v;zzp (Geiger counter) vd;w fUtp
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
tpy;yHl; ypgp fz;L gpbj;j ,e;j C-14 fhyf; fzpg;G Kiw njhy;ypay;
Jiwapy; xU Gul;rpia Vw;gLj;jp tpl;lJ. kf;fpg;Nghd kuk;> vhpe;J fhpahd kuk;>
kf;fpg; Nghfhky; ,Uf;Fk; vYk;G epyf;fhp> Njhy;nghUl;fs;> Jzpj;Jz;Lfs;> Nuhkk;
Nghd;witfSk; C-14 fhyf;fzpg;gpw;F cfe;jitfshf cs;sd. ,e;jg; nghUl;fs;
ftdkhfr; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;L Ntjpay; Nrhjidr; rhiyapy; vhpf;fg;gl;L mjpypUe;J
tUk; fhHgdpd; msitAk;> mjd; fjphpaf;fr; nray;ghl;ilAk; mstpl;L mjd; fhyk;
fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,k;Kiwapy; fzpf;fg;gLk; nghUs;fspd; fhyk; 320 Mz;Lfs;
$LjyhfNth my;yJ FiwthfNth ,Uf;f ,lKz;L.
C-14 topKiwapy; Guhjdg; nghUl;fspd; fhyj;ijf; fzpf;Fk; trjpfs;
mnkhpf;fhtpy; ngd;rpy;Ntdpah gy;fiyf;fofj;jpYk;> ,q;fpyhe;jpy; mUq;fhl;rp
Nrhjidr; rhiyapYk; cs;sd. ,e;jpahtpy; Kk;igapYs;s lhlh mbg;gil Ma;T
epWtdk; yf;Ndhtpy; cs;s gPHghy; rhdp (Birbal Sahni) epWtdk;> mfkjhghj;jpYs;s
,aw;gpay; Nrhjidr; rhiy Mfpa ,lq;fspy; C-14 Kiwiag; gad;gLj;Jk;
trjpfisg; ngw;Ws;sd.
fhe;jtpay; fzpg;G Kiw
fw;fs; kw;Wk; fspkz; nghUl;fspy; mike;Js;s fhe;jrf;jpapd; mbg;gilapy;
,e;j Kiw mike;Js;sJ. G+kpf;Fs; Gije;jpUf;Fk; fw;fs;> fspkz; mLf;Ffs;
Kjypatw;Ws; ,Uk;G Mf;irL (Iron Oxide) vd;w jhJ cs;sJ. ,J fhe;j
rf;jpia ngw;Ws;sJ. nrq;fw;R+isfSk;> mLg;GfSk; rpy rkaq;fspy; fhe;jrf;jp
cilajhf cs;sd. ,tw;wpYs;s fhe;jrf;jpia mwpe;J tiuglk;
jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j fhe;jrf;jpiaAk; G+kpapy; ,aw;ifahf cs;s fhe;j
rf;jpiaAk; xg;gpl;Lg; ghHj;J fhyj;ij fzpf;f KbfpwJ.
,e;j fhe;j rf;jp Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F cl;gl;l
nrq;fw;fs;> R+isfs; mLg;Gfs; Mfpatw;wpd; fhyj;ijf; fzpf;f KbAk;. gpuhd;];
ehl;ilr; NrHe;j nry;ypaH vd;gtH ,e;j Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jpdhH. ,q;fpyhe;jpy;
Ff;> mal;nfd; Mfpa Ma;thsHfs; ,e;j Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jpdH.
njHNkh Y}kpdpnrd;]; Kiw
,J ,aw;gpay; rhHe;j ntg;g xsp ckpo; fhyf; fzpg;G Kiw vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy; mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiw
MFk;. mfoha;tpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gLk; kl;ghz;lq;fspd; fhyj;ijf; fzf;fpl
,e;jKiw gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;j njHNkh Y}kpdpnrd;]; Kiw 1953-y; Nldpay;];>
gha;l;> rhz;lH]; MfpNahuhy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. gpd;dH nfd;db> ehg;
MfpNahH ,e;j Kiwia rpykhw;wq;fSld; gad;gLj;jpdhHfs;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
kl;fyd;fis xUFwpg;gpl;l msTf;F mjpfkhfr; R+lhf;Fk;NghJ mtw;wpypUe;J

njHNkh Ykpdpnrd;]; vd;w xsp ntspg;gLk;. ,jd; msitf; fz;lwpe;J fhyj;ijf;
fzpg;gJ jhd; ,e;j Kiwapd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;.
fspkz;izg; gad;gLj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;s kz;ghz;lq;fspy; vyf;l;uhd; vd;w
mZf;fs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; jhdhfr; NrHe;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j vyf;l;uhd;fs;
mlq;fpa kz;ghz;lq;fis 3600 nrd;bfpNul; msTf;F R+Nlw;w Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ
mtw;wpypUe;J nky;ypa ePyepwKila xsp xd;W ntspg;gLk;. ,e;j xsp Neubahf
fz;Zf;Fg;Gyg;lhJ. vdNt rf;jp tha;e;j epow;glf; fUtp %yk; fz;lwpe;J xspapd;
msT fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j xspapd; mjpf msT my;yJ Fiwe;j msitf;
nfhz;L fhyj;ijf; fzf;fplyhk;. kpfTk; goikahd ghz;lq;fspypUe;J mjpf
xspAk;> mz;ikf;fhy ghz;lq;fspypUe;J Fiwthd xspAk;> mz;ikf;fhy
ghz;lq;fspypUe;J Fiwthd xspAk; cUthFk;. ,e;j Kiwapy; kl;ghz;lq;fs;
nrq;fw;fs;> RLnrk;kz; nghUl;fs; Mfpait Ma;Tf;F vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
Ntjpapay; gFj;jha;T fzpg;G Kiw
C-14 fhyf; fzpg;GKiw %yk; vOgjhapuk; Mz;LfSf;Fl;gl;l nghUl;fs;
njhlHghd fhyf;fzpg;G kl;LNk nra;aKbAk;. Mdhy; Ntjpay; gFj;jha;T
Kiwapy; mf;fhy vy;iyf;Fk; Nkw;g;ll ; Guhjdg; nghUl;fspd; fhyj;ijAk; fzpf;f
KbAk;.
,we;j kz;NzhL kz;zhfptpl;l tpyq;F kw;Wk; kdpjHfspd; vYk;Gfspy;
GNshhpd; vd;w cNyhfk; rhuh Ntjpaw; nghUs; mjpfhpf;fpwJ. epyj;jb ePhpy;
mikAk; GNshhpdpd; mstpd; mbg;gilapy; vYk;Gj;Jz;Lfs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
GNshhpdpd; msT mikfpwJ. kz;Zf;fbapy; vYk;Gj;Jz;Lfs; vt;tsT fhyk;
Gije;J fplf;fpd;wdNth mjw;Nfw;g GNshhpd; msT mjpfkhf cs;sJ. Ntjpay;
gFj;jha;T %yk; f;znlLf;fg;gl;l vYk;Gj; Jz;Lfspy; cwpQ;rg;gl;Ls;s GNshhpd;
msT kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; %yk; mjpfkhd GNshhpd; cs;s vYk;Gfs;
fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpait vd;W fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.
,NjNghy Guhjd vYk;Gj; Jz;Lfspy; nghjpe;Js;s iel;u[d; msitf;
nfhz;Lk; fhyf; fzpg;igf; nra;ayhk;. NkYk; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l vYk;Gj;
Jz;Lfspy; nghjpe;Js;s ,Uk;G kw;Wk; gh];gu]; Mfpatw;iw Ntjpaw; gFg;gha;T
nra;tjd; %yk; fhyf;fzpg;G nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
nghl;lhrpak; MHfhd; fhyf;fzpg;G Kiw
Gtpapay; rhHe;j fhyj;ijf; fzf;fpl ,J gad;gLfpwJ. kiy> ghiw
Mfpatw;wpy; nghl;lhrpak; vd;w urhadg; nghUs; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;.
nghl;lhrpaj;jpYs;s NubNah Mf;bt; IrNlhg; (K-40) MdJ fhyk; Nghf;fpy; MHfd;-
40 vdg;gLk; Mtpahf khwpf;nfhz;Nl tUk;. ,e;j nghl;lhrpak; xU Fwpg;gpl;l
fhyj;jpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l msT Mtpahf khWk; vd;W fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;
mbg;gilapy; Spectra Meter vd;w fUtpiag; gad;gLj;jp xU ghiwapy; vt;tsT
nghl;lhrpak; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; MHfhd; Mtpahf khwp cs;sJ vd;gij fz;Lgpbj;J
me;jg;ghiw ve;jf; fhyj;ijr; NrHe;jJ vd;W fzf;fpLtJ tof;fkhFk;. nghJthf
,e;jKiwapy; fhyf;fzpg;G nra;tJ Gtpapay; Ma;Tf;F kl;LNk nghUj;jkhf


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
cs;sJ. kz;zLf;Fs;> mUk;nghUl;fspy; fhyj;ij ,k;Kiw %yk; Jy;ypakhff;

fzf;fpl KbahJ.
vhpkiy rhk;gy; gbtf; fzf;fPl;L Kiw
vhpkiy gPwpl;L ntbj;Jr; rpjWk; NghJ yhth vd;w vhpkiyf; Fok;Gld;
njg;uh vd;w xUtifahd rhk;gYk; ntspg;gLk;. ,e;jr;rhk;gy; G+kpapYk;> fl;blq;fs;>
tay;ntspfs; Mfpatw;wpYk; gbAk;. ,tw;iwf; fz;Lgpbj;J mwptpay; Kiwpay;
Ma;T nra;J fhyj;ijf; fzf;fpLtNj ,e;j Kiwapd; mk;rkhFk;. ,jd; %yk;
kz;zLf;fs; kw;Wk; fl;bl ,bghLfspd; fhyj;ijf; fzf;fplyhk;. vhpkiyfs;
,y;yhj ,lj;jpy; ,e;j Ma;T Kiwia nray;gLj;j KbahJ. I];yhe;jpy;
S.Njhuha;d;ird; vd;gtH kf;fs; tho;e;J kiwe;j gFjpfspy; elj;jg;gl;l
mfoha;Tfspy; Vuhskhd njg;uh rhk;gy; gbtq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. ,jid ,tH
Ma;T nra;J mq;F tho;e;j kf;fspd; fhyj;ijAk;> kz;zLf;Ffspd; fhyj;ijAk;
tiuaiw nra;J cyfpw;Fj; njhptpj;jhH.
kutisaf; fhyf; fzpg;G Kiw
gz;;ilf;fhy kuq;fspy; cs;s mjd; FWf;F ntl;by; fhzg;gLk;
tisaq;fisf; fz;lwpe;J mtw;iw ed;whff; fhyk; njhpe;j kuj;jpd;
tisaq;fNshL xg;gPL nra;J Ke;jpa kuq;fspd; fhyj;ijf; fzf;fPL nra;tNj
kutisaf; fzf;fPL KiwahFk;. ,J Mq;fpyj;jpy; Dendro Chronology vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; ,e;j Kiw %yk; fle;j %thapuk; Mz;LfSf;F
cl;gl;l kug;nghUl;fspd; fhyj;ij kl;LNk fzf;fpl KbAk;.
xNu kuj;jz;bd; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wj;ijg; ghHj;jhy; mjpy; nghJikak;
nfhz;l tisaq;fs; (rings) gy ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. jhtuj;jpd; tsHr;rpapy;
xt;nthU Mz;Lk; xU Gjpa tisak; Njhd;WfpwJ. ,t;tisaq;fis
vz;zpg;ghHj;J XL kuj;jpd; taijf; $wptpl KbAk;. ,e;j tisaq;fSf;F xU
Fwpg;gpl;l gUkd; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j gUkd; tisaq;fSf;F tisak; rw;W
NtWgLfpwJ. <ukhd tre;jfhyk; jbkdhd tisaj;ijAk;> c\;zkhd
Nfhilfhyk; nky;ypa tisaj;ijAk; cUthf;Ffpd;wd. mjhtJ xt;nthU
Mz;Lk; epyTk; jl;gntg;g epyf;F Vw;g kutisaq;fspd; gUkd; mikfpwJ. ,e;j
gz;Ng kutisaq;fspd; mlHj;jpapy; thdpiyj; jfty; gjpthfpapUg;gij mwpa
cjTfpwJ.
,k;Kiwapy; kuq;fspd; MAl;fhyj;ij Jy;ypakhff; fzpf;fKbfpwJ.
fhyj;ijf; fzpg;gjw;F kl;Lky;yhky; xU ,lj;jpy; epytpa gz;ilf;fhy jl;gntg;g
epiyia mwptjw;Fk; ,e;j Kiw gad;gLfpwJ. njhy;ypay; Ma;thsHfSf;F ,e;j
jfty; kpfTk; gadspg;gjhf cs;sJ.
kuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tisaq;fisf; nfhz;L fhyj;ijf; fzpf;f ,aYk;
vd;gij rhHy]; gNg[; vd;w fzpjtpay; mwpQH 1837-y; cyfpw;F mwptp;j;jhH.
fzpg;nghwpapd; je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gLgtUk; ,tNu MthH. kutisaf;
fhyf;fzpg;ig NkYk; nrOikg;gLj;j cUthf;fp 1929-y; cyfpw;F czHj;jpatH
lf;y]; vd;w mnkhpf;f thdpay; mwpQH MthH.
fypNghHdpahtpYs;s nts;isf;fphp gFjpapy; kpfg; goikahd Crp,iy
kuq;fs; Vuhskhf cs;sd. kutisaf; fhyf;fzpg;G nfhz;L mq;F ,d;Wk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
kbahky; ,Uf;Fk; xU kuj;ijr; Nrhjidapl;lNghJ mjd; taJ 4600 Mz;Lfs;

vd;W njhpate;jJ. NkYk; fhHgd;-14 fzpg;G Kiwapd; ek;gfj; jd;ikiar;
rhpghHf;fTk; ,e;j kutisaf; fhyf;fzpg;G Kiw cjtpahf cs;sJ.
kfue;jj;J}s; fzpg;G Kiw
goq;fhy kuq;fspypUe;J tpOe;j kfue;jg; nghbfis mbg;gilahf itj;J
fhyj;ijf; fzf;fpLtNj ,e;j Kiwapd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;. kfue;jg; nghbapd;
cjtpahy; fhyj;ijf; fzpf;f KbAk; vd;W Kjd; Kjypy; 1916-y; czHj;jpf;
fhl;bath NydhH thd;Ngh]; vd;w mwpQH MthH.
jhtuq;fs; midj;JNk jl;gntg;g epiy khWjy;fSf;Nfw;g khw;wq;fSf;F
cs;shFk; jd;ikAilait MFk;. mt;thW Vw;gL; khw;wq;fs; mtw;wpd;
kfue;jj;J}s; khw;wj;jpw;Fk; fhuzkhf cs;sJ. mkpyq;fs; kw;Wk; <ukhd
epyg;gug;Gfspy; mit ghJfhg;Gld; ,Uf;Fk;. INuhg;ghtpy; fhw;Nwhl;l kpy;yhj
fspkz;zhyhd G+kpapy; kfue;jj;J}s; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ. mfoha;T nra;Ak; NghJ
kz;zLf;Ffspy; kl;fpg; Nghd kuk; nrbfspd; jpRf;fSld; kfue;jg; nghbfSk;
fpilf;fg; ngwyhk;. mtw;iw Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; %yk; ghpNrhjid nra;Ak;NghJ ve;j
tifiar; rhHe;j kuj;jpd; kfue;jg; nghbfs; vd;gijf; fz;lwpa KbAk;. gpd;dH
mtw;wpd; fhyj;ij mNj ,d kuj;ijr; rhHe;j ed;F fhyk; njhpe;j
kfue;jg;nghbfSld; xg;gpl;L fhyj;ijf; fzpf;f KbAk;.
Mdhy; kfue;jJ}s; Ma;tpd; %yk; fhyj;ij Jy;ypakhff; fz;Lgpbf;f
KbahJ. mJ xU cj;Njrf; fzpg;ghfNt mikAk;. NkYk; mfoha;Tfspy;
kfue;jg; nghbfis vspjpy; fz;Lgpbf;f Kbtjpy;iy. mg;gb fz;Lgpbf;fgl;lhYk;
mtw;iw kpfTk; ghJfhg;ghf itj;jhy; jhd; Ma;T nra;a trjpahf ,Uf;Fk;.
njhy;ypapH gbk kfue;jq;fisg; gw;wp uhgHl; nghNlhdp vd;gtH Ma;T nra;J gy
KbTfis ntspapl;Ls;shH. Nuh[HTl; `T]; vd;gtUk; ,e;j kfue;jJ}s; Ma;tpy;
<Lgl;Ls;shH. 1944-y; ];tPldpy; cs;s ];lhf; N`hk; efhpy; kfue;jj;J}s;
Ma;Tf;$lk; epWtg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Ma;Tf;$lj;jpy; kfue;jj; J}s; Ma;tpd;
mbg;gilapy; gyjhtu ,dq;fs; fz;lwpag;gl;ld.
xyp mjpHTf; fhyf;fzpg;G Kiw
xspapy; Vw;gLk; mjpHtpid Ma;T nra;Ak; Kiw mjpHtha;T vdg;gLk;.
,jidg; gad;gLj;jpAk; njhy;ypay; Ma;thsHfs; fhyf;fzpg;G nra;a KbAk;. ,e;j
Kiwia ];ngr;l;> ngHf; MfpNahH gad;gLj;jp topfhl;bAs;sdH. fhyj;jpd;
jd;ikf;F Vw;g vYk;Gj; Jz;Lfspy; xyp mjpHT FiwfpwJ vd;w cz;ikapd;
mbg;gilapy; ,e;j fhyf;fzpg;G nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
,d;W cs;s vYk;Gj;Jz;by; Vw;gLk; xyp miyfspd; tpiriatpl IE}W
Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l vYk;Gj;Jz;L kPJ Vw;gLk; xyp miyfspd; tpirghjpahf
,Uf;Fk;. Iahapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l vYk;Gj;Jz;bd; kPJ Vw;gLk; xypapd;
tpir fhy;gq;Fjhd; ,Uf;Fk;. ,k;Kiwapdhy; cj;Njrkhd fhyf; fz;ffPL jhd;
nra;aKbAk;.
Mg;rpbad; gbtfzpg;G Kiw
Mg;rpbad; vd;gJ ghiwf;fw;fspy; fhzg;gLk; xU tifahd jhJg;nghUshFk;.
,J <ug;gjj;ij cwpQ;Rk; jd;ikAilajhfTk; vspjpy; mope;J Nghfhj


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jd;ikAilaJkhf cs;sJ> xU Fwpg;gpl;l <uj;ij cwpQ;rp gbtq;fshf fy;ypy;

gbAk;. ,e;jg; gbTfisf; fzf;fpl;L fhyj;ijf; fzpg;gNj ,e;j Kiwapd; rpwg;G
mk;rkhFk;.
fw;fhy kdpjHfs; iff;Nfhlhhp Nghd;w MAjq;fisr; nra;tjw;fhf
%yf;fy;ypypUe;J Njitaw;witfis cilj;J vLj;Jtpl;L vQ;rpAs;stw;iw rPH
nra;J fUtpfshfg; gad;gLj;jpdH. ,t;thW nra;ag;gl;l fw;fUtpapd; gug;gpy; cs;s
Mg;brpad; jhJ <uj;jd;ikia cwpQ;rp gbtq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,e;j gbtq;fis
fzf;fpl;L me;jf; fUtp vg;NghJ nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;gijf; $w KbAk;. Mdhy; ,e;j
Kiwapid Mg;rpbad; jhJ ,y;yhj ghiwfspy; gad;gLj;j KbahJ.
KbTiu
NkNy $wg;gl;Ls;s gy;NtW fhyf;fzpg;G topKiwfs; ntt;NtW
R+o;epiyfSf;Nfw;g gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. njhy;ypay; Ma;tpy; fhyf;fzpg;G
kpfTk; KffpakhdjhFk;. nghUl;fspd; fhyj;ij njhpe;J nfhs;stpy;iy vd;why;
tuyhw;iw KOikahf mwpa KbahJ. mNj Nghy; fhyf;fzpg;G ,y;iynad;why;
njhy;ypay; Ma;Tk gadw;wjhfptpLk;.
Jiz E}y;fs;
1. Nguhrphpah;N[. jh;kuh[;> lhf;lh; j. vgpN[k;];> fy;ntl;bay;> nld;rp

gg;spNf\d;];> rptfhrp> Ie;jhk; gjpg;G – 2014.
2. Kidth;. Rg;GuhaY> jkpo;f; fy;ntl;baYk; mjd; tuyhWk;> jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;
fofk;> jQ;rhT+h;> Kjw;gjpg;G - 2001.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;ypay; nka;g;gpf;Fk; G+k;Gfhu;

Poombukar as revealed by Archaeology
Kidtu; g. ,uhjh> cjtpg; Nguhrpupau;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

v];.b.vd;.gp. kfspu; itztf; fy;Y}up> nrd;id - 600044.
Abstract
Two thousand years ago ‘PoogarNagaram’ left an indelible marble in the field of sea
trade and it was specified in ancient literature elaborately. Such resourceful Nagaram was
submerged in the sea due to a natural disaster and this claim was proven by archaeological
department. Tamil clan is a prishne and the ancient one. According to Archaeology
department, Tamil is the first and fore most clan in the world and it is comprechensive to
accept that ‘PoogarNagaram’ is an ancient city in the world. The paper discloses the facts
related to the evidences of Archaeology.
Keywords: Poombukar, Archaeology, Tamil Culture
2000-k; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ghfNtjkpou; ehfupfj;jpYk; fly; thzpfj;jpYk;

rpwg;Gw;Wtpsq;fpa‘Gfhh; efuk; jkpo;r; nrt;tpyf;fpaq;fspy; kpFjpahfg; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd.
mj;jF rpwg;G tha;e;j Gfhu; efuk; ,aw;ifapd; rPw;wj;jhy;; fly; ePUf;Fs;;
%o;fbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij mfoha;Tfspd; mbg;gilapYk;> flyha;Tfspd;
thapyhfTk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ,d;W ‘fy;Njhd;wp kz; Njhd;wh fhyj;Nj thnshLKd;
Njhd;wpa %j;jf;Fb ek; jkpo;f;Fb’ vd;gijj; njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; topj; jpul;lg;gLk;
rhd;Wfs; ep&gpj;J tUfpd;wd. ,e;epiyapy; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Gfhh;
efupd; rpwg;Gk;> mikg;Gk; jw;fhy njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfspd; thapyhf nka;g;gpf;fg;gl;L
tUfpd;w nra;jpfs; <z;L Ma;Tf;Fl; gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
fhtpupg; g+k;gl;bdk; (g+k;Gfhu;)
goe;jkpofj;jpy; Nrhou;fspd; jiyefukhfTk; Kf;fpaj; JiwKfq;fspy;
xd;whfTk; jpfo;e;j Cu; fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdk; MFk;. ,jid “g+k;Gfhu;>
fhtpupg;g+k;gl;bdk;> fhfe;jp> rk;ghgjp> gy;Gfo;%J}u;> kz;zfj;J thd;gjp>
Nrhog;gl;bdk;> fNgup]; vk;Nghupak;> Nfhyg;gl;bdk;” vdTk; gy;NtWngau;fshy;
1
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nrt;tpyf;fpaq;fshd gl;bdg;ghiy> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy

Nghd;w ,yf;fpaq;fs; g+k;Gfhu; efupd; rpwg;igAk; Ml;rp rpwg;igAk; vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wd.
“G+k;Gfhupy; 1910-Mk; Mz;L KjNy Ma;Tg;gzpfs; njhlq;fg;gl;ld. 1963-64k;
Mz;by; kj;jpa njhy;ypay; Jiwiar; rhu;e;jtu;fSk; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofg;
Nguhrpupau; lhf;lu;.Nf.tp. ,uhkd; mtu;fs; Nkw;ghu;itapYk; mfoha;Tg; gzpfs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.”2 mjdbg;gilapy; “,q;Nf fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s Gj;jtpfhuk;>
ePu;j;Njf;fk;> Kd;Jiw> Nrhog; ngUkd;du;fs; ntspapl;lfhRfs;> NuhkhGupiar;
Nru;e;jehzaq;fs;> ghidXLfs; Nghd;w ,d;dgpwnty;yhk; fhtpupg;g+k;gl;bdj;jpd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhd;ikiaAk;> fPuj ; ;jpkpF Nkd;ikiaAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd”3 vd;gij njhy;ypay;

Ma;thsh; fUj;Jfs; top mwpayhk;.
JiwKfk;
G+k;Gfhu; JiwKfj;jpy; mofpa ehtha;fSk;> Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjpg; gz;lq;fspd;
Ftpay;fSk;> may; ehl;bypUe;J te;jpwq;fpa FjpiufSk; fhzg;gl;ld vd;Wk;>
gynkhopfs; NgRk; kf;fSk; mq;F ,Ue;jdu; vd;gij fbaY}u; cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhu;
moFwg; ghbAs;shu;. fz;Zf;fpdpa Gfhu; JiwKfj;jpy; Mbf;nfhz;Nl epd;w
kuf;fyq;fspd; $k;gpd; Nky; fl;lg;gl;bUe;j nfhbfs; mire;J nfhz;bUe;jd
vd;gij>
“jPk;Gfhu;j; jpiuKd;Diwj;
J}q;Fehtha; Jtd;wpUf;if
kpir $k;gpd; mirnfhbAk;” (gl;bdg;ghiy> 173-175)
vd;w thpfs; czh;j;j> “flw;fiuapypUe;J Nkw;fpy; cs;s fPioAupy; rpwpa glFfis
epWj;jp> ruf;Ffis ,wf;Fkjp Vw;Wkjp nra;tjw;fhd rpwpa Kd; Jiw (Brick-jetty)
xd;W fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jr; Rtupy; mq;Fkpq;Fk; kuf;fk;gq;fs;
4
nghUj;jg;gl;bUg;gJ ed;F njupfpd;wJ.” vd;w njhy;ypashsh; fUj;J glFj;Jiw
,Ue;jij nka;g;gpf;fpwJ. NkYk;> kuf;fyq;fspy; te;j gz;lq;fs; fiuapy;
,wf;fg;gl;ld. epyj;jpypUe;J nfhz;L tug;gl;l gz;lq;fs; fyq;fspy; Vw;wg;gl;ld.
msg;gupa ,g;gz;lq;fspd; kPJ ,yr;rpid ,LNthu; Nrhokd;ddpd; Gyp
,yr;rpidiag; gjpj;jdu; vd;gij>
“ePupdpd;Wepyj;Njw;wTk;
epyj;jpdpd;WePu;g;gug;gTk;
mse;jwpahg; gygz;lk;
typAilty;yzq;fpNdhd;
Gypnghwpj;Jg; Gwk;Nghf;fp” (gl;lbdg;ghiy:129-135)
,t;tW Gfhu; JiwKfj;jpy; gz;lkhw;W epfo;e;jijg; gl;bdg;ghiyapd; thapyhf
mwpayhk;. mjw;F Mjhukhf mfoha;Tfspd; thapyhff; fpilf;Fk; nghUl;fspy;
,JNghd;w ,yr;rpidg; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
G+k;Gfhupd; rpwg;G
flypy; kuf;fyj;Nj te;j FjpiufSk;> epyj;jpypUe;J tz;bfspy; te;j
fupakpsFg; nghjpfSk;> NkUtpNy gpwe;j khzpf;fkzpAk;> nghd;Dk;> FlFkiyapw;
gpwe;j re;jdKk;> mfpy; kuKk;> njd;jpirf;flypy; gpwe;j Kj;Jk;> fPo;j;
jpirf;flypy; gpwe;j gtsKk;> fq;ifahw;wpy; gpwe;j nghUs;fSk;> <oj;Nj Njhd;wpa
nghUs;fSk;> flhuj;Jg; nghUs;fSk; ,d;dgpw mupangupa nghUs;fSk; Ftpe;Jf;
fplf;Fk; njUtpidAilaJ Gfhu; efuk; vd;gij>
“ePupd; te;jepkpu;gupg; GutpAk;
fhypd; te;jfUq;fwp %l;ilAk;
…mupaTk; ngupaTk; neupa<z;b
tse;jiykaq;fpaede;jiykWfpd;”
vDk; gl;bdg;ghiyapd; tupfspd; %yk; Gfhu; efuj;Jr; rpwg;gpidAk;> thzpgk;
rpwg;Gw;W ,Ue;jijAk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ,j;Jizr; rpwg;GkpFg; Gfhupd; Jiw xl;ba


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gFjpfspy; gyehLfSf;Fk; nrd;W mk;nkhopfis vy;yhk; NgRfpd;w gpwehl;L tzpfu;

kfpo;e;J ciwe;jdu; vd;gijAk; (gl;bdg;ghiy. 216-219) tupfs; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd.
G+k;Gfhupd; flw;fiu Xuk; thzpgj;jpd; nghUl;Lr; Nrhdfu;> rPdu;> rhtfu; Kjypa
gyehl;lhUk; tpLjpfis mikj;Jf; nfhz;L tho;e;jdu;. mtu;fSld; cs;ehl;L
kf;fSk; fye;J cwthbdu;. ,Ujpwj;jhUk; kdnkhj;J tho;f;if elj;jpdu;. ngsj;j>
rkz> itjpf rkakf;fSk; gz;ilj; jkpoNuhL mikjpAila tho;f;ifia tho;e;J
te;jdu; vd;gjw;Fr; Nrhodpd; nrq;Nfhw; rpwg;Ng fhuzkhFk;. ,d;W Mo;fly;
Ma;Tfspd; thapyhf Gj;j gbkq;fs; fpilf;fg;ngWtJ ,jw;Fr; rhd;whFk;.
G+k;Gfhupd; Mw;WKfk;
G+k;Gfhupd; Mw;WKfk; rpwg;ghd njhopy;El;gj;Jld; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ
vd;gij GwehD}W njspthff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. ngUk;ghYk;> Mw;WKfk; vd;gJ
fly;Jiwiaf; fhl;bYk; MoKk; mfyKk; Fiwthdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt flypy;
te;j ngUq;fyk; Mw;W Kfj;jpy; GFk;NghJ fyj;jpd; tpiuthYk;> ghuj;jhYk;
jiujl;Lk;. mjdhy; fyj;jpd; NkNy $k;nghL tpupf;fg;gl;l ghapidf; fisjYk;
fyj;jpy; Vw;wp te;j nghUl;fspd; ghuj;ijf; Fiwj;jYk; nra;tu;. Mdhy; ,t;thW
nra;ahky; G+k;Gfhu; Mw;WKfk; MoKk; mfyKk; kpFe;jpUe;jJ. vdNt ngUk;
kuf;fyq;fs; tpiuthf ghuj;Jld; nry;Yk; NghJ jiujl;lhJ nry;Yk; mstpw;Fj;
njhopy; El;gj;jpy; rpwe;jtu;fshf tpsq;fpdu; vd;gijAk;> kuf;fyq;fs;
fiuNahuj;jpw;Nf tuf;$ba jd;ik cilaJ vd;gij>
“………………$k;nghL
kPg;gha; fisahJ>kpirg;guk; Njhz;lhJ>
Gfhmu;g; GFe;jngUq;fyk; jfhmu;
,ilg;Gy; ngUtopr; nrhupAk;” (Gwk;.30: 11-14)
GwehD}w;wpd; thapyhf mwpaKbfpd;wJ. NkYk;> jd;dhl;L kuf;fyq;fSk;>
may;ehl;bdiuAk; ,utpy; jpirkhwpr; nrd;W tplhky; jLf;f fyq;fiu tpsf;fKk;
mikj;jpUe;jdu; vd;gij rpyg;gjpfhuk; “,yq;FePu; tiug;gpd; fyq;fiu tpsf;fKk;”
(6:41) vd;gjd; thapyhf njhopy; El;gmwpT ngw;wtu;fshfj; jpfo;e;Js;sdu; vd;gij
mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
VupFsk;
fupfhyd; fhtpupahw;iw xOq;FgLj;jpaNjhL my;yhky; gyFsq;fisg;
Gjpadthf Njhw;wk; ngwr; nra;aTk;> Nfhtpy;fisAk;> Nfhl;ilf; nfhj;jsq;fisAk;
Mq;fhq;Nf mikj;Js;shd; vd;gij>
“fhLnfhd;Wehlhf;fpf;
Fsk; njhl;L tsk; ngUf;fpg;
gpwe;Fepiykhlj;Jcwe;ijNghf;fpf;
NfhapnyhLFbepwP,
thapnyhLGioaikj;J
Qhapy; njhWk; GijepwP,g;” (gl;bdg;ghiy: 83-288)
gfu;fpd;wJ. NkYk;> fhtpup flNyhL fyf;Fk; ,lkhfpa rq;fKfj; Jiwapy;
mike;jpUe;j nea;jyq;fhdy; vd;w Nrhiyapy; fhkNts; Nfhl;lk; ,Ue;jJ vd;gij
(gl;.35-38) vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. me;jf; fhkNts; Nfhl;lj;Jld; ,ize;jdthfr;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
NrhkFz;lk;> #upaFz;lk; vd;Dk; ngaUila ,uz;L jPu;j;jq;fs; ,Ue;jd vd;gij

rpyg;gjpfhuk; 9: 59-60 tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. ,it ,uz;Lk; jPu;j;jq;fs; vd;Nw
mbahu;fF ; ey;yhUk; jkJ ciuapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
fly;Nfhs;
kzpNkfiy tQ;rpkhefupy; rkaf; fzf;fu;fsplk; gy;NtW rkanewpfisf;
Nfl;lwpe;J nfhz;bUe;j fhyj;jpy; Gfhu; efuk; flyhy; cl;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
(,d;iwa fhyj;jpy; Rdhkp vd;fpNwhk;.) mg;NghJ ngsj;jJwtp mwtzmbfs;>
ngsj;jJwtwk; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j khjtp KjyhNdhu; jg;gpg;gpioj;J> fhQ;rpGuk; te;J
Nru;e;jdu; vd;gij>
“khefu; fly;nfhsmwtzubfSk; jhaUk; Mq;Ftpl;L
,wthJ ,g;gjpg; GFe;jJNfl;lJk;” kzpNkfiy: 80-81
vd;w tupfspd; thapyhf fly;Nfhs; Fwpj;j nra;jp ,lk; ngw;Ws;sij
mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf fly; mfoha;Tfspd; thapyhf ehfupfj;jpy; rpwe;j
ehfupfkhf Gfhu; efuk; ,Ue;jjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; fz;nlLf;fg; gl;LtUfpd;wd.
Xtpak;
G+k;Gfhu; gl;bdj;Jr; Nrhou; muz;kidapy; ntspg;Gwj;Jr; Rtu;fspd; kPJ
Xtpaq;fs; jPl;lg;gl;bUe;jd vd;Wk;> mjd; topNa rhiyapy; nrd;w Nju;fshy; NrWk;
J}rpAk; me;j Xtpaq;fspd; kPJ gbe;jpUe;jd. ,jdhy; ntz;ikepw muz;kidr;
Rtu;fs; rhk;gypy; Guz;l Mz; ahid Nghd;W Njhd;wpaJ vd;W Xtpaj;jpd; rpwg;igg;
gl;bdg;ghiy $Wfpd;wJ.
“NjNuhlj; Jfs;nfOkp
ePuhbafspWNghy
NtWgl;ltpidNahtj;J
ntz;Nfhapy; kh#l;Lk;” (gl;bdg;ghiy. 47-50)
NkYk;> kzpNkfiyapy; RL kz;zhy; fl;lg;gl;ltPLfspd; ntspg;Gwj;jpy;
G+rg;gl;lntz; Rijapy; Xtpaq;fs; tiuag;gl;bUe;jd. ,tw;wpy; thdtu; Kjypa
gy;tif capu;fspd; cUtq;fs; Xtpakhfj; jPl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ. mjid mt;topNa
nry;Yk; kf;fs; fz;L kfpo;e;jdu; vd;gij>
“tk;gkhf;fs; fk;giy %J}u;r;
RLkz; Xq;fpaneLepiykidnjhWk;
ikaWgbtj;Jthdtu; Kjyh
vt;tifcapu;fSk; ctkq; fhl;b
ntz;Rijtpsf;fj;Jtpj;jfu; ,aw;wpa
fz;ftu; Xtpaq; fz;Lepw; FeUk;” (kzp. 3:126-131)
kzpNkfiyf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpd; thapyhf>njhy; jkpo; kf;fs; jk; cs;sf;
fUj;ij ,yf;fpaq;fspd; thapyhfTk;> jk; vz;zq;fis Xtpaq;fspd; (rpj;jpuk;)
thapyhfTk; ntspg;gLj;jpdu;. ,jidj; njhy;nghUs; Ma;TfshYk; ,yf;fpar;
rhd;Wfspd; thapyhfTk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mbf;Fwpg;G
1. g.M.Kidtu; f.mUs;nkhop>g+k;Gfhu; Mo;fly; mfo;itg;gff; ifNaL> g.2
2. g.M.Kidtu; f.mUs;nkhop>g+k;Gfhu; Mo;fly; mfo;itg;gff; ifNaL> g.7
3. Nf.tp.,uhkd;>njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;> g.25
4. Nf.tp.,uhkd;>njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;> g.23


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
eLfy; topghl;L Kiwapy; tho;tpay; gjpTfs;

Social Life Registration from Stonehenge Worship
Kidth; it.,uhkuh[ ghz;bad;> Nguhrphpah; kw;Wk; Gyj;jiyth;>

f.fUg;grhkp> Kidth;gl;l Ma;thsh;> jkpopaw;Gyk;> ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaj;Jiw>
kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf;fofk;> kJiu - 21
Abstract
The article focuses that anthropologists are the first to know the oldest living
standards. In the field of humanity, the culture, liturgical methods rituals ought to be done in
the original idea to extract evidences. Tamil people are a classic set of people who had the
tradition of Stonehenge worship. They erected stones for the brave and chivalrous men. That
shows the social life of the Tamil people. Moreover their tradition, and cultural rituals are
understood through authentic evidences. Hence the study gives informations from the
culverts.
Keywords: Social Life, Registration, Stonehenge Worship
Kd;Diu
,e;jpahtpy; kf;fs; vg;gb tho;e;jhh;fs; vd;gijf; fz;lwpe;J nfhs;s
njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; nghpJk; Jiz Ghpfpd;wd. kdpjd; GtpAyfpy; Njhd;wpa fhyk;
Kjy; ,d;W tiu tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;s njhy;ypay; cjTfpwJ.
njhy;ypaYf;Fk;> tuyhw;Wf;Fk; gz;ilj; jkpoh;fspd; gz;ghL> ehfhpfk;> tPuk;>
ngUik> Gfo;> Kd;Ndw;wk;> ghpzhk tsh;r;rpg; ghij Nghd;wtw;iw mwpe;J
nfhs;tjpy; mjpf xw;Wik cs;sJ. me;j tifapy; eLfy; topghlhdJ
kf;fspilNa tho;tpay; gjpTfshf cs;sijf; fhZk; tifapy; ,f;fl;Liu
mikfpwJ
eLfy; tof;fk;
njhy;fhg;gpah; eLfy; tof;fj;ij>
“fhl;rp fhy;Nfhs; ePh;g;gil eLfy;
rPh;j;jF rpwg;gpd; ngUk;gil tho;j;jy; vd;W
,U%d;W kugpy; fy;nyhL Gzu”1 (njhy;.nghUs;.,sk;.63)
vd;Dk; E}w;ghtpy; $Wfpwhh;. NkYk;> giftNu! vd;Dila jiyth; Kd; vjph;j;J
epw;fhjPhf
; s;> vd;Dila jiyth; Kd; vjph;j;J epd;W fy; tbtha; gyh; epd;Ws;sij>
“vd;I epy;yd;kpd; njt;tph; gyh;vd;I
Kd;epd;W fy;epd; wth;”2 (Fws;.771)
vd;w Fws; %yk; eLfy; itf;Fk; tof;fj;ijj; jpUts;Sth; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
eLfy; vOg;gf; fhuzk;,


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“eLfw;fs; nghJthf murDf;fhfg; Nghh; nra;J caph; ePj;jth;fSf;F

vOg;gl;Ls;sd. FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy Nghd;w epyq;fspy; eLfw;fs; mjpfk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;gFjpapd; ,ilNa tho;e;j kf;fs; gphpnjhU FOitr; Nrh;e;j
kf;fspd; fhy;eilfisf; fth;e;J nrd;wdh;. mtw;iw kPl;gjw;F Vw;gl;l G+ry;fspy;
caph; ePj;j tPuh;fSf;F eLfy; vLj;jdh;. ,jid Mepiu fth;jy;> Mepiu kPl;ly; vd
,yf;fpaq;fs; etpy;fpd;wd. nfhba tpyq;NfhL Nghuhb caph; ePj;jth;fSf;Fk; eLfy;
vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tPuh;fSf;F NjtNyhf kfspuhy; tuNtw;fg;gl;L mioj;Jr;
nry;yg;gLk; rpw;gq;fs; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd”3 vd;W jp.kNdhd;kzp mth;fs; eLfy;
vLf;Fk; fhuzj;ijf; $Wfpwhh;.
eLfy; topghL
“G+ ehd;F> czT ehd;F> Fb ehd;F vd;W gl;bay; ,l;Lf; fhl;Lk; eLfy;
topghl;il>
“xd;dhj; njt;th; Kd;dpd;W tpyq;fp
xspWVe;J kUg;gpy; fspWvwpe;J tPo;e;njdf;
fy;Ny gutpd; my;yJ>
ney; cFj;Jg; guTk; flTSk; ,yNt” (Gwg;ghly;.335: 9-12)
vd;Dk; ghly; %yk; tpsf;Ffpwhh;. ney; cFj;Jg; gutj;jf;f flTshf eLfy; xd;iw
kl;LNk fhl;Lfpwhh; khq;Fb kUjdhh;. ,jd; %yk; rq;ffhyj;J kf;fs; eLfy;iyj;
nja;tkhf topgl;Ls;sdh;”4 vd;W Nt.kfhNjtd;; $Wfpd;whh;.
“,we;j tPuDila ngUikia czh;j;Jk; tifapy; mtDf;F eLfy; el;L
topghL nra;Ak; KiwAk;> Nghhpy; tPukuzk; mile;j kd;dDf;F eLfy; el;L
mjidr; Rw;wp kjpy; mikj;Jf; Nfhapy; topghL nra;fpd;w KiwAk; Mfpa ,UNtW
Kiwfs; ,Ue;jd vd;Wk;> mtw;Ws; kd;dDf;F Nfhapy; ‘ngUk;gilf; Nfhl;lk;”5
vd;W toq;fg;gl;lJ vd;W kapiy rPdp Ntq;flrhkp $Wfpd;whh;.
eLfy;yhdJ nrq;Fj;jhf elg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mjpy; Xh; cUtk;
nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nghhpy; khz;l tPuidg; gw;wp ,f;fy;ypy; Fwpg;G cs;sJ.
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; tPudpd; ngah;> mtd; tPo;j;jg;gl;l R+oy; Nghd;wit mf;fy;ypy;
nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. eLfy;ypd; kPJ kapy; Njhif khiyNghy R+lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
xt;nthU eLfy;ypd; Kd;Gk; Nty; Cd;wp mt;Ntypd; Nky; Nflag; gyif
rhh;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. tPuDk; NtYk; NflaKkhff; fhl;rp jUk; ,t;tplkhdJ>
Nghh;f;fsf;fhl;rp Nghy; gak; juf;$bajhf cs;sij>
“el;l NghYk; elhm neLq;fy;
Mfyplk; Fapd;w gy;ngah; kz;zp
eWtpiu kQ;rs; <h;k;Gwk; nghypa
mk;Gnfhz;L mWj;j Mh;ehh; chpitapd;” (mfk;.269: 7-10)
vd;Dk; mfehD}w;Wg; ghly; top mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
rhd;Nwhh;f;F eLfy;
tPuKk;> ts;sz;ikAk;> mUNshLk; gyh;f;F epoyhf epd;W cyfk; Nghw;Wk;
tifapy; tho;e;jth; Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhod;. mth; tlf;fpUe;J caph; ePj;jhh;. ,JNghd;W
caph; Jwe;j rhd;Nwhh;fSf;F eLfy; itf;fpd;w tof;fk; ,Ue;Js;sij>
“gyh;f;F epoyhfp cyfkPf; $wpj;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jiyg;Ngh fd;ikapy; rpWtop klq;fp

epiyngW eLfy; Mfpaf; fz;Zk;
,lk; nfhLj;J mspg;g” (Gwk;.223: 2-4)
vd;Dk; ghlypd; %yk; fhzKbfpwJ.
rpw;wurh; gw;wpa Fwpg;G
Nghhpy; tPukuzk; mile;J eLfy;yhfptpl;l nghpa ts;sYk;> rpw;wurDkhfpa
mjpakhd; neLkhd; mQ;rpia>
“,y;yh fpaNuh fhiy khiy
my;yh fpah;ahd; thOk; ehNs
eLfy; gPyp R+l;b ehuhp
rpWfyj; JcFg;gTk; nfhs;td; nfhy;Nyh!” (Gwk;.232: 2-4)
vd;Dk; ghly; %yk;> mjpakhd; ,y;yhj fhiyAk;> khiyAk; vdf;F ,y;iy ahFf!
vd; tho; ehSk; KbAk;!. mtdJ eLfy;ypy; kapy; gPypia R+l;b> ehuhy; mhpj;J
tbfl;lg; ngw;w kJitr; rpwpa fyj;jpy; Cw;wp> mtdJ eLfy;ypd; Kd;G itj;jhy;>
mij mtd; vLj;Jg; gUFthNdh?> khl;lhNdh? vd;fpwhh; xsitahh;. ,jd; %yk;
eLfy;ypd; Kd;G kJ Nghd;w nghUs;fis itj;J gilf;Fk; kuG ,Ue;Js;sij
mwpa KbfpwJ.
kf;fspd; ek;gpf;iffs;
“eLfy;iy topgLfpd;w tof;fj;jpd; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; tsh;r;rpia mwpa
,df;FO kf;fsplk; ,Ue;J gz;ghl;L ek;gpf;iffis njhpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ.
,df;FO kf;fspilNa ,we;jth;fspd; Md;kh> rf;jp gw;wpa ek;gpf;iffs; ,Ue;jd.
,j;jifa ek;gpf;if jkpofj;jpy; kl;Lky;yhJ cyf ehLfspYk; ,Ue;Js;sjhf
Ma;thsh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;. ,we;jth;fspd; Md;khtpw;F Mw;wy; mjpfk; cs;sjhy;>
Mf;f rf;jpfshfTk;> mopf;Fk; rf;jpfshfTk; gad;gLk;. mjw;Fr; rlq;Ffs;>
topghLfs;> rhe;jpfs; Mfpad nra;jhy; kfpo;e;J> Mw;wiy mspf;Fk;> vjphpfSld;
Nghhpl cjTk;> ML> khLfisg; ghJfhf;Fk;> tay;fspy; tpisr;ry;fs;
mjpfg;gLj;Jk; vd;W kf;fs; ek;gpf;if itj;Js;sdh;” vd;W jp.Rg;gpukzpad;
6
$Wfpwhh;.
gilay; topghl;L Kiw
eLfy;iy topgLtjw;F mjpy; khw;Nwhiffisr; R+b Jbia mbj;J>
ney;yhf;fpa fs;NshL nrk;kwpf; Fl;biag; gyp nfhLj;Js;sij>
“ey;mkh;f; fle;j ehZil kwth;
ngaUk; gPLk; vOjp> mjh;njhWk;
gPyp R+l;ba gpwq;Fepiy eLfy;” (mfk;.67: 8-10)
vd;Dk; ghly; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ. NkYk;>
“eLfy; gPyp R+l;b> Jbg;gLj;J>
Njhg;gpf; fs;NshL J&cg;gyp nfhLf;Fk;” (mfk;.35: 8-9)
vd;Dk; ghlyhdJ eLfy;ypd; topghL gw;wp vLj;jpak;GfpwJ.
rpw;W}hpd; mUfhikapYs;s eLfy;yhdJ jpde;NjhWk; khRglhj ePuhy; J}a;ik
nra;ag;gl;L> mjpfhiyg; nghOjpy; gyp czT gilf;fg;gLfpwJ. nea; tpsf;F


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Vw;wg;gLfpwJ. me;nea; tpsf;fpd; Gif> Nkff; $l;lk Nghy; NknyOe;J njU

nty;yhk; eWkzk; tPRfpwJ.
“,y;mL fs;spd; rpy;Fbr; rpW}h;g;
GileL fy;ypd; ehl;gyp Cl;b>
ed;dPh; Ml;b> nea;e;eiwf; nfhsP,a
kq;Fy; khg;Gif kWFld; fkOk;” (Gwk;.329: 2-4)
vd;Dk; ghly; %yk;> Nfhapy;fspy; flTs; rpiyia ePuhl;b> nea;tpsf;F Vw;wp>
czT gilf;Fk; tof;fk;> mf;fhy eLfy; topghl;bypNyNa njhlf;fk; ngw;W
tpl;lij fz;lwpa KbfpwJ. ngz;zhdts; ehSk; jtwhJ eLfy;iyf; ifahy;
njhOJ topgl;Ls;sij>
“mhpJcz; $ty; mq;Fbr; rPW}h;
xypnkd; $e;jy; xs;Ejy; mhpit
eLfy; ifnjhOJ guTk; xbahJ” (Gwk;.306: 2-4)
vd;Dk; ghly; %yk; njhpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
r%f epiyg; Nghf;F
tPud; Nghhpy; tPukuzk; mile;J eLfy;yhfp Mfptpl;ljhy;> tPuDila
kidtpahdts;> mzpfyd;fisAk;> $e;jiyAk; fisj;J nkhl;ilj; jiyAld;
ifk;ik Nehd;G Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sij>
“…………………………..eLfy; Mfpa
nty;Nty; tpliy ,d;ikapy; Gyk;gpf;
nfha;k; kopj; jiynahL ifk;ikAwf; fyq;fpa
fopfy kf^c…” (Gwk;.261: 15-18)
vd;Dk; GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;top mwpa KbfpwJ.
Xahj G+ry;
“gz;ila fhyj;jpy; Ntl;ilj; njhopy;> fhy;eilfis tsh;g;gJ Kf;fpaj;
njhopyhf ,Ue;jJ. kf;fs; jq;fSila fhy;eilfis kpfg;nghpa nrhj;jhff;
fUjpdh;. ,jdhy; fhy;eilfisf; fth;tjpYk;> kPl;gjpYk; mjPjf; ftdk; nrYj;jpdh;.
fhy;eilfSf;Fj; Njitahd ,aw;ifr; R+oy; epiwe;j rkntspg; gug;Gfs;
jq;fSila fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Ff; fPo; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W G+ry;fs; Vw;gl;ld.
,j;jifag; Nghh; Kiwfisj; njhy;fhg;gpak;> GwehD}W> Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy
Nghd;w E}y;fs; jpizfshf tifg;gLj;jpf; $wpAs;sd”7 vd;W jp.Rg;gpukzpad;
$Wfpwhh;.
ahid xd;W eLfy;iy Ms; vd;W vz;zp Nkhjpajhy; efk; cile;J
tUe;jpaij>
“mj;j eLfy; Ms;vd cijj;j
Fhd ahidf; fJtha; ts;Sfph;
,Uk;gid ,jf;ifapd; xbAk; Mq;fz;” (mfk;.365> 4-6)
vd;Dk; ghly; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
ghiy epyj;jpy; Mz; eha;> ngz; ehAld; eLfy;ypd; gpk;g epoypy;
jq;fpAs;sij>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“vOj;Jil eLfy; ,d;epoy; tjpAk;

mUQ;Ruf; ftiy” (mfk;.53> 11-12)
epoypd; ‘mUik ntapypy; njhpAk;’ vd;Dk; gonkhopf; Nfw;g> ghiy epyj;jpy;
eLfy;ypd; epoy; ,dpikahf ,Ue;jij Nkw;fz;l mbapd; %yk; czuyhk;.
KbTiu
gz;ila fhyj;jpy; Nghhpy; tPukuzk; mile;j tPuh;fSf;Fk;>
ngUQ;nrayhw;wy; Ghpe;j kd;dh;fSf;Fk; eLfy; vLf;fg;gl;lJ. eLfy; tof;fk;> eLfy;
vOg;gf;fhuzk;> rpw;wrh;fs; gw;wp Fwpg;G> gilay; topghl;L Kiw> eLfy; kPJs;s
kf;fspd; ek;gpf;iffs; Nghd;wtw;iw rq;f ,yf;fpaf; ghly;fspd; top mwpa
KbfpwJ.
Kjd;ik E}y;
1. jkpoz;zy;> rq;f ,yf;fpa kf;fs; gjpg;G thpir> NfhtpY}h; klhyak;>

NfhtpY}h;> Kjw;gjpg;G-nrg;lk;gh;-2004
Jizik E}y;fs;
1 jkpoz;zy;> njhy;fg;gpak; (%yKk; fUj;JiuAk;)> kPdhl;rp Gj;jf epiyak;>

kJiu. Ie;jhk; gjpg;G-Mf];l; 2017.
2 ,uh.neLQ;nropad;> jpUf;Fws; njspTiu> ehtyh; neLQ;nropas; fy;tp
mwf;fl;lis> nrd;id. Ie;jhk; gjpg;G-2011.
3 jp.kNdhd;kzp> njhy;ypay;> epA+ nrQ;rhp Gf; `T];> mk;gj;J}h;> nrd;id.
Kjw;gjpg;G -Mf];l;> 2010. gf;.159.
4 Nt.kfhNjtd;> fy;ntl;Lj; Njd;Jspfs;> Nrfh; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id. Kjw;gjpg;G-
2009. gf;.106.
5 kapiy rPdp Ntq;flrhkp> rq;ffhyj; jkpoh; tuyhw;wpy; rpy nra;jpfs;> g.119.
6 jp.Rg;gpukzpad;> jkpofj; njhy;ypaYk; tuyhWk;> epA+ nrQ;rhp Gf; `T];>
mk;gj;J}h;> nrd;id. Kjw;gjpg;G -Nk> 2009. gf;.162.
7 jp.Rg;gpukzpad;> jkpofj; njhy;ypaYk; tuyhWk;> epA+ nrQ;rhp Gf; `T];>
mk;gj;J}h;> nrd;id. Kjw;gjpg;G -Nk> 2009. gf;.142.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; jkpoh; njhy;khdpltpay;

Tamil Classical Society in Sangam Literature
m.,uhN[];thp> Kidth; gl;lMa;thsh; (jkpo;)

kNdhd;kzpak; Re;judhh; gy;fiyf; fofk;> jpUney;Ntyp.
Abstract
The article focuses on the facts on classical evidences of the Tamil society through the
resources recorded in the Sangam Literature.The documents show that the society is highly
traditional and ethical. The quqlities of the society are recorded in the classical works such
as “Nattrinai” and “Kurunthokai”. These works were originally got in the palm leaflets and
now available in all forms of technological advancement. The people of the sangam times
gave more importance to moral ethics above all social values.These traits are seen naturally
now in the common personality of the Tamil people. Hence, this study focuses to decipher the
real facts in sangam Literature.
Keywords: Tamils, Tamil Society, Classical antiqueness, Sangam Literature
Kd;Diu
njhy;khdplk; vdf; $wg;gLk; goq;fhyj; jkpo;r; r%fk; jdJ gz;gl;l
gof;ftof;fj;NjhL mwtopapy; tho;jiyNa tho;tpd; Nehf;fkhff; fUjpaJ.
jdpkdpjd;;, FLk;gk;, r%fmikg;G, murpay;, nghUspay;, rkak; vdg; gy epiyfspYk;
mwj;jpw;F Kd;Dupik jug;gl;lJ. NkYk;,nrk;ikahd newpKiwfNs rKjhag;
gz;GfshfTk; ew;gof;ftof;fq;fshfTk; mike;jd. ek; njhd;kf;fs;
ew;gof;fq;fNshL $ba mwg;gz;Gfisf; filgpbj;J tho;e;jdh;. ,e;epiyNa kd;du;,
kf;fs;, mwpQu; Kjypa gyjuj;jpduplKk; cs;Szh;thf CLUtp kf;fs; tho;itg;
nghw;fhyk; Mf;fpaJ.
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; jkpo; ,yf;fpaf; fUj;Jf; fUT+yfq;fs;. mfj;NjNjhd;Wk;
mf czu;r;rpiaAk; Gwj;Nj Njhd;Wk; fhl;rpfisAk; ntspg;gLj;jp epw;Fk;
ee;jhtpsf;Ffs;. ,t;tpyf;fpaq;fs; <uhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; jkpou; tho;e;j
tho;f;if newpapidg; Gyg;gLj;jp epw;Fk; nrhy;Nyhtpaq;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.
mtw;iwf; nfhz;L goe;jkpoupd;; gof;ftof;fq;fisAk; mw tho;f;ifapidAk; mwpa
KbAk;.
goe;jkpoupd;; gof;ftof;fq;fs;
goe;jkpoupd;; gz;gl;l gof;ftof;fq;fs; mth;fSila eil> cil> ek;gpf;if>
gpwg;G> ,wg;Gr; rlq;Ffs;> G+g;Gr; rlq;Ffs;> rkak;> jhyhl;L> xg;ghhp vd midj;Jj;
JiwfspYk; epfo;tijf; fhzyhk;. ,k;Kiwapy; ew;wpizapy; ,uTf; fhtyu;fs;
kzpabj;jy;> fl;Lf;Fwp Nfl;ly;> fhf;iff;FgypapLjy;> ,utpYk; tpUe;JNgzy;>kfspu;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ijePuhly;>kfspu; khiyapy; tpsf;Nfw;Wjy;> japu;g; ghidfspy; tpshk;gok; ,l;L

itj;jy;> rFdk; ghh;j;jy;> gy;yp nrhy; mwpjy;> jhopapypl;Lg; gpzq;fisg; Gijj;jy;
Nghd;w rKjhag; gof;f tof;fq;fs; ew;wpizapy; tputpf; fplg;gijf; fhzyhk;.
,uTf; fhtyu;fs; kzpabj;jy;
rq;ffhyj;jpy; ,uTf; fhtyu;fs; ,utpy; muz;kidapd; Kd;Gw thapy;fisg;
ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L kzpabj;J vr;rupf;if nra;Ak; gof;fKs;sth;fshf ,Ue;jdu
;vd;gij ew;wpiz E}ypy; fhzyhk;.
“fhg;Gilthapy;Nghw;W
X vd;Dk; ahkk; nfhs;gtu; neLehxz;kzp
xd;WVwpghzpapd; ,ul;Lk;” 1
fl;Lf;FwpNfl;ly;
jiytdpd; gpupthy;> jiytpapd; NkdpaoF griy Nehahy; khWglf; fz;l
md;id> ,e;Neha; nja;tj;jhy; Vw;gl;lJ vdj; jtwhff; fUjp> fl;Ltpr;rpaiu
mioj;J> Kwj;jpy; ney;iyg; gug;gp fl;Lf;Fwp Nfl;Fk; gof;fk; mf;fhyj;jpy;
,Ue;Js;sJ.
“ed;Djy; gue;jgriyfz;ld;id
nrk;KJngz;bnuhLney;Kd; epwP,
fl;bw; Nfl;Fkhapd;” 2
fhf;iff;FgypapLjy;
ePz;l tpOJfisf; nfhz;l Mykuj;jpy; ciwAk; flTSf;F mf;fhyj;jpy;
gypAzitg; gilayhf itf;Fk; tof;fk; cs;sJ. mg; gypAzit fhf;iffs;
jpd;wd. ,f;fUj;ij typAWj;Jk; ghly; gpd;tUkhW:
“neLtPo; ,l;lflTs; Myj;J
cFgypmUe;jpa njhFtpuw;fhf;if” 3
gyp jpd;Dk; fUepwf; fhf;if kioahy; eide;J cly; tUe;jpa rkaj;Jk; CndhL
fye;J ,lg;gLfpd;w nghpa Nrhw;iw jpd;df; fUjp fhj;jpUf;Fk; vd;gij ew;wpizg;
ghly; czu;j;Jk;.
,utpYk; tpU e;JNgzy;
,utpy; tpUe;jpdu; te;jhYk; kidtp fztDld; Nru;e;J> kfpo;rr ; pAld;
mtu;fis tuNtw;W> mtu;fSf;F ,iwr;rpapy; epiwa nea;ia tpl;L tpUe;J
gilj;Js;sdu;.
“vy;ypte;jey;ypirtpUe;jpw;F
fpsu; ,iomhpitnea; Joe;Jml;l
tpsh; Cd; mk;Gifvwpe;j new;wp4
my;ypy; MapDk; tpUe;Jthpd; ctf;Fk;
Ky;iyrhd;wfw;gpd; nky;ypay;” 5
kfspu; ij ePuhly;
ij khjj;jpd; tpbaw;fhiyapy; ePuhba ngz;fs; Nehd;G ,Ug;gh;. jhk;
tpUk;gpa Mltidf; fztdhf mila> ,t;thW Nehd;G ,Ug;gij tof;fkhff;
nfhz;Ls;sdh; vd;gij ,g;ghly; thapyhf mwpayhk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“ij,j; jpq;fs; jz;jak; gbAk;

ngUe;Njhl; FWkfs;” 6
kfspu; khiyapy; tpsf;Nfw;Wjy;
khiyf; fhyj;jpy; kfsph; jk;ikr; rPh; nra;J nfhz;L tpsf;Ffis tPLfs;
NjhWk; Vw;wp itf;Fk; gof;fj;ij Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jdh; vd;gij ew;wpizg; ghly;
etpYtijf; fhzyhk;.
“………….. ,dpNahs;
kidkhd; RlnuhLglh;nghOJ vdNt” 7
japu;g; ghidfspy; tpshk;gok; ,l;Litj;jy;
japh;g; ghidapYs;s Kilehw;wk; ePq;Fk; gb mf;fhyj;jpy;> kzk; fkof;
$ba tpshk;goj;ijg; ghidfspy; itf;Fk; gof;fk; cs;stuhf ,Ue;Js;sdh;.
“tpsk;go; fkOk; fkQ;#o; Foprpg;
ghrk; jpd;wNja;fhy; kj;jk;” 8
rFdk; ghh;j;jy;
xUnraiyj; njhlq;Fk; NghJ rFdk; ghh;f;Fk; tof;fk; mf;fhyj;Nj
,Ue;Js;sJ. Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nray; ey;ygbahf KbAk; my;yJ jilgl;L tpLk;
vd;gij Kd;$l;bNa njupe;J nfhs;Sk; gb epfo;tjhf ek;gg;gLk; Xh; mwpFwpahFk;.
,tw;wpy; xd;W tphpr;rpNfl;ly; MFk; xU nraiy Nkw;nfhz;lth; mr;nray; Kl;bd;wp
KbTngWNkh> ,ilapy; jilAWNkh vd;W IAw;W Ch;g;Gwj;jpYs;s Nfhapiy
mile;J ,iwtid topgLth;. topapy; nry;Nthh; NgRk; Ngr;R ed;ikahf ,Ug;gpd;
jhk; Nkw;nfhz;l nray; ed;ikahf KbAk; vd;Wk;> jPikahf ,Ug;gpd; jPikahf
KbAk; vd ek;Gth;. ,r;nrhy;Ny tphpr;rp vdg;gLk;.
“……………. xUrhh;
jpUe;jpiokfsph; tphpr;rp epw;g” 9
gy;ypnrhy; mwpjy;
ehk; xd;iw epidf;Fk; NghNjh my;yJ NgRk; NghNjh gy;yp xypj;jhy; mJ
ekf;F ed;ikiaj; jUk; vd;W ek;Gk; gof;fk; cs;stuhf ,Ue;jdh; vd;gij
ew;wpizg; ghly; gpd;tUkhW Rl;Lk;.
“……xz; fth;g; nghUe;jp
eatUUuygy;yp
es;nsd; ahkj;Jcs;SnjhWk; gLNk” 10
jhopapypl;Lg; gpzq;fisg; Gijj;jy;
,we;jtiu mf;fhyj;jpy; jhopapy; ,l;Lg; Gijf;Fk; tof;fk; cs;sij
ew;wpizg; ghly; RlLtijf; fhzyhk;.
“kh,Ue;jhopftpg;g
jh ,d;Wfopfvw;nfhs;shf; $w;Nw” 11
,ijNa> “md;Ndhw; ftpf;Fk; fz;zfd; jhop” 12 vd;fpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,y;ywnewpfs;;
rKjhaf; $l;likg;gpd; mwf;$lkhf miktJ ,y;tho;f;if. gz;ilj;
jkpou;fs; mwj;njhL nghUe;jpa tho;tpid Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. fztDk; kidtpAk;
mwk; gyGhpe;Jk;> gymwq;fisg; Nghw;wpAk; tho;e;jdh; vdgijj; njhy;fhg;gpah;>
“fhkQ; rhd;wfilNfhl; fhiy
VkQ; rhd;wkf;fnshLJtd;wp
mwk;GhpRwwnkhLfpotDk; fpoj;jpAk;
rpwe;jJgapw;wy; ,we;jnjd; gaNd” 13
vd;w E}w;ghtpd; %yk; tpsf;Ffpwhh;.
kidkhl;rp
kidkhl;rp ,y;yhs; fz; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ts;Sth; typAWj;Jfpd;whh;.
Kidtp fztdpd; ,d;gj;jpy; ehl;lk; kpf;ftshfTk; rikj;jy;> tpUe;Njhk;gypy;
tpUg;gk; cilatshfTk; md;G> mr;rk;> klk;> ehzk;> gaph;g;G kpf;fth;fshfTk;
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;.
FWe;njhifj; jiytp jd; fztDf;Fk; Gspf;Fok;G itf;Fk; NghJ fLk;
Jauk; milfpwhs;. fhe;js; kyh; Nghd;w nkd;ikahd tpuy;fs; %yk; japiug;
gpirtjhy; iffs; rpte;J Nghapd vd;gij>
“Kspjaph; gpire;jfhe;js; nky;tpuy;
fOTWfypq;fk; fohmJcB,f;
Ftiscz;fz; Fa;g;Giffkoj;
jhd;Joe;Jml;ljPk;Gspg; ghfh;
,dpnjdf; fztd; cz;lypd;
Ez;zpjpd; kfpo;e;jd;Wxz;Zjy; KfNd”14
vd;w ghly; %yk; mwpayhk;. ,t;thW ,d;iwf;Fk; ,y;yj;jpy; tpUe;Njhk;gy; ,dpa
Kiwapy; eilngw;why; tho;T kyUk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
KbTiu
muR> r%fepiy> FLk;gk;> jpUkzKiw> rkanewpKiwfs; ,it Nghd;w
tho;tpay; epfo;Tfspy; cahpa newpKiwfisf; fUthff; nfhz;l rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fs; mk;kf;fis eaj;jf;f ehfhpfj;jpd; ey;Nyhh;fshff; fhl;LfpwJ.
rq;ffhyj;jpy; jkpoh; FLk;g tho;T gw;wp kpfTk; cah;e;j nfhs;iffisf;
nfhz;bUe;jjdhy;> mwk; vd;gJ tho;f;ifapd; xUgFjpad;W> tho;T KOtJNk mwk;
vd;W fUjpdh;. vdNt jhd; FLk;g tho;f;ifia ,y;ywk; vd;wdh;. gz;ilj;
jkpoh;fspd; caupa newpKiwfis ,d;iwa r%fKk; Nkw;nfhs;tjhNyNa jkpoh;
ngUik Nkk;gLk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. ew;. gh.132 : 8 – 10
2. ew;. gh.288 : 5 – 7
3. ew;. gh.343 : 4 – 5
4. ew;. gh.41 : 7 – 9


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
5. ew;. gh.142 : 9 – 10
6. ew;. gh.80 : 7 – 8
7. ew;. gh.33 : 6 – 7
8. Gwk;.> gh.121
9. Gwk;.> gh.40
10. ew;. gh.333
11. ew;. gh.271 : 11 – 12
12. Gwk;.> gh.228
13. njhy;>ngh.140
14. FWe;.> gh.271
JizE}w;gl;bay;
1. ew;wpiz–ehuhazrhkp ma;ah;
2. GwehD}W %yKk; gioa ciuAk;
3. njhy;fhg;gpak; njspTiu
4. FWe;njhif %yKk; ciuAk; - c.Nt.rhkpehja;ah;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jpUf;fl;lis Re;jNuRtuh; Nfhapy; tuyhW kw;Wk; fiy

Art and History of Thirukattalai Sundareswara Temple
Nfh. ,isauh[h> Kidth; gl;l Ma;thsh;>

rpw;gj;Jiw> jkpo;g; gy;fiyf; fofk;> jQ;rhT+u;.
Abstract
The paper focuses on the art and historical state of Thirukattalai Sundereswara
Temple. This is a temple that is near tp Pudukkottai. The temple was built at the times of the
Chola king Aadita Cholan. The architecture of the temple is discussed with the structures of
the temple. The deities and festivals related to the temple are discussed in the paper.
Keywords: Art, History, Thirukattalai, Sundareswara Temple, Pudukkottai District
Kd;Diu
GJf;Nfhl;il efuj;jpw;F fpof;fpy; 2 fpNyhkPll ; h; njhiytpy; mLj;Js;s
jpUf;fl;lis vd;w tuyhw;W rpwg;Gkpf;f Ch; mike;Js;sJ. jpUf;fl;lis vd;gJ
jpUf;fw;wspapy; ,Ue;J kUtp te;j nrhy; MFk;. tlf;fpy; GJf;Nfhl;il Myq;Fb>
kzpg;gy;ytr; rhiyAk;> njw;fpy; GJf;Nfhl;il Myq;Fb ngUtop jpUtuq;Fsk;
rhiyAk; mike;Js;sJ. GJf;Nfhl;il efh; vy;iyAk; eLehafkhf ,j;jpUf;fl;lis
Chpy; rpwg;G kpF Re;jNuRtuh; Nfhapy; 9-k; E}w;whz;by; Mjpj;j Nrhod; fhyj;jpy;
fp.gp. 871-907-y; fl;lg;gl;lJ vd;W fy;ntl;by; %ykhf mwpfpd;Nwhk.;1 fz;zZ}h;
ghyRg;gpukzpa MyaKk; Mjpj;j Nrhodpd; fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;lJ vd;W fy;ntl;L
rhd;Wfs; $WfpwJ.
tprahya Nrhod; fp.gp. 881-,y; ,we;jTld; mtdJ kfd; Mjpj;j Nrhod;
Nrhoehl;by; Kb#b mjd; Ml;rpia Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhd;. ,td; ,uhrNfrhp vd;w gl;lk;
Gide;J nfhz;L murhz;lhd;. ,tDf;Ff; Nfhjz;luhkd; vd;w kw;nwhU ngaUk;
cz;L. ,td; gy;yt kd;ddhfpa mguhjpth;kid ntd;W njhz;il kz;lyj;ijf;
ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhd; vd;W jpUthyq;fhl;Lr; nrg;NgLfs; $Wfpd;wd.
Mjpj;jNrhod; fhtphpahw;wpd; ,UkUq;Fk; gy rpthyaq;fis fw;wspfshf
vLg;gpj;jhd; vd;W md;gpw; nrg;NgLfs; Gfo;e;J $Wfpd;wd.2
jpUf;fl;lis vd;gJ jpUf;fw;wsp (fw;Nfhapy;) vd;gjd; kUthfp
Kw;fhyr;Nrhoh; fy;ntl;by; ,t;T+h; fhh;Fwpr;rp jpUf;fw;wsp vd;Wk; ,iwtdpd; ngah;
fw;Fwpr;rp fw;wspg;ngUkhdbfs; vd;W fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
15-Mk; E}w;whz;L fy;ntl;by; jpUf;fl;lis <];tuKilahh; vd;W
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ gpw;fhyj;jpy; Re;jNu];tuh; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,f;Nfhtpy;
fpof;F Kfkhf mike;Js;sJ ,jd; jdpr;rpwg;ghFk;.
tuyhW
jpUf;fl;lis vd;gJ jpUf;fw;wsp fw;Nfhapy; vd;gjd; kUthfp.3 Kw;fhyr;Nrhoh;
fy;ntl;by; ,t;T+h; fhu;Fwpr;rp vd;Wk; ,iwtdpd; ngah; fhh;Fwpr;rp


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fw;wspg;ngUkhdbfs; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. gpwF tp[a efu fhyj;jpy; fy;ntl;L

xd;wpy; <];tuKilahh; vd;Wk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. gpd;G gpw;fhyj;jpy; Re;jNu];tuh;
vd;Wk; fy;ntl;by; njspthf $wg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.4
Nfhapypd;; Rtwpy; cs;s fy;ntl;L xd;wpy; ,f;fy;ntl;L Kjyhk; guhe;jfr;
Nrhodpd; fp.gp.(907-953) fhyj;jpy; 35tJ Ml;rpahz;by; mjhtJ fp.gp.942-y;
ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;Wk; ,f;NfhtpYf;F jpUtpoh elj;jg;gl;ljw;fhd nrytpw;fhf
epyf;nfhilaspj;jij tpsf;FfpwJ.
Kjyhk; guhe;jfr; Nrho kd;dd; fp.gp 907-953 tiu 46 Mk; Ml;rpahz;by;
,tDf;F kJiu ghz;baiu ntw;wp fz;l Nfhg;guNfrhp vd;w gl;lg;ngah; cz;L.
,td; jdJ 35-tJ Ml;rpahz;by; fw;Fwpr;rp vd;W toq;fg;gl;l jpUf;fl;lisapy;
vOe;jUspAs;s Rthkpia “fw;wsp ngUkhdbfs;” vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.5
Re;jNu];tuh; njd;Gwr;Rthpy; tpf;fpukr; Nrhodpd; fy;ntl;L xd;W 9tJ
Ml;rpahz;by; fp.gp.1131-y; ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;T+iur; Nrh;e;j rpq;fd; nfhw;wDf;fhf
Ntz;bf;nfhz;L mtdJ jk;gpkhh;fs; fz;ld; nfhw;wd;> fz;ld; Nrkhf;fp> fz;ld;
ek;gDk; Mfpa %tUk; tpsf;F xd;W itj;Js;sdh;. ,e;j epiy tpsf;if vhpf;f
fhR 1-k; nfhLj;Js;sdh;. ,e;j tpsf;F re;jpu> #hpah; cs;stiuf;Fk; vhpf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; rpq;fd; nfhw;wd; eykhf ,Uf;fNtz;b ,j;jUkk; nra;Js;sdh; vd;W
fy;ntl;by; nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,f;Nfhapypy; nkhj;jk; 12-fy;ntl;Lfs; cs;sd.
mjpy; 8 fy;ntl;Lfs; Nrhoh;fs; gw;wp$Wfpd;wJ. 1-k; fy;ntl;L ghz;bah;fs;
gw;wp$Wfpd;wJ. 2-k; fy;ntl;Lfs; tp[aefuj;ijg; gw;wpAk; njspthf S.R.
ghyRg;gpukzpad; mth;fs; $wpapUf;fpwhh;.6
Nfhtpypd; njd;Gwr;Rthpy; =tPug;gpwjhgd; ky;ypfhh;rR ; duhah; kfd; Njtuha
kfhuhahpd; Ml;rpfhykhd rfhg;jk; 1403-f;F fp.gp.1481-y; rhh;thp tU~k; Mtzp khjk;
25e;Njjp Gjd;fpoik ,nuhghjpAk; rJj;jpAk; nfhz;l ehspy; ,f;fy;ntl;L
ntl;lg;gl;lJ. ,f;Nfhapypy; gy;ytd; re;jp eilngw Ml;lhq;Fb taypy; epyk;
tplg;gl;Ls;sJ.7 ,e;j epyj;jpd; tUthiaf; nfhz;L G+ir> jpUg;gzpfisr; nra;J
tUk;gb fy;ypYk; nrg;Ngl;bYk; ntl;bf; nfhLj;Js;shd;. mf;fhyj;jpNyNa
GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lj;jpy; Ml;lhq;FbaUNf njd;tlyhf kJiuf;F ,uhruhrd;
ngahpy; ngUtop ,Ue;Js;sijAk; njhptpf;fpwJ.
jpUf;fl;lis GJf;Nfhl;ilg; gFjpapy; fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;l tuyhw;Wg;
ngUikAila Ch;fSs; xd;whFk;. Re;jNu];tuu; NfhapYf;Fr; nry;Yk; topapy;
jw;NghJ fyrf;fhL vd;W miof;fg;gLk; gFjpapy; ngUq;fw;fhy Gij Fopfs;
epiwaf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F mfoha;T nra;ag;gl;L fpilf;fg;ngw;w ,Uk;G
MAjq;fs;> kzpfs;> kl;ghz;lq;fs; Mfpad GJf;Nfhl;il mUq;fhl;rpaj;jpy;
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Re;jNu];tuh; Nfhapypd; njd;Gwr; Rthpy; cs;s fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jp>
ky;ypf;fhw;Rduhahpd; ,f;Nfhapypy; fy;ntl;lhfTk;> jhkpu rhjdg; gl;ilakhfTk;
nfhLj;Js;sdh;. ,f;Nfhapypy; epj;jpa G+ir mKJf;Fk; gbf;Fkhd nrytpdq;fSf;F
jpUehkj;Jf; fhzpahf eQ;ir> GQ;irapypUe;J muRf;F t#ypf;Fk; 10-y; 5 gq;Ff;F
cz;lhd ney;> jhdpak;> nghd; Mfpatw;iw ,t;T+hpypUf;Fk; fhzpahsu;>
gyFbkf;fs; guNjrp (Nghf;Ftuj;J cs;sth;fs;) cz;lhd Fbfs; midtUk;
nfhLf;Fk; thpapypUe;Jk; Fw;wk; njz;lk; %yk; t#ypf;fg;gLk;. Nfhapy; G+ir
jpUg;gzpfisr; nra;JtUk;gb $wp fy;ntl;by; cs;sJ. ftpehl;L ehl;bDila
gilfs; jpUf;fl;lisapy; ,Ue;jij fpU\;zNjtuhahpd; tk;rj;J
ky;ypfhh;rR; zuhahpd; Ml;rpapy; fp.gp.1462-y; ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;W fy;ntl;L %yk;
mwpa KbfpwJ.”8


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fl;llf;fiy
,q;Fs;s Re;jNu];tuh; Nfhapy; fpof;Fjpir Nehf;fpAs;sJ. Nfhtpy;
fUtiwAk; mjid xl;ba kz;lgj;ijAk; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,jid Rw;wp ghpthu VO
Myaq;fs; mike;Js;sd. fl;blf;fiy mikg;gpy; ,J Kd;djpypUe;J
khWgLfpd;wd. fUtiw Rtw;wpy; cs;s fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;l fy;ntl;L Kjyhk;
FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; fhyj;jpy; Nrh;e;jjhf fp.gp.1070-1110 Mk; Mz;by; cs;sjhfTk;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.9
Nfhapy; tpkhdk; ,uz;L mLf;Ffisf; nfhz;ljhFk;. tpkhdk; rJu
tbtkhfTk; mjhtJ> mjpl;lhdk; Kjy; fyrk; tiu rJutbtkhfTk; fUq;fw;fyhy;
mike;Js;sd. fUtiw Nkw;Fjpir Rthpy; mjpl;lhdk; Kjy; njhlq;fp gpu];juj;jpy;
G+jhfdthpfSk; NjhuzthpirAk; kdpj jiy nfhz;l cUtKk; nghwpf;fg;gl;lJ.
tpkhdj;jpy; ,uz;lhtJ mLf;fpy; ehd;F jpirapYk; ee;jpfs; cs;sd. fUtiu
ntspRthpy; njw;F jpirapy; jpupGuhe;jf %h;j;jpAk;> Nkw;F jpirapy; ypq;Nfhgj;
%h;j;jpAk;> tlf;F jpirapy; gpuk;khtpd; rpw;gNk cs;sd. fpof;F jpirapy;
Myaj;jpy; Eiothapy; cs;Ns mh;j;jkz;lgj;jpd; ntsp thapy; ,uz;L Jthughyfh;
rpw;gq;fs; fhty; nja;tkhf fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wdh;. nghJthfr; rptd; Nfhapy;fspy;
fUtiwapd; njw;F NjtNfh~;l;lj;jpy; njl;rpzh%h;j;jpapd; rpw;gNk ,Uf;Fk;
,f;Nfhapypy; njw;F khlj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; rpw;gk; tpy;iyAk; mk;igAk;
gpbj;jpUg;gijf; nfhz;L ,J jpupGuhe;jf%h;j;jp vd;W S.R.ghyRg;gpukzpak; mth;
Rl;b fhz;gpj;jpUf;fpwhh;.10 ,J kw;w Nfhapy;fspy; fhz KbahjnjhU rpwg;ghFk;.
Nfhapiyr; Rw;wpAk; gupthunja;tq;fSf;F jdpj;jdp MyaKk;
mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
1. #upad; 2. rg;j khjh;fs; 3. fzgjp 4. Rg;gpukzpah; 5. N[\;l;lhNjtp
(%Njtp) 6. re;jpud; 7. rz;bNf];tuh;
Nghd;w VO gupthu nja;tq;fSf;F jdp MyaKk; mike;Js;sd. ,f;fw;Nfhapy;
mstpy; rpwpajhf ,Ue;jhYk; jQ;irapy; Nrhog;Nguurd; uh[uh[d; mikj;j
ngupaNfhtpYf;F ,f;NfhapYk; xU Kf;fpa khjpupahf tpsq;Ftjhfr;
11
nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.
rptypq;fk; cs;s fUtiw kPJ vLg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;s 50 mb NfhGuj;jpd; tpkhdk;
Nky; jl;by; ehd;F jpirfspYk; ehd;F ee;jpfs; itf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ ,JNghd;w
jQ;irg; ngupa Nfhapypy; %yth; tPw;wpUf;fFk; fUtiw kPJ fl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk;
tpkhdj;jpd; Nky; jl;bYk; ee;jp jpUTUtq;fNs fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd. ,jd; fu;g;gfpufk;
cs;ntsp 6 mbahfTk; ntspgf;fj;jpy; 12 mbahfTk; ,jd; fw;fis xd;Wld; xd;W
gpd;dpjhd; fw;fis fl;bAs;sdh;.12 Re;jNu];tuh; Nfhapy;fpof;F jpirapy;
mike;jpUf;fpwJ. njw;F jpir ghh;j;j epiyapy; mk;kd; MyaKk; fUfw;fyhy;
mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
rpw;gf;fiy
,f;Nfhapypd; fUtiwf;Fs; ypq;ftbtj;jpy; Re;jNu];tuh; fpof;F jpirapy;
MTilaikg;gpy; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ. ,J jiuapypUe;J 3.7 mb cauj;jpy;
fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ.
ypq;Nfhj;gth;
,f;Nfhapypd; fUtiw ntspRthpy; Nkw;F jpirapy; (ypq;Nfhj;gth;)
NjtNfh~;ll ; j;jpy; epd;w epiyapYk; ,U fuq;fs; ,lJ fuq;fs; mga`];jk;
epiyapYk; tyJ fuq;fs; ,Lg;gpy; itj;jgbAk; fOj;J gFjpapy; MguzKk;
jiyapy; Nfrge;jk; mzpe;Jk; ,Ufhjpy; Fz;lyKk; ,Lg;gpy; MguzKk; mzpe;Jk;13
fhypy; fhg;G mzpe;J fZf;fhYf;F Nky; cil ,Lg;Gtiuf;Fk; mzpe;Jk; epd;w
epiyapy; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;whh;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gpuk;kd;
,f;Nfhapypd; fUtiw ntspRthpy; tlf;F jpirapy; cs;s NjtNfh~;ll ; j;jpy;
epd;w epiyapy; ehd;F fuq;fs; cs;sd ,lJ Nky; fuq;fspy; cj;jpuhl;r khiyAk;>
fPo; fuq;fs; mga`];jk; epiyapYk;> tyJ ,Ufuq;fs; Nky; fuj;jpy; cLf;Fk;;
itj;jgbAk;> fPo;tyJ fuj;jpy; ,Lg;gpy; itj;j epiyapYk; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ.
jiyapy; [lhkFlk; mzpe;J ehd;F jiyfs; cs;sd gpukDf;F Ie;J jiyfs;
,Ue;jd mjpy; xd;W rptdhy; ntl;lg;gl;Ltpl;ljhf $wg;gLfpwJ. ,g;Guhz epfo;T
gpuk;khrpur;Nrj%h;j;jp vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. ehd;F jiyfs; ehd;F Afq;fisj; jpNujh>
fpNujh> Jthgu fypAfj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. NkYk; fpof;F> Nkw;F> tlf;F> njw;F
ehd;F jpirfisAk; Fwpf;fpd;w tifapy; epd;w epiyapy; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wdh;. fOj;J
gFjpapy; Mguzk; mzpe;Jk; fhjpy; kfuFz;lyKk; ,Lg;gpy; MgzuKk;
mzpe;jgbAk; fhypy; fhg;G mzpe;J epd;w epiyapy; gpuk;kd; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wdh;.
njl;rpzh%h;j;jp
,f;Nfhapypd; fUtiw ntspr;Rthpy; njw;F jpirapy;; cs;s NjtNfhl;lj;jpy;
epd;w epiyapy; ehd;F fuq;fs; cs;sJ ,lJ fuq;fspd; Nky; fuj;jpy; cj;jpuhl;r
khiyAk; fPo;fuj;jpy; #rp`];jj;jpy; mk;G itj;j epiyapYk; tyJ fuq;fspy; Nky;
fuj;jpy; cj;jpuhl;rkhiyAk;14 fPo;fuj;jpy; tpy; itj;j epiyapYk; jiyapy;
[lhkFlk; mzpe;Jk; ,U fhjpy; Fz;lyKk; fOj;jpy; Mguzq;fSk; ,Lg;gpy;
MilAld; Mguzq;fSk; mzpe;J epd;w epiyapy; njw;F jpirapy; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.
fhypy; fhg;G mzpe;Js;sJ jl;rpzk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F Qhdk; vd;W nghUs; Ntjk;>
Mfk> rpw;grh];jpuk;> ,ir> jj;Jtk;> ehl;barh];jpuk; Mfpa midj;Jk;15
rh];jpuq;fisAk; tphpj;J cgNjrkspj;jth; vd;W njl;rpzh%h;j;jp Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;.
,th; Mykuj;jpd; mbapy; mkh;e;J ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy; cs;sjhy; ,tUf;F “Mykh;
nry;td;” vd;W ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,tiug; Nghw;Wfpd;wd. ,tiu jh;ktpahf;fpahd
njl;rpzh%h;j;jp> tPzhju njl;rpzh%h;j;jp> Qhdnjl;rpzh%h;j;jp> Nahfnjl;rpzh%h;j;jp
vd;w ngah;fspy; miof;fg;gLfpwhh;. ,q;F njl;rpzh%h;j;jp tpy; mk;G itj;j
epiyapy; ,Ug;gJ Nrhoh; fhyj;jpNyNa Re;jNu];tuh; Myaj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ ,jd;
jdpr; rpwg;ghfTk; S.R.ghyRg;gpukzpad; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. Mdhy; tpy; mk;G
itj;jpUg;gijg; ghh;f;Fk;nghOJ jphpGuhe;jf%h;j;jp vd;w rpw;gk; NghyTk; njupfpwJ
vd;W Early Cholas E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;L ,Uf;fpwhh;.
Jthu ghyfh; rpw;gk;
mh;j;j kz;lgj;jpd; fUtiw Kfg;gpy; ,uz;L Jtuhghyfh; epd;w epiyapy;
fhl;rpjUfpd;wdh;.15 ,lJif #rp`];jk; tyJif tuj`];jk; jiyapy; fPhplk;
fhjpy; Fz;lyKk; fOj;jpy; MguzKk; ,Lg;gpy; MguzKk; fz;lfhypy; fhg;G
mzpe;J Mypl epiyapy; fUtiw Kfg;gpy; ,lJ gf;fj;jpy; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ.
Jtuhghyfh; Mypl epiyapy; ,lJ ifapy; gy;yt `];jk; tyJif ,lJgf;fj;jpy;
itj;jgb Mypl epiyapy; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wdh;.16
Re;jNu];tuh; Myak; fpof;Fjpir ghh;j;jtd;dj;jpy; mike;jpUf;fpwJ. mk;kd;
Myak; njw;F jpiria ghh;j;J mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ehd;F fuq;fs; cs;sJ.
,lJifapy; Kd;ifapy; jhkiunkhl;L gpd;ifapy; tuj`];jk; tyJ ifapy;
jhkiunkhl;Lk;> gpd;ifapy; tuj`];jk; epiyapYk; jiyapy; [lhkFlk; fhjpy;
Fz;lyKk; fOj;jpy; MguzKk; epd;w epiyapy; mk;kd; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ.
Re;jNu];tuh; Myaj;ij Rw;wp topgLk; nghOJ fpof;F jpirapy; mike;Js;s


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mk;kd; Myaj;ijAk; topgLk; Kiwia Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wJ vd;W

fy;ntl;by; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ.
tpkhdk;
Myaj;jpd; tpkhdj;jpy; jphpjs mLf;F Kiwapy; ,t;thyaj;jpy;
mike;Js;sJ. tpkhdj;jpd; Kjy;js mLf;fpy; njw;Fjpirapy; gpl;rhldh;%h;j;jp>
Nkw;F jpirapy; tp\;Z>17 tlf;F jpirapy; gpuk;kd; tpkhdj;jpd; rpW rpw;gq;fshf
nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpfuj;jpd; fphPt gFjpapy; njw;F jpirapy; jl;rpzh%h;j;jp> Nkw;F
jpirapy; tuhf%h;j;jp> tlf;F jpirapy; gpuk;kd; fpof;F jpirapy; ,e;jpud;
,t;thyaj;jpy; fphPt gFjpapy; rpW rpw;gq;fshf fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ. tpkhdj;jpy; 50
mb NfhGuj;jpd; Nky; jsj;jpy; ehd;F jpirfspYk; ehd;F ee;jpfs;
itf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ.
mjd; Nky; jsj;jpy; tlf;F jpirapy; Njhuz NjtNfh~;lj;jpy; rpq;fjiyAk;
mjd; rpfuj;jpd; Nky; ehd;F gf;f jpiria fhl;Lfpd;w tifapy; ,jd; fyrk;
mjhtJ (rJutbtpy;) fUq;fy;yhy; mike;Js;sJ. njl;rpzh%h;j;jp> tPuhld%h;j;jp>
gpl;rhld%h;j;jp Mfpa %d;W %h;j;jpfSk; ,q;F mike;Js;sd. ,JNghy; %d;W
mtjhuq;fs; xNu ,lj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ rpwg;G tha;e;jJ.
ghpthu Myaq;fs;
,t;thyaj;jpy; Rw;wpYk; ntspg;gpufhuj;jpy; kjpy; Rthpy; VO Myaq;fs;
jdpj;jdp Myakhf ghpthu Myaq;fs; mike;Js;sd.18
1. #hpad;
2. rg;jkhjh;fs;
3. fzgjp
4. Rg;ukz;ah;
5. N[~;lhNjtp
6. re;jpud;
7. rz;bNf];tuh;
,jpy; N[];lhNjtp jd;Dila Foe;ijfshd khe;jp Fspfd; MfpNahiu
ifapy; Ve;jpagb cs;shh; vd;gij Re;jNu];tuh; Myaj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ jdp rpwg;ghFk;.
#hpad; rpw;gk; ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. jhkiu nkhl;Lf;fis (tof;fkhf cs;sJ Nghy;)
,uz;L iffspYk; gpbj;jpUg;gjw;F gjpyhf ,lJ if ,Lg;gpy; nghUe;jpapUf;f>
tyJ if mga Kj;jpiuia fhl;bf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,J xU rpwg;G mk;rkhFk;.
NkYk;> ghpthuNjtijfs; vl;Lf;Fg; gjpyhf VOf;F kl;LNk Nfhapyikg;G Kw;fhy
Nrhoh; fiyg;gzpahFk; vd;gijAk; ,q;F njhpe;J nfhs;fpNwhk;.
tpohf;fs;
khje;NjhWk; Nja;gpiw m\;lkpapy; mgpN\fk; eilngWfpwJ. gq;Fdp
khjj;jpy; Neubahf #hpadpd; xsp rptypq;fk; kPJ gLk;NghJ rpwg;G mgpN\fk;
eilngWk;. MUj;uhjhprdk; kfhrptuhj;jphp gpuNjh\k;> fhh;j;jpif Nrhkthuk; Nghd;w
tpohf;fs; ,q;F rpwg;ghf nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wd.
KbTiu
GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lj;jpy; Nrhoh;fhyj;jpy; Kjyhk; Mjpj;j Nrhodhy;
(fp.gp.871-907) fl;lg;gl;Ls;s fw;NfhapyhFk;. fz;zD}h; KUfd; NfhapYk;>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jpUf;fl;lisapy; mike;Js;s Re;jNu];tuh; NfhapYk; xNu fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;lit

vd;W fy;ntl;L %ykhf mwpfpNwhk;. mjpl;lhdk; Kjy; fyrk; tiuf;Fk; fw;fyhy;
fiy eaj;Jld; nrJf;fg;gl;lit. guhe;jfr; Nrhod; fhyj;jpy; epyj;ij
nfhilaspj;jij tpsf;Ffpd;w nra;jpAk;> Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhodpd; gy Nghh;
Ghpe;J ehl;L kf;fSf;F ed;ikaspj;j nra;jpAk; ,f;fy;ntl;L %yk; nrhy;yg;gl;l
nra;jpAk;> kpyl;^hpy; ele;j Nghhpy; ,we;Jtpl;l rpq;fg;Nguiuad; mtdJ jk;gp
mZf;fDk; 25 MLfisf; nfhilahf nfhLj;j nra;jpAk;> fy;ntl;Lfs; %yk;
mwpe;Njhk;. tpf;fpukr; Nrhod; fhyj;jpy; epiy tpsf;F vhpf;f 1 fhR nfhilahf
nfhLj;J #hpad; cs;stiuf;Fk; vhpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w nra;jpAk; fp.gp.1403
ky;ypfhh;rR
; zuhah; kfd; Njtuhah; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; Ml;lhq;Fb taypy; epyk;
tplg;gl;Ls;sJ. me;j epyj;jpd; tUthiaf; nfhz;L G+ir> jpUg;gzpfisr; nra;J
tUk; fy;ntl;by; njspthf nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. kzpgy;yk;> fyrkq;fyk;>
jpUf;fl;lis kf;fs; Re;jNu];tuh; jpUj;jyj;ij topgl;L te;jdh;. epyjhdk; Nghd;w
tpisr;rypy; ney;> jhdpak; Kjw; gil itj;J topgl;L; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wdh;.
,d;iwf;F goikia czh;j;Jfpd;w tifapy; fiy eaj;JlDk; ,iw ek;gpf;ifia
czh;j;Jk; tifapy; ,d;Wk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Re;jNu];tuhpd; Nfhapypd; njw;Fj;jpir Njhw;wk; fUtiwapy; cs;s ypq;fk;
;
Re;jNu];tuh; Nfhapypd; njw;Fj; njw;Fr; Rthpy; cs;s fy;ntl;L
jpirapy; epd;w epiyapy;
njl;rpzh%h;j;jp
E}w;gl;bay;
1. S.R. Balasubrahmanyam, Early Chola Art, Madras, 1966, g.89.

2. Nf.V.ePyfz;l rh];jphp> Nrhoh;fs;> Vol-I, nrd;id> 1989 g.151.
3. Chronological List of Inscriptions The Pudukkottai State, Govt. Museum, Chennai,
2002, CLI, 38, g.4.
4. NkyJ> CLI, 51> g.8.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
5. INSCRIPTIONS (Texts) of the Pudukkottai State Arranged According to

Dynasties, Govt of TamilNadu – 2002, IPS NO, 81> g.30.
6. NkyJ> IPS, NO,51, g.22.
7. NkyJ> IPS, NO,714, g.492.
8. NkyJ> IPS, NO,711, g.490.
9. K.R. Venkatarama Ayyar, Manual of the Pudukkottai, Vol.II,
Commissioner of Museum, Govt of Tamilnadu, 2002, g.998.
10. NkyJ> g.999.
12. NkyJ> g.91.
13. R. Srinivasan, The Indian Temple Art and Architecture, Mysore 1982, g.80.
14. NkyJ> g.87.
15. v];.Mh;. ghyRg;ukzpak;> Nrhoh; fiyg;ghzp> nrd;id> 1966. G.79.
16. NkyJ> g.80.
17. Mh;.ntq;fl;uhkd;> ,e;jpaf;Nfhapy; fl;blf; fiy tuyhW> kJiu> 1983.g.94.
18. Dr.mk;ik kzptz;zd;> Nfhapy; Ma;Tk; newpKiwfSk;> kJiu> 2014> g.145.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
NrhoH fhy Nfhapy;fspd; jdpj;jd;ikfs;

The Individuality of the Temples of the Chola Period
r.ckhNjtp> KidtH gl;l Ma;thsH>

,uh[ ee;jpth;kd; fiy mwptpay; fy;Y}hp> njs;shW – 604406.
Abstract
The article enunciates the Tamil Chola kings and their dedication in building temples.
Chola regime is noted for it massive growth in all sorts of administration from the time of the
graet Parantaka Cholan to the world famed Raja Raja Cholan then to his son Rajendra
Cholan. It is a fact that Raja Raja, originally named Arul Mozhi Varman built Thousand
Temples. His elder sister Kundavai also a keen devotee of Saiva religion donated gold, silver
and land to the temples. The facts on the temples of Tanjore, Tarasuram, Gangaikonda
Cholapuram, Tiripuvanam and Sun Temples are discussed. Hence, the paper tries to bring
out the culvert, plates and literary sources to get the information related to the temples in the
times of Chola Kingdom.
Keywords: Gradual Development, Water Management, Agriculture, Tamil Nadu
Kd;Diu
'Nrho ehL NrhWilj;J" vd;gjw;Nfw;g ney; ,aw;ifahfNth> kpFjpahfNth
tpise;j ehL Nrho ehnldg;gl;lJ. NrhoH vd;gtH goe;jkpo;ehl;il Mz;l
%Nte;jHfSs; xU Fyj;jtuhtH. 'NrhWilj;j ehL NrhwehL" Mfpg; gpd; Nrho
ehlhfpaJ vd;gH. NrhoH Fyk; tsk; nghUe;jpa fhtpup Mw;Wg;gLf;ifg; gFjpapNyNa
Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. NrhoH jkpo;ehl;by; typik ngw;wpUe;j fp.gp. xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd;
njhlf;fk; Kjy; gd;dpnuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L tiu NrhoH fhy fl;blf;fiy tsHr;rp
ngw;wpUe;jJ. NrhoH fhy fl;bl tsHr;rpia Muk;g fhyk;> kj;jpa fhyk;> gpw;fhyk;
vd;W tifg;gLj;jp mwpayhk;.
,ae;jpuq;fspd; Mjpf;fk; ,y;yhj fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; gy;ytHfSk; ghz;baHfSk;
Nghw;wp tsHj;j fiy kuig> mtHfSf;Fg; gpd;te;j NrhoHfs; njhlHe;J Mjupj;J
Nkd;NkYk; tsHr;rpailar; nra;jhHfs;. fy;Nfhapy;fis jkpo;ehnlq;Fk; gug;gpa
ngUik NrhoHfSf;Nf cupaJ. mt;thW fl;lg;gl;l NrhoHfhy Nfhapy;fs; rpytw;wpd;
jdpj;jd;ikfis ,f;fl;Liu %yk; mwpayhk;.
Nfhapy;fspd; njhlf;f epiy
'rpw;gf; fiyapy; gy;ytHfs; Nkk;gl;l epiyia mile;jdH. Vida
Jiwfistpl fl;llf;fiyapNyNa NrhoHfs; ty;ytuhfj; jpfo;e;jdH. vspikAk;
ngUikAk; fye;j XH mikg;G Kiwia mtHfs; jq;fSf;nfd;W tFj;Jf;
nfhz;lhHfs;" - vd;fpwhH gpnuQ;R ehl;L mwpQH [p.*Nt J}g;uha;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njd;djpe;jpa Nfhapy; cz;lhd tiffs; gy. '];jy tpUl;rq;fshf gy

fhykhf kf;fshy; gagf;jpAld; topgl;L te;jdH. mjd;gpd; fw;Nfhapy;fs; Njhd;wpd.
fp.gp.850-1250 Mz;Lfspy; jkpo;ehL KOtjpYk; epiwa fw;Nfhapy;fs; fl;lg;ngw;wd.
mbj;jsk; Kjy; cr;rpapYs;s ftHr;rpahd gFjptiu (cghehjp ];J}gp gupae;jk;)
Nfhapy; KOtJk; fy;yhNyNa fl;lg;gLkhapd;> mjw;Ff; 'fw;wsp" vd;gH.
fw;wspfisf; fl;Ltij ngUikahf fUjg;gl;lJ.
NrhoH Nfhapy;fs; vd;W ,g;NghJ Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ngUk;ghyhd Nfhapy;fs;
Kjyhk; guhe;jfd; fhyk; Kjy; Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d; fhyk; tiu Vw;gl;ld.
,uh[uh[d; fhyj;jpYk; mtd; kfdhd ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; fhyj;jpYk;> jQ;irg;
ngupa Nfhapy; kw;Wk; fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk; Nfhapy; Nghd;w mstpw; ngupa
Nfhapy;fs; Njhd;w Muk;gpj;jd.
jQ;rht+H - ngUTilahH Nfhapy;
jQ;irg; ngUTilahH Nfhapy; vd;Wk; jQ;ir gpufjPRtuH Nfhapy; vd;Wk;
jQ;ir ngupa Nfhapy; vd;Wk; Nghw;wg;gLk; ,f;Nfhapy; jkpoupd; ghuk;gupar; rpd;dk;
MFk;. Nrhog; Nguurpd; tpupe;JtUk; gug;gpw;Fk; tsHe;JtUk; trjpf;Fk; Xq;fptUk;
mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhff; fl;llf; fiyapy; jkpoUila rhjidahf ,e;j
ngupa Nfhapiy epiyehl;l tpUk;gpdhd;NghYk;. jQ;irg; ngupa NfhapNy
mf;fhyj;Jf; Nfhapy;fSs; nry;tj;jhy; Kjyplk; tfpj;jJ.
,f;Nfhapypd; fk;gPukhd Njhw;wk;> mjpYs;s rpw;g moF> mofhd Xtpa
Ntiyg;ghLfs; ,itaidj;Jk; kf;fs; kdijf; nfhs;isf;nfhz;Ls;sd.
kpfg;gpuk;khz;lkhd tpkhdk; vfpg;jpag; gpukpLfisg; Nghy $HEdpf; NfhGukhf
mike;J fHg;gf;fpufj;jpypUe;J 190 mb cauj;jpw;F Xq;fp tsHe;jpUf;fpwJ.
mf;fhyj;jpy; GtNd];tuj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l ypq;fuh[H Nfhapypd; cauk; 160 mb>
,uh[uhN[];tuk; mijAk; kpQ;rptpl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
Jiz rhHe;j kz;lgq;fSk; tpkhdKk; mHj;j kz;lgKk; kfhkz;lgKk;
ngupa ee;jpAk; mtw;wpw;Nfw;w nghUj;jkhd msTfSila xU Rw;Wr;RtUf;Fs;
mlq;fpapUf;fpd;wd. 35 cl;Nfhapy;fis ,izf;Fk; ePz;l kz;lgk; cs;sJ.
jQ;irg; ngupaNfhtpypy; cs;s ngupa ee;jp xNu fy;yhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. tpkhdr;
RtHfspy; gy NjtNfhl;lq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;L> mjpy; vopyhHe;j nja;tf P r; rpw;gq;fs;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. rpq;fq;fSk; mtw;wpd; kPJ rpq;fq;fis xl;LgtHfSld; cUtj;jpy;
fhl;lg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. kfuq;fSk; NghH tPuHfSk; thiag; gpse;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;
FjpiufSk; mtw;wpd; kPNjwpr; rthup nra;gtHfspd; cUtq;fSk; cs;sd.
vy;yh khlf;FopfspYk; khlq;fspYk; fw;rpw;gq;fs; ftHr;rpahd cUtq;fSld;
jpfo;fpd;wd. fl;llf; fiyg;ghzpAk; Mguz mikg;Gk; mit NrhoHfspd; jdpj;
jd;ikfisg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. ,q;F mike;Js;s kpfg;ngupa rptypq;fKk; mjd;
gPlKk; fHg;gf;fpufj;jpd; (ntspNa ,Ue;J ghHf;Fk;NghJ) ,uz;L khb cauj;jpw;F
,Uf;fpd;wd.
',Wjpahf> cr;rpapYs;s tl;lkhd tisthd fy; kz;lgKk;> mjw;F
khWgl;l kdepiyia> ghHg;gtHfsplk; cz;lhf;Ftjw;fhf ehd;F gf;fq;fspYk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l ,wf;iffSld; $ba khlf;FopfSk; cs;sd. gpukpLNghy tpkhdj;ij
mikj;jpUg;gjhy;> mbj;jsk; cWjpahf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;w vz;zk; vy;NyhUf;Fk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.. jpuhtplf; fiyQHfspd; kpfr; rpwe;j gilg;G ,JNt..

jQ;rht+H tpkhdk;> nghJthf ,e;jpaf; fl;blf; fiy KOikf;FNk ciufy;yhFk;" -
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,uh[uh[dpd; mf;fhs; Fe;jit. 10>000 foQ;R vilAs;s jq;fj;ijAk;> 18>000
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jiyefuj;jpd; nghUshjhuj;jpYk; Nguurpd; nghUshjhuj;jpYk; jQ;irg; ngupa
Nfhapy; <Lk; vLg;Gk; ,d;wp ngupa ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jjhy;> mij vt;tsT rpwg;gpj;Jr;
nrhd;dhYk; mJ cz;ikNa. gy Mz;LfSf;F ,f;Nfhapy; fl;Lk; Ntiy
eilngw;wJ. gy Guhzf; fijfs; Kjypatw;iw tpsf;Fk; jpUNkdpfs; ,f;Nfhapypy;
cs;sd.
jhuhRuk; - IuhtjP];tuH Nfhapy;
jQ;rht+H khtl;lj;jpYs;s ,f;Nfhapy;> ,ijf; fl;baNghJ Ml;rp nra;j
,uz;lhk; ,uh[uh[d; ngauhy; fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,uh[uhN[];tuk; vd;W
nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. Mdhy;> %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fr; NrhoDk; ,e;jf; Nfhapypy;
Gjpjhf gy jpUg;gzpfisr; nra;jpUg;gijAk; Ma;Tfs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
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,g;nghOJ NfhGuj;Jld; $ba xNu xU gpufhuk; kl;LNk ,Uf;fpwJ. ,q;Fs;s
',uh[fk;gPuk; jpUkz kz;lgk;" NjHf;fhy;fis cila xU ujj;ij ahidfs;
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,e;jf; Nfhapy;> xt;nthU gFjpapYk; fw;rpw;g Ntiyapy; cUtq;fs;
mikg;gjpYk; msT fle;j gzKk; NeuKk; nrytplg;gl;L> fiyQHfspd; jpwik
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ngupaGuhzj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;Fk; epfo;rr
; pfisr;
rpj;jupg;gij Kf;fpakhf ,q;Nf vLj;Jr; nrhy;yyhk;. ,e;jr; rpj;jpuq;fisr;
J}z;fspd; gFjpfspYk; ahsp cUtj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l gFjpapy; fHg;gf;fpufj;jpd;
RtHfspYk; ghHf;fyhk;. Re;juH tho;f;if epfo;rr ; p ,e;jf; Nfhapypd; fy;ypy;
nrJf;fg;gl;bUg;gJk; jQ;rht+upy; tz;z Xtpaq;fshf Rtupy; vOjg;gl;bUg;gJk; xNu
khjpup ,Uf;fpd;wd. ehad;khHfspd; tho;f;ifiag; Guhzkhf Nrf;fpohH ghbaJ
kf;fspd; kdjpy; Mokhf gjpe;J> mtHfSila xOf;fq;fis cUthf;f cjtpw;W
vd;gij ,t;tifahd rpw;gq;fs; kw;Wk; Xtpaq;fs; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ.
jQ;rht+upYk; fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpYk; NrhoHfSila Nfhapy;
fl;llg;ghzp KOtbtk; ngw;W rPUlDk; rpwg;GlDk; tpsq;fpa fhyj;jpw;Fr;
NrhoHfSila gpw;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l ngupa Nfhapy; njhFjpfSf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
fhyj;jpy; epytpa ghzpf;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;f vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf jhuhRuk; Nfhapiyf;
fUjyhk;.
fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuk;
mupaY}H khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk;.
fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpw;F fq;fhGup> fq;ifkhefH fq;fhGuk; Nghd;w ngaHfSk;
cs;sd. ,f;Nfhapy; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhodhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. fq;ifMW tiu
gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W ntw;wp ngw;wjd; epidthf fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk; vd;w


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
efuj;ij Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpud; mikj;J mq;F ,f;Nfhtpiy fl;bdhd;. ,f;Nfhtpy;>

IuhtNj];tuH Nfhapy;> ngUTilahH Nfhapy; Mfpa %d;Wk; NrHe;J mopahj NrhoH
ngUq;Nfhapy;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
jQ;irg; ngupa Nfhapy; fl;b Kbf;fg;gl;L ,UgJ Mz;Lfspy; fl;lg;gl;l
fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk; Nfhapy; jQ;irf; Nfhapy; gpujhdkhd my;yJ kpf
Kf;fpakhd ,ay;Gfis Mdhy; me;j ,ay;Gfis NtW xUtif czHr;rpAld;>
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. jQ;irg; ngupa Nfhapypy; Mz;ikapd; kpLf;Fk; tPuKk; nghq;fp
topfpwJ vd;why;> fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuf; Nfhapypy; ngz;ikapd; nkd;ikAk;
moFk; cs;sj;ijf; ftUfpwJ vd;gH. nghJthfj; jQ;rht+iutpl ,q;Fg;
nghypTgLj;Jtjpy; mf;fiw fhl;lg;gl;bUg;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. 340 mb ePsKk; 100
mb mfyKk; nfhz;Ls;s ,f;Nfhapypy; 175 mbAk; 95 mbAk; ePs mfyq;fs;
cila kz;lgKk; xt;nthU gf;fj;jpYk; 100 mb cila fHg;gf;fpufKk; cs;sd.
kz;lgj;ijAk; fHg;gf;fpufj;ijAk; ,izf;f XH ,iltop ,Uf;fpwJ. mofhd
NtiyghLfSs;s fjTfSld;> fz;izAk; fUj;ijAk; ftUk; Jthu
ghyfHfSlDk; gbfl;LfSld; kpspHfpd;wd.
nka;rpypf;ff;$ba tifapy; fl;llf; fiyiaAk; rpw;gf; fiyiaAk;
gpuk;khz;lkhd cUtj;jpy; tbj;J> ftHr;rpahd ngupanjhU Nfhl;il thapy;Nghy>
kz;lgj;jpd; fpof;F %iyapy; gpujhd thapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. 1987y;
ngUTilahH Nfhtpy; And];Nfh mikg;ghy; cyfg;ghuk;gupar; rpd;dkhf
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;dH> 2004-y; fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoP]t ; uH NfhapYk; kw;Wk;
IuhtNj];tuH NfhapYk; cyfg;ghuk;gupar; rpd;dq;fshf mwptpf;fg;gl;ld. 12Mk;
E}w;whz;Lfspy; ntt;NtW %d;W Nrho murHfshy; fl;lg;gl;l ,k;%d;W
Nfhapy;fSk; mjpfstpyhd xw;WikaikTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
NrhoHfspd; caHjukhd fiy kw;Wk; fl;blf;fiyf;F rpwe;j rhd;whf jpfOk;
,e;jf; Nfhapy; NrhoHfshy; fl;lg;gl;ljw;fhf kl;Lky;yhky;> njd;dpe;jpahtpNyNa
kpfg;ngupa rptypq;fj;ijg; ngw;wpUg;gjw;fhfTk; Gfo; ngw;Ws;sJ. NkYk;> fq;if
nfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpy; ,iwtd; Nfhapy;> mk;kd; Nfhapy; ,uz;LNk xNu fhyj;jpy;
fl;lg;gl;bUg;gjhfj; njupfpwJ.
jpupGtdk; - = fk;gN`Nu];tuH Myak;
Fk;gNfhzj;jpw;F mUfpy; cs;s jpUGtdk; vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy; =
fk;gN`Nu];tuH Myak; mike;Js;sJ. jpupGtdj;J> fk;gN`Nu];tuH Nfhapy;
fy;ntl;Lfspy; jpupGtd <];tuk; vd;W nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. fHg;gfpufk;> NfhGuk;
Mfpatw;wpd; RtHfspy; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nrho murd; xUtd;> xU
gpuhkzidf; nfhd;w ghtj;jhy; Jd;gg;gl;L mtDila clk;G KOtJk;
Mbf;nfhz;bUe;jjhk;. me;j eLf;fk; my;yJ fk;gj;ijf; flTs; Nghf;fpajhy; me;j
,iwtDf;F fk;gN`Nu];tuH vd;W ngaH cz;lhdjhf kuGf;fij toq;fp
tUfpd;wd.
mf;ukz;lgk;> EiothapypYs;s jho;thuk; Mfpait cs;gl> jhuhRuk;
NfhapYf;Fk; gy xw;Wikfs; cz;L. tpkhdk; NkNy nry;yr; nry;yr; RUq;Fk; MW
jsq;fis cilaJ. jhuhRuj;jpYk; jQ;rht+upYk; Nghy> ,q;NfAk; fPo; ,Uepiy
khlq;fSk; mHj;j kz;lgj;jpd; cauj;jpw;F cs;sd. mf;u kz;lgj;jpw;Fj;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njw;NfAs;s jho;thuk; IuhtjP];tuH Nfhapypy; ,Ug;gJ Nghd;wNj> rpq;fk;> ahid

Mfpatw;iw mbj;jskhff; nfhz;l J}z;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf vspa Kiwapyhd
J}z;fs; cs;sd. jho;thuNk> gy rf;fuq;fSld; $ba NjH tbtkhdJ. gytif
rpiyfs; epiwe;j fiyf;$lkhf ,e;jf; Nfhapy; tpsq;FfpwJ. ngupa tpkhdKila
NrhoH ghzpapyike;j Nfhapy;fSs; ,f;NfhapNy ,WjpahdJ vd;Nw $wyhk;.
NrhoHfshy; GJg;gpf;fg;gl;l filrpNfhtpy; ,Jntd tuyhw;whrpupaHfs; fUJfpd;wdH.
#upadhH Nfhapy;
jkpo;ehl;by; jQ;rht+H khtl;lk; Fk;gNfhzj;Jf;F mUfpy; mike;Js;sJ
#upadhH Nfhtpy;. ,e;j Nfhtpy; xd;gJ etf;fpuf; Nfhapy;fspy; Kjd;ikahdjhFk;.
,f;Nfhtpy; FNyhj;Jq;fr; Nrhoupd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ
mf;Nfhtpypy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;bd; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. ,f;Nfhapy;
ehd;F gpufhuq;fSld; $ba Rw;W RtUld; eLNt uh[NfhGuj;Jld; vOk;gp
fk;gPukhff; fhl;rpj;jUfpwJ.
#upaDf;F ,e;jpahtpy; ,uz;Nl ,uz;L ,lj;jpy; kl;LNk Nfhapy; cs;sJ.
tlf;Nf NfhdhH Nfhapy;> njw;Nf ,e;j #upadhH Nfhapy;. Nfhapy; NfhdhHf;fpy;
cUt topghL ,y;iy. Mdhy; ek; jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s ,e;j #upadhH Nfhapypy;
cUt topghL cs;sJ.
KbTiu
NrhoH fhy tdg;G kpf;f fl;llf; Nfhapy;fs; ,d;Wk; rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
,f;fhyf; Nfhapy; tpkhdr; RtHfspy; gy NjtNfhl;lq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;L> mjpy;
vopyhHe;j nja;tf P r; rpw;gq;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. RkhH 250 Mz;Lfs; jkpofj;jpd;
ngUk;gFjpiar; NrhoHfs; Mz;ldH. NrhoH fhyj;jpy; tp[ahyad; fhyk; njhlq;fp
,uh[uh[d; fhyk; tiu Nfhapw;fiyapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fl;lk; vdyhk;. ,f;fhyNk
jkpof Nfhapy; tuyhw;wpy; nghw;fhyk; vd;gij NrhoHfhy Nfhapy;fspd;
jdpj;jd;ikfs; %yk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ.
ghh;it E}y;fs;
1. Nguhrphpah; Nf.V. ePyfz;l rh];jphp. jkpohf;fk; Nf.tp. uhkd;> Nrhoh;fs;

(Gj;jfk; - 2)> epA+ nrQ;Rhp Gf; `T]; (gp)ypl;.> nrd;id. 2010.
2. fiykzp njh.K.gh];fu njhz;ilkhd;. Ntq;flk; Kjy; Fkhp tiu
th;j;jkhdd; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id. 2018.
3. Kidth;. rP. tre;jp (gjpg;ghrphpah;). jkpoff; Nfhapw; fiyfs;> jkpo;ehL muR
njhy;ypay; Jiw ntspaPL> nrd;id. 2014.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;nghUs; gz;ghl;by; rka ek;gpf;iffs;

Religious Beliefs in Archaic Culture
Kidth; f.ckhuhzp> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

rPjhyl;Rkp ,uhkRthkp fy;Y}hp> jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp-02.
Abstract
The article has been culled out by the inspiration to extract the Religious Beliefs in
Archaic Culture. The religious traits tell of the beliefe of the Tamil people through the archaic
remnants of the Tamil culture. Nevertheless, the purpose of it is to bring out the glimpses
from the archaeological evidences of the religious beliefs.
Keywords: Religious, Beliefs, Archaic Culture
rka ek;gpf;iffs; Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhye; njhlq;fp ,d;W tiu kdpj

rKjhak; vq;nfy;yhk; tho;e;J te;Js;sNjh mq;nfy;yhk; kdpj tho;tpaNyhL kpfTk;
Nt&d;wpAs;sd. ve;nje;jr; rKjhaq;fspy; vt;tifahd rka ek;gpf;iffs; cs;sd
vd;gJ gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; nrNdh/ghd;];> n`Nuhlhl;l]; fhyk; njhlq;fp ,d;W tiu
njhlh;e;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kdpj
%jhijah;fshd epahz;lh;jhy; kdpjd; (Neanderthal man) fhyj;jpNyNa rka
ek;gpf;if Vw;gl;Ltpl;lJ vd khdpltpay; Ma;Tj;juTfs; $Wfpd;wd. kdpj
Mw;wYf;fg;ghw;gl;l Mw;wy; xd;Ws;sJ vd;w njhd;ik kf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifNa rkak;
Njhd;Wtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;jJ. njhd;ik kf;fspd; me;ek;gpf;if gy
gbepiyfspy; kyh;r;rp mile;j epiyapy; gy rkag; gphpTfshf tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ.
njhy;nghUs; gz;ghl;by; fhzg;gLk; rka ek;gpf;iffis ,tz; fhz;Nghk;.
rkak;:
rkak; vd;gJ Gdpjkhd xd;iwg; (Sacred thing) gw;wpa ek;gpf;iffSk;>
nray;KiwfSk; mlq;fpa Xh; xOq;fike;j KiwahFk; vd;ghh; vkpyp jh;ifk;.1
,f;fUj;ij NkYk; gue;j nghUSilajhf khw;wp Xbah vd;gth; gFj;jwptpw;F
vl;lhjJk; (Non-rational) nraywptpw;F cl;glhjJkhd (Non-empirical) Xh;
cyfj;Jld; njhlh;G nfhs;s kf;fs; Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;l KiwNa rkak; vd
tiuaiw nra;fpwhh;.2
rka ek;gpf;ifapd; mbj;jsk;:
Kd; tuyhw;Wf;fhy kf;fspd; Fiffspy; tiuag;gl;Ls;s Xtpaq;fs;
mth;fspd; ek;gpf;if Kiwfis Cfpg;gjw;F cjTfpd;wd. ngUk;ghyhd Xtpaq;fs;
Ntl;il epfo;r;rpfisr; rpj;jhpf;fpd;wd. Ntl;ilapy; vt;tifahd tpyq;fpid vt;thW
Ntl;ilahl Ntz;Lnkd tpUk;gpdhh;fNsh me;j tifapy; Xtpaq;fisj;
jPl;bAs;shh;fs;. mit mth;fSf;F Ntl;ilahLk; kd typikiaAk;> Ntl;ilapy;
ntw;wp ngwyhk; vd;w vz;zj;ijAk; nfhLj;jd. ,t;tifahd vz;zq;fs; rka
ek;gpf;iffSf;F mbj;jskhf mike;jd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspYk;> kj;jpa fpof;F ehLfspd; gy gFjpfspYk;>

INuhg;gh KOtjpYk; Kd;tuyhw;Wf; fhy kf;fs; ,we;jth;fisg; Gijj;j ,lq;fspy;
epidtpw;fhfg; ngUq;fw;fis (Megaliths) el;L itj;jdh;. mt;tplq;fis mfoha;T
nra;j NghJ gy rlq;Fg;nghUs;fs; fpilj;jd. mg;nghUs;fs; ,we;jth;fspd;
Mtpia epidTgLj;jNth ,ay;gpwe;j ,aw;ifapd; Mw;wlYld; (Super-nature power)
njhlh;G nfhs;sNth ,we;jth;fspd; cjtpiag; ngwNth itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mt;tplq;fspy; itf;fg;gl;bUe;j nghUs;fs; epahz;lh;jhy; kdpjdpd; ek;gpf;ifiaf;
fhl;bYk; NkYk; $Ljyhd rka ek;gpf;ifia ntspg;gLj;Jtdthf cs;sd.
kdpj tho;tpy; rkaj;jpd; gq;F:
kdpj ,dj;jpd; tsh;r;rpapy; rka ek;gpf;if MtpAyf topghl;by; njhlq;fp
xU flTs; topghL tiu gy epiyfshfg; gbkyh;r;rpaile;J te;Js;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk;
midj;J epiyfspYk; rka ek;gpf;ifahdJ kf;fs; tho;tpy; kpfTk; Mokhf
Nt&d;wpAs;s epiyNa fhzg;gLfpwJ. tho;tpd; vjph;fhyk; vg;gbapUf;Fk; vd
fzpf;f ,ayhj epiyapy; Njhd;Wk; xU gak; fye;j vjph;ghh;g;G czh;Tfisj;
Njw;wpf; nfhz;L mjd; %yk; xU tifahd ek;gpf;ifiag; ngw;W tho;f;if
elj;Jtjpy; rkak; ngUk;gq;fhw;WfpwJ. ,t;Tyf tho;tpy; mLj;J vd;d elf;Fk;
vd;gJ ahUf;Fk; njhpahjjhifahy; xt;nthUtUk; jkf;F vt;tpj ,ilA+Wk;>
njhy;iyAk; Vw;glf;$lhJ vd tpUk;Gfpd;wdh;. kw;wthplk; ,dpikahfg; NgrTk;>
gofTk; nra;aNtz;Lnkd;Wk; mJNt kWikf;Fk; ,d;gk; jUnkd;gij>
rpWikAs; ePq;fpa ,d;nrhy; kWikAk;
,k;ikAk; ,d;gk; jUk; (Fws;- 98)
ts;Stk; $WfpwJ. ,jw;fLj;J> Vwf;Fiwa vy;yh rkaq;fSNk ,ay;gpwe;j
,aw;if my;yJ ,aw;iff;fg;ghw;gl;l cyfk; (Supernature) xd;W cz;L vd
tiuaiw nra;J ,wg;Gf;Fg; gpd; kdpjDf;F mt;Tyfj;jpy; kPz;Lk; xU tho;T
cs;sJ vdf; $Wtjhy;> Ghpe;J nfhs;stpayhj tUq;fhy tho;tpy; rpf;fy;fspd;wp
vjph;nfhs;s tpUk;gp rka tho;it Vw;Wf;nfhz;L mjd; eilKiwfisg;
gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdh;.
jkpoh; gz;ghl;by; rka ek;gpf;if:
rq;ffhyj; jkpoh; gz;ghl;bYk; gy jFjpg;ngah;r;rp epiyfs; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Fwpg;ghf> Foe;ijg;gUtj;ij fhg;G> nrq;fPiu> jhsg;gUtk;> rg;ghdp> Kj;jg;gUtk;>
tUif> mk;khid> rpWtiu> rpw;wpy;> rpWNjh; vdg; gFj;Js;sik jFjpg;ngah;T
vd;Dk; fUj;jhf;fj;ijf; nfhz;litNaahFk;. mt;thNw> ngz;fspd; thOk;
fhyj;ij Ngij> ngJk;ig> kq;if> kle;ij> mhpit> njhpit> Nghpsk;ngz; vd;Dk;
jFjpepiyfshfg; gFj;Js;sJk; Nkw;$wpa fUj;jhf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa MFk;.
mtw;NwhL ngah; #l;Lr;rlq;F> fhJFj;Jjy;> G+E}y; jpUkzk;> kQ;rs; ePuhl;Ltpoh>
jpUkzk;> tisfhg;G> mWgjhk; fy;ahzk;> fhhpak; nra;jy;> njtrk; nfhLj;jy;
Nghd;witAk; jFjpg;ngah;r;rpr; rlq;Ffs; vd;Dk; fUj;jhf;fj;ijf; nfhz;ljhFk;.
jkpoh;fspd; rkaek;gpf;if Gdpjkhdjw;Fk; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila
rlq;FfSf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s cwitr; Rl;bf; fhl;LfpwJ. kf;fs; mtw;NwhL njhlh;G
nfhs;Stjhy; Vw;gLk; gyidr; Rl;bf; fhl;LfpwJ. mt;thW njhlh;Gilajhf
nra;ag;gLk; rlq;Ffspd; nghUisr; Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rhd;whf>
,e;Jf;fs; NfhapYf;Fr; nry;Yk; NghJ Fspj;Jtpl;Lr; nry;y Ntz;Lnkd;gJ
rkaek;gpf;if.
Gwj;J}a;ik ePuhd; mikAk; mfj;J}a;ik
tha;ikahy; mwpag; gLk; (Fws; 298)
vd;fpwhh; ts;Sth;. vdpDk;> clystpy; J}a;ikahf ,Ug;gnjd;gJ kdjstpYk;
J}a;ikahf ,Ug;gjd; FwpaPlhf mikfpwJ. clystpYk;> kdjstpYk; J}a;ikahf
flTis mZf Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,e;Jf;fspd; rkaek;gpf;ifahf cs;sJ.
tho;tpay; tpOkpaq;fis czh;j;Jk; rkaek;gpf;if:
xU rKjhaj;jpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; mth;fSila rKjhak; Rl;bf;fhl;Lk;
newpKiwfisAk; (Norms) tpOkpaq;fisAk; (Values) Kiwahfg; gpd;gw;wp
elg;gjhy; kl;LNk mr;rKjhak; epiyngw KbAk;. ,e;epiyapy; newpKiwfSk;>
tpOkpaq;fSk; rKjha tho;tpw;F kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ vd Rl;bf;fhl;LtNjhL
mjidf; fz;bg;Gld; Vw;Wr; nray;gl itg;gjpYk; rkak; ngUk;gq;fhw;WfpwJ. kf;fs;
gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba newpKiwfs;> tpOkpaq;fs; Mfpatw;Ws; ngUk;ghyhdtw;iwr;
rkak; xOf;fk; rhh;e;jjhf (Moral) mwpTWj;jp mjw;Fj; jdpkjpg;ig Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
,tw;Ws;Sk; rpytw;iw Gdpjj;jd;ikahf;f (Sacred) mjw;Fr; rpwg;gplk; nfhLf;fpwJ.
,t;thW rkaj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fNshL $ba newpKiwfisAk;> tpOkpaq;fisAk;
gpd;gw;WNthUf;Fr; rkak; Mjutspf;fpwJ vd;w fUj;jhf;fj;ijr; rkaq;fs;
fw;gpf;fpd;wd.
ngw;NwhUf;F kjpg;gspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w newpKiw tPl;bYk;> gs;spapYk;
fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ngw;Nwhiu kjpg;gtDk;> topgLgtDk; ,iwtid kjpg;gjw;Fk;>
topgLtjw;Fk; rkk; vd;w fUj;J ,e;newpKiwapd; Mo;epiyf;fUj;jhf miktjhy;
xt;nthUtUk; ,e;newpKiwiaf; filgpbf;fhky; jg;gpj;Jr; nray;gl tpUk;Gtjpy;iy.
md;idAk; gpjhTk; Kd;dwp nja;tk;
jhapw; rpwe;j NfhapYkpy;iy
je;ij nrhy;kpf;f ke;jpukpy;iy>>>>>>>>>>
Nghd;w thpfs; ,jw;F rhd;whfpd;wd.
r%fj;ij xd;wpizf;Fk; rka ek;gpf;if:
kdpjh;fs; midtUk; rkk; vd;Dk; fUj;ij midj;Jr; rkaq;fSk;
typAWj;Jfpd;wd. mNjhL md;G> fUiz> rNfhjuj;Jtk;> ehl;Lg;gw;W Nghd;w
gz;GfisAk; typAWj;Jtjhy; ,it jdpkdpjh;fis xd;wpizf;fpd;wd. rKjha
mikg;gpy; Kd;gpd; njhpahjth;fshf ,Ue;jhYk; mth;fSf;fpila gpizg;ig
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. rhd;whf> ,e;J rkaj;jpy; irt> itztg; gphpTfSk;> fpwpj;jtj;jpy;
Guhl;l];lhz;L> fj;Njhypf;fg; gphpTfSk;> gpw rkaq;fspy; ,JNghd;w cl;gphpTfSk;
cs;sd. ,g;gphptpdh;fs; xUtUf;nfhUth; cwtpduhf ,y;yhkypUg;gpDk;
nghJtho;tpNyh> gpw ,lq;fspNyh gof tha;g;Ngw;gLk;NghJ gw;WilatuhfTk;> md;G
nrYj;JgtuhfTk;> cjtp nra;gtuhfTk; goFth;.
vy;NyhUk; Xh; Fyk;: vy;NyhUk; Xh; ,dk;:
vy;NyhUk; ,e;jpa kf;fs;
vy;NyhUk; Xh; epiw: vy;NyhUk; Xh; tpiy


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vy;NyhUk; ,e;ehl;L kd;dh;>>>>

vd;w ghujpapd; thpfs; epidT $wj;jf;fd. ,t;thwhd czh;TfSld; r%fj;jpy;
midtiuAk; gpizf;Fk; Mw;wy; kw;w vy;yh epWtdq;fisf; fhl;bYk; rkaNk
kpFjpahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,t;thwhf> jdpkdpjh; jk; tho;tpaypy; vjph;nfhs;Sk; clypay;> cstpay;>
tho;tpay; rpf;fy;fisAk;> khw;wq;fisAk; jhq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; jpwid rkak;
nfhLf;fpwJ. kdpj Mw;wYf;F mg;ghw;gl;l nray;fSf;F tpsf;fk; fhz;gjpy; rkaNk
Jizepw;fpwJ. vdNt rkak; kf;fspd; tho;it newpg;gLj;Jk; Xh; capNuhl;lKs;s
czh;thfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;:
1.Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (New York: Free press 1965),
P.62.
2.Thomas F.O’Dear, The Sociology of Religion (Engle-wood Cliffs, N.J.:Prentice-Hall,
1966), PP.1-2
ghh;it E}y;fs;:
1.gz;ghl;L khdpltpay;-rP.gf;jtj;ry ghujp

2.jpUf;Fws; -njspTiu
3.ghujpahh; ftpijfs;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fy;ntl;L nrg;NgLfspy; mwpayhFk; GwehD}w;W kd;du;fs;

The Kings of Purananooru from the Culverts and Bronze Plates
t.fzgjpuhkd;> cjtpg;Nguhrpupau;>
jkpopay;Jiw> mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> mz;zhkiyefu; - 608002.
Abstract
The article has been culled out by the inspiration to extract the glorious kings
glorified in the poetic verses of ‘Purananooru’. The evidences from the culverts, copper
plates and literary sources scops of the feats of some of the kings in a far-fetched manner.
Kings such as Pandian Palyagasalai Mudhukudumbi Peruvazhudhi, Pandian Nedunchelian,
Vel Aai, Adhiyaman Newdumananji are famed through the Sangam poems. The article delves
deep to scrutinize the facts related to it. Nevertheless, the purpose of it is to bring out the
glimpses from the archaeological evidences of the Purananooru kings.
Keywords: Kings, Purananooru, Culverts, Bronze Plates
Kd;Diu
jkpoh;fs; ngUkpj tho;Tf;F ngah; ngw;wth;fs;. tpuKk; <uKk; tpise;j

neQ;rKk;> mwKk; jpwKk; mike;j gz;Gk;> chpikAk; ngUikAk; cyTk;
cs;sKk; jkpoh;fSf;Nf chpadthFk;. mj;jF tPu tho;f;ifiag; Gyth;fs;
ftpijfshfTk;> fhtpaq;fshfTk; tbj;Jj; je;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. mj;jF ftpij
njhFg;gpy; xd;W jhd; GwehD}W. Gwk; rhh;e;j fUj;Jfs; vz;zw;wit ,Ue;jhYk;
mjD}Nl kd;dh;fs;> Gyth;fs;> ,th;fs; rhh;e;j Ch;fs; vd midj;Jk; mjpy;
gjpthfpAs;sd. ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gLk; nra;jpfs; cz;ikahditah vd mwptw;F
fy;ntl;LfSk;> nrg;NgLfSk; nghpJk; cjTfpd;wd. mt;tifapy; GwehD}w;wpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gLk; xU rpy kd;du;fs; rhu;e;j gpw nra;jpfSk; fy;ntl;Lnrg;NgL %yk;
mwptjhfNt ,t;tha;T mikfpwJ.
goq;fhyj;jpy; murupd; Mizfis midtUk; njupe;J nfhs;Sk; tz;zk;
ghiwfspy; nrJf;fpg; gjpT nra;Ak; tof;fk; ,Ue;jJ. fw;fspy; csp nfhz;L
ntl;bg; gjpjy;>‘fy;ntl;L’ vd;whdJ. jkpo;nkhop tuyhW mwpa ,d;wpaikahjit
fy;ntl;Lfs;. fy;ypy; nrJf;fg;gl;ljhy; mbj;jy;> jpUj;jy;> khw;wp vOJjy;>
mopj;jy;> Gjpjhf xd;iwr; Nru;j;J vOJjy; vd;gtw;Wf;F vy;yhk; ,q;F ,lNk
,y;iy. vd;W vg;gb vOjg;gl;lNjh> mNj epiyapy;> rpwpJk; khw;wkpd;wp ,d;Wk;
fpilg;gJ fy;ntl;Lfspd; jdpr;rpwg;G MFk;. fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs; Kjd;ikr;
rhd;Wfshf tuyhw;wpy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. fy;nyOj;Jf; fiyahf
fy;ntl;Lfs; jkpo;ehl;by; gupzkpj;Js;sd. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s fy;ntl;Lfspy; 50
tpOf;fhL fy;ntl;Lfs; jkpo;ehl;by; fpilf;fpd;wd. vz;zpf;ifapy; mjpfkhd
fy;ntl;LfSk; jkpofj;jpNyNa cs;sd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lfspy; fp.gp. %d;whk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhu;e;j gpuhkpf;

fy;ntl;Lfs; kpfg; goikahdit. ,it Fiffspy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
gQ;rghz;ltu; kiy> kWfhy;jiy> jpUg;guq;Fd;wk;> fOFkiy> rpj;jd;dthry; Mfpa
,lq;fspy; ,f; fy;ntl;Lfisf; fhzyhk;. gpuhkp vOj;Jfspy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sjhy;
,it ‘gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfs;’ vd;W toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. ‘Fiff; fy;ntl;Lfs;’ vd;Wk;
miog;gu;.
fy;ntl;Lfs;
jkpoh;fspd; ngUikkpf;f tuyhw;Wf;Fr; rhd;whf ,Ug;git> fy;ntl;Lfs;
kw;Wk;; nrg;NgLfSk; MFk;. ,it Nfhapy;fs; kiyfs; vd vq;nfy;yhk; jkpo;
kd;dh;fs; fhy; gjpj;jdNuh> mq;nfy;yhk; fy;ntl;Lfis ntl;bg; nghjpj;J
itj;Js;sdh;. ,Jtiu gy Mapuk; fy;ntl;;Lfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ngUk;ghyhdit gbf;fg;gl;L mr;rhf;fKk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,d;Dk;
Mapuf;fzf;fhd fy;ntl;Lfs; gbf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gh;. ,d;Dk; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd
fy;ntl;Lfs; fz;Lgpbf;fgltpy;iy vd;W mwpQh;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. ngUk;ghyhd
fy;ntl;Lfs; gpuhkp vOj;J> tl;nlOj;J goq;fhyj; jkpo; vOj;Jfspy; cs;sJ vd;gh;
‘fy;ntl;Lfs; vd;gd Nfhapy;fspYs;s Rth;fs;> fw;ghiwfs;> kiyf;Fiffs;>
ntw;wpj;J}z;fs; kz;lgq;fs;> gbkq;fs;> eLfw;fs; Kjyhdtw;wpy; tiuag;
ngw;wpUf;Fk; fy;nyOj;JfNsahFk;. nrg;NgLfisAk; fy;ntl;Lfs; vd;w jiyg;gpd;
fPo; mlf;fpf; nfhs;tJ nghUe;Jk;. fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk; nra;jpfs; my;y.
mitaidj;Jk;ek; Kd;Ndhh;fSila cz;ik tuyhWfid Azh;j;Jk; gioa
ntspaPLfNs’ vd;W fy;ntl;lwpQh; jp.it. rjhrptgz;lhuj;jhh; $Wfpwhh;.
GwehD}w;;why; mwpag;gLk; kd;du;fs;
1. ghz;bad; gy;ahfrhiy KJFLkpg; ngUtOjp
2. ghz;bad; neLQ;nropad;
3. Nts; Ma;
4. mjpakhd; neLkhdQ;rp
ghz;bad; gy;ahfrhiy KJFLkpg; ngUtOjp
KJFLkp muru;f;Fupa gyNts;tpfs; nra;J rpwg;G ngw;wtd; vd;gJ> ,td;
,aw;ngaUf;F gpd;dUs;s gy;ahfrhiy vd;w milnkhop gpd;tUk; ghlypy; ‘md;d
rPw;wj;J midia’ vd;gJ tiu tOjpapd; Nghuhw;wiy nel;bikahu; Gfo;fpwhu;.
mLj;J tirgl tho;e;Njhu; gyu;nfhy; vd;gJ tiu Nghu; ,fog;gLk; nray; vd;fpwhu;.
mLj;J A+gk; el;l tpad;fsk; gynfhy; vd;gJ tiu Ntjnewpahy; ahJ gad; vdg;
ngw itf;fpwhu;. ,Wjpapy; ghbdp ghLk; tQ;rpf;F ehly; rhd;wtd; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;L
kf;fis kfpo;tpg;gNj newp vd;Dk; mwj;ij epiyehl;Lfpwhu;
“fLe; Nju; Fopj;j nQs;sy; Mq;fz;>
…nts; tha;f; fOijg; Gy; >dk; G+l;b>
mUQ; rPuj ; ;jpg; ngUq; fz;Ziw
nea;k; kyp MTjp nghq;f> gy; khz;
tPahr; rpwg;gpd; Nts;tp Kw;wp>
A+gk; el;l tpad; fsk; gynfhy;?
ah gynfhy;Nyh? ngUk! thu; cw;W


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tprp gpzpf;nfhz;l kz; fid Kotpd;

ghbdp ghLk; tQ;rpf;F
ehly; rhd;w ike;jpNdha;! epdf;Nf.” (Gwk; -15 )
Gytu; kd;didf; tpdTfpwhu;.giftiu mwpj;J tirghl tho;e;jtu;
gyuh>>y;iy> J}z; el;L Nts;tp nra;J Gfo; ngw;wtu; gyuh? eP rpdk; kpf;ftd;.
mjdhy; giftu; ehl;by; Nju; elj;jpdha;. me;jj; Nju;f;fhy; gs;sj;jpy; fOij-Vu;
G+l;b cOjha;. mtuJ Nfhl;ilfis mopj;jha;. gwitfs; NkAk; tpis tay;fs;
cd; Fjpiuf; Fsk;Gfshy; kpjpglj; NjNuhl;bdha;.eil gapy;tJk;> gUj;j KJFf;
nfhl;NlwpAk;> gue;j fhybAk;> mopf;Fk; ghu;itAk;> xsp tPRk; nfhk;GfisAk;
nfhz;lJkhd cd; ahidfis Cu;kf;fs; Fbg;gjw;fhfg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l Fsj;jpy;
Fspj;Jj; jpisf;Fk;gb nra;jha;. ,g;gbg;gl;l rPw;wk; nfhz;ltd; eP. nghd;-NflaKk;
NtYk; Ve;jp giftu; elj;jpa fhyhs; gilia nty;Yk; MirNahL Nghupl;Lk;>
Vkhe;Jk; kf;fs; tir ghl tho;e;jtu; gyuh? my;yJ ehy;Ntjr; rpwg;Gf; Fopapy; nea;
Cw;wp Mtp nghq;f Nts;tp nra;J J}z; el;Lr; rpwg;nga;jpatu; gyuh? fid-
Kotpid Kof;fpf;nfhz;L cd;idg; ghLk; ghbdpapd; tQ;rpg; ghliy tpUk;Gk;
typik kpf;ftNd! cdf;F ahu; gyu;? (,UtUk; ,y;iy.)
gy;ahf KJFLkpg; ngUtOjpnaDk; ghz;bahjpuhrdhy; ehfkh kiyr;Nrhiy
espu;rpidkpir tz;lyk;Gk; ghfD}u; $w;wnkd;Dk; godfplf;if ePu;ehl;Lr;
nrhw;fzsu; nrhy;yg;gl;l RUjp khu;f;fk; gpioahJ nfhw;if fpohd; ew;nfhw;wd;
nfhd;W Nts;tp Kw;Wtpf;ff; Nfs;tpae;jzsu; Kd;G Nfl;f ntd;nwLj;Jiuj;J
Nts;tpr;rhiy Kd;G epd;W Nts;tpf;Fbnad;wg;gjpiar; rPNuhL jpUtsu;r; nra;jhu;
Nte;jdg; nghONj ePNuhl;bf; nfhLj;jikahy; ePL Gf;jp Ja;j;j gpd; vd;w Nts;tpf;Fb
nrg;Ngl;Lg; gFjpapdhy; mwpa KbfpwJ vd;W jp.it. rjhrptgz;lhuj;jhh; $Wfpwhh;.
ghz;bad; neLQ;nropad;
filr;rq;f ehspy; tpsq;fpa ghz;ba neLQ;nropad; vd;gtd;> Nrhod;
ngUew;fps;sp> Nrukhd; ahidf;fl;Nra; khe;juQ;Nruy; ,sk;nghiw vd;w Nguuru;
,UtiuAk; FWepy kd;du; ItiuAk; jiyahdq;fdj;jpy; ntd;w nray; gpd;tUk;
Gwg;ghl;Lf;fshy; czug;gLfpd;wJ.
“jkpo; fly; tis,a <z;L mfd; fplf;if>
jkpo; jiykaq;fpa jiyahyq;fhdj;J>
kd; capu;g; gd;ikAk;> $w;wj;J xUikAk;>
……mk;G nrd;W ,Wj;j mUk; Gz; ahidj;
J}k;Gilj; jlf; if thnahL Jkpe;J>
ehQ;rpy; xg;g> epyk; kpirg; Gus>
vwpe;J fsk; gLj;j Ve;J ths; tyj;ju;”(Gwk; -19)
ntw;wpNty; nfhz;l nropaNd! jkpoNuhL jkpou; Nkhjpf;nfhz;l
jiyahyq;fhdg; Nghupy; eP jdpnahUtdhfNt gy capu;fis kha;j;jpUf;fpwha;. ,J
vkd; jdpadhfr; nra;Ak; nray; Nghd;wJ. ngupa fy; mbj;J tpOk;gb Ntl;Ltd;
Gypf;Fg; nghwp itg;ghd;. (Gyp jhNd tUk; NghJ me;jf; fy;ypy; mbgl;L tpOk;) eP
me;jg; ngUq;fy; mlhu; Nghd;wtd; eP. (jhNd te;J giftu; tpof; nfhy;gtd; eP)
vdNt cd; khu;ig koq;fpj; jOtpNdd;. eP cd;id vjpu;j;j VO muru;fisj;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jiyahyq;fhdg; Nghupy; ntd;wtd;. me;jg; Nghupy; vd; fztDk; Gjy;tUk;

khz;ldu;. ,dp ekf;F vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ vd;w kfspu; frpe;J mOtijg; ghu;j;Jf;
$w;WtNd ,uq;fpa Nghu;f;fsk; mJ. me;jg; Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; mk;Gfs; FUtpf;$l;lk;
Nghy ahidkPJ gha;e;jd. Gz;gl;l ahidapd; Jjpf;ifAk; thAk; Jz;bf;fg;gl;L
cOk; fyg;ig Nghy epyj;jpy; fple;jJ. ,g;gb ntd;w ftrKk; MuKk; jhq;fpa
cd; khu;igj; jOtpNdd;> ghJfhg;ghahf.
NkYk;> neLQ;nropad; jiyahyq;fhdg; Nghupy; ntd;W mopj;j giftu;
ehl;bd; mopitg; gw;wpf; fy;yhldhu; $Wk; ghly; ,J.
“ntspW ,y; Nehd; fho;g; giz epiy Kid>>
fspW gbe;J cz;nld> fyq;fpa JiwAk;;
……G+is ePba ntUtU gwe;jiy
Ntis ntz; G+f; fwpf;Fk;
Ms; ,y; mj;jk; Mfpa fhNl”.(Gwk; -23)
nfhl;lifapy; (ntspW ,y;ypy;) fl;lg;gl;bUg;gij ntWj;j ahid fyf;fpa
ePu;j;Jiw. neLQ;nropadpd; gil flk;G R+bg; Nghupl;l KUfdpd; $spau; gil Nghy
gifehl;by; Ntz;ba msT cz;lJ Nghf tPrp vwpe;jpUf;Fk; epyk;. gil
Nfhlhupahy; ntl;br; rha;j;j fhl;luz;> gil vup Cl;ba efu;g; gFjptw;iwnay;yhk;
me;j ehl;L muru;fs; ghu;j;J ehzp> ek;khy; neUq;f Kbahj me;jj; Jzpthsd;
cyfk; nespaf;$ba ngUgilia elj;jp ,d;Dk; te;J ,d;dJ nra;thd; vd
eLq;Fk; ehl;ilf; fz;L te;Njd;. Mz;khd; Gypthapy; gl;lij vz;zpg; ngz;khd;
G+shg; G+ epiwe;j fhl;by; Ntisr; nrbapd; nts;isg; G+f;fisf; fwpf;Fk; ehlhf
,g;NghJ mtu;fspd; ehL cs;sJ.
,g;Nghu; epfo;r;rp fp.gp gj;jhk; E}w;whz;by; tiuag;gl;l rpd;dkd;D}u;
nrg;Ngl;by;>
“jiyahdq; fhdj;jpw; wd;ndf;F
kpUNte;jiuf; nfhiythspw; wiyJkpj;Jf;
Fiwj;jiyapd; $j;njhopj;Jk;”
vd;W nrhy;yg;gl;bUg;gjhf jp.it. rjhrptgz;lhuj;jhh; tpsk;Gfpwhh;.
Nts; Ma;
filnaO ts;sy;fSs; xUtDk; Mfpa Ma;Nts; vd;ghd; nghjpapy;
kiyiar; rhu;e;j Ntzhl;il Ml;rpGupe;j FWepykd;dd; vd;gijg; GwehD}w;Wg;
ghly; tup %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ.
“Kd; cs;SNthidg; gpd; cs;spNdNd!
…….njd; jpir Mma; Fb ,d;whapd;>
gpwo;tJ kd;Ndh> ,k; kyu; jiy cyNf.”(Gwk; -132)
tljpirapy; cs;s ,kakiyapy; ftupkhd;fs; thOk;. mit eue;jk; Gy;iy
Nka;e;j gpd;> Ftis G+j;jpUf;Fk; Fsj;J ePiug; gUfp> jfu kuj;J epoypy; cwq;Fk;.
njd;jpirapy; Ma;-FLk;gk; ,y;iy vdpd; ,kakiyapd; vilg;ngUikahy; cyfk;
gpwz;L tpLk;. ,g;gbf; $WtJ xUtif nkhopeak;. tljpirapy; cs;s
,kakiyapd; ngUikf;F <lhfj; jpfo;tJ njd;jpirapy; cs;s ‘Ma;’ kd;dpd;
FbkuG vd;fpwJ ,e;jg; ghly;. ,g;gbg;gl;l Ma; murid KjypNyNa ghu;j;J vd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
qWikahg; Nghf;fpf;nfhs;shky; fhyk; Nghd filrpapy; ghu;f;fpNwNd!mjdhy; vd;

cs;sk; %o;fp mopal;Lk;. ,g;NghJ ghLk; vd; ehf;F gpse;JNghfl;Lk;. mtd; Gfiof;
fhyk; jho;e;J Nfl;Fk; vd; fhJ gho;q;fpzW Nghyj; J}u;e;JNghfl;Lk;.
ghz;b ehl;bw;Fj; njd;Nkw;fpy; Ngupahw;Wf;Fk; Fkup Kidf;Fk; jpUthq;$u;
,uhr;rpaj;jpd; njd;gFjpf;F Kw;fhyj;jpy; NtzhL vd;w ngau; ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ gy
fy;ntl;Lf;fshy; Gyg;gLfpd;wJ. Nts; Mapd; kugpdu; fp.gp Vohk; vl;lhk;
E}w;whz;LfspYk; mq;F murhz;ldu; vd;gJk; md;Ndhu; Nfhr;riled; guhe;jfd; vd;w
ghz;ba Nte;ju;fshy; ntd;W milf;fg;gl;ldu; vd;gJk; Nts;tpf;Fbr; nrg;NgLfshy;
mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. ,r;nra;jpfis>
“nghUJ}Uq; flw;widia kUJ}Us; khz;gopj;J
Ma;Ntis afg;glNt nad;dhik nawpe;jopj;J”
vdTk;
“jPthu mapNye;jpj; jpisj;njjpNu te;jpWj;j
Ma;NtisAq; FWk;giuAk; mlykUs; mopj;Njhl;b”
vdTk; NghjUk; Nts;tpf;Fbr; nrg;Ngl;Lg; gFjpfshy; czuKbfpwJ vd;W jp.it.
rjhrptgz;lhuj;jhh; $Wfpwhh;.
mjpakhd; neLkhdQ;rp
mjpakhdplk; guprpy; Ntz;Lk; Gytu; jd; neQ;Rf;Fj; jhNd nrhy;ypf;nfhs;tJ
Nghd;W mjpakhDf;Fj; njuptpf;fpwhu;.
“xU ehs; nry;yyk;; ,U ehs; nry;yyk;;
gy ehs; gapd;W> gynuhL nry;ypDk;>
jiy ehs; Nghd;w tpUg;gpdd;khNjh
…ifafj;jJ mJ ngha; MfhNj
mUe;j Vkhe;j neQ;rk;!
tUe;j Ntz;lh; tho;f> mtd; jhNs!” (Gwk; -101)
xUehs;> ,Uehs; md;W. gyehs; gyNuhL nrd;W guprpy; Ntz;bdhYk; Kjy;
ehs; tpUg;gj;Jld; toq;fpaJ NghyNt vy;yh ehSk; vy;yhUf;Fk; tpUg;gj;NjhL
toq;Fthd;.
mtd; mzpfyd; G+z;l ahidNky; tUk; ‘mQ;rp mjpakhd;’. mtdplk; guprpy;
ngWtjw;Ff; fhyk; jho;e;jhYk;> jhohtpl;lhYk; fspW jd; je;jq;fSf;F ,ilapy;
itj;Jf;nfhz;l Nrhw;Wf; ftsk; mjw;Fg; gad;gLtJ Nghy mtd; guprpy; ekf;F
cjTk;. cz;z Vkhe;jpUf;Fk; neQ;rNk! tUe;j Ntz;lh. mtd; jhs; tho;f vd;W
xsitahu; kdKUfpg; ghLfpwhu;.
tl Mu;f;fhL Nfhl;lj; jpUkiyapy; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;nlhd;W mjpakhd;
neLkhd; mQ;rpiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. nra;As; tbtj;jpy; cs;s mf;fy;ntl;L>
‘tQ;rpau; Fygjp naopdp
tFj;j tpaf;f hpaf;fpaNuh
nlQ;rpatopT jpUj;jp
naz;Fz tpiwtid kiyitj;jhd;
mQ;rpjd; toptUktd;Kj
ypfjpfd thdE}y;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tpQ;irau; jifikau; fhtyd;

tpLfhjopfpa ngUkhNs’
vd;W cs;sjhf jp.it. rjhrptgz;lhuj;jhh; $Wfpwhh;. NkYk; ,jpy; $wg;gLk;
tpLfhjofpa ngUkhs; vd;gtd; mjpakhd; neLkhdQ;rpapd; topj;Njhd;wy; vd;gJk;
fp.gp gjpd;%d;whk; E}w;whz;bypUe;j xU FWepy kd;dd; vd;gJk; <z;L
czuj;jf;fJ.
KbTiu
gd;ndLq;fhy jkpo;rr ; Kjhaj;jpd; tuyhw;wpd; Mtzkhf tpsq;Fgit rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fs; MFk;. ,tw;iwg; gw;wpa Ma;T ,yf;fpaj;jsj;jpy; kl;LNk Muhag;gl;l
epiy khwp mtw;iwf; fy;ntl;L njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs;> ehztpay; Mjhuq;fs;>
nkhopapay; rhd;Wfs;> ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpay; rhd;Wfs; vDk; gy Mjhuq;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; gutyhd jsj;jpy; MuhAk; #oy; ,d;W cUthfpAs;sJ. ,e;j Ma;T
Nghf;Ffs; gz;ila jkpo;r; rKjhaj;jpd; ntspg;gLj;jg;glhj gupkhzq;fis
ntspf;nfhzuTk; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpd; goik tha;e;j fhyj;ij epu;zapf;fTk;
Ngustpy; cjTfpd;wd vd;gu;. me;j tifapy; GwehD}w;wpy; $wg;gLk; kd;du;fisg;
gw;wpnrg;NgL kw;Wk; fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfs; %yk; Muhag;gl;lJ.
Ma;Tf;F gad;gl;l E}y;fs;

1. jp.it. rjhrptgz;lhuj;jhh;> ,yf;fpa Muha;r;rpfSk; fy;ntl;LfSk;.
2. ng.mu;j;jehup];tud;> fy;ntl;L top gz;ghl;bay;.
3. jiy rpwe;j ghz;ba kd;du;fs;> m.fp. gue;jhkdhu;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Mjpr;rey;Y}h; mfo;tha;Tk; ,Uk;gpd; gad;ghLfs;

Iron Usage in Aathichanallur Antique Excavations
Kidth; K.fy;gdh> cjtpg; Nguhrpah;>

jkpo;j;Jiw> mwpQu; mz;zh muR kfspu; fiyf;fy;Yup> NtYu; khtl;lk;.
Abstract
The article discloses about the use of iron in the antique excavations of
Aathichanallur. The people belonged to the civilization are highly developed in the melting of
iron ore and creating many objects out of it. They are mainly kitchen utensils and warfare
weapons. These evidences show clearly that the Tamil people who lived in this area had
contacts with the foreign traders from Greece and Rome. Hence the study extract the
informations from the relics and documents for a clear disclosure.
Keywords: Iron Usage, Aathichanallur, Antique Excavations
Kd;Diu
cyfpd; njhd;ikahd goq;fhy Mjhuq;fs; fpilf;Fk; jkpofj;jpd;
njd;gFjpia “ehfhpfj;jpd; njhl;by;” vd;W fUJth;. ,e;jpahtpNyNa Kjd; Kjyhf
Mfo;thuha;r;rp elj;jgl;l ,lk; vd;w tuyhw;Wg; ngUikf;Fhpa ,lk; Mjpr;rey;Y}h;
MFk;. Mjpr;rey;Y}hpd; ehfhPfk; RNkhpah ehfhPfj;Jf;F Xg;ghdJ. Mjpr;rey;Y}hpd;
ehfhPfk; fp.K.8 Kjy; fp.K.10 Mapuk; Mz;Lfs; gioik tha;e;jJ. ,q;Ff;
fhzg;gLk; guk;gpy; 3000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; ,g;gFjpapy; kf;fs; tho;e;jjw;fhd
milahsq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,Uk;gpd; gad;ghL
,Uk;G kdpjDf;Fr; Nrit Ghpaj; njhlq;fpaJ tuyhw;wpy; Gul;rpf;fukhd
ghj;jpuk; tfpj;j fr;rhg; nghUl;fspy; filrpapy; te;jpy; mjpKf;fpakhdJ ,Uk;G
tay; tptrhaj;ij Kd;dpYk; ngUkstpy; elj;JtijAk; tphpe;j fhl;Lg;
gpuNjrq;fisr; rhFghbf;fhfj; jhprhf;FtijAk; rhj;jpag;gLj;jpaJ. ve;jf; fy;Yk;
mg;NghJ mwpe;Js;s ve;j cNyhfKk; vjph;epw;f Kbahj msTf;Ff; fbdKk;
$h;ikAk; ngw;w fUtpfis mJnjhopy; nra;NthDf;Fj; je;jJ. mitnay;yhk;
gbg;gbahfj;jhd; ele;jd. fy;yhAjq;fs; nky;ynky;y kiwe;jd vd;ghh; vq;fy;];
(vq;fy;]; g.202) ,Uk;G vd;Dk; cNyhfg; nghUspd; %yk; gy ciog;Gf; fUtpfs;
Njhd;wpd. ,Uk;igf; nfhz;L fUtpfiar; nra;gth; nfhy;yh; vd miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
,jidj; njhy;fhg;gpak;>
“ney;Yk; nry;Yk; nfhy;Yk; nrhy;Yk;
my;yJfpsg;gpDk; Ntw;Wikapay” (njhy;.vOj;J.Gs;sp - 371)
vd;wthpfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; nfhy; vd;gJ nfhy;yj; njhopy; vd
ciuahrphpah;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
r%fj;jpy; Xt;nthUthpd; flikfistiuaWj;Jf; $Wk; NghJ> “Nty;tbj;Jf;

nfhLj;jy; nfhy;yw;Ff;flNd” (Gwk; 312 : 3) vd nfhy;yDf;F chpa flikiag;
GwehD}W $WfpwJ. cNyhfk; nfhz;L NtW fUtpfSk; cUthf;fg;gl;ld vd;gij
“fUq;iff; nfhy;yd; muk;nra; mt;tha;
neUq;ifetpak; gha;jypd; epiymope;J
tPfko; neLQ;rpidGyk;g>fhTnjhWk;” (Gwk; 36 : 6 - 8)
GwehD}w;Wg; ghly; top mwpayhfpd;wJ. Nghh;fs; epiwe;j mf;fhyj;jpy;
thSk;>NtYk; gy Nghh;f; fUtpfSk; nra;a vz;zw;w nfhy;yh;fs; ,Ue;Js;sdh;.
Mjpr;rey;Y}hpy; ,Uk;gpd; gad;ghL
2500 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng kf;fs; ehfhPfj;Jld; tho;e;J ,Ue;jij cs;sd.
Mnyf;rhz;lh; ,hpah vd;gth; Mjpr;rey;Y}hpy; Nkw;nfhz;l mfo;tha;tpy;
Vuhskhdgok; nghUl;fisf; fz;nlLj;jhh;. Mjpr;rpey;Y}hpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l
jhopfSf;fs; rpwpaths;fs;> Nfhlhpfs;> fj;jpfs; Nghd;w ,Uk;Gf; fUtpfs;
Nghlg;gl;LNkNy XU jl;LNghd;w %bahy; Kbg; Gijj;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
Mjpr;rpey;Y}h; mfo;thuha;r;rpapd; NghJ fz;nlf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fSk;.
eiffSk;> nghl;bfSk;> ghh;f;fUtpfSk;> ghj;jpuq;fSk; nrd;id vOk;g+h; muR
nghUl;fhl;rpf; $lj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;lLs;sJ. Mjpr;rpey;Y}hpy; fpilj;j ntz;fyk;>
,Uk;G> jq;fk; Kjypatw;why; ,k;kf;fspd; cNyhfj;jpy; fpz;zk;> rl;b> ghid>
Flk;> mfg;ig> Ftis> g+f;fpz;zk; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpaijAk;
mwpaKbfpd;wJ. fp.K.1200,y; njd;fpof;F MrpaehLfs; kew;Wk; NkiyehLfSf;F
,Uk;G Vw;Wkjp nra;jijAk; Ma;thsh;fs; Rl;bf; fhl;bAs;sdh;.
ciyf; fsq;fs;
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Vuhskhd ,Uk;Gj;jhJ fpilf;fg; ngw;wjhy;> njd;dfj;jpy;
,Uk;gpd; gad;ghL md;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; mjpfhpj;J ,Ue;jJ vd Fwpg;gplyhk;.
Nruehl;bypUe;J Nuhkehl;bw;Fg; ngUkstpy; ,Uk;Gg; nghUl;fs; ,wf;Fkjp nra;jij
Ner;Ruy; `p];lhpvd;w E}ypy; gpspdp mth;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,Uk;Gj; jhJtpypUe;J
,Uk;ig cUf;fp vLf;Fk; ciyf;fsq;fs; ,Uk;ig cUf;fpvLf;Fk; ciyf;fsq;fs;
jkpofj;jpy; mjpfmstpy; fhzg;gl;ld.
nfhy;yj; njhopy; GhpNthhpd; ciyf; $lj;jpy; neUg;ig J}z;Ltjw;F ciy
,Uf;Fk;. ,Uk;igf; fha;r;rp mbf;Fk; $lk;> #lhd nghUisg; gw;wp vLg;gjw;Fhpa
nfhbW (,Lf;fp)> ,Uk;ig itj;J mbj;jw;Fhpagl;lil> ntk;ikia
Mw;Wtjw;Fhpa ePh;j;njhl;b Kjypad mike;jpUf;Fk;. fha;r;rp mbj;j ,Uk;gpdJ
ntk;ikia ePf;Ftjw;F ePh;j;njhl;bapypUe;J ePiuklyhy; vLj;Jj; njspg;gij>
“,Uk;Gnra; nfhy;yd; nty; ciyj;njspj;j
Njha; klw; rpy; ePh;” (ew;>133: 9-10)
vd;w thpfspd; %yk; mwpayhfpd;wJ.
fha;r;rpa ,Uk;ig mbf;Fk; NghJ #l;bUk;gpypUe;Jk;> ciyneUg;gpypUe;Jk;>
rpWrpW neUg;Gg; gpjph;Tfs; njwpg;gij>
“nfhy;yd;
Vwpnghw; gpjphpd; rpWgyfhma” (ew;>13: 5-6)
“nfhy;yd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
FUF CJ kpjpciyg; gpjph;tpd; nghq;fp” (mfk;> 202 : 5-6)

Mfpa ghly; thpfs; %yk; mwpag;gLfpwJ. NkYk; ,t;tif ciyfs; kpjpj;Jk;>
CjpAk; ,af;fg;gl;ld vd;gjpid
“nfhy;yd;
CJ ciyf; FUfpd; cs; caphh;j;JmfKk;” (ew;>125: 3-4)
“kpjpciyf; nfhy;yd; Kwpnfhbw;Wmd;d
fitj;jhs; mytd; msw;W mis rpija” (ngUk;ghz;> 207-208)
vd;wghly; thpfs; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd
ciyf; fsk; Chpd; ,ilNa ,Ue;jJ vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;whf ciyf; $lj;jpy;
,Ue;J ,Uk;G mbf;Fk; Xirahy; mr;rkile;j Gwhf;fs; mUfpy; cs;s ,y;yq;fspd;
khlq;fspy; nrd;W jq;fpd vd;w ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gilapd; fPo;f;fz;lthpfs; rhd;Wg;
gfh;fpd;wJ
“fUq;iff; nfhy;yd; ,Ug;Gtpirj;J vwpe;j>
$lj; jpz; ,irnthP , khlj;J
,iwciw Gwtpd; nrq;fhw; Nrty;>
,d;Japy; ,hpAk; nghd;JQ;Rtpay; efh;” (ngUk;ghz;> 436-439)
,Uk;G Vw;Wkjp
xg;gw;w v/Fg; gad;ghl;il tsh;j;jjiy rpwe;j ehfhpfk; ngw;wth;fs;
jkpoh;fs; vd;gij rq;f ,yf;fpag; ghly;fs; topahf ehk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. NkYk;;
,Uk;igf; fz;lwpe;jJ kl;Lkpd;wp Vw;WkjpAk; nra;J te;jdh; vd;gjid
Mjpr;rey;Y}h; mfo;thuha;r;rp ekf;F czh;j;Jfpd;wJ.
RNkhpah> vfpg;J> fpNuf;fk; Nghd;w ehLfSf;F ,Uk;Gg; nghUl;fs; Vw;Wkjp
nra;ag;gl;ld vd;gjid K.,uhftd; mth;fs; jd;Dila E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
,th;fs; ,Uk;Gg; nghUl;fis Vw;Wkjp nra;jJ kl;Lkpd;wp ntspehLfspy;
,t;thzpgj;jpd; nghUl;L FbNawp tho;e;Jk; te;jdh; vd;gjid ghy];jPdk;> rphpah>
,yq;if> gpyg;igd;]; jPT Nghd;w ehLfspy; ,d;Wk; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;L tUk; KUf
topghl;bd; %yk; mwpa ,aYfpd;wJ ,t;topghl;LKiw Mjpr;rey;Y}hpy; tho;e;j
kf;fshy; gug;gg;gl;lJ vd;gij ,jd; thapy; ek;khy; czuKbfpd;wJ.
Mjpr;rey;Y}hpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ,Uk;G nghUl;fs;:
Mjpr;rey;Y}h; kf;fspd; gz;ghL ,Uk;Gf;fhyk; vdf; fUjg;gl;lhYk; nghd;>
nrk;G> ntz;fyk;> <ak; Nghd;w midj;J cNyhfq;fisAk; Neh;j;jpahd Kiwapy;
njhopy; El;gj;Jld; ,k;kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpAs;sik Gydhfpd;wJ. ,k;kf;fs; fpzw;wpd;
%yk; ePh; ,iwj;J ghrdk; nra;Ak; tof;fj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;j nra;jpia
,q;Ff;fpilj;j ghuhsf; fuz;b vd;Dk; nghUs; %yk; mwpayhfpd;wJ.
Mjpr;rey;Y}h; mfo;tha;tpy; fz;lwpg;gl;l nghUl;fSk;>mtw;wpd; gad;ghLfSk;
cyf mstpy; jkpohpd; ngUikiag; giwrhw;wg; ngUe;JizGhpe;jd. fpz;zk;>
ghid> rl;b> Fl;lhyNghzp> ghid%b> jhop> Fjph;> fyak;> kuit> nrk;G> Nghdp>
Fz;lh> Fz;lhnrhk;G> jk;sh; %f;Ffpz;zk;> jhyk;> ghyp> Riuf;fha; Nyhl;lh> Flk;>
$rh> Njhz;b> jtiy> re;jdg;Ngio> mfy;> Ftis> thzypFjpy;> Njhirf;fy;>
gzpahur; rl;b> Kf;fspr;rl;b> tl;by;> nghq;fy; gbghid> Nrhw;Wg; ghid> Fok;Grl;b


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Nghd;wit ,q;F fz;lwpag;gl;l mf;fhykf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa nghUl;fs;

vdmnyf;rhz;lh; ,hpah $Wthh;.
Mjpr;rey;Y}hpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l MAjq;fs;
vhpNty;> <l;b> Fj;Jths;> mk;G> jphp#yk;> $hpamk;Gj;jiy> $h;ikahdths;>
ifNfhlhhp> tise;jfj;jp> nfhf;fpj;jb> gypths;> NtyhAjk;> #yhAjk;> Nflak;>
cilths;> fj;jp> <l;b Nghd;wit ,q;Nf tho;e;j kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa Majq;fs;
MFk;.
KbTiu
Mjpr;rey;Y}hpy; rhNfhh;> mnyf;rhz;lh; Nghd;w INuhg;gpa Ma;thsh;fs;
Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;tpd; fhuzkhf jkpoh; gz;ghL cyfwpag;gl;lJ Mjpr;rey;Y}h;
mfo;tha;tpd; %yk; fz;Lgpbj;j nghUl;fSk;> ntspf;nfhzh;e;j nra;jpfSk;>
jkpohpd; gz;ghl;Ltsikf;Fk;> tuyhw;Wj; njhd;;ikf;Fk; rhd;whf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
,Uk;Gj; njhopypy; goe;jkpoh; gpw ehl;bdNuhL njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;jikAk;>
goe;jkpofj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l> nfhy;yh;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpAk;> ,Uk;G fpilj;j
,lq;fs; Mfpatw;iwAk; njhy; nghUs; Muha;rr ; papd; topahf mwpaKbAk; vd;gij
Mjpr;rey;Y}hpd; mfo;tha;T ekf;F czh;j;JtJ jpz;zk;.
ghh;it E}y;fs;
1. jkpoftuyhWk; gz;ghLk; - Nf.Nf.gps;is

2. jkpofnkhop-,yf;fpatuyhW rq;ffhyk; - lhf;lh;.kh.,uhrkhzpf;fdhh;
3. njhy;ypay; Nehf;fpy; rq;ffhyk; - Kidth; fh. uh[d;
4. njhy;fhg;gpak; - vOj;jjpfhuk; - fofntspaPL
5. ew;wpiz> mfehD}W> GwehD}W> ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil - epA+ nrQ;rhp Gf;
`T]; ntspaPL
6. gz;ila ,e;jpah - b.b. Nfhrhk;gp
7. Kg;gJfy;ntl;Lf;fs; - tpj;Jthd; it. Re;jNurthz;ilah


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpo; vOj;jpd; goikAk; nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fSk;

The Antiqueness of Tamil Language and Classical Literatures
Kidth;.nr.fyhuhzp> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah; tuyhw;Wj;Jiw>

eh.k.r.r.nts;isr;rhkp ehlhh; fy;Y}hp> ehfkiy> kJiu – 19.
Abstract
The paper deals with the antiqueness of the Tamil language. It is considered the
oldest language spoken in many parts of the world, scholars of linguistics like Noam
Chomsky, Alex Collier and Clyde Winters are in the idea that the oldest language is the
Tamil language. The Proto Language of all the Dravidian languages is the Tamil Language.
The Bhrami Script and the Round inscriptions of Tamil languages prove that it is the oldest
one. The classical literature of the Sangamn age is also very important to consider for the
language’s antiqueness. Therefore, the revise traces the antiqueness of Tamil language and
literature.
Keywords: Antiqueness, Tamil Language, Classical Literatures
jkpo;nkhopAk; mjd; ,yf;fpaq;fSk; kpfg; goikahdJ vd;gjw;F mjd;

‘jkpop’ vOj;Jj; Njhd;wpa fhyj;ij mwpjNy NghJkhdJ. jkpofj;jpy; godp mUNf
cs;s nghUe;jy; vd;w ,lj;jpy; ele;j mfoha;tpd;NghJ fpilj;j kl;ghz;lq;fspy;
,Ue;j ,Uney; khjpupfs; mnkupf;fhtpy; cs;s gPll ; h Ma;T epiyaj;jpy;> mwptpay;
Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;L> mitfspd; fhyk; fp.K.490> fp.K. 450 vdf;
fzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j ,uz;L ney; khjpupfSNk> nghUe;jy; mfoha;tpy; fpilj;j>
,U ntt;NtW kl;ghz;lq;fspypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;litfshFk;. ,e;j kl;gz;lq;fspy;
jkpop vOj;Jf;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; mfoha;T ,af;Feu; ghz;br;Nrupg;
gy;fiyf;fofg; Nguhrpupau;> Kidtu; fh.,uhrd; mtu;fs;> ,e;jf;fhyf;
fzpg;Gfspd;gb> jkpo; gpuhkpapd; (jkpop) fhyk; fp.K. 5Mk; E}w;whz;L vd;fpwhu;.
nfhw;ifapy; jkpop vOj;Jf;fs;
1970y; ele;j nfhw;if mfoha;tpy; nksupau; fhyj;J kl;ghz;lq;fs;
fpilj;jd. mj;Jld; jkpop vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l kl;ghz;lq;fSk; fpilj;jd.
mitfspd; fhyk; fp.K. 3Mk; 2Mk; E}w;whz;L vd Ma;thsu; jpU Mu;. ehfRthkp
mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. mtUila mwpf;if mj;Jld; mjd; mbahoj;jpy; mjhtJ
2.69 kPl;lu; Moj;jpy; ‘NfMu;Nf-4’ vd;fpw Fopapy; fupj;Jz;L khjpupfs; fpilj;jd
vdTk; mjid fhu;gd;-14 Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jp mjd; fhyk; fp.K. 850f;Fk; 660f;Fk;
,ilNa fp.K. 755 vd fz;lwpag; gl;lJ vdTk; njuptpf;fpwJ. NkYk; mNj Fopapy;
jkpop vOj;Jg; nghwpg;GfSld; $ba kl;ghz;l XLfs; fpilj;Js;sd. Mjyhy;
Ma;Tf;F mDg;gg;gl;l fupj;Jz;bd; fhyk;jhd; ,e;j vOj;Jg; nghwpg;gpd; fhyk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vd;gjhy;> nfhw;if mfoha;tpd; mbahoj;jpy; fpilj;j vOj;Jg; nghwpg;gpd; fhyk;

fp.K. 755> mjhtJ fp.K.8 Mk; E}w;whz;L vd MfpwJ.
Mjpr;rey;Y}u;-jkpop vOj;J
Mjpr;rey;Y}upy; eilngw;w mfoha;tpd; ,af;Feu; rj;jpa%u;j;jp mtu;fs;>
mq;F fpilj;jj; jkpop vOj;Jg; nghwpg;gpd; fhyk;> mwptpay; Ma;tpd; gb> fp.K.1500
Kjy; fp.K.500 tiu vdTk;> Fiwe;j gl;rk; fp.K.500 f;Fk; Kw;gl;ljhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vdTk; $Wfpwhu;-(4). mNj Mjpr;r ey;Y}upy; eilngw;w mfoha;tply; fp.K
800Mk; Mz;L jkpop vOj;Jg; nghwpg;G fpilj;jjhf 26.5.2004 ,e;J ehspjo;
njuptpj;Js;sJ-(5). MfNt ,e;j Mjpr;rey;Y}u; jkpop vOj;Jg; nghwpg;gpd; fhyj;ijf;
Fiwe;jgl;rk; fp.K.800 vdf; nfhs;syhk;. Mjpr;rey;Y}upy; KOikahd Ma;Tfs;
,Jtiu Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. xU tpOf;fhl;bw;Fk; Fiwthd Ma;TfNs mq;F
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mjpr;rey;Y}upy; KOikahd Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
nghOJ jkpop vOj;Jg; nghwpg;Gfspd; fhyk; fp.K. 800 my;yJ mjw;Fk; Kd;
nfhz;L nry;yg;gLk; vd;gJ cWjp.
eld fhrpehjd;
nghUe;jy; mfoha;T> Mjpr;rey;Y}u; mfoha;T Nghd;w Ma;TfSf;F Kd;dNu
jkpop vOj;Jf;fs; mNrhfd; gpuhkpf;F Kw;gl;lJ vdg; gy Ma;thsu;fs;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;. “jkpo;gpuhkp gw;wp mz;ikf;fhyk;tiu ntspte;Js;s gy;NtW
Ma;Tf;fUj;Jf;fis xg;gpl;L Muha;e;J> jkpo;gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; jkpOf;Nf
cupait vd;Wk; ,t;ntOj;J mNrhfd; gpuhkpapypUe;J fldhfg; ngwg;gl;lJ my;y
vd;Wk;> ,J fp.K. 6Mk;> 5Mk; E}w;whz;LfSf;F cupaJ vd;Wk; 2004Mk;
Mz;bNyNa Kd;dhs; mfoha;T ,af;Feu; eld fhrpehjd; mtu;fs; njuptpj;Js;shu;-.
lhf;lu; fpg;l; rpNuhkzp
lhf;lu; fpg;l; rpNuhkzp mtu;fs; 1983 thf;fpNyNa jkpop vOj;J mNrhfd;
vOj;Jf;F Ke;ijajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpw fUj;ij ntspapl;Ls;shu;. Iuhtjk;
kfhNjtd; mtu;fs; jkpop(jkpo; gpuhkp) vOj;ij %d;W epiyfshfg; gpupj;Js;shu;
vdTk; gl;bg;nghUS vd;gJ ,d;ndhU tif vdTk; ,e;j ehd;Fk; ,y;yhj NtnwhU
tifjhd; mNrhfd;gpuhkp vdTk; mtu; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. mNrhfd; gpuhkpapy;
xNuepiyjhd; ,Uf;fpwJ vdTk;> jkpopapy; gyepiyfs; ,Uf;fpwJ vdTk; Mjyhy;
jkpop vOj;J jhd; Kjypy; Njhd;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; Kjy;epiy jkpop vOj;J
mNrhfd; gpuhkpf;F Kw;gl;lJ vdTk; mtu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. xd;W Gjpjhfj;
Njhd;Wfpw NghJ gy epiyfis fle;j gpd;dNu Gjpajhf cUthFk;. jkpop
jkpofj;jpy; Njhd;wpajhy;jhd; ,q;F jkpopapy; gy epiy vOj;J tiffs;
,Uf;fpd;wd. mNrhfd; gpuhkp Gjpajhfj; Njhd;wpajy;y. mJ kw;wijg; ghu;j;J
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gjhy; mq;F gy epiyfs; ,y;iy vd;gNj lhf;lu; fpg;l;
rpNuhkzp mtu;fspd; mbg;gil thjkhFk;. ,e;jf; fUj;J Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $baJk;
rupahdJkhFk;.
rk;ig fy;ntl;by; cs;s ‘rjpaGNjh’ vd;fpw nrhy;ypy; cs;s vOj;JfSk;
mNrhfd; fy;ntl;by; cs;s ‘rjpaGNjh’ vd;fpw nrhy;ypy; cs;s vOj;JfSk;
ve;jtpj NtWghLk; ,d;wp xNu khjpup cs;sd vd;fpwhu; mtu;. Mjyhy; Nrud;
nrq;Fl;Ltd;> mjpakhd; Nghd;wtu;fs; mNrhfdpd; rkfhyj;jtu;fsh my;yJ


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
400tUlq;fSf;Fg; gpwF te;jtu;fsh vd;fpw mbg;gilahd Nfs;tpia 1983

thf;fpNyNa lhf;lu; fpg;l; rpNuhkzp mtu;fs; vOg;gpAs;shu;. Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd;>
mjpakhd; Nghd;wtu;fspd; fhyk; fp.gp. 2Mk; E}w;whz;L vd jw;Nghija tuyhw;W
khztd; fUJfpwhd;. mJ cz;ikahdhy; rk;ig fy;ntl;bd; fhyk; fp.gp. 2Mk;
E}w;whz;L vd MfpwJ. Mdhy; fp.gp. 2Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j Gfo;ngw;w rhjt
fd;d murd; rjfu;zpapd; ehzaq;fspy; cs;s jkpop vOj;JfSf;Fk; rk;ig
fy;ntl;L vOj;JfSf;Fk; ,ilNa kpfg;ngupa NtWghL ,Uf;fpwJ.
jw;nghOJ jkpop vOj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; jug;gLk; fhyj;jpw;F typikahd
mbg;gil vJTk; ,y;iy. Mjyhy; khq;Fsk;> rk;ig Mfpa fy;ntl;LfspYs;s
jkpop vOj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ghz;bad; neLQ;nropad;> mjpakhd; Mfpatu;fSf;F
jw;NghJ jug;gl;bUf;Fk; fhyj;ij kW guprPyid nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;fpwhu; mtu;.
mtUila fUj;Jg;gb mNrhfDk;> mjpakhDk;> Nrud; nrq;Fl;LtDk; rk
fhyj;jtu;fs;. jw;NghJ mtu;fspilNa ,Uf;Fk; 400 Mz;Lfs; ,ilntsp
ePf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd 1983 NyNa mtu; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;Js;shu;-(8). ekJ Ma;T
mjidj;jhd; nra;Js;sJ. mjpakhDk; Nrud; nrq;Fl;LtDk; ekJ fzpg;Gg;gb fp.K.
3Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jtu;fs;> mjhtJ mNrhfd; fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fs;.
njhy;ypay;> fy;ntl;bay;> ehzatpay;> nkhopapay; Nghd;w gy;NtW
rhd;Wfspd; mbg;gilapy; jkpop vOj;J mNrhfd; gpuhkpf;F Kw;gl;lJ vd;gJ cWjp
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. mNrhfd; gpuhkpf;F Rkhu; 500 Mz;Lfs; Ke;ija jkpop vOj;ij
mNrhfd; gpuhkpapy; ,Ue;J cUthdJ vd ,d;Wk; rpy mwpQu;fs; nrhy;yp
tUfpd;wdu;. ,J Fwpj;J “jkpofj;jpy; Rkhu; 500 Mz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhf tof;fpy;
,Ue;j xU tuptbtk; mNrhfu; fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;G> rkzu;fshy; my;yJ rkz
tzpfu;fshy; jkpofj;jpy; GFj;jg;gl;lJ Nghd;w fUJNfhs;fis curpg;ghu;f;f
Ntz;baJs;sJ” vd;fpwhu; Kidtu; fh. ,uhrd;-(9)
rq;fr; nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpak;
rq;ffhyr; nrt;tpyf;fpak; fp.K 6Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; fp.K. Kjy; E}w;whz;L
tiu (fp.K. 550-50) gilf;fg;gl;L te;Js;sJ vdj; jw;Nghija ekJ fzpg;G
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,e;j rq;ffhyr; nrt;tpyf;fpa gilg;ghf;f fhyj;jpw;F ,uz;L
%d;W E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;ljhfj; jkpop vOj;jpd; njhlf;f fhyk;
,Ue;jpUf;fNtz;Lk;. mjd; mbg;gilapy; jkpop vOj;jpd; njhlf;ffhyj;ij fp.K
8Mk; E}w;whz;L vdf; fzpf;fyhk;. nghUe;jy; mfoha;T> nfhw;if mfoha;T>
Mjpr;rey;Y}u; mfoha;T Mfpa %d;W mfoha;T ,lq;fspYk; fpilj;j jkpop vOj;Jg;
nghwpg;Gfspd; fhyk; mwptpay; Ma;T KbTfspd;gb fp.K. 8Mk; E}w;whz;L vdf;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
FwpaPLfs;
jkpofj;jpd; Gjpa fw;fhy fl;lj;jpYk; mjw;Fg; gpe;ija KJkf;fs; jhop
kw;Wk; ngUq;fw;gil fhyfl;lj;jpYk; cUthd Xtpa tiuTfspy;> kl;ghz;lq;fspy;>
fhRfspy;> mzpfspy;> Kj;jpiufspy;> fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,Wjpahfj; jkpo; vOj;Jfs;
,ilNaAk; $l ‘FwpaPLfs;’ ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. jkpoff; FwpaPLfspy; gy>
gz;ilf;fhy RNkupa> vfpg;jpa> rPd> fpNuf;f> ag;ghd; ehl;Lf; FwpaPLfNshLk;>
Kf;fpakhfr; rpe;J ntspf; FwpaPLfNshLk; xg;Gik ciladthf cs;sd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
FwpaPLfs;-vOj;J tup tbtk;

mfoha;Tfspd;> fPo; mLf;fpy; cs;s kl;ghz;lq;fspy;> mjpf msT
FwpaPLfSk;> Fiwe;j msT jkpop vOj;Jf;fSk; cs;sd. mNj rkak; Nky;
mLf;Ffspy; cs;s kl;ghz;lq;fspy;> mjpf msT jkpop vOj;JfSk; Fiwe;j msT
FwpaPLfSk; cs;sd. mjhtJ mfoha;Tfspy; jkpop vOj;Jfs; fpilf;fj;
njhlq;fpaTld; FwpaPLfspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwaj; njhlq;FfpwJ vdyhk;. ,jd;
fhuzkhfTk;> jkpop vOj;Jfs; ,ilNa ,f;FwpaPLfs; ,lk;ngWk; jd;ik
fhuzkhfTk;> jkpop vOj;J gad;ghl;Lf;F tUtjw;F Kd;G> fUj;Jg;
gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhd tup tbtkhf> jkpou;fshy; ,f;FwpaPLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld
vdyhk;. “jkpofj;jpy; mfoha;T nra;ag;gl;l midj;J ,lq;fspYk; ,f;FwpaPLfs;
fpilg;gjhYk;> jkpo; tuptbtq;fisg; Nghd;Nw ,itAk; ,lkpUe;J tykhf
vOjg;gl;Ls;sjhYk;> jkpo; gpuhkp (jkpop) tup tbtk; tof;fpy; te;jTld;
,f;FwpaPLfspd; gad;ghL Fiwe;J tUtjhYk;> ghid XLfs;> ehzaq;fs;>
fy;ntl;Lfs; kw;Wk; Nkhjpuq;fs; vd vz;zw;w Clfq;fspd; thapyhf ,it
ntspg;gLtjhYk;> rq;f fhyj;jpw;F Kd;gpUe;Nj mjhtJ rpe;J rkntspg; gz;ghL
njhl;L> rpy tbt khw;wq;fSld; njhlu;e;J ,it ,Ue;J te;Js;sjhYk;> jkpo;
gpuhkp (jkpop) tup tbtk; jkpofj;jpy; gad;ghl;bw;F tUtjw;F Kd;ghf ,f;FwpaPLfs;
rq;ffhy kf;fspd; vz;zq;fs; my;yJ fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
xUtif tuptbtNk vd vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ” vd;fpwhu; Kidtu;
fh.,uhrd; mtu;fs; jdJ ‘gz;ilaj; jkpof tiuTfSk; FwpaPLfSk;’ vd;fpw
E}ypy; “FwpaPLfspd; vz;zpf;iffSk; gad;ghLk; kpFjpahf ,Uf;Fk; fhyj;jpy;
vOj;Jfspd; nghwpg;Gf; FiwthfTk;> vOj;Jg; nghwpg;G kpFjpahFk; nghOJ
FwpaPLfspd; nghwpg;Gf; Fiwe;Jk; mikfpd;wd vd;gJ ,e;j Ma;thy; cWjp
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j Ma;T Kbtpidf; fhZk; nghOJ FwpaPLfis Kjypy; xyp
vOj;JfshfNth> nghUs; ntspg;ghl;L tiuTfshfNth mf;fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jp
te;Js;sdu; vdf; fUjyhk;“ vd;fpwhu; Kidtu; ,uhR.gTd;Jiu mtu;fs;-(14)
jkpofKk; mfoha;Tk;
rq;ffhy E}yhd gjpw;Wg;gj;Jf; Fwpg;gpLk; nfhLkzy; Fwpj;Jg; gy juTfs;
ntspte;Js;sJ. nfhLkzk; (nfhLkzy;) mfoha;tpy; ,UE}w;wpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
vOj;Jg;nghwpg;Gg; ngw;w ghid XLfSk;> nts;sp Kj;jpiu ehzaq;fSk;> ,Uk;G>
v/F nra;tjw;fhd ciyf;fyq;fSk;> ,Uk;G MAjq;fSk;> itûpak;> R+Jgtsk;>
gspq;F> ePyf;fy;> gr;irf;fy; Nghd;w mupakzpf;fw;fspy; nra;ag;gl;l Vuhskhd
kzpfSk;> FwpaPLfSk;> nea;ag;gl;l JzpAk;> mit nea;tjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
jf;fspfSk; vd Vuhskhdj; juTfs; ntspf;nfhzug; gl;Ls;sd. nfhLkzypy;
cs;s 70 Vf;fu; gug;gpy; xU Vf;fUf;Fk; Fiwthd gFjpapy; kl;LNk mfoha;T
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. mq;Fs;s E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd ngUq;fw;gilr; rpd;dq;fspy; 13
kl;LNk jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;foff; fy;ntl;bay; kw;Wk; njhy;ypay; Jiwahy; mfo;
Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mq;F ,Jtiu Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nkhj;j
mfoha;tpd;msT vd;gJ xU tpOf;fhl;bw;Fk; FiwthdJ.
xU tpOf;fhl;L mfoha;tpy; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l gy;NtW tifahd juTfs;
mjpf mstpy; fpilf;fpd;wd vdpy; kPjKs;s 99 tpOf;fhl;Lg; gFjpfis mfoha;T


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nra;Ak;nghOJ NkYk; gd;klq;F nra;jpfs; my;yJ njhy;nghUl;fs; ntsptUk;

vd;gJ cWjp. rq;ffhyg; Gytu;fshy; ngupJk; Ngrg;glhj rq;ffhy Cuhd
nfhLkzypy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l xU tpOf;fhL mfoha;tpy; kl;LNk ,t;tsT
njhy;nghUl;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd vdpy; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; tpae;J Ngrg;gLfpd;w
kJiu> nfhw;if> G+k;Gfhu;> Krpwp> f&u;> ciwA+u; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; mfoha;T
nra;ag;gLk; nghOJ kpf mjpf msT njhy;nghUl;fSk; juTfSk; ntsptUk;
vd;gij epidf;Fk; nghOJ mJ ngUtpag;igj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ vdyhk;.
jkpofj;jpy; 10 khtl;lq;fspy; Nkw;nfhz;l fs Ma;tpy; kl;Lk; 2000f;Fk;
Nkw;gl;l rq;ffhy vr;rq;fs; nfhz;l Cu;fs; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jkpofj;jpy;
kPjKs;s khtl;lq;fspy; fs Ma;T nra;ag;gLk;nghOJ ,e;j vz;zpf;if mjpfsT
ngUFk; vdTk;> ,e;j Cu;fs; midj;ijAk; KOikahf mfoha;T
nra;ag;gLk;nghOJ kl;LNk rq;ffhyj; jkpou;fspd; gz;ghl;il KOikahf mwpaTk;>
mtu;fs; Fwpj;j xU njspthd KbTf;F tuTk; KbAk; vd;fpwhu; Kidtu;
fh.,uhrd;.
kdpjdpd; fle;j fhyj;ijg;gw;wp vOjg;gl;l Mtzq;fis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L miktJ tuyhW. Mdhy; njhy;ypay; vd;gJ vOjg;gl;l Mtzq;fspd;
juTfis cWjpg;gLj;jTk; newpg;gLj;jTk; gad;gLk; vd;gNjhL> vOjg;gl;l
tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;ijAk; jhz;b> tuyhw;wpw;F Ke;ija fhyj;ijg; gw;wpAk; ,Ug;gij
,Ug;gJ NghyNt mwptpg;gjhFk;. ,it gw;wp fhu;ld; iry;L(Gordon Childe)
vd;fpw mwpQu;> “Gtpapd; tuyhw;wpy; vOjg;gl;l Mtzq;fshy; epug;gg;gLk;
tuyhw;iwtpl njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfshy; epug;gg;gLk; tuyhW E}W klq;F mjpfkhFk;”
vd;fpwhu;. ,d;ndhU mwpQNuh> “tuyhw;wpy; xU rjtpfpjj;ijgw;wp kl;LNk vOjg;gl;l
Mtzq;fspd; %yk; mwpa ,aYk;. Mdhy; kPjKs;s njhd;D}w;W xd;gJ rjtpfpj
tuyhw;iw mwpa njhy;ypay; kl;LNk cjTfpwJ” vd;fpwhu;-(25). MfNt ekJ Fkup
epyg;gug;G - kjpiu efu;:
,iwadhu; mfg;nghUs; ciuapYk;> ,yq;ifapd; ghyp tuyhw;W E}yhfpa
kfhtk;rj;jpYk; kJiu efuk; Fwpj;j rpy jfty;fs; cs;sd. mjd;gb
ghz;baUila Ml;rpgPlkhd kjpiu efuk; flyUNf ,Ue;jjhfTk;> fly;Nfhshy;
me;efuk; mope;J Nghdjhy;> mjd;gpd; fghlGuk; (ngUthapy; cila efuk;) vd;w
rkw;fpUj ngau; ngw;w flyUNf ,Ue;j ,d;ndhU efuj;jpw;F jq;fs; Ml;rpgPlj;ij
ghz;bau;fs; khw;wpf;nfhz;ldu; vdTk; jfty;fs; cs;sd. rkw;fpUj E}y;fshfpa
kfhghujKk;> mu;j;j rhj;jpuKk; ,f;fghlGuk; Fwpj;j Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
,e;j ,uz;lhtJ efuKk; fly; Nfhshy; mope;JNghd gpd;> ghz;bau;fs; cs;ehl;by;
itif ejpapy; cs;s kjpiu vd;w efuj;ijj; jq;fs; jiyefuhf
Mf;fpf;nfhz;ldu;. kiwe;JNghd KjyhtJ kjpiu efiu mtu;fs; “njd;kjpiu” vd
mioj;jdu;. ghyp kuGf; fijfspy; ,e;efu; ‘jf;fpz kJuk;’ vdg; ngauplg;gl;Ls;sJ-
Fkup epyk;
thy;kPfp ,uhkhazj;jpy; ghz;bau;fspd; jiyefu; fghlGuk; vdTk;> tpahrupd;
kfhghujj;jpy; fghlh vdTk; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ. fp.gp. 6Mk; E}w;whz;by;
njhFf;fg;gl;l Mfkq;fs; Fkup epyg;gug;G Fwpj;J tpupthfg; NgRfpd;wd. fpuhd
Mfkk; Qhdghjj;jpy; vl;lhk; ,aypy;> 69-74 tiuapYs;s ghly; mbfSk;> Rg;uNgj


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Mfkk; Qhdghjj;jpy; %d;whk; ,aypy; 125-135 tiuapYs;s ghly; mbfSk;>

kpUNfe;jpu Mfkk; Qhdghjj;jpy; gjp%d;whk; ,aypy; 93-97 tiuapYs;s ghly;
mbfSk; Fkup epyg;gug;G Fwpj;Jg; NgRfpd;wd. Mdhy; re;jpu Qhd Mfkk; jdJ
14MtJ ,aypy;> 165-272 tiuapYs;s ghly; mbfspy; Gtdj;Jt ghyh vd;fpw
jiyg;gpy; Fkup epyg;gug;G Fwpj;J tpupthfg; NgRfpwJ. 28 Kjd;ik Mfkq;fspy;
re;jpu Qhd Mfkk; 19MtJ Mfkk; MFk;. mjd; 14MtJ ,ay; nkhj;jk; 298
ghly; mbfisf;nfhz;lJ MFk;. mjpy; 108 ghly; mbfs; Fkup epyg;gug;G Fwpj;Jg;
NgRfpd;wd.
Fkup epyk;> Fg;rh> Nfjh> fhu;tjh> gl;lzh vd;fpw ehd;F gpupTfshfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. Fg;rh gFjpapd; njw;Nf Fkup MWk;> tlf;Nf g/Wsp MWk;
Xbf;nfhz;bUe;jd. njd;fpof;Nf Fkupf;flypd; miyfs; Fkup kiy mbthuj;ijj;
jOtpr; nry;Yk; ,lj;jpy; jiyefu; fghlGuk; mike;jpUe;jJ. mq;Nf xU
JiwKfKk; kiwthd Nghu;f;fUtpfs; itf;fg;gl;bUe;j ePu;f;Nfhl;ilAk; ,Ue;jd.
tpz;izj;njhLk; Fkupkiyapd; cr;rpapy; rpfuf;Nfhl;ilAk;> gs;sj;jhf;fpy;
JNuhdpf;Nfhl;ilAk;> njw;Fr;ruptpy; flff; Nfhl;ilAk; ,Ue;jd. Nfjhg;gpuptpy;> rg;j
ehspfh> rg;j jsh> rg;j ifupfh> rg;j kJuh> rg;j G+u;trhyh> rg;j mghurhyh> rg;j
gpurpj;jpuh Mfpa VO efuq;fs; ,Ue;jd. Fg;rh gpuptpd; Nkw;fpy; fhu;tjh gpupTk;>
Fkup epyg;gug;gpd; tlf;fpy; gl;lzh gpupTk; ,Ue;jd. Nfjhg;gpuptpd; eLtpy; Nkw;F
Nehf;fpf; fe;jd; NfhapYk;> fhu;tjhg; gpuptpd; eLtpy; fpof;F Nehf;fpj; jpUkhy;
NfhapYk; fl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,it midj;Jk; re;jpu Qhd Mfkj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gl;l
jfty;fshFk;. ,f;Fkup epyj;jpy; ,Ue;j efu mikg;Gfs; Fwpj;Jk; ,e;j Mfkk;
tpupthfg; NgRfpwJ.
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; KJFLkpg; ngUtOjp Fwpj;Jg;ghba nel;bikahu;> epye;jU
jpUtpw; ghz;bad; vd;fpw nebNahd; Fwpj;Jk; mtdJ ehl;by; ,Ue;j g/Wsp MW
Fwpj;Jk; ghbAs;shu;(Gwk;-9). ,e;jg; ghz;bad; nebNahd; Fwpj;J 2Mk; gjpw;Wg;gj;jpy;
Fkl;û; fz;zdhUk;> kJiuf; fhQ;rpapy; khq;Fb kUjdhUk; ghbAs;sdu;. rq;ffhy
Mjhu ,yf;fpa E}y;fspy; ,itfisj;jtpu NtW juTfs; ,y;iy. g/Wsp MWk;>
Fkup kiyj;njhlUk; flypy; %o;fpaJ Fwpj;Jr; rpyg;gjpfhuk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. rh.
FU%u;j;jp mtu;fs; epytpay; mwptpayhsu;fs; fUj;Jg;gb fp.K. 9500> fp.K. 3000>
fp.K. 1500 Mfpa %d;W fhyfl;lq;fspy; flw;Nfhs; NguopTfs; ele;Js;sd vd;fpwhu;.
,Nlhg;gh (ETOPO) nraw;iff;Nfhs;> Fkup epyg;gug;ghdJ jkpofj;jpd; njd; gFjpapy;
fp.K. 15000 thf;fpy; Rkhu; 25000 r.fp.kP gug;Gk;> fp.K. 8000 thf;fpy; Rkhu; 5000 r.fp.kP
gug;Gk; fp.K. 2000 thf;fpy; Rkhu; 1000 r.fp.kP gug;Gk; nfhz;ljhf ,Ue;Js;sJ
vdf;fhl;LfpwJ. Mjyhy; rh.FU%u;j;jp mtu;fspd; epytpay; mwptpayhsu;fs;
fUj;ijAk;> etPd ,Nlhg;gh nraw;iff;Nfhs; fzf;fPli ; lAk;> ,iwadhu; mfg;nghUs;
ciuiaAk; xUq;fpizj;J> fp.K. 3000 thf;fpy; njd;kJiuAk;> mjd;gpd; fp.K. 1500
thf;fpy; fghlGuKk; flw;Nfhs;fshy; mope;J Nghapd vdf; fUjyhk; vd;fpwhu;
Kidtu; ,uhkrhkp mtu;fs; (32).
,d;iwa jkpofj;jpd; gug;G 1>30>000 r.fp.kP> gz;ila jkpofj;jpd; gug;Ngh
,ijtpl %d;W klq;F mjpfk;(4>00>000 r.fp.kP). Mdhy; njd;kJiu flw;Nfhshy;
mopAk;Kd; fp.K. 3000 tiu> 5000 r.fp.kP. gug;G Fkup epyg;gug;ghf ,Ue;Js;sJ. fp.K.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
3000f;Fg;gpd; mJ 1000 r.fp.kP. gug;ghff; Fiwe;J NghAs;sJ. fpuPR tho;e;j tuyhW

vd;fpw jdJ E}ypy;> gz;ila Vnjd;R efu murpd; gug;gsT vd;gJ Rkhu; 1000
r>fp.kP. jhd; vd;fpwhu; nt. rhkpehj ru;kh mtu;fs;. Mjyhy; fly;Nfhs;fshy;
mope;JNghd gFjp kpfr;rpwpa gug;Gjhd; vdpDk; mq;F njd;kJiu> fghlGuk; Nghd;w
jiyefuq;fSk;> gpw Kf;fpa efuq;fSk; ,Ue;J ehfupf tsu;r;rpAk; mq;F mjpfkhf
,Ue;jjhy; mitfspd; ,og;G ngupJgLj;jg; gl;bUf;fNtz;Lk;. flw;Nfhs;fshy;
ghz;ba Nte;jd; njd;kJiuapy; ,Ue;J fghlGuj;jpw;Fk;> fghlGuj;jpypUe;J
kJiuf;Fk; jdJ Nte;ju; Ml;rpia khw;wpnfhz;L te;jpUf;fNtz;Lk;. Mdhy; Muk;g
fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj kJiu> nfhw;if Kjypad gpw ghz;baf; fpis muRfshy;
Msg;gl;L te;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jkpo;r; r%fj;jpd;> jkpo; nkhopapd; goik Fwpj;J ,Wjpahfr; rq;fg;ghly;fspy;
,Ue;J ,U rhd;wpid toq;f tpUk;GfpNwd;. fp.K. 3Mk; E}w;whz;L fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;j
xy;iyA+u; je;jg; G+jg;ghz;bad; xU ghz;baf; fpis murd; Mthd;. mtd; jdJ
Gwk; 71Mk; ghlypy; jdJ ghz;bau;Fbia ePz;lfhykhf ,Ue;JtUk; Fb vd;W
ghLfpwhd;. mJ Nghd;Nw fp.K. 2Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j rq;ffhyr; Nrhou;gFjpg;
Gytdhd fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdj;Jf; fhupf;fz;zdhu; vd;gtu; jdJ Gwk; 58Mk; ghlypy;
Nrho> ghz;ba Nte;ju;fs; xd;whf ,Ue;j mitapy; ghz;bau; Fbia “ey;ypir
KJFb” vdg; ghbAs;shu;.
jkpofj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; njhy;ypay;> fy;ntl;bay;> ehzatpay;> nkhopapay;
juTfspd; mbg;gilapYk;> kz;zLf;F Ma;tpd; mbg;gilapYk;> jkpofj;jpy;
fpilf;fpd;w gy;NtW tifg;gl;l gz;ghl;Lf;$Wfspd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp> guty;
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapYk;> FwpaPLfspd; mikg;G> vOJk;Kiw> vz;zpf;if> guty;
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapYk;> jkpofj;jpw;Fk; gpw gFjpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa
fhzg;gLfpd;w gz;ghl;L cwTfspd; mbg;gilapYk; jkpofj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; goe;jkpo;
tuptbtq;fshd jkpo;gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfs; mNrhfu; fhyj;jpw;Fk; Kw;gl;lit vd;gjpy;
vt;tpj Iag;ghLk; ,y;iy vd;fpwhu; Kidtu; f.,uhrd; mtu;fs;-(10). ,f;FwpaPLfspd;
tsu;r;rp je;j gq;fspg;G jhd;> vOj;JUthf;fKk; nkhopahf;fKk; vd;gNjhL> jkpofg;
ngUq;fw; fhyj;J kl;ghz;lf; FwpaPLfs;> jkpop my;yJ gpuhkp vOj;Jj;
Njhw;wj;ijAk; mjd; tsu;r;rpf; $WfisAk; mwpa cjTk; mbg;gilr;
rhd;WfshfTk; cs;sd vd;fpwhu; mtu;. ,Wjpahf “jkpo; nkhopapd; tsu;r;rpapy;>
FwpaPLfspd; gq;fspg;G jdpr; rpwg;gpw;FupajhfTk;> vOj;Jr; rhd;Wfshf khw;wk;
ngWtjw;F Kd;du; tYthd tiuTld; $ba jfty; njhlu;Gr; rhjdkhfTk;>
FwpaPLfs; jpfo;e;jd vdf; fUjyhk;“ vd;fpwhu; Kidtu; jpU. gTd;Jiu mtu;fs;-
(15).
kjpg;gPL
mfoha;Tfis mjpfg;gLj;jp> tpiuTgLj;jp nray;gLj;Jtjd; %yKk;>
ntspf;nfhz;Ltug;gLk; juTfis Kiwahf Mtzg; gLj;Jtjd; %yKk; kl;LNk
ekJ tuyhw;iw ed;F mwpe;J nfhs;s ,aYk;. 99 tpOf;fhl;L tuyhw;iw
mfoha;tpd; %yk; kl;LNk mwpa KbAk; vd;gJ jkpofj;jpd; tuyhw;Wf;F kpfkpf
nghUe;Jk; vdyhk;. 2000 tUlq;fSf;F Ke;ija rq;f fhyj;jpNyNa ghz;bau; Fb
xU KJFbahf> xU kpfg;goikahd Gfo;ngw;w Fbahfj; jkpo; kf;fshy; fUjg;gl;L


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
te;Js;sJ. ghz;bau;Fbapd; goik vd;gJ jkpo;r; r%fj;jpd;> jkpo; nkhopapd;

goikiar; Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ.
Jiz E}y;fs;
1. Porunthal Excavations prove existence of Indian scripts in 5th century BC : expert ,

News paper Dated 15.10.2011.
2. Palani excavation triggers fresh depate- the hindu news paper dated 29-8-2011.
3. Kidtu; fh. ,uhrd;> ‘njhy;ypay; Nehf;fpy; rq;ffhyk;’ cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp
epWtdk;> 2010> gf;: 55> 56.
4. Kidtu; ,uhR gTd;Jiu mtu;fs;> “gz;ilaj;jkpof tiuTfSk;
FwpaPLfSk;” cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> 2004> gf;: 257.

5. ,yq;ifapy; jkpou;-xU KOikahd tuyhW(fp.K. 300-fp.gp. 2000)> fyhepjp
KUfu; Fzrpq;fk;> vk;.tp ntspaPL> 2008> gf;: 34.
6. mmofg;gh gy;fiyf;fof Kd;dhs; JizNte;ju; Kidtu; m. ,uhkrhkp>
njhd;ikj;jkpou; ehfupf tuyhW> brk;gu; 2013> gf;: 61> 62.
7. ,yq;ifapy; jkpou;-fh. ,e;jpughyh> Fkud; Gj;jf ,y;yk;> mf;Nlhgu; 2006>
gf;:120.
8. mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fof Kd;dhs; JizNte;ju; Kidtu; m. ,uhkrhkp>
njhd;ikj;jkpou; ehfupf tuyhW> brk;gu; 2013> gf;:11-22.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzyhFk; njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs;

Archaeological Evidences as seen in Sangam Literature
Kidtu; K.fiykhkzp> cjtpg; Nguhrpupau;>

jkpo;j;Jiw> murpdu; fiyf;fy;Y}up> jpUtz;zhkiy.
Abstract
The paper traces the relical facts in Sangam Literature that show the well being of the
Tamil Society. The Sangam poems are a notable resource and record that gives us many of
the antique states of Tamil culture. The traditions followed by them are mainly recorded by
the Sangam poets. Lots of evidences speak of the ritual followed by the people on those days.
The salutation to the dead by erecting stones, urn burial and the transformation of burial into
cremation are evidently discussed in the article. Hence, the paper will be a source to identify
Tamil culture.
Keywords: Archaeology, Evidence, Sangam Literature
nghJthfNehf;fpd; tuyhw;Wz;ikfis epiy ehl;Ltjw;Fg; ngupJk;

cWJizahf ,Ug;gjpy; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; ngUk; gq;Ftfpf;fpd;wd. mNjhL
tzpftopapy;> fpNuf;f atdu;fs; vOjp itj;Jr; nrd;w Fwpg;GfSk; ekf;F Jiz
epw;fpd;wd. rq;ffhyj;ijr; Nru;e;j ehzaq;fs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;L gjpT nra;ag;gl;L ,d;W
Mtzq;fshf;fg;gl;Ls;s epiyapy; mjd; fz;Zs;s rpd;dq;fs; gy ey;y tuyhw;Wr;
nra;jpfis ekf;Fj; njuptpf;fpd;wd. mtw;iw Muha;tjhy; vjpu;fhyr; R+oypy; ek;
tuyhw;W Mtzq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij midtUk; mwpe;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
,jw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; njhlu;e;J mfoha;Tfs; %yk; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;LtUfpd;wd.
,d;Dk;;>
“jkpofj;jpYk; jkpofj;Jld; njhlu;Gila Ntw;W ehLfspYk; NkYk;
NkYk; mfo;tha;Tfs; nra;J <l;Lk; gok;nghUl;fs; %yk; tuyhw;Wj;
jfty;fy;isg; ngWf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,d;Dk; njhy;goq;fhy
fy;ntl;Lfspy; mNrhfdpd; ghiwf; fy;ntl;LfSk;> fypq;fj;Jf;
fuNtydpd; `jpUk;gu; fy;ntl;LfSk; ngupJk; jkpofj;jpw;fhd
tuyhw;iw mwpa cjTk; rhd;Wfshf cs;sd.”1
vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; njhy;ypayhuha;r;rpahsu; fUj;Jf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> ek;
tuyhw;iwAk;> tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfisAk;> njhy;ypay; jfty;fisAk; rq;f
,yf;fpaj;jpd; JizAld; fz;lwpe;J> mfoha;Tfs; %yk; kPl;nlLf;f Ntz;baj;
Njit ,Uf;fpwJ. ,j;Njitf;Fr; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpd; kPjhd tuyhw;wpay; kw;Wk;
njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; mtrpag;gLfpd;wd. ,Jtiu rq;f ,yf;fpag; GwE}y;fshd
GwehD}W> gjpw;Wg;gj;J Nghd;w E}y;fisNa ngUk;ghyhdMa;Tfs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; me;E}y;fis tplTk; mfk; rhu;e;j E}y;fspy;
njhy;ypay; $Wfs; mjpfk; ,Ug;gij> vLj;jpak;Gk; tifapYk;> rkfhy my;yJ


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mjw;F Kd; epfo;e;j rlq;Frhu; epfo;Tfisg; Gytu;fs; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; vt;thwhd

Gupjypy; gjpTr; nra;Js;sdu;> mit vt;thwhd tuyhw;wpid my;yJ r%fj;ij
cs;thq;fp epfo;fpwJ vd;gijf; fz;lwpAk; tifapYk; ,f;fl;Liu mikf;fg;gLfpwJ.
rq;f ,yf;fpaKk; njhy;ypay; nra;jpfSk;
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; njhy;ypay; Fwpj;j Ma;Tfs; 1872 ,y; njhlq;fgl;lJ.
njhlf;fj;jpy; Njrpa vOr;rp> Mupau;-jpuhtplu; gz;ghL> jpuhtplu; gz;ghL Kjyhd
fUj;jpay;fSf;F ,ilNa gy Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gl;ljd; fhuzkhf> fsMa;TfSk;
mfoha;TfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mjd; fPo; mfoha;T KbTfs; gy Kf;fpaf;
$Wfis ntspf; nfhzu;e;jd. mjw;Fg; gpwF eUtz; murpd; njhy;ypay;
mstPl;Lj;Jiw (ASI) mfoha;Tg; gzpfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J>
Mjpr;rey;Y}upy; mfoha;it Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du;
jkpofj;jpd; njd;gFjpapy; KJkf;fs; jhopfis ntspf;nfhz;L tuNkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
Kjy; mfoha;Tg; gzpahf ,g;gzp mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,ijj; njhlu;e;J gy;NtW
r%fmikg;GfSk;> njhy;ypay; Jiw rhu;ghfg; gy;NtW mfoha;Tg; gzpfis
Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;wd. mt;tifapy;>
“itifahw;Wf;Ftlf;Nfngz;izahW>ghyhWcs;spl;lePu;gpbg;GgFjpfspy;
mike;Js;smg;Gf;fy;>igak;gs;sp>kapyhLghiwNghd;wCu;fspy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lmfoha;Tfs; %yk;>tljkpofk; Gjpafw;fhyg;
gz;ghl;bypUe;JngUq;fw;gilg; gz;ghl;Lf; fhyj;jpw;Fkhwpaijj;
njuptpg;gjhfMa;thsu;fs; njuptpf;fpd;wdu;”2
,jdhy; jkpofj;jpy; gy;NtW gl;l cw;gj;jpg; ngUf;fq;fSk;> gz;ghl;Ltsu;r;rpAk;
Njhd;wpAs;sd. ,jdbg;gilapNyNa rq;f ,yf;fpak; Fwpg;gpLk; kd;du;> Ntspu;>
Nte;ju; cs;spl;l muR cUthf;f KiwAk; Njhd;wpAs;sJ. fp.K. Mapuk;
Mz;LfSf;F Ke;ija ,g;gz;ghl;Lr; rpd;dq;fspy; ,we;jtu;fspd; vQ;rpa vYk;Gj;
Jz;Lfs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sij mwpa KbfpwJ. ,jw;F Kd;G tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;j Gjpa
fw;fhyg; gz;ghl;by; kdpjdpd; KO vYk;Gf ;$Lk; fpilj;jpUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
ngUq; fw;fhyg; gz;ghl;bw;Fg; gpd;du; itjPf kugpd; jhf;fj;jhy; vupA+l;Ljy;
jkpofj;jpy; tof;fj;jpw;F te;jJ. ,t;tpilg;gl;l fhykhd ngUq;fw;gilf; fhyk;
rpwg;Gtha;e;j jpuhtplu; gz;ghl;bw;Fupa fhykhf tpsq;FfpwJ.
jkpofj;jpy; ngUq;fw;gilr; rpd;dq;fs; :
jkpof vy;iyf;Fs; ngUq;fw;gilr; rpd;dq;fSk;> KJkf;fs; jhopfSk;>
<kg;NgiofSk; gythW gutpf;fplg;gJk;> xNu ,lj;jpy; Mapuf;fzf;fpy; Ftpe;J
fplg;gJk; njhy;Fbkf;fs; xNu ,lj;jpy; $l;lkhf tho;e;jijAk;; kf;fpa epiyapy;
mq;Ffpilj;j muprp> Nrhsk;> fk;G Nghd;w jhdpa tiffs; mk;kf;fs; tho;tplj;jpw;F
mUfpy; kio ePuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Fsk;> Mw;Wg;ghrdj;jpw;fhd Vw;ghLfs;
,Ue;jijAk; njuptpf;fpd;wd. NkYk; mjpf vilf; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;
,g;ngUq;fw;gilr; rpd;dq;fs; xU jdpkdpjuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;f tha;g;gpy;iy.
xU rKjhak; KOikahf ,jpy; jq;fis <Lgj;jpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;> mr;rKjhaKk;
cau;Fb rKjhakhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Nghd;wr ;nra;jpfs; mfoha;T
KbTfspy; fpilf;fpd;wd. ,jid>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“,Lfxd;NwhRLfxd;Nwh
gLf topg;gLf” 3
Ngiuapy; %Wtyhu; vd;Dk; Gytupd; ghly;tupfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,jpy; ‘,Lf’
vd;gJ ,we;jtu;fis Xu; ,lj;jpy; ,LtijAk;> ‘RLf’ vd;gJ vupA+l;LjiyAk;>
‘gLtopg;gLf’vd;gJ ,we;Njhiu Neubahf <kf;Fopapy; itg;gijAk; Fwpf;fpwJ.
,k;%d;W KiwfSk; tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jikf;fhd rhd;Wfis mfoha;T KbTfs;
nka;g;gpf;fpd;wd. ,jid>
“kh ,Ue; jhopftpg;g
jh ,d;WfopfVw; nfhs;shf; $w;Nw”4
vd;Wew;wpizapy; guzu;>jhopfs; %bahy; %lg;gl;Ls;sjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
mf ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs; :
,e;jpa mstpy; ngUq;fw;gil kw;Wk; eLfy; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs; Kjd;
Kjypy; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspNyNa fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wd. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Rkhu; 52
f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Gytu;fs; eLfw;fs; Fwpj;jr; nra;jpfisj; je;Js;sdu;. ,t;thW
fpilf;Fk; eLfw;fspy; fhzg;gLk; tl;nlOj;J tuptbtk; rq;ffhyj;jpw;F cupajy;y
vd;W mfoha;thsu;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. mtu;fs;>
“rq;ffhyCu;fshdnfhw;if>khq;Fb>ciwA+u;>mupf;fNkL>f&u;>nfhLkzy;
cs;spl;l ,lq;fspy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l mfoha;Tfspy;> fpilj;j ghid
XLfspYk;> fw;FiffspYk; kd;du;fspd; fhRfspYk; jkpo;g; gpuhkp
vOj;Jtup tbtk; ,Ue;jijr; Rl;bf; fhl;b rq;ffhyj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy;
jkpo;g; gpuhkptup tbtNk Gofj;jpypUe;jjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;”5
,jdhy; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg; ngWk; eLfy; rhu;e;j nra;jpfs; gpw;fhyj;jpa
eLfw;fisr; Rl;Ltdthf ,Uf;f ,ayhj epiyapy;> rq;f ,yf;fpak; Fwpg;gpLk;
eLfw;fspd; Fwpg;Gfs;> fp.K.5-4Mk; E}w;whz;bf; Fupa ngUq;fw;gilr; rpd;dq;fspd;
cUkhw;wk; vd;gJk; njupa tUfpwJ. ,jdhy; rq;f ,yf;fpak; gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F
Kd; njhFg;G kughf cUg;ngw;w ,yf;fpak; vd;gijAk; mwpayhk;.
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzyhFk; Fwpg;Gfs;
njd;dfj;jpNy ,Uk;Gf; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;djhff; fhzg;gLk; ngUq;fw;gilf;
fhyj;jpy;> kdpju;fspd; ,wg;igf ;Fwpj;J ,we;j tPuu;fSf;F epfo;j;jg;gLk; <kr;
rlq;Ffshfg; gJf;iffs;> eLf;fw;fs;> jhopfs; Nghd;witfs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
“,/Nj ,we;jtu;fisg; Gijj;Jmtu;fistopgLfpd;wgof;fkhfpg;
gpd;du; ngUq;fw;gilr; rpd;dq;fshf cUthapd.” 6
,f;fhyf;fl;lk; fp.K.1000 Kjy; fp.gp.1000 tiu vdf; fUjg ;ngWfpwJ.
,jid> fp.K.2 Kjy; fp.gp.250 tiu vd Nf.Nf.gps;is Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. (jkpof
tuyhWk; kf;fs; gz;ghLk;) ,f;fUj;jpy; Ma;thsu;fspilNaAs;s fUj;J NtWghLfs;
,Ue;jhYk; mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; fhyf;fl;lk; XNu fhyg;Nghf;Filatdthf
mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,f;fhyj;jpy; ntspahd rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; ,jw;fhd
rhd;Wfs; gutyhff; fhzfpilf;fpd;wd. mitahtd;
“gJf;ifj;JManrJf;if ePoy;”7
“tpy; ,l tPo;e;Njhu; gJf;if”8


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“…………mk;gpd; tpir,ltPo;e;Njhu;
vz;Zk; tuk;Gmwpahcty; ,L gJf;if”9
“Ms; mopj;Jcau;j;jmQ;RtU gJf;if”10
“gLfsj;Jcau;j;jkapu;j; jiyg;gJf;if”11
“... ... ...el;lNghYk; elhm neLq;fy;
mfk; ,lk; Fapd;wgy;ngau; kz;zp”12
“kUq;Fy; EZfpaNgvk; Kjpu;eLjy;”13
vd;wthW mfehD}w;wpy; gJf;iffs; Fwpj;J Ie;J (151> 156> 190> 215> 231)
ghly;fspYk; eLfy; Fwpj;J ,uz;L (269> 297) ghly;fspYk; ,t;tpuz;ilAk;
Fwpj;jthW>
“rpiyVwl;lfiztPo; tk;gyu;
cau; gJf;F ,tu;e;jjju; nfhbmjpuy;
neLepiyeLfy; ehl;gypf; $l;Lk;
Rudpiltpyq;fpakud; Xq;Fk; ,atpd;”14
vd;wike;j ghly; xd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLtijf; fhzyhk;. ,jpy;> gJf;iff; Fwpj;j te;j
tupfs; mf;fhyj;jpy; gpzq;fs; Nky; fw;Ftpay;fis mikg;gJg; gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. Nghupy; my;yJ njhW G+rypy; ,we;Jg; gl;l tPuu;fspd; cly;fisf;
fw;fshyhd gJf;ifapy; itj;J> NkNy fw;Ftpay;fshy; %bitf;fg;gl;l nra;jp
,q;F tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ. mNj Nghy Fd;WfSf;F eLtpy; eLfy; Nghy
,aw;ifahfNt epw;Fk; xU fy;ypd; mfykhd gFjpapy; capu; Jwe;j tPudpd;
tbtq;fisr; nrJf;fpdu; vd;W eLfy; Fwpj;jr; nra;jpfisAk; Nkw;fz;l ghly;fs;
tpsf;Ffpd;wd. mNj Nghy>
“fhnjhWG+rypy; <Lgl;L ,we;j kwtu;fSf;F neLepiy eLf;fYld;
$ba fw;gJf;iffs; mk;ikf;fg;gl;ld” 15
vd;w njhy;ypayhsupd; $w;iw nka;gpg;gjhf mfehD}w;wpy; ,lk;ngWk; 289 MtJ
ghly; mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
epiwTiu
rq;f ,yf;fpag; ghiyj; jpizapd; njhopyhd jpULjy; nghUl;L (ftu;jy;)
Vw;gl;l rz;ilapy; ,we;Jg;gl;l tPuu;fSf;Fg; gJf;if mikj;j nra;jpAk;>
njhWG+rypy; khLgpb rz;ilapy; ,we;jtu;fSf;Fg; gJf;if> eLfy; mikj;jr;
nra;jpapidAk; mNj Nghy ngUQ;nry;tkhf tpsq;fpa khLfisf; ftu;e;J nry;Yjy;;
mjid kPl;ly; (ntl;rpj;jpiz> fwe;ijj; jpiz) vd;W Nghupy; ,we;Jg;gl;l
tPuu;fSf;F eLfy; mikj;j nra;jpAk;> rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wd.
,k;kugpypUe;Nj gpw;fhyj;jpy; “ehl;lhu; nja;t topghL” Njhd;wpaJ vd;gjid
R+.tpj;jpahee;jd; vOjpa “jkpou;rhu;G” vd;Dk; E}y; tpupthff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. NkYk;
,t;topghL KiwePj;Njhu; topghl;Lld; njhlu;Gilajhf khw;wg;gl;lJk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,JNghy ,d;Dk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; eLfy; ,Uf;Fk; epyk;>
eLfy; ehl;Ljy;> eLfy;ypy; mk;ikj;jPlL ; jy;> nra;jpnghwpj;jy;> topghL cs;spl;l
gy;NtW nra;jpfs; Gwj;jpizg; ghly;fspYk; rpy mfj;jpizg; ghly;fspy;
tptupf;fplf;fpd;wd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. kh.fe;jrhkp.> jkpofj; njhd;ikAk; rpwg;Gk;.>g.14

2. fh.uh[d;.> njhy;ypay; Nehf;fpy; rq;ffhyk;.>g.21
3. Gwk;.> 239:20-21
4. ew;wpiz.> 271:11-12
5. ghykNdhfud;.> njhy;ypay; Ma;Tk; Mjpf;FbfSk;.> g.56
6. fh.uh[d;.> njhy;ypay; Nehf;fpy; rq;ffhyk;.>g.53
7. mfk;.> 151:11
8. mfk;.> 156:5
9. mfk;.> 190:7-8
10. mfk;.> 215:6
11. mfk;.> 231:6
12. mfk;.> 269:7-8
13. mfk;.> 297:7
14. mfk;.> 289:1-4
15. f.uh[d;.> njhy;ypay; Nehf;fpy; rq;ffhyk;.> g. 31


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njd;nfhq;F ehl;bd; ngUq;fw; rpd;dq;fs;

Megalithic Symbols in the South Kongu Region
Kidtu; K.ftpjh> cjtpg; Nguhrpupau;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

mtpdhrpypq;fk; kidapay; kw;Wk; kfspu; cau;fy;tp epWtdk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}u;-43.
Abstract
The article purports the facts of the archaeological sites related to the Megalithic
symbols found in the South Kongu Region. The evidences show that the people had been
using the developed utensils, ware objects and other forms of products. These are the things
which are widely seen as remnants in all archaeological sites. Therefore, the study culls out
the megalithic sumbols found in the south Kongu region.
Keywords: Megalithic, Symbols, Southern, Kongu, Region
tuyhW vd;gJ fhyg;ngl;lfk;. Xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk; epytpa murpay;>

r%f mikg;Gfspd; epiyiar; rpj;jupj;Jf; fhl;Lk; nrOk; gzpia tuyhW nra;fpwJ.
xUehl;bd; thd;Gfo;> Nfhd; rpwg;G> gd;ghl;L tsk;> ehfupf Nkk;ghL midj;ijAk;
cyfpw;F czu;j;Jk; xg;gw;w rhjdk; tuyhW MFk;. fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> nrg;NgLfs;>
ehzaq;fs;> Xiyr;Rtbfs; Nghd;w njhy;ypay; rhd;whjhuq;fs; ek; Kd;Ndhu;fspd;
tuyhw;wpid mwpa toptFf;fpwJ. Nfhit khtl;lj;jpd; ngUk;gFjp nghs;shr;rp>
gy;ylk;> cLkiyg;Ngl;il> jhuhGuk; tl;lj;jpd; xU gFjp> jpz;Lf;fy; khtl;lj;jpy;
godp tl;lj;jpd; Nkw;Fg; gFjp> neha;ayhw;wpd; njw;Nf ngUk;gFjp Mfpatw;iw
cs;slf;fpa gug;G njd; nfhq;F MFk;. mj;jF njd; nfhq;F ehl;bd;
ngUq;fw;rpd;dq;fis ma;tNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
ngUq;fy; gz;ghL
njd; nfhq;Fg; gFjpapy; njhy;goq;fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpg; gFjpahd ngUq;fy;
rpd;dk; kpFjpahf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fy;gJf;iffs;> fy;khlq;fs;> fy;muz;fs;>
jhopfs; vd ehd;F tifahd rpd;dq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. rpd;dq;fs; Ik;gJf;Fk;
Nkw;gl;l Cu;fspy; kpFe;j gug;gstpy; fpilf;fpd;wd. mtw;wpy; xU rpy rpd;dq;fs;
kl;LNk mfo;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd
nfhq;fy; efuk;> ehl;Lf;fy; fhisak;> Midkiy> jhdpf;fz;b
(nfhilf;fhdy;) Mfpa Cu;fspy; mfoha;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;gFjpapy;
fpilf;fpd;w mfo;Tr; rhd;wpjo; ngUq;fy; gd;ghl;bidAk;> ek;gpf;iffs;> rlq;Ffs;
Kd;Ndhu; topghL Mfpatw;iwAk; Rw;wp epw;fpd;wd. ,q;F fpilf;fpd;w moFkzpfs;
NuhkhGupf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. ngUq;fw;rpd;dq;fs; ,g;gFjp kf;fspd; nghUspay;
tho;f;ifia typAWj;Jfpd;wd. ngUq;fw;rpd;dq;fs; itj;j kugpdu; nfhq;F
rkntspapYk; kiyg;gFjpapYk; tho;e;jtu;fs;. mk;kf;fs; ,d;WtiuapYk;
,g;gFjpapy; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdu;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Midkiyf; Fd;W Xtpaq;fs;

Midkiyf; Fd;Wfspy; khtilg;G vd;w gFjpapy; ngUq;fw;fhy Xtpaq;fs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. khlq;fshf itf;fg;gl;l gyiff; fw;fspd; cl;gFjpapy;
nts;is tz;zj;jpy; Xtpaq;fs; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. Gyp Nghd;w tpyq;FfNshl
rz;ilapLk; fhl;rpAk; tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ngUq;fy; rpd;dq;fs; tPuu;fSf;Fk;
Ntspu;fSf;Fk; epidthf itf;fg;gl;lit. rpy Neuq;fspy; ,e;jg; ngUq;fy;
rpd;dq;fw;Fupa tPuDila cUtj;ij Xtpakhf tiue;J topgl;ldu;. mfehD}W
377Mk; ghl;by; kd;wj;jpy; ,Ue;j khlj;jpy; Xtpak; tiuag;gl;L topgl;lijf;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ. kiyg; gFjpfspYk;> kiyf; FiffspYk; fy; khlq;fs; mikj;J
Xtpak; tiue;Js;sdh;. ,e;j Xtpaq;fSf;Fupa nja;tq;fis mzq;F vd;W $wp
mj;nja;tk; gw;wpa Xtpaq;fspy; cs;s kiy KfLfis mzq;Fil neLnkhop
vd;W rq;f ,yf;fpak; $WfpwJ
jhdpf;fz;b ngUq;fw;rpd;dk;
jhdpf;fz;bapy; mfoha;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;Fs;s ngUq;fw; rpd;dq;fs;>
jkpof ngUq;fw;rpd;dq;fspy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;lit. 60f;F 60 vd;w gug;gstpy;
ngUq;fy; rpd;dq;fs; itj;Js;sd. ngUq;fy; rpd;dq;fspy; rpWrpW ghidfs;>
,Uk;Gf; fj;jpfs;> rq;F tisay;fs;> gspq;Ff;fs; kzpfs;> fhu;dPaypf; fy;kzpfs;
Mfpait fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rpWjhopfs; rpy rpd;dq;fspy;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
jhdpf;fz;bg; ngUq;fy; rpd;dq;fisg; gw;wp njhy;ypayhsu;fs; $Wfpd;w
fUj;J vLj;Jf;fhl;lj;jf;fJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; $wg;gLk; jhd;wpf;Nfhd; vd;w
kd;dd; ,t;T+upy; ,Ue;J Ml;rp nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. jhd;wp vd;gJ xU kuk; vd;Wk;
,k;kuj;jpd; ngau; mbg;gilahf jhd;wp Cu; ngau; te;jpUf;fyhk; vd;Wk; ,e;j Cupy;
,Ue;J Ml;rp nra;j kd;dd; kpsF tzpfj;jpYk; kzp tzpfj;jpYk; Nkk;gl;bUe;jhd;
vd;Wk; fUJfpd;wdu;. mjdhy;jhd; ,t;t+upy; rpwg;ghd kzpfs; <kr;rpd;dj;jpy;
itj;Jg;Gijj;jdu;. ,tw;iw ghlrhy; ed;fyk; vd;Wk; <if mwpa ed;fyk; vd;Wk;
rq;f ,yf;fpak; $WfpwJ.
jhkiuf;Fsk; ngUq;fw;rpd;dq;fs;
jhkiuf;Fsk; godptl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,t;T+upy; Ik;gJ Vf;fu; gug;gpy;
ngUq;fw;fhy tho;tplKk; ngUq;fw; rpd;dq;fSk; cs;sd. ,q;F elj;jg;ngw;w
Nkw;gug;G Ma;tpy; mf;fhyf; fy;kzpfs; vOj;Jg; nghwpj;j ghid XLfs;> FwpaPLfs;
Fwpj;j ghid XLfs; Mfpait fz;Lgpbf;fg; gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j tho;tplk; <NuhL
khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s nfhLkzypy; fz;lwpag;gl;l thoptplj;ijtpl gug;gpYk;
cauj;jpYk; ngUikngw;wJ vd;W njhy;ypayhsu;fs; $Wfpd;wdu;.
FwpaPLfs;
njd; nfhq;fpy; mfo;tpy; fpilf;Fk; XLfspy; epiwa FwpaPLfs;
tiuag;gl;bUg;gij fz;lwpe;Js;sdu;. ,g;gFjpapy; fpilf;Fk; fUg;G> rptg;G
gidNahLfis nrq;fhtpg; gidNahLfs;> fUg;Gg; gidNahLfs; Mfpatw;wpd;
FwpaPLfs; tiuag;gl;L jhopapd; fOj;Jg; gFjpapy; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ. Ng&u;>
fhyg;gl;b> tPughz;bGJ}u;> nts;sY}u;> nrl;bghisak;> fhLFl;il> xw;iwf;fhy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
kz;lgk;> ehl;Lf;fy; ghisak;> nfhq;fy; efuk;> mkuhtjp Mfpa Cu;fspy;

fpilf;fpd;w ngUq;fw;ghidfspy; FwpaPLfs; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.
nfhLkzy; mfoha;T
FwpaPLfspd; jdpj;jd;ikiaAk; mit ntspg;gLj;Jk; gz;ghl;Lf; $WfisAk;
$u;e;J czu;e;j jkpo; gy;fiyf;fof fy;ntl;bay; Jiwapdu; ty;yk;> nfhLkzy;
mfoha;Tfspy; fpilj;j FwpaPLfisg; gjpT nra;Js;sdu;. FwpaPLfis Ma;tpw;F
cl;gLj;jpatu;fs; mj;juTfspd; mbg;gilapy; rpy KbTfisj; je;Js;sdu;.
nfhLkzy; mfoha;tpy; mfo;e;j Fopfspy; FwpaPLfs; nghwpj;j ghidNahLfs; jkpo;
- gpuhkp vOj;J nghwpj;j ghidNahLfs; fpilf;fj; njhlq;fpa gpd;G FwpaPLfs;
nghwpj;j ghidNahLfs; vz;zpf;ifapy; Fiwe;J Ngha;tpLfpd;wd vd;gJ nfhLkzy;
mfoha;tpy; fz;lwpag;gl;l nra;jpahFk;
njhopy;fs;
ngUq;fy; rpd;dq;fis itf;fpd;w kf;fs; Fbj;jiytu;fspd; Ml;rpapd; fPo;
tho;e;jdu;. ,k;kf;fs; me;je;jg; gFjpfspy; fpilj;j ,aw;if tsj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
Ntshz;ik> fhy;eil tsu;g;G> fdpktsj;ij Njhz;b vLj;jy;> fdpkq;fisf;
nfhz;L mofpa mzpfyd;fis nra;jy;> nra;j mzpfyd;fis tzpf ikaj;jpy;
tpw;gid nra;jy; Mfpa njhopy;fisr; nra;jdu;. ,e;jj; njhopy;fspy; fhyj;jhy;
Kw;gl;lit fhy;eil tsu;g;Gk;> Ntshz;ikAk; MFk;. fhy;eil tsu;gG Gjpa
fw;fhyj;jpy; njhlq;fp ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpy; gutyhd nra;ag;gl;lJ. rpy
ngUq;fw;rpd;dq;fspy; khL> Fjpiu Nghd;wtw;wpd; gypaplg;gl;L ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
fUj ,lKz;L. eurpGuk; ngUq;fw;rpd;dj;jpy; RLkz;zhy; Md khl;L cUtk; xd;W
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jg; gFjpapy; fhy;eil tsu;g;Gld; GQ;ir Ntshz;ikiaAk;
nra;jdu;. ,e;j Ntshz;ikapd; fhuzkhf fuL Kulhd jiug;gFjpia fyg;ig
nfhz;L cOjdu;. mq;qdk; cOj NghJ cOrhypy; kzpf; fw;fisf;
fz;nlLj;jdu;. me;j kzpf; fw;fs; nfhq;F ehl;bw;Fk; tl ehl;bw;Fk; ,ilapyhd
tzpfj; njhlu;G cUthtjw;Ff; fhuzkhapw;W.
fy;jpl;ilfs;
fy;jpl;ilfs; vdg;gLtd ngUq;fw;fhy gz;ghl;ilr; Nru;e;j ,we;jtu;fSf;fhd
epidTr; rpd;dq;fspy; xU tifahFk;. ,J nghJthf %d;W my;yJ mjw;F
Nkw;gl;l nrq;Fj;jhd fw;fisAk; mfw;wpdhy; fpilepiyapy; jhq;fg;gLk; ngupa
jl;ilahd fw;gyif xd;iwAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,it nghJthf nghe;J Nghd;w
mikg;ig cUthf;Ftjw;fhf kz;zpdhy; my;yJ rpwpa fw;fypdhy; %b
milf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ cz;L. MdhYk; ngUk;ghyhd ,lq;fspy; ngupa fw;fshyhd
mikg;Gfs; kl;Lk; ,Uf;f milg;Gfs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mope;J tpl;ld.
ngUq;fw;fhy epidTr;rpd;dq;fs; cyfpy; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; ntt;NtW
fhyfl;lq;fspy; fhzg;gl;ljpdhy; ,g;gz;fhl;Lr; rpd;dkhd fy;j;jpl;ilfspd; fhyk;
ehl;Lf;F ehL NtWgLfpd;wJ.
jopofj;jpy; ngUq;fw;fhyg; gd;ghL fp.K.1000 njhlf;fk; fp.gp.200 tiuahFk;
vd kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,J Gjpa fw;ghyj;jpw;F gpw;gl;l tsu;r;rpahFk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy;
jkpo;ehl;by; fhyhAjq;fs; gad;gltpy;iy. ,g;ghy kf;fs; ,Uk;igg; gad;gLj;j
mwpe;jpUe;jdu;. njd; nfhq;F ehl;by; tho;e;j kf;fs; gyUk; ,Uk;igg;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. nghJthf ngUq;fw;fhy gd;ghL> fl;blq;fs; mikg;gjw;fhd

njhopy; El;gj;jpd; tsu;r;rpapy; Kf;fpakhdnjhU iky;fy; vdyhk;. Nkw;$wg;gl;l
nra;jpfs; njd; nfhq;F jkpou;fspd; gz;ghL> tho;f;if Kiw> mtu;fspd;
njhd;ikahd tuyhW Nghd;wtw;iw ngUq;fw;rpd;dq;fspd; top mwpa KbfpwJ.
E}w;gl;bay;
1. GwehD}W %yKk; gioa ciuAk;

2. njhy;fhg;gpak; njspTiu
3. FWe;njhif %yKk; ciuAk; - c.Nt.rhkpehja;ah;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;Fb jkpoHfspd; topghL

Worship of the Classical Tamil People
lhf;lH. f.ftpjh];> nfsut tpupTiuahsH> tuyhw;Wj;Jiw>

gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}up> nrd;id – 600 030.
Abstract
The article focuses on the worship of the classical Tamil people. Worship is the most
significant tradition followed by the Tamil people of the ancient times. They gave much
importance to the patterns of prayer methods. The present paper studies on the evidences of
prayer seen in the archaeological evidences.The tamil people did Nature worship, Ancestor
worship, Murugan worship, Kottravai worship and other minor forms. Hence the study gives
the worship related informations from the culverts.
Keywords: Worship, Classical Tamil People, Culture
Kd;Diu
ehNlhbfshf tho;e;j kdpjd; ,aw;ifapd; nray;fis fz;L mr;rk;
nfhz;lhd;. mg;NghJ ,aw;iffis topglj; njhlq;fpdhd;. gpd;dH ,df;FO tho;tpy;
mbnaLj;J itj;j NghJ ,aw;ifapy; jhk; Gdpjkhf fUjpa kuk>; tpyq;F> epyk>;
ePH> fhw;W> neUg;G kw;Wk; thdk; Nghd;witfis FOf;fSf;Fupa nja;tkhf
nfhz;L topgl njhlq;fpdhd;. kUjepy kf;fs; gapupLk; njhopYf;Fj; Jizahf
,e;jpuid nja;tkhf topgl;ldH. ePupid Mjhukhf nfhz;Ls;s gujtHfs;
tUzidj; nja;tkhf ngw;wdH. FwpQ;rpepy kf;fs; KUfid topgLj; nja;tkhf
nfhz;ldH. ,j;jF topghLfis> rlq;FKiwfisAk; Muha;tNj ,f;fl;Liuapd;
Kd;DiuahFk;.
topghL
tzq;Fjy;> G+i[ nra;jy;> nefpo;TWjy; vd;Dk; nghUs;gl miof;fg;gLtJ
topghlhFk;. ,aw;if nghUl;fis nfhz;Lk;> ghly;fshYk; topgLfpd;wdH. mikjp
newpahd tho;T Mfpaitfis ngWk; Nehf;Fld; ,iwtopghL nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
kdpjdpd; mfNeha; ePf;fTk; Gw Neha; jPHf;fTk; topghL nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa
Kiw goe;jkpoHfs; fhye;njhl;Nl ,Ue;J te;Js;sd. ,jid>
“toptLnja;tK; epe;Gwk; fhg;gg;
gOePH nry;tnkhL toptpr; rpwe;J nghypkpd;”1 (njhy;.E}.1369)
vd;W njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. topghL %yNk tho;T tsk; ngWk;> typik
NrUk; vd;W ek;gpdH. fw;fspYk; kuq;ffspYk; nja;tk; ciwj;jjhf ek;gp mtw;iw
topg;gl;ldH vd;gij>
“…. ahk; ,ug;git
nghUSk; nghd;Dk; NghfKy;y epd;ghy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mUSk; md;Gk; mwDk; %d;Wk;

cUspdHf; flk;gpd; xypjhuhNah”2 (gup-5:78-81)
gupghly; %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ. rq;f ,yf;fpafspy; ,j;jifa topghl;bw;fhd
rhd;Wfs; ngUkstpy; fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd.
,aw;if topghL
milkio nghopAk;NghJ Vw;gl;l ngU nts;sk; kw;Wk; caHe;j kuq;fis
rha;e;jd. kz;fiufis mupj;jd. Gjpa ghijapy; fhl;lhwhf Xba kio nga;Aq;
fhyj;jpy; fhij gpsf;Fk; ,bAk;> fz;izg; gwpf;Fk; thdpypUe;J vupe;J tpOk;
tpz;fw;fSk; gyKiw epfo;e;jd. ,j;jifa ,aw;if rPw;wq;fSf;Fk; gyKiw
epfo;e;jd. ,j;jifa ,aw;if rPw;wq;fSf;F vd;d fhuzk; vd mwpahky; kf;fs;
mr;rk; nfhz;ldH. ,itfs; Nghd;W cstpay; kdtpay; nray;fspYk; kUl;rpAld;
fhzg;gl;ldH.
njhd;ik kf;fspd; ,j;jifa jd;ik ePz;L nfhz;Nl nrd;wJ. “ePH epiyfs;>
Fsq;fs>; MW Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; ePuhba nghOJ mtHfsJ nrhe;j epoy; cUtk;
njupaNt mjidf; fz;L kUz;ldH. fhuzq;fs; mwptjpypUe;J tpLgl Kbatpy;iy.
,j;jifa #oypy; ,aw;iffis topgl njhlq;fpdH.”3 (gf;jtj;ry ghujp>
g.kh>gf;.493-94) ,aw;iffspd; ,j;jifa epiyghLfis fz;L mtw;iw topglj;
njhlq;fpd. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; jkpoHfs; ,aw;if topghL elj;jpaij
mwpaKbfpwJ. #upad;> re;jpud;> jPr;RlH vd;w %d;W ,aw;if fhuzpfis
topgl;ljid.
“nfhbepiy fe;jop ts;sp vd;w
tLePq;F rpwg;gpd; Kjyhd %d;Wk;
flTs; tho;j;NjhL fz;zpa tUNk”4 (njhy;.Gwj;.E}.52)
vd;W njhy;fhg;gpa ghly; jpiz Rl;bf; fhl;LfpwJ. ,jd; tsHr;rp epiyahf
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; QhapW> jpq;fs;> kio Nghd;w ,aw;if fhuzpfis ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
fhg;gpaj;jpd; kq;fy tho;j;Jg; ghlypy; itj;J rpwg;gpj;Js;shH.
Kd;NdhH topghL
,we;Njhupd; Mw;wy; tho;Nthupd; eydpy; ngUk; gq;F tfpf;fpwJ vd;Dk;
fUj;jhf;fj;jhy; Vw;gl;lJ Kd;NdhH topghL. ,t;topghl;by; NtWgy fhuzq;fSk;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;Tyf tho;T ,k;ik> kWik nfhz;lJ gy gpwg;Gf;fisf;
nfhz;lJ xU gpwtpapy; nra;j nray;fs; kWgpwtpay; mikAk; tho;tpw;F
fhuzkhfpwJ. xUtH ngw;wpUe;j Mw;wy; ,we;j gpd;Dk; mtUila ,dj;jtUld;
njhlHG ngWfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa ek;gpf;iffNs Kd;NdhH topghl;bw;F mbj;jskhf
mike;Js;sJ.
“,we;j %jhijaHfspd; Mw;wYk; mDgtKk; tho;Nthiur; nrOikg;gLj;Jk;
vd;Wk;> ,we;j cwtpdupd; Mrp vd;nwd;Wk; tho;NthUf;F fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Kd;NdhH. topghLfis goe;jkpoH Kjy; filgpbj;J tUfpd;wdH.”5(gf;jtj;ry ghujp
gz;ghl;L khdpltpay;> gf;-515-16) goq;Fb rKjhaq;fspy; Fy %jhijaH
mf;Fyj;jtH my;yJ fhy;topapdH midtuhYk; tzq;fg;gLfpwhH. ,it njhd;ik
%jhijaH topghL> cz;ik %jhijaH topghL vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
eLfy; topghL


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fy; el;L itj;J topghL nra;tjid eLfy; topghL vdg;gLfpwJ. rKjha

rpwg;Gkpf;f ,ay;Gfis nfhz;bUe;jtHfspd; ,wg;gpw;F gpd; ,j;jifa topghL
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. tPuj;jpd; milahskhf goe;jkpoHfs; ,f;fy; topghl;il
filgpbj;jdH. gpw;fhyj;jpy; el;G> khdk;> Gfo; Mfpatw;wpw;fhf capH tpl;ltUf;Fk;
eLfy; elg;gl;lJ. njhy;fhg;gpa Gwj;jpizapay;>
“fhl;rp> fhy;Nfhs; ePHg;gil eLfy;
…nrhy;yg;gl;l vO %d;W Jiwj;Nj”6 (njhy;.nghUs;.E}.63)
vd;w E}w;ghtpy; eLfy; gw;wp njhy;fhg;gpaH vLj;Jiuf;fpwhH. NghHfsj;jpy; ,we;j
tPuiu eLfy;ypy; nja;t cUtkhf Mf;Fk; nghUl;L fy;iy fhZjy;> fy;iy
nfhs;Sjy;> ePuhl;ly;> eLfy;yhf eLjy; gpd;dH Nfhapyhf vOg;gp rpwg;Gr; nra;jy;>
elg;gl;l fy;ypid nja;tkhf;fp tho;j;Jjy; Nghd;w topghLfis njhy;Fb jkpoHfs;
Nkw;nfhz;ldH.
“xNu eLf;fy;ypy; ,uz;L tPuHfspd; rpw;gq;fs;> ,we;j tPuDf;fhf cld;fl;il
Vwpa ,uz;L kidtpfspd; rjpf;fy;; epd;w rpiyapy; etfz;lk; nfhLf;Fk; tPudpd;
rpw;gk;. mkHe;j epiyapy; etfz;lk; nfhLf;Fk; eLfy;> NkYk; Fj;Jtpsf;F> nfz;b
nrhHf;fk; Kjyhdit nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;s eLfy; kf;fspd; topghl;L ek;gpf;iffis
fhl;Lfpd;wJ.”7 (rp.,sq;Nfh. njh.j.t.g.M>gf;-62-68)
nfhw;wit topghL
njhy;fhg;gpak; cs;spl;l rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; nfhw;wit topghL gjpT
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; tsHr;rp kw;Wk; gbepiyfNs nghd;dpak;kd;> fhspak;kd;>
khupak;kd; Nghd;w nja;tq;fshf topglyhapd. nfhw;wit vd;gts; ntw;wpf;F
cupatshfTk;> Ntl;ilf;F nry;Yk; nghOJ ghJfhg;gpw;F ,Ug;gtshfTk; rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. nfhw;wit topghL Fwpj;J njhy;fhg;gpaH>
kwk; filf;$l;ba Fbepiy rpwe;j
nfhw;wit epiyAk;……………….
vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. NkYk; nfhw;wit> ntw;wpf;F cupa nja;tkhf topgl;ljid
neLey;thilAk; Fwpg;gpl;L nrhy;fpwJ. ,jid>
“,d;dh mUk;glh jPH tpwe;J
,d;Nd Kbfjpy; mk;k”8 (gl;bd-165)
vDk; ghlybfs; NghUf;F nry;Yk; tPuHfs; ntw;wpAld; jpUk;gptu Ntz;Lk; vd
ngz;ndhUj;jp nfhw;witia topg;gl;ljid ,jd;top mwpaKbfpwJ.
nja;tKw;whLjy;
tpNdhjkhf FunyLj;Jg; NgRjy; nka;rpypHj;jy; iffis mirj;Jf;
fhy;fis ngaHj;J itj;J MLjy; cs;spl;l nka;g;ghLfs; nja;tKw;wtspd;
nray;ghLfshf mikfpd;wd. mt;thNw mts; $w;wpd; %yk; ntspg;gLk;
mwpTWj;jy;fs; vapdHfspd; xl;Lnkhj;j r%fj;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;JtKilajhf
fhzg;gLk;.
“Ks;spl;Lf; fl;ba Ntypia cila CupYs;s vapdHfs; jhk; nfhz;L te;j
nghUs;fis gfpHe;J cz;gjw;F ,lkhf mike;j CHkd;wj;jpy;> mk;kwtH Fbapy;
gpwe;jtSk; nfhw;witf;F jhk; Kd;G NeHe;J nfhz;l flid nrYj;jp te;j


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Koq;Ffpd;w thia cilatSkhd rhypdp vd;Dk; Njtuhl;b jPBnud;W

nja;tKw;whs;” (KidtH.M.jdQ;nrad;> j.,.kh.g-88)
9
“fiykhd; kpir mkUk; nfhw;wit nfhLj;j ntw;wpf;F tpiyahfpa

capHgypia ePtpH mtSf;F nfhLf;ftpy;iy vdpy>; tpw;;NghH nra;Ak; NghJ
cq;fSf;F ntw;wpia nfhLf;fkhl;lhs;. ePq;fs; fs;Sz;L fspj;;jpUf;Fk; tho;it
tpUk;GfpwPHfshdhy;> fsT nra;J mjd; gaid mDgtpf;Fk; ghiy epy kf;fs;
ePtpH mj;;nja;tj;jpw;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba gypiar; nrYj;Jq;fs;.” 10 (Ntl;Ltup-12-19)
vapdupd; r%f eyDk; tsKk; nfhw;witahy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J nfhw;wit
topghL vd;w rlq;fpay; epfo;T fhg;gpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
KUftopghL
“FwpQ;rpepy kf;fspd; flTshf ,Ue;j ‘NrNahd;’ rq;f fhyj;Nj epyq;fle;j
ngUq;flTshf midj;J epyj;jpduhYk; Nghw;wp toq;fg;gl;lhH. guq;Fd;wk; nrd;NwhH
KUfidAk; mtd; ciwAk; kiyapidAk;> mtDf;Fupa flk;g kuj;ijAk; kw;Wk;
gpzpKfk; vd;Dk; CHjpiaAk; topgl;ldH. md;gHfs; vOg;gpa eWk;Gif fjpH
kz;byj;ij kiwj;jJ. aho;> KoT Kjypa JizAld; nja;tg; gz;ghb
Nty;topghl;il Nkw;nfhz;ldH. ,iwtopghl;bd; NghJ kzpabf;Fk; gof;fKk;
,Ue;jJ. topghl;bw;F re;jdk;> eWk;Gif> ee;jh tpsf;F> kz;fs; KoT> kzp> fapW>
Flhup Fio> G+thil> Nty; Kjypad nfhz;L kiy KUfid topgl;ldH. ,t;Tyf
,d;gk; Ntz;b tuq;Nfl;ly; nrt;Nts; ghly;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ”11
(KidtH.r.t.Rg;gpukzpad;> gj;Jg;ghl;L> gf;-67>68)
KUfdpd; ghjq;fs; nrk;ikahdit rpte;jit> mr;Nrtbia milAk;
cs;sj;NjhL nry;fpwtd; ey;y nray;fis nra;a tpUk;Gfpd;w nfhs;ifAilatd;.
xU ,lj;jpypUe;J ,d;NdhU ,lj;jpw;F nry;Ytjw;Fupa tpUg;gj;jpidAilatd;.
ey;y cs;sj;ij cilatd;. eP kdg;G+Htkhf KUfid mila tpUk;gpdhy;
,g;NghNj milayhk; eP epidf;fpd;w nraiy nra;f vd;W ghbdH ,jid>
“Nrtb glUk; nrk;ky; cs;snkhL
eyk;Gup nfhs;ifg; Gyk;gpupe;J ciwAk;
nryTeP eae;jid Mapd;> gy cld;
ed;dH neQ;rj;J ,d;dir tha;g;g
,d;Nd ngWjp> ePKd;dpa tpidNa”12
(KidtH.r.t.Rg;gpukzpad;> gj;Jg;ghl;L> gf;-67>68)
gd;dpU gilfisg; gd;dpUiffspy; nrt;Nts; ngw;wpUg;gpDk; Ntw;gilNa
rpwe;j gilahf nfhz;bUf;Fk; kiyKUf topghl;il njhy;Fb jkpoHfs; topgl;ldH
vd;gJ GydhfpwJ.
KbTiu
njhy; jkpoHfspd; tho;Tk;> rq;f ,yf;fpaKk; khdpltpay; tho;it
newpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. gyhapuk; Mz;Lfhy njhz;ikahd njhlHr;rpahd ehfupf
gz;ghLfis jkpoHfs; ngw;wpUe;jdH. mfk; Gwk; vd tho;tpaiy MuhAk>; njhy;Fb
kf;fspd; topghLfSk; mjd; tsHr;rpAk; goe;jkpoHfs; Kjy>; ,f;fhyk; tiu
jiyj;Njhq;fp tpsq;FfpwJ vd;gJNt ,f;fl;Liuapd; KbTiuahFk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ghHit E}y;fs;
1. gf;jtj;ry ghujp> gz;ghl;L khdpltpay;> nka;ag;gd; gjpg;gfk;> GJj;njU

rpjk;guk;> 608 001> jpUj;jpa gjpg;G gpg;utup 2014.
2. rp.,sq;Nfh> njhy; jkpoH tuyhWk; gz;ghl;L Ma;TfSk;> miyfs;
ntspaPl;lfk;> ,uhkhGuk;> nrd;id-89> Kjw;gjpg;G 2015.
3. KidtH r.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad;> gj;Jg;ghl;L> NfhtpY}H> klyhak;> fhiuf;Fb.307>
Kjw;gjpg;G mf;NlhgH 2003.
4. KidtH M.jdQ;nrad;> jkpo; ,yf;fpa khdpltpay; cyfj; jkpohuha;rr ; p
epWtdk;> jukzp> nrd;id-113> Kjw;gjpg;G 2014.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;ypay; ghHitapy; khdpltpay;

Anthropology in the Light of Archaeology
lhf;lH f.fdfuh[P> nfsut tpupTiuahsH> tuyhw;Wj;Jiw>

gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}up> nrd;id – 600 030
Abstract
The article focuses that archaeology ought to be done in the original idea to extract
evidences regarding anthropology. Tamil people are a classic set of people who had an
ancient history to tell. Many of the civilizations on Tamil Nadu and under water near to the
land are full of antique tamil culture.The remnants reveal the anthropological origins of
Tamil people. Moreover their tradition, and cultural rituals are extracted through authentic
evidences. Hence the study extracts the informations from the documents.
Keywords: Anthropology, Light of Archaeology, Tamil Culture
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyg;gz;ghLfspd; nghUs; vr;rq;fs; gw;wpa mwptpay;

rhHe;j mfoha;T> njhy;nghUs; Ma;T> njhd;ikahd tho;tpay; Ma;T ikag;
nghUz;ikahfpwJ. njhy; jkpoHfspd; tho;tpay; Kiwfs;> gz;ghL> fyhr;rhuk; NghH
Kiwfs; rlq;Ffs; Nghd;witfis ,j;jifa mfoha;T %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ.
Xiyr;Rtbfs;> nrg;NgLfs;> ehzaq;fs;> rpw;gq;fs;> Mjpr;rey;Y}H> mupf;fNkL kw;Wk;
rq;ffhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ. ,tw;iw Muha;tNj ,f;fl;Liuapd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.
khdpltpay;
kdpjid gz;ghl;L epiyapYk; capupay; epiyapYk; Muha Ntz;Lk;.
khdpltpay; tsHr;rpapy; Nkiy ehl;L jj;Jt fUj;Jf;fSk;> tuyhw;W epfo;fSk;
mbj;jskha; mike;Js;sd. kdpjdpd; Njhw;wk; jd;ik mtHfSf;Fs;s NtWghLfs;
Fwpj;J gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;dH vOg;gg;gl;l tpdhf;fNs! ,d;iwa
khdpltpaypd; tsHr;rpf;F Kjd;ikahf mike;jd. “Gj;jha;Tf; fhyj;jpw;F gpd;dH
fy;tprhH epiyapy; ,yz;ld; Mf;];NghHL gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; khdpltpay; Jiw
Nguhrpupauhf rH vl;tHl; gHdl; ilyH fp.gp.1884,y; nghWg;Ngw;whH. ,JNt fy;tprhH
epiyapy; khdpltpayhsH ngw;w Kjy; gjtpahFk;. gpd;dNu ,j;Jiw cyfyhtpa
tsHr;rpia ngw;wJ.”1 (gf;jtr;ry ghujp gz;ghl;L khdpltpay;> g.17)
tuyhw;wpd; je;ij> ,dtiutpaypd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLk;
n`Nuhnlhl;l]pd; gq;fspg;G Kjd;ikahdJ. kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa nkhopfs;> cUt
tiffs; nghUl;fs;> jpUkz Kiwfs;> kztpyf;F> rKjha rl;lKiwfs;> rka
topghL> NghH Kiwfs;> murhl;rp> ePjpKiwfs; Nghd;w $Wfis Ma;Tnra;J
khdpltpay; tuyhw;wpw;F mbj;jskpl;ltH.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;Fb tho;tplq;fs;
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Fb vd;w nrhy; Fwpg;gpl;l FUjp cwT cs;stHfis
nkhj;jkhf Fwpj;jdthf cs;sd. ,t;top cwTKiw midtiuAk; ,izj;J
epw;fpd;wJ. Fbapd; %j;Njhuhy; Fbnja;t topghl;by; nra;ag;gLk; rlq;FfSk;>
,isNahiuf; Fbtho;tpy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; rlq;FfSk; rpwg;GilajhFk;.
“njhy; jkpoHfs; NghHtPuHfshfTk; Fjpiufis gad;gLj;jpAk; te;jpUe;jdH.
,Uk;ig cUf;fTk; thHf;fTk;> mjid gad;gLj;jp NghH fUtpfs; nra;aTk;
fw;wpUe;jdH. KUftopghL> nfhw;wit topghLfis filg;gpbj;jdH. ,jw;F mq;F
fpilj;Js;s rpwpa Nty; rhd;whf mikfpwJ. jha;top r%fkhf tho;e;j ,tHfs;
ciw fpzW> nrq;fw; RtHfs;> $iu XLfs;> kz;ghz;lq;fs;> nrk;Gf; fUtpfs;>
,Ug;gpyhd Nty;> jkpo; vOj;J nghwpf;fg;gl;l ghid XLfs; fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd.
%thapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu njhd;ikahd ghl;ilAk; fyhr;rhuj;ijAk;
ngw;wpUe;jdH vd;gij mwpa KbfpwJ.”2 (u.G+q;Fd;wd; njhy;Fb NtspH Nte;jH g.19)
FWk;G> kpis> muz;> mUg;gk;> mUg;G Mfpa nrhw;fs; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy;
fhty;Nfhl;il ghJfhg;gplk; Nghd;w nghUs;fspy; Msg;ngw;Ws;sJ. NtspH> Nte;jH
vOr;rpf;Fg; gpd;dH mtHfs; tho;tplj;ij ghJfhf;Fk; mikg;Gfshf khw;wkile;jd.
FWk;G njhy;Fbfs; cUthf;fpa ghJfhg;gplk; vd;gjw;F ngUk;ghzhw;Wg; gilapy;
Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
muzk; Jtf;fj;jpy; njhy; FbfSf;Fupa fhg;gplkhf tpsq;fpaJ. “$lkhf
fhy;fis el;L fapw;iw ,Oj;Jf; fl;ba tl;lhuj;jpy>; typa tpy;iy Nru Cd;wp
mtw;wpy; mk;Gj; Jzpfisj; njhq;ftpl;L vwp Nfhs;fisAk; epWj;jp fpLFfisAk;
NtypiaAk; epiyahff; Fj;jp itf;fg;ngw;W> tpsq;Fk; tpy; gilahfpa muzk;
jiytDf;F muzhf tpsq;fpaJ.”3 (Ky;iy 39.42) ,g;ghly; njhy;FbapdH vt;tsT
ghJfg;ghfTk; tpsq;fpdH vd;gjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mikfpwJ.
kJiuf; fhQ;rpapy; neLQ;nropad; fhdq;fSf;F ,ilapy; mike;jpUe;j
giftd; ehl;L mUg;gq;fis mopj;jhd; vd;w $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
“gdp thH rpikaf; fhdk; Nghfp
Mf ehL Gf;F> mtH mUg;gk; ntstp (kJiufhQ;rp-148-49)
,t;thwhf njhy;Fbfs; fhdtH> FwtH> MaH jq;fs; njhopiy nra;jik gw;wpa
Fwpg;Gk;> mtHfsJ tho;tplq;fspd; rpwg;Gk; khdpltpay; tuyhw;wpy; Kd;Ndhbahf
tpsq;FfpwJ.”4 (uh.G+q;Fd;wd;.njh.Nt.Nt> gf;. 20-21)
ek;gpf;if rlq;Ffs;
,we;jtHfis topgLk; gz;ghl;L kuig ,f;fhy kf;fs; ngw;wpUe;jdH. cly;
mope;jhYk; Md;kh moptjpy;iy vd;w fUj;jpd; tpisthf> ,we;jtHfs;
gad;gLj;jpa nghUl;fis itj;Jg; Gijf;Fk; tof;fj;ij filgpbj;jdH.
ngUq;fw;fhy fy;yiwapy; cs;s fw;gyifapy; Jisfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
“<kg; ngl;bfs; tpyq;F cUtq;fspy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,itfs; xU ek;gpf;ifapd;
milahskhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,we;jtHfSld; itj;Jg; Gijf;Fk; nghUl;fspd;
vz;zpf;if 18 Kjy; 32 tiu cs;sJ. ,it rpwpa> ngupa ghidfs;> jl;Lfs;
kw;Wk; fpz;zq;fspy; itj;Jg; Gijf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Mjpr;rey;Y}H mfoha;tpy; ,k;kuG
kpFjpahf fhzg;gLfpwJ. ngz; cUt ngha;ikfSk; fpilf;fpd;wd. ,itfs;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;Fbapy; jha;top r%fj;jpy; jha;nja;t topg;ghl;il czHj;Jtjhf cs;sJ.”5

(,sq;Nfh.rp.njh.j.t.g.M.g.44)
eLfw;fs; topghL
eLfw;fs; Nghupy; khz;l tPuDf;fhf itf;fg;gl;L tzq;fg;gl;L te;jd. ,jid
tPuf;fw;fs; vd;Wk; miog;gH. tPudpd; FLk;gj;jtuhy; elg;gLk; eLfw;fspy; vjw;fhf
vd;w Fwpg;Gfis fy;ntl;lhf nrJf;fp itg;gH. ,t;tPuHfs; kuG njhy;jkpoHfspd; tPu
tuyhw;iw gjpT nra;fpwJ.
Nghupy; ntw;wpg; ngw;whYk;> ,we;j tPuHfSf;F itf;fg;gLk; eLfw;fs; ghiy
epy topapy; gy cs;sd. ,t;topahf xU kd;dd; ahidapy; mkHe;J eLfw;fiy
fle;J nry;y Kw;gLfpd;w #oypy>; eLfy;ypy; ,Ue;J xU gy;yp rj;jkpl;L
jilnra;a> mr;rj;jj;ij Nfl;L jd; gazj;ij njhlu kd;dd; mr;rk; nfhs;fpwhd;.
NkYk; nrd;why; jdf;F VjhtJ Mgj;J te;JtpLNkh vd mQ;rp kd;dd; jpUk;gp
nry;tjhf mfehD}W ghly; top mwpa KbfpwJ. (mfk;-397)
eLfw;fspy; ,we;jtupd; cUtj;ij nrJf;Ftjpy; Nfhapy; rpiy tbj;jy;
kugpypUe;J khWg;gl;Nl cs;sJ. njhy;Fb kf;fs; fy;ypy; rpw;gk; tbf;Fk;
jpwikfis ngw;wpUe;jdH. “NghHtPud; epiu G+rypy; capHtpl;l tPudpd; clypy;
mk;Gfs; fhl;Lk; eLfy;> GypAld; rz;ilapLk; tPudpd; eLfy;> fztDld;
cld;fl;ilNawpa kidtpf;F itf;fg;gl;l rjpfy;> gd;wpAld; rz;ilapl;L ,we;j
tPuDf;F itf;fg;gl;l eLfw;fs;> Gyp Fl;bia gpbj;J tUk;nghOJ> Gypaplk; rpf;fp
capHtpl;l tPuDf;F itf;fg;gl;l eLfy>; Nghd;w eLfw;fs; goe;jkpoHfspd; tho;tpay;
njhd;ikfis gilaypLfpd;wd.”6 (,sq;Nfh.rp.njh.j.t.g.M. gf;.55>60)
cwTKiw
gyH FOf;fshf NrHe;J thOk; rKjha ,ay;G kdpjHfSf;F kl;LNk
cupajd;W. ,tHfsJ NeH %jhijaHfshd Nky;epiy caH ghY}l;bfsplKk;
,g;gz;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. cwT Kiwapd; midj;J mbg;gil ,ay;GfSk;
jdpf;FLk;gk; vd;w epiyfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. FLk;gj;jpy; Foe;ij gpwf;Fk; NghJ
xU GJtifahd cwT Njhd;WfpwJ. ,it ngUf ngUf mjDila vy;iyfSk;
tpuptilfpwJ.
cwTKiwf; FwpaPLk; nrhy;tof;Fk;
goe;jkpoHfspd; cwTKiw gupkhzq;fis mwpAk; tifapy; FwpaPfis
gad;gLj;jp te;Js;sdH.
“,f;FwpaPL Mizf;Fwpf;Fk;
-
,f;FwpaPL ngz;izf; Fwpf;Fk;
- ,f;FwpaPL ,we;jtHfis Fwpf;Fk;
= - ,f;FwpaPLfs; kd cwitf; Fwpf;Fk;’
___ - ,t;tif Nfhlhy; ,izf;fg;gLNthH
midtUk; FUjp cwT njhlHGilatHfshtH.
,U topkuG> xU top kuG> <upay; kuG> ,iz kuG vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. jha; je;ij
top %ykhf ,izj;J $WgtHfs; ,Utop kuig rhHe;jtHfs;. je;ij> ghl;ld;>
Kg;ghl;ld; vd;Dk; je;ij top kuig Mz; top kuG vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ. guk;giu>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tk;rk;> tifawh Nghd;w nrhw;fshy; miof;fg;gLk; %jhijaH topia rhHe;jtHfs;

fhy;top kuG vd;W Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.”7 (gf;jtj;ry ghujp> jkpoH khdpltpay;>gf; 422-
23) ,t;thwhd FwpaPLfs; njhy; jkpoHfspd; milahsq;fshf njhy;ypay;
ghh;itapy;; mwpaKbfpwJ.
,df;FOj; jiyik
rq;f ,yf;fpa ghly;fspd; %yk; ,df;FOj; jiyikiaAk; mit
cUthf;fpa gbepiyfisAk; mwpa KbfpwJ. muR cUthf;fk; kUjepyk; vdg;gLfpw
rkntsp gFjpia fskhf nfhz;bUe;jJ. ehy;tif epyq;fisAk; jdpj;jdpNa
Ml;rpahz;l epiy khwp ehdpyj;ijAk; xUtNu MSk; epiy cUthfpaJ.
“Fd;Wkiy fhLeh
Nlhd;W gl;L topnkhopaf;
nfhbJfbe;J NfhwpUj;jpg;
gLtJz;L gfyhw;wp
,dpJUz;NlhH RlHNekp
KOjhz;NlhH topfhty;”8 (Gwk;-17:3:8)
vd;w ghly; %Nte;jHfspy; xUtuhd jiyahyq;fhdj;Jr; nrUntd;w
neLQ;nropaidg; gytif epyg;gFjpfis cilatHfs; topgl;ldH vd;giijf;
fhl;LfpwJ. Fd;W> kiy> fhL> ehL topnkhopa vd;gJ ,q;Fs;s kd;dH topgl vd;W
nghUs; je;jJ vd;gjpypUe;J> neLQ;nropad; ehy;tif epyj;jpw;Fk; cupik
ngw;wpUe;jhd; vd;W mwpa KbfpwJ.
“Nte;jHfSf;F cjTgtHfshf FWepy kd;dHfSk;> rpW}H jiytHfSk;
,Ue;jdH. FWepy kd;dHfspd; ngaHfs; kl;LNk rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
,lk;ngwtpy;iy vd;Wk; $WtH. ,f;$w;wpw;F khWgl;Lr; rpW}H jiytHfs; ngaHfSk;
mwpag;gLfpd;wd. rpWFbf;fpohd;> gz;zd;> ky;ypf;fpohd; fhupahjp> ehiy fpotd;
ehfd;> <He;J}H fpohd; Njhod; khwd;> ty;yhH fpohd;> gz;zd;> fUk;gD}H fpohd;>
mk;gHfpohd;> mUte;ij nghiwahw;Wf; fpohd; Nghd;w ngaHfs; ,df;FO
jiyikf;F rhd;whfpd;wd.”9 (f.kzpthrfk; gz;ghl;L khdpltpaYk; rq;ffhy
kf;fspd; NghHFzKk;> gf; 41>42) njhy;Fb kf;fsJ khdpltpay; nray;ghLfs;
jkpoHfspd; gz;ghl;L milahskhf gjpak; Nghl;Ls;sJ vd;gij ,jd; top mwpa
KbfpwJ.
KbTiu
fy;Njhd;wp kz;Njhd;whf; fhyj;Nj thNshL Kd; Njhd;wpa %j;jf;Fb jkpo;Fb
vd;gJ gonkhop. ,g;gonkhopf;F tYNrHf;Fk; tifapy;> njhy; jkpo;Fb kf;fspd;
gz;ghL> fyhr;rhuk;> rlq;F Kiwfs;> NghHKiwfs;> eLfw;fs; topghL Nghd;witfs;
tho;tpay; newpKiwfis tsg;gLj;Jk; njhd;ikahd Nehf;fpy; xd;wpize;J
fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJNt ,f;fl;Liuapd; KbTiuahFk;.
ghHit E}y;fs;
1. gf;jtj;ry ghujp> gz;ghl;L khdpltpay;> nka;ag;gd; gjpg;gfk;> GJj;njU

rpjk;guk;> 608 001> jpUj;jpa gjpg;G gpg;utup 2014.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
2. rp.,sq;Nfh> njhy; jkpoH tuyhWk; gz;ghl;L Ma;TfSk;> miyfs;

ntspaPl;lfk;> ,uhkhGuk;> nrd;id-89> Kjw;gjpg;G 2015.
3. e.G+q;Fd;wd;> njhy;Fb NtspH Nte;jH> epA+ nrQ;R+up Gf; `T];(gp) ypl;>
mk;gj;J}H> nrd;id-98> Kjw;gjpg;G brk;gH 2016.
4. gf;jtj;ry ghujp> jkpoH khdpltpay;> milahsk;> gjpg;gfk; Gj;jhej;jk;>
jpUr;rp khtl;lk;> ,uz;lhk; gjpg;G 2008.
5. f.kzpthrfk;;> gz;ghl;L khdpltpaYk; rq;ffhy kf;fspd; NghHf;FzKk;>
Mk;gy; ntspaPL> mfufhug;gl;b> jpz;Lf;fy; khtl;lk;> Kjw;gjpg;G Mf];l;
2017


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpoff; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;

Culverts in Tamil Nadu Temples
Nguh.M. fpUj;jpfh> cjtpg; Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

kd;dh; jpUkiyehaf;fh; fy;Y}hp> kJiu– 04.
Abstract
The study of the paper extends an analysis on the Culverts in Tamil Nadu Temples.
The temple were built by the Tamil people with great reverence. Many kings hab built many
temples and edicted culverts about it. Hence, the study helps to know the culverts in the
Tamil temples.
Keywords: Culverts, Tamil Nadu, Temples
Kd;Diu
jkpoh;fspd; ngUikkpf;f tuyhw;Wf;Fr; rhd;whf ,Ug;git fy;ntl;Lf;;fs;
MFk;. Nfhapy;fs; kiyfs; vd vq;nfy;yhk; jkpo; kd;dh;fs; fhyb gjpj;jhh;fNsh>
mq;nfy;yhk; fy;ntl;Lf;fis ntl;bg; nghjpj;J itj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;.
,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fs; tuyhw;WhPjpahfj; jkpo;r; rKjhak;> gz;ghL> gof;ftof;fq;fs;>
ehfhPfk; Mfpatw;iw mwpa cjTk; rhd;Wfshf ,d;Wtiu tpsq;fptUfpd;wd.
fy;ntl;Lfspd; rpwg;G
jkpofj;jpy; fp.K. 2-Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fpilj;Js;sd.
,t;ntOj;Jf;fs; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs; vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gpuhkp vOj;Nj
gytpjkhWjy;fis mile;J ,d;W fy;ntl;L vd;w epiyia mile;Js;sJ. ,jd;
gpd;dh; jkpofj;jpy; fp.gp. 2Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Fiffspy;
fpilj;Js;sd.
fy;ntl;LvOj;Jf;fspd; tif
jkpofj;jpy; gpuhkp> tl;nlOj;J> fpue;jk;> ehfhp vd gytpjkhd vOj;Jf;fs;
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;Js;sd. ,jpy; fpue;jk; vd;gJ jkpo;f;
fy;ntl;Lfspy; gpuhfpUjr; nrhw;fis vOj Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
vOj;Jf;fshFk;.
muRg; guk;giuapdUk; fy;ntl;LvOj;Jf;fSk;
gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; gpuhkp> tl;nlOj;J> fpue;jk;> ehfhp Mfpa vOj;Jf;fisf;
ifahz;ldh;. ,itNa Nrhoh; fhyj;jpYk;> ghz;bah; fhyj;jpYk;> Nfhapy;fspy;
nghpJk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; gpuhkp> tl;nlOj;J> fpue;j> ehfhp
Mfpa ehd;F tifahd vOj;Jf;fs; Nfhapy;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
ghz;bah;fspd; Ml;rpapy; gpuhkp> tl;nlOj;J> fpue;jk; Mfpa vOj;Jf;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,th;fSila Ml;rpapy; tl;nlOj;J jhd; mjpf nry;thf;Fg;
ngw;wpUe;jJ vd;gjidg; ghz;bah;fs; nrg;NgLfs; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Nrhoh;fs; ngUk;ghYk; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdh;. ,j;jkpo;

vOj;Jf;fs; Kw;fhyr; Nrhoh; vOj;>gpw;fhyr; Nrhoh; vOj;Jvd ,Utifg;gLk;.
fy;ntl;bd; mikg;G
fy;ntl;by; nghJthf Ie;Jtifahd nra;jpfs; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. mit
njhlf;fk;> fy;ntl;bd; fhyk;> fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jp> vOjpatd;> vOJtpj;jtd; gw;wpa
Fwpg;G> KbT Nghd;wit mikAk;. fy;ntl;bd; Jtf;fk; “];tjp=”vd;W mikAk;.
,jw;F kq;fsk; cz;lhfl;Lk; vd;W nghUshFk;. mLj;jjhf fy;ntl;by;
mf;fy;ntl;L ahUila fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;lNjh me;j murdJ Ml;rp Mz;Lk;> rpy
fy;ntl;Lfspy; rf Mz;L rhypthfd rfhg;jk; Kjypa Mz;LfSk; ,lk; ngWk;.
,jid mLj;J epte;jk; mspj;j nra;jp Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ehd;fhtjhf ,d;dhhpd;
fl;lisf;fpzq;f ,d;dhh; vOjpaJ vd;W vOjpatd; ngaUk;> vOJtpj;jtd; ngaUk;
ntl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,Wjpapy; mf;nfhilf;Fj; jPq;F epidj;jhy; ,e;jtpjkhd
ghtj;ij milthd; vd;Wk; mf;nfhiliaf; fhj;jy; fhg;gth;fsJ “mbvz;
KbNkyd”2 vd;gJ Nghd;w Fwpg;Gfs; mikAk;.
fy;ntl;Lfspd; gad;ghL
Nfhapw; fy;ntl;Lfs; Nfhapypd; fhyj;ij mwpag; nghpJk; gad;gLfpd;wd.
mf;fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J te;j gof;ftof;fq;fs;> gz;ghL> nghUshjhuk; Nghd;wtw;iwAk;
ehl;bd; vy;iyg;gug;G Kjyhd gy nra;jpfisAk; mwpaf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
gad;gLfpd;wd.
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; murg; guk;giuia thpirg; gb mwpag; gad;gLfpd;wd. NkYk;
tuyhw;WhPjpahf epyTk; NghJ fhyf; fzf;fPl;by; Fog;gq;fs; epyTk; NghJ
fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfs;> nka;f;fhP ;j;jpfs; Mfpatw;wpd; Jiz nfhz;L Fog;gq;fisj;
jtph;ff
; KbAk;.
jkpo; - gpuhkpfy;ntl;Lf;fspd; miktplk;
jkpo; - gpuhkp fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ngUk;ghyd itr kzk; njhlh;ghdit.
,y;ywtho;tpidj; Jwe;j mk;Kdpth;fs; thoj; Njh;T nra;j gFjpfs; kiyfspy;
,aw;ifaha; mike;j Fifj;jsq;fshFk;. mth;fSila mwnewp topfhl;Ljypy;
<Hf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; mth;fsplk; ngUkjpg;G nfhz;ldh;. mjd; fhuzkhf mth;fs;
tho;e;j Fifj;jsq;fspy; vspikahd fw;gLf;iffs; mikj;Jk;> FbePUf;fhf
nray;fis nra;J te;jdh;. me;jj; jh;kr; nray;fisf; fy;ntl;Lf;fshfTk;
gjpj;jdh;. ,f;Fiffj; jsq;fs; vspikahditahf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mf;Fifj;
jsq;fspypUe;J ghh;f;Fk; NghJ mtw;wpd; vjpNu kpfg; gue;j rkntsp fhzg;gLk;.
neLe;J}uj;J epfo;Tfis Nehf;Fk; NghJ mtw;wpd; FWf;Nf vt;tpjj;
jilfSkpy;yhj Fifj;jsq;fshf mike;jpUf;Fk;. jkpo; gpuhkp fy;ntl;L cs;s
,lq;fs; ngUtopfis mLj;Jk; gz;ilaj; jiyefuq;fs;> ngUefuq;fs; kw;Wk;
tzpfr; rpwg;Gila Ch;fis mLj;Jk; ,Ug;gij mwpayhk;.
mofh; kiyf; fy;ntl;L Nrho ehl;bypUe;J ghz;ba ehl;bw;F tUk; md;iwa
ngUtopapy; mike;Js;sJ.
“rpyg;gjpfhuk; Nfhtyd; fz;zfp MfpNahUld; jpUtuq;fj;jpypUe;J
kJiu tUk; nfse;jpmbfs; mofh;kiy topahf kJiu
3
te;jjhfFwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.”


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ghz;bah;fspd; jiyefukhd kJiuiar; Rw;wpAs;s Fd;Wfs;

ngUk;ghyhdtw;wpy; jkpo; gpuhkp fy;ntl;Lfs; cs;sd. jkpo; - gpuhkp fy;ntl;Lfs;
Fd;Wfs; ngUk; Vhpfs;> MWfis mLj;J rw;W njhiytpy; cs;sd. kJiug;
gFjpapy; cs;s Fd;Wfs; itifapd; ,U kUq;fpYk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd.
fy;ntl;Ls;s Fifj; jsq;fs; rpytplq;fspy; kpfg; gue;j cl;gFjpiaf;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. mjdhy; Vuhskhd fw;gLf;iffs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Fifj;jsq;fspd; cs; cauk; Kfg;Gg; gFjpapy; mofh; kiy> thpr;rpA+h; Nghd;w
,lq;fspy; kpf caukhdJ. ,q;Fj; jkpo; - gpuhkp fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Kfg;Gg; gFjpapy;
kpf cauj;jpy; cs;sd. mtw;iw rhuq;fs; fl;bAk; Vzpfs; itj;J Nktpuy; jltp
gbf;f ,aYk;.
rkz Kdpth;fspd; ciwtplk;
jkpo;ehl;by; rkz Kdpth;fs; thOk; ciwtplq;fs; ngUtopfspYk;> Kf;fpa
efuq;fisr; Rw;wpaike;j Fd;WfspYk; ey;y tpisr;ry; cs;s gFjpfspYk; Nkw;
nrhd;d vspikahd trjpfSlDk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fp.K. 3Mk; E}w;whz;bw;Fk; fp.gp.
3Mk; E}w;whz;bw;Fk; ,ilapy; tho;e;j rkz Kdpth;fspd; vspatho;it ,f;Fifj;
jsq;fSk; mq;Fs;s fy;ntl;LfSk; fhl;Lfpd;wd. Rkz Kdpth;fspd;
tho;tplq;fisg; gw;wp rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhz;gJ mhpjhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. ePz;l
rilKbNahL ePuhlhj rkz Kdpth;fs; Fd;wq;fspy; tho;e;jJ gw;wp ew;wpiz
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
“ePbarilNahLMlhNkdpf;
Fd;Wiw jtrpah;”4
vd;w ghly; %yk; mwpag;gLfpwJ.
Kdpth;fspd; ciwtplq;fs; gyngah;fspy; jkpo; - gpuhkp fy;ntl;Lfspy;
Fwpg;gplg; gLfpd;wd. mit
“1. ghsp ,a;>ghspa;>ghsp
2. mjpl;mdk;>mjl;mdk;>mjpl;lhdk;>mjplhdk;
3. fuz;il
4. Kohif>ey;Kocif
5. fy;fhQ;rdk;
6. mWj;jfy;>mWgpjfy;
7. ciw>ciwAs;>
8. gs;sp”5
ghsp vd;gJk; gs;sp vd;gJk; jq;Fkplk;> JapYkplk; vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;
nrhw;fshFk;. ,aw;ifahd Fifj;jsj;jpid cspahy; nrJf;fp ciwtplkhf
cUthf;fpdh;. ,J fy;ypid mWj;Jr; nra;j nray; vd;W GfSh; fy;ntl;L
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. “mWlhjfy;> mWj;jfy;” vd;W mq;Fs;s Kdpth;fspd; ,Ug;gplk;
miof;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fuz;il vd;gJ Kdpth;fs; ciwAk; ,lk; vd;W jkpo;
epfz;Lfs; njhptpf;fpd;wd. ,r;nrhy; jpUkiyf; fy;ntl;by; ciwtplj;ijf; Fwpf;fg;
gad;gLj;jg; gl;Ls;sJ. “Kohif> KOcif” vd;w nrhw;fshy; Fd;WfspYs;s
Fiffspy; tho;e;j Kdpth;fspd; ,Ug;gplq;fisf; Fwpf;fpd;wd. kWfhy; jiyapYs;s
fy;ntl;L ,jidf; “fy;yhy; nra;jfhQ;rdk;”vd;WFwpg;gpLfpwJ. Nkl;Lg;gl;bapYs;s


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fy;ntl;L Kdpth; ,Ug;gplj;ij ciw vd;Wk; MidkiyapYs;s fy;ntl;L

ciwAs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ma;adhh; Fsk; jkpo; - gpuhkp fy;ntl;by;
Kdpth;fs; ,Ug;gplj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; “gs;sp” vd;w nrhy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
jkpo; - gpuhkpfy;ntl;Lfs; fhl;Lk; murpay;
jkpofj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; gpuhkp fy;ntl;Lfs; %yk; rq;f fhyj;jpDila tuyhW
ngwg;gLfpwJ. ghz;bah; kw;Wk; Nru kd;dh;fspd; ngah;fisr; Rl;lf; $ba
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; xU rpy ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ghz;bah; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
neLQ;nropad;
kJiuia jiyikaplkhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;jth;fs; ghz;ba kugpdh;.
,th;fisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; kfhghujk;> kfhtk;rk; Mfpa E}y;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; tphpthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. MdhYk;
fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfspy; ,lk;ngWk; ghz;bah; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; Kf;fpakhdjhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. kJiuiar; Rw;wpYk; 14 ,lq;fspy; jkpo; - gpuhkp fy;ntl;Lfs;
fz;lwpag; gl;Ls;sd. mit>
1. khq;Fsk;> 2. mhpl;lhgl;b> 3. jpUthjT+h;> 4. fPotsT> 5. thpr;rpA+h;>
6.tpf;fpukq;fyk;> 7. Nkl;Lg;gl;b> 8. fUq;fhyf;Fb> 9. Kjiyf;Fsk;> 10. mofh;kiy>
11. jpUg;guq;Fd;wk;> 12. Kj;Jg;gl;b> 13. Midkiy> 14. nfhq;fh; Gspaq;Fsk;
mtw;Ws; kpfj; njhd;ikahdjhff; fUjg;gLgit khq;Fsk; fy;ntl;LfshFk;. ,q;Ff;
fpilj;Js;s MW fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,uz;by; neLQ;nropad; vd;w ngah; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
Nruh; fy;ntl;Lfs;
f&Uf;F mUfpy; cs;s Gf*hpy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s ,uz;L fy;ntl;Lfspy;
%d;W Nru kd;dh;fspd; ngah;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,th;fs; ,Uk;nghiw kugpdh;
Mth;. NfhMjd; nry;ypUk;nghiw> mtd; kfd; ngUq;fLq;Nfhd; mtdJ kfd;
,sq;fLq;Nfhd; Mfpa %th; ngah; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;Nru kd;dh;fspd; fhyk;
fp.gp. 1-2Mk; E}w;whz;L vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ.
Nrhoh; fy;ntl;Lfs;
rq;ffhyr; Nrho kd;dh;fs; fhyj;jpa gpuhkp fy;ntl;LfNsh> fhRfNsh
,Jtiu jkpofj;jpy; fpilf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; f&hpy; fpilj;j nts;sp Nkhjpuk;
xd;wpy; “jpj;jd;”vd;Dk; ngah; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
gl;lq;fSk;>mYtyh;fSk;
murd; vd;gijf; Fwpf;f ‘Nfh’ vd;Dk; nrhy; gad;gLj;jg; gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid
f&h; fy;ntl;by; fhzyhk;. khq;Fsk; fy;ntl;by; ,lk; ngWk; ‘gzmd;’ vd;Dk;
nrhy;iy murUf;Fhpa Nrtfd; vdg; nghUs; nfhs;fpwhh;. ‘fhtpjp’ vd;Dk; nrhy;
khq;Fsk; fy;ntl;bYk;> jpUkiy fy;ntl;bYk; tUfpd;wJ.
jkpo; gpuhkp fy;ntl;Lfs; mstpYk; cs;slf;fj;jpYk; rpwpajhf ,Ug;gjhy;
gpw;fhyf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLtJ Nghd;w tphpthd murpay; nra;jpfisg; ngw
Kbatpy;iy. muR Njhw;w fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j fy;ntl;Lfs; ,it vd;gjhy; Fiwe;j
mstpyhd nra;jpfs; fpilj;Js;sd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
KbTiu
jkpofj;Jf; Nfhapy;fspy; cs;s fy;ntl;Lfisg; gb vLg;gJk;> mtw;iwg;
gw;wpa Ma;T nra;tJkhd Ntiyfs; fp.gp. 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; njhlq;fg;gl;L
,d;Wtiu epfo;j;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ek; tuyhw;iwAk;> gz;ghl;ilAk; mwptjw;fhd
Mjhukhf fy;ntl;Lfs; cs;sd. fy;ntl;Lfspd; NjitiaAk; rpwg;igAk; czUtJ
kpf mtrpak;. ,jd; %yk; gy tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gfis mwpa Kbe;jJ.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. rka ,yf;fpaKk; Nfhapw;fiyAk;> g.96.

2. NkyJ.
3. rpyg;gjpfhuk;>NkyJ
4. ew;wpiz>gh.vz;. 141.
5. jkpo; - gpuhkpfy;ntl;Lfs;> g.3.
6. NkyJ. g.9.
JizE}w; gl;bay;
1. jp. =. =jh;> jkpo; - gpuhkp fy;ntl;Lfs;> jkpo;ehL muR njhy;ypay; Jiw>

nrd;id - 600 008. Kjw;gjpg;G - 2006.
2. lhf;lh; mk;igkzptz;zd;> rka ,yf;fpaKk; Nfhapw; fiyAk;> n[.n[.
gg;spNf\d;];> 29>fw;gf tpehafh; tzpf tshfk;> Nfh. GJ}h;. kJiu - 625 007.
Kjw;gjpg;G - mf;. 2006.
3. kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhh;> gy;yth; tuyhW> ghitgg;spNf\d;];> 142> [hdp [hd; fhd;
rhiy> ,uhag;Ngl;il> nrd;id - 600 014 Kjw;gjpg;G - Mf];L 2013.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhyy
; pay; Nehff
; py; NtY}h; khtll
; jj
; pd; rpy FwpgG
; nraj
; pfs;
A Brief Archaeological Scrutiny of Vellore District
; Ntzp> Kidth; gl;l Ma;thsh;> jkpoha;Tj;Jiw>

Nr. fpU\z
gp\g; `Pgh; fy;Y}hp> jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp-17.
Abstract
The article discloses the rich ethical life, life style and war are found in the highest
intentions of the world. The life of the Tamils is the lifestyle of the noble ones. The study of
this article is a study of the Tamil’s lifestyle in the Vellore district at the ancient times. It
evinces the Stone age, New stone age, Iron age and Historical monuments and relics of the
Tamils. Hence, the paper attempts a survey of the concerned theme.
Keywords: Tamils, Archaeological Scrutiny, Vellore District
KdD ; iu
,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; jkpo;ehl;bd; njhy;ypay; tuyhW rpwe;jnjhU ,lj;ijg;
ngw;Wj; jpfo;fpwJ. cyf mstpy; goq;fw;fhy ehfhpfq;fs; kpFe;j gFjpfs;
nrd;idf; iff;Nfhlhpj; njhopw;$lk; vdj; njhy;ypay; mwpQh;fshy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.
jkpofk; goq;fw;fhy kdpjd; tho;e;j vr;rq;fis kpFe;j mstpy; nfhz;l
khepykhfj; jpfo;fpwJ. jkpo;ehl;bd; tl khtl;lq;fspy; goq;fhy kdpjh;fs; gioa
tuyhw;iw gw;wp tpl;Lr; nrd;Ws;s fw;fUtpfs; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ. ,jid
njhy;ypay; Nehf;fpy; NtY}h; khtl;lk; rpw Fwpg;G nra;jpfs; vd;Dk; fl;Liuapy;
fhz;Nghk;.
NtY}h; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gfs;
NtY}h; khtl;lj;jpd; vy;iy fpof;fpy; jpUts;Sh;> fhQ;rpGuk;> jpUtz;zhkiy
khtl;lq;fSk; Nkw;fpy; fpUl;bdfphp khtl;lKk;> njw;fpy; gioa tl Mh;f;fhL
khtl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J gphpe;j jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lKk;> tlf;fpy; Me;jpu khepyj;jpy;
rpj;J}h; khtl;lKk; cs;sd. NtY}h; khtl;lk; ePz;l fhy tuyhw;W epfo;Tfisj;
nfhz;l khtl;lkhFk;.
m) gy;yth;fSk; Nrhoh;fSk;> Me;jpu fh;ehlfg;gFjpapy; Ml;rp Ghpe;j gy;NtW
muR kuGfspd; gilnaLg;gfisj; jLf;f NtY}h; khtl;lj;jpd; vy;iyg;
gFjpapy; jq;fsJ giltpLfis mikj;J jq;f itj;jdh;.
NtY}h; khtl;lk; ,d;wsT tpis epykhf tpsq;fp tUfpwJ. ,jd; jhf;fk;
tuyhw;W VLfspy; Ngrg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
M) Nghhpy; tPu kuzk; mile;j tPuh;fSf;F eLfy; Kjy; njhlh;r;rpahf
gs;spg;gilf; Nfhapy;fSk; NtY}h; khtl;lj;jpy; kpFe;j mstpy; cs;sd.
,) ,e;jpa Nghh; tPuh;fshy; Mq;fpy ,uhZtj;jpw;F vjpuhf elj;jg;gl;l Kjy;
Rje;jpug;Nghuhd rpg;gha;f;fyk; %ba NtY}h; khtl;lk; tuyhw;wpy; jdpj;J Xh;
,lj;ij ngw;Wj; jpfo;fpwJ. jkpofj;jpw;F ngUik Nrh;f;Fk; khtl;lkhf ,J


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tpsq;FtJld; goik tha;e;j njhy;ypay; gz;ghl;L $Wfs; rpwg;ghd

,lj;ijg; gpbj;Js;sJ.
<) gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; gy gz;ghl;L Kiw NtY}h; khtl;lj;jpd; topahf
eilngw;wJ. Fbahj;jk; tl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s cjNahj;jpuk; gFjp
gy;yth;fspd; jsgjp cja re;jputh;kdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l CuhFk;. ,g;gFjp
mf;fhyj;jpy; “fhQ;rp Eiothapy; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
c) Mq;fpNyah; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; tl Mh;f;fhL vd toq;fg;gl;l goikahd
,k;khtl;lk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; jkpof murhy; eph;thf trjpf;fhf NtY}h;>
jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lq;fs; vd ,uz;L khtl;lq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,k;khtl;lq;fs; gz;ghl;L topahf xw;Wikfs; topahf ,Ue;jhYk;> njhd;ik
fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J gy;NtW Ntw;Wikfis ngw;Ws;sd. ,k;khtl;lq;fs;
xt;thJ kiyj;njhlh; gz;ghl;L Ntw;Wik mwpa KbfpwJ.
C) NtY}h; khtl;lj;jpy; fpilf;fpd;w eLfw;fs; gy;yth;fs; fhyj;ijr;
rhh;e;jitahf cs;sJ.
v) jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj;jpy; eLfw;fs; nrq;fk; gFjpfspy; ngUthhpahff;
fpilf;fpd;w ,it tl;nlOj;Jf; fy;ntl;Lfshf cs;sd
V) Nkw;fpYk; tlf;fpYk; mike;Js;s fpUl;bdfphp> jh;kGhp khtl;lq;fspd;
gz;ghl;L $Wfs; tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpy; nrq;fk; fztha; topahfj;
jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj;jpy; CLUtp cs;sd. tl;nlOj;J eLfw;fs; nrq;fk;
gFjpapy; mjpfkhff; fpilf;fpd;wd.
goq;fhy fw;fhyk;
tuyhw;W Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; gyrhd;Wfs; NtY}h; khtl;lj;jpy; mjpfkhf
fpilf;fpd;wd. ,g;gFjpapy; fs Ma;TfSk; mfoha;TfSk; mjpfkhf
eilngw;Ws;sd cs;sd. NtY}h; khtl;lj;jpy; njhy;ypay; tuyhw;iw ek;k mwpa
KbfpwJ. NtY}; khtl;lj;jpy; muf;Nfhzk; tl;lj;jpy; goq;fhw;fhyf; fUtpfs;
kpFe;j msT fpilj;Js;sd.
Gjpa fw;fhyk;
jkpo; ehl;by; Gjpa jw;fhyk; NtY}h; khtl;lk; mikj;Js;sd.
,t;khtl;lj;jpy; xt;thJ kiyg; gFjpia Xl;bAs;s Ch;fspy; Gjpa fw;fhyk;
fhyj;ij rhh;e;j fw;Nfhlhpfs; ngUkstpy; fpilj;Js;sd. gpis];Nlhfpd; fhyk;
Kbe;J gpd;gdpg;glh;Tf; fhykhd `hNyhfpd; fhyj; njhlf;fj;jpy; kdpj tho;tpy;
gykhw;wq;fs; epfo;fpd;wd. ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; kdpjd; epiyaw;w tho;f;ifia
tpLj;J Xhplj;jpy; epiyahfj; jq;fpj; jdJ Njitfisg; G+h;j;jp nra;a
tpUk;Gfpd;whd;. fhy; eilfis tsh;ff ; Tk; tPLfis mikf;fTk;> $l;Lf; FLk;g
tho;f;if Kiwia Nkw;nfhs;StJ> czT rikf;f kl;ghz;lq;fis nra;jy;>
Nghd;wit Gjpa fw;fhyk; nra;J tUfpd;wd. Gjpa fw;fhyk; khtl;lj;jpy; rpy
mfoha;Tfs; cWjp nra;Jnfhs;SfpNwhk;. jpUg;gj;J}h; tl;lj;jpy; gy Gjpa fw;fhy
tho;tplq;fisr; fz;L gpbj;jdh;. Gjpa fw;fhyf; fUtpfs; Gjpa fw;fhyj;jpy;
tho;e;j tPLfs; Mfpait fz;L gpbj;jdh;. igak;gs;spapy; jyjhg;G kiy
mbthuj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;l mfoha;tpy; Gjpa jw;fhy kz;zLf;Ffs; fhzg;gl;ld.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mg;Gf;fy;Y
NtY}Uf;F mUfpy; cs;s mg;Gf;fy;Y vd;Wk; ,lj;jpy; Gjpa fw;fhy
fUtpfs; fpilj;Js;sd. mg;Gf;fy;Y kiygFjpapy; mUfpy; fUq;fw;fs; ntl;l>
kiyia ntb itj;Jj; jfh;j;J kiyapy; nrk;ghy; ePz;l thl;fs; ifg;gpbAld;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. Gjpa jw;fhyj;jpy; ,k;khtl;lq;fspy; fy;Nyhpkiy> Mk;G+h;>
nrd;duhad gs;sp> nfhrtd;GJ}h;> fhtD}h;> nrq;Fd;wk;> fPo;g;gl;b> Nky;gl;b> rt;thJ
kiyg;gFjpfs;> GJ}h; ehL> ney;ypthry; ehL> Vyfphp ghf ntsp> Nrhspq;fGuk;>
tpz;zkq;fyk; fPo;r; rpyk;ghb> fPo;tpsk;G+r;rp> $l;lj;J}h;> gioa jSh;>
Ch;fTz;lD}h;> nfhOj;jk;gj;J}h; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,Uk;Gf;fhyk;
,Uk;Gf; fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;j ChpUf;iff; gFjpfSk; Gijtplq;fSk;
,k;khtl;lj;jpy; gutyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,k;khtl;lj;jpy; ,Jtiu Vwf;Fiwa 100
,lq;fspy; ngUq;fw;fhyr; rpd;dq;fSk; ChpUf;ifg; gFjpfSk;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,k;khtl;lj;jpy; ,Uk;Gf; fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;j gy;NtW
,lq;fspy; mfoha;TfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. igak;gs;sp mfoha; t py;
fy; t l; l q; f s; gy mfo; e ; n jLf; f g; g l; l d. ,tw; w py; <kg; n ghUs; f shf
kl; f yd; f s; ,Uk; G g; n ghUs; f s; > RLkz; kzp Nghd;witfSk;> 24
fhy;fSila <kg;Ngio md;Wk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld.
,Uk;Gf;fhy kf;fs; kiyg;gFjpfspy; ,Ue;j FiffspYk; jq;fsJ
tho;tplq;fis mikj;J nfhz;ldh;. Fif xd;wpy; ,Uk;Gf;fhy Xtpaq;fs; cs;sd.
,Uk;Gf;fhyk; <kr;rpd;dq;fs; 6 tifg;gLk;
 fy;tl;lq;fs;
 fy;jpl;il
 fy; cah;jpl;il
 guY}ah; gJf;if
 <kg;Ngiofs;
 jhopfs;
NtY}h; khtl;lj;jpy; fPo;f;fz;l ,lq;fspy; ,Uk;Gf;fhy <kr;rpd;dq;fs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. fy;tl;lk; : MhpA+h;> Mj;Jg;ghf;fk; Ma;g;NgL fhpf;fy;> kNjhp>
ghuhQ;rp> ngUtisak; Ntl;lq;Fsk;> jpUg;ghd;kiy> ehfy;>
ghY}h;> cs;sp> myq; f Ndhp fhf; f q; f iu> Fhprpyhg;gl;L
Ntlg;GJg;gl;L> Fg;Gf;fy;NkL Vhpgs;sk;> CR+h; Fg;gk;> MhpA+h;
2. fy;jpl;il : MhpA+h;> Ma;NgL> fhpf;fy; fhpf;fd;jhq;fs;> Nkfe;jputhb R+iu>
jspfy;> Gyptyk;> gy;yhsFg;gk; nrk;gs;sp> fw;$h;> rpd;dfe;jpyp
kpl;lhyk;> nfhilf;fy;> XLfj;J}h;
3. fy;cah;jpl;il : fj;jpathb gpd;dj;Jiu fPo;f;nfhj;J}h;.
4. guY}ah; gJf;if : mug;ghf;fk;> FWk;Nghp> ghr;R+h;> tp\kq;fyk;> rpd;dKjypKJ}h;
ts;spiky.
5. <kg;Ngiofs; : fhpf;fy;> fy;Nyhpkiy XLfj;J}h;
6. jhopfs; : jf;Nfhyk;> tlf;Fg;gl;L


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
NtY}h; tuyhw;W rpd;dq;fs; :

1. [yfz;Nl];tuh; Nfhapy; - NtY}h;
2. Nfl;il - NtY}h;.
3. kR+jp - NtY}h;
4. Nrhkehjh; Nfhapy; - Nky;ghb
5. NrhoP]t ; uh; Nfhapy; - Nky;ghb
6. rkzr; rpw;gq;fs; fy; ntl;Lfs; - ts;spiky
7. Rg;gpukz;a];thkp Nfhapy; - ts;spiky
8. uq;fehjh; Myak; - vUf;fk;gl;L
9. nly;yp E}ioT thapy; - Mw;fhL
10. gPuq;fp - Mw;fhL
11. kR+jp - Mw;fhL
12. Nfhl;ilg;gFjpapy; cs;s Fsq;fs; - Mw;fhL
13. tlfpof;fpy; mike;j Nfhl;ilapd;
ntspg;Gwr;Rth; - Kg;gJntl;b
14. Filtiu> rkz> jPh;j;jq;fuh; rpw;gk; - tpshg;ghf;fk;
15. Nrhspq;fh; Fsf;fiuapy;
fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;L - Nrhsp];fh
16. xw;iwghiwapy; mike;j Filtiu - kNfe;jputhb
17. Nfhdhh; Nfhtpy; - jpUkhy;A+h
KbTiu
njhy;ypay; Nehf;fpy; NtY}h; khtl;l rpy Fwpg;G nra;jpfs; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;
rpy Fwpg;G nra;jpfs;> NtY}h; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gfs; goq;fhy fw;fhyk;> Gjpafw;fhyk;>
mg;Gf;fy;Y ,Uk;Gf;fhyk;> NtY}h; tuyhw;W rpd;dq;fs; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fpilf;Fk;
nghUl;fis gw;wp Muha;e;J fpilf;Fk; nghUl;fis vLj;J $WtijNa
,f;fl;Liuapy; mike;Js;sJ.
ghh;it E}y;fs;
1. Nf. jpU%h;j;jp> jkpo;ehl;Lj; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs;> gz;ghl;L ntspaPl;lfk;>
nrd;id> 1995.
2. https : ///velour nic.in
3. ,e;jpaf;fy;ntl;L Mz;lwpf;if 1912.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nfhq;F ehl;Lf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; tzpf mwk;

Business Ethics in Kongu County Culverts
Kidth;. S. fpNurpuhzp> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;>

jkpo;j;Jiw> =rhujh kfsph; fy;Y}hp> nguk;gY}h;.
Abstract
The paper deals with the facts collected from the culverts related to the Business
Ethics found in the Kongu region of Tamil Nadu. A society’s grandeur can be assessed
through the edicts. The edicts show their culture, ethics, charity and society related ethics.
Business is considered one of the major parts in the development of the society and the
ethical norms followed by the set of people are also very important to know their level. Tamil
people are well known for their trade with the foreign contries in the past to the Present.
They even had business contacts with ancient civilizations like Greek, Roman, Chinese and
Egyptian people. The business stalwarts on those times had donated gold coins, bronze coins,
land and other charity acts are revealed through the culverts. Hence, the paper traces
business ewthics with archaeological evidences.
Keywords: Culverts, Copper Plates, Tamil Nadu, Tamil Culture
jkpofk; Ie;J kz;lyq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. Nru ehL> Nrho ehL>

ghz;ba ehL> njhz;il ehL> nfhq;F ehL vd;gd. nfhq;F ehl;il gy;NtW
kd;dh;fs; Ml;rp Ghpe;jdh;. mjw;Fr; rhd;whf> nfhq;F ehl;by; kpFjpahd fy;ntl;Lfs;
fpilf;fpd;wd. ,f;fy;ntl;Lfspy; tzpfh;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; mth;fspd;
mwr;nray;fs; gw;wp Ma;tNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fk;.
tzpfh;fs;
nghUs; cw;gj;jp nra;gtUf;Fk;> nghUs; nfhs;tdT nra;NthUf;Fkhd
ghykhf ,Ug;gth;fs; tzpfh;fs;. re;ijg; nghUshjhuj;ij VJthf;Ftjpy; ,th;fspd;
gq;F Kf;fpakhdJ.
mwk;
mwk; vDk; nrhy;Yf;F tof;fk;> ePjp> flik> nfhil vdg; gy;NtW nghUs;
toq;fpdhYk; nfhil vd;gijNa ‘mwk;’ vd;w ikag;nghUshff; nfhz;L ,f;fl;Liu
mikfpd;wd.
tzpf mwk;
ve;j xU nraiyr; nra;tjw;Fk; mwk; jiyaha xd;whf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
tzpfk; gw;wp ts;Sth; $Wk; nghOJ>
“thzpfk; nra;Nthh;f;F thzpfk; Ngzpg;
gpwTk; jk;Nghy; nrapd;” (Fws;.120)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mjhtJ gpwh; nghUisAk; jk;nghUs;Nghy; Nghw;wpr; nra;jNy ey;y tzpfk;

nra;Nthh;f;F chpaKiw vd;fpwhh;. ,jidNa tzpfh;fSf;Fhpa mwkhfTk;
nfhs;syhk;.
nfhq;F ehl;Lf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; tzpfh;fs;
nfhq;F ehl;by; fpilf;fg; ngw;w fy;ntl;LfSs; Ik;gjpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
fy;ntl;Lfspy; tzpfh;fs; gw;wp nra;jpfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ,t;tzpfh;fs; nfhq;F
ehl;by; jq;fp tzpfk; Ghpe;jikf;Ff; fy;ntl;LfSk; mfo;tha;tpy; fpilf;Fk;
nghUl;fSk; rhd;Wfshf cs;sd.
fy;ntl;Lfspy; tzpf FOf;fs;
gue;j mstpy; tzpfk; Nkw;nfhs;s tzpf Kiwapy; Njh;r;rpg; ngw;w
tzpfh;fs; gyh;$b njhopy; epkpj;jkhff; FOf;fs; gytw;iw Vw;gLj;jpdh;. mt;thW
cUthd tzpff;FOf;fspy; rpy FOf;fspd; ngah;fs; nfhq;F ehl;Lf; fy;ntl;Lfspy;
,lk; ngWfpd;wd. mit>
jpiahapuj;J Ie;E}w;Wth;
gjpndz; tpiraj;jhh;
Ie;E}w;Wg; ngUePutpah;
gjpnzd; tprag; ngUePuatpu;
efuj;jhh;
vd;gdthFk;.
fy;ntl;Lfspy; tzpff; Fwpg;Gfs;
nfhq;F ehl;Lf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; ngUtpopfs;> mbf;fPo;j;jsk;> jhtsk;>
vwptPug;gl;lzk; Nghd;w tzpfk; njhlh;ghd nrhw;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ngUtopfs;
nfhq;FehL fhLk;> kiyAk; Nrh;e;j FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy epykhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.
,e;ehL fhy;eil tsh;g;gpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpaJ. NkYk;> fdpktsk; ngw;Wg; ngUik
mile;jpUe;jJ. fhy;eil tsh;g;Gf;fhf kf;fis Xhplj;jpypUe;J gpw ,lq;fSf;F
Nka;rr; y; epyk; Ntz;bf; Fbngaur;nra;jJ> mf;Fb ngah;r;rp Fwpg;gpl;l topapNyNa
eilngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;topfs; gpd;dhspy; ngUtopahf khwpd. ngUtop
Mf;fj;jpw;Fk;> Ky;iy Mah;fs; Fbnah;r;rpf;Fk; neUq;fpa njhlh;G cz;L vd;gij
khdpltpay; Ma;thsh;fSk; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. NkYk;> ,jid rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fSk; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mfehD}w;wpy; Ky;iyj; jpizg;ghly;fspy;
ngUtpop gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
‘muf;fj;J md;d nre;epyg; ngU tpop’ (mfk;. 14:1)
‘jsTg; gpzp mtpo;e;j jz; gjg; ngUtpop’ (mfk;. 64. 4)
“Fujp cUtpd; xz; nrk; %jha;
ngU top kUq;fpy; rpWgy tupg;g” (mfk;. 74:4>5)
‘fhLftpd; ngw;w jz;gjg; ngUtop’ (mfk;. 14.10)
,r;rhd;Wfs; Ky;iyj;jpiz ghly;fspy; kl;LNk fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt>
Ky;iyepy Mah;Fb kf;fNs ngUtopfis cUthfpapUf;f Ntz;Lk; ,t;thW
mike;j ngUtopfspy; gyehl;L tzpfh;fSk; te;J nrd;wdh;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nfhq;F ehl;by; %d;W ngUtopfs; kpfr; rpwg;ghfg; Ngrg;gl;litahFk;. mit>

Midkiy tlG+jp ej;jk;> rp.fiyaKj;J}h;> godp> jpz;Lf;fsy;> kJiu>
jpUj;jq;fsy; topahf mofd;Fsk; nrd;wilAk; ngUtop. ,g;ngUtopia
,ilf;fhyf; fy;ntl;L ‘tPuehuhazg; ngUtop’ vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,q;F
,uz;lhapuj;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Nuhkhdpaf; fhRfs; fpilj;Js;sd.
Ng&h;> nts;sY}h;> #Y}h;> gy;ylk;> fhq;fak;> f&h;> ciwA+h; topahfg;
G+k;Gfhh; tiu nry;Yk; ngUtop. ,J ‘,uhrNfrhpg; ngUtop’ vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> mtpdhrp> tprakq;fyk;> <NuhL> Nryk;> Vj;jhg;G+h;>
fs;sf;Fwpr;rp> tpOg;Guk;> jpz;btdk; topahf khk;ky;yGuk; nry;Yk; ngUtop.
,g;ngUtopapy; Nfhak;Gj;J}h; khtl;lj;jpy; kpFjpahd atdf; fhRfSk; iftpidg;
nghUl;fSk; fpilj;Js;sd. (Nfhit khtl;l njhy;ypay; ifNaL)
NkYk;> ,ilf;fhyf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; gy ngUtopfs; tof;fj;jpypUe;jikg;
gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. NrhokhNjtpg; ngUtop> nfhOkk; ngUtpop>
muRkiyg; ngUtop> ,uhr kNfe;jpug;ngUtop> fhiuj; njhOg;ngUtop Nghd;w
ngUtopfs; Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. gh;ld; ];Bd; vd;w ntspehl;L mwpQh; nfhq;F
ehl;ilg; ‘ngUtopehL’ vd;Nw miof;fpwhh;. ,g;ngUtopfs; nghUl;fis
xhplj;jpypUe;J kw;Nwhh; ,lj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;y VJthf ,Ue;Js;sd.
ngUtopfspy; nry;Nthh;fF ; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf toptPuh;fs; epWj;jg; ngw;wdh;. mth;fs;
‘vwptPuh;’ vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
mbf;fPo;j;jsk;
mbf;fPo;j;jsk; vd;gJ tzpfh;fs; jq;fpapUe;j ,lj;ijNa Fwpf;Fk;.
mbf;fPo;j;jsk; vd;w nrhy; jkpo;ehL KotJk; fpilj;jNghjpYk; nfhq;F ehl;by;
kpFjpahf ,Ue;jik fl;lg;ngWfpd;wJ. jhuhGuk; mUfpYs;s nghd;dpthb vd;w Chpy;
fpilj;j tzpff; fy;ntl;by;> ‘mQ;Riu ehLk; mbf;fPo;jsKk; efukpuz;Lk;’ (jpUg;G+h;
khtl;lf; fy;ntl;Lfs;)
vd;gjd; %yk; tzpfj;jpw;Fk; mbf;fPo;j;jsj;jpw;Fk; neUq;fpa njhlh;G
,Ue;Js;sJ. vd;gij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. NkYk;> nfhq;F ehl;Lf; fy;ntl;by;
‘mbf;fPoj;jskhd ,uhruhrGuk;’> ‘mbf;fPo;j;jsj;jpypUf;Fk; tpahghup’> ‘mbf;fPo;j;Jshd;
Njtd; cilahd;’> ‘fhiuehL kbf;fPl;jsk;’> ‘mbf;fPo; jsk; gjpndz; tpiraj;jhh;’>
‘mbf;fPl;jsj;J tpahghhp’ Nghd;w njlh;fs; tUfpd;wd. NkYk;> %d;W
mbf;fPo;j;jsq;fs; kpfTk; rpwg;ghfg; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd.
1. fiuahd mbf;fPo;j;jsk;
2. Nkw;wiyj; jQ;rhT+uhd kd;dpA+h; mbf;fPo;j;jsk;
3. ,uh[uh[Gukhd mbf;fPo;j;jsk;
,tw;wpy; ,uh[uh[Gukhd mbf;fPo;j;jsk; murpaypy; ngk;gq;fhw;wpAs;sJ vd;fpwhh;.
f.m.GtNdRthp. mbf;fPo;j;jsk; vd;gjw;Fj; njspthd nghUs; $wKbatpy;iy
vdpDk;> mJ tzpfj;NjhL njhlh;GilaJ vd;gij kl;Lk; cWjpahff; $wKbAk;.
NkYk;> jsk; vDk; nrhy;Yf;Fg; gilfs; jq;fpapUe;j ,lk; vdg; nghUs;
nfhs;syhk;. mbf;fPo;j;jsk; vd;gJ ngUk;ghYk; 12>13> 14 Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;
fy;ntl;LfspNyNa kpFjpahf tUfpd;wd. ,r;nrhy; mtpdhrp> ngUkhey;Y}h;>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
goq;fiu> eLtr;Nrhp> gl;Y}h;> guQ;Nrh;top> jhuhGuk;> gpuk;kpak; Nghd;w Ch;f;

fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
jhtsk;
jhtsk; vd;gjw;Fj; jq;Fkplk; vd;W nghUs; jUfpd;wJ jkpo; nyf;rpfd;. ,J
tzpfh;fs; ngUtopfs; jq;fp thzpfk; nra;tjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;lNj jhtsk;
MFk;. fy;ntl;Lfspy; fp.gp.10 Mk; E}w;whz;by;jhd; jhtsk; vd;w nrhy; gapd;W
tUfpd;wJ. ,r;nrhy; Kjd; Kjyhf guhe;jfdpd; fy;ntl;by;jhd; ‘Ngl;ilj; jhtsk;’
vdg; Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. nfhq;Fg;gFjpapYs;s Ng&h;f; fy;ntl;by; ‘nfhw;w kq;fykhd
kQ;rpg; Gspj; jhtsk;’ (Nfhak;Gj;J}h; khtl;lf; fy;ntl;Lfs;> njhFjp-I) vdf;
Fwpf;fg;ngWfpd;wJ. ,q;F jhtsk; vd;gJ kug;ngaUld; te;Js;sJ.
fy;ntl;Lfspy; tzpfh;fspd; mwr;nray;fs;
nfhq;F ehl;Lf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; Nfhapy;fSf;F tzpfh;fspd; mwr;nray;fs;>
“,iwtid vOe;jUsr; nra;jy;
tpsf;F vhpf;f nfhilaspj;jy;
mKJgbf;F gzk; nfhilaspj;jy;
ney; nfhilaspj;jy;
J}z; mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jy;
gypgPlk;> cj;jpuk;> Nghjpif mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jy;
fpzW> nrf;F> Fsk; ntl;bf; nfhLj;jy;”
,f;nfhilfis tzpfh;fs; fhRfshfTk;> nghUl;fshfTk; toq;fpAs;sdh;.
mjpfkhf fhRfisNa toq;fpAs;sdh; vd;gjw;F nfhq;Fehl;by; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy;
fpilf;fg; ngWk; ehzaq;fs; rhd;whFk;.
KbTiu
nfhq;F ehl;by; tzpfh;fs; jq;fpapUe;J tzpfk; nra;jdh; vd;gjw;F tzpfh;
FOf;fspd; ngah;fSk;> tzpfk; njhlh;ghd nrhw;fSk; rhd;Wfshf mikfpd;wd.
tzpfh;fs; nfhq;F ehl;by; trzpfk; nra;NjhL kl;Lky;yhky; Vuhskhd
Nfhapy;fis vOe;jUsr; nra;J mtw;wpf;Fg; gy epte;jq;fisAk; mspj;Js;sdh;
vd;gij mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
JizE}y;fs;
1. t.Rg. khzpf;fk; (c.M) - jpUf;Fws;> kzpthrfh; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id>

kWgjpg;G-2000
2. Kidth; F.nt. ghyRg;gpukzpad;> mfehD}W %yKk; ciuAk;> epA+ nrQ;Rhp
Gf; `T]; (gp)ypl;> nrd;id - 600098.
3. xsit R. Jiur;rhkpg;gps;is> Kidth;.fjph;KUF - rq;f ,yf;fpak; %yKk;
ciuAk;> mfehD}W> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id - 600014.
2. Nguhrphpah; N[. jh;kuh[;> lhf;lh; j. vgpN[k;];> fy;ntl;bay;> nld;rp
gg;spNf\d;];> rptfhrp> Ie;jhk; gjpg;G – 2014.
3. Kidth;. Rg;GuhaY> jkpo;f; fy;ntl;baYk; mjd; tuyhWk;> jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;
fofk;> jQ;rhT+h;> Kjw;gjpg;G - 2001.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
4. it. Re;jNur thz;ilahh;> (mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fof nkhopapay;

Jiwapd; Kd;dhs; fy;ntl;L Muha;r;rpahsh;)> 30 fy;ntl;Lfs;> 25> gPll
; h;];
rhiy> nrd;id - 600004. Kjw;gjpg;G - 1958.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;nghUs; rkaf;Fwpg;Gfs;
Religious Archaeological Inscriptions
m.fPjh> Ma;tpay; epiwQu;>

jkpoha;Tj;Jiw> gp\g; `Pgu; fy;Yhup> jpUr;rp.
Abstract
The gist of the study is to decipher the evidences of Tamil society through the
religious inscriptions from the ancient times of the Tamil society. The article explains about
religion in general, the types of religion and its impact on the Tamil society and culture. It
evinces the inscriptions from artefacts and relics to tell about the glorious religions such us
Saiva, Vaisnava, Samana and Budddist religion and the evidences related to it. Through the
samples, the study putforth the ethical values followed by the people.
Keywords: Religion, Archaeology, Inscription, Tamil Culture, Tradition
Kd;Diu
ek;gpf;if ,y;yhky; kdpjd; tho KbahJ. XU Fwpg;gpl;ll ek;gpf;if vg;gb
Vw;gl;lJvd;gij kdpjd; jd;idAk;;> tuyhw;iwAk; Njhz;b ghu;g;gJ $lj;
Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa kdpjdplk; ,iwek;gpf;if fhyq;fhykhf epytp tUfpwJ.
,JNt gpw;fhyj;jpy; rkak; vd epWtdkhf;fg;gLfpwJ. rkaq;fs; %lek;gpf;if vd
KOtJkhf kWf;f KbahJ. ve;j Mjhujjpd; mbg;gilapy; ,it kf;fspd; tho;tpy;
mq;fk; tfpf;fpd;wd vd;gij MuhAk; NghJ tuyhw;Wr; #oNy rkaq;fs; Njhd;w
VJthf miktij ehk; mwpayhk;. me;jtifapy; tuyhw;W mbg;gilapy; mwpa
cjTk; fy;ntl;Lfs;> nrg;NgLfs;> rpw;gq;fs;> nrk;Gr; rpiyfs; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk;
mwpayhFk; rkaf;Fwpg;Gfis Muha;tjhf ,f;fl;Liu mikfpwJ.
rkaq;fs;
kdpjid ed;ndwpg;gLj;jj; Njhd;wpaitNa rkaq;fs;. Njhlf;ff;fhyj;jpy;
Mjpfhy kdpjd; ,aw;ifiaj; njhoj; njhlq;fpdhd;. jP> fhw;W> ePu;> kpd;dy;> ,b
Mfpatw;iw mr;rk; fhuzkhfj; njhOjNj gpd; rkakhfg; gupzkpj;jJ. gf;jp
,y;yhky; kdpjd; ,y;iy. vd;djhd; kdpjd; gFj;jwpT vd;W NgrpshYk;
kdpjDf;Fs; mwpT ,af;fj;NjhL czu;t ,af;fKk; ,Uf;fj;jhd; nra;fpwJ. ,ij
kdpjdplkpUe;J ve;jnthU fhyj;jpYk; ePf;fptpl KbahJ. fhjy; czu;T Kjy;
mUs; czu;T tiu kdpjdpd; ,ay;ghf kheptpl;ld gy czu;Tfs; Njrk;, fhyk;,
kf;fspd; gof;f tof;fq;fs;> muR kw;Wk; jdpAilik MfpaitAk; rka
cUthf;fj;jpDs; nray;g;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. kdpju;fspd; Njitfs;> Mu;tq;fs;>
rpf;fy;fs; ,jPuT; fs; Kjypatw;wpd; fyg;gpy;yhky; rkaq;fs; cUthfptpLtjpy;iy.
Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik fhZk; ek; ,e;jpa jpUehl;by; njhz;ikahd rkaq;fshf
itjPf kjKk;, rkz kjKk;, ngsj;j kjKk; nry;thf;Fld; jpfo;e;jd. itjPf


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
kjk; irtk;, itztk; vDk; ,UngUk; gpupTfis cilaJ. ngsj;j kjk;

kfhahdk;> Njuthjk;> tr;rpuhazk; Mfpa gFg;Gfis cilaJ.
itjPf rkak;
irtk;> itztk;> rhf;fjk;> nfskhuk;> fhzgj;jpak;> ];khu;j;jk; Mfpa MW
gpupTfis cilaJ itjPf rkak;. Mdhy;> ,tw;wpy; Kjd;ik ngWtJ irtKk;
itztKk; MFk;.
irtk;
rptid KOKjw;flTshff; nfhz;l rkaNk irt rkakhFk;. gf;jp
fhyj;jpNyNa irtk; NkNyhq;fpaJ MapDk;> rq;ffhyj;jpNyNa rptdpd; ,ay;ghdJ
“Vw;Wtyd; caupa vupkUs; mtpu;rr ; il
khw;wUk; fzpr;rp kzpkplw;NwhDk;” (1) (Gwk;-56)
“ed;wha;e;j ePs;epkpu; ril KJKjy;td;’ (2) (Gwk;-166)
vd;Wk; tUzpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
rpt topghL gd;ndLq;fhykhf epytp tUfpwJ vd;gij rpe;J rkntsp
mfoha;Tfs; ekf;F czu;j;Jfpd;wd. Mupau;fs; ,e;jpahtpw;F tUtjw;F Kd;G gujf;
fz;lk; KOtJk; jpuhtplu;fNs tho;e;J tw;jdu;. cyfpd; kpfg; goikahd
ehfupfq;fSs; xd;whf ,lk;ngWk; rpe;J rkntsp ehfupfj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtu;fs;
jpuhtplu;fNs Mtu;. ‘rpe;J rkntspapy; ,ypq;f cUtq;fs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd’
(3) (jkpof tuyhWk;; gzpghLk;-gf;-34) vd;W $Wk; lhf;lu; M.,uhkfpUl;bzdpd;;
$w;iw Nehf;fpd; rpt topghL mq;F gutyhf ,Ue;jij mwpayhk;.
rq;f fhyj;jpy; fhjYk;> tPuKk; ngw;wpUe;j ,lj;ij rkaq;fs; ngwtpy;iy.
fsg;gpuu; Ml;rpf;Fg; gpd; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; ePjp ,yf;fpakhf gupzkpj;jJ. gy;ytu;
Ml;rpapy; tPWnfhz;l gf;jp ,af;fj;jhNy fiyfSk; tsu;e;jd. “ypq;fj;ij
topaLfpd;w Fzgud; vd;w ngau; nfhz;l murd; me;j ypq;fj;jpdhy;
Gwr;rkaj;jpypUe;J jpUk;gpa Qhdk; cyfj;jpy; ePz;leks; epiyg;gjhFf” (4) (jkpof
tuyhWk; gz;ghLk; -gf;- 136) vdj; jpUr;rpf; fy;ntl;L irt rka vOr;rpia
tpsf;FfpwJ. mg;gu; %yk; irtk; jOtpa Fzgudhfpa Kjyhk; kNfe;jputu;kd;
kw;Wk; eurpk;ktu;kd; MfpNahu; irt rkaj;jpw;F ngUe;njhz;L Mw;wpdu;. Kjyhk;;
eurpk;ktu;kd; xNu fy;iyf; Nfhtpyhf mikj;j gQ;rghz;ltu; ujq;fspy; jUkuhrdpd;
NjUk;> mUr;Rzd; NjUk; rptd; Nfhtpy;fshFk;. fw;rpiyfspy; fq;ifazpe;j rptd;
rpiy jiyrpwe;jjhFk;.
fl;blf; fiyappd; kpfg;ngupa gilg;ghff; fUjg;ngWk; fhQ;rp ifyhrehju;
Nfhtpypy; rptd;-cik jpUkzk;> rptd; Kg;Guk; vupj;j tuyhW> rptd; mku;e;jpUe;j
fapyha kiyia ,uhtzd; ngau;j;jy;> rptd; vkid cijj;jy;> rptd;
ehy;tUf;Fk; mwk; ciuj;jy; Mfpait rpw;gq;fshf tbf;fg;gl;L cs;sd.
mtu;fisj; njhlu;e;J Nrhou;fSk; irt rkaj;jpw;F njhz;lhw;wpAs;sdu;.
Mtu;fspd; gilg;GfSs; tp[ahyar; NrhoPr;Ruk;> fd;dDdhu; ghyRg;gpukzpau;
Nfhtpy;> %tu; Nfhtpy;> jQ;trg; ngUTilahu; Nfhtpy;> fq;if nfhz;l NrhoPr;Ruk;
Mfpait Kf;fpakhd fiyg; gilg;GfshFk;.
jpuhtplf; fiyKiwiag; gpd;gw;wp mikf;fg;gl;l gz;ghl;Lr; rpd;dkhfj;
jpfOk; Kjyhk; ,uhruhrdhy; fl;lg;gl;l jQ;irg; nguppaf; Nfhtpy; gpw;fhyr;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Nrhou;fspd; rpw;gf; fiyj;jpwDf;F rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. njd; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s

kpfg;ngupa ee;jpfSs; xd;whfj; jQ;;irg; ngupaf; NfhtpypYs;s ee;jp jpfo;fpwJ.
jl;rpzNkU vdg;gLk; tpkhdk; 190 mb cauKilaJ. 13 mLf;Ffis
cila ,jd;kPJ 80 ld; vilAs;s fUq;fy; Nghlg;gl;L 2926 foQ;R nghd;
Nghu;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. “jpuhtplf; iftpidQu;fspd; <L,izaw;w fiyg;gilg;ghf
,t;tpkhdk; ,e;jpaf; fl;blf; fiyapd; ciuf;fy;yhfj; jpfo;fpwJ” (5) (jkpof
tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;- gf;-204) vd;W ngu;rp gpuTd; jQ;irg; ngupa Nfhtpypd;
tpkhdj;ijg; Gfo;e;J ciug;ghu;. irt rkag; gpz;zdpapy; mike;j gy Xtpaq;fs;
Nfhtpy; Rtu;fSf;F vopYhl;Ltjhf cs;sd. nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfspd; nghw;fhyk; vdg;
Nghw;wg;gLk; Nrhou;fhyr; nrG;Gj; jpUNkdpfspy; jpy;iy eluhrupd; cUtk;
jiyrpwe;jjhFk;.
ehaf;fu;fs; Ml;rpf;f ; hyj;jpYk; irt rkak; jioj;;Njhq;fpNa ,Ue;jJ.
jpUfFw;whyr; rpj;jpu rigAk;> jpy;iy rptfhkpak;kd; Xtpaq;fSk; ehaf;fu;fspd;
gilg;GfNs.
,t;thwhf irt rkaf; $Wfisj; njhy;nghUl;fs; %yk; mwpayhk;.
itztk;
“khNahd; Nka fhLiw cyfKk;” (6) (njhy;.nghUs;-5)
Vd;W mz;gpd; Ie;jpidfSs; xd;whd Ky;iy epyj;jpd; nja;tkhfg; Nghw;wg;gLk;
jpUkhiy KOKjw; flTshff; nfhz;lNj itzt rkak;. ,J rq;ffhyk; KjNy
jkpofj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jp tUfpwJ. jpUkhypd; mtjhur; nra;jpfs; gy rq;f
,yf;fpaj;Js; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
“khNahd; md;d khy;tiuf; fthmd;
tthypNahd; md;d taq;Fnts; mUtp”(7) (ew;wpiz-32)
“eide;jiy cyfk; tis, NekpnahL
Tyk;Gup nghwpj;j khjq;F jlf;if
ePu;nry epkpu;e;j khmy; Nghy” (80 (Ky;iyg; ghl;L tup 1-3)
,jd; %yk; khNahd; topghl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czuyhk;. rq;fj;
jkpou;fs; kz;;> fy;> kuk;> je;jk; Mfpatw;why; mofpa rpw;gq;fis mikj;jdu;.
jr;ru;fs; tPLfspd; cj;juf; fw;gyiffspy; jpUkfspd; cUtj;ij kpFjpahf
nrJf;fpdu;. gy;ytu;fspd; fiyf;$lkhd khky;yGuj;jpy; cs;s Kk;%u;j;jp
kz;lgj;jpd; %d;whtJ Fifapy; jpUkhy; rq;F rf;fuNke;jp epw;gjhf tbj;j rpw;gk;
Ngnuopy; kpf;fjhFk;.
khky;yGug; ghiwapy; fz;zd; Nfhtu;j;jfpupiaj; Jhf;fp epw;gjhf cs;s
fw;rpiy Nghw;Wjw;Fupa gilg;ghFk;. Nfhtu;j;jd kiyapd; fPOs;s kf;fspd;
ftiyAk;> njspTk; fye;Js;s Mtu;jk; kdepiyia gpujpg;gypg;gjhf mtu;fspd;
Kfk; miktNj ,jd; rpwg;G mk;rkhFk;. tuhf kz;lgk; vopy; kpFe;j Vuhskhd
rpw;gq;fisj; jd;dfk;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ. jpUkhy; jd; NkypU fuq;fspy; rq;F
rf;fuNke;jp fPopU iffspy; epykfis jhq;fpatuha; fhl;rpaspf;Fk; rpw;gk;
fhzj;jf;fjhFk;.
jpUkhypd; jrtjhuk; Fwpj;j fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Mjptuhfu; kz;lgj;jpy; cs;sd.
,q;F Gj;ju; jpUkhypd; mtjhykhfr; Rl;lg;gLfpwhu;. jpUkfspd; rpiyNahL mupmud;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rpiy xd;Wk; ,q;Fs;sJ. fly; Nehf;fp epw;Fk; mu;r;Rzd; jtk; Guptjhf

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s Gilg;Gr; rpw;gk; gy;ytu;fspd; Kf;fpakhd fiyg;gilg;ghFk;.
“gy;ytu; fl;blf; fiyapd; Kjpu;rr ; p ngw;w gilg;G fhQ;rp itFe;j ngUkhs;
NfhtpNy” (9) (jkpof tuyhWk; gz;ghLk; gf;-164) vd;W ePyfz;l rh];jpup
ngUk;gFjpia Fwpg;ghf rkaepiyia tpsf;Fk; rpw;gq;fisj; jd;dfj;Nj
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; rptGuhzk;> ,uhkfhij Nghd;w Guhz ,jpfhrf; fhl;rpfs;
njhlu;e;J rpWrpW rpw;gq;fshfr; nrJf;Fk; tof;fk; NkNyhq;fpaJ. Fle;ij
fPo;f;Nfhl;lj;jpy; njhlu;e;Js;s gy rpw;gq;fs; %yk; ,uhkhazk; KOtJk;
rpj;jupf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ. jpUtuq;ff; Nfhtpypy; fz;zd; kPJ ikay; nfhz;l
Mau;Fyg; ngz; epidtpoe;J Milia nefpotpl, mts; Njhopahy; epidT
tug;ngw;wtsha; ehzp; epw;Fk; fhl;rp vopy; tha;e;j rpw;gkhfr; rpj;jupj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;L
cs;sJ. ,t;thwhf> itzt rkaf; $Wfs; njhy;nghUl;fspy; fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wd.
rkzk;
,e;jpa ehl;bd; kpfg; goikahd rkaq;fspy; rkz rkaKk; xd;W. ,J
ghujk; KOtJk; gutpapUe;jij “Tamil or Dravida was not merely the language of South
India, but before the Aryan came, it was the language of whole India) and was spoken from
Kasmir to Capecomorin” (10) (Fkup ehl;by; rkzk;-gf;-1) vd;W mk;Ngj;fu; $w;wpd;
%yk; mwpayhk;. jkpofj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu rkz rkak; rq;f fhyj;jpypUe;Nj
tof;fpy; ,Ue;jJ. jkpofj;jpYs;s kiyfs; midj;jpYNk rkzu;fs; trpj;Js;sdu;.
Rkzu;fspd; fapyhakhfj; jpfo;tJ jpUkiy vd;Dk; jpUj;jyk; MFk;. ,J
jpUtz;zhkiyf;F mUfpy; cs;sJ. 16.5 Mb cauKila Nekpehju; jpUTUtk;
ghiwapy; ngupjhfr; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,fpNfhtpiy Nrho kd;du; FLk;gj;jpy;
cjpj;j Fe;jit mk;ikahu; cUthf;fpdhu; vd;gjhy; ‘Fe;jit [Pdhyak;’ vd;W
ngau; ngw;wJ. jpUg;ghd; kiyapy; jpahdj;jpypUf;Fk; rkzupd; cUtk; rpw;gkhf
tbf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ. ,jd; mUfpYs;s fw;ghiwapy; jhkiu kyu; Ve;jpa
nghd;dpaf;fp> ehfee;jp cUtk; nrJf;fg;gl;L mjd; mUfpy; “ee;jpg; Nghj;jurw;F
Ik;gjhtJ ehfee;jp Futu; ,Uf;f nghd;dpaf;fhu; gbkf; nfhj;Jtpj;jhd; Gfohid
kq;fyj;J kUj;Jtd; kfd; ehuzd;” (11) (Fkup ehl;by; rkzk; gf;-23) vd;w
fy;ntl;Lk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
tp[akq;fyj;jpy; mkNz];tuu; Nfhtpy; vdg;gLk; re;jpu gpuhgu; Nfhtpy; kw;Wk;
F];khz;btp Vzk; ,af;fpapd; MyaKk; cs;sJ. ,q;F Mjpehju; tho;f;if
tuyhw;iw tpthjpf;Fk; rpw;gq;fs; gy cs;sd. tpOg;Guk; mUfpYs;s rkzj;
jykhfpa jpUeWq;nfhz;ilapy; cs;s rkzj; jyj;jpw;F fpgp 11k; Ehw;whz;L tiu
epte;jq;fs; mspf;fg;gl;lij “jpUNkdp eWq;nfhz;il Nkiyg;gs;spp tPu ee;jp mbfs;
nra;tpj;jit” (12) (Fkup ehl;by; rkzk; gf;-56) fy;ntl;Lf;fs; czu;j;Jfpd;wd.
tPûpy; Nrhou; fhyr; rpw;gq;fs; gy cs;sd. mtw;Ws; Mjpehju;> mtuJ ,af;fd;
NfhKf al;rd;> ,af;fp rf;Nu];tup MfpNahupd; rpw;gq;fs; gy cs;sd. “Nkdr;rp
ehl;bar; rhj;jd; nra;tpj;j jpUNkdp” (13) (Fkup ehl;by; rkzk; gf;-55) vd;w
fy;ntl;L ,lk;ngWk; fOFkiyapy; Mjpehju;, ghu;ft ehju;, ghFgyp MfpNahupd;
rpw;gq;fs; cs;sd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,t;thW jkpof kf;fspd; newpahfj; jpfo;e;j rkz rkak; irt

itzt vOr;rpahy; tPo;rr ; pAwj; njhlq;fpaJ. jkpofj;jpy; epfo;e;j rkag; Nghupy;
rkzu;fs; fONtw;wg;gl;likf;F ,d;Wk; rhd;whfj; jpfo;git fOtd; jpl;il,
fOtd; jpl;L,fOtd; jl;L Nghd;w ,lg;ngau;fSk; kPdhl;rpak;kd; Nfhtpy; cs;spl;l
irt Nfhtpy;fspy; rpw;gkhf rkzu;fs; fONtw;wg;gl;l fhl;rp nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ngsj;jk;
,e;jpahtpy; Njhd;wp cyfk; KOtJk; Gfo;ngw;w rkaNk ngsj;j rkak;.
,ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; nfsjk Gj;ju; Mthu;. fp.K. 2k; Ehw;whz;by; jkpofj;jpy;
Eioe;j ngsj;j rkak; fp.gp 10k; Ehw;whz;L tiu ntFthf kf;fshy;
gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. fp.gp 13k; Ehw;whz;bw;Fg; gpd;dNu ,J Kw;wpYk; kiwe;jJ..
jpUtuq;fehju; jpUf;;Nfhtpy; kw;Wk; jpUNtq;flkiyapy; Gj;ju; cUtq;fs;
rpw;gq;fshf cs;sd. khky;yGuj;jpYs;s gQ;rghz;ltu; ujq;fsppy; rfhNjtdpd; Nju;
Gj;jg;gs;sp mikg;ig cilaJ. GJf;Nfhl;iliA MLj;Js;s Myq;Fbg; gl;bapy;
3mb 6 mq;Fyk; cauKs;s Gj;ju; rpiy fz;nlLf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ. Kjyhk;
,uhruhrd; Mizkq;fyk; vd;w Ciu ehifapYs;s Gj;j tpfhuj;jpw;F
gs;spr;re;jkhf mspj;jij Nrhou; fhyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; %yk; mwpayhk;.
FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; mtd; ehfg;gl;bdj;jpYs;s Gj;j tpfhuj;jpw;F
,iwapyp epyq;fs; mspj;jijf; $Wfpd;wd.
jkpofj;jpYs;s ngsj;jf; Nfhtpy;fs; ,e;Jf;fs; Nfhtpy;fshf khw;wg;gl;L
cs;sd. MjpNfrt ngUkhs; Nfhtpypy; %d;W Gj;ju; rpiyfs; cs;sd.
mupf;fNkl;by; 4mb cauKk; 2mb mfyKk; cila Gj;ju; rpiy cs;sJ.
Nrhou;fhy rpw;gkhf fzpfpYg;ig vd;Dk; CupYk; Gj;ju; rpiy fz;nlLf;fg;gl;L
cs;sJ. Mizkq;fyr; nrg;NgLk;, Nts;tpf;Fbr; nrg;NgLk; jkpofj;jpy; ngsj;j
rkaj;jpd; epiyia tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
KbTiu
fiyfisg; Nghw;whj rkz> ngsj;j rkaq;fis tpl fiyfisj; jd;Ds;
mq;fkhf;fpf; nfhz;ldtha; irt> itzt rkaq;fs; tpsq;fpd. ,it tPWnfhz;L
voNt rkz> ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; vr;rq;fis ,e;J rkak; jdjhf;fpf; nfhz;lJ.
ghu;it Ehy;fs;
1. ,uhkfpUl;bzd;.M. jkpof tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;> ru;Nthja ,yf;fpag;

gz;iz> kJiu-625 001.
2. fhrpehjd;. eld. jkpou; nja;tq;fs;> njd;wy; epiyak;> rpjk;guk; -608 001.
3. Rg;gpujzpad; r.Nt. njhy;fhg;gpak; (njspTiu)> kzpthrfu; gjpg;gfk;>
nrd;id -600 018.
4. jl;rpzh%u;j;jp.m. jkpou; ehfupfKk; gz;ghLk;> Aho; ntspaPL> nrd;id -600 040.
5. GypA+u;Nfrpfd;. GwehDhW (njspTiu)> fq;if Gj;jf epiyak;>nrd;id -600 017.
6. tpNtfhde;jd;.rpt. Fkup ehl;by; rkzk;> fht;ah gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id -600 024.
7. Ntq;flrhkp.kapiyrPdp. rkaq;fs; tsu;j;j jkpo;> = Fkhu; mNrhrpNal;]>;
nrd;id -600 014.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
8. Ntq;flrhkp. kapiy rPdp. jkpo; tsu;j ; ;j itztk;> kPdh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id

625 019.
9. Ntq;flrhkp. kapiy rPdp. ngsj;jKk; jkpOk;> kPdh Nfhghy; gjpg;gfk;>
nrd;id-600 085.
10. http//roar media,tamil,history,scripture and architecture works of Buddhism in
tamilnadu.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nra;ahW tl;lf; fy;ntl;Lfshy; mwpag;gLk; jfty;fs;

Evidences Evinced through the Culverts of Cheiyyar
,uh.Nfhl;B];tup> Kidtu; gl;l Ma;thsu;>

,uhzp Nkup fy;Yhup > nrd;id- 600004
Abstract
The paper evinces the religious ethical life, life style of the Tamils. Their lifestyle is a
noble one. The study of this article is a study of the Tamil way of culvert edicting in the
ancient times. Cheyyar is an important place in Thiruvannamalai District. There are lots of
temple edicts that tells about the nobility of he people, kings and administrators under he
king. The culverts and the edicts in the temples reveal a superior culture existed and existing
in the society. Hence, the paper attempts an investigation of the edicts.
Keywords: Evidences, Culverts, Cheiyyar
Kd;Diu
“ey;Nyhu; xUtu;f;Fr; nra;j cgfhuk;
fy;Nky; vOj;Jg; Nghy; fhZNk- my;yhj
<ukpy;yh neQ;rj;jhu;f;fPe;j cgfhuk;
ePu; Nky; vOj;jpw;F Neu;”
vd;w %Jiug; ghlypd; nghUSf;Nfw;g kdpju;fs; jhk; gpwu;f;Fr; nra;j cjtpAk;
mjdhy; Njhd;wpa GfOk; cyfpy; gd;ndLq;fhyk; epiyj;J epw;f Ntz;Lnkd;w
Nehf;fpYk;> mt;twr; nray; jk; fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwF kw;wtu;fSf;Fk; gad;gl
Ntz;Lnkd;w Nehf;fpYk;> ek;ik Ml;rpr; nra;j kd;du;fs; gyu; mtu;fs; fl;ba
Nfhapy;fspy; cs;s fw;gbfspYk;> Rtu;fspYk; nra;jpfis tbj;J itj;Js;sdu;.
mt;thW vOj;Jld; $ba fw;fisf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; vd miof;fpd;wdu;.,it ek;
ehl;bd; gz;ila tuyhw;wpid mwptjw;F khw;w Kbahj cz;ik Mjhuq;fshf
mikfpd;wd.,tw;wpd; %yk; mf;fhy murpay; mikg;G> rKjha mikg;G> kf;fs;
tho;f;if Kiw> rkak; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gw;wpa jfty;fis mwpa KbfpwJ.
nra;ahW tl;lf; fy;ntl;Lfs;
jkpofj;jpy; jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj;jpy; nra;ahW tl;lk; mike;Js;sJ.
,J 130 Nkw;gl;l fpuhkq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ. Nrahw;wpd; fiuNahuk; vd;gjhy;
,g;gFjp tsikahf fhzg;gLk;. vdNt Nrho>gy;yt kd;du;fshy; Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;L
Nfhapy;fs; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpy; muru;fs; Ml;rpr; nra;j rpwg;Gf; Fwpj;Jk;
,tu;fs; mspj;j jhdk; Fwpj;Jk; vOjg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lfs; gjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
jpUNthj;Jhu;> $oke;jy;> cf;fy;> mj;jp> Gupir Mfpa Cu;fspy; cs;s Nfhapy;fspy;
fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;Lfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tifapy; mike;Js;sJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jpUNthj;Jhu; NtjGuPRtuu; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;Lfs;

nra;ahW tl;lj;jpd; jiyefuhf cs;s nra;ahW vd;w Cu; jpUtj;jpGuk;>
jpUtj;Jhu;> jpUtj;jpa+u; vd;W gy ngau;fspy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fp.gp.17-Mk;
Ehw;whz;L tiuAs;s fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,t;t+u; ‘jpUNthj;Jhu;’ vd;Nw
miof;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jpUNthj;Jhu; Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLk; kpfg; goikahd fy;ntl;L Kjyhk;
Mjpj;jd; (fp.gp.871-907) fhyj;jpaJ MFk;. rpjk;gNuRtuu; rd;djpapy; njw;F [fjpapy;
cs;s ,f;fy;ntl;by; rq;fuehuzu; vd;gtupd; jk;gp Mjpj;jFl;bahu; vd;gtu;> jdJ
jikad; ngaupy; ‘rq;fuehuz <];tuk;’ vd;w ,f;Nfhapiyf; fl;bAs;shu; vd;Wk;
,f;NfhapYf;nfd;W ee;jtdk; xd;wpidj; jpUNthj;Jhu; rigau; mikj;Jf;
nfhLj;Js;sdu; vd;Wk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kw;fhyr; Nrhou; fhyf; fy;ntl;Lfs;
midj;Jk; rpjk;gNu];tuu; Nfhapy; fUtiw mjpl;lhdj;jpNy fhzg;gLtJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
jpUNthj;Jhu; NtjGuP];tuu; Nfhapypy; cs;s ,uhl;bu$l kd;dd;
fd;dhNjtdpd; 27-Mk; Ml;rpahz;Lf;(fp.gp.966) fy;ntl;by; ‘jpUNthj;Jhu; kfhNtu;’
vd;W ,f;Nfhapy; ,iwtu; miof;fg;gl;Ls;shu;. fp.gp.17-Mk; Ehw;whz;L tiuapyhdf;
fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,f;Nfhapy; ,iwtd; jpUNthj;Jhu; cilahu;> jpUNthj;Jhu;
MSilahu;> MSilahu; jpUNthj;JhUilahu;> cilahu; jpUNthj;Jhilahu;>
jpUNthj;JhUila eapdhu; vd;W jkpopy; Cupd; ngauhy; fhythupahf
miof;fg;gl;Ls;shu;.
Nrho kd;dd; cj;jkNrhodpd; gl;lj;J murpahu; MUud; mk;gyj;jbfs;
vd;gtu; ,f;Nfhapypy; tpsf;nfupf;f 25 foQ;Rg; nghd; jhdkspj;Js;shu; vdf;
fy;ntl;Lfs; rhd;wspf;fpd;wd.
fp.gp.13-Mk; Ehw;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j fz;lNfhghyd; vd;w njYq;Fr; Nrho
kd;dd; gjpj;j fy;ntl;by; ,tUila gilj;jsgjp gl;lKilahu; fhq;fau; vd;gtupd;
Ngud; ngUkhdb ehaf;fu; vd;gtu; fUtiwAk;> XLk; Nta;e;jjhf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
%d;whk;; rilatu;kd; tPughz;badpd; (fp.gp.1310) Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; rptdk;ik
vd;gts; ,f;Nfhapypy; NrhkehjNjtu; jpUNkdpia mikj;Js;shd;. ,JNghy;
rk;Gtuhau; ,uh[ehuhazd; Ml;rpapd;NghJ (fp.gp.1350) tPuty;yhs Njtu; vd;gtu;
,f;Nfhapypy; mz;zhkiyahu; jpUNkdp xd;wpid vLj;Js;shu;> ,t;t+upy;
nfhw;witf;F jdpf;Nfhapy; ‘fhdfiu nry;tp mk;ik’ vd;w ngaUld;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;Nfhapiyr; Nru;e;j Njtubahy; rk;gh vd;gts; tpira fz;l
Nfhghyd;(fp.gp.1277) fhyj;jpy; ,j;jyj;ijmikj;Js;shu;. GtNdfghF Njtu; vd;gtu;
,f;Nfhapypy; g+ir nra;tjw;fhd cupikia ngw;wpUe;jhu;. Nkw;fz;l nra;jpfSf;F
,uh[ehuhazd; fy;ntl;Lfs; rhd;W gfUfpd;wd.
15-Mk; Ehw;whz;Lf; fy;ntl;by; ,f;NfhapYf;F tUk; gf;ju;fSf;F
cztspf;f ‘Gl;gfpup [Pau;’ klj;jpw;F epyk; jhdkhff; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jftYk;>
,f;Nfhapypy; gygz;lq;fs; tpw;gjw;fhd cupik toq;fg;gl;Ls;s jftYk;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.,f;NfhapYf;Fg; gy;NtW jhdq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,j;jy
,iwtDf;Fg; nghd;dhyhd gl;lq;fs; jhdkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. nghd;Dhiur; rhu;e;j
fz;Zilahd; fhuiz tpOg;giuad; vd;gtd; ,uz;Lg; gl;lq;fSf;F EhW foQ;Rg;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nghd; jhdkspj;Js;shd;;. ,JNghd;W ghz;ba murp cyFKOJilahu; vd;gtu;

‘fypAfuhkd; jpUj;Njhs; gpupahj jpUf;fhiz’ vd;w jdJ ngaupy; 48 foQ;Rg;
nghd;dpy; Md gl;lk; xd;iwj; jhdkspj;Js;shu;. ghz;ba kd;dd; tPughz;bad;
ngaupy; ‘tPughz;bad; re;ejp’ xd;wpid ,f;Nfhapypy; fz;baj;Njtu; vd;gtd;
Vw;gLj;jpAs;shd;. ,f;Nfhapy; ,iwtDf;F jpUg;gs;spj;jhkk; (g+khiy) toq;fpl
Ntz;b mofparPyd; vd;gtd; 520 Fop msT epyj;jpy; ‘jg;ghnkhop’ vd;w ngaupy;
ee;jtdk; xd;wpid cUthf;fpAs;shd;. ,t;thwhf jhdq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
jpUNthj;JhUila eapdhu; Nfhapypy;(Njthu %tu; Kjypfspy; xUtuhd)
jpUQhdrk;ge;jg;ngUkhSf;F rpj;jpiuj; jpUehs;> Mdpj;jpUehs; jpUtpohf;fspy;
gj;jhe; jpUehspy; epUj;j kz;lgj;jpy; jpUfz;rhj;J epfo;r;rp eilg;ngw;Ws;sJ.
mt;tpohtpy; jpUQhdk;> Rfe;jk;> milf;fhaJ> jpUtpsf;F Mfpatw;iw toq;fpl 100
gzk; mspj;J 200 Fop epyk; xd;wpid thq;fp ,e;epyj;jpd; %yk; tUk;
Nky;thuj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s eapdhu; jpUr;rpid vd;gtu; Vw;ghLr;
nra;Js;shu; vd;w nra;jpf; Fwpj;j fy;ntl;Lfs; cs;sd.
Kw;fhyr; Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; ‘iff;Nfhsg;gil’muR gilahf tpsq;fpaJ.
,f;Nfhapy; cs;s cj;jkNrhodpd; fy;ntl;by;(984) ‘,uz;L jiy nghw;Nfhapy;
iff;Nfhsg; ngUk;gil’gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf; fhzg;gLtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
kd;du;fs; jhd; mwpahky; nra;j jtiw ,iwtd; kd;dpj;jUs Ntz;b jhdk;
toq;fpar; nra;jpAk; fy;ntl;by; cs;sjhf $wg;gLfpwJ. rPaKj;jiuad; tpl;l mk;G
jtWjyhf ge;jy; vd;gtd; kPJ gha;e;J ,we;Jtpl;lhd;. ,e;j Fw;wk; ePq;f
MSilahu; ,f;NfhapYf;F rPaKj;jiuad; ngaupy; jhdk; toq;fpAs;shu;. nfhq;fd;
nry;tKj;jiuad; vd;gtd; kpUf Ntl;ilf;Fr; nrd;w NghJ kpUfj;jpd; kPJ vwpe;j
mk;G jtWjyhf Gypad; vd;gtd; kPJ gha;e;J ,we;Jtpl;lhd; vd;w Fw;wj;jpw;fhf
,f;Nfhapy; ,iwtDf;F xU tpsf;F itf;f gjpdhW gRf;fisj; juNtz;Lk; vd;w
gd;dhl;lhu; vd;Dk; epu;thf mikg;gpdupd; jPu;g;ig Vw;W mt;thNw toq;fpAs;shd;
vd;w fy;ntl;Lfs; cs;sd vd fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
nrq;Nfzp mj;jpky;y ehad; vd;fpw ,uhNre;jpuNrhor; rk;Gtuhad; kw;Wk;
,tdJ jk;gp XJthe; vd;fpw ,uhrfk;gPu rk;Gtuhad; Mfpa ,UtUk; ,ize;J rPad;
gy;ytjiuad; vDk; rk;GtuhaDld; Xu; murpay; cld;gbf;ifr; nra;J nfhz;ldu;.
mj;jpahz;lhd; vd;fpw tpf;fpukNrho rk;Gtuhad; vd;gtDld; xUnghOJk; cwT
nfhs;skhl;Nlhk; vd;Wk; mj;jpahz;lhid vjpu;f;Fk; nghOJ jq;fs; gifahff; fUjp
vjpu;g;Nghk; vd;W cWjpaspj;J cld;gbf;if vOjpf;nfhLj;Js;sdu; vd;w
jfty;nfhz;l fy;ntl;Lk; ,f;Nfhapypy; cs;sjhf $wg;gLfpwJ.
mj;jp
mj;jp vd;Dk; ,t;t+u; nra;ahW tl;lj;jpy; te;jthrp mUfpy; cs;sJ. ,q;F
mj;jP];tuu; Myak; mikag; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,J xU Njthu itg;Gj; jykhFk;.
,f;Nfhapypy; fy;ntl;Lfs; gy cs;sd. 1242-Mk; Mz;L %d;whk; uh[uh[ Nrho
kd;dd; vd;gtu; ,f;Nfhapiyf; fl;bAs;shu;. ,j;jyj;jpy; jpdKk; nea; jPgk; (ee;jh
tpsf;F) vupa Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf 31 gRf;fs;> xU nghypf; fhis kw;Wk; uplgk;
thfdkhd xU fhisAk; toq;fpAs;shd; vd;Wk; ,f;Nfhapypd; ngUikia mwpe;j
eLehl;L kd;dd; Nfhg;ngUk;rpq;fd; ,e;j Myaj;jpw;F epyjhdk; mspj;Js;sjhfTk;>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tp[aefug; Nguuru;fs; jpUg;gzpfisr; nra;Js;sjhfTk; fy;ntl;Lfspy;

gjpag;gl;Ls;sd.
fPo;Fsj;Jhu;
te;jthrp nra;ahW rhiyapy; mike;Js;s ,t;t+upy; mfj;jPtu kfhNjtu;
Nfhapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,f;Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;LfspypUe;J ngWk;
nra;jpfshf Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; (fp.gp.1012-1044) fhyj;jpy;fl;lg;gl;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd mwpa KbfpwJ. ,tupd; ike;jdhd Kjyhk; ,uh[hjpuh[d; (1018-1065)
fhyj;jpy; 5>7 Mk; Ml;rp Mz;Lf; fhyq;fspy; toq;fg;gl;l nfhilfisg; gw;wpa
Fwpg;Gfs; fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; ,t;t+upd; njw;fpy; Vup xd;W
cs;sJ>,jd; fiuapy; 15-16 Mk; Ehw;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j njYq;F vOj;Jf;fs;
nghwpf;fg;gl;l fw;gyif elg;gl;Ls;sJ> ,Ugf;fq;fspYk; vOj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLtjhy;
jk;o;ehL muR njhy;ypay; Jiw fy;ntl;lhf Muha;fpd;wdu;. Mdhy; Cu; kf;fs;
,jid nry;ypak;kdhf topgLfpd;wdu;.
‘njd;Dhu; ifk;ikj; jpUr;Ropaw;wpUf; fhdg;Ngu;
gd;Dhu; Gf;FiwAk; gukw;fplk; gha;eyk;
vd;Dhu; vq;fs;gpuhd; ciwAe;jpUj; NjtDhu;
nghd;Dhu; ehl;Lg; nghd;thu;Gupir ehl;Lg;GupirNa’
vd;W Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhuhy; ghlg;gl;l Njthu itg;Gj; jyk; Gupirf; NfhapyhFk;.
,j;jpUf;Nfhapy; fy;ntl;LfspypUe;J Rkhu; 1500 Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l Nfhapy;
vd;gJ njupa tUtjhfTk; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; rpjpYk; mile;Jtpl;l ,f;Nfhapy; vd;gJ
700 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; GJg;gpj;Jf; fl;lg;gl;ljhfTk; $Wfpd;wdu;. mjw;fhd
fy;ntl;Lfs; Nfhapiyr; Rw;wpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
$oke;jy; fy;ntl;L
‘];t];jp= jpupGterfu; tj;jpfs;
=tp[a fz;l
Nfhghyw;Fahz;L ,UgJ fhypa+w;
Nfhl;lj;J $tod
ge;jyhd tpf;fpuk NrhoGuj;J NgRk;
ngUkhs; Nfhapy
fhzpAila cwgypahe;jd;
Ehw;wpTilahd
nrhw;ghu;gzpge;jy;
NgRk; ngUkhs; epd;w jpUf;Nfhyj;jpy; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;w Cu; $oke;jyhFk;.
,j;jyj;jpy; cs;s fy;ntl;L Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodhy;(fp.gp 1012-1044)
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ vd rhd;wspf;fpwJ.=tp[a fz;l Nfhghyd; fp.gp.1270-Mk; Mz;L
,f;NfhapYf;F te;J ,q;Fs;s ngUkhsplk; NgrpajhfTk; mjw;F Mjhukhf ,uz;L
thapw;gb epiyfhy;fspy; fy;ntl;Lfs; gjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,t;t+upy; fq;if nfhz;l NrhoPr;Rtuk; vd;w rptd; NfhapYk; cs;sJ. ngUkhs;
Nfhapy; fl;lg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; fw;wspahf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
“Nfhg;guNfrupgj;kuhd Eilahu;
uhN[e;jpu Njtu;fF; ahz;l


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vl;lhtJ [aq;nfhz;lNrho
kz;lyj;Jfhypa+u;f; Nfhl;lj;j
gh$u; ehl;L efuk; tpf;fpuk
NrhoGuj;Jf; $behehNjr
,irahapuj;ij Nghw;Wtu;”
Vd;w jftiyAila fy;ntl;by; ,t;t+u; tpf;fpuk NrhoGuk; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,f;fy;ntl;L rptd; Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
cf;fy;
$oke;jYf;F fpof;fpy; %d;W fpNyhkPll ; u; njhiytpy; cs;sJ. gy;yt kd;ddhd
fk;gtu;kdpd; (fp.gp.869-901) fhyj;jpy; ,t;t+Uf;F ‘cl;fy;’ vd;w ngau;
toq;fpte;jikia ,tDila 10 Mk; Ml;rpahz;Lf; fy;ntl;L Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ.
Kjyhk; Mjpj;jpaNrhodpd; 23 Mk; Ml;rpahz;L fhyj;jpy;‘rpt#shkzpr; rJu;Ntjp
kq;fykhd mguh[pj rJu;Ntjp kq;fyk;’ vd;w ngau; tof;fpypUe;Js;sJ. mLj;J
te;j guhe;jf Nrhodpd; rpwg;Gg; ngaupd; mbg;gilapy; =tpf;fpukhguz rJu;Ntjp
kq;fyk;’ vd;w ngau; tof;fpy; ,Ue;Js;sJ
cf;fy; fy;ntl;Lfspy; jdpa+uhf ,uhruhrNrhod; fhyk; Kjy; ,Ue;Js;sJ. Mt+u;f;
$w;Wj;J Mt+iur; Nru;e;j fz;zd; MUud; cf;fy; ngUtopapy; fpzW mikj;J
ePu;j; njhl;bAk; jz;zPu; ge;jYk; mikj;Js;shd;. Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhod;
fhyj;jpy; ,t;t+u; Vup JHu;thug;gl;Lf; fiufs; cau;j;jg;gl;Ls;sd. Jhu;thu
Xlq;fs;(glFfs;) nfhil nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s nra;jpiaf; fy;ntl;Lfs; fhl;LfpwJ.
Vupiag; guhkupf;f Vup thupak; xd;Wk; nray;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
njYq;F Nrhod; fz;lNfhghyd; fhyj;jpy; epyk; thq;fpa nra;jp nrhy;yg;gLk;
NghJ epytpis 230 fz;l Nfhghyd; khil vd;w gzj;jpw;F ,izahdJ 1725
tuhfd; gzk; vd;W nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nkw;fz;l fy;ntl;Lfs; midj;Jk; Gtd
khzpf;f ngUkhs; Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. jpUtha; nkhopj; Njtiug; gw;wpAk;
,t;t+u; itj;jpaehj Rthkpfs; Nfhapypy;“jpUtha;nkhopj; jpUg;gjpfk;” mEre;jpg;gJ
gw;wpAk; Kjyhk; uh[uh[Nrhod; fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;t+iur; Nru;e;j
Fkhufhyd; thRNjtdhd mjpraNrhod; fy;yhy; Nfhapy; vLj;jij kw;nwhU
fy;ntl;by; gjpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
KbTiu
nra;ahW tl;lj;jpy; 20f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Cu;fspy; goq;fhy fy;ntl;Lfs; cs;sd.
,tw;wpy; jpUNthj;Jhu;> Gupir>mj;jp> fPo;Fsj;Jhu;> $oke;jy;> cf;fy; Nghd;w
Cu;fspy; Gfo;ngw;w jpUj;jyq;fs; mike;Js;sjhy; ,f;fy;ntl;Lfs; rpwg;ghd
Kiwapy; guhkupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Nkw;nfhz;L Ma;Tk; nra;J tUfpd;wdu;.
Mjhuq;fs;
1. jkpo;ehl;Lf; fy;ntl;Lfs;-11> jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lf; fy;ntl;Lfs;-njhFjp-1.

2. jkpo;ehL muR njhy;ypay; Jiw> nrd;id-600008.
3. fy;ntl;L fhyhz;bjo;-67> #iy(2005) jkpo;ehL muR> njhy;ypay; Jiw.
4. cf;fy; fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfs;> ,uh.nry;tuhR (njhy;ypay; mYtyu; rpjk;gjk;)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
5. fy;ntl;L %yKk; tpsf;fTiuAk;> jpU.it.Re;jNur thz;ilau;> godpag;gh

gpuju;]; gjpg;gfk;.
6. fy;ntl;LARE (1968-69) Fsj;Jhu; nra;ahW tl;lk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpofj;jpy; njhy;ypay; Ma;T Xu; ghu;it

A Survey on Archaeology in Tamil Nadu
Kidtu;.jp.rz;Kfuh[h> nfsut tpupTiuahsu;> ,e;jpag;gz;ghl;Lj;Jiw>

mUs;kpF godpahz;ltu; fiy kw;Wk; gz;ghl;Lf;fy;Y}up>godp.
Abstract
The study gives a close analysis on the archaeological surveys done in Tamil Nadu.
The article explains the role of archaeology and the lofty past of the Tamil culture. It brings
down the ages of Tamil culture and the methods used by the department of archaeology to
define the facts evolved from it. The studuy scrutinizes the site relics to decode the similarities
and the antiqueness of the civilization. It also suggests the regions near to Palani for survey.
Keywords: Survey, Archaeology, Tamil Nadu
Kd;Diu
goe;jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;f;if KiwiaAk;> nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bidAk;. fiy
kw;Wk; gz;ghL Fwpj;j nra;jpfisAk;> ifj;njhopy; jpwj;ijAk;> mwpa gy mupa
Mjhuq;fisAk; jUtJ njhy;ypay; Ma;TfNs. ,JtiuapYk; njupahj gy
cz;ikfis ,e;j mfoha;Tfs; Gyg;gLj;jpAs;sd. KJkf;fs; jhopfs;> fw;fUtpfs;>
fiyeakpf;f RLkz;nghk;ikfs;> ,Uk;Gf;fUtpfs;> cNyhfg;nghUs;fs;>
%Nte;ju;fspd; tuyhw;iwAk;> fl;Ltpj;j Nfhapy;fisAk;> mf;NfhapYf;F nra;j
jhdq;fisAk; mwpa JizGupAk; fy;ntl;Lf;fisAk;> goe;jkpo; vOj;Jf;fis
mwpe;jplTk;; Jizaha; ,Ug;gJ ,j;njhy;ypay; mfoha;TfNs. jkpofj;jpd;
tuyhw;Wj;njhd;ikia mwpe;Jnfhs;s ,Jtiu ele;j njhy;ypay; Ma;TfisAk;>
mjd;%yk; jkpof kf;fspd; gz;ghl;L epiy> tho;f;if Kiw> njhopy;
Nghd;wtw;iwg;gw;wp mwptJld; Nkw;nfhz;L jkpofj;jpy; njhy;ypay; vr;rq;fs;
,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fspy; njhy;ypay; mfoha;T nra;J jkpofj;jpd; njhd;ikia
cyfj;jpw;F mwpTWj;jpl typAWj;JtJk; ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;;.
jkpofj;jpy; njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;
njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; xU ehl;bd; goikahd tuyhw;iw mwpa cjTk; xU
mupa MAjk; MFk;. tuyhW mwpahj ehL mbikg;gLfpwJ. MfNt> xU ehl;bd;
tuyhw;iw mwpa mbj;jskha; miktJ njhy;ypay; rhu;e;j mfoha;TfNs.
mt;tifapNy ,e;jpahtpy; rpe;Jntsp ehfuPfj;ijg;Nghy; xU efu ehfuPfk; ,y;iy
vd;gij jfu;j;jpUf;fpd;wJ jkpofj;jpy; kJiuf;F mUfpy; cs;s fPob mfoha;T.
,t;mfoha;T rq;f fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy; efu ehfuPfk; nropg;Gw;W ,Ue;jij
nka;g;gpf;fpd;wJ. fPobapy; ,Ug;gJ mope;J Nghd xU ngUk; efuk; MFk;. efu
ehfupfj;jpd; midj;J jlaq;fSk;> mzpfyd;fSk;> Kj;Jf;fSk;> jkpo;g;gpuhkp
vOj;Jf;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l ghid XLfSk;> NuhkhGup ehl;L kz;ghz;lq;fSk;
fpilj;Js;sd. NkYk;> mq;Nf fpilj;Js;s jlaq;fs; vy;yhk; ngUk; njhopw;rhiy


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,Ue;Js;sij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. NkYk;> tupir tupirahd fhy;tha;fs; mjd;

Kfg;gpy; cs;s njhl;bfs; me;jj; njhl;bfSf;Fs; jz;zPu; cl;nry;yTk;
ntspr;nry;yTk; Md mikg;Gfs;> me;j fhy;tha; jlj;ij xl;br; rpwpJk; ngupJkhd
MW ciyfs;> fhy;thapd; Muk;gg;gFjpapy; tl;lf;fpzWfs;> %d;W tpjkhd tbfhy;
mikg;G> %ba tbfhy;fs;> jpwe;j tbfhy;fs;> RLkz; Foha;fspdhy; Md
tbfhy;fs;> ,itnay;yhk; Kjd; Kiwahf fpilj;Js;sd. ,Jtiu
njd;dpe;jpahtpNyNa ,JNghd;W fz;lwpag;Sgltpy;iy. kJiu fPobapy; ,Uf;Fk;
njhy;ypay; NkL Rkhu; 110 Vf;fu; gug;igf; nfhz;lJ. jw;NghJ mfoha;T
ele;jpUg;gJ ntWk; 50 nrd;l; epyg;gug;Ng> kPjKs;s epyg;gug;gpy; Ma;Tfs;
njhlUNkahdhy; ,Jtiu fz;lwpag;glhj gy;NtW mupa nghUs;fisAk;>
jlaq;fisAk; fz;lwpa KbAk;.
goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rq;ffhy kJiu vd;gJ ,d;Ws;s kJiu my;y
vd;Wk; mJ jpUg;Gtdj;jpw;F Neu;Nkw;fpYk;> jpUg;guq;Fd;wj;jpw;F fpof;fpYk;
mike;jpUf;fNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; ,jid Ma;T %yk; jhd; fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk; vd;W
jkpo;g; NguwpQu; kh.,uhrkhzpf;fdhu; $wpapUe;jhu;. mf;Fwpg;G 50 Mz;LfSf;Fg;
gpd;du; ,t; mfoha;T mt; cz;ikia neUq;f topfhl;Lfpd;wJ. rq;f ,yf;fpak;
nrhy;Yk; mNj Gtpapay; mikg;gpy; jhd; ,d;W mfoha;T elf;Fk; fPob ,Uf;fpwJ.
MfNt> ,e;j goe;jkpo; ehfuPj;jpd; Nguilahsq;fis kPl;nlLj;J ghJfhf;f
clbdahf fs mUq;fhl;rpafk; mikj;J mfoha;T nra;jpl kj;jpa> khepy muRfs;
eltbf;if vLj;jpl Ntz;Lk;.1
,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lk; mofd; Fsj;jpy; nrk;G> nts;sp ehzaq;fs; cl;gl
13>000 goq;fhyg; nghUs;fs; mfoha;tpd; %yk; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. ,J flw;fiu
fpuhkk; vd;gjhy; ,q;Nf ngupa thzpgk; eilngw;wpUg;gij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
mjw;Nfw;whw; Nghy gz;ila jkpo; kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa Mguzq;fs;>
kz;ghz;lq;fs;> gr;irepw fw;fs;> rq;F> tisay;fs; Nuhkhdpa kz;ghz;lq;fs;>
tpiyAau;e;j fy;kzpfs;> RLkz; nghk;ikfs;> Nuhk;> rPdh> fpNuf;fk; Mfpa ehLfspd;
tzpfj;njhlu;ig ntspg;gLj;Jk; mupa kz;ghz;lq;fs;> Mk;g;Nuh vdg;gLk; kJ
Fbf;fg;gad;gLk; FLitfs; fpilj;Js;sd. njhopw;$lq;fs; ,Ue;jjw;fhd
milahskhf ,Uk;Gg;nghUs;fs; jahhpf;Fk; nfhy;yk;gl;liw> kz; Foha;fs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mJ kl;Lky;yhky; rpwpa jhdpa tpij nfhs;fyDk; mjpy;
150 fpuhk; vilAs;s tpijfSk; fpilj;Js;sd. ,Jtiu ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; 7 Kiw
njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs; eilngw;Ws;sd. 8tJ Kiwahf mfoha;Tg;gzpia mjd;
,af;Feu; n[.gh];fud; jiyikapy; epfo;j;jg;gl;lJ.2
,uhkehjGuj;jpy; ,Ue;J fpof;Nf Rkhu; 20 fp.kP. njhiytpy;jhd; mofd; Fsk;
cs;sJ. ,t; mofd; Fsk; nry;Yk; topapy; jhd; fPobAk; cs;sJ. MfNt>
fPobf;Fk;> mofd; Fsj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s neUq;fpa njhlh;ig Ma;tpd; %yk;
ntspf;nfhzuyhk;.
jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; g+k;Gfhu; gw;wpa nra;jpf; Fwpg;Gfis itj;J
Kjd;Kjyhf 1962-,y; ,e;jpag; ngUehl;bd; njhy;ypay; Jiwapd; njd;kz;lyg;
gphpT ,q;Nf mfoha;T elj;Jk; gzpiaj; njhlq;fpaJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,f;FOtpdu; flw;fiuNahug; gFjpfisAk;> kf;fs; tho;e;J tpl;Lr; nrd;Ws;s

jlaq;fisAk;> ciw fpzWfisAk;> fl;llr; rpijTfisAk;> nrq;fy;
Ftpay;fisAk;> cile;j gioa kl;ghz;lq;fisAk; gy ,lq;fspy; fz;ldu;.
mjd;gpd;dNu mfoha;Tg;gzpia Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
thzfphp vd;Dk; Chpd; mUfpy; flNyhug; gFjpapy; ,e;efhpd; gz;ghl;Lg;
ngUikiag; giwrhw;Wk; milahsq;fshfr; Nrho kd;dh;fspd; Gyp ,yr;rpidfisf;
nfhz;l rJu tbtf; fhRfSk;> gy tz;zf;fw;fshy; nra;ag;gl;l vz;zw;w
mzpfyd;fSk; Nuhkhdpa kl;ghz;lr; rpijTfSk;> ehzaKk;> kl;ghz;lq;fSk;
,g;Gfo;kpf;f efhpy; atdh; jq;fpapUe;jij cWjp nra;fpd;wd. 1963-64Mk;
Mz;LfspYk; mfoha;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mg;ngh*J %d;W ngUk; nrq;fw;
fl;ll mikg;Gfs; mfo;e;njLf;fg;gl;ld. mtw;wpy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ ngsj;jg;
gs;spahFk;.
Nkiya+h; vd;Dk; gFjpapy; gy;ytdPr;Ruk; vd;Dk; NfhapYf;F mUfhikapy;
,e;jg; ngsj;j tpfhuk; cs;sJ. ,e;j tpfhuk; Gj;jgpuhid topghL nra;tjw;Fk;>
Jwtpfs; jq;Ftjw;Fk; Vw;w tifapy; miwfisf; nfhz;L fl;lg;gl;bUg;gJ
ed;whfj; njhpfpd;wJ. mjd; Xh; miwapy; Gj;jhpd; rpwpa nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpAk;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ.
flw;fiuapypUe;J Nkw;fpy; cs;s fPioa+hpy; rpwpa glFfis epWj;jp>
ruf;Ffis ,wf;Fkjp Vw;Wkjp nra;jw;fhd rpwpa Kd;Jiw xd;W
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. g+k;Gfhupy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s Gj;j tpfhuk;> ePu;j;Njf;fk;>
Kd;Jiw> Nrhog; ngUkd;dh;fs; ntspapl;l fhRfs;> NuhkhGhpiar; Nrh;e;j
ehzaq;fs;> ghid XLfs; Nghd;w ,d;d gpwnty;yhk; fhtphpg;g+k;gl;bdj;jpd;
njhd;ikiaAk;> fPh;j;jpkpF Nkd;ikiaAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. fp.gp.1963 kw;Wk; 64-
,y; mfoha;T fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; nrd;id mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; xU rpwg;Gf; fz;fhl;rpahf
itf;fg;gl;ld.3
ngUq;fw;fhyr; rpd;dq;fshd fw;gJf;if> KJkf;fs; jhop Nghd;wit
jpz;Lf;fy; khtl;lk; godpiar;Rw;wpAs;s fpuhkq;fs; gytw;wpy; mfoha;T %ykhf
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. vdNt> ,g;gFjpapy; Mjpfhyj;jpy; kf;fs; tho;f;if ,Ue;Js;sJ
cWjpg;gLfpwJ.4
fy;ntl;Lf;fis ek;gfukhd Mtzq;fs; vd;W $WtJ kuG. ,J ,lk;
ngauhjJ. ,e;jpatpy; 1837-y; jhd; Kjypy; fy;ntl;L fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,Jtiu
90>000 f;F Nky; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,tw;wpy; 2/3 msT njd;dpe;jpahtpy;
fpilj;jit. jkpofj;jpy; 28>000 fy;ntl;Lf;fs; 1980-f;F Kd;Ng milahsk;
fhzg;gl;ld. fle;j 30 Mz;Lfspy; 5000 f;f Nkw;gl;l fy;ntl;Lf;fs; muR
mjpfhupfshYk;> jdpahuhYk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
jkpof fy;ntl;Lfspy; gpuhkp> tl;nlOj;J> fpue;jk;> jkpop Mfpa vOj;Jf;fs;
Kf;fpakhf tUfpd;wd. jkpofj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs; jkpo;
tuptbtq;fspy; goikahdJ vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,it kiyf;FiffspYk;>
ghiwfspYk; cile;j ghidf;fPwy;fspYk;> ehzaq;fspYk; fpilj;Js;sd. ,tw;wpy;
kJiuiar; Rw;wpAs;s FiffspNyNa gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs; mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mfoha;tpy; fpilj;j ghid XLfspy; 250 gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gl;ld.

ehzaj;jpYk;> Kj;jpiu Nkhjpuj;jpYk; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs; cs;sd. 1940-40-y;
mupf;fNkL> fUu; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; fpilj;j ehzaq;fspy; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs;
,Ug;gijAk; ,it rq;f fhyj;jit vd;gijAk; cWjp nra;jdu;. GfSupy;
fpilj;j gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fspy; rq;f fhyg; ngau; tUtij Ma;thsu; Iuhtjk; jhd;
Kjypy; fp.gp.1964-y; fz;Lgpbj;jhu;.
1998-y; Nfhit> NgUu;> NghSthu;gl;b Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; eilngw;w mfoha;tpy;
3-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr;Nru;e;j ghid XLfs; fpilj;Js;sd. jkpof muR njhy;ypay;
Jiw jkpofj;jpy; nfhLkdy;> nfhw;if> GfSu; Nghd;w 30 ,lq;fspy; elj;jpa
mfoha;tpy; fpilj;j ghid XLfspy; fhzg;gl;l gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs; topahf gy;NtW
nra;jpfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld.5
goe;jkpof fw;fhy kf;fs; kpfr;rpwpa fw;fUtpfis my;yJ Ez;zpa
fw;fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpajhy; ,f;fhyj;ij Ez;fw;fhyk; vdg;ngauplg;gl;lJ.
Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,jw;F “ikf;Nuhypj;jpf;” vd;W ngaupl;Ls;sdu;. ikf;Nuh vd;why;
Ez;zpa vd;Wk;> ypj;jpf; vd;why; fy; vd;Wk; nghUs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.6
,t;tiff;fw;fs; jkpofj;jpy; jhkpuguzp Mw;wpw;F tlf;fpYk;> njw;fpYk; gspq;Ftif
Ez;fw;fUtpfshf njhy;ypay; Ma;thsu;fs; fz;lwpe;Js;sdu;. ,jd; %yk; fw;fhy
kf;fspd; fw;njhopy;gl;liwiaAk;> mtu;fs; Ntl;ilj;njhopy; Gupe;jijAk; mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ.
mnyf;rhz;lu; upah vd;gtuhy; Mjpr;r ey;Y}u; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; 115
Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; elj;jg;gl;l mfo;thuha;r;rpapy; 616 kz;ghj;jpuq;fis
fz;lwpe;J Mtzg;ggLj;jpAs;shu;. ,tw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhdit nrd;id
mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; ,g;NghJk; ehk; ghu;f;fyhk;. ,t;Ma;T %yk; mg;gFjpapy; tho;e;j
kf;fs; vg;gbg;gl;l ehfuPf tho;f;if tho;e;Js;shu;fs; vd;gij mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
jpUr;rp> GJf;Nfhl;il> kJiu> jpUney;Ntyp> nrq;fw;gl;L> Nryk; Mfpa
,lq;fspy; elj;jg;gl;l mfo;tuha;r;rp %yk; fpilf;fg;ngw;w Gijg;nghUs;fs;
jkpou;fspd; me;ehisa tho;f;if Kiwia mwpa cjTfpd;wJ. ru; khu;bNkhu; tPyu;
mupf;fNkl;by; elj;jpa mfo;thuha;r;rpAk; goe;jkpou;fspd; tho;f;ifKiw gw;wp mwpa
cjTfpwJ. G+k;Gfhupy; ele;j mfo;thuha;r;rp goe;jkpou;fspd; gz;ghl;il mwpa
cjTfpd;wJ.7 kiyAk;> kiy rhu;e;j gFjpfspYk; jkpofg; ngUq;fw;gilfspd;
vr;rq;fSld; kpFjpahf ,Ug;gij jw;fhy Ma;Tfshy; mwpa Kbfpd;wd.
,g;gFjpfspy; fdpktsk;> ePu;tsk; epiwe;Jk; cs;sd. ,jdhy; ,lj;njhy;ypay;
my;yJ ngUq;fw;gil fl;Lkhd ntspfs; fhyj;jhy; rpijTw;wdthf cs;sd.
jpz;Lf;fy; khtl;lk; godpf;F mUNf cs;s ,utpkq;fyk; vd;Dk; ngUq;fw;gil
epyg;gFjpAs;sJ. jkpofj;jpy; kpfg;ngupa ngUq;fw;gil epyg;gug;ghf ,ijf;fUjyhk;.
,e;j ngUq;fw;gilf; fl;Lkhdq;fSf;F kpf mUNf ePpu;epiyfSk; Nkw;F
kiyj;njhlupd; kiy mbthug;gFjpfSk; cs;sd. vdNt> epyj;njhy;ypay;>
,aw;ifr;#oy; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; ngUq;fw;gil Ma;Tf;Fupa rpwg;Gf; fskhfTk;
Mfpd;;wd.8
godpf;F mUfpy; 12 fpNyhkPll ; u; njhiytpy; cs;s mjpf gug;gsitf;
nfhz;l njhy;ypay; NkL ,utpkq;fyj;ij kj;jpa> khepy muR njhy;ypay;Jiwapdu;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mfoha;T Nkw;nfhz;lhy; fPobiag;Nghd;W vz;zw;w njhy;ypay; jlaq;fSk;> ngUk;

thzpgk; eilngw;wjw;fhd goq;fhyg; nghUs;fSk;> goe;jkpou;fs; tho;e;jjw;fhd
milahsq;fSk; fz;lwpag;gLk; vd;gjpy; re;NjfNk ,y;iy. Vndd;why;
fy;gJf;iffs;> fy;tl;lq;fs;> GijFopfs; Nghd;w njhy;ypay; rhu;e;j vr;rq;fs; ,q;F
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk;> godpf;fUfpy; cs;s fiyaKj;J}upy; fpilj;j NuhkhGup
ehzaq;fis itj;J ghu;f;Fk;NghJ rq;f fhyj;jpNyNa ,g;gFjp tzpftsKk;
nry;tr;nropg;Gk; kpf;fJ vd;gijAk;> jkpofj;jpd; njw;F flw;fiug; gFjpapid
fpNuf;fk;> ghurPfk; kw;Wk; NuhkhGup Mfpa NguuRfis ,izf;Fk; xU ngUtopg;ghij
vd;gijAk;> ,g;ghij ,utpkq;fyk; topahf nrd;wpUf;fyhk; vd;gijAk; mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ. ,g;gFjpiar; Nru;e;j kf;fSk;> ,g;gFjpapid ePz;l fhykhf Ma;T
nra;J tUk; jd;dhu;t njhy;ypay; Ma;thsu; ehuhaz%u;j;jp mtu;;fSk;
kj;;jpa>khepy muRfs; kw;Wk; njhy;ypay; JiwapdUk; fPob Nghd;W ,g;gFjpapYk;
Ma;T nra;jpl Ntz;Lnkd;W ePz;l fhykhf Nfhupf;if itj;J tUfpd;wdu;.
KbTiu
,Jtiu ,f;fl;Liuapd; thapyhf jkpofj;jpy; eilngw;w njhy;ypay;
Ma;Tfshy; ekJ Mjpfhy jkpou;fspd; tuyhw;iwAk;> gz;ghl;ilAk; kPl;nlLj;jNjhL>
mth;fspd; tho;f;if KiwiaAk;> nra;J te;j ifj;njhopy;fisAk;>
may;ehLfSld; itj;jpUe;j thzpfj;njhlh;igAk; rpe;Jntsp ehfuPfk; Nghy
jkpofj;jpYk; xU efu ehfuPfk; ,Ue;jijAk; mwptNjhL kl;Lky;yhky; tUq;fhy
re;jjpapdu; ,tw;iw mwpe;jplTk;> cynfq;Fk; jkpou;fspd; gz;ghl;il Mtzq;fshf>
milahskhf khw;WtJ ,j;njhy;ypay; mfoha;TfNs. NkYk;> fz;lwpag;gl;l
gFjpfisAk;> mupatif nghUs;fisAk; ghJfhg;gJ kj;jpa> khepy muRfs;
kl;Lky;yhky;> njhy;ypay; JiwapdUk;> jkpo; kf;fshfpa ehk; vy;NyhUk; vd;gij
,f;fl;Liu thapyhf njuptpf;fpd;Nwd;.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. jpd,e;J 28-9-2016 ehspjopy; ntspahd vOj;jhsh; R.ntq;fNlrd;
mtu;fspd; fl;Liu.
2. jpd,e;J ehspjOf;F mfoha;Tg;ggzp ,af;Feu; mspj;j jfty;.
3. ,uhkd;.Nf.tp.njhy;ypapay; Ma;Tfs;. gf;.20-25.
4. godpj;jytuyhW jpUf;Nfhapy; ntspaPL. g.2.
5. ngUkhs;.m.fh. goe;jkpoh; topghl;L kuGfs;. gf;.133-135.
6. Rg;ukzpad;.jp. njhy;goq;fhyk; g.29.
7. mwpTuh[;.e> Fkhu;.M> jkpof tuyhWk; jkpou; gz;ghLk;. g.2.
8. gTd;Jiw. ,uhR jkpofg;ngUq;fw;fhyf; fl;llf;fiykuG g.344.
JizE}y; gl;bay;
1. ,uhkd;.Nf.tp. njhy;ypapay; Ma;Tfs;

mfoyha;T>fy;ntl;L>ehzak; gw;wpait
epA+ nrQ;Rup Gf; `T]; (gp) ypl;.>
nrd;id>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Kjy; gjpg;G> 2014.

2. nry;tuh[;. rP> (K.g.M) godpj;jytuyhW>
Nkdfh.,uh. (K.g.M) jpUf;Nfhapy; ntspaPL>
Rg;gpukzpad;. ng. (J.g.M) godp>
KUfhze;jk;. ,uh. (J.g.M) gjp%d;whk; gjpg;G. 2017.
3. ngUkhs;.m.fh. goe;jkpou; topghl;L kuGfs;>
nrd;id>
Kjy; gjpg;G> 2018
4. Rg;ukzpad;.jp. njhy;goq;fhyk;
nrd;id>
Kjy; gjpg;G> 2016.
5. mwpTuh[;.e> jkpof tuyhWk; jkpou; gz;ghLk;>
Fkhu;.M> ghit gg;spNf\d;];>
nrd;id>
%d;whk; gjpg;G> 2014.
6. gTd;Jiw.,uhR jkpofg; ngUq;fw;fhyf;fl;llf;fiy kuG>
nka;ag;gd; gjpg;gfk;>
rpjk;guk;>
Kjy;gjpg;G. 2013.
ehspjo;fs;
jpd ,e;J> 28-9-2016.

jpdj;je;jp> 04-10-2015.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vjph;fhy jkpof njhy;ypaw; fsq;fs;

Future Archaeological Sites of Tamil Nadu
nt.re;jpah> Ma;tpy; epiwQh;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

jpUts;Sth; gy;fiyf;fofk;> Nrh;f;fhL -632 115.
Abstract
Tamil Nadu is one of the ancient places with a vast history and literary sources. It has
lots of evidences such as culverts, plates and other inscriptions to boast of their age old
tradituion. It is to note that lots of archaeological sites in Tamil region proved it rationally.
The sites such as Kodumanal, Keeladi, Ravimangalam, Seithunganallor, Pattaraiputhur and
many places are the future sites because there are no any further site openings of them. So it
remains dormant. This is the time to make these sites to be assessed again in the possible
areas to establish Tamil Culture. Hence, the paper tries to scrutinize the facts regarding to
the topic.
Keywords: Archaeological Sites, Tamil Culture, Future
Kd;Diu
njhy;ypay; vd;gJ njhy;goq;fhyj;ijg; gw;wp Ma;T nra;tjhFk;.
njhd;ikahd fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j ekJ Kd;Ndh;fspd; gz;ghl;ilAk;> kuigAk;
mth;fs; tpl;Lr; nrd;w vr;rq;fs; thapyhf mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F njhy;ypay;
gad;gLfpwJ. goq;fhy kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw> njhopy;fs;> thzpfk;> Ntshz;ik>
murpay;> Ez;fiyfs; Kjypait gw;wp mth;fs; tpl;L nrd;w vr;rq;fshd
fy;ntl;Lfs;> fl;llq;fs;> ehzaq;fs;> nrg;NgLfs; Kjypatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
Ma;e;jwpjNy njhy;ypaypd; Kjd;ikahd Nehf;fkhFk;. (www.1govtjob.com).
njhy;ypaiy Mq;fpyj;jpy; 'Mh;f;fpahy[p" (Archaeology)vdf; Fwpg;gpLth;. njhy;ypay;
Ma;Tfs; ,y;iynadpy; ekJ Kd;Ndhh;fs; fle;J te;j ghijiaAk;> tuyhw;iwAk;
mwpah Kbahj #o;epiy Vw;gl;bUf;Fk;. jkpofj;jpy; vjph;fhyj;jpy; Ma;T nra;ag;gl
Ntz;ba njhy;ypaw; fsq;fisg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liu tpthpf;fpd;wJ.
njhy;ypay; Ma;T
njhy;ypay; Ma;T vd;gJ G+kpf;Fs; GijAz;L kiwe;J fplf;Fk; my;yJ
Nkw;gug;gpNy fhzg;gLk; kdpj ,dj;NjhL njhlh;Gila nghUs;fisAk;> mth;fs;
ehs;NjhWk; tho;f;ifapy; gad;gLj;jp tpl;Lr; nrd;w nghUs;fisAk; mfo;e;njLj;J
Ma;T nra;J mth;fspd; gok; gz;ghLfisg; gw;wp ca;j;jwpAk; Xh; Ma;thFk;.
(blogspot.com). jkpofj;jpy; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;
eilngw;Ws;sd. 'jkpo;ehl;bd; gz;ila tuyhw;iw mwpa cjTgit ,yf;fpar;
rhd;Wfs;> Xiyr; Rtbfs;> fy;ntl;Lfs;> nrg;NgLfs;> fhRfs;> mfoha;tpy; fpilj;j
gy nghUl;fs; Nghd;wit vdyhk;" (e.Ntq;fNlrd;-2009> g.30))


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpof muR njhy;ypay; Jiw

jkpo;ehL murhy; 1961Mk; Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;l njhy;ypay; JiwahdJ
goq;fhy epidTr; rpd;dq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; guhkhpj;jy; vd;gijAk;>
tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;G tha;e;j ,lq;fspy; mfoha;T Nkw;nfhs;tijAk; Kjd;ikahd
Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jhYk; gpd;dh; fy;ntl;nlOj;Jfisg; gbnaLj;J> gbj;J>
gjpg;gpj;J mjid Mtzaq;fshf;fp ntspapLk; gzpfisAk; nra;fpd;wJ.
(cms.tn.gov.in). 'jkpo;ehL muR njhy;ypay; Jiw fy;ntl;L mfuhjp jahhpg;gpYk;
<Lgl;L tUfpwJ" (r.fpU\;z%h;j;jp-2001> g.68)) tuyhw;wpw;F Ke;ija fhyk; Kjy;
jw;fhyk; tiuapy; 33 ,lq;fspy; jkpof murpd; njhy;ypay;Jiw Ma;Tfs;
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sJ. 'gz;ilj; jkpofk; ePz;l flw;fiuiaAk;> vz;zw;w ,aw;if
tsj;ijAk; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;L tpsq;fpajhy; mk;kf;fs; tzpfj;jpYk;
njhopy;El;gj;jpYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdh; vd;gij mz;ikf; fhyj; njhy;ypay;>
fy;ntl;bay;> ehzatpay; rhd;Wfs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd" (fh.uh[d; -2004> g.79)
vjph;fhy njhy;ypaw; fsq;fs;
jkpofj;jpy; fPob Mjpr;rey;Y}h; Nghd;W gy Gjpa njhy;ypay; ,lq;fs;
jdpg;gl;l Ma;thsh;fspd; Njly;fshy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. mt;tplq;fs; Fwpj;j
gjptpid ,q;F fhz;Nghk;.
gl;liwg; ngUk;GJ}h;
nrd;idapypUe;J 55 fpNyhkPll; h; njhiytpy; cs;s ,e;j fpuhkj;jpy; fw;fhyk;
Kjy; tuyhw;Wj; njhlf;f fhyk; tiuapyhd njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; fpilj;Js;sd.
gl;liwg; ngUk;GJ}hpy; cs;s MidNkL> ej;jNkL> ,Use;Njhg;G Mfpa ,lq;fspy;
eilngw;w Ma;tpy; 200f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l njhy;nghUl;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. fp.K.3 Kjy;
fp.K 1 tiuapyhd fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,q;F kdpjh;fs; tho;e;jdh; vd;gJ
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; Nuhkhdpa kl;ghz;l tifahd nusyl; kl;ghz;l
XLfs; ,q;F fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. ,Jtiu flNyhug; gFjpfspy; Nuhkhdpa kl;ghz;l
tiffs; fpilj;Js;s epiyapy;> kf;fs; tho;tplg; gFjpapy; fpilj;jpUg;gJ rq;f
fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj Nuhkhdpah;fSld; ,g;gFjpapdh; th;j;jfj; njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;jJ
cWjpg; gLfpwJ. NkYk; ,g;gFjpapy; gy ,lq;fs; Ma;Tf;F fhj;jpUf;fpd;wd.
mitAk; njhlh;r;rpahf mfoha;T nra;ag;gl;lhy; Nuhkhdpah;fs; Fwpj;j Gjpa
tuyhw;wpid mwpa KbAk; (rp. ,sq;Nfh -2017> gf;. 90-91).
,utpkq;fyk;
godp mUNf 12 fp.kP njhiytpy; cs;s ,e;j Chpy; 2000 Mz;LfSf;F
Kw;gl;l njhy;ypay; rpd;dq;fs; cs;sd. ngUq;fw;fhy rpd;dq;fshd GijNkLfs;>
fw;gLf;iffs;> fy;jpl;ilfs;> Fj;Jf;fy;> eLfy;> fy;yuz;> fy;tl;lk; vd midj;J
tifahd njhy;ypay; rpd;dq;fSk; xU fsQ;rpak; Nghd;W ,q;F fpilg;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. NkYk; ,q;F ,Uk;G cUf;fhiyfs;. ,Uk;G mr;Rfs; Vuhskhd
,Ue;jjw;fhd jlaq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,Jtiu ,q;F ve;j njhy;ypay; Ma;Tk;
eilngwtpy;iy.(rp.,sq;Nfh -2017> gf;. 91-92)
nra;Jq;f ey;Y}h;
nra;Jq;f ey;Y}h; trtg;Guj;jpy; KJkf;fs; jhopfs; ,t;T+h; tl;lhl;rpauhy;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. Mjpr;rey;Y}hpy; ,Ue;J 10fp.kP. njhiytpy; mike;Js;s ,e;j


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,lj;jpy; KJkf;fs; jhop> fpz;zk; Kjyhdit fpilf;fg; ngw;wd. trtg;Guk; guk;G

gFjpahd ,t;tplj;ij mfoha;T Nkw;nfhz;lhy; Mjpr;rey;Y}h; ehfhpfj;jpd;
njhlh;r;rpAk; tl;lhu gz;ghl;L jd;ikfs; gyTk; Gyg;gLk;. (rp.,sq;Nfh- 2017 (g.92)
nfhf;furd; Nfhl;il
rhay;Fbapy; ,Ue;J #uq;Fb nry;Yk; kq;fk;khs; rhiyapy; jiuf;Fb
mUfpy; ,Uf;Fk; nfhf;furd; Nfhl;ilapy; Ma;T epfo;j;jpa NghJ ,uz;lhpauk;
Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l ,Uk;G cUf;fhiyapd; cile;j gFjpfs;> ,Uk;Gj;jhJ>
fopTg; nghUl;fs;> fUg;G> rptg;G> gOg;G epw ghid XLfs;> FwpaPL cs;s ghid xL
Mfpait fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,g;gFjpapy; ,Uk;G gz;ghL nrOikahf
epytpaikf;fhd rhd;WfSk; kf;fs; tho;e;jikf;fhd rhd;WfSk; gy fpilj;Js;sd.
,Uk;Gf; fUtpfs; nra;Ak; njhopy; El;gj;ij mwpe;j ,k;kf;fspd; njhd;ikahd
tuyhw;iw mfoha;T nra;tjd; %yNk ntspf; nfhz;Ltu KbAk;. (rp.,sq;Nfh –
2017 (gf;. 92-93)
kjfk;
GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lk; MTilahh;Nfhapy; tl;lk;> kjfk; fpuhkj;jpy; rhiy
Xukhf mike;jpUf;Fk; fUshehjh; CUzpf;fiuapy; gz;ilj; jkpo; vOj;J
nghwpj;j ghid XL fpilj;Js;sJ. ghidNahl;by; gz;ila jopo; vOj;jpy; vOj;Jg;
nghwpg;G fpilj;jpUg;gJ ,JNt ,g;gFjpapy; Kj;y KiwahFk;. ,g;gFjpapy;
njhlh;r;rpahf Mfoha;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lhy; jkpopd; njhd;ikf; Fwpj;J gy;NtW
rhd;Wfs; fpilf;f tha;g;Gs;sJ (rp.,sq;Nfh-2017 (gf;. 94-95)
nrq;fJiw
Nfhit khtl;lk; nrq;fJiw mUNf 3000 Mz;fSf;F Kw;gl;l goikahd
Gjpa fw;fhy fUtpfs;. jkpo;gpuhhkp vOj;Jf; FwpaPLfs; cs;s fUtpfs; fz;L
gpbf;fg; gl;Ls;sd. NkYk; fUg;G> rptg;G ghidNahLfs;> rq;F tisay;fs;>
fy;kzpfs;> muitf; fw;fs; vilf; fw;fs;> tpisahl;Lr; rpy;Yfs;> Nuhk; ehl;L
ehzaq;fs; vd gy nghUl;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,g;gFjpapy; neha;ay; ejpf;fiu>
mike;Js;sjhy; tptrhak; rhh;e;j njhopy; nra;Ak; kf;fSk; ,g;gFjpapy; trpj;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gFjpapy; njhlh;r;rpahfj; njhy;ypay; mfoha;T nra;ag;gl;lhy; gy Gjpa
juTfs; fpilf;f tha;g;Gs;sJ. (rp.,sq;Nfh-2017 (gf;.95-96)
Nkl;^h; miz
Nkl;^h; mizapy; ngUq;fw;fhy fy;tl;lq;fs; mike;Js;sd. ,t;tizapd;
ePh;g; gpbg;G gFjpapy; Ma;T Nkw;nfhz;lNghJ 3000 tUlq;fs; goikahd
fw;jpl;ilfSld; $ba fy;tl;lq;fSk; fw;jpl;ilfSk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ghz;ltd; jpl;L vd;w ,lj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l fw;jpl;il kpfTk; goikahdjhFk;.
,f;fw;jpl;ilapd; %Lfy; kl;Lk; Rkhh; 80 ld;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. ,jpy; mike;Js;s
,LJisahdJ fpof;Fg; gf;fk; ghh;j;j Kfj;jpy; cs;sJ. NkYk; miutl;l tbtpy;
,Ug;gJk; ,jd; goikiaf; fhl;LfpwJ (rp.,sq;Nfh- 2017 (g.96)
Mh;;g;ghf;fk;
fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk; Mh;g;ghf;fk; Chpy; mike;Js;s kz;lgk; gFjpapy;
gy;NtW KJkf;fs; jhopfs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,Uk;Gf; fhyj;Jld; njhlh;Gila
,j;jhopfspy; vt;tpj FwpaPLfSk; ,y;iy. ,g;gFjpapy; fUq;fy; ry;yp cilg;G


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
epiya; mike;Js;sjhy; vy;yh ,lq;fSk; Njhz;lg;gl;L jhopfs; gy

mopf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld. Mjpr;rey;Y}Uf;F ,izahd ehfphpfj;ij nfhz;Ls;s ,g;gFjp
,Jtiu ghJfhf;fg;gltpy;iy. vt;tpj mfoha;Tk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.
(rp.,sq;Nfh -2017 (g.98)
CQ;rg;gb
eq;fty;ypapypUe;J 4 fpNyh kPl;lh; njhiytpy; Nkr;Nrhp xd;wpaj;ijr; Nrh;e;j
Fl;lg;gl;b fpuhkj;ij mLj;j CQ;rg;gl;b Ff;fpuhkj;jpy; 3000 Mz;Lfhy
fy;tl;lj;jpw;Fs; fy;jpl;il xd;W mike;Js;sJ. kiyabg; gl;bapypUe;J
CQ;rg;gl;b tiu rhiyNahuj;jpy;; Kg;gJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l rpwpa nghpa mstpy;
fy;tl;lq;fs; fhzg;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ fy;tl;lq;fis mopj;J tptrha epykhfTk;>
tPLfSk; fl;lg;gl;l epiyapy; ,uz;L fy;tl;lq;fs; kl;LNk vQ;rpAs;sd. ,g;gFjpapy;
mfoha;T nra;ag;gl;lhy; NkYk; gy tuyhw;Wj; juTfs; fpilf;Fk;.
(rp. ,sq;Nfh – 2017 (gf;. 98-99)
gRkhj;J}h;
NtY}h; khtl;lk; ghyhw;Wg; gLifia xl;b mike;Js;s gRkhj;J}h;
fpuhkj;jpy; fy;gJf;if xd;W N[.rp.gp ,ae;jpuj;jhy; Fop Njhz;Lk; nghOJ
ntspg;gl;lJ. mjpy; gilay; nghUl;fs;> nghpa ,Uk;Gf; fj;jp> rpwpa FLitfs;>
jhdpaq;fs; itj;Jg; Gij;j ehd;F fhy; [hb jl;Lfs;> jhq;fpfs; vd ngUq;fw;fhy
gilay; nghUl;fs; fpilj;jd. ,q;F fpilj;j kl;ghz;lg; nghUl;fspy; FwpaPLfshf
mk;GKid> Vzp> cLf;if> ,U mk;GKid vd gy;tiff; FwpaPLfs; fpilj;jJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. ,JtiuapYk; ,g;gFjpapy; vt;tpj Ma;Tk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy (rp.,sq;Nfh – 2017 (g.99)
KbTiu
njhy;ypay; vd;gJ njhlh;e;J Muha;e;J cz;ikfis fz;lwpAk; KbTg;
ngwhj xU gazkhFk;. njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; kz;Zf;Fs; kiwe;jpUf;Fk; goq;fhy
kf;fspd; ehfhpfj;ij mth;fs; gad;gLj;jpa nghUl;fs; thapyhf ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
jkpof muR njhy;ypay;Jiw ekJ gz;ghl;bid ntspf; nfhzuTk;> ghJfhf;fTk;
gy;NtW jpl;lq;fis rpwg;ghf nray;gLj;jp tUfpwJ. kj;jpa muR njhy;ypay; Jiw>
nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> jQ;ir jkpo;g; gy;fiyf; fofk; Nghd;witAk; gy;NtW
njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfis epfo;j;jpAs;sd. ,d;W njhy;ypay; rhh;e;j Ma;TfSf;F
Njitahd Ml;fs; gw;whf;Fiwahf ,Ug;gjhy; jkpofj;jpy; gy ,lq;fs; Ma;Tf;fhf
fhj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,e;j ,lq;fspy; tpiue;J Ma;Tfs; epfo;j;jpdhy;
kdpjFy tuyhw;wpd; rpwg;gpid KOikahf mwpa KbAk;.
ghh;it E}y;fs;
1. blogspot.com.
2. www.1govtjob.com.
3. Cms.tn.gov.in.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
4. rp.,sq;Nfh> jkpofj; njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; fPob tiu.

5. r. fpU\;z%h;j;jp> fy;ntl;Lfspy; CUk; NgUk;.
6. fh.uh[d;> njhy;ypay; Nehf;fpy; rq;ffhyk;.
7. e. Ntq;fNlrd;> GJr;Nrhp khepyr; nrg;NgLfs; - Xh; mwpKfk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ghrd Ntshz;ikapd; gupzhk tsu;r;rp

Gradual Development of Water Management in Agriculture
Kidtu; K.rh`puh ghD> cjtpg;Nguhrpupau;>

jkpo;j;Jiw> =rhujh kfspu; fy;Y}up> nguk;gY}u;.
Abstract
The article enunciates the water management principles followed in the Tamil region
by the Tamil kings and the later Nayak Kings. It briefs about water management in the
Sangam Period, Pallava Period, Pandian Period, Nayak Period and other water related
constructions conducted and maintained at Thamiraparani river basin and Kumbakonam
warer reservoir. The evidences from ‘Purananooru’, ‘Malaipadukadam’, ‘Paripadal’ and
other sources tell of the apt and systematic water system managed by our ancestors. Today,
in the time of water crisis, we all should know about the systems followed and maintained by
our forefathers to resurrect the golden age of agriculture. It is also suggested to do multi-
faceted research in the water management systems followed in the Tamil society and to
redeem it for the betterment of life.
Keywords: Gradual Development, Water Management, Agriculture, Tamil Nadu
Kd;Diu
kdpj ehfupf tuyhw;wpy; Ntshz;ik Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ. Ntshz;ikf;F
Mjhuk; ePu;g;ghrdk;. Ntshz;ikapd; tsu;r;rpiaAk; ePu;g;ghrdj;jpd; tsu;r;rpiaAk;
ntt;Ntwhfg; gpupj;Jg; ghu;g;gnjd;gJ ,ayhJ. czTf;fhfg; gapu; tsu;f;Fk; fiyia
mwpe;j gpd;dNu ehNlhbahfj; jpupe;j kdpjd; Xuplj;jpy; epiyngwj; njhlq;fpdhd;.
mg;NghJ mtDf;Fk; Mw;Wf;FkpilNa ,Utpjkhd Nghuhl;lq;fs; ,Ue;jd.
Kjyhtjhf nts;sj;jpypUe;Jk; mjd; moptpypUe;Jk; jd;idf; fhf;f Ntz;ba
Nghuhl;lk;. ,uz;lhtjhf Fbg;gjw;Fk; tptrhaj;jpw;Fk; gads;s tifapy; ,e;jj;
jz;zPiuf; nfhz;L Nru;g;gjd; %yNk tho KbAk; vd;w tho;f;ifg; Nghuhl;lk;.
,e;jg; Nghuhl;lq;fspypUe;J ghrdk; gw;wpa gl;lwpTfs; fpilj;jd. ,j;jifa ghrdk;
vt;thW gupzhk tsu;r;rp mile;Js;sJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J Ma;tNj ,f;fl;Liuapd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.
rq;ffhyj; jkpoupd; ghrd Ntshz;ik
jkpou;fs; fhy;eil Nka;rr ; y; ehfupfj;ijj; jhz;b> Ntshz;ik ehfupfj;jpw;F
te;J tpl;lijf; Fwpf;Fk; fUtpfs; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,r;rpd;dq;fspy;
ngUk;gFjp ngupa Vupfis xl;bf; fpilj;Js;sd. Vupfs;> Fsq;fs; gw;wp rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fs; mjpfk; nra;jpfisj; njuptpf;fpd;wd. kio kw;Wk; epu;epiy
ehfupfq;fs; rq;f fhyj;jpy; epytpd vdf; fhzyhk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ePu;epiy kw;Wk; jz;zPiur; Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; fl;Lkhdq;fs; gw;wpa gy

nrhw;fs; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; tUfpd;wd. kioePiur; Nrkpj;J itg;gjw;F Vw;w
ePu;epiyfis mikg;gJ kd;ddpd; jiyaha flik vd GwehD}w;Wg; ghly; xd;W
$WfpwJ.
“epyd; nesp kUq;fpd; ePu;epiy ngUf
jl;Nlhuk;k ,td; jl;NlhNu
js;shNjhu; ,td; js;shNjhNu” (Gwk; - 18)
,g;ghly; ghz;bad; neLQ;nropadplk; FlGytpadhu; ghbajhFk;. ‘epyk; vq;nfq;F
gs;skhf ,Uf;fpwNjh> mq;nfy;yhk; ePu;epiyfs; mikAk;gb fiu mikj;j
kd;du;fNs ,t;Tyfpy; jk;ngaiu epiyepWj;jpf; nfhs;thu;fs; vd;W nghUs;gLk;
,g;ghly; ePu;epiyfspd; rpwg;ig typAWj;JfpwJ.
“Fsf;fPo; tpise;j fsf;nfhs; ntz;nza;” (Gwk; - 33)
“jpiu ,Uk; gdpg; ngstk; nra;tpjh mwKfe;J
Cu cUk; cld;W Mu;g;g> Cu; nghiw nfhs;shJ>
Fiu cil Fsnkdf; fod;W> ths;tapW mopG
tiu tiu njhLj;j taq;F> nts;sUtp” (gupghly; - g.160)
Nkw;fz;l rq;f ,yf;fpag; ghly;fs; vy;yhk; Vup> Fsk; vd;git gw;wpa nra;jpfisf;
$Wfpd;wd. Vup> Fsk; kl;Lkd;wp mjd; mq;fq;fshd gy fl;Lkhdq;fisg; gw;wpa
nra;jpfSk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; cs;sd.
fhupahrhd; ,aw;wpa rpWgQ;r%yk; vd;w E}ypy;>
“Fse;njhl;L NfhL gjpj;J toprPj;J
cse;njhl;L cOtayhf;fp tse;njhl;L
ghFgLq; fpzw;Nwnld;wpt; itk; ghw;gLj;jhd;
VFQ; Rtu;ff ; j; jpdpJ” (rpWgQ;r%yk; - g.1332)
,jd; nghUis> Fsk; Njhz;Ljy;> kpifePu; topa fypq;F mikj;jy;> jz;zPu;
NghFk; topfis ed;whf mikj;jy; (tuj;Jf;fhy;> tha;f;fhy;> tbfhy; Mfpait)>
epyj;ij cOtay; Mf;Fjy;> nghJf; fpzw;iwAk; cz;lhf;Fjy; vd;w Ie;J
gzpfisAk; nra;jtd; Rtu;ff ; j;jpw;Fg; Nghthd; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
“Gdtk; gjtpd; kpoiynahL fodpf;
fathu; ehiu” (Gwk; - 24)
“ngha;if thapw; gdy;nghU gjtpd;” (gjpw;Wg;gj;J – g.78)
,q;Nf gjT vd;w nrhy; jz;zPu; ntspg;NghFk; rpwpa fjitf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
“fUq;ifapd; Maj;jhu; Rw;wk; vwpe;J” (gupghly; - g.442)
fUq;if vd;gJk; gjT vd;gJk; jz;zPu; ntspNaWk; rpwpa topfs;.
“itia cile;j kil milj;j fz;Zk;” (gupghly; - g.149)
kil vd;gJ MW> Fsk;> Vup> fhy;tha;fspy; jz;zPu; ntspNaWtjw;fhf
mikf;fg;gLtJ. ,e;j kilapy; xU fjT ,Uf;Fk;. ,f;fjitj; jpwe;jhy; kil
topahfj; jz;zPu; ntspNaWk;. ,J Nghd;w mikg;gpy; jz;zPu; ‘kiljpwe;j nts;sk;’
Nghy; ntspNaWk;. ntspNaWk; jz;zPupd; msitf; $l;lNth Fiwf;fNth KbahJ.
“EiuAld; kjF njhW ,opjU Gdy; fiu Guspa nry;Yk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
kwpfly;” (gupghly; - g.655)

kjF vd;gJ kil Nghd;Nw mikf;fg;gLtJ. Mdhy;> ,jd; fjitr; rpWfr; rpWfj;
jpwf;fyhk;. jz;zPu; ntsptUk; msitf; $l;lNth> Fiwf;fNth KbAk;. ,J
jw;fhyj; jpUF kjF milg;ghd; vd;gjw;F xg;gdjhFk;.
“tid fyj; jpfpupapd; Fkpop RoYk;
Jid nrty; jiytha;> X,we;J tupf;Fk;
fhDeh tahmk;> fl;F ,d; Nrahw;wpd;” (kiygLflhk; - g.382)
Fkpop vd;gJ Fsq;fspypUe;J jz;zPu; ntspNaw> fy;yhy; ngl;b xd;W mikj;J>
mjpy; Jisapl;L> mj;Jis topahf jz;zPu; GFe;J ntsptUk; mikg;G. kuj;jhy;
nra;ag;gl;l rf;if %yk; ,f;Fkpopapd; Jisia milg;ghu;fs;. Fkpopapd; Jis
topahfj; jz;zPu; NghFk; NghJ xU Roy; cz;lhFk;. ,J Fatd; rf;fuk; Roy;tJ
Nghy; cs;sJ vd;W kiygLflhk; ghly; tUzpf;fpwJ.
fypq;F
,t;tikg;G> jz;zPiu Vup> Fsq;fspy; Njf;Fk;NghJ Xu; mstpw;F Nky; tUk;
mjpfg;gbahd nts;sePu; topg;Nghf;fpahf ,Uf;Fk;. tha;j;jiyfspYk; mikf;fg;gLk;
,g;ngau; rPtfrpe;jhkzpapy; tUfpwJ. ,J Nghd;w mikg;gpw;F rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
‘fw;rpiw’ vd;w nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
“tUtpirg; Gdiyf; fw;rpiwNghy
xUtd; jhq;fpa ngUikahYk;” (njhy; -nghUs; -65)
“tUGdy; fw;rpiw fLg;g> ,il mWj;J
Xd;dhu; xl;ba nrUg; Gfy; kwtu;” (kJiuf;fhQ;rp 725-726)
fbdkhd ghiwfis mbj;jskhf cs;s MWfspYk; nts;sk; ngUf;nfLf;Fk;
MWfspYk; nfhwk;G mikg;gJ fbdk;. MfNt MWfspy; cs;s fw;rpiw vd;w
fl;Lkhdj;jhy; Mw;W ePiu tha;f;fhy;fSf;F jpUg;gp tpLk; njhopy; El;gj;ij
rq;ffhyj;jpNyNa jkpou;fs; mwpe;jpUe;jhu;fs; vd;gjid rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspypUe;J
mwpa KbfpwJ. ,f;fl;Lkhdq;fs; ,d;W mizf;fl;Lfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
gy;ytu; fhyj;jpy; ghrdg; gzpfs;
jkpof tuyhw;wpNyNa gy;ytu; fhyk; vd;gJ jdpr; rpwg;GilaJ. gy;ytu;
fhyj;jpy; ghrdKk; Ntshz;ikAk; Ml;rpahsu;fspd; Kf;fpag; gzpahf ,Ue;jJ.
gy;ytu; fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l ngupa ghrd mikg;Gfs; gw;wp fy;ntl;LfspypUe;Jk;
nrg;NgLfspypUe;Jk; Vuhskhd nra;jpfs; fpilj;Js;sd;.
“fhQ;rpGuj;Jf;F fpof;Nf gj;J iky; njhiytpy; njd;Ndup vd Xu; Vup
cs;sJ. rpy Muha;r;rpahsu;fs; jpiuaNdup vd;gjd; k&c jhd;
njd;Ndup vd;fpd;wdu;. ee;jptu;kdpd; fhrhf;Fbr; nrg;NgL ,e;jj;
jpiuaNdupiag; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. gy;ytu;fs; Ml;rpapy; Kjy;
kd;ddhf njhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuad;> Nrho ,sturd; neLKbf;
fps;spf;Fk;> kzpgy;ytj; jPtpd; ,sturp gPyptisf;Fk; gpwe;jtd; vd;W
nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. ,uz;lhk; ee;jptu;kd; fhyj;jpw;F Kd; ntl;lg;gl;l
,t;Ntup jpiuadhy; ntl;lg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. vdNt ,g;ngauhy;
miof;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;.” (g.Nfh> j.gh.t> g.64)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,tu;fs; jkpouy;yhj ,dj;jtu; MapDk; gpd;du; jkpNohL ,uz;lwf;

fye;Jtpl;ldu;. ,tu;fs; epiwaf; fhLfis ntl;b tay;fshf khw;wpAs;sdu;.
jkpofj;jpd; tlgFjpapy; ,tu;fs; nra;j ghrdg; gzpfshy; ,d;Wk; mq;F
Ntshz;ik rpwg;ghf eilngWfpwJ.
“$uk; nrg;NgL> ‘tpj;ah tpePj gy;yt guNkr;Ru fuk; vLj;J Vup Njhd;wp’
vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. kNfe;jpu thb fy;ntl;L kNfe;jp jlhff; fiuapy;
kNfe;jpu tp\;Z fpufk; mikf;fg;gl;l nra;jpfisf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
ee;jptu;kdpd; Vohk; Ml;rpahz;ilr; Nru;e;j cj;jpNk&u; fy;ntl;L (fp.gp
xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L) mt;T+upy; Fsk; ntl;Ltjw;F epyk; thq;fpa
nra;jpiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ” vd;fpwhu; g.Nfhkjpehafk;. (g.Nfh> j.gh.t>
g.64)
,it jtpu ehl;Lf;fhy;> Mw;Wf;fhy; vd;w ,uz;L tha;f;fhy; fl;Lkhd Kiw
gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd. ,J Mw;wpypUe;J Neubahf ePiu taYf;F
nfhz;Ltuf;$ba mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Vupf;F ePu; nfhz;L tUk; mikg;Gfs; vd;W
njupfpwJ. ,J jtpu eP&w;W tha;f;fhy;fs; Cw;Wf;fhy; vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wd. ,ij
xsitahu; Fwpg;gpLk; ‘Cw;Wf;fhy; cy$l;Lk;’ vd;w njhlu; epidT+l;LfpwJ.
ghyhw;wpy; ,Ue;J ePuhdJ gy VupfSf;F nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it jtpu
$w;wd; tha;> tha;j;jiy> jiytha;> Kftha; vd;W ngaUs;s ghrdf; fl;Lkhdq;fs;
Mw;wpypUe;J ePiu taYf;F nfhz;L nry;yg; gad;gl;Ls;sd. jpUr;rp mUNfAs;s
ngl;ltha;j;jiy ,jw;F ey;y rhd;W. ,tw;iwg; guhkupf;f epykhdpaq;fs;
toq;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
rpw;W}u;fspy; Fbahl;rpKiw ed;F epytpapUe;jJ. Kiwahd Nju;jy;fs;
ele;Js;sd. jd;dhl;rpAld; $ba epu;thf mikg;G ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j rpw;W}u; Ml;rpapd;
fPo; mYty; Kiwg;gb gy rpW FOf;fs; ,Ue;jd. ,tw;Wf;F thupaq;fs; vd;W
ngau;. ,d;iwa muR mikj;Js;s thupaq;fSf;F Kd;Ndhbahf md;iwa gy;yt
ehl;L kf;fs; Kd;Ndhbahf ,Ue;jij mwpa KbfpwJ. ,t;thW gy;ytu; fhyj;jpy;
njhlq;fg;gl;l ePu;g;ghrdg; gzpfs;> Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; tpuptile;J Vw;wk; ngw;wd.
gpw;fhyr; Nrhou;fspd; ghrdg; gzpfs;
Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; fhtpupf; fopKfg;gFjpia tsg;gLj;Jtjpy; ngUk;ghyhd
ghrd trjpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; tha;f;fhy;fisAk;> VupfisAk;
kd;du; ngaupYk; mtu;fsJ kidtpau; ngaupYk; mtw;iw mikf;f cjtpa kw;wtu;
ngaupYk; mioj;jdu;. ,d;Wk; mg;ngau;fs; tof;fj;jpy; cs;sd. mjidf; nfhz;L
mit cUthd fhyj;ij ehk; njupe;J nfhs;syhk;.
jQ;ir tlGwk; cs;s tlthW> tPuNrho tlthW vd;W fy;ntl;Lfspy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpUg;gde;jhSf;f tlf;Nf nfhs;splj;jpypUe;J gpupAk; tlthW>
kJuhe;jf tlthW vdg; ngau; nfhz;lJ. tPu ehuhazd; tha;f;fhy;> tPu ehuhazd;
Vup Mfpait ,tdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lit. tPu ehuhazd; Vup jw;NghJ tPuhzk; Vup
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. tl Mu;f;fhL khtl;lk; Nrhopq;fGuj;jpy; Nrhopq;f thupjp
vd;w Vupia ,tNd cUthf;fpdhd; vd;W fy;ntl;Lfs; $Wfpd;wd.
ik#u;g; gFjpapy; Vup xd;W mikj;jjw;fhd nra;jpia khY}gl;ldh fy;ntl;L
$Wfpd;wJ. ca;af; nfhz;lhd; tha;ff ; hy; xU rkkl;lf; Nfhl;L tha;f;fhy; MFk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,e;j tha;f;fhy; mike;Js;s gFjp NkLk; gs;sKk; mike;jJ. Mw;WePu; mWj;J

Kiwaw;W ,Uf;Fk; ,lk;. ,q;F rkkl;lf;NfhL tha;f;fhy; mikf;Fk; El;gk;
mg;NghNj ,Ue;jik kpfTk; tpag;gpw;Fupa xd;W. Vnddpy; ePupay; Nfhl;ghLfs;
tsu;e;jJ 18Mk; E}w;whz;Lf; fhyj;jpy;jhd; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
“FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyj;Jf; fy;ntl;L cile;J Nghd Vupiag; guhkupg;gJ
gw;wp tpupthfr; nrhy;fpwJ. ,J Vup milf;f nghw;fhRfs; mspj;j
nra;jp $WfpwJ. ,f;fy;ntl;L fp.gp.1192 Mk; Mz;ilr; Nru;e;jJ.
,t;thwhf kd;du;fs; kl;Lky;yhJ nghJkf;fSk; ePu;g;ghrdg; gzpfspy;
kpFe;j <Lghl;Lld; nray;gl;Ls;sdu”;.;
(gh> g. Nt> g.27)
ehl;bd; nghUspay; ,e;j Ntshz;ikia itj;Nj ,aq;fpaJ. Ntshz;ikAk; mjw;F
%ykhd ghrdKk; gpw;fhyr; Nrhou;fspd; ,d;wpaikahj gzpahf ,Ue;Js;sJ.
ghz;ba kd;du;fspd; ghrdg; gzpfs;
jkpof tuyhw;wpNyNa ghz;bau; tuyhW kpf nebaJ. ghz;bau;fspd;
Muk;gfhy fy;ntl;Lfs; midj;Jk; jkpofj;jpd; njd;gFjpapy; fpilg;gjpypUe;Nj
mtu;fs; Kjypy; njd; gFjpapy; jhd; jq;fs; Mjpf;fj;ijr; nrYj;jpf;
nfhz;bUe;jhu;fs; vd;gJ njspthFk;. ghz;bau;fspd; jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lfspy; kpfTk;
goikahdJ kJiu itiff; fiuapy; fpilj;Js;s jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Nl MFk;. ,J
ghz;ba kd;dd; nropad; Nre;jd; fhyj;jpaJ. ,f;fy;ntl;L mk;kd;dd; itifapy;
kjF fl;baijAk;> mupNfrup vd;w fhy;thia ntl;baijAk; Fwpf;fpwJ.
gpw;fhyg; ghz;bau;fs; Vuskhd mizf;fl;Lfs; fl;bf; fhy;tha;fs;
ntl;bdhu;fs;. jpUf;NfhtpY}u; miz cs;s ,lj;jpy; kjF mikj;J tha;ff ; hy;
gpupj;jij tpf;fpuk ghz;bad; fy;ntl;L $WfpwJ. gthdp Mw;wpy; cs;s
fhypq;fuhad; mizf;fl;L gpw;fhyg; ghz;bau;fs; fhyj;jpaJ.
“gpw;fhyg; ghz;bau; fhyj;jpy; jhkpu tUzp Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf
NfhilNky; mofpahd; miz> ejpAz;zp miz> fd;dbad; miz
vd;W mizf;fl;LfSk; mjpypUe;J ghrd trjpaspf;Fk;
tha;f;fhy;fSk; ntl;lg;gl;ld. mit ,d;wsTk; gad;gLfpd;wd”.
(g.Nfh> j.gh.t> g.54)
ehQ;rpy; ehl;by; gioahw;wpd; FWf;Nf ghz;bad; miz> ghz;bad; vd
miof;fg;gLk; fhy;thAk; ghz;bau;fspd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpait. ghz;bad; miz
,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; Gjpa miz fl;lg;gl;L Gj;jd; miz vd;W ,g;NghJ
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ghz;bad; fhy;tha; ,d;Wk; ghrdj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
jkpo;ehl;bd; ghrd tuyhw;wpd; vl;br; rhj;jhd; vdg;gLk; ,Ug;igf;Fbf; fpotd;
jdJ Ml;rpapd; ngUk;gFjpia ePu;g;ghrdg; gzpf;fhfNt nrytpl;bUf;fpwhd;.
ehaf;f kd;du;fspd; ePu;g;ghrdg; gzpfs;
ghz;bau;fSf;Fg; gpd; kJiuapy; Ml;rpiag; gpbj;j ehaf;f kd;du;fs;
Ml;rpapy; gy ePu;g;ghrd gzpfSk; ele;Js;sd. jhkputUzp Mw;wpy; cs;s
mupaehafpGuk; mizf;fl;L> jstha; mupaehjuhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,Nj Nghy;
ghisad; mizf;fl;L ejpAz;zp mizf;fl;L Nghd;wit ehaf;fu; fhyj;ijr;
rhu;e;jitNa.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Fk;gNfhzk; kfhkff; Fsj;ijj; jQ;irapy; tho;e;j ehaf;f kd;dupd;

mikr;ruhd Nfhtpe;j jPl;rpju; mikj;jhu;. rpwe;j epu;thfpahd ,tiu ma;ad; vd
kf;fs; md;Gld; mioj;jdu;. ,tu; Mw;wpa nghJg;gzpfs; ma;ad;Fsk;> ma;ad;
tha;f;fhy;> ma;ad; fil vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ma;ad; tha;f;fhy; fhtpupapd;
tlGwj;jpy; Nkyizapy; gpupfpwJ. ,d;Wk; gy;yhapuk; Vf;fu; epyq;fSf;Fg; ghrd ePu;
toq;fp tUfpwJ.
jhkputUzp mizf;fl;Lfspd; njhopy;El;gk;
Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf miz fl;Ltjd; %yk; Mw;wpd; ePu;kl;lk; cau;e;J>
fhy;thapy; jz;zPu; ,aw;;ifahf gha;fpwJ. ,jdhy; Mw;iwtpl caukhd ,lj;jpy;
cs;s epyq;fSf;Fk;> Fsq;fSf;Fk; jz;zPu; gha;r;r KbfpwJ. ,e;Nehf;fj;NjhL
ghz;ba> ehaf;f kd;du;fshy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l jhkputUzp mizf;fl;Lfs;
,d;wsTk; gad; jUfpd;wd. ,ij njhlu;e;J Mq;fpNyau; fhyj;jpy; tup t#ypj;J
,yhgk; fz;ldu;. vdNt kf;fshy; tup nrYj;j KbahkYk; ePu; tuj;J kw;Wk;
mizf;fl;Lfis ruptu guhkupf;f KbahkYk; Jd;gg;gl;ldu;. tpLjiyf;Fg;gpd;
Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; tFj;J Vuhskhd ePu;j; Njf;fq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
KbTiu
kio Ntshz;ikapypUe;J ePupay; Ntshz;ik tiu ghrd tsu;r;rp
jkpou;fspd; mwptpay; njhopy; El;gj;ijr; Rl;LfpwJ. md;iwa njhopy; El;gq;fs;
,d;wsTk; Vw;Gilajhfr; nray;gLfpd;wd. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; kf;fs; njhifg;
ngUf;fj;jpd; fhuzkhfTk; kio tuj;J Fiwtjd; fhuzkhfTk; ,e;j
mizf;fl;Lfspd; guhkupg;G Fiwe;J tUfpwJ. vdNt muR ,jid ftdj;jpy;
nfhz;L ePu;g; ghrdq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdupd; tho;f;ifia
Nkk;gLj;j KbAk;. ,jidj; njhlu;e;J ,d;Dk; Vuhskhd Ma;Tfis elj;jp ekJ
ghuk;gupa mwptpaiy cyf kf;fs; czur; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
JizE}w; gl;bay;
Kidtu; tp.ehuhrd; (c.M) - gj;Jg;ghl;L>

epA+ nrQ;Rup Gf; `T]; (gp)ypl;>
41-gp>rpl;Nfh ,z;l];bupay; v];Nll;>
mk;gj;J}u;> nrd;id – 600 098.
,sk;G+uzdhu; ciu; (c.M) - njhy;fhg;gpak; nghUsjpfhuk;>
rhujh gjpg;gfk;>
[p-14> rhe;jp mlf;ffk;>
3> =fpU\;zhGuk; njU>
uhag;Ngl;il> nrd;id – 600 014.
Kidtu; ng.Rg;gpukzpad;; (c.M) - gupghly;>
mk;gj;J}u;> nrd;id – 600 098.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
v];.nfskhuP]tup(njh.M) - gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs;>

rhujh gjpg;gfk;>
[p-14> rhe;jp mlf;ffk;>
3> =fpU\;zhGuk; njU>
uhag;Ngl;il> nrd;id – 600 014.
Kidtu; m.Myp];(c.M) - gjpw;Wg;gj;J>
mk;gj;J}u;> nrd;id – 600 098.
g.Nfhkjp ehafk; - jkpofg; ghrd tuyhW>
];Nefh> 348>b.b.Nf rhiy>
,uhag;Ngl;il> nrd;id – 600 014.
ghkad; - goe;jkpou; Ntshz;ik>
G+Tyfpd; ez;gu;fs;>
106/1> Kjy; jsk;>
fdfJu;fh tzpf tshfk;>
tlgodp> nrd;id – 600 026.
r.kh.,uj;dNty;> =.it.eh.fs;sgpuhd; - ghrd Vupfspd; ghuk;gupaj;ijj; Njb….>
ghit gg;spNf\d;];>
16(142) [hdp [hd;fhd; rhiy>
,uhag;Ngl;il> nrd;id – 600 014.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,yq;ifapy; jkpo; mur kugpd; cUthf;fk; - mz;ikf;fhyj; njhy;ypaw;

fz;Lgpbg;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Ma;T
The Creation of the King’s Clan in Ilankai- An Analysis based on the Recent
Archaeological Findings
jpUkjp.rapjud; rpt&gp> njhy;ypay; tpupTiuahsu;

aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> ,yq;if.
Abstract
The article has been culled out by the inspiration to extract the creation of the King’s
Clan in Ilankai. It speaks of the generations of the kings from the past Tamil Pandian and
Chola kings to the later arrived Sinhala kings and the sub sects of Tamil people.
Nevertheless, the purpose of it is to bring out the glimpses from the archaeological evidences
of the clans.
Keywords: Creation, King’s Clan, Ilankai, Analysis, Archaeological Findings
jkpo;g; gz;ghL gw;wpa Ma;tpd; njhlf;f fhykhf rq;f fhyk;

nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. jkpo; tsu;r;rpapy; iky;fy;yhf ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;w rq;ffhyk; fhy
mbg;gilapy; vJntd;gijapl;L mwpQu;fspilNa NtWgl;l fUj;Jepiy
fhzg;gLfpd;w NghjpYk;>,g;gz;ghL MjpapUk;Gf; fhyg; gz;ghl;bd; Kjpu;rr ; p epiyapy;
Njhd;wpaij mg;gz;ghLk;> mg;gz;ghl;L kf;fs; gad;gLj;jp jkpo;g; gpuhkpapy;
vOjg;gl;l kl;ghz;lr; rhrdq;fSk; cWjp nra;fpd;wd. ,g;gpd;dzp jhd; jpuhtpl
nkhopfspy; Kjypy; Njhd;wpa tskhd jkpo; ,yf;fpakhd rq;f ,yf;fpak; Njhd;wf;
fhuzkhFk;. rq;f ,yf;fpaKk;> gpd; Njhd;wpa goe; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fSk;
gy;ytUf;F Kd; Ml;rpGupe;j %Nte;ju;fs;> ,UE}Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ,df;FOj;
jiytu;fs;> rpw;wuru;fs;> FUrpy;fs; vd;Nghupd; Ml;rp gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wd.
njd;dhrpahtpy; jkpofj;ij mLj;J mjd; rkfhyj;jpy; jkpo;> jkpou;> jkpo;
kd;du;fspd; Ml;rp gw;wpa rhd;Wfs; ,yq;ifapNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nghJthf
,yq;ifg; gz;ghL ,e;jpaj; njhlu;G nfhz;L tsu;e;jhYk;> mjd; Mjpfhy
,ilf;fhy murpay; tuyhW jkpofj;Jld; ,ize;J tsu;jjw;Nf rhd;Wfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;njhlu;ghy; rkfhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapYk; jkpo; mur kuG
Njhd;wpapUf;Fk; vdf; $wyhk;. rq;ffhyj; jkpofj;jpy; %Nte;ju; Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;j
NghJ rkfhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; cs;s mEuhjGuj;jpy; jkpo; kd;du;fSk; Ml;rp
Gupe;jJ gw;wpg; ghsp ,yf;fpaq;fs; $Wfpd;wd.
,yq;ifapd; Guhjd fhy gz;ghl;L tuyhw;iw mwptjpy; jPgtk;rk;> kfhtk;rk;>
#otk;rk; Nghd;w ghsp ,yf;fpaq;fs; Kf;fpa tuyhw;whjhukhfg; ghu;f;fg;gl;L
te;Js;sd. mjpy; kfhtk;rk; fp.K 6Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; fpl;lj;jl;l 1000
Mz;Lfhy tuyhw;iw cs;slf;fpa tifapy; ,yq;ifapd; g+u;tf P kf;fs;>ehfupf
cUthf;fk;> mur cUthf;fk; Nghd;w nra;jpfis $Wfpd;wJ. ,t;tpyf;fpak;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mEuhjGu ,uhr;rpaj;jpidAk;> ngsj;jkjj;jpidAk;> ngsj;j kjj;jpw;F njhz;lhw;wpa

kd;du;fisAk; kl;LNk fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;nlOe;jjhf fhzg;gLtjdhy;
kfhtk;rk; Nghd;w ghsp ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Muk;gfhy ,yq;ifapd; KO tuyhw;iwAk;
vjpu;ghu;f;f KbahjhFk;. mjhtJ Muk;gfhy ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;iwf; $Wfpd;w xU
KOikahd ,yf;fpakhf ghsp ,yf;fpaq;fs; mike;jpUf;ftpy;iy. vdpDk;
,t;tpyf;fpaq;fspy; NjitfUjp jkpo; kd;du;fs; gw;wpAk;> njd;dpe;jpah Fwpg;ghf
jkpo;ehL muRfSlhd mEuhjGu njhlu;Gfs; gw;wpAk;> mEuhjGuk; jtpu;e;j
gpuNjrq;fs; gw;wpAk; Mq;fhq;Nf fhzg;gLk; Fwpg;Gf;fspidf; nfhz;L mEuhjGu
murpd; jkpo; kd;du;fs; gw;wp xusNtDk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. ngsj;j kjk;
gw;wpa nra;jpfisf; fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;nlOe;j ghsp ,yf;fpaq;fspYk;> gpuhkpf;
fy;ntl;Lf;fspYk; jkpou;fs; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ltu;fspd; ngau;fs; ngUk;ghYk;
ngsj;j rka nkhopahfpa gpuhfpUjnkhop ngau;fshfTk;>gpuhfpUjkag;gLj;jg;gl;l
jkpo;g; ngau;fshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thW Fwpg;gplg;gl;ltu;fspd; ngau;fs; $l
jkpou;fs; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;glhj VidNahu;fspd; ngau;fshftpsq;fpaikAk; ,q;F
Rl;bf;fhl;lj;jf;fJ. ghsp ,yf;fpaq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ
,uhrjhdpahf tpsq;fpa mEuhjGu murpy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;w jkpo; kd;du;fshf
gpd;tUNthiu milahsk; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
1. Fjpiu tu;j;jfj;jpy; <Lgl;ltu;fspd; gps;isfshd Nrd (Sena) Fj;jf (Guttaka)
(fp.K237 – 214) vd;Nghu; mEuhjGuj;jpy; Ml;rp nra;j #ujp];] (Suratissa)
kd;did ngUk;gilAld; te;J ntw;wp nfhz;L 22 tUlq;fs; ePjp jtwhJ Ml;rp
nra;jpUe;jdu;.
2. Nrho cau; Fbapy; gpwe;j vy;yhs kd;dd; (fp.K 145 – 101) Ml;rpapypUe;j
mNryh kd;did ntw;wp nfhz;L 44 Mz;Lfs; ePjpjtwhJ Ml;rp nra;jpUe;jhd;.
,d;W tiuAk; ,yq;iftho; jkpo; rpq;fs kf;fspilNa vy;yhsd; kd;dd;
gw;wpa fijfSk;> epidTfSk; tho;e;J nfhz;bUg;gjid fhzKbfpd;wJ.
3. Jl;lfhkpdp kd;dd; vy;yhs kd;dDf;F vjpuhf Nghuhba nghOJ
njd;dpyq;ifapy; 32 jkpo;r; rpw;wuru;fis ntw;wp nfhz;ljd; gpd;dNu vy;yhs
kd;did ntw;wp nfhz;ljhf tUk; nra;jp.
4. tl;lfhkpdpapd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; (fp.K 104) khNjhl;lj;jpy; te;jpwq;fpa VO
jkpou;fspy; xUtd; tl;lfhkpdpapd; kidtpAlDk;> ,d;ndhUtd; Gj;juJ
gpr;rhghj;jpuj;JlDk; kWfiuf;Fj; jpUk;gpr; nry;y> Vida Ie;J jkpou;fshd
Gyfj;jh (Pulahattha) ghfpa (Bahiya)> gzakhw (Panayamara) gpizakhw
(Pilayamara) jhbf(Dathika) vd;Nghu; 14 tUlq;fs; VO khjq;fshf (fp.gp
102 – 87) Ml;rpnra;jpUe;jik.
5. tl;lfhkpdp kd;dd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Nuhfzj;jpypUe;J Ml;rp Gupe;j jp]d;
vd;w gpuhkzd;.
6. mDyh Njtp vd;w murpahy; epakpf;fg;gl;l tLf (Vatuka) (fp.gp 47) vd;Nghdpd;
xU tUlKk; MW khjq;fSkhd Ml;rp.
7. mDyh Njtp tLf vd;Nghidf; nfhd;W tpl;L muz;kizg; GNuhfpjuhd
(jkpsuhI) ePypa vd;Nghid (Niliya) murdhf epakpj;jpUe;jhs;. ,td; MW
khjq;fs; kl;LNk Ml;rp nra;jpUe;jhd;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
8. ,sehfd; vd;w kd;dd; kWfiuf;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;W %d;W Mz;Lfspd; gpd;

ngUk;gilAld; te;jJld;> mEuhjGu murpy; MW tUlq;fs; (fp.gp 38 -44)Ml;rp
nra;jpUe;jhd;. ,tDila kidtp ngau; jkpohNjtp vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLtjpypUe;J
mtnshU jkpo; ngz;zhf mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
kfhtk;rk; fpwp];Jtpw;;F Kw;gl;l E}w;whz;LfspypUe;J mEuhjGu murpy; jkpo;>
rpq;fs kd;du;fs; khwp khwp Ml;rp Gupe;j tuyhw;iwNa Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mjpYk;
Fwpg;ghf fp.K 2Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; fp.gp 1Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuahd
fhyg;gFjpapy; gj;J jkpo; kd;du;fs; 80 Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhf Ml;rp Gupe;jjhf
mwpaKbfpd;wJ. Nrd> Fj;jpf> vyhuh> ghfpa> gioakhw> gpioakhw> jhjpf> ePypa>
tLf> jp] vd ghsp ,yf;fpaq;fspy; $wg;gl;l ,t;jkpo; kd;du;fspd; ngau;fs;
KiwNa jkpopy; Nrdd;> Fj;jpfd;> vy;yhsd;> Gyfjd;> ghfpad;> gioakhwd;>
gpioakhwd;>jhjpfd;> ePypad;> tLfd;> jp]d; vd mwpag;gLk;. NkYk; ,yq;ifapy;
Ml;rp Gupe;j jkpo;> rpq;fs kd;du;fs; Ml;rpAupik ,oe;j Nghnjy;yhk;> jkJ
Ml;rpAupikapid epiyehl;Ltjd; nghUl;L mbf;fb jkpo; ehl;bw;F nrd;W gilAld;
te;j tuyhw;iwAk; ghspE}y;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. kfhtk;rk; fpwp];Jtpw;F Kw;gl;l
E}w;whz;LfspNyNa ,e;jpahTldhd njhlu;Gfs; gw;wp Fwpg;ghf tl,e;jpahTldhd
njhlu;Gfis Kf;fpag;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; njd;dpe;jpa njhlu;Gfis kiwKfkhfNt
$wpepw;fpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf fp.K 6Mk; E}w;whz;by; tl,e;jpahtpypUe;J te;j
tpIaDk; mtdJ 700 Njhou;fspd; tUifAld; ,yq;ifapd; ehfupf cUthf;fk;
Vw;gl;ljhf $wpepw;Fk; ghspE}y;fs; mtu;fs; kzKbg;gjd; nghUl;L ghz;ba ,sturp
cl;gl 700 kzg;ngz;fs; tutiof;fg;gl;ljidAk;> mtu;fSld; Nru;e;J 18njhopy;
njupe;j 1000 njhopy; tpidQu;fSk; jkpo; ehl;bypUe;J te;jjhfNt Fwpg;gpLtJk;
,q;F Nehf;fj;jf;fJ. MapDk; Nkw;$wg;gl;l jkpo; kd;du;fis ghsp ,yf;fpaq;fs;
,yq;iff;Fupa Ml;rpahsu;fs; vdf; $whJ mf;fiuapy; (jkpofj;jpy;)> Nrho> ghz;ba
ehl;by; ,Ue;J gilnaLg;ghshuhf> tu;j;jfu;fshf> Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fshf te;J
,yq;ifapd; Ml;rpAupikiag; ngw;w md;dpau; vd;Nw $Wfpd;wd.
ghsp ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; ,t;jkpo; kd;du;fSila ngau;fisnaj;j
ngau;fs; rkfhyj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy; fhzg;gl;ljw;fhd rhd;Wfs;
fhzg;gltpy;iynad;Wk; Mdhy; <oj;jpy; tho;e;j jkpou;fspilNa Nkw;$wg;gl;l
ngau;fspy; FWepyj; jiytu;fs;> murmjpfhupfs;> fg;gy; jiytu;fs;> fg;gNyhl;bfs;
vd r%fj;jpy; cau;e;j epiyapypUe;jjw;fhd Mjhuq;fspidAk; njhy;ypay;
rhd;Wfspd; mbg;gilapy; Nguhrpau;.G];gul;zk; (2001) mtu;fs; vLj;Jf;fhl;b
tpsf;fpAs;shu;. NkYk; mtu; Fwpg;gpLifapy; rpq;fs kd;du;fis RNjrpfshfTk;>jkpo;
kd;du;fis jkpo; ehl;bw;Fupatu;fshfTk; Fwpg;gpLtjw;F> rpq;fs kd;du;fs;
njd;dpyq;ifapy; rpw;wuru;fshf ,Ue;J gpd;du; mEuhjGuj;ij ntw;wp nfhz;L Ml;rp
nra;jij cz;ikahd tuyhwhf nfhz;lhy; rkfhyj;jpy; jkpo;r; rpw;wuru;fs;
njd;dpyq;if> tl,yq;ifapy; Ml;rpahsu;fshf ,Ue;J fhyg;Nghf;fpy;
mEuhjGuj;ijAk; ntw;wp nfhz;L Ml;rpGupe;jjd; mbg;gilapy; mtu;fis Vd;
,yq;if kd;du;fshf nfhs;sKbahnjd Nfs;tpnaOg;gpAs;sikAk; ,q;F
Rl;bf;fhl;lj;jf;fjhFk;. ,t;tpdhtpw;F tpilaspg;gjd; nghUl;L rkfhyj;jpw;Fupa
gpuhkpf;fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> ehzaq;fis Mjhukhf vLj;Jf;fhl;b tpsf;fpAs;shu;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,yq;ifapy; Ml;rpGupe;j njhlf;ffhy jkpo; kd;du;fis jkpo;ehl;Lld;

njhlu;GgLj;Jtjid tpl ,yq;ifAld; njhlu;GgLj;jp Muha;tNj nghUj;jkhf
njuptjd; mbg;gilapYk; rkfhyj;jpw;Fupa jkpof Mjhuq;fSld; xg;gpl;lhuha;tjpy;
fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfSk; Fwpg;ghf gy;ytu; Ml;rpf;F Kd;du; jkpofj;jpd; ,aw;if
vy;iyiaj; jhz;b ,d;ndhU ehl;bd; Ml;rpAupikia gilnfhz;L ifg;gw;Wk;
mstpw;F jkpofj;jpy; gykhd muR Njhd;wtpy;iynad;gJk;> NkYk; fhjiyAk;>
tPuj;ijAk; Nghw;wpg;ghLk; goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,yq;ifAldhd tu;j;jf> gz;ghl;L
cwTfisf; $wpa NghJk; ,yq;ifAldhd murpay; cwT gw;wpNah my;yJ jkpof
Ml;rpahsu;fs; ,yq;if kPJ gilnaLj;J Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpaJ gw;wpNah ve;j
,lj;jpYk; $wtpy;iy. ,e;j NtWghLfs; ,yq;ifapy; Ml;rp Gupe;j jkpo; kd;du;fs;
gw;wpg; ghsp ,yf;fpa tuyhw;Wf; fijfis kPs;thrpg;gpw;F cl;gLj;j
J}z;Lfpd;wnjdyhk;.
,jdhy; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l Ma;TfspypUe;J Fwpg;ghf MjpapUk;Gf;fhy
gz;ghl;L gpd;ddpapypUe;J ,yq;ifapd; mur cUthf;fj;jpid Muha;tNj
nghUj;jkhdjhFk;. ,yq;ifapd; MjpapUk;Gf;fhyg; gz;ghL gw;wpa mz;ikf;fhy
Ma;Tfs; Fwpg;ghf jkpoupd; G+u;tPf tuyhW> gz;ghL gw;wpa Ma;tpw;Fg; GJntspr;r
%l;Ltjhf cs;sJ. jkpofg; gz;ghl;bd; xU ghfkhfg; ghu;f;fg;gLk; ,yq;ifapd;
MjpapUk;Gf;fhyg; gz;ghl;bd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fs; xU gpuhe;jpaj;jpw;Fupa gz;ghlhfNt
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. njd;dpe;jpa> ,yq;if MjpapUk;Gf;fhyg; gz;ghL gw;wp tpupthd
Ma;T nra;j fyhepjpRju;rd; nrtpaul;d‘mbg;gil cNyhfj; njhopEl;gk;> ,Uk;gpd;
cgNahfk;> kl;ghz;l nra;if cgfuzq;fs;> new;gapu;r;nra;if cgfuzq;fs;>
ePu;g;ghrd Kiwik> rpWifj;njhopy;> Gjpa epiyahd FbapUg;Gfs;> gz;lkhw;W
tu;j;jf ikaq;fs;> FWepy muRfspd; Njhw;wk;> Fjpiuapd; mwpKfKk;> Gjpa
rtmlf;fKiw vd;gdtw;iw ,g;gz;ghl;bd; Kf;fpa $Wfshf vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;shu;.
Nguhrpupau; ,e;jpughyh MjpapUk;Gf; fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l gz;ghl;L tsu;r;rpepiy gw;wp
Fwpg;gpLifapy; ‘nkhop> vOj;J> njhopy;El;gk;> gapu;r;nra;if Nghd;w Kf;fpakhd
Jiwfspy; ngUk; Kd;Ndw;wq;fSk;> khw;wq;fSk; Vw;gl;l fhyk; vdTk; MjpapUk;Gf;
fhyj;jpy; murpay;> r%f> gz;ghl;L khw;wq;fs; gy mf;fhyj;jpy; epfo;e;jjdhy;
fw;fhy kf;fs; ngupJk; Kd;NdwpapUe;jdu;. ,jdhy; ,yq;if kf;fspilNa
ehfupfk;Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,j;jifa tsu;r;rpia Mupau; te;J FbNawpajd;
tpisthf njhlq;fpa tuyhwhf ,Jtiu tuyhw;W mwpQu;fs; $wpte;jik
nghUj;jkw;wJ. Mupau; vd;Nghu; ,yq;if te;jnjd;gjw;F ,lNkapy;iy.
ntspapypUe;J ngUe;njhifahd kf;fs; te;J FbNawpajw;Nfh> Kd;te;j kf;fs;
mopf;fg;gl;ljw;Nf njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; ,y;iy’ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhu;
(,e;jpughyh.f>2006).
,g;gpd;ddpapy; ,yq;ifapd; ehfupf cUthf;fj;jpid ,ilf;fw;fhyj;jpid
mLj;J Njhd;wpa MjpapUk;Gf; fhyj;Jld; njhlu;GgLj;jpg; ghu;g;gNj nghUj;jkhf
miktJld; mjd; tsu;r;rpepiyapyhd mk;rq;fshfNt ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk;
murcUthf;fj;jpid ghu;f;f KbAk;.,it ,df;FO epiyapy; ,Ue;J muR
Njhd;Wtjw;F ,ilg;gl;l FWepy muRfspd; Ml;rpahfTk; tpsq;fpapUe;jd. jkpof
mur kugpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp Muha;e;j mwpQu;fs; mtw;wpd; njhlf;fj;jpw;F


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
MjpapUk;Gf; fhyg; gz;ghl;ilr; rhd;whff; fhl;Lfpd;wdu;. ,yq;ifapd; mur

cUthf;fk; gw;wp Muha;e;j ,yq;if mwpQu; Rju;rd; nrdptul;dhTk; ,g;gz;ghl;ilNa
Mjhukhff; nfhs;fpwhu;.,j;jifnjhU epiyg;ghl;bidNa Nguhrpupau;fshd ny];yp
Fztu;j;jd> njuzpafy> rpuhd; njuzpafy> ,e;jpughyh> rpw;wk;gyk;> G];gul;zk;
Nghd;Nwhu;fsJ Ma;TfSk; ntspg;gLj;jp epw;fpd;wd.MjpapUk;Gf;fhyg; gz;ghl;by;
ngupJk; tsu;r;rpaile;jpUe;j nghUshjhu mk;rkhdJ r%fj;jpid gy;NtW tsu;r;rp
epiyf;F vLj;Jr; nrd;wd vdTk;> ,J r%fj;jpd; fl;likg;gpy; gy;NtW FOf;fspd;
Njhw;w vOr;rpiaAk; kd;du;>Ntspu;> Nte;ju; Nghd;w murcUthf;fj;jpw;Fk;
toptFj;jnjd Nguhrpupau; uhId; mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jikAk; ,t;tplj;jpy;
Nehf;fj;jf;fjhFk; (uhId;>fh.> 2012).
MjpapUk;Gf;fhy tsu;r;rp epiyapy; jkpofj;jpYk;> ,yq;ifapd; tlNkw;F
fiuapYk; tu;j;jf gz;ghl;L tsu;r;rpapd; gpd;ddpapy; FWepy muRfs; Njhw;wk;
ngw;wpUe;jd. mit jkpofj;jpd; jpUney;Ntypf; fiuapy; mike;jpUe;j kjpiuAk;
(gpw;fhy ghz;ba muR) mjw;F Neu;nujpNu mike;jpUe;j tlNkw;fpyq;ifapd;
jk;ggz;zpAkhFk;. ,t;tpU ikaq;fSf;FkpilNa Vw;gl;ltu;j;jf> murpay;
njhlu;Gfspd;; gpd;ddpNa tpIad;> gz;Lfhgad; fijfs; Njhw;wk; ngwf; fhuzkhf
mike;jpUf;Fk;. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,t;tpU ikaq;fspYk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wpUe;j FWepy
muRfs; cs;Nehf;fp gutyile;jJld; mq;F fpilf;fg;ngw;w ,aw;if tsq;fspd;
rhjfjd;ik fhuzkhf tYthd murhf khw;wk; ngw;wpUe;jd. jk;ggz;zpapy;
Njhw;wk; ngw;wpUe;j muR cs;Nehf;fp efUk; NghJ mEuhjfhk vd;w ngaupy;
(fpNuf;f> cNuhku; Fwpg;gpLk; Anouragrammon) Gjpa FWepy muR Njhd;wp>
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ePu;g;ghrd njhopy;El;gj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l tYthd murhf
khwpajdhy; jk;ggz;zp kw;Wk; khe;ij JiwKfj;jpid cs;slf;fp tsu;r;rp
ngw;wpUe;jJ (,e;jpughyh.f. 2006). tl,yq;ifapYk; FWepy muR xd;W ,Ue;j
nra;jpapid ]k;Nkh`tpNehjdP vd;w E}ypy; tUk; fij ehfjPg vdg; ghspapy;
toq;Fk; ehfjPtpy; jPguh[ (gpd;du; jkpopy; jPgj;jiuad;) vd;w tpUijg; ngw;w xU
Ml;rpahsd; gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wJ. jPguh[ vd;w tpUijg; ngw;w Ml;rpahsd; xUtidg;
gw;wp kpfpe;jiyapYs;s gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;nlhd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. NkYk;; 1980fspy;
Nguhrpupau; ,e;jpughyh jyikapy; Midf;Nfhl;ilapy; ,lk;ngw;w
njhy;ypayha;thdJ tl,yq;ifapd; Kf;fpa MjpapUk;Gf;fhy ikakhf
Midf;Nfhl;ilia milahsg;gLj;jpaJ. ,q;F ,dq;fhzg;gl;l rtmlf;fk; xd;wpy;
fpilf;fg;ngw;w vYk;Gf;$Lk;> jkpo;g; gpuhkp vOj;jpy; ‘NfhNtj’ vd nghwpf;fg;gl;l
Kj;jpiu NkhjpuKk; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; FWepy kd;dd; xUtdpd; Ml;rp ,lk;ngw;wjid
vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;sJ. ,t;rtmlf;fk; gw;wp fUj;J njuptpj;j Nguhrpupau; ,e;jpughyh
‘rtmlf;fk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Midf;Nfhl;ilg; gFjpahdJ xU FWepyj;jiytdpd;
mjpfhu gPlkhf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk; my;yJ fe;jNuhilia mjpfhu gPlkhff; nfhz;l
FWepyj;jiytd; Midf;Nfhl;ilg; gFjpapy; tzpf eltbf;iffspy; <LgLtjw;fhd
Jiw xd;iwj; jd; Mizf;F cl;gLj;jpapUf;fyhk;’ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhu;
(,e;jpughyh.f> 2006).
rq;ffhyj;jpw;F rkdhd fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifapy; Ml;rpapypUe;j
kd;du;fspy; ngUk;ghyNdu; ‘ehf’ vd;w ngaiu gpd;ndhl;Lr; nrhy;yhf


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nfhz;bUe;jikf;F ghsp ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gy rhd;Wfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf

Njtek;gpajP]dpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd; gpd;du; <oj;J kd;du;fspy; gyu; Jy;yj;jehf
(fp.K 119)> fy;yj;jehf (fp.K 109 – 103)> Nrhwehf (fp.K 63 – 51)> kfhehf (fp.gp
07 – 19)> ,sehf (fp.gp 33 – 43)> ky;yfehf (fp.gp 136 – 143)> FIehf (fp.gp 186 –
187)> FQ;rehf (fp.gp 187 – 189)>KjyhtJ =ehf (fp.gp 189 – 209)> mgaehf (fp.gp
231 – 240)> =ehf (fp.gp 240 – 242) Nghd;w ngau;fspidf; nfhz;bUe;jjhf
mwpaKbfpd;wJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpYk;> rkfhyg; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspYk; ehfd;>
ehfu; vd;w ngau;fs; FWepyj; jiytu;fSlDk;> Gytu;fSlDk; ehL> efu;> Cu;
Mfpa ,lg;ngau;fSlDk;; ,ize;J tUfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. ehf vd;w
ngaiuj; jhq;fpNahu; fpwp];jt rfhg;jj;jpw;F Kd;dNu ,yq;if KOtJk;
fhzg;gl;bUe;jjid ,q;F fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; 200
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ‘ehf’ vd;w ngaiu gyjug;gl;l kf;fSk; jdpegu; Kd;ndhl;L
my;yJ gpd;ndhl;Lg; ngauhf gad;gLj;jpaikf;F Mjhuq;fs; fhzg;gLtJld;>
mtu;fs; ,df;FOj;jiytu;fs;> rpw;wuru;fs;> murmjpfhupfs; vd cau;
gjtpapypUe;jjid ,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fs; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,f;fUj;jpid ,yq;ifapy;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gpuhkpvOj;Jg; nghwpj;j ehzaq;fs; NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ehf vd;w ngau; gpuhfpUj nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;bUg;gpDk; rpy
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; jkpofj;ijg; Nghy; ,g;ngau; ‘e(h)f> ehf> zhf’ vd jkpo;g;gLj;jpAk;
vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. tTdpah khtl;lj;jpYs;s Gspaq;Fsj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l 35
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ehd;F fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ,g;gFjpapy; fhzg;gl;l ehf rpw;wuR gw;wpa
nra;jpapidj; jUfpd;wd. mjpy; xU fy;ntl;by; mEujpapd; jfg;gdhd u[ehf
vd;gtDld; mtspd; fztdhd cjpAk;> mtdJ kidtp mgpmDujpAk; ,jpy;
tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ehfmurpd; topj;Njhd;wyhfpa mDujp gw;wpa nra;jpahdJ
ehl;bd; Vida gFjpfspy;ehf kuG fhzg;gl;lJ Nghd;W ehfjPgg; (tl,yq;if)
gFjpapYk; ehfmuR fhzg;gl;lijNa vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
njd;dhrpah ehLfSf;Fs; nghJthdnjhU gz;ghlhf tpsq;fpapUe;j ehfkuG
(ehfj;ij FykuGj; nja;tkhf nfhz;l kf;fs;) ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; NtWgl;l
fhykstpy; Njhd;wpa nrk;Gf;fhy> Ez;fw;fhy> ngUq;fw;fhy gz;ghLfSld;,izj;J
ghu;f;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd(G];gul;zk;> 2017). fyhepjp rpuhd; njuzpafy ehfu;fNs
,yq;iff;F ngUq;fw;fhyg; gz;ghl;ilg; gug;gpatu;fs; vdf; $Wfpwhu;. Nguhrpupau;
,e;jpughyh ngsj;j nkhopahd gpuhfpUj nkhopia Vw;Wf; nfhz;l kf;fs; mk;nkhop
rhu;e;j ,df;FOthf cUthfpf; nfhz;bUe;j NghJ ehf,dkf;fs; jkpo; nkhop NgRk;
,df;FOthf cUthfp tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fspy; thoj; njhlq;fpdu; vdf;
$Wfpwhu;. mz;ikapy; aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; njhy;ypay; gpuptpdu;
Nguhrpupau; G];gul;zk; jyikapy; tl,yq;ifapd; fl;Lf;fiu> ehfgLthd; Mfpa
gFjpfspy; Nkw;nfhz;l njhy;ypay; mfo;tha;Tfspy; - 2016> 2017 ehfkuG gw;wpa
fzprkhd njhy;ypay; Mjhuq;fs; fpilf;fg;ngw;wpUe;jd. ,itgw;wp Nguhrpupau;
G];gul;zk;> 2017 fUj;J njuptpf;ifapy; ‘,yq;ifj; jkpou; jkpo; ehl;bypUe;J
jkpo;nkhop NgRk; kf;fshf tUtjw;F Kd;dNu mtu;fspd; %jhijapdu; ,yq;ifapy;
tho;e;Js;sdu; vd;gij vLj;Jf; fhl;LtjhfTk; mjw;Fg; ngUq;fw;fhyg; gz;ghl;Lld;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
cUthd ehfkuNg fhuzk; vdTk;> ,g;gz;ghL ,yq;ifapy; 60f;F Nkw;gl;l

,lq;fspy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lhYk; ehfkuig milahsg;gLj;Jk; njhy;ypay;
Mjhuq;fs; fl;Lf;fiu> ehfgLtdpNyNa mjpfstpy; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd’ vdf;
Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhu;. ,t;tifahd Mjhuq;fs; ehfkuG Vida gFjpfis tpl
tlgFjpapy; nry;thf;Fld; fhzg;gl;ljidAk;> mjdhNyNa ,g;gFjp ehfjPgk;>
ehfehL vd miof;fg;gl;L te;jjhf mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa mk;rq;fspd;
fhuzkhfNtkfhtk;rk;> kzpNkfiy> rpyg;gjpfhuk; Nghd;w ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ehfkuG
gw;wpa nra;jpfs; IjPfq;fshf gpujpgypj;jpUe;jd. mJkl;Lkd;wp njhlu;e;Jk;
tl,yq;ifapy; ehfkuG epiyj;jpUe;jikf;fhd Mjhuq;fs; fhzg;gLtJk;
,g;gFjpapd; njhd;ikf;F rhd;whFk;. ,t;thwhf ,yq;ifapd; njhlf;ffhy gz;ghL
gw;wpa Ma;tpy; ehfkuG gw;wpa Ma;T Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ,lj;jpidg; ngw;wpUg;gjid
gpuhkpf;fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> ehzaq;fs;> ghsp> jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Nghd;w Mjhuq;fs;
ntspg;gLj;jp epw;fpd;wd. ,jd;gpd;ddpapy; ,yq;ifapd; mur cUthf;fk; gw;wp
mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf jkpo; kd;du;fSila mur cUthf;fj;jpid ehfkuGld;
njhlu;GgLj;jp Muha;tJ nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.
jkpo;nkhopapd; njhd;ikia epWTtjpy; fp.K 3Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J
gad;ghl;Lf;F te;jjhff; fUjg;gLk; gpuhkpf;fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd.
jkpo;ehl;by; kl;Lk; gad;ghl;bypUe;j jkpo;g;gpuhkp tuptbtj;jpw;Nf rpwg;ghd ,> k> s>
o> w> d Nghd;w vOj;Jf;fs; ngUksTf;F ,yq;ifg; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspYk;>
kl;ghz;lq;fspYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gjdhy; rkfhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapYk;
jkpo;nkhopapd; gad;ghL ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;. ,jw;F ,j;jkpo;g;gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs; kl;Lkd;wp
rq;f,yf;fpaj;jpy; tUk; ngau;fNshL njhlu;GgLj;jf;$ba Ma;> Nts;> gUkf
(ngUkfd;)> gUkfs; (ngUkfs;)> kUkfd;> ry` (rfyd;)> guj (gujtu;> gutu;)> cjp>
cjpa (cjpad;)> Fb Nghd;w r%fk;> tk;rk;> gl;lk; jdpegu; rhu;e;j ngau;fs; rpwe;j
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ,g;ngaUf;Fupatu;fs; MSk;tu;ff ; khf> mjpfhuk; kpf;f
jiytu;fshf>mf;fhy r%fj;jpy; kjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;> mtu;fs; tfpj;j gjtpfs;>
gl;lq;fs; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd (G];gul;zk;.g> 2003).
,yq;ifapd; MjpapUk;Gf; fhyg; gz;ghl;bd; Kjpu;rr ; papy; gpuhkp vOj;J> jkpo;
nkhop njhlu;ghd rhd;Wfs; mEuhjGuk;> G+efup> fe;jNuhil Kjyhd ,lq;fspy;
fpilj;jpUg;gJk; jkpo; mur kugpd; njhlf;fj;ij Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;LfpwJ vdyhk;.
,f;fUj;ij NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,g;gz;ghl;L ikaq;fspy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l
gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfs;> gpuhkp vOj;Jg; nghwpj;j ehzaq;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
ngWfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapy; Vwj;jho 1500 f;F Nkw;gl;l gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;Ws; ngUk;ghyhd fy;ntl;Lf;fs; MjpapUk;Gf;fhyg;
gz;ghl;L ikaq;fspy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;litahFk;. ,yq;ifapy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l
gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy; ‘Nts;’ vd;w jkpo;g; ngau;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapy; ngUq;fw;fhyg; gz;ghl;Lld; Vw;gl;l Fs ePu;g;ghrdk;
kw;Wk; thzpg tsu;r;rpapdhy; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpaile;j gpuNjrq;fspy; Nts;
Njhd;wpanjd fUj KbAk;. ,jid cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Kfkhf g+efupapy; gukd;fpuha;
vd;w ,lj;jpy; fpilf;fg;ngw;w kl;ghz;l Jz;Lfspy; ,U ,lq;fspy; jkpo;g;gpuhkp
vOj;jpy; Nts; (Ntshd;) vd;w nrhy; fhzg;gl;bUe;jjidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
(G];gul;zk;.g> 1993).Nts; gw;wpa ngUk;ghyhd fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ngUq;fw;fhy

ikaq;fspNyNa fpilf;fg;ngw;wpUe;jJ. jkpofj;jpy; Nts;> Ntspu; vd;w nrhy;ypid
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpYk;> khq;Fsk;> f&u;> kWfhy;jiy> Nkl;Lg;gl;b (fp.K 3-2 Mk;
E}w;whz;Lf;Fupad) Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fpilf;fg;ngw;w gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspYk; fhz
Kbfpd;wJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspYk;> ghsp ,yf;fpaq;fspYk;> gpuhkpf;
fy;ntl;Lf;fspYk; fhzg;gLk; Nts; vd;w ngau; FWepy kd;ddhf> mjpfhuk;kpf;f
jiytdhf kl;Lkd;wp r%fj;jpy; nry;thf;F kpf;f gpw jiytu;fisAk; Fwpf;fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik gw;wpAk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; ,g;ngau; jdpegu; ngau;fspd;
gpd;ndhl;L> Kd;ndhl;Lr; nrhw;fshf fhzg;gl;lik gw;wpAk;> jkpo; kd;du;fs; gw;wpa
Ma;tpy; Vida FWepy kd;du;fs; ngwhj Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid Nts; kugpdu;
ngw;wpUe;jik gw;wpAk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. jkpo;g; gpuhkpapy; mike;j ,g;ngau; rq;f
fhyj;ij xj;j Nts; Ml;rp ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;jij cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ. Nguhrpupau;
nrz;gfyl;Rkp Nts; vd;w ngau; muridf; Fwpj;j gl;lg; ngau; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;L
tlnkhopapy; uh[h vd;w gl;lk; vd;d nghUisf; nfhz;Ls;sNjh mg;nghUisNa
jkpopy; Nts; vd;w gl;lg;ngaUk; nfhz;Ls;sjhff; $Wfpwhu;. ,yq;ifapy; Nts;
Ml;rp ,Ue;jjhff; $Wk; fyhepjp G+q;Fd;wd; mjw;F gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fpy; tUk;
ngaUld; kfhtk;rj;jpy; tUk; Nts; ehL NtSf;FupaJ vd;w Fwpg;igAk; Mjhukhff;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. Ntspiug; Nghd;W ‘Ma;’ vd;w ,df;FOtpdUk; njd;dpyq;ifapy;
rpw;wuru;fshf ,Ue;Js;sdu; vd;gij ,q;F fpilf;fg;gl;l gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd (rpw;wk;gyk;.rp.f> 1994).
,yq;ifapy; jkpo; mur kuG ,Ue;jij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; ,d;ndhU Kf;fpa
Mjhuk; gpuhkp vOj;Jg; nghwpj;j jkpo; ehzaq;fshFk;. ,e;ehzaq;fs;
njd;dpyq;ifapy; mf;FWnfhl> tl,yq;ifapy; fe;jNuhil> G+efup>cLj;Jiw
Kjyhd ,lq;fspy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mjpfhy> ,ilf;fhy tuyhw;wpy;
ehzaq;fs; nghJthf rpw;wurhy;> ngUk; muRfshy; my;yJ mur mDkjp ngw;w
tzpfuhy; ntspaplg;gl;lit. ,yq;ifapd; njhlf;ffhy ehzaq;fis nfhl;wpq;ud;
(1924) Nghd;w ehzatpayhsu;fs; rpq;f cUtk; Nghd;w ehzaq;fspy; tUk;
rpd;dq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mit rpq;fs kd;du;fshy; ntspaplg;gl;lit
vdTk;> jkpo; ehzaq;fis jkpofj;Jld; nfhz;bUe;j murpay;> tu;j;jf> gz;ghl;Lg;
gpd;Gyj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; jkpofj;jpypUe;J nfhz;Ltug;gl;litahfNt
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wdu;. njd;dpyq;ifapy; gz;ila ,uhrjhdp mike;j cUFizg;
gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;;s mf;FWnfhltpy; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd gpuhkp vOj;Jg; nghwpj;j
ehzaq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. ,t;ehzaq;fspy; ehd;F ehzaq;fs; ‘md;’ vd;w
tpFjpAld; KbtilAk; jkpo;g;ngau;fis nfhz;Ls;sd. mit cjpud;> kfhrhj;jd;>
fgjpf[gd;> rlehfd; Kjyhd jkpo; ngau;fs; jkpOf;Fupa gpuhkp vOj;jpy;
nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;jkpo; ehzaq;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp ,e;jpa
njhy;ypayhsuhd kfhNjtd; (2000)‘jkpo; gpuhkpf;Nf rpwg;ghd ‘zfuk;’ kw;Wk; ‘md;’
vd;W Kbtiltjd; fhuzkhf ,it midj;Jk; jkpo;g;ngau;fnsdTk;> jkpo;ehl;by;
fpilf;fg;ngw;w ,U ghz;ba ngUtOjp ehzaq;fisg; Nghy; ,itAk; fp.K 2Mk;
E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j njhlf;f fhy ehzaq;fshf fhzg;gLtjhfTk;>mit
njd;dpyq;ifapy; FbNawpa jkpo; tzpf FOf;fshy;> jkpo; nkhopapy; jq;fs;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ngaupy; ehzaq;fs; ntspapLk; cupikiaj; njd;dpyq;ifapy; FbNawpa tzpff;

FOf;fspd; jiytu;fs; ngw;wpUe;jdu;’ vdTk; ,t;ehzaq;fspd; tuyhw;W
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;Jtk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhu;. vdpDk; jkpo; ehl;bypUe;J
njd;dpyq;ifapy; FbNawpa tzpfu;fshy; ntspaplg;gl;l ehzaq;fs; vd;gjpy;
khw;Wf; fUj;Jila Nguhrpupau; G];gul;zk; (2001) mt;jkpo; ehzaq;fs;
,yq;ifapNyNa ntspaplg;gl;l njhlf;ffhy ehzaq;fs; vd cWjpglf; $Wfpd;whu;.
mjw;F gpd;tUk; epahakhd fhuzq;fis Kd;itj;Js;sikAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
KjyhtJ rkfhyj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy; tof;fpypUe;j rq;ffhy ehzakugpd; nry;thf;F
,yq;ifapy; ntspaplg;gl;l ehzaq;fspy; ,y;yhjpUe;jikAk;>
,uz;lhtJehzaq;fspd; tbtikg;G> mtw;wpy; cs;;s rpd;dq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; ,j;jkpo; ehzaq;fSf;Fk; Vida gpuhfpUj nkhopg; ngau;fs; nfhz;l
ehzaq;fSf;Fk; xNu ehza kuG vdf; $wf; $ba tifapy; xw;Wik
fhzg;gLtjidAk;> %d;whtJ ,yq;if ehzaq;fSf;Nf cupa jdpj;Jtkhd
mk;rkhd gPlj;Jld; $ba Rt];jpfh fhzg;gLtjidAk; nfhz;L ,yq;iff;Fupa
ehzakuig gpd;gw;wp mit ,yq;ifapNy ntsplg;gl;lnjd;fpwhu;.
mtw;Ws; xU ehzaj;jpy; ‘j\;Gurlzhfuhrd;’vd;w thrfk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
,t;thrfk; jp]Guj;jpy; Ml;rpGupe;j rlehfuhrdhy; ntspaplg;gl;l ehzak; vd;w
nghUspy; mike;Js;sJ. ,jpypUe;J ehf mur kuG ,Ue;jik
cWjpahfpd;wJ.njd;dpyq;ifapy; ,r;rpw;wurdpd; Ml;rpf;fPopUe;j kf;fspy;
xUgpuptpduhtJ jkpou;fshf ,Ue;Js;shu;fs; vd;gjidAk; Gyg;gLj;jp epw;fpd;wJ
(G];gul;zk;. 2001). ,ij NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; Jl;lfhkpdp vy;yhsd;
Nghuhl;lk; gw;wpf; $Wk; kfhtk;rk; Jl;lfhkpdp kd;dd; mEuhjGuj;jpy; vy;yhsd;
kd;did ntw;wp nfhs;s Kd;du; njd;dpyq;ifapy; 32 jkpo;r; rpw;wuru;fis ntw;wp
nfhs;s Neupl;ljhff; $WtJ ,t;tplj;jpy; rpwg;ghf Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.,t;thwhf
fpwp];jt rfhg;jj;jpw;F Kd;dNu ,yq;ifapy; gutyhf jkpo; kd;du;fSila
Ml;rpapUe;jik Gyg;gLfpd;wJ. gr;rpiyg;gs;sp gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s cLj;Jiw vd;w
,lj;jpy; 1990Mk; Mz;by; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l ‘ehfg+kp’ vd ngau; nghwpf;fg;gl;l
ehzak; tl ,yq;ifapd; jkpo;kd;du;fs; gw;wpajhfNt mikfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf
,e;ehzak; fp.gp ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j ehfkugpd; Ml;rp gw;wp mwpa cjTk;
Kf;fpa Mjhukhf mikfpd;wJ (G];gul;zk;.g.2017).
,t;thwhf ghsp,yf;fpaq;fs;> gpuhkpf;fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> ehzaq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; ,yq;ifapy;fpwp];jt rfhg;jj;jpw;F Kd;dNu RNjr jkpo;
kd;du;fSila Ml;rp ,Ue;Js;snjd;gjid njspthf mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.
jkpofj;jpidg; Nghd;W ,t;tur cUthf;fj;jpid MjpapUk;Gf;fhyg; gz;ghl;by;
Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rp epiyapyhdnjhU mk;rkhf ghu;g;gNj nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.
,j;jifaNjhu; gpd;ddpapy; jhd; ,yq;ifapd; jkpo; kd;du;fSila Ml;rpahdJ
Nts;> ehf kugpdUld; njhlu;GgLj;jg;gLtJld;;> ,t;tur tk;rq;fspd; njhd;ikiaAk;
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;
1. ,e;jpughyh.fh> 2006> ,yq;ifapy; jkpou; xu; ,df;FO Mf;fk; ngw;w

tuyhW> Fkud; Gj;jf ,y;yk; nfhOk;G.
2. G];gul;zk;> g> 1993> g+efupj; njhy;nghUsha;T> aho;g;ghz gy;fiyf;fof
ntspaPL>jpUney;Ntyp.
3. G];gul;zk;.g> 2001> ,yq;ifj; jkpoupd; gz;ilafhy ehzaq;fs;> gthdp
gjpg;gfk;> aho;g;ghzk;.
4. G];gul;zk;> g.> 2003>njhy;ypay; Nehf;fpy; ,yq;ifj; jkpou; gz;ghL>
Fkud; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id.
5. G];gul;zk;.g> 2017> ,yq;ifj; jkpou; xu; RUf;f tuyhW> jkpo;f; fy;tpr;
Nrit Rtpw;ru;yhe;J.
6. uhId;>fh> 2012>rq;f ,yf;fpaKk; mfo;tha;Tk;> nfhOk;Gj; jkpo;r; rq;fk;>
,yq;if.
7. rpw;wk;gyk;.rp.f> 1994> aho;g;ghzj; njhd;ik tuyhW> aho;g;ghzg;
gy;fiyf;fof ntspaPL.
8. Deraniyagala.S.U, 1992, Prehistory of Sri Lanka: An Ecological Perspective,
Department of Archaeological Survey, Colombo.
9. Seneviratne.S, 1984, The Archaeology of the Megalithic Black and Red Ware
Complex in Sri Lanka in Ancient Ceylon, Journal of the Archaeological Survey of
Sri Lanka.
10. Mahadevan.I, 2000, Ancient Tamil Coins from Sri Lanka, Journal of the Institute
of Asian Studies, Madras.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jpuhtpl kf;fspd; tuyhW Xh; ghh;it

A Glance on the Chronology of the Dravidians
Kidth;. nr.rpuh[_jPd;> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;>
jkpo;j;Jiw> K.rh.r. tf;G thhpaf; fy;Y}hp> kJiu – 20
Abstract
The article explains about the history of the true inhabitants of the present India. The
history was originally falsely written in Aryan perspective but the Dravidian culture and
language was once spoken all over the today’s India and the places such as Today’s Pakistan
and Afganistan. Still, Dravidian languages are spoken there. Brahui, Malt are such
languages existing there. The art and culture of the Dravidian people are really ancient and
remarkable in the archaeological history. Hence, the study make clear the unified details
from the revelation found on authentic sources.
Keywords: Glance, Chronology, Dravidians
,e;jpa kf;fs; tuyhw;wpy; jpuhtpl kf;fspd; tuyhW vd;gJ kpf Kjd;ik

cilaJ vd;W $wyhk;. ,d;W ,e;jpa ehfhpfk; vdg; ngah; ngWtJ Mhpa jpuhtpl
ehfhpfq;fspd; fyg;gpdhy; Njhd;wpajhFk;. Mhpa ehfhpfj;Jf;F Kw;gl;lJ jpuhtpl
ehfhpfk;. ,jpy; rpwpJk; Iag;ghL ,y;iy. ePz;l fhyk; jpuhtpl ehfhpfj;ijg; gw;wpa
nra;jpfs; mwpag;glhky; ,Ue;jd. mjdhy; jpuhtplhpd; gz;ghl;ilf; Fwpj;j
nra;jpfs; tuyhw;W Mrphpah;fshy; gythW jphpj;Jf; $wg;gl;ld. Mdhy; ,d;W
jkpohpd; ehfhpfj;ijg; Gyg;gLj;Jk; rhd;Wfs; gy fpilj;Js;sd. jkpohpd; ehfhpfk;
vd;Dk; fUj;ij tpupthf Muha;tJ ,d;iwa epiyapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;Ws;s
fhuzj;jpdhy;> ,t;tha;T Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;baJ fl;lhaj; Njitahf mikfpwJ.
jpuhtplh; gpwg;gplk;
“jpuhtpl kf;fs; may;ehLfspy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpahtpd; tlgFjpfis
mile;jhh;fs;. gpd;G Mhpah; vd;Dk; Gjpa ngaNuhL mq;F tho;e;J te;jdh;. mth;fs;
jpuhtplu;fis ntd;W njw;Nf tpul;bdh;. mth;fs; njw;Nf te;J tho;e;jhh;fs;.
mth;fNs jkpoh; vdg;gLNthh;” vd Nky; ehl;lhrphpah; rpyh; gy Mz;Lfspd; Kd;
cz;ik mwpahJ vOjpitj;jdh;. mf;nfhs;if ,d;W rpwpJk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sj;
jf;fjhf ,y;iy. gs;spr; rpWth;fSf;F tuyhW vOJk; Mrphpah; gyh; cz;ik
,y;yhj gioa nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wp vOjptUtJk; tUe;jj;jf;fjhFk;.
jpuhtpl kf;fs; ntsp ehLfspypUe;J te;J ,e;jpa ehl;il mile;jhh;fs;
vd;W $Wtjw;F Vw;w Mjhuk; xd;NwDk; fhzg;gltpy;iy. gioa fw;fhyk; Kjy;
,Uk;Gf;fhyk; tiuapy; kf;fs; njhlh;ghfr; nra;J> gad;gLj;jpa MAjq;fSk;>
gpwnghUs;fSk; ,e;jpa ehl;bd; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; fz;L vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
jpuhtpl kf;fs; may;ehLfspypUe;J te;jhh;fs; vd;W $WNthh;fF; j; Jizahf
,Ug;gJ Mg;fhdp];jhdj;jpd; xU gFjpapy; jkpOf;F ,dKila gpuh$a; nkhop


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
toq;FtJ. ,d;iwf;F Mwhapuk; Mz;Lfspd; Kd; rpe;J Mw;W ntspfspy; jpuhtplh;

ehfhpfk; gutpapUe;jJ. ,k;kf;fspd; njhlh;Gilath;fNs Mg;fhdp];jhdj;jpy; jq;fp
tho;e;jhh;fs;. mth;fspd; re;jjpapdNu jpuhtplj;jpd; rk;ge;jKila gpuh$a; nkhopia
,d;Wk; Ngrp tUfpd;wdh;. jpuhtpl kf;fs; goik njhl;Nl ,e;jpa ehl;by; tho;e;J
tUfpd;whh;fs;. mth;fspd; gioa ehL Fkhp Kidf;Fj; njw;fpYk; gue;J ,Ue;jJ.
ehfhpfj;jpd; goik
Nkw;F Mrpah> vfpg;J Kjypa ehLfspy; gioa ,bghl;L NkLfs; Njhz;b
Muhag;gl;Ls;sd. mq;F fpilj;j gok;nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L me;ehLfspd; ehfhPfk;
Vohapuk; my;yJ vz;zhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;lJ vd Muha;r;rpahsh;
fUJfpd;wdh;. ik#hpNy ‘rpw;why;uf;’ vd;Dk; ,lj;jpYk;> rpe;J ntspapYk;
nra;ag;gl;l mfo;T Muha;r;rpfshy; ,e;jpa ehl;bd; ehfhpfKk; me;ehl;L
ehfhpfq;fis xj;j goikAilaJ vd mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. vfpg;J> Nkw;F Mrpah
Kjypa ehLfspy; ehfhpfj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;Njhh; may; ehLfspypUe;J nrd;wth;fs;
vd;Wk;> mth;fs; ,e;jpa ehl;bypUe;Jk;> nrd;whh;fs; vd;gjw;Fk; rhd;Wfs; gy
cs;sJ vd;Wk; rpwe;j Nkw;jpir Muha;rr ; p mwpQh; gyh; fUJfpd;wdh;.;
jkpOk; jpuhtplKk;
,d;W jkpoiuf; Fwpf;fj; jpuhtplh; vd;Dk; ngaUk; Rl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. jpuhtplk;
vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gw;wpg;gyh; gythW Muha;e;J $wpAs;shh;fs;. jpuhtplk; vd;gJ
jkpo; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; cr;rphpg;G NtWghL vd;gNj Muha;r;rp mwpQh; ,Wjpahff;
nfhz;l KbT. ,d;W jpuhtplk; vd;Dk; nrhy; jkpo;> njYq;F> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;>
JS Kjypa nkhopf; $l;lj;ijf; Fwpf;fg; gad;gLfpd;wJ. jpuhtplh; vd;Dk; ngah;
,k; nkhopf; $l;lj;Jf;Fhpa kf;fisf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
#oy;epiyf;Nfw;g kf;fs; gz;ghL
cyfpy; kf;fs; thof;$ba ,lq;fs; Ie;J tif vd;W goe;jkpoh;
mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. mth;fs; mt;tif epyq;fisj; jpizfs; vd;wdh;. jpiz vd;gJ jpl;
my;yJ jpz; vd;Dk; mbahfg; gpwe;jJ. epyg;gug;G vd;gJ mjd; nghUs;. jpl;
my;yJ jpz; vd;gjpy; ,Ue;Nj jpl;L> jpl;il> jplh;> jpz;iz Kjypa nrhw;fs;
gpwe;jd. jpz; vd;gJ typikiaAk; Fwpf;Fk;. ,lq;fspd; #o;epiyf;F Vw;gNt
kf;fspd; tho;Tk; tsh;r;rpaile;jJ. jz;zPhpy;yhj twz;l kzw; gFjp ghiy
vdTk;> kiyehL FwpQ;rp vdTk;> kiyehl;Lf;Fk; fPo;ehl;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
FWq;fhl;L epyk; Ky;iy vdTk;> Mw;Nwhuq;fs; kUjk; vdTk;> flw;fiu nea;jy;
vdTk; toq;fpd. ,t;tif epyq;fSk; jkpo;ehl;by; XusT cz;L. kf;fs; Njhd;wpa
fhyk; Kjy; jkpoh; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; tho;e;J tUfpd;whh;fs;. mth;fs; xU
epyj;jpypUe;J ,d;ndhU epyj;Jf;Fr; nrd;W gbg;gbahd rPh;jpUj;jq;fis mile;jdh;.
kiyAk; kiyrhh;e;j epyKk;
kf;fs; Kjy; Kjy; FbNawp tho;e;j ,lk; kiy. kpfkpf ePz;l fhyk;
kioapdhYk;> gUtf;fhw;wpdhYk; jhf;Fz;ljhy; Nja;e;J Nghd rpwpa Fd;Wfs; gy
njd;dpe;jpa G+kpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,k; kiy ,lq;fSf;Ff; fPNo ‘jz;lfk;’
vd;Dk; ,Uz;l fhL ,Ue;jJ. mq;F rpq;fk;> Gyp> ahid> fhl;L vUik> rpWj;ij>
kdpjDf;F mopitr; nra;Ak; G+r;rp tiffs; fhzg;gl;ld. Mjpfhy kdpjd;.
nta;apy;> kio> tpyq;Ffs; KjypaitfspypUe;J jd;idf; fhg;ghw;wpf;nfhs;sf;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
$ba Fiffs; kiyaplq;fshf ,Ue;jd. mtd; jz;zPiur; Nrkpj;J itg;gjw;F

kz; ghj;jpuq;fisr; nra;a mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. eP&w;Wfs; tw;wpa fhyj;jpy;
ghiwfspYs;s Fopfspy; ePh; epiwe;jpUe;jJ. mtd; mjidf; iffshy; ms;spg;
gUfpdhd;. fhybapy; fple;j fw;fis vLj;J mitfspypUe;J Nfhlhp> <l;bKid>
mhpAk; fUtpfs;> Ruz;Lk; fUtp Kjypaitfisr; nra;ag; gofpf;nfhz;lhd;.
,e;epiyapy; ,Ue;J kdpjdpd; rPh;jpUj;jk; tsh;e;jJ. kpf Kw;gl;l jpUj;jf;fhyk;
gioa fw;fhyk; vdg;gLk;. gioa fw;fhy ehfhpfj;ij fhl;Lk; ifapdhy;
nra;ag;gl;l nghUs;fs; flg;gh> ney;Y}h;> tlMh;f;fhL> nrq;fw;gl;L Kjypa
,lq;fspy; fpilj;Js;sd.
FwpQ;rp epyj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fs; goq;fs;> tpijfs;> fpoq;Ffis cz;L
tho;e;jdh;. gUtfhy khWjy;fshy; ,t;TzTg; nghUs;fs; rpy fhyq;fspy; vspjpy;
fpilf;ftpy;iy. vdNt> mth;fs; Cd; czitAk; cz;zj;njhlq;fpdh;. mth;fs;
jw;fhg;gpd; nghUl;L tpyq;FfNshL mjpfk; NghuhNtz;bapUe;jJ. mjdhy; mth;fs;
Ntl;ilahLtjpy; jpwik ngw;wdh;. MfNt njhlf;fj;jpy; kdpjdpd; njhopy;
Ntl;ilahLtjhf ,Ue;jJ. mg;nghOJ mth;fs; Xhplj;jpy jq;fhJ miye;J
jphpgth;fshf ,Ue;jhh;fs;. cyfk; KOikapYk; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gioa fw;fhy
MAjq;fs; vy;yhk; xNu tbtpid cilajhf ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; Mjpfhy
kdpjd; cyfpy; vq;Fk; miye;J jphpgtdhf ,Ue;jhd; vdj; njhpfpd;wJ.
FwpQ;rp epyr;#oy;> kdpj rPh;jpUj;jj;jpw;F mbg;gilahfpa ,uz;L
Gjpatw;iwf; fz;Lgpbf;Fk;gb nra;jpUe;jJ. mtw;Ws; xd;W tpy;Yk; mk;Gk;>
kw;nwhd;W neUg;G cz;lhf;Fjy;. kiyfspy; %q;fpy; mjpfk; tsh;fpd;wJ. kiyapy;
thOk; kf;fs; %q;fpypd; tisAk; jd;ikia mwpe;jhh;fs;. mth;fs; mjidg; gpse;J
,U KidfspYk; nfhbiaf; fl;b ePz;l Kl;fis mjpy; itj;J va;ag;
gofpdhh;fs;. ,d;Wk; kiyfspy; thOk; kf;fs; xNu mk;gpdhy; xU Gypiaf;
nfhy;Yk; jpwik ngw;wpUf;fpwhh;fs; vd;gjw;F ,JNt rpwe;j rhd;whFk;.
Mjpfhy kf;fs; kiyapy; jP cz;lhfp vhptijf; fz;lhh;fs;. %q;fpy;
xd;NwhL xd;W cuRtjhy; jP cz;lhfpd;wJ vd;gij mth;fs; mwpe;jhh;fs;. MfNt
jhKk; ,uz;L jbfis xd;NwhL xd;iw curp jP cz;lhf;fyhk; vd vz;zpdhh;fs;.
jhk; Ntl;ilahbf; nfhd;w tpyq;Ffspd; ,iwr;rpia Ntf itf;Fk; nghUl;L
mth;fs; Kjypy; neUg;igg; gad;gLj;jpdhh;fs;.
Mz;fs; Ntl;ilahlr; nrd;whh;fs;. ngz;fs; fhl;bw;Fr; nrd;W goq;fisg;
nghWf;fp> fpoq;Fis mfo;e;jhh;fs;. jhk; thoplq;fisr; Rw;wpj; jhNd tpise;j kiy
ney;> %q;fpyhprp Kjypaittw;iwAk; Nrfhpj;jhh;fs;. ngz;fspd; mLj;j flik
Foe;ijfis tsh;g;gJ. ,e;j epiyapypUf;Fk; NghJ mth;fs; tPL mikj;Jf;
nfhs;s mwpatpy;iy. njd;dpe;jpa ntg;g epiyf;F tPL Ntz;bjpy;iy. ku
epoy;fSk;> kiyf; FiffSNk xJf;fplq;fshf mth;fSf;Fg; gad;gl;ld. kf;fs;
njhlf;fj;jpy; tPLfis ciwtplj;jpd; nghUl;lhf mikf;ftpy;iy. jkJ
nry;tkhfpa czTg; nghUs;fisg; gj;jpug;gLj;jp itf;Fk; nghUl;Nl tPLfis
mikj;jdh;. gioa fw;fhy kdpjDf;F czitr; Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; gof;fk; ,y;iy.
tPL ,y;yhikahYk;> miye;J jphpaNtz;ba #oyhYk;> tPl;by; jq;fp tho;tjw;Fhpa


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vz;zk; mtDf;Fs; votpy;iy. MfNt jhahl;rp Kiwahy; tho;f;if Mjpapy;

tsh;r;rpaile;jJ.
,t;tifahd tho;f;ifia Kiwapdhy; ,d;ndhd;iwAk; mwpayhk;. Kw;fhy
kdpjd; Mlk;gukhd tho;f;iff;Fs; (kzf;fphpf;Fs;) jd;id fl;Lg;gLj;jp
itj;jpUf;ftpy;iy. MltUk; kfspUk; fhjypj;J kze;jdh;. rpy ehs;fspd; gpd;
cwtpdiu mioj;J tpUe;Jk; itj;jdh;. ,JNt Kw;fhy jpUkzf; fphp tpUe;jhf
mike;jJ. jpUkzk; vd;Wk; epiyahd jd;ikAilajhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. jdpg;gl;lr;
nrhj;J ,d;ikAk;> epiyahd tPL ,d;ikAk; jhahl;rp Kiwahd tho;f;iff;F ePz;l
fhyk; tha;g;ig mspj;jd.
jkJ Nkdpia myq;fhpj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy; MltUf;Fk; kfspUf;Fk; tpUg;gk;
,Ue;jJ. ,;e;j tpUg;gk; ngz;fSf;F mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ. Fwg;ngz;fs; Xa;T
Neuq;fspy; XLfisg; nghWf;fp> mitfis khiyahff; Nfhh;j;J mzpe;jhh;fs;.
mth;fspd; fhjyh; Ntl;ilahLtjpy; fpilj;j Gyp efk;> Gypg;gy; Nghd;witfis
mth;fSf;Ff; nfhLj;jhh;fs;. mitfisAk; mth;fs; fOj;jpy; mzpe;jhh;fs;.
gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,itNa jhypapd; tbthf khwpd. njd;dpe;jpag; ngz; jhypjhpj;J
jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhz;likf;F ,JNt Kjy; milahskhFk;. ngz;fspd; ,d;ndhU
myq;fhuk; jiocil. jiocil vd;gJ nfhbapy; fl;ba jiofshyhd cil.
,t;til cLf;Fk; tof;fk; ,d;Wk; rpy fhl;Lr; rhjp kf;fspilNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
kzYk; kzy; rhh;e;j ,lKk;
kzYk; kzy; rhh;e;j ,lKk; ghiy vdg;gLk;. ,J kf;fs; thof;$ba
,lj;jpd; Xh; cl;gphptpy; mlq;Fk;. Ntld; fhl;L tpyq;Ffisj; Juj;jpr; nry;Yk;NghJ
ghiyepyj;jpy; epiyapy;yhJ rpyfhyk; jq;Fthd;. ghiy epyj;jpy; rpyfhyk; jq;fp
tho;Nthh; kwth; vdg;gLth;. kwk; tPuj;ij czh;j;Jk;. ,th; fs;sh; vdTk;
miof;fg;gl;ldh;. ghiy epyk; nrOikaw;wjhf MdhYk; ghiy epy kf;fs; Nghh;j;
njhopypy; rpwe;jth;fs;. Mjypdhy; kwtUk; fs;sUk; nry;tiuAk; kw;w epyq;fspy;
thOk; typikaw;wth;fisAk; nfhs;isapl;L tho;gtuhf ,Ue;jdh;. ,jd; %yk; kwk;
vd;gJ nfhLikiaAk;> fs;sh; vd;gJ jpUliuAk; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; Mapd.
fhLk; fhLrhh;e;j epyKk;
FwpQ;rp epyj;jpy; kf;fspd; ngUf;fk; mjpfkhFk; nghOJ czT gw;whf;Fiw
Vw;gl;lJ. mg;nghOJ mth;fs; mUfpy; cs;s Ky;iy epyj;jpw;Fr; nrd;wdh;.
mg;nghOJ mth;fs; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpy; ,d;ndhU gbia mile;jdh;. vUik> gR> ML>
nrk;kwpahL Nghd;w tpyq;Ffis ,th;fs; gof;fp tsh;j;jhh;fs;. mth;fs; Fwtuhf
,Ue;jNghJ eha; gof;fp tsh;ff ; g;gl;lJ. Ky;iy epyj;jpy; MLkhLfs; ngUfpd.
mjdhy; mth;fSf;Fr; nrhj;J cUthapd. ,jdhy; mq;F FLk;gq;fSk; FbfSk;
Njhd;wp tsh;e;jd.
MltUk; kfspUk; xUtiunahUth; fhjypj;jYk;> fhjypd; milahskhf
fhjyd; fhjypf;F Gyp efk;> ,iyAil Kjypatw;iw nfhLj;Jf; fphpia ,d;wp
kze;J nfhs;tJkhfpa kzk; fsT vdg;gl;lJ. FwpQ;rp epyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ,t;tif
kzq;fs; epd;W Nghapd. ,g;nghOJ fw;G xOf;fk; Njhd;wpaJ. fhjyh; xUtNuhL
xUth; goFtjd; Kd; kzr;rlq;F ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. ,iyfspdhYk;> kyh;fspdhYk;
myq;fhpf;fg;gl;l ge;jhpd; fPo; Rw;wj;jpdh; jpushf ,Ue;J> kzf;fphp elj;jg;gl;lJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nrhj;Jr; Nruj;njhlq;fpaJk;> fw;G xOf;fk; Njhd;wpaJk;> r%fk;> je;ij>

Ml;rpKiwahf tsh;tjhapw;W. je;ijNa ML khLfSf;F nrhe;jk; cilatdhf
,Ue;jhd;. epyq;fisg; gphpj;jhy; MLkhLfs; Nka;tjw;F Kbahky; NghFk;. MfNt
$l;L FLk;g tho;f;if Njhd;wpaJ. je;ij Ml;rpapy; nghpa FLk;gj;jiytdhf murd;
Nghy; Mapdhd;. ,k;KiwapNyNa murd; Njhd;wpdhd;. Ml;rpKiw Kjypy; Ky;iy
epyj;jpNyNa Njhd;wpaJ. Nfhd; vd;gJ gioa jkpo;rn ; rhy;. ,J muridf; Fwpf;f
gad;gLfpwJ. Ma;rr ; p vd;Dk; nrhy; ,ilr;rpiaAk;> murpiaAk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
kw;w ehLfspy; ,ilahpd; tho;f;if ,lk;tpl;L ,lk; miye;J jphptjhf
,Ue;jJ. njd;dpe;jpah nropg;GilajhfTk; vy;yhf; fhyf;fspYk; MLkhLfSf;F
Ntz;ba czT fpilf;ff;$bajhfTk; ,Ue;jikahy; njd;dpe;jpa ,ilah;fSf;F
,lk;tpl;L ,lk; nry;y Ntz;ba fl;lhak; cz;lhftpy;iy. MfNt njd;dpe;jpa
,ilah;fspd; tho;f;if Xhplj;jpy; jq;fpapUg;gjhf mike;jJ.
,ilah; MLkhLfis Nka;rr ; y; epyj;Jf;F Xl;br; nrd;whh;fs;. ke;ijfs;
NkAk;NghJ mth;fs; kuepoypy; jq;fpapUe;jhh;fs;. nghOJNghf;fpd; nghUl;L %q;fpy;
Foypy; ,dpa ,uhfq;fisg; ghbdhh;fs;. ML khL Nka;g;gth;fspy; xU gphptpdh;
FWk;gh; vdg;gl;ldh;. ,th;fs; kaph; ePz;L tsUk; FWk;G MLfis tsh;jdh;. FWk;G
MLfspd; kaph;fspypUe;J fk;gsp nea;ag;gl;lJ.
flYk; fly;rhh;e;j epyKk;
,jw;F mLj;j gbapy; flw;fiu epyk; kf;fshy; FbNawg;gl;lJ. ,q;F tho;e;j
kf;fs; fiuia mLj;j flypy; kPd; gpbj;jhh;fs;. gpd;G Mokhd ePhpy; kPd; gpbf;fr;
nrd;whh;fs;. flw;fiuapy; tho;Nthh; gujth; vdg;gl;ldh;. ,th;fspd; njhopy;fs; kPd;
gpbg;gJk; kuf;fyk; nra;tJkhf ,Ue;jd. kpfg; nghpa kuf;fyq;fs; fl;Lkuq;fshf
,Ue;jd. ,jd; gpd; Njhyhy; %lg;gl;l $ilfs; Njhdpfshf gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
nea;jy; epyj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; Kf;fpa nghUs;fs; cg;Gk;> kPDk; gujth;
,itfis kw;w epyq;fSf;Ff; nfhz;Lr; nrd;W gpw czTg; nghUs;fSf;F
gz;lkhw;Wr; nra;jdh;. gujth; ,t;thW tzpfuhapdh;. mth;fs; jkJ gz;lq;fisg;
nghjpkhLfspy; Vw;wpr; nrd;wdh;. ,e;jpag; nghUs;fis Mg;hpf;fh> mNugpah Kjypa
Nkw;F ehLfSf;Fk; fpof;Nf kyhah> rPdh Kjypa ehLfSf;Fk; Vw;wpr;nrd;w
flNyhbfs; Njhd;wpdhh;fs;. flw;fiu epyq;fs; rpy gaph;r;nra;tjw;F Vw;wjhf
,Ue;jd. mq;F gaph;fs; gaphpg;gl;ld.
taYk; tay;rhh;e;j epyKk;
kUj epy kf;fs; epyj;ij cOJ gaphpl;lhh;fs;. Mw;Nwhuq;fspy; tho;e;j
kf;fs; Mw;W nts;sj;ij tha;f;fhy; topahf tay;fSf;Fg; gha;r;r
mwpe;jpUe;jhh;fs;. ,t;thW kpf kpf Kw;fhyj;jpNyNa gaph;r;nra;tJ njd;dpe;jpahtpy;
kpf tsh;r;rp mile;jpUe;jJ. Mw;Wg;gs;sj;jhf;FfSf;F mg;ghy; gQ;R tpisAk; epyk;
,Ue;jJ. Gjpa fw;fhy kf;fs; gQ;rpypUe;J E}y; E}w;fTk; E}yhy; Mil nea;aTk;
mwpe;jpUe;jhh;fs;.
,g;nghOJ kf;fs; kuq;fshy; tPL fl;bdhh;fs;. Njitf;F mjpfkhf jhdpak;
tPLfspy; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;lJ. kw;w epyq;fspy; cs;s cg;G> kPd;> ntz;nza;>
japh;> fy; MAjq;fs; Nghd;witf;Fj; jhdpak; gz;lkhw;Wr; nra;ag;gl;lJ. kUj
epyj;jpy; gz;lkhw;Wr; nra;a Kbahj gz;lq;fis ntspNa nfhz;L nry;yNtz;ba


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mtrpak; cz;lhapw;W. gz;lq;fisf; nfhz;L nry;tjw;F tz;bfs; nra;af; fz;L

gpbf;fg;gl;lJ. czTf;Fg; gad;glf;$ba kuQ;nrbfSk; fz;lwpag;gl;ld. ,t;thW
jpuhtpl ehfhpfk; ,e;jpa ehl;bNyNa Njhd;wp tsh;r;rp mile;jJ.
jpuhtpl kf;fNs ,e;jpa ehl;bd; Mjpkf;fs;. ,k;kf;fs; ,d;iwf;F Mwhapuk;
Mz;LfSf;F Kd; rpwe;j ehfhpf tsk; ngw;W tpsq;fpdhh;fs; vd;gjw;F Itif
epyj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fspd; tho;f;if KiwfSk; kw;Wk; mth;fspd;
gof;ftof;fq;fSk;> gz;lkhw;W KiwfSNk rpwe;j rhd;Wfshf mikAk;.
,e;jpahtpd; maypypUe;Nj jpuhtpl ehfhpfk; ,e;jpahit mile;jJ vd;gjw;F Mjhuk;
vq;Fk; rpwpJk; fhzg;gltpy;iy vd;gNj cz;ik.
1. Kushwaha.H.C., History of Indian Archaeology, Kunal Books, New Delhi, 2013, P.

88.
2. Venkatraman. R., Indian Archaeology A Survey, Ennes Publications, Udumalpet,
1985, P. 21.
3. Stuart Piggot, Prehistoric (to 1000 B.C.) Cassell & Company Ltd., London, 1962, P.
17.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;ypay; Nehf;fpy; G+ypj;Njtd; tuyhW

The Chronicle of Pulithevan through the Traces of Archaeology
Kidtu;.m.Rfe;jp md;dj;jha;> cjtpg;Nguhrpupau;>

jkpo;j;Jiw>v];.b.vd;.gp kfspu; itztf; fy;Y}up> FNuhk;Ngl;il> nrd;id.44.
Abstract
Archaeology deals with the decoding of the past facts with ancient or traditional
forms of documentation. The study propagates to find out the life of pulithevan, the famous
warrior of Tamil Nadu through the Tamil traditional documentation sources such as culverts,
bronze plates, numismatics and the weapons used by them. He was the first one to fight
against the British East Indian Company. So the study becomes relevant to tell the hidden
fact that he is the first in India who fought bravely with rhe Britishers. Hence, the paper
focuses to extract evidence to prove the facts.
Keywords: Pulithevan, Archaeology, Facts, East Indian Company, First Revolution
Kd;Diu
njhy;goq;fhyj;ijg; gw;wp Ma;T nra;jiyNa njhy;ypay; vd;fpNwhk;.
njhd;ikahd fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw> njhopy;fs;> thzpfk;>
Ntshz;ik> murpay;> Ez;fiyfs; Kjypad gw;wp mth;fs; tpl;Lr;nrd;w
vr;rq;fshd fy;ntl;Lfs;> fl;llq;fs;> nrg;NgLfs;> ehzaq;fs; Kjyhdtw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; Ma;e;jwpjNy njhy;ypaypd; Kjd;ikahd Nehf;fkhFk;. ,e;jpahtpy;
Kjd; Kjypy; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpg; gilia vjpu;j;Jg; Nghu; nra;jtu; G+ypj;Njtd;
Mthh;. tuptR+ypf;f te;j mnyf;rhz;lu; nfuhd; vd;gtNdhL 1755-k; Mz;L
G+ypj;Njtd; nra;j NghNu ,e;jpahtpy;> Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpg; gilia
vjpu;j;j Kjy; NghuhFk;. tpLjiyg; Nghiu Kjd; Kjypy; njhlq;fpa G+ypj;Njtidg;
gw;wpa mupa gy jfty;fisf; $Wk; nrg;NgLfs;> fy;ntl;Lfs;> ftz;fw;fs;>
gilfUtpfs; Mfpad jw;NghJ> njhy;ypay; Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpd;
JizNahL G+ypj;Njtdpd; MSikiaAk; tPuj;ijAk; Ma;Tyfpw;F ,dq;fhl;Lk;
Kfkhf miktNj ,f;fl;Liu.
G+ypj;Njtupd; G+u;tPfk;
kwtu; rPikahfpa NrJ ehl;by; nts;shw;wpw;Fk;> tk;ghw;wpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
gFjpapy; tho;e;J te;j kwtu; rpyu; 12-k; E}w;whz;bw;F Kd;du; Fbngau;e;J
jpUney;Ntypr; rPikf;F te;jdu;. mt;thW Fb ngau;e;jtu;fs; ,uhkjGuk;
rPikapYs;s Mg;gehL> fpOtehL> Md;kehL Mfpa gFjpfisr; Nru;e;jtu;fs;.
,tu;fs; flNyhukhf te;J mku;gjp> flk;G+u;. kzpahr;rp> MR+u; tsehL Mfpa
gFjpfspy; te;J jq;fp tho;e;J te;jdu;. ,jid nka;g;gpf;Fk; tifapy; gioa
ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly; xd;W tof;fpy; ,Ue;Js;sJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“Mjp fpOitehL Fwpr;rpapy; ,Ue;JtUk;

Mjp flk;G+u; rhakiy jbak;gl;b
ePjp Nru;fQ;rhu; ehL jpUkq;fyf; Fwpr;rp
va;jey; ,lQ;nrty; nrq;Nfhid jpUTtT
fupry;Fsk; Nfhl;û; new;fl;LQ; nrt;ty;
rpe;jh kzpefu; gz;nghopgl;gPzk;
khw;wy; Gyu;j;jpLk; khl;lhb gzpe;jpLk;
Gfo;tsu;j;j Cj;Jkiy Nfhtpyh efuhk;
td;dpf; NfhNde;jy; tPuhzk; Nfhl;il
tsehl; NlhNu kwtu; Mtu;” 1
,g;ghly; top G+ypj; Njtd; Kd;Ndhu;fs; ,uhkehjGuk; gFjpapypUe;J te;J
FbNawpdhu;fs; vd;W njupa tUfpwJ.
G+op ehL vd;gJ ghz;ba ehl;by; mike;j xd;W. 1378Mk; Mz;L Nru ehl;by;
,Ue;j xU kd;ddhy; ‘tuFzuhk rpe;jhkzp fhj;jg;g G+opj;Njtu;’ vd;w jsgjpf;Fj;
jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;l ehNl ,e;j G+opehL. Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ,jd; jiyefuk;
MTilahu;Guk;. gpd;dh; new;fl;lhd; nrt;tYf;Fj; jk; jiyefiu khw;wpf; nfhz;ljhf
mwpag;gLfpwJ. ,uhkehjGuk; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J te;j G+ypj;Njtu; Kd;Ndhu;fs;>
njd;fhrpg; ghz;badplk; ghJfhtyuhfg; gzpahw;wpg; gpd;> ghz;badhy; jug;gl;l
gFjpahd MTilahGuk; ghisaj;ij jpirf;fhtyuhf Mz;lhu;fs; vd;Wk;
$wg;gLfpwJ. xU Gypia tPo;j;jp kd;idf; fhg;ghw;wpajhy; ‘G+ypj;Njtu;’ vd;W
gl;lkspj;J jpirf;fhty; toq;fg;gl;ljhf tha;nkhopf;fij toq;fp tUfpwJ.
ghisag;gl;Lfs; tk;rhtop> “tlf;fhj;jhd; Gypj;NjtDk; 34 Mz;Lfs;
ghisag;gl;il Mz;L te;jhd;” vd vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
2
jpUr;nrq;NfhL ehzatpay; Ma;thsu; tp[aFkhu; fz;Lgpbj;Js;s G+ypj;Njtd;

fhy nrg;NgL xd;wpy;> “MTilahu;Guk; [kPd;jhu; Mgj;Jf; fhj;jhu; Gypj;Njtd;’ vd;W
vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.”3 vd;W nr.uhR Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
thhpRg;gl;bay;
1 tuFz rpe;jhkzp G+ypj;Njtd; 1378 - 1424
2 tlf;fhj;jhd; G+ypj;Njtd; 1424 - 1458
3 tuFz rpe;jhkzp tlf;fhj;jhd; G+ypj;Njtd; 1513 -1548
4 rkrjp G+ypj;Njtd; 1548 - 1572
5 Kjyhk; fhj;jg;g G+ypj;Njtd; 1572 - 1600
6 ,uz;lhk; fhj;jg;g G+ypj;Njtd; 1600 - 1610
7 Kjyhk; rpj;jpuGj;jpuj;Njtd; 1610 - 1638
8 %d;whk; fhj;jg;g G+ypj;Njtd; 1638 - 1663
9 ,uz;lhk; rpj;jpuGj;jpuj;Njtd; 1663 - 1726
10 ehd;fhk; fhj;jg;g G+ypj;Njtd; 1726 - 1767
10 G+ypj;Njtuhff; fUjg;gLk; ‘fhj;jg;g G+ypJiu NjtNu Rje;jpu Kof;fkpl;l
tJ
khtPudhthh;. ,tuJ KOg;ngau; ‘tuFz rpe;jhkzp Mgj;Jfhj;j

G+ypj;Jiug;ghz;bad;’ vd;gJ jhd;. Mdhy; “rilatu;k Re;jughz;bad; (NfhNdup
Nky; nfhz;lhd;) Rl;lkiy fy;ntl;by; ‘miuad; Fthisa re;jpud;’ vd;w


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
G+opNjtd; vd G+ypj;Njtd; Kd;Ndhu;fs; rhl;rp ifnahg;gk; ,l;Ls;s Mjhukhd

fy;ntl;L cs;sJ.”4 vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
new;fl;LQ; nrt;ty; ngah; fhuzk; :
fle;j 1755k; Mz;L tup tR+ypf;f te;j mnyf;rhz;lu; nfuhdplk;> “thp
vd;Dk; ngahpy; ‘xU ney;iyf; $lf; fl;Ltjpy;iy’ vd;W kWj;Jf; $wpdhh;
g+ypj;Njtd;. md;W Kjy;> ‘ney;fl;Lk; nrt;ty; vd;gJ new;fl;lhd; nrt;ty;’ vd
miof;fg; ngwyhapw;W’ vd;Wk;> ‘jd; Kd;Ndhu; jiyefuhd MTilahu;Guk;
jiyefiu khw;wp> new;fl;LQ; nrt;typy; Nfhl;ilf; fl;b mt;T+iuj; jiyefuhff;
nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;jtu; Gypj;Njtd;”5 vd;Wk; ,uhirah Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. Mdhy;>
“1748k; Mz;L ntl;lg;gl;l ,r;nrg;Ngl;by;> ‘fRg;gh new;fl;LQ; nrt;ty;’ vd;Nw
vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.”6 vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
G+ypj;Njtdpd; g+h;tf
P k;> Ch; ngah; fhuzk; Fwpj;j nra;jpfis ehl;Lg;Gw
,yf;fpaq;fSk;> tuyhw;W Mrphpah;fSk; xU Gwk; NtW tpjkhf vLj;Jiuf;f>
njhy;ypay; Ma;tpy; $wg;gLk; nra;jpfs; Kuzhf mike;Js;sd vd;gJ <z;L
Nehf;fw;ghy.
nrg;NgL
new;fl;lhd; nrt;typy; ‘uhkNfhtpe;jg;Ngup’ vd;w ngaupy; ngupa Fsk; ,Ue;jJ.
mf;Fsk; cile;J rpije;J gy Mz;Lfs; ghrdk; ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jJ. jiyefu;g;
gFjp tsk; ngWk; tifapy;> mf;Fsj;ijg; GJf;Fskhff; fl;bg; ghrdk; nra;J
gapupl Gypj;Njtd; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;ljdhy;> new;fl;LQ; nrt;typy; cs;s gpwf;Filahf;
FLk;gd; vd;gtu;> jd; nrytpy; uhkNfhtpe;jg;Ngupf; Fsj;ijg; GJf;Fskhf
mikj;Js;shu;.
tpg tUlk; Mb khjk; 25k; ehs; Gypj;Njtd;> gpwf;Filahf; FLk;gDf;F
khdpa G+kp ed;nra; epyk; toq;fpaNjhL mtu; epyq;fSf;Fr; rpy Mz;Lfs; tupr;
rYifAk; mspj;j tptuk; ,r;nrg;Ngl;by; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fsj;jpy; cs;s kPd;fisg;
gpbg;gjd; %yk; tUfpd;w tUthapypUe;J Fsk; guhkupg;Gk;> J}u; thUjYk; eilngw
Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> ,tw;Wf;Ff; fzf;nfOjp xg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; nrg;Ngl;by;
vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
“G+ypNjtu; tk;rk; FLk;gu;fSf;F toq;fpa fz;kha; guhkupg;G njhlu;ghd
jfty;fs; ,tw;wpy; cs;sd. G+ypj;Njtdpd; jsgjpahf tpsq;fpa jho;j;jg;gl;l
r%fj;ijr; Nru;e;j ntz;zpf;fhyhbapd; tk;rhtspapdUf;F Nfhtpe;jg;Ngup fz;kha;
rk;ge;jkhf Vw;gLk; rfy guhkupg;GfSk; mlf;fk; vd;W ,r;nrg;Gg; gl;laj;jpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. tlf;fhj;jhd; G+ypj;Njtdhy; jkpo; tpgt Mz;by; ,g;gl;lak;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; ePsk; 22 nr.kP. mfyk; 15 nr.kP> fdk; 4kpy;yp fpuhk;. ney;
fl;Lk;nrty; mUNf mk;kd;Fsj;jpy; cs;s Kd;dhs; ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdu; mkuu;
nry;yr;rhkpapd; FLk;gj;jpduplk; ,g;gl;lak; cs;sJ.”7 vd uhirah jd; Ma;Tf;
fl;Liu xd;wpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
“epyq;fs; msf;fg;gl;L milahskhf mtw;wpw;F vz;fs; ,lg;gl;bUe;jJ. 85>
86> 87> 88k; vz; epyq;fs; nrg;Ngl;by; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ney; Nfhl;il> ghl;lk; vd;w
mstpy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpij ney; tpiu vd;W $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. nghJthf
mf;fhyr; nrg;Ngl;by; tof;fkhfg; gapd;W tUk; tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; ,d;wpj; jdpj;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpopy; nrg;NgL vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fsk;> kil tpUj;jpf;Fj; jdp khdpaKk;

tplg;gl;bUe;jJ. Gypj;Njtd; ‘ek;kpl kNdh uhrpapy;’ ,r;nrg;Ngl;il vOjpf;
nfhLj;jjhff; $wpAs;shu;. tpLjiyg; Nghiu Kjypy; njhlq;fpa Gypj;Njtidg;
gw;wpa mupa jfty;fisf; $Wk; ,r;nrg;NgL tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ.”8
vdg; Gytu; uhR Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
fy;ntl;L
1820-y; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,f;fy;ntl;L rpe;jhkzp ngupaFsk; fz;kha;;> njw;F
kilfspy; cs;sJ. gpwf;Filaf; FLk;gd; kfd; rptDf;FLk;gDf;F rpe;jhkzp
ngupaFsk; fz;kha; guhkupg;G toq;fg;gl;Ls;s jfty; ,f;fy;ntl;by;
njuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;F fz;kha; guhkupg;G G+ypj;Njtd; kfs;
Nfhkjp Kj;J ehr;rpahu; toq;fpAs;sJ ,f;fy;ntl;bd; %yk; njupatUfpwJ. 1820-y;
nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,f;fy;ntl;L rpe;jhkzp ngupaFsk; fz;kha;;> njw;F kilfspy;
cs;sJ. ,f;fy;ntl;L njhy;ypay; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.9
ftz;fw;fs;
jkpof muR> khtPud; G+ypj;Njtd; jpahfj;ijg; Nghw;Wk; tifapy; Gjpa
Nfhl;iliaf; fl;l thdk; Njhz;baNghJ epytiw xd;W ,Ug;gJk; me;j
epytiwf;Fs; Mapuf;fzf;fhd ftz; fw;fs; ,Ug;gJk; njupate;jJ. Kjd; Kjyhf>
ney;iyr; rPikf;F tup tR+y; nra;a te;j Kjy; Mq;fpyj; jsgjpahd mnyf;rhz;lu;
nfuhid> G+ypj;Njtd; vjpu;j;Jg; Nghupl;l NghJ> tis jb> <l;b> ths;> tsup> R&s;>
gl;lh> ty;ypak;> ftz; Nghd;w ehl;Lg;Gwf; fUtpfis itj;Jg; Nghupl;lhd;.
mr;Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ nts;isaiu tpul;l cjtpa ftz;fw;fNs
jw;NghJ> G+ypj;Njtd; Nfhl;ilapy; epytiwf;Fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
“ftz;fw;fs; cUz;ilahf ve;jpuq;fspy; thu;j;J vLj;jijg; Nghd;W cs;sd.
jw;NghJ ehd;F tifahd ftz;fw;fs; fpilj;J cs;sd. ,e;jf; ftz;fy;ypd;
tpl;lk; Rkhh; 4 nr.kPl;lupypUe;J 6 nr.kP tiu cs;sJ. mit Rkhh; 130
kp.fpuhkpypUe;J 230 kp.fpuhk; tiu vilAs;s ftz;fw;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. Nghh;
tPuh;fspd; jpwikf;Fj; Vw;wgb ftz;fw;fs; toq;fg; ngw;Ws;sd.
J}uj;jpYs;stu;fisj; jhf;Ftjw;Fr; rpd;df; ftz;fw;fisAk; mUfpYs;stu;fisj;
jhf;Ftjw;Fg; ngupa ftz;fw;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp te;Js;sdu;. Nfhl;ilr; Rtupd;
Nky; khlj;jpypUe;J nfhz;L G+ypj;Njtdpd; gil tPuu;fs; Mq;fpNyaiuf; ftz;fw;fs;
vwpe;J jhf;fp te;jdu;.”10 vd;W Ma;thsh; ,uhirah Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
Njhy;gl;il> fapWfs;> ftz;fw;fs; Mfpa %d;W nghUl;fSk; Nru;e;jJ jhd;
ftz; vd;Dk; fUtpahFk;. Njhy;gl;ilapd; ,Ugf;fq;fspYk; ,uz;L fapWfs;
,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Njhy;gl;ilapy; ftz; fy;iy itj;J ,uz;L fapWfisAk;
xd;W Nru;j;J gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L Ntfkhfr; Row;wp xU fapw;iwg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L
kw;nwhU fapw;iw tpl;L tpl;lhy; ,e;jf; fy; vjpupapd; new;wpapy; gl;L> me;j
,lj;jpNyNa RUz;L tpOe;J capiu tpLtu;. tptpypaj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;>
“ngyp];jpa tPud; Nfhypahj;ij> rpWtd; jhtPJ ftz; fy;iyf; nfhz;L tPo;j;jpa
epfo;T”11 <z;L Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
fw;fisNa fUtpfshff; nfhz;L kpUfq;fis Ntl;ilahb te;j Mjp kdpjd;>
gpd;ehspy; ,uz;lhfg; gpupAk; kuj;jpd; fpisg; gFjpia vLj;J mjpy; ,uz;L


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gf;fq;fspYk; ug;giuf; fl;b mtw;wpd; Edpfisj; Njhy;gl;ilAld; ,izj;J mjpy;

rpwpa fw;fs;> my;yJ fspkz;zhy; nra;j Nfhyp cUz;il Mfpatw;iwg;
gad;gLj;jp Ntl;ilahbapUf;fyhk;. rq;ffhy kfsph; “jpidg;Gdk; fhf;Fk; NghJ
gwitfs;> tpyq;Ffis tpul;l ,j;jifa ftz;fy;iyg; gad;gLj;jpdh;”12 vd;gij
,yf;fpaq;fs; top mwpa KbfpwJ.
fbj Mtzq;fs;
new;fl;lhd; nrt;ty; Nfhl;iliag; ghh;itapl;L Nk[h; nfuhd; 14-5-1755 ,y;
Nkyplj;jpw;F vOjpa fbjk; g+ypj;Njtd; Nfhl;ilapd; rpwg;ig giwrhw;Wtdthf
cs;sJ. “G+ypj;Njtdpd; Nfhl;ilahdJ kpfTk; typik tha;e;j xd;whFk;.
Nfhl;ilapd; mbg;ghfk; fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,f;Nfhl;il 4000 tPuu;fshy;
ghJfhf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. kJiuapypUe;J nfhz;Ltug;gl;l MW gTz;L gPuq;fpfshy;
Nfhl;iliaj; jhf;fpg; ghu;j;Njd;. vdpDk;, ve;jr; rpwpjsTk; Nrjk; Vw;gltpy;iy.
,e;jf; Nfhl;iliaj; jfu;j;jhy; ethg;gpw;F ngUik Nru;f;Fk; vd;W khG];fhDk;>
mjpfhupfSk; $wpdh;. ,e;jf; Nfhl;ilia %d;W ehd;F ehl;fSf;Fs; jfu;j;J
tplyhk; vd;W $wpdhh;fs;. Mdhy NeNu nrd;w NghJ> 6 gTz;Lfisg; gad;gLj;jpAk;
rpwpJ msT Nrjk; $l Vw;glhjijf; fz;Nld;.”13 vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
G+ypj;Njtd; kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;w jsgjp nlhdhy;L fhk;ngy;> gil
tPuh;fspd; mQ;rh neQ;rj;ijAk;> capiuj; Jr;rkhff; fUjpa jpwj;ijAk; tpae;J
ghuhl;bAs;shu;. “gPuq;fpf; Fz;LfshNyNa Nfhl;iliaj; jfu;ff
; Kbatpy;iy. Fz;L
gl;l ,lq;fspy; Xl;ilfs; kl;Lk; tpOe;jd. Xl;ilfisg; G+ypj;Njtd; giltPuu;fs;
gr;ir kz;Zk; gidehUk; nfhz;L mg;Nghijf;fg;NghJ milj;J tpl;lhu;fs;. tplhJ
Rl;Lj;js;sr; nrhd;Ndd;. Xl;ilfisj; jkpo; kwtu;fs; jq;fs; cly;fshNyNa
milj;J epd;whu;fs;. Rl;l ,lq;fspnyy;yhk; kz;Zk; ehUk; vg;gbr; rpj;wNkh
mg;gbNa G+ypj;Njtdpd; tPuu;fspd; cly;fSk; rpjwpd. ,jd; gpd;dUk; me;j tPuu;fs;
mQ;rhky; jq;fs; gzpiar; nra;tijf; fz;L vd;dhy; tpaf;fhky; ,Uf;f
Kbatpy;iy. ehfupfk; Fiwe;jtu;fs; vd;W ek;khy; fUjg;gLfpw jkpo; kwtu;fspd;
tPuk;> ek; INuhg;gpau;fspd; tPuj;jpw;F ve;j tpjj;jpYk; Fiwe;jjd;W"14 vd;W
nlhdhy;L fhk;ngy; 20-5-1767 ,y; Fk;gpdpaUf;F vOjpa fbjk; Fwpj;J ,uhirah
jk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
,f;fbjq;fs; jkpof murpd; Mtzf; fhg;gfj;jhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd
vd;gJk;> new;fl;lhd; nrt;ty; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;l gPuq;fpf;Fz;Lfs; kw;Wk;
gy Nghu;f;fUtpfs; kJiu njhy;nghUs; Jiwapduplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
KbTiu
G+ypj;Njtdpd; g+h;tpfk;> Kd;Ndhu;fs;> jiyefuk; Mfpad Fwpj;J tuyhw;W
Ma;thsh;fs; $Wk; jfty;fSk;> njhy;ypay; juTfs; mspf;Fk; tpsf;fq;fSk;
Kuzhf ,Ug;gjhy;> ,sk;jiyKiwapdh; G+ypj;Njtdpd; cz;ik tuyhw;iw mwpa
,lh;gl NehpLk;. ,e;epiy khw> ‘njhy;ypay; Jiw’ jq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j
Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;L cz;ik tuyhw;iw ntspf;nfhz;L te;jhy; rpwg;ghf
mikAk; vd;gJ ,t;tha;thsh; fUj;jhf mikfpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. e.,uhirah.> khkd;dd; g+ypj;Njtd;. ,.g 2012.> gf; 272-273.

2. ghisag;gl;Lfs; tk;rhtopfs;> njhFjp.1> gf;.39.
3. njd;ghz;br;rpq;fq;fs; (,izajsg; gjpT) 17 [Piy> 2013.
4. NkyJ.
5. ,uhirah.> khkd;dd; g+ypj;Njtd;. ,.g 2012.> gf; 272.
6. njd;ghz;br;rpq;fq;fs; (,izajsg; gjpT) 17 [Piy> 2013.
7. uhirah Ma;Tf; fsQ;rpak;.> ,uh.eNue;jpuf; Fkhh; (njh.M) K.g2008.> g.165.
8. jpdkyu;> [_iy 12> 2008.
9. gpd;dpizg;G.
10. uhirah Ma;Tf; fsQ;rpak;.> gf; 166-168
11. 1 rhKNty; 17: 40> tptpypak;.>
12. kiygLflhk; ghly; vz;. 203- 206> fypj;njhif 52 13>14.
13. ,uhirah> khkd;dd; g+ypj;Njtd;. ,.g 2012.> gf; 272-273.
14. NkyJ.> gf; 368-369.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
eLfw;fs; rhd;Wk; jkpou; gz;ghLk;

Stonehenge and Tamil Culture
k.Rg;guhad;> Kidtu; gl;l Ma;thsu;>

ngupahu; kzpak;ik epfu; epiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> jQ;rhT+h;.
Abstract
Tamil culture is known for its monuments. In the ancient days the ancient Tamil
Warriors are glorified in all sorts of documentation, especially in the verses and the culverts
show their valour and martyrdom for the sake of the country, they gave their lives for saving
innocent people with stoicness. In commemoration of their feats and valorable acts, the kings
erected many stonehenges for the martyred warriors. Hence, this paper tries to bring out the
informations related to the Stonehenge.
Keywords: Stonehenge, Tamil Culture, Warriors, Commemoration
Kd;Diu:
“fy;Njhd;wp kz; Njhd;whf; fhyj;Nj thNshL
Kd;Njhd;wpa %j;jFb jkpo;f;Fb”
Kjy; nkhop jkpo;. Kjy; khe;jd; gpwe;jJ Fkupf;fz;lk;> Kj;jFbapdu; jkpou;.
gz;ghl;bYk;> ghuk;gupaj;jpYk;> ehfuPfj;jpYk;> eakpFel;gpYk;> nfhilapYk;
rpwe;Jtpsq;fpa ,dk; jkpopdk;. jkpou;fs; fhjy;> khdk;> tPuk; ,tw;iw capnudg;
Nghw;wpte;jdu;. ,aw;ifNahbiae;J fhjiyg; Nghw;wp tsu;j;jdu;. “jd;dpiyj;
jhohikAk; jho;e;jf;fhy; capu;thohikAk; khdkhFk;” vd;w cd;djg; gz;ghl;ilg;
gpd;gw;wpdu;.
tPuj;jpd; tpisepykhf jkpofk; ,Ue;jJ. jhd; tpUk;Gk; ngz;iz mila
‘VWjOTjy;’ vd;w tPu tpisahl;by; jdJ capiuAk; nghUl;gLj;jhky;
Kul;Lf;fhisia Nghuhb mlf;fpdu;. jd; tPuj;jpw;fhfg; mg;ngz;izg; guprhfg; ngw;W
,y;tho;f;ifia ts;Stu; newpg;gb elj;jpdu;. jd; ehl;L kd;dd; ntw;wp ngw>
tPuj;Jld; Nghu;Gupe;J tpOg;Gz; gLtijAk;> ,we;J gLtijAk; tpUk;gpdu;. muru;fs;
jdJ ntw;wpf;fhf cioj;J tPukuzk; jOtpa tPuu;fisg; ghuhl;Lk; tifapy;
mtu;fspd; cUtq;fisf; fy;ypy; nrJf;fp> mjDld; mt;tPud; gw;wpa ngau;> gpwe;j
Cu;> nra;jNghu;>... Nghd;w tptuq;fisAk; Fwpj;J> me;j fy;iy el;L nja;tkhf
topgl;ldu;. ,JNt eLfy; vdg;gLk;. ,t;tha;Tf; fl;Liuapy; eLfy; gw;wpa
rhd;WfisAk;> jkpou; gz;ghl;ilAk;> rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tpsf;f tpiofpd;Nwd;.
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; eLfy; rhd;Wk; jkpou; gz;ghLk;:
NghupNy khz;l tPuu;fSf;F fy;el;L tzq;Fk; tof;fk;> jkpou; gz;ghlhf
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
“fhl;rp> fhy;Nfhs;> ePu;g;gil> eLfy;>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rPu;j;jF kugpd; ngUk;gil tho;j;jy;”

vd;W tPuUf;F fy;ehl;L Kiwiaf; $WfpwJ njhy;fhg;gpag; Gwj;jpiz ,ay;
#j;jpuk;. KjypNy ey;y cWjpahd fy;iyf; fhZjy;;; ,uz;lhtJ fy;iy
vLj;JtUjy;; Kd;whtJ mf;fy;iy ePuhl;Ljy;; ehd;fhtJ mjidf; Fwpj;j ,lj;jpy;
eLjy;; Ie;jhtJ mf;fy;ypy; tPuDila ngaUk; GfOk; Fwpj;jy;; MwhtJ mjidj;
nja;tkhf itj;J tpohf; nfhz;lhb tho;j;jp tzq;Fjy; vd;W MWtifahf eLfy;
ehl;LKiw $wg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,t;thwhf NghupNy tpOg;Gz; gl;L tPukuzk; mile;j
tPuu;fspd; eLf;fw;fisj; nja;tkhf tzq;Fk; tof;fk; jkpou;fspd; gz;ghlhf
,Ue;jJ vd;gij> njhy;fhg;gpaj;jhy; mwpaKbfpwJ.
,d;Wk; $l ,e;jpah> jd;ehl;Lf;fhf tPu kuzk; va;jpa tPuu;fis 21 Fz;Lfs;
Koq;f kupahij nrYj;jp> mtu;fis mlf;fk; nra;J mt;tPuu;fspd; jpahfj;ijg;
Nghw;WfpwJ. NkYk; me;j tPudpd; FLk;gj;jpw;F epjpcjtpAk; nra;J tUfpwJ. ,e;jpa
kf;fshfpa ehKk; mtu;fspd; jpahfj;ijg; Nghw;wp kjpf;fpNwhk;; tzq;FfpNwhk;.
mfehDw;wpy; eLfy; rhd;Wk; jkpou; gz;ghLk;:
“ey;mku;f; fle;j ehz;cil kwtu;
ngaUk; gPLk; vOjp mjw;njhWk;
gPyp #l;ba gpwq;F epiy eLfy;” (mfk;: 67)
(fle;j-ntw;wp ngw;w> ehz; cil-Njhy;tpf;F ehZjy; cila> gPL-ngUik>
mju;-top> gpwq;F - tpsq;Ffpd;w)
“ey;y NghupNy ntw;wp ngw;w – Njhy;tpf;F ehZk; jd;ikAs;s tPuu;fspd;
ngaUk;> ngUikAk; nghwpj;J topfspNy kapw;gPyp #l;b tpsq;Ffpd;w eLfw;fs;”
vd;gNj ,jd; nghUs;. kJiu tPud;> tPudhu;> fUg;gdhu;> ma;adhu;>... Nghd;w
tPuu;fSf;F fy; el;L tzq;fpa tof;fNk> gpw;fhyj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;by; gy nja;tq;fs;
epiyg;gjw;Ff; fhuzkhapw;W. ehy;tif nja;tq;fs; $l me;epyj;J kf;fSf;Fj;
Jiz nra;j tPuu;fspd; jiytu;fshf ,Uf;fyhk; vdf;fUjg;gLfpwJ. tPuu;
tzf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj nja;t tzf;fk; gpwe;jJ> vd;W nrhy;tjw;Ff; $l ,lKz;L.
,t;thW mfehDW> tPuu; tzf;fNk nja;t tzf;fj;jpw;F mbg;gilahf mike;jJ
vd;W $WfpwJ. tPuu;fis jkpou;fs; Nghw;wp tzq;fpa gz;ghL ,jd; %yk;
ntspg;gLfpwJ.
gl;bdg;ghiyapy; eLfy; rhd;Wk; jkpou; gz;ghLk;:
“eLfy;yp duz; Nghy
neLe;J}z;bypw; fho; Nru;j;jpa
FWq; $iuf; Fbehg;gh” (gl;bdg;ghiy:78-80)
Nghu; Kidapy; tPu kuzk; mile;jtDilatd; epidthf eLfy;
fhtpupj;Jiwapy; elg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. me;eLfypdUfpy; Ntiy epWj;jpaJ Nghy ePz;l
Jz;by;Nfhiy rhu;j;jp itj;jpUe;jdu;. gpwF me;eLfy;iy nja;tkhf topgl;ldu;.
,t;thW Nghu; kwtd; tPukuzk; mile;jij eLfy; mikj;J mtdpd;
jpahfj;jpw;fhfj; jkpou;fs; topgl;ldu; vd;gij gl;bdg;ghiy vd;Dk; gj;Jg;ghl;L
E}y; $WfpwJ.
jpUf;Fwspy; eLfy; rhd;Wk; jkpou; gz;ghLk;:
vd;IKd; epy;yd;kpd; njt;tPu;!


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“vd;IKd; epy;yd;Kd; njt;tuP ; gyu;vd;I

Kd;epd;W fy;epd; wtu;” (Fws;:771 mjpfhuk;: 78> gilr;nrUf;F)
Nghuf;f; sj;jpy; xu; ehl;bd; giltPud; vjpup ehl;L giltPuu;fisg; ghu;j;J
“giftu;fNs! Kd;G vd;Dila jiytd; Kd; vjpu;j;J epd;W mtdhy; tPukuzk;
mile;J eLfy;yhapdhu; gyuhtu;. Mjyhy; ePq;fs; capUld; ,Uf;fNtz;bd;
vd;Dila jiytd; vjpupy; NghNuw;W epy;yhjPuf ; s;! vd;W vr;rupf;fpwhd;. ,jpypUe;J
mt;tuP d;> jd; murd; Nghu;Guptjpy; kpf ty;ytd; vd;gijAk; vjpu;f;Fk; giftPuu;fs;
vg;gbg;gl;l jpwikrhypfshapDk;> tPo;e;JgLthu;fs; vd;Wk;> jk; murid vjpu;j;jtu;
gyu; eLfy;yhfptpLtu; vd;Wk; tpiue;J mwptpf;fpd;whd;;.
tpOg;Gz; glhj ehnsy;yhk; tPzhd ehl;fs;
gz;ila jkpou;fs; Nghupy; <LgLjiy tpUk;gpdhu;fs;. Nghupy; <Lgl;L
Kfj;jpYk; khu;gpYk; vjpupfspd; MAjq;fshy; tpOg;Gz; cz;lhtij ngUikahff;
fUjpdhu;fs;. Nghu; vd;w cld; Njhs;fs; Gilj;J> G+upj;J Mu;g;gupg;gupj;jdu;.
Nghu;Kurpy; kuq;fspd; fpisfs; NkhjpNah> ,iy> fha;> fdpfs; tpOe;Njh rj;jk;
Nfl;lhy; $l> Mfh! Nghu; miog;Ng! vdj; Js;spf;Fjpg;gu;. Nghupy; gLk; fhaNk
Gfopd; fhak; vd;Wk; Nghu; Gz;glhj ehl;fnsy;yhk; tho;f;ifapy; gadw;W fope;j
ehl;fs; vd tUe;Jthu;fs;. vd;Nd! jkpoupd; khz;G ,jid ts;Stu;
“tpOg;Gz; glhjeh nsy;yhk; tOf;fpDs;
itf;Fe;jd; dhis naLj;J” (Fws;-776 mjpfhuk;: 78 gilr;nrUf;F)
vd;w Fwspy; ,ak;Gfpwhu;.
Gue;jhu; fz;ePu; ky;fy;
Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; tPud; xUtd; tpOg;Gz; Vw;gl;L ,we;J tpLfpwhd;. mjid
mwpe;j murd; XNlhb te;J> mt;tuP idj; jd; kbapy; fplj;jp> jdf;fhf capu;j;
jpahfk; nra;jjw;fhf fz;zPu; rpe;Jfpwhd;. mf;fz;zPu; ,we;j tPudpd; cliy
eidf;fpwJ. murd; vt;tsT cau;thdtd;! mg;gbg;gl;l murd; xU rhjhuz
Nghu;tPud; ,we;jjw;F fz;zPu; rpe;Jfpwhd;. ,e;jFzk; ,we;j tPuDf;F jUk; GfNoh
mstpylq;fh!. Mifahy; ,g;gbg;gl;l Gfio mila> tPud; jd;Dila ,wg;ig
ahrpj;NjDk; ngwNtz;Lk; vd;W fPo;f;fhZk; Fwspy; $Wfpwhu; ehadhu;.
“Gue;jhu;f;fz; ePu;ky;fr; rhfpw;gpd; rhf;fhL
,ue;JNfhs; jf;fJ cilj;J” (Fws;:780> mjpfhuk;:78 gilr;nrWf;F)
cUrpahtpy; Nghu;tuP d; xUtd; ,we;Jtpl;lhd; mtid myq;fupf;fg;gl;l uhZt
tz;bapy; itj;J mlf;fk; nra;Ak; nghUl;L tz;b ,Oj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpwJ. Kjy;
eguhf me;ehl;L [hu;[; kd;dd; jdJ jiyf; fpuplj;ij vLj;J> ifapy;
itj;Jf;nfhz;L uhZt tz;biaj; njhlu;fpwhd;. murNd nry;Yk;NghJ ehk;
vk;khj;jpuk;? vd;W me;ehl;bd; Fbfs; midtUk; muridg; gpd; njhlu;fpwhu;fs;.
,jpypUe;J Nghu;tPud; xU ehl;bd; murDf;F ,izahf kjpf;fg;gl;lhd; vd
mwpayhk;. ,r;nray; ts;Stupd; “gilr;nrUf;F” Nehf;Fld; xg;gplj;jf;fJ.
etfz;l rpw;gq;fs;
,f;fhyj;jpy; xUtd; jhd; KaYk; nray; ntw;wp ngw;why;> Kbiaf;
fhzpf;ifahf;FfpNwd;. cz;baypy; gzk; NghLfpd;Nwd;. myFFj;jp Nju;
,Of;fpd;Nwd;; ,dd gpw nghUl;fisg;gilf;fpd;Nwd; vd;W nja;tj;jplk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Ntz;Ltijg; Nghy> gz;ilafhyj;jpYk; kwtu;fSk;> kw;wtu;fSk; jdJ ehl;L

murd; cly; eype;J Nkhrkhfp ,wf;Fk; jUthapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJk;> NtW ehl;Lld;
Nghuplr;nrd;wpUe;jhy; mtu;Nghupy; ntw;wp ngwNtz;Lk;. mg;gb ntw;wp ngw;W te;jhy;>
jd; cly; cWg;Gf;fs; my;yJ capiuNa gypapLtjhf nja;tj;jplk; mur rigapy;
Ntz;bf; nfhs;thu;fs;.
mt;thW murd; cly;epiy Njwpte;jhYk; Nghupy; ntw;wp ngw;Wte;jhYk; jd;
Ntz;Ljiy epiwNtw;w xd;gJ ,lq;fspy; ntl;bf;nfhz;L> Kbtpy; jd; fOj;jpy;
ntl;bf;nfhz;L jdJ capiu gyp nfhLg;ghu;fs;. me;j jpahfj;jpw;fhf mt;tPuDf;F
itf;fg;gLtNj etfz;l rpw;gkhFk;. ,jidf; fypq;fj;Jg;guzpapy; ghu;ff ; KbfpwJ.
“rypahj jdpahz;ikj; jWfz; tPuu;
jUftuk; tuj;jpDf;Fj; jf;f jhfg;
gypahf cWg;gupe;J jUJk; vd;W
guTnkhyp flnyhypNghw; ghu;f;FkhNyh” (fypq;fj;Jguzp-jhopir 109.)
eLfw;fSk; etfhz;l rpw;gq;fSk; jkpofj;jpy; Nkw;f;Fj;njhlu;rr ; p kiy>
fpof;F njhlu;r;rp kiyg;gFjpfspYk;> mjidr; Rw;wpAs;s ntspg;gFjpfspYk; mjpf
mstpy; Ma;thsu;fs; fz;Lgpbj;J ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;fs;.
fy;ntl;L Ma;thsUk;> jkpof murpd; mfit Kjpu;e;j jkpowpQu; tpUJ
ngw;wtUkhd jpU.rp.f.kzp mtu;fs; fy;yf;Fwpr;rp Nfhl;l eLfw;fs; tuyhW vd;w
jdJ E}ypy; eLfw;fisg;gw;wpAk; etfz;l rpw;gq;fs; gw;wpAk; kpf mofhf rpw;g
Xtpaq;fSld; ntspapl;Ls;shu;.
eLfw;fs;> etfz;l rpw;gq;fs; %yk; jkpou;fs; tPuk; nrwpe;jtu;fshfTk;
jd;id MSk; kd;du;fSf;fhf jd; capiuNa jpahfk; nra;a$batu;fshf
tpsq;fpdhu;fs; vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ.
KbTiu
,JfhWk; $wpatw;wpypUe;J eLfw;fs;> rptfz;l rpw;gq;fs; Mfpa njhy;ypay;
rhd;Wfs; jkpou;fs; tPuj;ijAk;> GfioAk; tpUk;gpdhu;fs; vd;Wk;> jk; murd;
eyDf;fhfj; jdJ ,d;DapiuNa ,of;fj; Jzpe;jtu;fshf tpsq;fpdhu;fs; vd;Wk;
mwpayhk;.
gps;isnahd;W ,we;J gpwg;gpDk; - rijg;
gpz;lnkhd;W gpwe;J njhiyf;fpDk;
%g;G nfhz;L kbe;jpbDk;
KbtpNyhU Neha;fz;L Kbe;jpbDk;
Nghupy; fye;J tpOg;Gz; ngw;W – khdkpF
tPuu; vd khz;blhj gop Jilg;gjw;fhf
ths; nfhz;L clypy; fPwp
thd;Gfo; tho;tpy; Nru;j;j gpd;Ng
clylf;fk; nra;jpLk; khdkwNg
mlNyWfs; kype;jpLk; jkpou; kuG!
vd;w “khdk; fhj;j kwtd;” vd;w jiyg;gpy; fiyQu; $wpagb> jkpou;fs;
tho;e;jhu;fs;. ,e;ehl;L kd;du;fshfpa ehKk; ehL> kf;fs; nropf;f Ntz;baijr;
nra;Nthk; vdf; $wp ,t;tha;Tf; fl;Liuia epiwT nra;fpNwd;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Mjhu E}y;fs;:
1. kiwkiy mbfs;> gl;bdg;ghiy Muha;r;rp ciu> ntspaPL;: uhika;ah

gjpg;gfk;.[p-4 rhe;jp mLf;ffk;> 3 = fpU\;zhGuk; njU uhag;Nghl;il
nrd;id 600014. Ie;jk; gjpg;G 2014.
2. rhkp rpjk;gudhu; goe;jkpou; tho;Tk; tsu;r;rpAk; ntspaPL ehk; jkpou; gjpg;gfk;>
10/14 Njhg;G ntq;flhryk; njU> jpUty;ypf;Nfzp nrd;id 600 005.
Kjw;;gjpg;G [{iy 2012.
3. Gytu; Foe;ij> jpUf;Fws; Gytu; Foe;ij ciu ntspaPL: rhujh gjpg;gfk;>
[p 4> rhe;jp mLf;ffk;> 3 = fpU\;zhGuk; njU> uhag;Nghl;il nrd;id
600014. Vohk; gjpg;G 2014.
4. jpU rp.f.kzp fy;yf;Fwpr;rp Nfhl;l eLfw;fs; tuyhW rpj;jpiur; nry;tp
gjpg;gfk;> jkpofg; goq;Fb kf;fs; Ma;T ikak;>40/1> uhrh efu; tlf;F> fhe;jp
rhiy> fy;yf;Fwpr;rp Nfhl;lk; - 606202. Kjw;gjpg;G 2016.
5. lhf;lu; ehtyu; ,uh.neLQ;nrhopad; jpUf;Fws; ehtyu; ciu> ntspaPL ehtyu;
nehLQ;nropad; fy;tp muf;fl;lis> 4/7 khrpyhkzpj;njU> rPj;jhk;khs;
FbapUg;G> Mo;thu;g;Ngl;il nrd;id-600018.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpoh; gz;ghl;by; kQ;rs;

Turmeric in Tamil Culture
nu. Rg;Gnyl;Rkp> Kidth; gl;l Ma;thsh;>

nfhq;F ehL fiy mwptpay; fy;Y}hp> Nfhit.
Abstract
The study of the article deals with use of Turmeric in the life of the Tamil People.
Turmeric is an antibiotic. It has been used from the age old history of the Tamil people for
medicinal purposes. The plant and the root of the plant is used for all sorts of celebrations as
a token of healthy welcome. Th people believe if they use it in daily life, they will get ultimate
benefit out of it. The women of Tamil Nadu use turmeric as an application and according to
the tradition it lengthens life and it is the symbol of long life of the life partner to the woman.
It also has other significances. Therefore, the study use of turmeric in tamil society.
Keywords: Turmeric, Tamil Culture, Tradition
Kd;Diu
ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; kjp El;gj;jpdhy; kf;fspd; tho;it Nkk;gLj;Jk; ,aw;ifg;
nghUl;fis tho;tpy; ,lk;ngwr; nra;tjw;F mtw;iw kq;fyg; nghUl;fshf;fp>
mg;nghUl;fspd;wp kidAk;> tpohf;fSk;> rlq;FfSk;> rk;gpujhaq;fSk; ,y;iy
vd;Dk; tifapy; tho;tpy; xUtpj gpizg;gpid Vw;gLj;jpg; gad;gLj;jr; nra;J
tho;tpid Nkk;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. mt;tifapy; ek; ehl;by; kq;fyg; nghUshf
,lk;ngw;w kQ;rspd; kfj;Jtj;ij Nryk; nrhh;zGhpapy; efuj;jhh; rq;f xd;gjhk;
Mz;L tpohf; ftpauq;fpy; 06-10-74 md;W jpU lhf;lh; ng. mz;zhkiy> vk;.V.>
gp.vr;.>b.> jiyikapy; kQ;rs; vd;w jiyg;gpy; ftpQh; mU. NrhkRe;judhh; ghba
ftpij thapyhfTk;> gpw rhd;Wfspd; thapyhfTk; vLj;Jiug;gNj ,f;fl;Liuapd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.
jkpoh; gz;ghl;by; kQ;rs; vd;w jiyg;gpidj; Njh;e;njLj;jjw;F
“gQ;rnkJ te;jhYk; jkpoh; ehl;bd;
gz;ghl;il xUnrhy;ypy; nrhy;f vd;why;
kQ;rspidr; nrhy;Ntd;ehd;@ ,e;j ehl;bd;
kq;fykha; ,Ug;gJTk; kQ;rs; jhNd!” (INuhg;gh> g:101.)
vd;W ftpQh; mU.NrhkRe;judhh; ghba ghlybfNs fhuzk; vdyhk;. ,g;ghlybfisf;
nfhz;L kQ;rspidg; gw;wp rpe;jpj;j NghJ xU Gj;jfNk vOjptpLk; mstpw;Fr;
nra;jpfs; epidtpw;F te;jhYk; fl;Liuapd; tiuaiwf; fUjp vLf;fr; nra;jpfs;
kl;LNk ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
xU rKjhak; cUthtjw;F mbg;gilf; FLk;gk;. mf;FLk;gj;jpid cUthf;Fk;
tpohthd jpUkztpohr; nra;jpfs; njhlf;fkhf mikfpd;wd.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jpUkz miog;gpjo;
xU ngz;iz kzkfshf tPl;bw;F tutiof;F Kd; ,d;dhh; ngz;iz
vq;fs; tPl;L kUkfshf Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpNwhk; vd;gij rKjhaj;jpw;F mwptpf;Fk;
tifapy; mr;rbf;Fk; jpUkz miog;gpjopy; Kjypy; ,lk;ngWtJ kQ;rs; vd;gjid>
“miog;gpjio mDg;Gifapy; kQ;rs; G+rp
mDg;Gfpwhh;@ cs;,Ug;igf; $Nl nrhy;Yk;!” (I. g.103)
vd;Wk;> miog;gpjo; mr;rbf;fg;gl;l juj;jpidf; nfhz;L nry;t tsj;jpid
kjpg;gplyhk; vd;w nra;jpAk; GydhfpwJ.
miog;gpjOf;Fg; gpd; rKjhaj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; rk;gpujhaq;fspy; kQ;rs;
K$h;j;jf;fhy; eLk; tpoh
kzkfd; tPl;by; eilngWk; tpohthFk;. K$h;j;jf;fhy; vd;gJ tPL fl;Lk;NghJ
rhuk; fl;Ltjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ePskhd rTf;F Nghd;w kuf;fk;G MFk;.
jpUkzj;jpw;fhf tPl;bw;F nts;is mbf;Fk;NghJ ,k;kuf; fk;gpw;Fk;> cuYf;Fk;
nts;isf; fhtp tz;zq;fisj; jPl;b itj;Jf; nfhs;th;. jpUkzj;jpw;F Ie;J
my;yJ VO ehl;fSf;F Kd;G kzkfd; tPl;by; Vw;ghL nra;jpUe;j K$h;j;jf;fhy;
eLk; tpohtpw;F tUfpd;wth;fis re;jdk;> Fq;Fkk; nfhLj;J tuNtw;gh;. gpd;G
Mz;fs; K$h;j;jf;fhypd; cr;rpapy; khtpiy> Ntg;gpiy> tpwyp kQ;rs;> etjhdpak;>
ky;ypifg;G+> ntw;wpiyg;ghf;F itj;Jf; fl;Lth;. mjid tPl;bw;F Kd;G tlfpof;Fj;
jpirapy; K$h;j;jf;fhy; eLtjw;fhfj; Njhz;ba Fopapy; gRk;ghy;> Nfhkpak; Cw;wp
K$h;j;jf;fhypid eLth;. mr;rkaj;jpy; ngz;fs; kQ;rs; jltpa E}ypy; tpwyp
kQ;rs;> ntw;wpiyg; ghf;F> ky;ypifg;G+ ,tw;iwf; fl;b ,jid cuypy; fl;b
myq;fhpg;gh;. gpd;G Rj;jk; nra;j cyf;ifapYk; tpwyp kQ;rs; ntw;wpiyg;ghf;F> G+
fl;bf; nfhz;L cuypy; tpwyp kQ;rspidg; Nghl;L taJ Kjph;e;j Rkq;fypg; ngz;fs;
xt;nthUtuhf te;J kQ;rspid ,bg;gh;. gpd;G ,bj;j kQ;rs; nghbia kzkfd;
tPl;by; vLj;J itg;gh;. mjd; gpd;G ngz;fSf;F> ntw;wpiyg; ghf;F> G+> kQ;rs;
fapW> fw;fz;L> NjePh; nfhLg;gh;. trjp gilj;jth;fs; rpw;Wz;b nfhLg;gJk; cz;L.
,t;tpohtpy; Kiwkhkd; Nky; Kiwg;ngz;fs; re;jdk;> kQ;rs; njspj;J
tpisahLtJk; cz;L.
jpUkz tpohtpy; eYq;F
jpUkzr; rlq;fpy; xU gFjpahd eYq;F vd;gJ kzkf;fs; ghjq;fspy;
kQ;rspidg; G+rptpLtJ MFk;. ,r;rk;gpujhaj;jpidg; gw;wp ehl;Lg;Gw ,aypy;
,lk;ngw;w>
“vd;wd; kdj;jpw; fpirAnkd; ehjNu
,d;gKld; ckJ jpUg;ghj kyiu
me;jKld; gpbj;J mofhd kQ;rshy;
mbNaDk; MirAld; eYq;Fkpl;Nld;” (eh.G.,. g:202)
vd;w ghlybfSk; Gyg;gLj;jpAs;sij mwpa KbfpwJ.
eYq;F vd;w nrhy;ypw;Ff; fofj; jkpo; mfuhjpapy; nghUs; fhz
Kad;wNghJ> eYq;F vd;w nrhy; njd;gltpy;iy. mjpy; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;j eyq;F vd;w
nrhy;ypd; nghUs; xU fypahzr; rlq;F vd;W Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jjd; %yk; eyq;F


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vd;gJ fhyg;Nghf;fpy; eYq;F vd;W cr;rhpg;gpy; khw;wk; Vw;gl;bUf;fyhk; vdj;

Njhd;WfpwJ.
jpUkzj;jpy; jhyp fl;Lk; jj;Jtk;
jpUzj;jpy; jhyp fl;Ltjd; cl;nghUis tpsf;Fk; tifapy;>
“… kQ;rspidf; fapw;wpdpNy njhq;f tpl;Lj;
jQ;rnkd te;jtl;Fj; jhyp fl;Lk;
jj;Jtj;ij vz;Zq;fs;@ kidtp vd;Dk;
kQ;rspidr; #o;e;Js;s fztd; vd;Dk;
khz;Gila fapwtidf; fhf;f Ntz;Lk;” (I. g:102)
vd;W ghba ftpijapy; kQ;rs; kidtpiaAk; fapW fztidAk; Fwpg;gjhf
Rl;bapUg;gJ GydhfpwJ. mLj;J jhypapidf; fl;Lk;NghJ %d;W Kbr;Rg; NghLtjd;
fhuzj;ijg; gw;wp>
“jhypapidf; fl;Lifapy; Kbr;R %d;wpy;
jj;Jtj;ij vz;Zq;fs;@ jhuj; Jf;F
Ntypnad tpsq;Ffpw fztd; ve;j
NtisapYk; clyhtp nghUis <aj;
jhypapidr; #o;e;jpl;l Kbr;rha; epd;whd;
jhypaJ jq;fj;jpd; tsh;r;rp! gz;il
ehspdpNy kQ;rsJ njhlf;f kd;Nwh!
eynky;yhk; kQ;rspNy mlf;f kd;Nwh!” (I.g:102)
vd;w ,g;ghlypy; FLk;geyd; fUjp gz;il ehspy; kQ;rspid Kd; itj;jdh;
vd;Wk; jw;NghJ mtuth; kugpdpd;W khwp jhypiaj; jq;fj;jpy; nra;J nfhs;tijr;
Rl;bf; fhl;bapUg;gJk; njspthfpwJ.
jpUkzr; rPh;
jpUkzj;jpw;Fhpa rPh; vd;gjid vt;tpjk; njhpe;J nfhs;tJ vd;gijg; gw;wp>
“Njq;fhapy; kQ;rspidj; jltp tpl;lhy;
jpUkzj;Jr; rPnud;W njhpe;J nfhs;Nthk;” (I.g:104)
vd;gjd; %yKk;> jpUkzk; Kbe;jgpd; ngz;fSf;F kQ;rs; je;J mDg;Gk;
Kiwia>
“jpUg;G+l;b Kbe;jJNk ngz; fSf;Fg;
ghq;fhfr; rpyChpy; kQ;rs; je;J
gz;ghl;ilf; fhf;fpd;w gof;f Kz;L” (I.g:104)
vd;w thpfs; %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ. jpUkz ml;rijahy; (kQ;rs; fye;j
mhprp) kyh; J}tp kzkf;fis tho;j;Jk; kuGk; ek;kpilNa cz;L.
,r;nra;jpfspypUe;J rKjhaj;jpdh; gpd;gw;Wk; jpUkzr; rlq;F Kiwfs;
khWgl;bUe;jhYk; jpUkzj;jpy; Kf;fpa ,lj;jpidg; ngWtJ kQ;rs; vd;gJ cz;ik
vdyhk;.
ngz;fspd; kjpg;ig cah;j;Jk; kQ;rs;
xU ngz; vg;nghOJ kfhyl;Rkpahff; fhl;rp nfhLf;fpwhs; vd;gij>
“mQ;rhky; kQ;rspid Kfj;jpy; G+rp
mhpanjhU Fq;Fkj;jpy; jpyf kpl;Lf;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nfhQ;rnkhU kyh;r;ruKk; $e;j ypl;Lf;

Fzkhd kidtpats; mUNf te;jhy;
rPNjtp tUtJNghy; fhl;rp Njhd;Wk;” (I. g:101)
vd;w ghly; thpfs; %yk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; Mjpfhyj;jpypUe;Nj ngz;fs;
kQ;rs; Nja;j;J ePuhLtij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; tifapy;>
“fhtphpahW nja;tf P gyk; kpf;fJ… ,j;jifa Gz;zpa ejpapy;
kQ;rs; Nja;j;J> khq;fy;ak; khw;wp ePuhb tUtJ kq;fykhd
tho;itj; jUk;” (jpdkyh;: Md;kPfkyh; g:20)
vd;w ,r;nra;jpAk; mike;Js;sJ vdyhk;.
jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fspy; kQ;rs;
Kg;gj;J Kf;Nfhb Njth;fs; Gz;zpa ejpfspYk;> ngha;iffspYk; ePuhLtjhf
$wpf; nfhs;Sk; IjPfk; ek;kpy; cz;L. mjdbg;gilapy; jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fspy;
nja;tq;fis Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jp ,iwAzh;NthL gz;ghl;ilAk; czh;j;Jk; tifapy;
kPdhl;rp mk;kd; ePuhLk; ghq;fpid>
“ehop eWf;FkQ;rs; ehYtifg; gr;irkQ;r
ehnly;yhk; cs;s kQ;rs;
miur;R topg;ghshk; mq;faw;fz; kPdhs;
mQ;rgtd; jl;nluk;g!
G+rpf; Fspg;ghshk; kPdhl;rp mk;khs;
G+g;glh;e;j ngha;ifapNy
Nja;rR ; f; Fspg;ghshk; kPdhl;rp mk;khs;
Njfnkyh G+kzf;f
vd;W gbg;ghuhk; ,q;Fs;s jha;khh;fs;
vopy; xOFk; kQ;rspid!” (I. g:105)
vd;w ghlybfspy; mike;j fUj;jpd; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ. NkYk; Foe;ijf;Fg;
ghLk; jhyhl;Lg; ghlypy; kQ;rs; miuj;Jj; Nja;j;J ePuhLtJ Kd;Ndhh; kuG
vd;gjid njhl;by; gUtj;jpypUe;Nj cs;Szh;tpy; gjpAk; tifapy; ,j;jhyhl;Lg;
ghly; mike;Js;sJ GydhfpwJ. mLj;J jkpoz;zy; njhFj;j jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs;
vd;w jiyg;gpy; cs;s xU ghlypy; KUfd; ts;spapd;Nky; Mir nfhz;lJ vg;gb
vdg; gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghba
“tz;lhlg; G+kyu – ts;sp
tdq;fhf;f fz;lhNuh!
ts;sp moFf;Fk; - ts;sp
tyJifj; NjkYf;Fk;
fd;dj;J kQ;rSf;Fk; - Rg;igah
fz;lhir nfhz;lhNuh!
cl;fOj;J kQ;rSf;Fk; - Rg;igah
cs;shirg; gl;lhNuh!” (jhyhl;L> g:55)
,g;ghlypYk; kQ;rs; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngw;wjid mwpaKbfpwJ. NkYk; mbf;Fwpg;gpy;>
1. Njky; - Rzq;F vdr; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rpwg;gpf;fg; ngWtJ.
,j;Njky; moNfahFk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
2. kQ;rs; moNf ek;ehl;Lg; gz;ghL. kh> G+r;R mofd;W!

vd;W jkpoz;zy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,t;thW Fwpg;gpl;ljd; fhuzk; ,d;W Njky;
vd;gJ xU Njhy; Neha; vdg; nghUs; nfhs;tjhYk;> kQ;rs; G+rpdhy; Njhy; Kul;Lj;
Njhyhf khwptpLk; vd;Wk; ghkuh;fs; G+RtJ kQ;rs; vd;Wk; $wpf;nfhz;L ek;
gz;ghl;il kl;Lky;y nrytpy;yhj kUj;Jtf; Fzk; tha;e;j ,aw;if kQ;rspidg;
Gwf;fzpj;J nraw;ifg; G+r;Rf;fis G+rpf; nfhz;L xt;thikahy; kUj;Jtr;
nrytpdq;fis mjpfhpj;Jf; nfhz;L tPl;Lg; nghUshjhuj;ij rPuopf;ff; fw;Wf;
nfhz;Nlhk; vd;gij czh;j;Jtjw;fhf ,Uf;fyhk; vdf; fUj KbfpwJ.
khg;G+r;R mofd;W vd;W jkpoz;zy; Fwpg;gpl;lijg; Nghy; ftpQUk; jk;
ftpijapy;>
“kQ;rspidg; G+rhj kq;if cz;lh
kfuhrp Kfuhrp kQ;rs; uhrp
nfhQ;rNk njhpahjhh; ,e;j ehspy;
Flk; Flkha; khG+rpf; FUjp nfl;lhh;” (I. g:101)
vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sijf; ftdpf;f Ntz;bajhfpwJ.
kQ;rs; moNf ek; ehl;Lg; gz;ghL vd;W jkpoz;zy; Rl;bf; fhl;Lk;
mofpidf; ftpQh; jk; ftpijapy; kQ;rs; G+rhj ngz;zpd; Njhw;wg; nghyptpidg;
GQ;ir vd;Wk; kQ;rs; G+rpa ngz;zpd; Njhw;wg; nghyptpid eQ;ir vd;Wk;
Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;baij>
“GQ;irnad ,Ug;Nghh;fs; tho;tpy; kQ;rs;
GFk;NghJ eQ;irnadg; nghypfpd; whNu” (I. g:101)
vd;gjd; %yk; GydhfpwJ. GQ;ir> eQ;irnadf; $wpajd; fhuzj;ij MuhAk;
NghJ GQ;ir vd;gJ Gd;nra; epyk;. ,e;epyg;gFjp ePh;tuj;Jf; Fiwthd gFjpahjyhy;
gRik Fiwe;J fhzg;gLk;. eQ;ir vd;gJ ed;nra; epykhFk;. ,e;epyg;gFjp
ePh;epiyfSf;F mUfpy; mike;J kuQ;nrb nfhbfs; epiwe;J FSFSntd;W
,Uf;Fk; nghypthd gFjpahFk;. vdNt Gd;nra; epyj;jpd; Kd;Nd ed;nra; epyj;jpd;
Njhw;wk; moF kpspUk;. mNjNghy xU ngz; kQ;rs; G+rhjNghJ Gd;nra; epykhfTk;>
kQ;rs; G+rpaNghJ ed;nra; epykhfTk; fhl;rp nfhLg;gjhff; $wg;gl;ljd; cz;ik
GydhfpwJ.
,d;ndhU tifapy; rpe;jpg;NghNkahdhy; GQ;ir> eQ;ir vd ahiuAk; Nfhbl;L
fhl;bajhfg; Gyg;gltpy;iy. Mjyhy; GQ;irnad tpsq;Fk; jpUkzkhfhj
Mz;fspd; tho;tpy; kQ;rshfpa (kidtp) GFk;NghJ mth;fspd; tho;T eQ;irnad
nropj;Njhq;Ftijf;$l Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fyhk; vdTk; vz;zj; Njhd;WfpwJ.
topghl;by; kQ;rs;
nja;t topghLfspy; kQ;rs; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWtij>
“mwpahj mk;ikapdhy; thL Nthh;fs;
midth;f;Fk; kQ;rs;jhd; kUj;J tr;rp
Fwpg;ghff; Nfhapw;Fk; ghgp N\ff;
Fk;gj;jpy; Cw;WtJk; kQ;rs; ePNu
ntwpahl;by; KUfidNa tut iof;f
tpiunjspj;J kQ;rspidj; J}T thh;fs;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
thpg;ghly; jhyhl;Lg; ghL NthUk;

tiftifaha; kQ;rspidg; ghL thh;fs;” (I. g:105)
vd;w ghlypd; top mwpaKbfpwJ. ,jpy; mk;ik vd;gJ xU Neha; vd;whYk;
khhpak;kd; te;Js;sjhfNt Kd;Ndhh; fUjp te;Js;sjhy; kUj;Jtiu mZfhky;
kQ;risNa kUe;jhfg; gad;gLj;jp Fzkilar; nra;th;. vdNt topghl;Lg; ghlypy;
mk;ikAk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ vdyhk;. KUfd; topghl;bYk; Nfhapw;
Fk;ghgpN\fj;jpYk;> ,irg; ghly;fspYk;> jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fspYk; kQ;rspd;
ngUikia czu KbfpwJ.
mLj;J kUj;Jtj;jpy; Rf;fpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk;> ,y;ywj;jpy; kQ;rshfpa
kidtpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; tifapy;>
“RopNghl;Lf; Fwpg;gJTk; kQ;rs;jhNd
Rf;Ff;Fs; kUj;JtNk mlf;fk;!...
……..fztDNk mlf;fklh? kQ;r Sf;Nf!” (I. g:102)
vd;w ,g;ghlypd; fUj;J mikfpwJ vdyhk;.
ek;gpf;if
G+kzKk; kQ;rSk;
ik#h; khepyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j fpuhkg; ngz;fs; taypy; ,wq;fp ehw;W
eLk;NghJk;> ngz;fs; taypy; ,wq;fp ehw;W eLk;NghJk;> gwpf;Fk; NghJk; fl;lhak;
jiyapy; G+ itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhk;. mNjNghd;W Mlth;fs; Vh; cOk; NghJk;>
tpijf;Fk; NghJk;> rpwpa kQ;ris ,Lg;Gj; Jzpapy; Kbe;J itj;Jf;
nfhs;thh;fshk;. kq;fsr; rpd;dq;fNshL taypy; ,wq;fpdhy; G+kh Njtp kdk;
Fsph;e;J mNkhf tpisr;riyj; jUths; vd;w ek;gpf;if ntF fhykhf ,q;F ,Ue;J
tUfpwJ! (FKjk;> 04-03-1971> v];. ukzp) vd;w nra;jpAk; kQ;rspd; kq;fsj;
jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf mike;Js;sJ.
Myaq;fs; ,y;yhj ,lq;fspy; topghL nra;Ak; NghJ kQ;risg;
gps;isahuhf itj;J topgLtJ cz;L. mNjNghy;
“ehj;jpats; rlq;Fj; jl;by;
vd;WKs kQ;rsJ gps;is ahuha;
,Ue;jhrp ey;Ffpwhh;” (I. g:103)
vd;w ghlybfspd; %yk; rPh;> rlq;FfspYk; kQ;rs; gps;isahh; ,lk;ngWtJ
tof;fkhf cs;sij mwpa KbfpwJ.
RUf;fkhfr; nrhd;dhy; ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; vq;Fk; ePf;fkw epiwe;jpUf;Fk;
,iwtid tzq;fp epw;gJ Nghy; vq;Fk;> vjpYk; kQ;ris gy;NtW tiffspy;
gad;gLj;jp> ,iwtdpd;wp ,af;fkpy;iy vd;gJNghy; kQ;rspd;wp kidAk;> tho;Tk;
,y;iynad kQ;rspid tho;NthL tho;thf ,uz;lwf; fyf;Fk;gbr; nra;jjw;fhd
fhuzq;fis MuhAk;NghJ kQ;rs; cly;> nghUs;> Mtp midj;jpw;Fk; ghJfhg;Gf;
ftrkhf ,Ug;gjid Xiyr;Rtb vd;w E}ypy; fz;lwpe;j jfty;fs;
njhFj;jspf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
kQ;rspy; cs;s Fzq;fs;
1. kQ;rs; fha;r;rpf; Fbj;jhy; kdpj clYf;F [Ptrf;jp fpilf;Fk; vd;W
MAh;Ntjk; $Wfpd;wJ. kQ;rs; fye;j czT tiffis cl;nfhs;Sk; NghJ


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,uj;j mRj;jj;jhy; cz;lhFk; rUk Neha;fs;> rpWePh; rk;ge;jkhd> Fly;

fpUkpfs; Kjypaitapd; ghjpg;gpypUe;J tpyfyhk;. NkYk; czT
thapyhfNth> NtW topapNyh clypy; GFe;j tp\ mk;rq;fis mopg;gjw;Fk;
kQ;rs; cjTfpd;wJ. tapw;Wf; NfhshW> thAf; NfhshW vd;gitia
jzpf;fpd;wJ. kQ;rs; rUkj;Jf;F nkd;ikAk; mspj;J NehaZf;fis mopj;J
moifAk; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. (X.R. g:124)
2. Kfj;jpy; te;J NrUk; NehaZf;fis mopf;Fk; rf;jp kQ;rSf;Fz;L vd;gJ
ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. czTg; nghUl;fspy; ,Uf;Fk; NehaZf;fis mopj;J
Rj;jg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf czTg; nghUl;fspy; kQ;rs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ew;Fzq;fisf; nfhz;l kQ;rspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gz;ila kf;fs;
myl;rpak; nra;ahky; czh;e;jpUe;jdh;. (X.R. g:226)
3. rtj;ij jfdk; nra;tjw;fhf tpwF mLf;fp> gLf;f itj;jhy; mjw;Fr;
Rw;wpYk; kQ;rs; nghb tpjWk; xU rlq;F rpy ,lq;fspy; nra;fpd;wdh;. ,ij
Kw;wpYk; %l ek;gpf;if vd;Nw js;sptplyhk;. Mdhy; ,J kpfTk; mtrpak;
vd;gij vy;NyhUk; Ghpe;J nfhz;lhy; ey;yJ. ve;j NehAkpy;yhky; my;yJ
guTk; Neha; vJTkpy;yhky; xUth; ,we;J NghdhYk; ,we;J rpy kzp
Neuj;Jf;Fs; rtk; nrhpf;fj; njhlq;Fk;. mjpypUe;J cUthFk; gy tifapyhd
NehaZf;fs; Rw;Wr; #oypy; gutj; njhlq;Fk; ,ijj; jtph;g;gjw;fhfNt
kQ;rs; nghb Rw;Wk; ,LtJ. (Xiyr; Rtb> gf;:276-277)
,NjNghy; fpuhkq;fspy; xUth; ,we;jTld;> ,we;jthpd; fz;fis %b kQ;rs; itj;J
tpLth;. ,t;tof;fj;ij epidf;Fk; NghJ Nkw;$wpaJ fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk; vdf;
fUj KbfpwJ.
“J}uj;Jg; gazq;fs; fopj;J tUk; FLk;gj;jpdh;> jpUkzk;
Kbe;J kzkfd; tPl;Lf;F tUk; jk;gjpfs;> kfg;NgW
Kbe;jpUf;Fk; jha; KjypNahiug; nghJthf Muj;jp
vLg;gJz;L… kQ;rs; kw;Wk; Rz;zhk;Gf;F fpUkpfis mopf;Fk;
jpwd; cz;L vd;gij ehk; fz;lwpe;Js;Nshk;. me;j eghpd; Nky;
te;J Nrh;e;jpUf;Fk; tp\ mZf;fis mopg;gNj Muj;jpapd;
cj;Njrk; (X.R. gf;: 287-288)”
Nkw;fz;ltw;wpd; %yk; kQ;rspd; kUj;Jtf; Fzj;ij vLj;Jr; nrhy;yhky;
eilKiwapy; md;whlk; ,y;tho;tpYk;> tpohf;fspYk; Kjd;ik tfpf;Fk; ngz;fs;
cgNahfg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf rpWtajpypUe;Nj kQ;rs; miuj;Jj; Nja;j;Jf;
Fspf;fr; nra;Jk; rikaypYk;> kUj;Jtj;jpYk; kQ;rs; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;tij
eilKiwg;gLj;jpAk; te;jij epidf;Fk;NghJ rhd;Nwhh;fs; rKjhaj;ij top elj;jpa
ghq;F GydhfpwJ.
,Jtiu kQ;rs; Fwpj;J gy;NtW jfty;fis Muha;e;J fUj;Jf;fis
ntspapl;lhYk; kQ;rs; vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; Ma;T vd;gjhy; kQ;rs; - mtg;ngah; vd;w
jiyg;gpy; mike;j ftpijia Ma;T nra;tJk; mtrpakhfpwJ. mt;tifapy; kQ;rs;
- mtg;ngah; vd;w ftpijapy;>
“kQ;rnsyhk; kq;fyNk vd;w NghJk;
khwhj fPo;g;nghUSk; kaq;fp cz;L


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
kQ;rl;fh khiyvd Nehiar; nrhy;th;@

kf;fspNy fld;ngw;Nwhh; nfhLf;fh tpl;lhy;
kQ;rs;jhs; nfhLj;jhndd; Wiuf;fpd; whh;fs;
kf;fSsk; nfLf;fpd;w gj;jp hpf;if
kQ;rs;gj; jphpifvdr; nrhy;Y fpd;whh;
kQ;rl;Fk; fPo;j;jpirapy; nghUis itj;jhh;!” (I. g:105)
vd;gd Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fs; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd.
,f;ftpijapy; jukw;w czT tiffis cl;nfhs;Stjdhy; Vw;gLfpd;w
Nehia kQ;rl; fhkhiy vdr; nrhy;tjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thW
miog;gjw;fhd fhuzj;jpid MuhAk; NghJ fpuhkq;fspy; xUthpd; fz;fs; kQ;rs;
G+j;J ,Ue;jhYk; rpWePhpy; Nrhw;Wg; gUf;iffisg; Nghl;Lg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ mit
kQ;rs; epwkhf khwpdhYk; kQ;rl; fhkhiy ,Ug;gjhff; $Wth;. vdNt
,jdbg;gilapy; kQ;rl; fhkhiy Neha; vd;gJ kQ;rs; epwj;jpid mwpFwpahff;
nfhz;L fz;lwptjhy; kQ;rl; fhkhiy vd;W ngahpl;bUf;fyhk; vd vz;zj;
Njhd;WfpwJ. mLj;J fld; ngw;wthplkpUe;J te;j jhs; fld; nfhLj;jtUf;F VNjDk;
xU tifapy; ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jtjhy; mj;jhspid kQ;rs; jhs; vdTk;>
rKjhaj;jpw;F VNjDk; xUtifapy; cjtf;$ba nra;jpfis tpLj;J> thiog;goj;jpy;
Crp Vw;WtJNghy; jtwhd nra;jpfis rhpnadr; rKjhaj;jpdhpilNa gug;gp> rKjha
fl;Lf;Nfhg;igr; rPh;Fiyj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; gj;jphpf;iffis kQ;rs; gj;jphpf;if
vdTk; ngahpl;Ls;sdh; vdyhk;.
,r;nra;jpfspypUe;J rfy caphpdq;fisAk; fhg;ghw;WtNj Fwpf;Nfhshff;
nfhz;L tho;e;J tUk; fhkNjDthfpa gRj;Njhypidg; Nghh;j;jpf; nfhz;L gpw
caphpdq;fis cz;L thOk; GypahdhYk;> Njtiug; Nghy; Ntlkpl;L fakir;
nray;fisr; nra;Ak; fathpdhYk; NjtUf;Fk;> gRtpw;Fk; mtg;ngah; vd;W
nrhy;yptpl KbahJ. mNjNghy; kQ;rl; fhkhiy> kQ;rs; jhs;> kQ;rs; gj;jphpf;if
vd;w ,r;nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L cly;> nghUs;> Mtp Mfpatw;wpw;Fg; ghJfhg;Gf;
ftrkhfj; jpfOk; kQ;rSf;F mtg;ngah; vd;w KbTf;F tu KbahJ vdyhk;.
njhFg;Giu
 jkpoh; gz;ghL vd;why; kQ;rs; vd;W ftpQh; mU. NrhTk;> jkpoz;zYk;

Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;bajw;fhd fhuzq;fisr; rhd;Wfs; fhl;b tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 jhtuq;fspd; Nehiag; Nghf;Ftjw;F cw;w kUe;J kioePh; Nghy clw;gpzpiag;
Nghf;Ftjw;F cw;w kUe;J kQ;rs; vd;gjid mwpa KbfpwJ.
 tpahghu Nehf;fpy; vz;zw;w khg;G+r;Rfisr; re;ijg;gLj;Jtjw;F tUfpd;w
tpsk;guq;fisf; fz;L kjpkaq;fp FLk;g tUkhdj;jpy; ngUksT nrytopg;gij
epWj;jp ,aw;if epwkpahd kQ;rspidg; gad;gLj;jp> gad;ngw ,f;fl;Liur;
nra;jpfs; topfhl;bahf mike;Js;sd vdyhk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
JizGhpe;j E}y;fs;
1. INuhg;gh - ftpQh; mU. NrhkRe;jud;.

2. ehl;Lg;Gw ,ay; Ma;T - lhf;lh; R. rz;Kf Re;juk;.
3. jhyhl;L (njhFg;G E}y;) - njhFg;ghrphpah; jkpoz;zy;.
4. Xiyr;Rtb - ntq;fhD}h; ghyfpU\;zd;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;jkpoHfspd; gz;ghl;L milahsq;fs;

Cultural Evidences of the Classic Tamils
K.Rgh\pdp> cjtpg; NguhrphpaH

jkpo;j;Jiw> =rhujh kfspH fy;Y}hp> nguk;gY}H-621 113.
Abstract
The article evinces the need and importance of Archaeology. It caters the facts of the
Tamil People’s age old tradition, lifestyle, agriculture and other facets of life. The idea of the
study bring forth the study needed to reinvestigate the fossils, and relics to find out the classic
quality of the Tamil people. It putforths many surveys done in the Tamil land such as
Aathichanallur, Kodumanal and Ilankai as valid examples. Hence, the study make logical the
mutual details from the revelation originate from consistent sources.
Keywords: Cultural, Evidences, Classic Tamils
KfTiu
njhy;ypaiy Archaeology vdf;$WtH. Mjpfhyj;ijg; gw;wpa mwptpay;
vd;gJ ,jd; nghUshFk;. njhy;ypay; Ma;T vd;gJ G+kpf;Fs; GijAz;L kiwe;J
fplf;Fk;> my;yJ Nkw;gug;gpNy fhzg;gLk; kdpj ,dj;NjhL njhlHGila
nghUs;fisAk;> mtHfs; ehs;NjhWk; tho;f;ifapy; tpl;Lr;nrd;w nghUs;fisAk;
mfo;e;njLj;J Ma;Tnra;J mtHfspd; gok;gz;ghLfisg; gw;wp ca;j;jwpAk; XH
Ma;thFk;. ,jd; thapyhf gz;ila kf;fspd; gz;ghL> ehfhpfk; mtHfs;
gad;gLj;jpa fUtpfs;> njhopy;fs; Nghd;w tho;f;if Kiwia mwptjw;F
njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; nghpJk; Jiz epw;fpd;wd. goq;fhy kf;fs; tho;e;j Kiwapd;
milahskhf Ma;thsHfs; mfoha;Tfs;> vOj;Jg;nghwpfs;> ghiw Xtpaq;fs;
,itNghd;W gytp;jkhd fsMa;tpid Nkw;nfhz;L mtw;iw ntspnfhzHe;Js;sdH
mjid mwpAk; tifapy; ,f;fl;Liu mike;Js;sJ.
fw;fhyk;
kdpj ,dk; Njhd;wpa fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; tpyq;FfSld; tpyq;Ffshff;
fhLfspYk;> kiyfspYk;> FiffspYk; tho;e;jdH. jq;fSila jw;fhg;gpw;fhfTk;
Njitahd czTg; nghUl;fisr; Nrfhpg;gjw;fhfTk; fy;yhy; Md MAjq;fisr;
nra;af; fw;Wf;nfhz;ldH. fw;fshy; Md MAjq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpa fhyk;
“fw;fhyk;” vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. cyfpYs;s gy ehLfspy; fw;fhy kf;fspd;
fy;yhAjq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jdbg;gilapy; jkpofj;jpYk; nrq;fw;gl;L>
tlMw;fhL> mhpaY}H> fpUl;bzfphp khtl;lq;fspy; fw;fhy kf;fspd; fy;yhAjq;fs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
“nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lj;jpy; jpUts;SH tl;lj;jpy; mj;jpuk;ghf;fk; vd;w
CUf;F mUfpy; NfhHj;jiy MW vd;w xd;W XLfpd;wJ. ,e;j Mw;wpd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fiuapy; ehd;F Mw;Wg;gLiffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. uhgHl; GS]; G+l;

vd;w epytpay; Ma;thsH Kjd;Kjypy; gioa fw;fhyf;
1
fy;yhAjq;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;jhH”
(jp.Rg;gpukzpad;>jkpofj;jpy; ngUq;fw;fhyg; gz;ghL>g.1)
fw;fUtpfs; gytifahd fw;fisf; nfhz;L nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf jPf;fw;fs; nrJf;fg;gl;L ntl;Lk; fUtpfshfTk;> MAjq;fshfTk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. vhpkiyg;ghiwf; fw;fSk;> kzw;fw;fSk; miuf;Fk;
fw;fshfg; gad;gl;ld. mopaf;$ba gpw nkd;ikahd nghUl;fshy;
nra;ag;gl;ltw;iwiaf; fhl;bYk; fw;fshy; nra;ag;gl;l fUtpfs; gy Mapuk;
Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;Dk; mopahky; ,Uf;fpd;wd. njhy;ypaypy; gad;gLk; %d;W fhy
Kiwapy; fw;fhyNk Kjy;fhykhFk;.
njhy;goq;fhyk;
tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;ijj; njhy;goq;fhyk; vdj;
njhy;ypayhsH miof;fpd;wdH.
“Mjpr; r%f tuyhw;wpy; vOj;Jr; rhd;Wfs; Njhd;wpa fhyj;jpw;F
Kw;gl;l fhyk; tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;jpa fhyk; MFk;. ,jid
njhy;goq;fhyk; vd;Wk;> kz;zpay; fhyk; vd;Wk; miog;gH”2
(Nguh.m.`.KifjPd; ghJ\h> njhy;ypay; tpjpfSk; tiffSk;>
g.120)
gioa fw;fhyk;
kdpj tho;f;ifapd; njhlf;f epiyia gioa fw;fhyk; vd;fpNwhk;. gioa
fw;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fs; Fthu;li; rl; vdg;gLk; fuLKulhd fw;fis
Ntl;ilahLtjw;F gad;gLj;jpdH. “Ntl;ilapy; Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; gq;Nfw;wdH.
kbapy; Foe;ijia fl;bf;nfhz;L xU ngz; mk;GtpLtJ Nghd;w Xtpak;
kj;jpagpuNjrj;jpYs;s gpk;Ngl;fh Fifapy; cs;sJ.” 3 (6th Samacheer Kalvi History
Study Material in Tamil – 1) gioa fw;fhyk; fw;fUtpfspd; cUthf;fj;NjhL
njhlHGs;s tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;. ,J kdpjH ,g;Gtpapy; tho;e;j fhyj;jpd;
ngUk;gFjpia cs;slf;FfpwJ.
“jHkGhp khtl;lj;jpy; nra;j Nkw;gug;gha;tpd;NghJ ,g;gFjpapYk; gioa
fw;fhyf; fUtpfs; fpilf;f tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd vd;W $wpAs;shH.
,jdbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;tpd;NghJ fpUl;bzfphp tl;lj;jpYs;s
tul;ldg;gs;sp kiyabthuj;jpy; gioaf; fw;fhyf; fUtpfs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd”4
(Nguh.rp.Nfhtpe;jd;>ng.ntq;fNl];tud;(kyHf;FO)> 2010> fpU\;zfphp
khtl;f; fUj;juq;f kyH>g.66)
gioa fw;fhy kdpjd; jhd; tho;e;j Fiffspy; mofhd Xtpaq;fis
jPl;bdhd;. mtw;wpy; ahid> fub> khd; Nghd;w kpUfq;fis Ntl;ilahLk; Xtpaq;fs;
kw;Wk; jq;fsJ tho;f;if Kiwia rpj;jphpf;Fk; Xtpaq;fisAk; jPl;bdhd;. ,iwtd;
my;yJ rkak; Fwpj;j rpe;jid gioa fw;fhy kdpjHfSf;F ,y;iy.
,we;jtHfis mlf;fk; nra;Ak; KiwfisAk; $l mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. ,we;Njhhpd;
cly;fs; tpyq;FfSf;Fk;> gwitfSf;Fk; ,iwahfNt gad;gl;ld.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Ez;fw;;fhyk;
Ez;fhyk; vd;gJ rpwpa fy;yhAjq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpajhy; Ez;fw;;fhyk;
vd;W ngahplg;gl;lJ. Ez;fw;fhyf; fUtpfs; ‘Njhpfs;’ vdg;gLk; kzy;jpl;Lfspy;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld. jhkpuguzp Mw;wpd; fiuapy; Ez;fw;fhyf; fy;yhAjq;fs;
Nrfhpf;fg;gl;ld.
“fpUl;bzfphp khtl;lj;jpy; kapyhLk;ghiw vd;w ,lj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;l
mfoha;tpy; Ez;fw;fhyf;; fUtpfs; fpilj;Js;sd. Ez;fw;fhyf;
fUtpfs; Rz;zhk;G kz;Zld; xl;bf; fw;fshff; fpilj;jd. ,ij
cilj;J Ez;fw;fhyf; fUtpfs; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;ld. $HKidfs;>
Ruz;bfs;> rPT fj;jpfs; Nghd;wdTk; fpilj;Js;sd”5
(jp.Rg;gpukzpad;> jkpofj;jpy; ngUq;fw;fhyg; gz;ghL>gf;.5-6)
Ez;fw;fhyj;jpd; fhyk; fp;K.10>000f;Fk; fp.K.4000f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;lJ vd;W $wyhk;.
Gjpa fw;fhyk;
Gjpa fw;fhy kdpjHfs; fhl;L kpUfq;fSld; tho;e;j kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapy;
gy Gjpa rpe;jidfs; cUthapd. xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; jq;fp tho;e;jdH. ML>
khL cs;spl;l fhy;eilfis tsHj;jdH. Ntl;ilahLtijj; njhopyhff; nfhz;l
epiyapypUe;J rw;W Kd;Ndwp> Ntshz;ik nra;aTk;> mjpy; fpilf;Fk;
jhdpaq;fis cl;nfhs;sTk; gofpapUe;jdH. tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahb ifapy;
gpbg;gjw;F trjpahf $Hikahd fUtpfis cUthf;fpdH. ,J Nghd;w Gjpa
khw;wq;fis cUthf;fpajhy; ,f;fhyk; Gjpa fw;fhyk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
jkpofj;jpy; kl;Lkpd;wp cyf ehLfspYk; Gjpa fw;fhyj;jpy; ,j;jifa epiyNa
epytpaJ. vdNt ,f;fhyj;ijj; njhy;ypay; Ma;thsHfs; Gul;rpfukhd fhyk;
vd;Wk; fw;fhyj;jpd; ‘kWkyHr;rpf; fhyk;’ vd;Wk; Gfo;fpd;wdH.
“iff;Nfhlhp> fy; Rj;jp Nghd;w fUtpfs; mfoha;Tfspy;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;tif kf;fs; RkhH 4>000 Mz;LfSf;F
Kd;G tho;e;jpUf;ff;$Lk; vd;fpd;wdH Ma;thsHfs;”6
(http://tamil.thehindu.com)
v];.MH.uht;> gp.eurpk;ikah Nghd;wtHfs; jkpofj;jpd; gy gFjpfis Ma;T nra;Jk;
mfoha;T nra;Jk; Gjpa fw;fhy kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiwfis ntspapl;ldH.
,Uk;Gf; fhyk;
,Uk;ig cUf;fp ,Uk;Gf; fUtpfs; nra;jdH. vdNt ,tHfisAk;>
,g;gz;ghl;ilAk; ,Uk;Gf;fhyg; gz;ghl;ilr; NrHe;jtHfs; vd;W miog;gNj
KiwahFk;. ,k;kf;fs; ,Uk;Gj; jhJitg; gphpj;njLf;Fk; fiyiaf; fw;wpUe;jdH
vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;W mfoha;Tfspy; fpilj;j CJ ciyfSk;> ciyf;fyq;fSNk
MFk;.
“kf;fspd; ,Ug;gplj;ijAk; nra;Ak; njhopypd; mbg;gilapYk; mike;j
FwpaPLfs; gpd;dH tzpfH njhlHghy; Vw;gl;l el;G> jpUkzk; vd xU
FOf;$l;lk; ,d;ndhU FOf;$l;lj;Jld; ,ize;jjhy; Vw;gl;l ,uz;L
FwpaPLfs;@ mLj;J ,izf; FwpaPLfs; Fwpj;J tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ”7
(r.nry;tuh[;> mofd; Fsk;> khq;Fb FwpaPLfs; XH Ma;T (fl;))


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rpj;jpu vOj;JfSf;Fk; FwpaPLfSf;Fk; XH xg;gpl;L Ma;T nra;J> FwpaPLfs;

fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lJ vd;gij nghUe;jy; mfoha;T mbg;gilapy; tpsf;fk;
mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.8 (fh.uh[d;> nghUe;jy; mfoha;T nra;jpf;Fwpg;G> Mtzk; ,jo;>
20.2009). gy;NtW tpjkhd njhopw;gl;liwfs; ngUq;fw;fhyk; Kjy; jkpofj;jpy;
,Ue;J te;Js;sd vd;gij nfhLkzy; nghUe;jy;> khq;Fb Nghd;w mfoha;Tfs;
topahfj; njspTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kzpfs; jahhpj;jy;> rq;F tisay;fs; jahhpj;jy;> kl;fyd;fs; nra;jy;>
tzpfk;> may; ehl;Lj; njhlHG> tptrhaj;jpd; mjpf msT cw;gj;jp> mjid
Nrkpj;Jitj;jy; vd gy;NtW nra;jpfs; ,t;tha;tpd; topahf mfoha;Tr;
rhd;Wfspd; JizNahL cWjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
epidT rpd;dk;
Itif epyq;fspd; mikg;Gf;Nfw;g FwpaPLfSk;> epidTr; rpd;dq;fSk;
gz;ilNahH mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldH. tlkhepyq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; epidTr;
rpd;dq;fisAk;> njd; khepyq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; epidTr; rpd;dq;fisAk; gFj;J
Ma;T nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,g;gz;ghl;Lf; fhyj;ij me;epidTr; rpd;dq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;
njhy;nghUl;fspd; mbg;gilapy; gFj;J Ma;T nra;jhy;jhd; jkpofg; gz;ghL
njspTngWk;.
jha;nja;t topghL rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jkpof mfoha;Tfspy;
jha;nja;tj;jpd; RLkz; cUtq;fs; fpilj;jijf; Fwpf;fyhk;. ,jw;Fr; rhd;whf
fPo;thiy Xtpaq;fSk;> mjw;Nfw;g fhzg;gLk; kdpj tbtpy; mike;j Fj;Jf;fy;
epidTr; rpd;dq;fisAk; Fwpf;fyhk;. ,it tsikr; rlq;Ff;fhf Vw;gLj;Jg;gl;L
gpd;dH jkpofj;jpy; jha;nja;t topghL ,d;wpaikahj ,lj;ijAk; ngw;Ws;sJ
vdyhk;.
tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l Gjpa nra;jpfs;
vOj;Jfspd; tsHr;rp gw;wp gyUk; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhYk;> mfoha;tpy; fpilj;j
neLq;fps;sp vd;w ; vOj;Jg; nghwpj;j kl;fyd; rpwg;G tha;e;j xd;whFk;. jkpofj;jpy;
,Jtiu rq;ffhy kd;dHfspd; ngaH nghwpj;jtw;wpy; NruH> ghz;baHfs; kl;LNk
fpilj;Js;sJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. Kjd;Kjyhf jkpof mfoha;Tfspy; rq;ffhyr;
NrhoH ngaH nghwpj;j kl;fyd; fpilj;jpUg;gJ rpwg;Gf;Fhpa Kjd;ikj; jftyhFk;.
fy;ntl;Lfspy;> GfSH fy;ntl;by; ,sq;fLq;Nfh> khq;Fsk; ghiwf;
fy;ntl;by; neLQ;nropad;> Ik;ig fy;ntl;by; jf^H mjpakhd;@ ,tw;NwhL
fhRfspy;> nfhy;ypg;ghiw khf;Nfhij ngUtOjp> Fl;Ltd; Nfhij ngaHfisAk;
gy;NtW tiffspy; vOj;Jfspd; tsHr;rpia mtHfs; ntspapl;l fhRfs; kw;Wk;
fy;ntl;Lfs; topahf ngwg;gl;Ls;sd. ,J Nghd;W jkpofj;jpy; ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpw;F
gpd;dH mjhtJ rq;ffhyj;jpy; vOj;Jfs; nghpJk; tsHr;rpaile;Js;sijg; gy
Ma;Tfspy; fpilj;j vOj;Jg; nghwpj;j kl;fyd;fs; ekf;F njspTgLj;jpAs;sd.
Fwpg;ghf NjhpUNtyp> mhpf;fNkL> jpUfhk;GypA+H> mofiu> mofd;Fsk;
Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;” (V.Rg;guhY> kz;fy jkpo;gpuhkp vOj;Jg; nghwpg;Gfs;>
9
Mtzk; ,jo; 18> 2010) ,t;tfoha;Tfspy; rq;ffhyf; fl;Lkhdq;fs; fz;lwpe;J

ntspf;nfhzug;gl;lJ. ,tw;wpy; rhaj;njl;bfs;> FbePH fhy;tha;fs;> ngsj;j tpfhuk;>
glFj;Jiw Nghd;w gy fl;Lkhdr; nra;jpfs; njspthf vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nrq;fw;fspd; msTfs;> mjd; jd;ik Nghd;wtw;iwAk;> nrq;fw;fisf;

nfhz;L fl;Lkhd mikg;G fhzg;gl;l tpjk; Fwpj;Jk; Ma;Tfs; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
fq;if nfhz;lNrhoGuj;jjpy; jiygFjpiaAk;> clw;gFjpiaAk; khw;wp mikj;Jf;
fl;Lk; fl;Lkhd mikg;ig gad;gLj;jpAs;sdH vd;gJ tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j
mikg;G KiwahdJ fl;llj;Jf;F cWjpia NrHf;Fk; vd;gJk;> ,uz;L RtH
mikg;G Kiwapy;> ,ilntspahf 55 nr.kP.tpl;Lk;> ,e;j ,ilg;gl;l gFjpapYk;>
mbj;jsj;jpYk; kzy; epug;gpAs;sdH vd;gJk; mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J fl;llj;ijf;
FspHr;rpahf itj;jpUf;f cjTk; vd;gH. ,J Nghd;w fl;Lkhd mikg;Gfs; Nfhapy;
fl;LtjpYk;> muz;kid mikg;gjpYk; gpd;gw;wpdH. ,jid fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuk;>
giltPL> jiyr;nrq;NfhL Nghd;w mfoha;Tfspy; ntspf;nfhzug;gl;l fl;llg;
gFjpfspy; fhzg;gl;l nra;jpfs; nfhz;L cWjpnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.10 (rP.tre;jp>
jiyr;nrq;NfhL mfoha;T> jkpo;ehL muRj; njhy;ypay; Jiw> nrd;id> 2013)
gz;ilNahH fhy;tha; mikg;gjw;Fj; jdpf; ftdk; nrYj;jpAs;sdH. ,Jtiu
mfoha;Tfspy; ehd;Ftpjkhd tha;f;fhy;fs; tPl;L cgNahj;Jf;fhd fl;Lkhdkhf
mikj;Js;sdH vd;w Gjpa jfty;fs; ,j;njhlhpd; topahf ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mit 1. nrq;fw;fis mLf;fp fhy;tha; mikj;J mjid ePHj;njhl;bf;Ff; nfhz;L
te;J ,izj;jy;. 2. RLkz; Foha;fis ,izj;J FbePHf; Foha;fis mikj;jy;@
,uz;L RLkz; Foha;fSf;F ,izg;ghff; fhiug;G+r;R G+RtJ. 3. fw;gyiffisf;
nfhz;L fhy;tha; mikj;j> mjid fw;gyiffisf; nfhz;Nl ,Wf %b mjd;
kPJ fhiug;G+r;R G+rp J}a;ikahf ePH nry;yj;jf;f tifapy; mikj;jy;. 4.
fopTePHfis ntspNaw;w fw;gyiffspy; ikag;gFjpia gs;skhf mikj;;j
epyj;jpy; gjpj;J> ,jid jpwe;j epiyapy; mikj;Js;sik ,it midj;Jk;
mfoha;Tfspy; fpilj;j Gjpa jftyhFk;.
Vhpfspy; mikj;j tha;f;fhy; fl;LkhdKk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xd;whFk;.
mfoha;Tfspy; gy;NtW fhyf;fl;lj;ijr; rhHe;j kd;dHfs; ntspapl;l fhRfs;
kz;zLf;Ffspy; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.11 (gh.n[af;FkhH> ehfg;gl;bdk; mfoha;T>
Mtzk; ,jo;> 20.2009>jQ;rhT+H) mit fhyj;ijf; fzpf;fg; nghpJk; Jiz
epw;fpd;wd. rq;ffhy ghz;baHfs;> NuhkhdpaHfs; fhRfs; vdg; gyTk;
mfoha;Tfspy; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
NrhoHfs; fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dH tp[a efu kd;dHfSk;> ehaf;fHfSk;> nrQ;rp>
kJiu ehaf;fHfSk; vt;thW Ml;rpiaj; njhlHe;jdH vd;gjw;F kz;zLf;Ffspy;
fpilj;j ,j;jifa ehzaq;fs; rhd;whf mike;Js;sd.
“may; ehl;NlhL njhlHGila kl;fyd;fshfpa NghH];iyd; nryild;
Nghd;w kl;fyd;fs; rPdNjrj;NjhL nfhz;l cwitj;
12
njspTgLj;JtijAk; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ” (r.nry;tuh[;> rPdNjrj;J
kl;fyd;fs;> fy;ntl;L fhyhz;L ,jo;>83> jkpo;ehL muRj; njhy;ypay;
Jiw> 2013)
jkpofj;jpy; Nkw;nfhz;l Mo;fly; mfoha;Tfs; topahf> rq;ffhy G+k;GfhH
kl;Lkpd;wp 18-19k; E}w;whz;ilr; NrHe;j rpijj;j NghHf;fg;gy;fs;> njhy;nghUs;fshf
<af;fl;bfs;> ntbkUe;Jg; nghUl;fs; mlq;fpag; ngl;bfs; cile;j gPuq;fp vdg; gy
njhy;nghUl;fs; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk; ,e;j <af;fl;bfs; NkNy mtw;wpd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tUlk; kw;Wk; ahUilaJ vd;gij Fwpf;Fk; thrfk; vdf; Fwpg;gplj;jFe;j

nra;jpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rq;ffhyk; kl;Lkpd;wp 19-k; E}w;whz;by; ngw;w
tsHr;rpiaAk; khw;wq;fisAk; mwpa ,t;tha;T cjTfpd;wd.
Mjpr;rey;Y}H kf;fspd; gz;ghL
Mjpr;r ey;Y}H jpUney;NtypapypUe;J 24 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; cs;s rpwpa fpuhkk;.
gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;L ,];yhkpag; gilnaLg;Gfspd;NghJ eiffisAk;> fhRfisAk;
Gijj;J itf;Fk; tof;fk; cUthdJ. gpd;dH gpupl;b\; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; Gijay;
vLg;gJ xU kdNeha; msTf;F jkpo;r; r%fj;ijg; gPbj;jJ. ,t;thW fz;l
,lq;fspy; Njhz;bf;nfhz;bUe;j fhyj;jpy; Nka;rr ; y; kf;fs; ,e;j Fd;wpy; ,Ue;J
rpy jq;f eifj;Jz;Lfis Njhz;b vLj;jdH. gpd;dH ,q;Nf NjLjy; Ntl;il
MNtrkhf ele;jJ. ,jdhy; GijnghUs; Ma;thsHfs; fsj;Jf;F te;jdH. gphpl;b\;
Ma;thsuhd mnyf;rhz;lH nuah ,q;Nf tphpthd njhy;ypaoha;Tfis elj;jpdhH.
,jd;top kf;fs; tho;e;j Kiwiaf; fz;lwpe;jdH.
Mjpr;r ey;Y}hpy; fpilj;j njhy;ypay; nghUl;fis nfhz;L mq;Fs;s
kf;fspd; gz;ghl;il fkpy Rtygpy; fPo;tUkhW tifg;gLj;JfpwhH.
1. Mjpr;r ey;Y}hpy; tho;e;j kf;fs; NghH tPuHfshf ,Ue;jdH.
2. Fjpiuia gad;gLj;j fw;wpUe;jdH.
3. ,Uk;ig cUf;fTk; thHf;fTk; mij itj;J NghHf; fUtpfs; nra;aTk;
mtHfSf;F njhpe;jpUe;jJ.
4. KUfid nja;tkhf topg;gl;ldH. Mjpr;r ey;Y}hpy; rpwpa Nty; KUF
topghl;bd; vr;rk;.
5. Mjpr;r ey;Y}H kf;fs; ,aYk;> ,irAk; fw;W Nghhpd;NghJk;>
NghHgiwia rlq;FfspYk; ,irahf ,irf;fj; njhpe;jtHfs;.
6. Mjpr;r ey;Y}H ehfhpfk; xU ney; ehfhpfk;.13
(erPH myp> Classical Tamil Love poetry, Partridge Publishing, p.19)
nfhLkzy; mfoha;T
<NuhL khtl;lj;jpy;; neha;ayhw;wpd; ,Ufiufspy; nfhLkzy; mike;Js;sJ.
rq;f ,yf;fpa E}y;fspy; xd;whd gjpw;Wg;gj;jpy; nfhLkzy; (nfhLkzk;) rpw;W}H
ghlg;ngw;Ws;sJ. ‘nfhLkzy; gl;l neLnkhop xf;fnyhL’... vd;W ePs;fpwJ fgpyhpd;
ghly;. fgpyH ghlypy; fy;kzp> mzpfyd;fisg; Gfo;tjw;Nfw;g ,d;iwf;F
Mw;wq;fiu Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; tz;z tz;zf; fy;kzpfs;> KJkf;fs; jhopfs;>
gpuhkp vOj;JfSld; $ba kz;ghz;l XLfs; njhy;nghUs; Ma;tpd; %yk;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
Ma;Tfspy; ,Uk;ig cUf;fg; gad;gLj;jpa ciyapd; gFjpfs;> ,Uk;Gr;
rpl;lq;fs;> ,Uk;G ths;> ,Uk;G mk;G Kidfs;> nrg;G cNyhf mk;G Kidfs;>
tpy;> Nfhlhhp vd;W njhy;nghUl;fs; gyTk; fz;lwpag;gl;ld. nfhLkzy; kf;fs;
,Uk;ig cUf;fp MAjq;fs; nra;Ak; njhopy;El;gj;ij 2000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng
mwpe;jpUe;jdH vd;W cyFf;F mwptpj;jdH Ma;thsHfs;.
“tl,e;jpahtpw;Fk; jkpofj;jpw;Fk; fp.K.ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;L KjNy
tzpf njhlHG ,Ue;Js;sij ,e;j mfoha;T cWjp nra;fpwJ.
mNjhL ,e;j gFjpapy; gy ,d kf;fs; tho;e;jw;fhd rhd;Wfs;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fpilj;js;sJ. jkpo; gpuhkp > gpuhfpUjg; ngaHfs; cs;s ghidfs;

mfo;e;J vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. xU ,lj;jpy; gj;khrd epiyapy; xU
vYk;Gf;$L fhzg;gLfpwJ. (,Nj Nghd;w xU vYk;Gf;$L
kJuhe;jfj;jpw;F mUfpYs;s ngUk;NgH vd;Dk; ,lj;jpYk;
14
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ” (http://wwwfrontline.in/stories)
ghiw Xtpaq;fs;
njhy;goq;fhy kf;fs; FiffspYk; Fiffisg; Nghd;w mikg;igAila
jho;thd ghiwfspYk; jq;fpdH. cyfpYs;s gy ehLfspy; ghiw Xtpaq;fs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it mf;fhy kf;fspd; czHTfis ntspg;gLj;Jk;
tifapy; mike;Js;sd.
mf;fhy kf;fspd; Kjd;ikahd njhopy; Ntl;ilahLjy;@ Ntl;ilf;Fr;
nry;Yk;NghJ ,df;FOtpd; Fyf;Fwpia tiue;J tzq;fpr; nrd;why; mtHfs;
vz;zpa tpyq;F> Ntl;ilapy; fpilf;Fk; vd;W ek;gpdH. Ntl;ilf;F nry;Yk;NghJ
ve;j tpyq;F fpilf;fNtz;Lnkd;W tpUk;Gfpd;whHfNsh> me;j kpUfj;jpd;
cUtj;ijg; ghiwapy; tiue;Jtpl;L me;j kpUfk; tpiutpy; fpilf;Fk; vd;w
ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; Xtpaq;fs; tiuag;gl;ld.15 (jp.Rg;gpukzpad;> jkpofj;jpy;
ngUq;fw;fhyg; gz;ghL>g.179)
jkpofj;jpy; gy khtl;lq;fspy; ghiw Xtpaq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ky;yghb> fPo;thiy> nrj;jtiu> rpWkiy> mofHkiy> Mok;ghb> nfhy;Y}H>
jpUkak; Nghd;w gy ,lq;fspy; ghiw Xtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ky;yghb
jkpofj;jpy; Kjd;Kjypy; 1980,y; ky;yghb Xtpak; nrd;idg;
gy;fiyf;fofj;ijr; NrHe;j njhy;ypay; Jiwapduhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
ky;yghbapy; gy Fiffs; cs;sd. mtw;wpy; xd;wpy; ghiwapd; tpjhdj;jpy;
nts;is tz;zj;jpy; Xtpak; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. FjpiuNky; mkHe;j epiyapy;
,uz;L tPuHfs; ePz;l Nty; xd;iw Cd;wp rz;il nra;Ak; fhl;rp fhzg;gLfpwJ.16
(NkyJ E}y;> g.181)
fPo;thiy
tpOg;Guj;jpw;F mUfpYs;s fPo;thiy vd;w CUf;F mUfpy; cs;s
uj;jg;ghiw vd;w ,lj;jpy; njhy;goq;fhy Xtpaq;fs; cs;sd. ,q;Fs;s Xtpaq;fs;
%d;W gFjpfshf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Fjpiu kPJ mkHe;j kdpj cUtk;> mjd;
mUfpy; fbthsj;ijg; gpbj;j epiyapy; kw;nwhU cUtk;> mjd; mUfpy; Kjy;
kdpjDld; iffis ,izj;j epiyapYs;s kw;nwhU kdpjdpd; cUtk; Mfpad
jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. tPuHfisg; Nghd;W ,Uthpd; iffspYk; FWths; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,uz;lhtJ Xtpak; glfpy; ehd;F kdpjHfs; gazk; nra;tJNghd;W
jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ifapy; ePz;l JLg;igg; gpbj;J epw;fpd;w cUtk; ,f;FOtpd;
jiytidg; Nghd;W fhl;lg;gl;Ls;shd;. ,q;Fs;s Xtpaq;fspy; rptg;G tz;zk;
fhzg;gl;lNghJk; Xtpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fUtpfs;> FwpaPLfs; ngUq;fw;fhyj;ijr;
rhHe;jit vd;W $wyhk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nrj;jtiu
fPo;thiyapd; mUfpy; cs;s nrj;jtiu IadhH kiyapYk; Fifiag;
Nghd;w ghiwapd; tpjhdg; gFjpapy; Xtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;Fs;s
Xtpaq;fspy; khdpd; cUtk;> kPd; tbtk;> iftpuy; tbtk; Nghd;wd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
khdpd; cUtj;ij Nfhypy; njhq;ftpl;L jPapy; RLtJNghd;w mikg;gpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tsikapd; vr;rkhf kPd; cUtk; njspthff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhl;L vUik> kPd; Nghd;wit nrq;fhtp tz;zj;jpy; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it jw;NghJ
jkpofj; njhy;ypay; Jiwapd; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l rpd;dq;fshf Mf;fpg;
17
ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd. (NkyJ E}y;>g.182) ,J Nghd;w gy khtl;lq;fspy; ghiw
Xtpaq;fs; njhy;jkpoH tho;e;j Kiwia giwrhw;Wk; Kfkhf mike;Js;sJ.
,we;Njhiu mlf;fk; nra;Ak; Kiw
goq;fhy kf;fs; ,we;jtiu mlf;fk; nra;Ak; Kiwia Kjd;Kjypy; Gjpa
fw;fhy kf;fNs gad;ghl;by; nfhz;Lte;jdH. ,g;gof;fk; Gjpa fw;fhy kdpjid
mLj;J te;j ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpy; epidTr; rpd;dq;fshf cUthf;Fk; tof;fk; ghpzhk
tsHr;rpg; ngw;wJ. nghpa nghpa fw;fisf; nfhz;L epidTr; rpd;dq;fis
mikj;jhd;. ngUq;fw;fhy epidTr; rpd;dq;fs; cyfpYs;s gy ehLfspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xt;nthU ehl;bYk; xt;nthU tifahd <kr;rpd;dq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; ngUk;ghyhd vy;yhr; rpd;dq;fSk; nghpa fw;fisf;
nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;ljhy; ,ij fpNuf;f nkhopapy; “nkfhypj;jpf;” vd;W
ngahpl;ldH. ‘nkfh’ vd;why; nghpa vd;Wk;> ‘ypj;jpf;’ vd;why; ‘fy;’ vd;Wk; nghUs;
cs;sJ. jkpofj;jpYk; ‘ngUq;fw;fhyk;’ vd;W ngahplg;gl;lJ.
Mjpkdpjd; ,we;Njhiu mlf;fk; nra;tjw;F <kr;rpd;dq;fshf jhop> Ngio>
jhq;fp> fy;jpl;il> thapy;> gJf;if Nghd;w gytiffis gad;gLj;jpdhd;.
gJf;if
gJf;if vd;gJ jiuapd; fPNo Fopia ntl;b mjpy; fw;gyiffisf; nfhz;L
fy;yiw mikj;J ,we;Njhiu mlf;fk; nra;Ak; KiwahFk;.
“nfhLkuk; Nja;j;NjhH gJf;if”18 (fyp.12)
vd;gd 2500 Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l ngUq;fw;giliaf; Fwpf;Fk; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;
njhlHfs;. G+kpf;Fs; gJq;fpapUg;gJ my;yJ gJf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ ‘gJf;if’ Mapw;W.
,it tPuk;fhl;b kha;e;j tPuHfSf;Fg; Gjpjhf vLf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gij GwehD}w;Wg;
ghly; xd;W ‘tk;gg;gJf;if’ vd;W $Wtjd; thapyhf mwpayhk;.
“nre;njhil gpioah td;fzhltH
mk;Gtpl tPo;e;NjhH tk;gg; gJf;if”19 (Gwk;.3)
vd;W gJf;if vd;w nrhy;iy rq;ffhy r%fk; gad;gLj;jpAs;sikia GytHfs;
gjpTnra;Js;sdH.
jhopfs;
njhy;ypay; Ma;tpy; kpfTk; rpwg;gplk; ngWtJ ‘jhopfs;’ MFk;. jkpo;ehl;by;
,it gytiffshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it $HKidj; jhopfs;> fhy;fs; cila
jhopfs;> tpyq;FUtj; jhopfs; vdg; gytifg;gLk;. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,it
fyk;> jhop> ftpnre;jhop> <kj;jhop> jhopa ngUq;fhL> KJkf;fs; jhop> kd;dH


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
kiwj;j jhop vdg; gythW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. (mfk;. 129> Gwk;. 228> 236> 256>
364> gjpw;. 44)
jhopg; Gijay; 2500 Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l xU tof;fkhFk;. fp.gp.2>3Mk;
E}w;whz;bw;Fg; gpd;dH mt;tof;fk; kiwe;Jtpl;lJ. jhopfs; gy kpfg;
nghpaitfshf ,Ue;j fhuzj;jhy;>
kh ,Ue;jhop (ew;.271)
Xq;F epiyj;jhop (mfk;.275)
fz;zfd; jhop (Gwk;.228)
vdf; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it iffshYk;> rf;fuq;fshYk; nra;ag; ngw;wpUe;jd.
Nrhod; FsKw;wj;Jj; JQ;rpa fps;sptstd; ,we;jhd;. kpfg; ngUk; Gfo; nfhz;l
,tDf;F kpfg; nghpa jhop my;yth tida Ntz;Lk;. cyifNa rf;fukhff;
nfhz;L> ,ka kiyiaNa kz;zhf itj;Jg; nghpa jhopia tida Ntz;Lk;.
,J cd;dhy; KbAkh? vd;W Ntl;Nfhtidg; ghHj;J tpdTfpwhH IA+H KltdhH
vd;Dk; GytH>
“md;Ndhd; ftpf;Fk; fz;zfd; jhop
tidjy; Ntl;lid ahapd; vida J}ck;
,Uepyk; jpfphpahg; ngUkiy
kd;dh tidjy; xy;YNkh epidf;Nf”20 (Gwk;.228)
vd;fpwJ. fztd; kidtp ,UtiuAk; xd;whfj; jhopapy; mlf;fk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
mjdhy;>
“tpad;kyH mfd;nghopy; <kj;jhop
mfypjhf tidNkh”21 (Gwk;.256) vd;Wk; GwehD}w;W ghly;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
jhop tidNthH ‘fyk; nra;Nfh’ vdg;gl;ldH. rq;ffhy Nrho kd;dHfs;
jhopg; Gijay; tof;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdH vd;W %tUyhf; $WfpwJ.
“gJkf; flTs; gilg;gilaf; fhj;j
KJkf;fs; rhb KjNyhd;”22 (FNyhj;. cyh-12)
vd;W gz;ilr; Nrhod; xUtd; Gfog;gLfpwhd;. vd;W ,we;jtiu gyKiwfspy;
mlf;fk; nra;jdH vd;gij rq;f ,yf;fpak; Fwpg;gpLtij nka;gpf;Fk; tifapy;
,d;wstpy; njhy;ypay; Ma;thsHfs; jq;fs; El;gkhd Ma;tpd; thapyhfg;
gz;ilNahH tho;e;j Kiwia rhd;Wld; vLj;Jiug;gij czu KbfpwJ.
(https://vairamani.Lakshmi.blogspot.com)
epiwTiu
gz;ilNahH tho;e;j Kiwia ,e;epyk; nghjpe;J itj;Jg;
ghJfhj;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;gij njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; thapyhf mwpaKbfpwJ.
‘kz;Zf;Fk; fPNo kw;nwhd;Wk; ,Uf;fpwJ’ vd;gjw;Nfw;g Mjpkdpjd; gad;gLj;jpa
midj;Jg; nghUl;fisAk; fhzKbfpwJ. kdpjd; ,lj;jpw;F ,lk; khWgl;l
tho;f;if KiwiaAk;> mtHfspd; mwptpw;F Vw;g njhopiyAk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L
tho;e;jpUf;fpd;wdH. ‘Vlwpe;j tuyhW midj;Jk; tHf;fg; Nghuhl;lq;fspd; tuyhNw’
MFk;. <uhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; tho;e;j xU r%fj;ij mr;r%fj;jpy; Goq;fpa
nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L Muha;e;J> mf;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;j nghUs;fSf;Nfw;g


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mwptpay; Ez;Nzhf;Fld; fUtpfisj; jahhpj;J nrk;ikAw tho;e;jpUe;jdH vd;W

njhy;ypay; Ma;thsHfspd; Ma;Tfs; thapyhf goq;fhy kf;fspd; gz;ghl;L
Kiwia mwpa KbfpwJ.
E}w;gl;bay;
1. jp.Rg;gpukzpad; jkpofj;jpy; ngUq;fw;fhyg; gz;ghL

epA+ nrQ;Rhp Gf; `T]; (gp) ypl;
mk;gj;J}H> nrd;id – 600 098
%d;whk; gjpg;G>brk;gH-2018.
2. Nf.tp.,uhkd; njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;
epA+ nrQ;Rhp Gf; `T]; (gp) ypl;
mk;gj;J}H> nrd;id – 600 098
gjpg;ghz;L – 2014.
3. rp.,sq;Nfh jkpofj; njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; fPob tiu
miyfs; ntspaPl;lfk;
,uhkehjGuk;> nrd;id – 600 089.
4. ,uhR.gTd;Jiu jkpof ghiw Xtpaq;fs;
kzpthrfH gjpg;gfk;>
nrd;id
5. MWKf rPjhuhkd; msFb jkpofj; njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs;
(njhFjp – 4)
jdnyl;Rkp gjpg;gfk;> jQ;rhT+H – 2008.
6. fh.uh[d; njhy;ypay; Nehf;fpy; rq;ffhyk;
cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;>
nrd;id – 2010.
7. Jsrpuhkd; nfhLkzy; mfoha;T
rpW ntspaPL> jkpo;g;gy;fiyf;fofk;>
jQ;rhT+H – 1988.
8. m.`.KifjPd; ghJ\h njhy;ypay; tpjpfSk; tiffSk;
jpUney;Ntyp Ry;jhd;]; gg;spNf\d;];>
2009.
9. rp.,sq;Nfh jkpo;r; r%ftpay; Ma;Tfs;
miyfs; ntspaPl;lfk;
,uhkehjGuk;>
nrd;id – 600 089.
10. fPob mfoha;T jkpo; tpf;fpgPbah> 2014.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
juzpnay;yhk; jkpou; tho;e;j jlk;

The Traces of Tamilar on the Globe
Nfh. Ru;[pj; kw;Wk; K. mNrhf;Fkhu;> 822> g[id Nfhapy; njU>

Nju;top fhydp> Fk;Kbg;g+z;b> jpUts;Su; khtl;lk; -601201
Abstract
The article evinces the traces of Tamilar on the Globe. It caters the facts of the Tamil
People’s age old tradition, lifestyle, agriculture and other walks of life. The idea of the study
bring forth the study needed to reinvestigate the fossils, and relics to find out the classic
antiquity of the Tamil people. It putforths many sites such as Aathichanallur, Kodumanal
and Ilankai as valid examples. Hence, the study gives details from the consistent sources.
Keywords: Traces, Tamilar, Globe
Kd;Diu
“vq;fs; tho;Tk; vq;fs; tsKk; kq;fhj jkpnod;W rq;Nf eP Koq;F” vd;Dk;
tha;nkhopf;fpdq;f vd;Wk;> kq;fpg;Nghfhj jkpoupd; ngUikfis> vg;NghJk;
khDltho;f;ifapd; rq;fhdJ Koq;fpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ. ,j;juzpapy; vt;tplk;
jpUk;gpdhYk; jkpou;fspd; ngUikAk;> gpw Njrq;fspy; tzpfk; nra;jjw;fhd
jilaq;fSk;> tho;e;jju;fhd Mjhuq;fSk; Vuhskhf cs;sd. mg;gb Mapuk; Mapuk;
Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G> jkpod; fly; fle;J tzpfk; nra;tjw;fhfTk;>
Ml;rpnra;tjw;fhfTk; nrd;Wte;j gFjpfspy; mtu;fs; tpl;Lr;nrd;w vr;rq;fspd; %yk;
mtu;fSila jdpj;Jtj;ijAk;> ngUikiaAk; mwpe;Jf;nfhs;s Kbfpd;wd. ,g;gb
jkpou;fs; fly;fle;J nrd;Wte;j ehLfisg;gw;wpAk;> mtu;fs; me;ehLfspy;
Ml;rpnra;jjw;fhd Mjuq;fisg; gw;wpAk; czu;j;JtNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fk;.
jkpou; tzpfk;
nry;tr;nropg;Gila Mjpj; jkpou;> khngUk; fliyf;fle;Jr; nry;Yk;;
jpwikf;nfhz;ltu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. ngUk;ghYk; jkpou;fs; tzpfj;jpd; fhuzkhfNt
fly;fle;J NtW Njrq;fSf;F nrd;wdu; vd gy Fwpg;Gfs; $Wfpd;wd. mtu;fs;
ehtha; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; kpfg;ngupa fg;gypy;> fly;fle;J gpw Njrq;fs; nrd;wjhf
gy jfty;fs; cs;sd. jkpo;rn ; rhy;yhd ehtha; vd;w nrhy; fpNuf;fj;jpy; eh]; vd
jpupe;jJ. yj;jPdpy; Netp]; vd;W cUkhwpaJ. ,d;W ,J Mq;fpyj;jpy; Netp vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. “jpiufly; XbAk; jputpak; NjL” vd;Dk; xsitapd;
nrhy;Yf;fpdq;f rq;f fhyj;jpNyNa jkpou;fs; tzpfk; nra;tjw;fhf Mikfspd;
cjtpNahL fly; fle;Jr;Nrd;W gy Njrq;fspy; jq;fSila Ml;rpikia
epiyepWj;jpAs;sdu; vd;gJ Gyg;gLfpwJ.
“espapU Ke;ePu; ehtha; Xl;b
tspnjhopy; Mz;l cuNthd; kUf


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fsp ,ay; ahidf; fupfhyd; tst

nrd;W mku;f; fle;j epd; Mw;wy; Njhd;w”
,t;tupfs; GwehDw;wpy; 66 tJ ghlypy;> ntz;zpg;gwe;jiyg; Nghupy; ntw;wp
ngw;w Kjy; fupfhy ngUtstid ntz;zpf;Faj;jpau; vd;Dk; ngz;ghw;Gytu; ghba
tupfs; MFk;. fp.gp 3 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j ,g;ghlypd; Kjy; tupapdpy; espapU
Ke;ePu; ehtha; Xl;b flypy; fg;giyr; nrYj;j fhw;wpid jpwk;gl ifahz;l
kd;du;fspd; top te;jtNd> vd;W fupfhy tstid Gfo;e;J ghLfpwhu;. ,g;ghlypd;
thapyhf jkpou;fs; fp.gp.3 Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F Kd;du; ,Ue;Nj tzpfj;jpw;fhf gy
ehLfSf;Fr; nrd;Wte;Js;sdu; vd njupatUfpwJ.
2000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; rq;f fhyj;jpy; fpof;Ff;fiuapy; JiwKfq;fs;
mikj;J NuhkhGup> rPdh kw;Wk; gy fpof;fhrpa ehLfspYk; tzpfk; nra;jpUf;fpwhd;
jkpod;. fhQ;rp> khky;yGuk;> g+k;Gfhu;> ehfg;gl;bdk; jQ;rht+u;> kJiu> f&u;> njhz;b
vd ek; vy;yh Cu;fSk; rq;ffhyj;jpy; nry;t nropg;NghL ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd.
,Njg;Nghy; jkpou;fs; fly; fle;J ntw;wpthif #b mq;F Ml;rp nra;jij
kfhftp ghujpahu; ,t;tz;zk; $Wfpwhu;>
rpq;fsk; Gl;gfk; rhtfk; - khfpa
jPT gytDQ; nrd;Nwwp - mq;F
jq;fs; Gypf;nfhb kPd;nfhbAk; epd;Wk;
rhy;Gf; fz;ltu; jha;ehL
mJkl;kpd;wp jkpofj;jpd; tlfpof;Fg; gFjpfspy; jkpou;fs; tzpfk;
nra;jjw;fhd gy rhd;Wfs; cs;sd. jkpo;ehl;bypUe;J tq;fNjrk;> gu;kh> kNyrpah>
fk;Nghbah> yNthR> tpal;ehk; Mfpa ehLfspy; jkpou;fs; rq;ffhyj;jpNyNa tzpfk;
nra;Js;sdu;. ,jd;fhuzkhfNt jkpou;fSf;Fk; me;ehl;L kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
nkhop> kuG> gz;ghL> csT Nghd;wit nUk;ghYk; xd;W NghyNt cs;sJ.
jha;yhe;J
njhy;jkpou; njd;fpof;F Mrpa ehLfspYk; gutpdhu;fs; vd;gjw;fhd gy rhd;Wfs;
cs;sd. 2500 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ghfNt jha;yhe;jpy; jkpou;fs; jlk;gjpj;jjw;fhd
RtLfs; Vwhsk; cs;sd. jha;yhe;jpw;F mz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; jhd;> mq;Fs;s “jha;”
vd;w ,d kf;fspd; ngauhy; mJ jha;yhe;J vd ngau; ngw;wJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
1) thl;eh kpahq; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;L
jha;yhe;jpy; cs;s ef;Nfhd;]p jk;khuj; vd;w efu mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; “jF
thgh” vd;Dkplj;jpy;> “thl;eh kpahq;” vd;w Nfhapypy; fp.gp. 8-9 Mk; E}w;whz;by;
gy;ytu;fshy; ntl;lg;gl;l fy;ntl;L xd;W fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;fy;ntl;by;
jkpofj;ijr;Nru;e;j tzpfu;fs; jpUkhYf;F Fsk; ntl;b Nfhtpy; fl;ba nra;jpfs;
nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. ,t;tzpff;FOtpdu; kzpf;fpuhkj;ijr; Nru;jtu;fs; vdTk;>
mtu;fSf;F “NrdhKfk;” vd;w ghJfhg;Gj; jkpou;gil Jizahf ,Ue;jJ vdTk;>
kzpf;fpuhkj;jhu; me;jf;Fsj;Jf;F “mtdp ehuzd;” vd ngau; itj;jdu; vdTk;
mf;fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jf;fy;ntl;ilf; tuyhw;wwpQu; Nf.V.ePyfz;l
rh];jpupahu; Ma;T nra;J> ,J %d;whk; ee;jptu;k gy;yt kd;ddpd;
fhyj;Jf;Fwpajhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd njuptpj;jhu;. mJkl;Lkpd;wp ee;jptu;kdpd;
gl;lg;ngau;fspy; “mtdp ehuzd;” vd;gJk; xd;whFk;. ,jd; fhuzkhfNt mq;F


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ntl;lg;gl;l Fsj;jpw;F mtdp ehuzd; vd ngau; #l;bapUf;fyhk; vd;Wk;

$wpAs;shu;.
1) G+ Nf jhq; ghid XLfs; :
2006 Mk; Mz;L jha;yhe;jpy;> g+ Nf jhq; vd;Dkplj;jpy; ele;j
mfo;thua;rr ; papd; NghJ fp.gp 2-k; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j jkpop vOj;Jf;fs;
nghwpf;fg;gl;l ghid XLfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. mjpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
vOj;Jf;fs;> jkpop vOj;Jf;fs; jhd; vd;gijj; jkpo;ehL njhy;ypapay; mwpQu;
Iuhtjk; kfhNjtDk;> thrpq;ld; gy;fiyf;fog; Nguhrpupau; upr;ru;l; rhykDk; cWjp
nra;jdu;. ,q;F fpilf;fg;gl;l ghid XLfspy; “JwT” vd nghwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
2) jkpop nghwpf;fg;gl;l njhLfy;
jha;yhe;jpy; “f;Nyhq; NjhkpNlupad;” vd;Dkplj;jpy; fp.gp.3-4 Mk;
E}w;whz;ilr;Nru;e;j jkpop vOj;Jf;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l njhLfy; xd;W
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,j;njhLfy;spy; “ngUk;gl;ld;” vd nghwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
“ngUk;gl;ld;” vd;gJ iftpid fiyQu;fs; (m) nfhy;yu;fis Fwpg;gjhFk;.
nfhy;yu;fs; ,j;njhLfy;ypid jq;fs; njhopypw;fhf gad;gLj;Jtu; vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,j;njhLfy;ypd; %yk; rq;ffhyj;jpNyNa jkpofj;ijr;Nru;e;j gy
nghw;nfhy;yu;fs; kw;Wk; iftpid fiyQu;fs; jha;yhe;jpw;F Fbg;ngau;Js;sJ
njupatUfpwJ. mJkl;Lkpd;wp ,t;tplj;jpNyNa jkpofj;ijr;Nru;e;j rJutbt nrg;G
ehzak; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;ehzaj;jpd; xUGwk; Gyp rpd;dKk; kw;NwhU
Gwk; Fjpiu kw;Wk; ahidAld; $ba Nju;r; rpd;dKk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j
ehzak; fp.gp. 1 Kjy; 3-k; E}w;whz;ilr;Nru;e;j rq;f fhy Nrhou;fshy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,Nj mfoha;tpy; kw;nwhU fp.gp 6-k; E}w;whz;ilr;Nre;j tl;ltbtpyhd nrg;G
ehzaKk; fz;Lgpbf;fgl;Ls;sJ. ,e;ehzaj;jpd; xUGwk; vUJ epd;w epiyapYk;
kWGwk; gha;kuf;fg;gy; JLg;Gld; flypy; gha;tJ NghyTk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpoj;jpy; gy;ytu;fhy ehzaq;fspy; vUJ rpd;dk; ,Ug;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
,tw;wpd; %yk; ,e;j ehzaq;fs; rq;ffhyj;jpUe;Nj jha;yhe;jpy; tzpfj;jpd; %yk;
Gof;fj;jpypUg;gJ njupatUfpwJ.
,itfs; kl;kpd;wp jkpou;fshy; nghwpf;fg;gl;l epiwa rkRfpUj
fy;ntl;LfSk; jha;yhe;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
vfpg;j;
vfpg;jpau;fspd; ehfuPfk; 5000 Mz;Lfs; goikahdJ. vfpg;J
Muha;rr ; pahsu;fspy; gpypz;l]; ngl;up vd;w Ma;thsu; vfpg;jpau;fspd; g+u;tPfk; gw;wp
Ma;T nra;Ak; NghJ Nrfupj;j kz;il XLfs; %ykhf> vfpg;jpy; Kjd;Kjyhf te;j
njhd;ik kf;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; njd;gFjpia rhu;e;jtu;fshfNt ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;whu;. vfpg;J> nrq;flypy; cs;s my;NfhrpfhjPk;> ngu;dpf;Nfh vd;w 2
JiwKfq;fspy; ghid XLfs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld. ,g;ghid XLfspy; Nfhuh> g+khd;
vd;w jkpo; kd;du;fspd; ngau;fs; jkpop vOj;Jf;fspdhy; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
2006-Mk; Mz;L Xkd; ehl;bd; nfhu;Nuhup vd;w gFjpapy; epfo;e;j mfoha;tpy;
Rkhu; 2000 Mz;Lfs; goikahd ghid xd;W fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. mg;ghidapd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Nky; “ee;ij fPud;” vd;W jkpop vOj;Jf;fshy; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
vfpg;jpd; “ghrpu; my; Nfhjpk;” vd;w ,lj;jpy; epfo;e;j mfoha;Tfspy; jkpop
vOj;Jf;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l ghid XLfs; fpilj;Js;sd. mJkl;Lkpd;wp jkpou;fspd;
kuG rhu;e;j Ntl;ilahLk; fUtpahd tsupia gad;gLj;Jk; tof;fk; vfpg;J
goq;Fbapduplk; ,Ue;Jte;Js;sJ.
rPdh jkpo; fy;ntl;L
rPd ehl;by; cs;s fhz;ld; efupy; #td;nrs; vd;Dk; JiwKf efu; cs;sJ.
,e;j fhz;ld; efupy; fp.gp 1260-k; Mz;by; fl;lg;gl;l jpUf;fhjyP];tuu; vd;Dk; rptd;
Nfhapypy; jkpopy; vOjg;gl;l fy;ntl;L xd;W fhzg;gLfpwJ. jkpo;ehl;by; goikahd
Nfhtpy;fspy; fy;ntl;Lfs;> Vwhsk; ,Ug;gJ midtUf;Fk; njupe;j Xd;Nw. Mdhy;>
rPdhtpy; cs;s ,r;rptd; Nfhapypy; ,Uf;Fk; ,f;fy;ntl;L kpfTk; rpwg;Gilajhf
cs;sJ. fp.gp 1260-k; E}w;whz;by; rPdhit Ml;rpnra;J te;j Fg;yha;fhz; vd;Dk;
murdhy; ,f;Nfhtpy; fl;lg;gl;lJ vd ,f;fy;ntl;by; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,f;fy;ntl;bd; ,Wjpapy; rPd nkhopapy; jkpo; vd nghwpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
,e;NjhNdrpahtpy; fpilj;j jkpo; fy;ntl;Lfs; (Rkj;uh)
[fu;jh mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; ,uz;L jkpo; fy;ntl;Lfs; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mjpy; NyhNgh njha;th vd;Dkplj;jpypUe;J> kpfTk; rpjykile;j epiyapy; jkpo;
vOj;Jf;fSld; ,Uf;Fk; jkpo; fy;ntl;L fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;fy;ntl;bid
Muha;ej ; Nguhrpupau; rh];jpup mtu;fs; ,f;fy;ntl;L fp.gp. 1075-1125 Mk;
E}w;whz;ilr;Nru;e;j Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyj;Jf;FwpaJ vdTk;> tzpf;fj;jpw;fhf
Nrhou;fs; ,q;F Fbg;ngau;e;jpUf;fyhk; vdTk; $wpAs;shu;.
kw;nwhU fy;ntl;by; kj;jpapy; xU rpw;gKk;> mij Rw;wp vOj;Jf;fSk;
nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fp.gp. 1258-1275 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr;Nru;e;j ,f;fy;ntl;bd;> Nky;
gFjpapy; rpW tpehafu; cUtKk;> jkpo; kw;Wk; [hth nkhopapy; vOj;Jf;fSk;
cs;sJ. ,jpy; Nrdhjpgjp jpghd;fud; vd;w ngau; cs;sJ. ,jd; %yk; jkpou;fs;
tzpfj;jpw;fhf ,q;F Fbngau;e;J Nfhapy; fl;b tho;e;jpUf;fyhk; vd
mwpe;Jf;nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
,Jkl;Lkpd;wp Rkj;uh ,e;NjhNdrpahtpYs;s [hth (rhtfk;) jPtpy; kpfcau;;e;j
kiyfspy;> ,uz;L kiyfs; kl;Lk; jkpo;g;ngaupidf; nfhz;Ls;sd. xd;W
ghz;;bakiy> kw;nwhd;W nrNkU kiy vd;gNj MFk;> jw;NghJk; ,g;ngau;fs;
tof;fpy; cs;sd. ,e;j rhth jPitg;gw;wp Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fspy; xd;whd
kzpNkfiyapy; Fwpg;gpl;Lssdu;. jkpofj;jpw;Fk; rhth jPtpw;Fk; ,ilNa ePu;
topNghf;Ftuj;Jf;fs; ,Ue;jijAk; kzpNkfiy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.
epa+rpyhe;jpy; jkpo; fg;gy; kzp
epa+rpyhe;J jiyefu; ntypq;ld; mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; fhl;rpf;fhf
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ xU mjpra kzp. jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l ,e;j
kzpahdJ jkpou; fly; Mjpf;fj;ij ep&gpf;fpd;wJ. “KifjPd; tf;FRila fg;gy;
cila kzp” ,J jhd; ,e;j kzpapy; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; thrfk; MFk;. 15 Mk;
E}w;whz;ilr;Nru;e;j ,k;kzpia 1836 Mk; Mz;L tpy;ypak; Nfhy;d;Nrh vd;gtu;
fz;Lgpbj;jhu;. ,k;kzpapd; %yk; jkpou;fspd; fly;fle;Jr; nry;Yk; Mw;wiy


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mwpe;Jf;nfhs;s KbfpwJ. epa+rpyhe;ij 1769 Mk; Mz;L ,q;fpyhe;ijr; Nru;e;j

Nrk;]; Ff; vd;gtu; fz;Lgpbj;jhu; vd;gJ cyf tof;fkhf cs;sJ. mjw;F
Kd;djhfNt jkpou;fs; epa+rpyhe;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;Jtpl;ldu; vd;gJ ehk; midtUk;
mwpa Ntz;ba cz;ikahFk;.
tpal;ehk; fy;ntl;L
tpal;ehkpy; tpal; Nk-rd; vd;Dkplj;jpy; xU ghiw cs;sJ. ,g;ghiwapd;
,uz;L gf;fj;jpYk; jkpop vOj;Jf;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,uz;lhapuk;
Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; jpUkhwd; vd;w ghz;ba kd;dd; tpal;ehk; ehl;il Mz;lhd;
vd;gij ,f;fy;ntl;bd; %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ. ,f;fy;ntl;bd; Ml;rp Mz;L Kjypa
tptuq;fs; fy;ntl;bd; ngUk;gFjp mope;J tpl;ljpd; fhuzkhf fpilf;ftpy;iy.
,Ug;gpDk;> vOj;J mikg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; ,f;fy;ntl;L fp.gp. 2 Mk;
E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jjhf njhy;ypapay; mwpQu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;. ,e;jf;fy;ntl;by;
jdf;Fr;nrhe;jkhd nts;sp> jq;fk;> jhdpaf;Ftpay; kw;WKs;s mirAk;> mirah
nrhj;Jf;fs; midj;ijAk; jkf;F neUq;fpa kf;fSf;F nghJTlikahf;FtjhfTk;>
vjpu;fhy kd;du;fs; ,ij kjpj;J elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Miz gpwg;gpg;gjhfTk;
fy;ntl;by; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; “,J tPuDf;F njupal;Lk;” vd;W fy;;ntl;L
tupfs; ghjpapy; KbfpwJ. ,e;j jpUkhwidf; Fwpj;J kpfTk; Fiwthd jftNy
fpilj;Js;sJ. Mdhy; tpal;ehk;> fk;Nghbah> yNthR Mfpa ehLfspy; 1300
Mz;LfSf;F epytpa jkpo; rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; Kjy; kd;dd; ,td; vd;gij rPdu;fspd;
tuyhWk; cWjp nra;fpwJ. njhy;fhg;gpaj;ij muq;Nfw;wpa ,ilr;rq;f fhy kd;dd;
epye;jU jpUtpy; ghz;ba vd;W gdk;ghudhupd; ghapuk; $WfpwJ. gy ehLfis
ntd;W je;jjhy; “epye;jU” “jpU ghz;bad;” =khwd; vd;W ngau; Vw;gl;bUf;fyhk;
vdTk; xU $w;Ws;sJ.
KbTiu
“fy;Njhd;wp kz;Njhd;wh fhyj;Nj
Kd;Njhd;wp %j;jFb jkpo;Fb”
vd;Dk; ngUikf;Fr; nrhe;jf;fhuu;fs; ehk;> Nky; nrhd;d $w;Wfs; kl;Lkpd;wp ,d;Dk;
vj;jid vj;jidNah jkpo; fy;ntl;LfSk;> jkpou; ehfuPfKk; g+kpf;Fs; GijAz;L
fplf;fpd;wd. ,itfisnay;yhk; ntspf;nfhz;L te;J cyfpw;F njwpag;gLj;JtJk;>
,Jtiuapy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lij vy;yhk; ghJfhg;gJk; ek;Kila flikahFk;.
mJkl;Lkpd;wp ,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lk; Rkhu; 70>000 fy;ntl;Lfs; Nky; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mjpy;
Rkhu; 45>000 fy;ntl;Lfs; jkpopy; cs;sJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. jkpou;fspd; ngUik
jkpofk;> ,e;jpah kl;Lkpy;yhJ cyfnkq;Fk; gutpf;fplf;fpd;wd.
jkpouha; ,Ug;gjpy; ngUikf;nfhs;Nthk; !!!
jkpouha; tho;e;jpl Kaw;rp nfhs;Nthk; !!!
ghu;it Ehy;fs;



E-ISSN: 2581-7140
3. Rg;gpujzpad; r.Nt. njhy;fhg;gpak; (njspTiu)> kzpthrfu; gjpg;gfk;>

nrd;id -600 018.
4. jl;rpzh%u;j;jp.m. jkpou; ehfupfKk; gz;ghLk;> Aho; ntspaPL> nrd;id -600
040.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ngUq;fy; GijFop mfoha;Tfs;;

Megalithic Archaeological Excavations
Kidth; eh.RNyhrdh> cjtpg; NguhrpupaH> jkpo;nkhop (k) nkhopapay; Gyk;>

cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> jukzp> nrd;id - 113.
Abstract
Tamil culture is an ancient culture. Now the people are living in the southern part of
Indian sub-continent. The place has been surveyed in relation to archaeological basis for
many times by many individual archaeologists, geologists and archaeologicasl departments
of many governments. India as named after the independence from the Britishers had done in
continuation of the archaeological sites and survey. They have found the cultures of the
Tamils are the very oldest civilization in the Indian history. The excavations at
Aathichanallor, Kodumanal, Keeladi, Ravimangalam and other places are very notable and
had evidences of the Megalithic age. Hence, this paper tries to bring out the informations
related to the domain topic.
Keywords: Megalithic, Archaeological, Excavations, Tamil Civilizations
jkpo;r; r%fj;jpd;> xU tuyhw;wpd; GfioAk;> Nkd;ikahd ehfupfj;ijAk;>

njhd;ikiaAk; gz;ghl;ilAk; ntspf;nfhzu cjTk; fy;tpNa njhy;ypay; MFk;.
njhd;ikapd; Moj;ijAk; tsHr;rpiaAk; goq;fhy kf;fs; tpl;Lr;nrd;w jlaq;fshd
fUtpfs; md;whlg; Goq;FnghUs;fs;> fl;blq;fs;> Nfhapy;fs;> muz;kidfs;>
Nfhl;il> nfhj;jsq;fs;> thzpf Vw;Wkjpf;fhd JiwKfq;fs;> ehzaq;fs;>
rpw;gq;fs;> Xtpaq;fs;> nrg;NgLfs;> Xiyr;Rtbfs;> kz;ilNahLfs;> KJkf;fs;
jhopfs;> GijnghUs;fs; mfoha;Tfs; ,itahTk; jkpoupd; njhd;ikiag;
giwrhw;Wk; njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfshfpd;wd.
rq;f ,yf;fpag; ghly;fs; vOe;j fhyj;ijj;jhd; ehk; jkpoHfspd;
njhd;ikf;Fk; gz;ghl;bw;Fk; rhd;whff; $WfpNwhk;. mijAk; fle;J jkpoupd;
njhd;ik gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;lJ vd;Wk; rq;fg; ghly;fSf;F tuyhw;Wr;
rhd;WfshfTk; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfspy; fpilj;j nghUs;fs; cWjpgLj;Jfpd;wd.
fPobapy; nra;ag;gl;l kpff;Fiwe;j mfoha;TfNs jkpoupd; njhd;ikia Ke;ija
E}w;whz;LfSf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;Yk;NghJ ,d;Dk; mq;NfAs;s njhy;ypay; fsq;fs;
KOtijAk; mfoha;Tfs; nra;jhy; ,d;Dk; gy tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; jkpoupd;
gz;ghl;Lf;Fk; njhd;ikf;Fk; tYNrHg;gjha; mikAk;. me;j tifapy;
Mjpr;rey;Y}upy; eilngw;w ngUq;fw; GijFopfs; Fwpj;j mfoha;Tfis Ma;tjhf
,f;fl;Liu mikfpwJ.
njhy;ypay;
“‘Archaeology’ vd;w Mq;fpyr; nrhy;Yf;Fj; njhy;nghUspay; mjhtJ
goikahd nghUs;fs; vdg; nghUs;gLk;. Archaios vd;w fpNuf;fr; nrhy;Yf;F goik


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Muk;gk; vd;W nghUs;. ‘Logos’ vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ,ay; my;yJ mwptpay; g+Htkhf
vd;W nghUs;. ,t;tpuz;L nrhw;fisAk; ,izj;J ‘Archaeology| vd;w nrhy;
cUthf;fk; ngw;wJ.” (njhy;ypay;> KidtH jp.kNdhd;kzp> KidtH jp.nry;tehafp>
g.2) mjhtJ goikahdtw;iw mwptpay; fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld; Muha;e;J ntspg;gLj;Jk;
fy;tp ~MHf;fpahy[p| vd;W nghUs;gLfpwJ.
tuyhw;Wr; rhd;WfSs; Kjd;ikahdJk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJkhf ,Ug;gJ
njhy;ypay; rhd;WfNs MFk;. gz;ila rKjhaj;jpid mwpe;Jnfhs;s njhy;ypay;
ngupJk; JizGupfpwJ. ,jd;top Ml;rpnra;j kd;dHfs;> ehl;bd; tsk;> tzpfk;>
r%fg; nghUshjhu Nkk;ghL> rkatuyhW vd midj;ijAk; KOikahf mwpe;J
nfhsjw;Fj; njhy;ypay; NgUjtp GupfpwJ. ,jw;Fj; njhy;ypayhsHfspd; mHg;gzpg;G
czHTk; flikANk Kjd;ikahfpd;wd.
mfoha;Tfs;> fy;ntl;Lfs;> ghiw Xtpaq;fs;> nrg;NgLfs;> Xiyr;Rtbfs;
Nghd;wdTk; jkpoupd; njhd;ikf;F tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfshfpd;wd. ,r;rhd;WfSf;Fj;
njhy;ypayhsHfspd; gq;fspg;G msg;gupaJ.
njhy;ypay; vr;rq;fs;
“xt;nthU Ff;fpuhkj;jpYk; goq;Fbfs; thOk; kiyg;gFjpfspYk; ,e;jpahtpd;
tuyhW El;gkhd Kiwapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. vOj;jhf my;yhky; njhy;ypay;
vr;rq;fshf tuyhW ,Uf;fpwJ. njhy;ypay; vr;rq;fis ntspf;nfhzu rpwg;Gj;
jpwd;fs; Njit. nkhopapay;> fl;blf;fiy> khDltpay;> r%ftpay;> jpwd;fSld;
cupa tuyhw;Wg; ghHitAld; mZfpdhy; mtw;iw ntspf;nfhzu KbAk;"
(tamil.thehindu.com) vd;gJ tuyhw;whrpupaH b.b.Nfhrhk;gp mtHfspd; ek;gpf;iff;
$w;whFk;. etPd ,e;jpa tuyhW vOJjypy; mwptpay; ghHitiaj; njhlq;fp
itj;jtH mtNu. mtiuj; njhlHe;J ,Hghd; `gPg;> nuhkpyh jhg;gH cs;spl;NlhH
tuyhw;W Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;wdH. Mdhy; RkhH 40 Mapuk; Mz;Lfhy
njhy;ypay; vr;rq;fs; jkpofj;jpy; Gijf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. ,tw;iw kPl;nlLj;J
Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jp jkpoupd; njhd;ikiag; giwrhw;WtJ vd;gJ khngUk; rthyhf
,Uf;fpwJ.
gioa fw;fhy> ngUq;fw;fhy> Gjpafw;fhy> Ez;fUtpfs; fhy> ,Uk;Gf;fhy
mfoha;Tfs;> fly;rhH mfoha;Tfs;> Gjpa njhopy;El;gq;fs;> fy;ntl;bay;>
Xiyr;Rtbfs; Mtzg;gLj;Jjy; vdj; jkpofj;jpd; njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;
tpupe;Jnfhz;Nl nry;fpd;wd. mfoha;Tfspy; njhlHghd gy Jiwfis
xd;wpizj;Jr; nray;gLj;JtNj tpupthd Ma;TfSf;F toptFf;Fk;.
ngUq;fs; GijFopfs;
,we;jtHfis mfd;w FopfspNyh NtWKiwapNyh Gijf;Fk; tof;fk;
tuyhw;Wf; fhyk; Kd;Ng ,Ue;jJ. Gjpa; fw;fhyk; Kbe;j gpd; njhlq;fpa fhyk;
ngUq;fy; GijTfs; fhyk; (Megalithic Age) vdg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy; kf;fs;
gad;gLj;jpa nghUs;fisg; gpzf;FopfspypUe;J vLj;jdH. ,g;nghUs;fis
Muha;e;jjpd; top jkpoupd; njhd;ik Gyg;gLfpwJ. njhfug;gs;sp> igak;gs;sp>
Mjpr;rey;Y}H> ty;yk;> nfhLkzy;> gpukfpup vdg; gy ,lq;fspy; 200-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
GijTfs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld. ,g;GijTfs; Fiftl;lq;fs;> Foptl;lq;fs; vd
,uz;L tbtq;fspy; milahsk; fhzg;gl;ld. Fiftl;lk; fy; gyifahy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Foptl;lq;fs; jhopfshy; MdJ. jhopfspypUe;J fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l

nghUs;fs; md;iwa kf;fspd; gad;ghl;il vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
njhy;ypay; mwpQHfs;
,uhgHl; GU];Gl; vd;Dk; epyg;nghjpapay; mYtyH 1863 - Mk; Mz;L
nrd;idapYs;s gy;yhtuj;jpy; ‘iff;Nfhlup| xd;iwf; fz;Lgpbj;jhH. NkYk;
mj;jpuk;ghf;fk; vDk; Cupy; Gij gbtj;jpy; cile;j kdpjf; fhy; vYk;ig gioa
fw;fhyf;; fUtpfSf;F ,ilapy; fz;Lgpbj;J goq;fw;fhy kdpjd; tho;e;j
njhd;ikahd gFjpfis cyfpw;F czHj;jpdhH.
njhy; nghUs;fisr; Nrfupf;Fk; nghUl;L 19 - Mk; E}w;whz;by; jkpo;ehl;by;
gutyhfg; gy ,lq;fspy; fs Ma;TfSk;> mfoha;TfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; 1940 - fspy; rH khHbkH tPyH
vd;gtH mwptpay; rhHe;j mfoha;T Kiwfis ,e;jpaj; njhy;ypaypy; GFj;jpdhH.
,tuJ fhyj;jpy; jl;rrPyk; ùg;gh> GJr;Nrup mUfpYs;s mupf;fNkL Mfpa ,lq;fs;
mfoha;TfSf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;ld. jkpoHfSf;Fk; NuhkhdpaHfSf;Fkhd tHj;jfk;
eilngw;wJ vd;Dk; fUj;ij Kjd;Kjypy; Kd;itj;jtH ,tNu. Krpwp> njhz;b>
fhNtrpg+k;gl;bzk;> nfhw;if> mupf;fNkL ,itnay;yhk; rq;f fhy JiwKfq;fs;
vd;w mbg;gilapy; mupf;fNkl;by; Ma;it Nkw;nfhz;L mq;F fpilj;j nghUs;fis
itj;J rq;f fhyk; vd;gJ fp.K. Kjyhk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhHe;jJ vd;W fUjpdH.
“mupf;fNkl;by; nusyl;Nll;NtH (Rouletted Ware)> mupf;Nld; NtH> kJ [hb
Nghd;w kl; ghz;lq;fs; fpilj;jjhy;> ,e;j %d;WNk Nuhkhdpa kl;ghz;lq;fs; vd;gJ
tPyupd; fUj;jhFk;. Mdhy; nusyl;Nll; NtH Nuhkd; kl;ghz;lk; fpilahJ. ,J
,e;jpahtpd; fPof; flw;fiu> njd;fpof;F Mrpahtpy; fpilf;fpwJ. Mdhy; Nuhkd;
nghUs;fNshL nusyl;Nll; NtiuAk; xg;gpl;L mJTk; fp.K. Kjyhk; E}w;whz;L vd
cWjp nra;Jtpl;lhHfs;. ,f; fUj;jpd; top ,e;jpaHfs; NuhkhdpaHfSf;fplNaahd
fly; top thzpgk; (Maritime Trade) jhd; jkpofj;jpy; muR cUthf;fj;jpw;F ntUk;
fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ vd;w fUj;Jk; cUthdJ.” (muttaram.blogspot)
uhgHl; Rnty; (Robert Sewell) vd;gtH kJiuf;fUfpy; khq;Fsj;jpy; rpy
fy;ntl;Lfisf; fz;lwpe;J ,J mNrhfH fhyj;J gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs; (fp.K. 3 -Mk;
E}w;whz;L) vd;gijf; fz;lwpe;jhH.
jkpo;f;Fbapd; njhd;ikahd Kjy;ngUk; njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wk; cyfpd; Kjy;
ehfuPfKk; nfhz;lJ Mjpr;rey;Y}H. ,J jpUney;NtypapypUe;J jpUr;nre;J}H nry;Yk;
topapy; jhkpuguzp Mw;wpd; fiuapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,J ,we;jtHfisg; Gijj;j
,lk; 114 Vf;fupy; 4 mbf;F xUtH tPjk; jhopfspy; ,we;jtHfisg; Gijj;Js;sdH.
,JNt cyfpNyNa kpfg;ngupa ,LfhlhFk;.
Vwj;jho fp.K.10 Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F Kd;ghfNt ekJ kf;fs; ehfupfj;NjhL
tho;e;jdH vd;w;gijg; giwrhw;WfpwJ. ,ij Kjd;Kjypy; fz;Lgpbj;jtH n[Hkdp
ehl;ilr; NrHe;j lhf;lH fh[H vd;gtHjhd;. ,tH 1876 - Mk; Mz;L ,e;jg;
gFjpfspy; Muha;r;rp nra;J jkpoupd; njhy; ehfupfj;ijf; fz;L gpbj;jhH. mtH
fz;Lgpbj;jtw;wpy; gy nghUs;fs; n[Hkdpapy; cs;s ngHypd; mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy;
itf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gpnuQ;R ehl;ilr; NrHe;j Y}ap Ntg;gpf;fpa+ vd;w mwpQH 1903 Mk; Mz;L
Mjpr;rey;Y}H te;J rpy jhopfisj; Njhz;b vLj;jhH. mg;NghJ fpilj;j kz;ntl;b>
nfhO Nghd;w nghUs;fisg; ghupRf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;whH. ,g;gb Nkiy ehl;bypUe;J
te;j mwpQHfs; vy;NyhUk; jkJ mfoha;tpy; fpilj;j nghUs;fisj; jj;jkJ
ehLfSf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;Wtpl;ldH. mitnay;yhk; fpilj;jhy; jkpoupd; ehfupfk;
,d;Dk; ‘njhd;ikahdJ| vd;gij ep&gpf;f cjTk;.
1905 - Mk; Mz;L nrd;id mUq;fhl;rpaf kjpg;GW Jizf; fz;fhzpg;ghsH
mnyf;rhe;jH uPah ,tH. Mjpr;rey;Y}upy; EZf;fkhf mfoha;T nra;J xU gl;bay;
jahupj;Jf; nfhLj;jNjhL nghUs;fs; midj;ijAk; nrd;id mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy;
,lk;ngwr; nra;jhH.
gj;jhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng jkpoHfs; ,Uk;gpd; gad;ghl;il
mwpe;jtHfshf ,Uk;G njhlHghd njhopy;fis cUthf;fpatHfshf ,Ue;J
midj;Jj; njhopYf;Fk; Kd;Ndhbfshf tpsq;fpdH vd;gJ tpsq;FfpwJ.
jkpofj;jpw;F ntspehLfspypUe;J ,Uk;G te;jpUf;fyhk; vd;w ePyfz;l rh];jpupahupd;
$w;iwAk; tl ,e;jpaj; njhlHghy; nrk;G> ntz;fyk; ,uz;Lk; jkpofj;jpw;F te;jd
vd;w jPl;rjupd; $w;iwAk; js;sp fp.K. 7 -Mk; E}w;whz;L vd;gij fp.K.10 -Mk;
E}w;whz;L vd Mjpr;rey;Y}H mfoha;Tfs; nka;g;gpf;fpd;wd.
rfHNkd; vd;w mwpQH Mjpr;rey;Y}upy; fpilj;j kz;il XLfs; gw;wp Ma;T
nra;J mjpy; M];jpNuypa goq;Fb kf;fspd; kz;il XL xd;W ,Ue;jijf;
fz;lwpe;J ek; Kd;NdhHfs; M];jpNuypah ehl;L goq;Fb kf;fNshL njhlHG
nfhz;bUe;jijAk;> M];jpNuypah njd; ,e;jpahNthL ,ize;jpUe;jJ vd;w
fUj;ijAk; ntspapl;Ls;shH. M];jpNuypa goq;Fb kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa g+kuhq;
(tsup) vd;Dk; xUtif MAjk; jkpofj;jpy; fpilj;Js;sJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
giftH kPJ vwpe;jhy; mtHfisj; jhf;fptpl;L tPrpatHfs; iff;Fj; jpUk;g tUk;
xUtif MAjk; jhd; g+kuhq; MFk;.
njd;dpe;jpahtpd; g+HtFbfs; vd;Wk; mtHfs; kj;jpa jiuf;fly; kf;fs; njd;
,e;jpah tUk; Kd;dH ,Ue;Nj njd; ,e;jpahtpy; tho;e;J tUtjhfTk; Ma;thsH
nrNuhk; Nrf;fg;Grd; $WfpwhH. Mjpr;rey;Y}upy; fpilj;j vYk;Gf; $Lfs; nkhdhf;Nfh
gFjpapy; fpilj;j Nkiy goq;fw;fhy MupfNdrpad; gz;ghl;L ngz;zpd; kz;il
Xl;Lld; xj;J tUtjhfTk; $wpAs;shH. Mjpr;r ey;Y}upy; fpilj;j njhy;ypay;
nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L mq;Fs;s kf;fspd; gz;ghl;il tifg;gLj;jpAs;shH fkpy;
Rtygpy;. ,e;jpaj; njhy;ypay; Mathsh; rj;jpa%Hj;jp Mjpr;rey;Y}upd;
(ngUq;fw;GijFop) fhyk; fp.K. 1000 xl;bNa ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
fzpj;Js;shH. ,J mnkupf;f fhHgd; fhyf; fzf;fha;tpd;gb cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ.
Mjpr;rey;Y}H goe;jkpoupd; nghw;fhykhf tpsq;fpAs;sJ vd;gJ Gyg;gLfpwJ.
Mjpr;rey;Y}upy; nra;j mfoha;tpy; lhf;lH fhy;Lnty;Yf;Fk; Kf;fpakhd gq;F
cz;L. 1876 -,y; [hfH> 1903 -,y; vk;.NyhdpR yhgpf;F> 1899 - 1906 mnyf;rhe;jH .uP>
1914 Mk; Mz;L Mz;lHrd; MfpNahhpd; gq;F Fwpg;gplj;jFe;jjhFk;.
“RLNthH ,LNthH njhLFopg; Gijg;NghH
jho;thapd; milg;NghH jhopapy; ftpg;NghH"


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vd kzpNkfiy.(6:66-67) Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. KJkf;fs; jhopfSk;> eLfw;fSk;

ngUq;fw;fhy epidTr; rpd;dq;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.
gpuhkp> gpuhfpUjk; Nghd;w jkpo; tup tbtq;fis itj;Jk; mjDila fhyk;
fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. mNrhfuJ gpuhkp fp.K. 3 -Mk; E}w;whz;L vd;why; jkpo; gpuhkp
mjw;Fk; 100 Mz;Lfs; Ke;jpaJ vd fp.K. 2 Mk; E}w;whz;lhff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
nghJthf njhy;ypay; Jiw mfoha;Tfs; ngUq;fw;gilr; rpd;dq;fs; vdf;
fUjg;gLk; <kf;fhLfspy; ele;jpUf;fpd;wd. 1960 fspy; ele;j njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;
Mjpr;rey;Y}H> Fd;dj;J}H> nfhLkzy; vd;W vy;yh mfoha;TfspYk; <kf;fhLfs;
Fwpj;Jg; gjpT nra;tJ> Mtzg;gLj;JtJ vd;W kl;LNk ,Ue;jd. ,ijr; rq;f
fhyj;NjhL njhlHGgLj;jpdH. Mdhy; kf;fs; tho;e;j tho;tplk; Muhag;gltpy;iy
vd;gJ njhy;ypayhsh;fspd; fUjjhFk;.
GytH nr.uhR mtHfspd; $w;Wg;gb ‘nfhLkzy; gl;l tpidkhd; mUq;fyk;|
vd;w mbapYs;s nfhLkzy; jhd; ‘nfhLkzy;| Mf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;w fUj;ij
itf;fpwhH. “g+k;GfhH> nghUe;jy;> Mjpr;rey;Y}H> mupf;fNkL> nfhLkzy; mfoha;Tfs;
Gijaplkhfj; jhd; ,Uf;fpd;wd. Mdhy; fPobapy; J}z;fs;> njhopw;rhiyfs;>
fl;Lkhdq;fs;> vy;yhk; ,Ue;j xU efuk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gLs;sJ. ùg;gh ehfupfj;Jf;F
,izahd njhy;ypay; fsk; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; kl;Lk; jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ." Vdj;
njhy;ypay; Ma;thsh; gilg;ghsh; R.ntq;fNlrd; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
fPob mfoha;tpy; 70 - f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l jkpo;gpuhkp> gpuhfpUj> rkw;fpUj
vOj;Jf;fSk;> Mg;fhd; ehl;bd; J}J gtsKk;> Nuhkhdpa kz;ghz;lKk; 2500 Mz;L
Kd;ghd jkpog;; ghuk;gupaj;ijAk; Rl;Ltjhy; gy tzpf kw;Wk; tuyhw;W
Muha;r;rpfSf;Fg; GjpanjhU topNfhshf mikfpwJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpYs;s kJiu
fPobjhd; vd;gJ epUgdkhfpwJ. “fPobapy; 110 Vf;fu; epyj;jpy; ntWk; 50 nrz;l;
tiuf;Fk; jhd; mfoha;T nra;jpUf;fpwhHfs; KOikAk; Muha;r;rp nra;a ,d;Dk;
gj;J> ,UgJ tUlq;fs; Njitg;gLk;> mjdhy; ,jpy; jkpof murpd; njhy;ypay;
JiwAk; ,ize;J nfhs;s Ntz;baJ Njit. ,e;j 110 Vf;fupy; gy ,lq;fs;
jdpahH trk; ,Ug;gjhy; muR jiyapl;L tpiutpy; me;j epyq;fisf; ifg;gw;w
Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; njhy;ypay; nghUs;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; vd;W tpflDf;F
mspj;j Ngl;bapy; rhfpj;a mfhlkp vOj;jhsH R.ntq;fNlrd; $wpAs;shH.
(www.visai.in /2017/03/07).
fy;ntl;L %j;j mwpQH Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd.; ,yf;fpa mwpQH GytH nr.uhR>
fy;ntl;L mwpQH Nguh.Rg;guhaY fly; mfoha;T mwpQH Nguh.uh[d;> mkHehj;
,uhkfpU\;zd; eld fhrpehjd; MH.ghyfpU\;zd;> R.ntq;fNlrd; xuprh ghY
Nghd;wtHfspd; njhy;ypay; Ma;T E}y;fSk; jkpoH gz;ghl;bw;F
mbj;jskpl;bUf;fpd;wd.
jkpo;ehL Nfush vy;iyapYs;s ,Lf;fp> godp> FKsp> Njdp> Njf;fb> fk;gk;>
Nghb Nghd;w CHg;ngaHfs; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; tlkhepyq;fspy; ,Ug;gijAk;>
xuprh - Me;jpuh vy;iyapYs;s nfhuhGl; khtl;lj;jpYs;s RkhH 463 CHfspy;
ngaHfs; ie[pupahtpy; cs;sijAk; MH.ghyfpUzd; mtHfs; ntspapl;Ls;shH.
,lk;ngaHtpd; fhuzkhf Gyk;ngaHe;j kf;fspd; vr;rq;fshf rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpYs;s
CHg;ngaHfs; cyfk; KOtJk; gutpapUg;gijj; jkJ Ma;tpd; %yk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fz;lwpe;Js;shH. (www.sramakrishnan.com) ,jd; %yk; jkpo;nkhop cyfshtpa

jOtiyg; ngw;Ws;sd vd;gJ Gyg;gLfpwJ.
“rq;f ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs; jkpoupd; njhd;ikiag; giwrhw;Wfpd;wd vd;whYk;
mfoha;Tfspy; fpilj;j rhd;Wfspy; fhzg;gLk; ngaHfs; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy;
fhzg;gltpy;iy. mjdhy; rq;f ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ jkpo;r; r%fj;ij KOikahf
ntspg;gLj;Jfpw ,yf;fpaky;y. mJ tzpfj;ijg; gw;wp nrhy;YfpwJ. atdHfs; gw;wp
nrhy;YfpwJ. nrq;fly; gFjpapy; jkpoHfs; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhHfs; vd;gijg; gw;wp
Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. Xkdpy; ,sq;fPud; fPud; vd;w ngaH nfhz;l xU kl;ghz;lk;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Jjhd; Kjd;Kjyhf mNugpa jPgfw;gj;jpy; fpilj;j jkpo;
tzpfHfisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;ghFk;." (mutaram.blogspot) ,g;gbahfj; njhy;ypay;
Ma;Tfspd; ePl;rp El;gkhd Ma;TfSf;F mbj;jskpLfpd;wd.
KbTiu
jkpo;ehL muR njhy;ypay; Jiw jdpahfTk; ,e;jpaj; njhy;ypay; JiwAld;
,ize;Jk; jkpo;ehl;by; Kg;gJ ,lq;fspy; mfoa;Tfs; nra;Js;sd. Muk;gfhy
njhy;ypay; fsq;fs;> kj;jpa; fhy njhy;ypay; fsq;fs;> mz;ika fhy
mfoha;Tfs; vd %d;W fl;lq;fshf mfoha;Tfs; eilngw;W jkpoupd; njhd;ikia
Ma;T nra;Ak; gzpfs; eilngw;W tUfpd;wd. MH.b.ghdH[P> jahuhk; rhzp;;> Nf.vd;.
jPl;rj;> <.N[.vr;.kj;Nf> Nf.vd;.a+up> fpa+.vk;.nkhdPH> rH [hd;khHry;> khNjh> r&g;
thl;]>; vd;.MH.uht;> MH.gp.fz;lh> Nghd;w ,e;jpa njhy;ypay; mwpQHfshYk;
jkpo;ehl;Lj; njhy;ypay; mwpQHfspd; mfoha;TfshYk; jkpoupd; gy cz;ikfs;
Gyg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. gz;ghLk; njhd;ikAk; ,d;Dk; gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F Ke;ijaJ
vd epUgpf;Fk; Ma;Tf;fhdf; fsq;fs; gy jkpo;ehl;by; cs;sd. ,itnay;yhk;
KOtJkhf fhh;gd; fzf;fPLf;F cl;gLj;jpdhy;; KOikahd cz;ik jug;gLk;.
,jd; top jkpoupd; Nkd;ik Gyg;gLk;.
gad;gl;l Ey;fs;
1. njhy;ypay;> KidtH jp.kNdhd;kzp> KidtH jp.nry;tehafp;; vd;.rp.gp.vr;.>

ntspaPL> 2010
2. jkpo;ehl;Lj; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs;> R.,uhrNtY> Nfh.jpU%Hj;jp> gz;ghl;L
ntspaPl;lfk;> nrd;id> 1995.
3. gz;ilj; jkpo;r; r%fk;> fhHj;jpNfR rptj;jk;gp> vd;.rp.gp.vr;.> ntspaPL> 2010.
4. jkpofg; gz;ghL> m.fh.ngUkhs;> vd;.rp.gp.vr;. ntspaPL.
5. njhy;goq;fhyk;> jp.Rg;ukzpad;> vd;.rp.gp.vr;. ntspaPL.
6. rpe;J rkntsp jpuhtplg; gz;ghl;bd; mbj;jsk;> MH.ghyfpU\;zd;> ghujp
Gj;jfhyhak;> nrd;id.
7. Wikipedia.org
8. khw;Wf;fy;tp.tiyg;G, 22.08.2017


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fy;ntl;Lfshy; mwpayhFk; gj;Jg;ghl;L Gytu;fSk; kd;du;fSk;

Bards and Kings of Pattupattu Comprehended through Culverts
F.rPdpthrd;> Kidtu;gl;l Ma;thsu;>

jkpopay; Jiw> mz;zhkiyg;gy;fiyf;fofk;;-608002.
Abstract
The article ponders over the explanation of culverts and relates the connection
between archaeology and culverts. Then it speaks of the Kapilakunrru. ‘Pattinapalai’ and
Uruthirakannanar are taken as objectives and a short discussion is there. After that
‘Malaipadumkadam’ is explained with reference to the Pandian King Maravarman and his
valour and his love on Tamil language that he showed while demolishing the Chola territory.
Then a glance on the Adiyamans gives a hint on their feats. Hence, the study make clear the
unified specifics from the elucidation found on the culverts.
Keywords: Bards, Kings, Pattupattu, Culverts
Kd;Diu
gj;Jg;ghl;L vd;gJ rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLk; goe;jkpo;
E}y;fspd; njhFg;GfSs; xd;whFk;> gj;Jg;ghl;L> vl;Lj;njhif> ,it ,uz;Lk;
gjpndz; Nky;fzf;F E}y;fshFk;. ,tw;Ws; jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> nghUeuhw;Wg;gil>
rpWghzhw;Wg;gil> ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil> Ky;iyg;ghl;L> kJiuf;fhQ;rp>
neLey;thil> FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L>gl;bdg; ghiy> kiygLflhk; Mfpa
gj;J E}y;fs;
mlq;fpa njhFg;Ng gj;Jg;ghl;L vd toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,it midj;Jk; ,d;W xNu
njhFg;ghff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w NghjpYk;> ,it xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;gw;wit>
ntt;NtW Mrpupau;fshy; gy;NtW fhy fl;lq;fspy; ,aw;wg;gl;lit. gj;Jg;ghl;L vdr;
Nru;j;Jf; Fwpg;gpLk; tof;fKk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; vOe;jnjd;gNj gyuJ fUj;J.
gj;Jg;ghl;L ghbAs;s rpy Gytu;fisg; gw;wp fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfSk; $Wtjhf
mike;Js;sJ. ,jid mwptjhfNt ,f;fl;Liu mikfpwJ.
gj;Jg;ghl;L vd;Dk; ,j; njhFjpapYs;s E}y;fs; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fSs;
rpwg;gplk; ngWgit. ,tw;wpy; goe;jkpo; ehl;bd; tho;f;if Kiw> gz;ghL gw;wpa gy
mupa jfty;fs; nghjpe;J fplf;fpd;wd. tuyhw;Wr; rk;gtq;fs;> muru;fspdJk;
ts;sy;fspdJk; ,ay;Gfs;> nghJ kf;fspd; fhjy; tho;f;if>mf;fhyf; fiyfs;>
efuq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fs;> ,aw;if gw;wpa tUzidfs; Nghd;wit njhlu;ghd gy
jfty;fis ,tw;wpypUe;J ngw Kbfpd;wJ. gj;Jg; ghl;L E}y;fspy; ,aw;iff;F
Kuz;gl fw;gidfNsh nghUe;jh ctikfNsh fhzg;ngwtpy;iy. gz;ilj; jkpo;u;
tho;it cs;sJ cs;sgbf; fl;Lk; fhyf; fz;zhbahf ,it tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
‘KUF nghUehW ghzpuz;L Ky;iy
ngUF ts kJiuf; fhQ;rp-kUtpdpa


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Nfhy neLey; thil Nfhy;FwpQ;rpg;gl;bdg;

ghiy flhj;njhLk; gj;J”
vd tUk; gok;ghly;> gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fs; vit vd;gij kpfj; njspthff;
fhl;Lk;.,e;j mupa njhFg;gpw;F er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau; ciu vOjpAs;shu;.
“E}wbr; rpWik E}w;Wg; gj;jsNt
Vwpa mbapd; <iuk; ghl;L
njhLg;gJ gj;J ghl;nldg; gLNk”
mJNt> mftypd; tUnkd miwFtu; Gytu; (gd;dpUgl;bay; 266-267) vd;gJ ,jd;
,yf;fzkhFk;.
njhy;ypaYk; fy;ntl;LfSk;
njhy;goq;fhyj;ijg; gw;wp Ma;T nra;jiyNa njhy;ypay;my;yJ
njhy;nghUspay; vd;fpNwhk;. njhd;ikahd fhyj;jpy;tho;e;j kf;fspd; tho;f;ifKiw>
njhopy;fs;> thzpfk;>Ntshz;ik> murpay;> Ez;fiyfs; Kjypaitgw;wp
mtu;fs;tpl;Lr; nrd;w vr;rq;fshd fy;ntl;Lfs;> fl;llq;fs;> fhRfs;>nrg;NgLfs;
Kjypatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Ma;e;jupjNynjhy;ypaypd; Kjd;ikahd Nehf;fk;.
njhy;ypaiyMq;fpyj;jpy; ‘Mu;f;fpahy[p’ vdf;Fwpg;gpLtu;. njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;
,y;iynadpy; kdpjdpd; fle;Jte;jghijAk; mtDila tuyhw;iwAk; mwpa
,ayhJ. NkYk; jkpoh;fspd; ngUikkpf;f tuyhw;Wf;Fr; rhd;whf ,Ug;git>
fy;ntl;Lfs; kw;Wk;; nrg;NgLfSk; MFk;. ,it Nfhapy;fs; kiyfs; vd
vq;nfy;yhk; jkpo; kd;dh;fs; fhy; gjpj;jdNuh> mq;nfy;yhk; fy;ntl;Lfis ntl;bg;
nghjpj;J itj;Js;sdh;. ,Jtiu gy Mapuk; fy;ntl;;Lfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ngUk;ghyhd fy;ntl;Lfs; gpuhkp vOj;J> tl;nlOj;J goq;fhyj; jkpo; vOj;Jfspy;
cs;sJ vd;gh;. ‘fy;ntl;Lfs; vd;gd Nfhapy;fspYs;s Rth;fs;> fw;ghiwfs;>
kiyf;Fiffs;> ntw;wpj;J}z;fs; kz;lgq;fs;> gbkq;fs;> eLfw;fs; Kjyhdtw;wpy;
tiuag; ngw;wpUf;Fk; fy;nyOj;JfNsahFk;. nrg;NgLfisAk; fy;ntl;Lfs; vd;w
jiyg;gpd; fPo; mlf;fpf; nfhs;tJ nghUe;Jk;. fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk; nra;jpfs;
my;y. mitaidj;Jk; ek; Kd;Ndhh;fSila cz;ik tuyhWfid Azh;j;Jk;
gioa ntspaPLfNs’ vd;W fy;ntl;lwpQh; jp.it. rjhrptgz;lhuj;jhh; $Wfpwhh;.
njhd;ikf;fhyk; vd;gjw;fhd fhytiuaiw
kdpjd; ehNlhbahf tho;e;j fhyj;jpypUe;J tuyhw;Wf;FKe;ija fhyk;tiu
cs;s fhyj;ijNa njhd;ikf;fhyk;vd;fpNwhk;.mt;tg;NghJ jpl;lkpl;Lr; nra;ag;gLk;
Ma;Tfspd; NghJjw;nrayhff; fpilf;Fk; jlaq;fs;> vr;rq;fspd;
cjtpAlNdhnjhd;ikf;fhy epfo;Tfisj; njhy;ypay; Ma;thsu;fs;fz;lwpfpwhu;fs;.
fgpyUk; fgpyf;Fd;Wk;
fgpyu; gj;Jg;ghl;by; FwpQ;rpg; ghl;L vd;Dk; ghliyg; ghbAs;shu;.,g;ghly;. 261
mbfshyhd ,g;ghly; mfg;nghUs; rhu;e;j ghlyhFk;. fgpyu; Fd;W vd;gJ fgpyu;
tlf;fpUe;J capu; Jwe;j ,lkhFk;. ,J jkpo;ehl;by; fs;sf;Fwpr;rp khtl;lj;jpy;
jpUf;NfhtpY}u; Ng&uhl;rp mUNf mike;Js;sJ. ez;gUk; ts;sYk; Md kd;dd;
ghupapd; kiwTf;F gpwF> ghupkfspu; mq;fit rq;fit vd;gtu;fis
jpUf;NfhtpY}u;ghu;g;ghd; xUtDf;Fj; jpUkzk; nra;J itj;Jtpl;L> njd;ngz;iz
Mw;wpy; cs;s xU Fd;wpy; tlf;F gf;fk; mku;e;J cz;zh Nehd;gpUe;J capu;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Jwe;jhu; vd;gh;. jpUf;NfhtpY}upd; njd; ngz;izahw;wpy; mike;Js;s "fgpyu; Fd;W"

(fgpyf;fy;) vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; fgpyu; capu;Jwe;jhu; vd Muha;r;rpahsu;fs; cWjp
nra;Js;sdu;. jpUf;NfhtpY}u; NgUe;J epiyaj;jpypUe;J ,uz;L fp.kPl;lupy;
tPul;lhNdRtuu; Nfhapypd; mUfpy; njd;ngz;izahw;wpd; eLtpy; "fgpyu;Fd;W"
cs;sJ. fgpyu;Fd;W vd ,d;W miof;fg;gl;lhYk; "fgpyf;fy;" vd;Nw ,e;j
,lj;ijf; fy;ntl;Lf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
gwk;G kiyapy; tho;e;j fgpyu; ghu;g;gdu;fsplk; ghup kfspiu xg;gilj;J tpl;L
tlf;fpUe;J capu;tpl;lhu; vd ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpg;gpLk ;nghOJ (Gwk; 236>)
jpUf;NfhtpY}u; tPul;lhNdRtuu; Nfhapypd; fUtiwapd; tlGwr;Rtupy; cs;s Kjyhk;
,uhruhrNrhodpd; Ml;rpapy; fp.gp. 1012 –y; tiuag;ngw;w fy;ntl;nlhd;W $Wfpd;wJ.
mftw;ghtpy; mike;Js;s mf;fy; ntl;Lg; gFjp>
"td;fiu nghUJ tUGdw; ngz;izj;
njd;fiu As;sJ jPu;j;jj; JiwaJ
nkha;itj; jpaY Kj;jkpo; ehd;ikj;
nja;tf; ftpij nrQ;nrhw; fgpyd;
%uptz; jlf;ifg; ghupjd;dilf;fyg;
ngz;iz kiyaw; Fjtpg; ngz;iz
miyGd yOtj; je;jupl; rQ;nry
kpdy;GFk; tpRk;gpd; tPLNgnwz;zpf;
fdy;GFq; fgpyf; fy;yJ Gdy;tsu;
Ngnul;lhd tPuhl; lhdk;
Midj;jpD kehjp ahaJ” (nj.f. njhFjp 7> 863)
vDk; njhlu;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. rq;fg;ghly; fgpyu; tlf;fpUe;J capu; ePj;jhu; vdf;
$Wk; NghJ> fy;ntl;lhdJ jPapy; ,wq;fp capu; ePj;jhu; vd;fpwJ. ,f;fy;ntl;by;
,uhruhrdpd; jha; thdtd; khNjtp kiyakhd; Fyj;jpy; Njhd;wpatu; vdTk;>
kiyakhd; Fyj;jpw;F tPul;lhNdRtuu; Nfhtpy; Fynja;tk; vdTk; mwpa KbfpwJ.
mJNghy; mf;Nfhapypd; ngUikiar; nrhy;Yk;nghOJ Nfhapypd; mUNf cs;s
ngz;izahw;wpy; cs;s fgpyf;fy;ypy; fgpyu; capu;ePj;jhu; vdTk; $WfpwJ.
gl;bdg;ghiyAk; cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhUk;
gj;Jg;ghl;L vDk; njhif E}y;fSs; xd;W fbaY}u; cUj;jpuq;fz;zzdhu;
ghba gl;bdg;ghiy. ,jpy; Nrho ehL> fhtpup MW> fupfhydpd; tPuk;> ntw;wp>
fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdk;> fly; tzpfk;> thzpfr; rpwg;G Kjypa gy tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs;
$wg;gl;Ls;sd. flw;fiu Cuhd fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdj;jpd; rpwg;G gw;wp NgRtjhy; ,J
"gl;bdg;ghiy' vdg;gl;lJ. ,jd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; fupfhyd; vd;gJ "Nrhod;
fupfhw;ngUtsj;jhidf; fbaY}u; cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhu; ghbaJ' vDk;
er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau; ciuahy; mwpayhk;. Nrho kd;dd; fupfhyd;> gl;bdg;ghiyia
,aw;wpa Gytu;fF ; gjpdhW E}whapuk; nghd; gupR nfhLj;jhd; vd;gijf;
fypq;fj;Jg;guzp $WfpwJ.
“jOT nre;jkpo;g; guprpy; thzu; nghd;
gj;njhL MW E}whapuk; ngwg;
gz;L gl;bdg;ghiy nfhz;lJk;”


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,r; nra;jp>
“ghbaNjhu; tQ;rp neLk; ghl;lhy; gjpdhW
Nfhb nghd; nfhz;lJ epd; nfhw;wNk”
vdj; jkpo;tpL J}jpYk; ghuhl;lg; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ. ,J kl;Lky;y> gl;bdg;ghiy
muq;Nfwpa 16 fhy; kz;lgj;ijAk; fupfhyd; guprhff; nfhLj;Jtpl;lhd;. ,r;nra;jpia
rq;fu Nrhod; cyh> jkpo;tpL J}J> ghz;b kz;ly rjfg; ghly;fSk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. NkYk; 108 itztj; jyq;fSs; xd;whd jpUnts;siw
jpUf;Nfhapypy;> "ehop Nfl;lhd; thry;' vdg;gLk; thapypd; Rtupy; fhzg;gLk;
fy;ntl;L jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;ijg; Nghw;wpa mupa nra;jpiaf; $WfpwJ.
Nrho kd;duJ Ml;rp typikf; Fd;wpaTld; ghz;ba kd;du;fspy; Kjyhk;
khwtu;kd; Re;jughz;bad; (fp.gp.1216-1238) Nrho ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;J ngUk;
gFjpia mopj;jhd;. Mdhy; gl;bdg;ghiy muq;Nfw;wg;gl;l jd; epidthf ,Ue;j 16
fhy; kz;lgj;ij mg;gbNa tpl;Ltpl;lhd; ghz;ba kd;dd; vd;gij fPo;f;fhZk;
fy;ntl;Lg; ghly; $WfpwJ. ,g;ghlypd; top> jkpopd;ghy; nfhz;bUe;j <Lghl;bd;
fhuzkhf mk; kz;lgj;ij mopf;fhky; ngUik Nru;j;jhd; ghz;ba kd;dd; vd;w
cz;ik tpsq;FfpwJ. mf;fy;ntl;lhdJ tUkhW>
“ntwpahu; Jtsj; njhilr;nra
khwd; ntFz;lnjhd;Wk;
mwpahj nrk;gpad;
fhtpup ehl;by; mukpaj;Jg;
gwpahj J}zpy;iy fz;zd;
nra; gl;bdg; ghiyf;fd;W
newpahy; tpLe;J}z;
gjpdhW Nkaq;F epd;wdNt” (nre;jkpo;-njh.41> g- 21)
vdtUk; ,Wjpg; gFjpahy;> gl;bdg;ghiyia muq;Nfw;wpa kz;lgk; xd;W
Nrhoehl;by; ,Ue;jik Re;jughz;bad; fy;ntl;L czu;j;JtJ njupatUfpwJ.
kiygLflhk;
jpUtz;zhkiyf; fy;ntl;nlhd;wpy; ‘ey;ypirf; flhk;Gid ed;dd; ntw;G’
vd;w njhlu; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. nrq;fk; uprNgRtuu; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;by; ‘gz;Nl
kiyflhk; ghz;Lz;l khy;tiu’ vd;w njhlu; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;tpU njhlu;fspYk;
gj;Jg;ghl;by; xd;whd kiygLflhk; gw;wpAk;> mjd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; ed;dd; Nra;
ed;dd; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;Gfs; tUfpd;wd.
“ey;ypirf; flhk;Gid ed;dd; ntw;gpy;
nty;Gf oidj;Jk; Nkk;glj; jq;Nfhd;
thifAk; Fuq;Fk; tpira Ke;jPlb ; a
mly;Gid neLNty; Ml;nfhz;l Njtd;” (nj.f. njhFjp 1> 69)
vd;gjhFk;. ,jpy;>‘ey;ypirf; flhk;Gid ed;dd;’ vd;w njhlu; ‘,dpa Xiraike;j
kiygLflhk; vd;Dk; E}y;nfhz;L Gfo; va;jpa ed;dd;’ vd;W nghUs;gLjy; mwpf.
md;wpAk;> ,jpy; Fwpf;fngw;w ed;dd; ntw;G vd;gJ kiygLflhj;jpy; ‘ePufk;
gzpf;Fk; mQ;RtU fLe;jpww; - Ngupir etpuk;’ vdTk;> ‘tha;tsk;gOepf; -


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fiotsu;etpuk;’ vdTk; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $wg;ngw;Ws;s etpukiyahjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ

gy fy;ntl;Lfshy; mwpag;gLfpd;wJ vd;W jp.it. rjhrptgz;lhuj;jhh; $Wfpwhu;.
rpWghzhw;Wg;gil mjpakhDk; [k;ig fy;ntl;Lk;
jkpo;ehL-fu;ehlf vy;iyapy; ,Ue;j xU ehl;il Mz;Nlhu; mjpakhd;fs;.
,tu;fs; ehl;bd; jiyefu; jfû; vd;gjhFk;. ,J ,d;iwa ju;kGup MFk;. ,g;NghJ
mjpakhd; Nfhl;il jfûpy; cs;sJ. ,tu;fs; jkpo;ehl;bd; kpfg; gioa
kunghd;iwr; rhu;e;jtu;fs; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ. rq;fg; ghly;fspNy mjpakhd;fs;
gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; cs;sd. rq;fg; Gytuhd xsitahUf;F neLkhd; mQ;rp vd;Dk;
mjpakhd; vd;gtd; neUq;fpatdhf ,Ue;jhd; vd;W rq;fg; ghly;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
,e;j mjpakhdhy; ntl;lg;gl;l fy;ntl;L xd;W fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;L cs;sjhf
mwpag;gLfpwJ. ,f; fy;ntl;L mjpakhid ]jpaGNjh vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. NkYk;
tpOg;Guk; khtl;lk;> jpUf;NfhtpY}u; tl;lj;jpy; [k;ig cs;sJ. ,f;fy;ntl;L cs;s
,lj;jpw;Fj; jhrpklk; vd;W ngau;. ,J 1981 y; njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tf; FOtpduhy;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
]jpa GNjh mjpad; neLkhd; mQ;rp <j;j ghsp
nra;jp:
]j;jpa Gj;jpud; mjpad; neLkhd; mQ;rp vd;gtu; jhdkhff; nfhLj;Nj ghsp
(rkzu; gLf;if)
jfîuj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;j rq;f fhyr; rpw;wuru;
mjpakhdpd; fy;ntl;L.filnaO ts;sy;fSs; xUtu; mt;turNd ghspiaf;
nfhLj;Js;shd; ,tu; kiyakhd; jpUKbf;fhupAld; Nghupl;L ntw;wp ngw;wjhf
,yf;fpak; $WfpwJ. ,yf;fpar; nra;jpia nka;gpg;gJ Nghd;W jpUKbf;fhupapd;
jiyefuhd jpUf;NfhapY}u; gFjpapy; cs;s [k;igapy; ,f;fy;ntl;L fpilj;Js;sJ.
,f;fy;ntl;L mtdJ ntw;wpapd; epidthfg; nghwpf;fg; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;.mNrhfuJ
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; %Nte;jUf;F ,izahd mz;il muRfSs; xUtuhff;
Fwpg;gplg;ngw;Ws;shu;.
KbTiu
gd;ndLq;fhy jkpo;r; rKjhaj;jpd; tuyhw;wpd; Mtzkhf tpsq;Fgit rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fs; MFk;. ,tw;iwg; gw;wpa Ma;T ,yf;fpaj;jsj;jpy; kl;LNk Muhag;gl;l
epiy khwp mtw;iwf; fy;ntl;L njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs;> ehztpay; Mjhuq;fs;>
nkhopapay; rhd;Wfs;> ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpay; rhd;Wfs; vDk; gy Mjhuq;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; gutyhd jsj;jpy; MuhAk; #oy; ,d;W cUthfpAs;sJ. me;j
tifapy; gj;Jg;ghl;by; $wg;gLk; kd;du;fs; kw;Wk;; Gytu;fis gw;wpAk; fy;ntl;Lr;
nra;jpfs; Jiznfhz;L tpsf;fg;gl;lJ.
1. jp.it. rjhrptgz;lhuj;jhh;> ,yf;fpa Muha;r;rpfSk; fy;ntl;LfSk;.

2. ng.mu;j;jehup];tud;> fy;ntl;L top gz;ghl;bay;.
3. eldfhrpehjd;> fy;ntl;bay;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Mjpj;jkpou; mUe;jjpau; tuyhW: fy;ntl;Lf;fs; topf; fl;likj;jy;

Adi Tamilar Arunthathiyinar Chronology: Infrastructuring Via Culvert Perspective
Kidtu;. r.rPdpthrd;> jkpo; ,izg;Nguhrpupau;

=P ntq;fNl];tuh fy;Y}up> (jpy;ypg; gy;fiyf;fofk;)> GJ jpy;yp- 110 021
Abstract
The article propagates to draw out the historical evidences of the Aruntathiyinar
caste based on the culvert and other related facts collected from the ancient times to the
present. The idea centers that the Aruntathiyinar are one of the ancient sect of Tamil people.
There are many of the sources that say the people have their distinct reputation and role in
the society. The history of Tamil Nadu has been written from the high class people only. So,
there is bias in the chronology. This study focuses to find out history from down to earth of
the Tamil society. Nevertheless, the purpose of the article is to bring out the glimpses from
the archaeological evidences from temples, culverts and other sources.
Keywords: Adi Tamilar, Arunthathiyinar, Chronology, Culvert Perspective
cyfj;jpYs;s xt;nthU rhjpiag; gw;wp r%f khdpltpay;> ,dtuyhW

tof;fhw;wpay; kw;Wk; fy;ntl;bay; Ma;Tfs; epfo;j;jNtz;baJ ,d;iwa
fhyfl;lj;jpd; kpfj; Njitahd xd;whf cs;sJ. Vw;fdNt vOjg;gl;l tuyhW
vd;gJ ngUk;ghYk; muru; kw;Wk; Mjpf;f rhjpj; jiytu;fspd; tuyhwhfNt
,Uf;fpwJ. jw;nghOJ vOj;J tbtpy; ,Uf;Fk; tuyhW kpFjpAk; Nky;jl;L
tu;f;fj;jpduhy; vOjg;gl;bUg;gJld; Nkl;bikg; ghu;itAld; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
vOjg;gl;l tuyhWfspd; ,ay;Gfs;
nghJthfj; jkpof tuyhw;iw vOjpatu;fs; mur kugpdupd; tuyhw;iwr;
nrhy;tjpNyNa mjpff; ftdk; nrYj;jpAs;sdu;. rq;f fhyk; Fwpj;J vOjpa vd;.
Rg;gpukzpad;> gy;ytu; fhyk; gw;wp vOjpa kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhu;> Nrhou; fhyk; gw;wp
vOjpa rjhrptg;gz;lhuj;jhu;> Nf. V. epyfz;l rh];jpup Nghd;Nwhupd; ghu;itfs;
jkpof tuyhw;iw mur kugpdupd; tuyhwhfNt nrhy;ypapUf;fpd;wd. tp[aefug;
Nguuirg; gw;wpAk; ehaf;f kd;du;fs; gw;wpAk; vOjpa b.tp. kfhypq;fk;> v];.
fpU\;zrhkp MfpNahupd; E}y;fspYk; mj;jifa ghu;itfNs fpilf;fpd;wd. muru;fs;
toq;fpa gpuk;k Njaq;fs;> jhdq;fs;> cupikfs;> jz;lidfs; gw;wpa nra;jpfisg;
gjpe;J itj;j fy;ntl;Lf;fisAk;> muru;fspd; guk;giufisr; nrhy;Yk;
nrg;NgLfisAk; gad;gLj;jp vOjg;gl;l tuyhWfs; mg;gbj;jhd; ,Uf;f KbAk;
vd;fpwhu; m. uhkrhkp. ‘fPo;j;jl;L kf;fspd; tuyhW jhd; cz;ikahd kf;fspd;
tuyhwhf ,Uf;f KbAk; mijj; jtpu;j;J muru;fspd; tuyhW fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ>
jtwhdJ’. vd;fpwhu; nt.gd;dPu; nry;tk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fPopUe;J vOfpd;w tuyhW

,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; tuyhw;iwf; fPopUe;J (History from below) vOj
Ntz;Lk; vd;W tuyhw;W mwpQu;fSk; r%ftpay; mwpQu;fSk; typAWj;jp
tUfpd;wdu;. vOjg;gl;l jypj; tuyhw;wpYk; jkpof ‘mUe;jjpau;’ tuyhW mjpfkhf
,lk;ngwtpy;iy. Mdhy; mUe;jjpa kf;fSf;nfd;W nfsutkhd fle;j fhyKk;
jdpj;jnjhU ePz;l tuyhWk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. mJ jpl;lkpl;Nl vOjg;glhky;>
gjpTnra;ag;glhky; kiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jkpof kf;fs; tuyhW eL epiyikAld;
gjpT nra;ag;gltpy;iy vd;W fUj ,lKs;sJ.
xLf;fg;gl;l r%f kf;fspd; tuyhw;iw vOjg;gl;l tuyhWfspypUe;J fhz;gJ
xUgf;fr; rhu;GilajhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. khwhfj; jypj; kf;fspd; tuyhw;iwf;
fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; Jiznfhz;L kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;tJjhd; KiwahdjhfTk;
cz;ikahdjhfTk; ,Uf;f KbAk;. me;j tifapy; tuyhw;wpy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l
jkpof MjpFbfshd mUe;jjpau;fspd; tuyhw;iw fy;ntl;Lf;fs; topf; fl;likf;f
KbAk;. ,e;jpa khdpltpay; kjpg;gfk; ntspapl;Ls;s ‘,e;jpa kf;fs;’ (People of India)
vd;Dk; ,dtiutpay; Ma;tpd;gb jkpofj;jpy; 364 r%fq;fs; cs;sjhf mwpa
KbfpwJ. fy;tp kw;Wk; Ntiy tha;g;Gfspy; ,l Xjpf;fL P nra;tjw;fhfg;
goq;Fbapdu;> jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhu;> gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhu;> kpfTk; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhu; vdj;
jkpo; ehl;by; thOk; rhjpapdu; Fwpj;Jg; gl;bay; xd;iwj; jkpo;ehL muR
cUthf;fpAs;sJ. (Primary Census Abstract-1995). ,g;gl;baypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s
rhjpfspy; 78 rhjpapdu; jho;j;jg;gl;l rhjpapduhf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ,tw;iwg;
gl;bayplg;gl;l rhjpfs; (Scheduled Castes) vd;W muRg; gjpNtLfs; Fwpf;fpd;wd.
,t;ntOgj;jpnal;L rhjpapdUs; gs;su;> giwau;> rf;fpypau; Mfpa %d;W rhjpapdUk;
gpw jho;j;jg;gl;l rhjpapdiu tpl vz;zpf;ifapy; kpFjpahf cs;sdu;.
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l %d;W rhjpfSs; Kf;fpakhdJ ‘rf;fpypau;’ rhjpahFk;. jkpo;-
njYq;F nkhop NgRk; ,r;rhjpapdu; jkpo;ehL KOtJk; gutp tho;e;jhYk; jkpofj;jpd;
Nkw;F khtl;lq;fspy; mjpf msTk; njw;F khtl;lq;fspy; XusTk; tho;e;J
tUfpd;wdu;. jkpo; epyg;gFjpapy; rf;fpypau;> khjhup> khjpfh> gfil> Njhl;b> njhk;kd;>
nrk;khd;> Mjp Me;jpuu;> Mjp fu;ehlfu;> khjpathu;> Kuru;> mUe;jjpau; vd;W gy
ngau;fspy; miof;fg;gLfpd;w ,r;rhjpapdu; jq;fis ‘mUe;jjpau;’ vd;w ngauhy;
miof;fglNt tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;. mUe;jjpau;> rf;fpypau;> khjhup> khjpfh> gfil> Njhl;b>
Mjp Me;jpuh Mfpa rhjpfis xUq;fpizj;J ‘mUe;jjpau;’ vd;W jkpof muR Miz
gpwg;gpj;Js;sJ. (G.O.Ms.No.55. Personal and Administrative Reforms (S)> 8th April>
2010). jkpo; ehl;bYs;s mUe;jjpau;fis mtu;fs; NgRk; nkhop mbg;gilapy;
njYq;F NgRk; mUe;jjpau;> fd;dlk; NgRk; mUe;jjpau;> jkpo; NgRk; mUe;jjpau; vd
%d;W gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
Mjpf;f rhjpapdUf;Fr; rkkhd ,d tuyhW mUe;jjpa ,dj;jhUf;Fk;
,Uf;fpwJ vd;Dk; cz;ik fy;ntl;bay; Ma;T %yk; ntspg;gLk;. jkpofj;jpy;
rf;fpypau; (mUe;jjpau;) ,dj;jpdu; jypj; r%fj;jpduhf mwpag;gLfpd;wdu;. ,r;
r%fj;jpdu;fn ; fdg; G+u;tPf tuyhW> fijfs;> fijg;ghly;fs;> ,yf;fpaq;fs;>
nfhz;lhl;lq;fs; Kjyhdit fhzf; fpilf;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; top ,k;kf;fspd; kuG>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
r%f tuyhW kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L Ntu;fisf; fz;lwpAk; tha;g;G cs;sJ. jkpofj;jpd;

Mjp Fbfshd rf;fpypau;-mUe;jjpau; gw;wpa r%f tuyhw;iwf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;>
gl;laq;fs; topf; fl;likg;gjhf ,f; fl;Liu mikfpwJ.
fy;ntl;Lfs; fhl;Lk; mUe;jjpau; tuyhW
fpU\;z Njtuhau; fhyj;jpy; jhd; (1509-1529) mjhtJ 16-Mk; E}w;whz;by;
jhd; rf;fpypau;fs; jkpo; ehl;by; FbNawpdhu;fs; vd;w fUj;J epyTfpwJ. Mdhy;
gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;bw;F Kd;dNu jkpo; ehl;by; rf;fpypau;fs; tho;e;jjw;fhd
fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs; fpilj;Js;sd. mit fhythupahf ,q;Nf gjpT
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. 'Nryk; khtl;lk; Nldp\; Ngl;ilapypUe;J ,uhkKu;j;jp efu;
nry;Yk; topapy; Nfl;lehaf;fd; GJ}u; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; ‘nguparf;fpypr;rp Vup’ vd;w
ngaupy; Vup xd;W cs;sJ. mjd; fiuapy; xU kjfpd; mUfpy; ,uz;L
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; cs;sd. mit Vupapd; cl;gf;fkhf cs;sd. mtw;iw me;j Cu;r;
Nrup kf;fs; ngupa rk;gk;kh> rpd;dr; rk;gk;kh vd;w ,U ngz; nja;tq;fshfg;
ghtpj;J tzq;fp tUfpd;wdu;. mt;tpuz;L fw;fSk; fp.gp. vl;lhk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j
tl;nlOj;jpy; mike;Js;sd. ,uz;L fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; thrfKk;> ‘];uP fplq;fy;
Gypahu;kfdy;yp Xl;il fz;lJ’ vdj; njhlq;FfpwJ.
,e;jf; fy;ntl;L thrfj;jpypUe;J rpy mupa cz;ikfs; Gyg;gLfpd;wd. me;j
Vupapd; gioa ngau; ‘];uP fplq;fy;’ vd;gjhFk;. ‘fplq;fy;’ vd;gJ ePu; epiyiaf;
Fwpf;Fk;. mjpy; ey;yp vd;gtd; xU kjF itj;Js;shd;. kjif Xl;il vdf;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;fs;. ey;ypapd; jfg;gdhu; ngau; Gypahu;. ,d;Wtiu mjidr;
rf;fpypau; jkJ nja;tkhf tzq;fp tUtjhy; ,g;ngUkfd; me;jf; Fyj;ijr;
Nru;e;jtu; vdf; fUjyhk;. kjF itj;j nra;jp vl;lhk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jjhy; Vup
mjw;F Ke;jpa fhyj;jJ vd;gJk; GydhFk;. jkpo; tl;nlOj;Jf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;
mUe;jjpau; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; ,lk; ngWtjdbg;gilapy; mUe;jjpau;fs; jkpofj;jpd;
G+u;t Fbfs; vd;w KbTf;F tu KbfpwJ.
tpOg;Guk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s nrQ;rpf;Nfhl;ilapd; xU gFjpahf ‘rf;fpyp
Ju;f;fk;’ vd;w kiyf;Nfhl;il cs;sJ. ,J ,aw;if muz;fshy; MdJ. re;jpufpup
vd;w mUe;jjpa kd;ddpd; ngaupyhd ‘re;jpufpupf; Nfhl;il’ gpd;dhspy; nrQ;rpf;
Nfhl;il vd miof;fg;gl;bUf;f tha;g;Gs;sJ. Nfhl;ilapd; Kfg;Gg; gyifapy;
cs;s ‘rf;fpyp Ju;f;fk;’ vd;w gjpT ,jid cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ. 11 kw;Wk; 12-
Mk; E}w;whz;by; jkpo; ehl;by; mUe;jjpau;fs; tho;e;jjw;fhd Mjhuq;fshfr; rpy
fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs; fpilj;Js;sd. jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s nrq;fj;jpy;
cs;s up\Ng\;tuu; Nfhtpy; fy;ntl;by; fPo;f;fz;l tupfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
‘epahaj;jhUk; gd;dpuz;L gzpkf;fSKs;spl;l ngUk; NtlUk; ghzUk;
giwKjypfSk; nrf;fpypaUk; ,WsUk; Ks;spl;l midj;Jr; rhjpfSk; me;jzd;
jiyahf mwpg;ghd; filahf cs;Sg;gl;l midj;Jr; rhjpkhw;F’. (South Indian
Inscription, Vol.7, p.49). ,f;fy;ntl;bd; fhyk; fp.gp.1258 MFk;.
jpUtz;zhkiyf; fy;ntl;by; gpd;tUkhW fhzg;gLf;fpwJ. ‘gR tpLifahYk;
Ie;jiy kzpapLifahYk; nkfLf;Fifa;f;F rf;fpypf;F njuprdk; fhl;b njhyhNy
nra;j jpUtb epiyf;F nkfLf;Fifa;f;F gj;Jf;Fg; nghj nrk;nghd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mWfoQ;RapLifahYk;’ (South Indian Inscription> Vol.7, p.68). ,f;fy;ntl;by;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk; Mz;L fp.gp.1202 MFk;.
fu;ehlfhtpd; jkpo; ehl;L vy;iyhapy; ,Uf;Fk; Nfhyhu; khtl;lj;jpd;
rpe;jhkzpj; jhYf;fhtpYs;s ifthuh vd;Dkplj;jpy; cs;s jkpo;f; fy;ntl;L xd;wpy;
fPo;f;fz;lthW Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ‘n[hk;kz;z cilahu; kfik kf;f jpiu
fhu;j;jpif ghb cs;sAk;…ehl…eha; ML jpiu jhk…if njz;lk; cz;bif
v…Ak;…fhzpgl;L ehu; vz;nza; ehy; vUJ ehu; gR ehy; vUik esp…e;j…jhF
,Uk;G rf;fpypj;jpiu ntw;wpiy…ik kw;WKk; Cu;...gh...fhzpf;fAk; ru;t khdpak;
Mf’ (Epigraphy of Carnatika vol.10) ,f;fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk; Mz;L
fp.gp.1374 MFk;.
jpUtz;zhkiyapy; fpilj;Js;s ,d;ndhU fy;ntl;L ,t;thW Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
‘...nrg;gj;jj;Jf;F Jiz epykhf ,l;l fpod; Nkyha;f; fplf;Fk; thitf;Fk; tlf;fpy;
ehybapy; fpiothitapy; fPo;tuk;Gf;F tlf;Fk; nky;ghu;f;nfy;iy tlf;fpd; ehybau;
tltuk;Gf;Fk; rf;fpypad; Fz;bYf;Fk; ngUehd; nfy;iy ej;jj;jpy; ehWfhYf;Ff;
fpof;Fk; tlghu;f;nfy;iy…’ (South Indian Inscription, Vol.8, p.36). ,f;fy;ntl;bd; fhyk;
fp.gp.1030 MFk;.
n[atPuNjtd; jdJ ‘nrUg;G’ vd;Dk; E}ypy; rf;fpypau; Fwpj;j ,d;ndhU
fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;iwg; gjpT nra;Js;shu;. (2010: 27) mJ gpw;fhyr; Nrhou; fhyf;
fy;ntl;L MFk;. mf;fy;ntl;by;> ‘vdf;F rup ,d;dhj rf;fpypad; nrUg;Gk; vLj;Jj;
jk;gyKk; jpd;wtdhNtd;.’ vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jpUtuq;ff; Nfhtpy; fy;ntl;by;> ‘Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; Ml;rpNawpa mLj;j
Mz;by; mjhtJ> mk;kd;dd; Ml;rpg;nghWg;Ngw;w ,uz;lhtJ Mz;lhd fp.gp. 1071-
Mk; Mz;L epj;j tpNdhj tsehL vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ,d;iwa ghgehrk;> ed;dpyk;
gFjpfspy; mike;jpUe;j ,uhrkNfe;jpu rJu;Ntjp kq;fyk; vd;w gpuk;kNja ghu;g;gd
fpuhkq;fspy;> tyq;iff;Fk; ,lq;iff;Fk; ,ilNa Neubahf xU khngUk; Nghuhl;lk;>
iffyg;G> fytuk; ele;jJ. ,e;jg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; tyq;ifg; gpuptpy; giwaUk;
,lq;ifg; gpuptpy; mUe;jjpaUk; gs;sUk; fye;J nfhz;l nra;jp
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Nj Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fdJ Ml;rpapy; 1091-Mk; Mz;Lk; ,J
Nghy tyq;iff;Fk; ,lq;iff;Fk; ,ilNa rz;il ele;Js;sijf; fy;ntl;L xd;W
$WfpwJ. ghu;g;gdu;fs; Ntshsu;fspd; Mjpf;f mjpfhuj;jpw;F vjpuhf tyq;if 98
rhjpapdUk; ,lq;if 98 rhjpapdUk; ,ize;J Xu; xg;ge;jk; nra;J mtu;fis
vjpu;j;jjhf MLJiwf; fy;ntl;L $WfpwJ. tlghjp kq;fyj;jpy; tyq;ifAk;
,lq;ifAk; ,ize;J xg;ge;jk; nra;J murjpfhuj;jpw;F vjpuhfg; NghuhLk; NghJ
mlf;FKiwf;F Mshfp ,tu;fs; Ciutpl;L ntspNawpajhff; fy;ntl;L $WfpwJ.
(vopy; ,sq;Nfhtd;> mUe;jjpau; tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;> 2002 : 37-38)
,q;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpaJ fp.gp. 1030-Mk;
Mz;bd; fy;ntl;L MFk;. mf;fy;ntl;by; xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpd; ngau; ‘rf;fpypad;
Fz;by;’ vd toq;fg;gLtij fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. xU ,lj;jpw;F mt;thW ngau;
toq;fg;gl;lij Kd;dpl;L rf;fpypau;fs; mjw;Fk; ntFfhyj;jpw;Fk; Kd;ghf mq;F
tho;e;jpUf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gij ehk; cWjpahf mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. Nrhou;fhyf;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fy;ntl;L xd;W giw KjypfSk;> rf;fpypKjypfSk;> iff;Nfhs; KjypfSk;>

nts;shs KjypfSk; fpuhk rigapy; ,lk ;ngw;wpUe;jij Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
fp.gp. 1397- Mk; Mz;L nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lf; fy;ntl;nlhd;wpy;
‘rf;fpypg;gl;lil (iw)’ (Njhy; njhopw; $lk;) vd;w nrhy;yhl;rp fpilj;Js;sJ. (M.
rptRg;gpukzpad;. ‘gbj;Jg; ghUq;fNsd;’> mkuhtjp: tuyhW> njhy;ypay;> fy;ntl;L>
ehzatpay; E}y; Fwpj;j fl;Liu> cq;fs; E}yfk;> nrg;lk;gu; 2017> gf;:7) uhkehjGuk;
khtl;lk; jpUg;Gy;yhzp jhYfhtpy; ‘rf;fpypad; FbapUg;G’ vd;w rpwpa fpuhkKk;>
jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; thRNjtey;Y}u; mUfpy; ‘rf;fpypad; fhzp’ vd;w xU ,lKk;>
jUkGup khtl;lk; m&u; jhYfhtpy; ‘rf;fpypgl;b’ vd;w fpuhkKk;>
jpUtz;zhkiyapYs;s nrQ;rpf;Nfhl;il mUfpy; ‘rf;fpypad; Fd;W’ -ck;> J}j;Jf;Fb
khtl;lk; Xl;lg;gplhuk; jhYfhtpy; cs;s Mthuq;fhL fpuhkj;jpy; ‘rf;fpypad; FsKk;’
tof;fpy; ,Ug;gJ ,q;Ff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
newpj;Jiz E}y;fs;
1. rz;Kfd;. r nfhLKb> 1994. goe;jkpou; nghwpapay; El;gq;fs;- Kjy; gFjp>

nrd;id: kPdh Nfhghy; gjpg;gfk.;
2. ju;]l ; d;>vl;fu;. (jkpopy; f. uj;jpdk;)> 2003 (1975)> njd;dpe;jpaf; Fyq;fSk;
FbfSk; (njhFjp Ie;J)> jQ;rhT+u;: jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
3. gd;dPu;nry;tk;>nt. 2008> mUe;jjpau; ahu;?- xU tuyhw;Wg; ghu;it>
Nfhak;Gj;J}u;: thif gjpg;gfk;.
4. kjptz;zd;. k> 2012> mwpQu;fspd; GuspAk; mUe;jjpau; tuyhWk;> nts;isf;
Fjpiu ([_iy-Mf];L> 2012) ,jopYs;s fl;Liu> Nfhit.
5. khw;F> 2001> mUe;jjpau;: thOk; tuyhW> ghisaq;Nfhl;il: ehl;lhu;
tof;fhw;wpay; Ma;T ikak;.
6. uFgjp.Nfh. 2008. jPz;lg;glhjtu;fspd; jPz;lg;gl;l mwptpay; njhopy; El;gk;>
gf;.8-15. GJtpir> Vg;-[_d;> 2008).
7. uhkrhkp. m. 2009. utpFkhu;> kPSk; tuyhW: mwpag;glhj ee;jdpd; fij
E}Yf;F vOjpa kjpg;Giu> nrd;id: cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;.
8. Dumont, Louis (Translated from French by M.Moffatt.L. and A.Morton). 1986. A
South Indian Sub-caste: Social organization and religion of the Piramalai Kallar.
Delhi: Oxford University Press.
9. Krishnamoorthy. A. 2017. Arunthathiyar: The Grate Leather Workers of Tamil Nadu-
Life & History> Chennai: Nagalagam Publication.
10. Moffat, Michael. 1979. An Untouchable Community in South India: Structure and
Consensus. Princeton, NewJersey: Princeton University Press.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpof tuyhw;wpy; Kjy; jPg;gha;e;jk;kd;

The First Woman who Committed Sati in Tamil Nadu History
Kidtu; Nr.nre;jkpo;g;ghit>
Nguhrpupau; & ,af;Feu;> jkpo;g;gz;ghl;L ikak;> mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk;> fhiuf;Fb-3.
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to bring out the traces of the first woman who committed
sati in the chronicle of Tamil Nadu. Woman who entered sati are revered as woman of high
repute and chaste. They are later given status as county deities. Some small temples at
Theepenjayi Amman Temple at Cuddallore road and in Venkitammal memorial temple at
Perumalpatti of Virudhunagar District are certain examples such incidents of sati practice.
Thus, this article brings down the related evidences through the culverts and temple
evidences.
Keywords: First Woman, Sati, Tamil Nadu History
jkpoh;fspd; nja;t topghl;L kugpy; jPg;gha;e;j mk;kd; vd;;Dk; ngz;

nja;tj;jpw;Fj; jdpj;jNjhh; ,lKz;L. fztd; ,we;jTld; mtDld; rpijapy;
xd;whfNth> my;yJ jdpj;J neUg;G %l;bNah ,we;J gLk; kfspiuAk;
,Lf;fZila Gwr;#oypy; ,Ue;J jw;fhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhfj; jPg;gha;e;jth;fisNah
jPg;gha;e;jk;kd; vd;Dk; ngahpy; topgLk; kuG cz;L. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bYk;
fztNdhL cld;fl;il Vwpath;fs; flTshfNt fUjg;ngw;wdh;. jPg;GFe;J caph;
Jwe;jth;fs; jPg;gha;e;jk;kd; vd;w ngahpy; gy Nfhapy;fspy; nja;tq;fshf topglg;
ngWfpd;wdh;. rhd;whfj; njd;dhh;f;fhL khtl;lk; flY}h; Fle;ijr;rhiyapy;. cs;s
jPg;ghQ;rhap mk;kd; Nfhapy;> njd;dhh;f;fhL khtl;lk;> rpjk;guk; tl;lk;> Gjq;Fb
vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpypUf;Fk; jPg;gha;e;jk;kd; Nfhapy;> tpUJefh; khtl;lk;>
ngUkhs;gl;bapYs;s jPg;gha;e;jk;kd; Nfhapy; Nghd;wtw;iwf; $w ,aYk;.
ngUkhs;gl;biar; Nrh;e;J ntq;fpl;lk;khs; vd;Dk; ngz;zpd; fzth; rhg;^h; kiyapy;
khL Nka;f;fr; nrd;wnghOJ ghk;G jPz;b ,we;Jgl;lhh;. ,jidawpe;j ntq;fpl;lk;khs;
rhg;^h; rkPd;jhhplk; nrd;W ehd; vd; fzth; rpijapy; tpOe;J jPf;Fspf;fg;NghfpNwd;.
mjdhy; ePq;fs; re;jdf; fl;il toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhh;.
mjw;fpzq;f rkPd;jhUk; ngUkhs;gl;bf;F tz;b epiwar; re;jdf;fl;ilia mDg;gp
itj;jhh;.
ntq;fpl;lk;khSk; fztUld; cld;fl;il Vwpdhh;. ntq;fpl;lk;khs; jPg;gha;e;j
,lj;jpy; mtUf;Ff; Nfhapy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,d;Wk; xt;Nthh; Mz;Lk; rpj;uh
ngsh;zkpad;W elf;Fk; jP tsh;g;G tpohtpw;F rkPd; guk;giuiar; Nrh;e;jth;fs;
re;jdf;fl;il> ky;ypifg;G+> gl;Lg;Glit Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L te;J nfhLf;Fk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tof;fj;ijg; gpd;gw;wp tUfpd;wdh;. jPg;gha;e;j ntq;fpl;lk;khs; ,dj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;fs;

gpwf;Fk; ngz; Foe;ijfl;F ntq;fpl;lk;khs; vd;W ngahpLk; kuigg; gpd;gw;wp
tUfpd;wdh;.(jftyhsp ntq;fpl;lk;khs; ngUkhs;gl;b> 23-10-13) ,q;qdk; fztd;
rpijapy; jPg;gha;e;J ,we;j kfsph;f;Ff; Nfhapy; vLj;J topgly; vd;Dk; kuG
cs;sepiyapy; Kjy; jPg;gha;e;jk;kd; ahnuhnDk; NjlYf;Ff; fpilj;j tpil
ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;L vd;gjhFk;. ,g;ngUq; Nfhg;ngz;L vDk; Kjy; jPg;gha;e;jk;kd;
Fwpj;J tpsf;FtJ ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
tuyhw;wpy; ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;L
<uhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l rq;f ,yf;fpakhfpa GwehD}w;wpy; xy;iyA+h;
vd;Dk; gFjpia Mz;l G+jg;ghz;bad; vd;Dk; ghz;ba kd;ddpd; kidtpahfg;
ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;L vd;Dk; ngz;kfs; Rl;lg; ngWfpwhh;. ,th; jk; md;Gf; fztidr;
rpWnghOJk; gphpe;J ,Uf;f tpioahjts;. fztd; G+jg;ghz;baDk; kidtp
khl;Lf;fUj;njhUkpj;j fhjy; nfhz;ltd;. mtNdhL nghUjopf;f te;j khw;whiu
tQ;rpdk; nkhope;jopf;fpd;wnghOJ. ‘Ngukh; cd; fz; ,tspDk; gphpf’ vd;fpwhd;. ,j;
njhlu; ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;L> G+jg;ghz;badpd; ,y;yw khz;gpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.
mwpTk; Mw;wYk; GyikAk; xU Nru tha;f;fg; ngw;w Nguurp ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;L. mts;
fztd; ,we;j nra;jp nrtpafk; Nfl;lJk; fztDld; cld;fl;il Vw
Kw;gLfpwhh;. mq;fpUe;j mikr;rh;> Gyth; cs;spl;Nlhh; jLj;j NghJ
ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;L>
“ngUq;fhl;Lg; gz;zpa fUq;Nfhl; Bkk;
Ekf;fhp jhFf jpy;y vkf;nfk;
ngUe;Njhl; fztd; kha;e;njd tUk;gw
ts;spjo; mtpo;e;j jhkiu
es;spUk; ngha;ifAk; jPANkh uw;Nw” (Gweh.247:11-15)
vdf; $wp vhpapilg;GFe;jhs;. gj;jpdpg; ngz;bUf;Fg; ngha;ifAk; jPAk; xj;j
jd;ikahapdikia ,e;epfo;T fhl;Lk;. ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;L; vhp GFjiyf; fz;l
Nguhythah; vDk; Gyth;> muz;kidapy; jd; fztidr; rpwpJ nghOJk; fhzhJ
fopapDk; thbg;NghFk; ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;L mtd; ,we;j #oypy; mzq;Fil Njtp
Kw;wj;J ePh; tbe;j kaph; KJfpy; Gusg; Gwq;fhl;ilg; ghh;j;Jf; fz;fs; foyh
epw;ghs;; vd;gh; kJiug; Nguhythah;. ,jid>
........................... mzq;Fil Kd;wpypd;
ePh;thh; $e;j ypUk;Gwe; jhog;
NguQh;f; fz;zd; ngUq;fhL Nehf;fpj;
KoTfz; Lapuhf; fbAil tpadfh;r;
rpWedp jkpa shapDk;
,d;Daph; eLq;Fe;j dpsikGwq; nfhLj;Nj. (Gweh.247:4-9)
vd;Dk; mbfs; Gyg;gLj;Jk;. ,q;qdk; tuyhw;wpy; Kjd;Kjy; jPg;gha;e;j
ngz;zhfg; ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;L tpsq;Ffpwhh;. jPg;gha;e;jth;fisj; nja;tkhf topgLtJ
jkpoh; tof;fhjyhy; ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;bw;Ff; Nfhapy; cs;sjh vd;W NjbanghOJ
ngUq;Nfhg; ngz;bw;F kl;Lkd;wp mts; rpij GFe;jtplj;jpUe;j Gwq;fhl;Lf;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nfhw;wpahfpa fhspf;Fk; Nrh;j;Jr; xypakq;fyk; vd;Dk; Chpy; Nfhapy; cs;sij

mwpaKbe;jJ.
,q;qdk; vhp%o;Fk; ngz;fSf;Ff; Nfhapy; vLj;Jld;> vhp%o;fpa ngz;fs;
Vida ngz;fSf;F ,t;Tyf tho;tpy; ed;ikaspg;ghh;fs; vdTk; ek;gg;gl;lJ.
,j;jifa ngz;fSf;F mspf;fg;gl;l vy;iyaw;w cah;Tk;> nja;tf P j; jd;ikapd;
Vw;wKk;> xUq;Nf mth;fis cah;j;jpf; fhl;baJld;> NehAw;w fhyj;jpYk;> Jd;Gw;w
fhyj;jpYk; ,g;ngz;fsplk; VidNahh; mUs; Ntz;b epd;wdh;. ,th;fs; cld;fl;il
Vwpa ,lj;jpy; epidTr; rpd;dq;fs; vOg;gg;gl;ld. ,t;thW fztDld; kha;e;j
ngz;fSf;F epidTr; rpd;dk; vOg;Gk; tof;fk; ,Ue;jij.
“mUe;jth;f;fhapDk; murh;ff ; hapDk;
xUq;Fld; kha;e;j ngz;bh;f; fhapDk;
ehy; NtW tUzg; ghy;NtW fhl;b
....RLk Nzhq;fpa neLepiyf; Nfhl;lKk;” (kzpNkfiy>6:54-59)
vd;Dk; kzpNkfiy mbfs; czh;j;Jk;.
jpUf;Nfhapy; miktplk;
,d;;iwa GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lj;jpy; cs;;s xypakq;fyk; vd;Dk; ChpNyNa
ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;L kq;fyehafp vd;Dk; ngahpy; Nfhapy; nfhz;Ls;shh;. ,t;
xypakq;fyk; rq;f fhyj;jpy; xy;iyA+h; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. filr; rq;ffhyj;jpy;
ghz;ba ehl;bd; tlnty;iyg; gFjpahfpa xy;iyA+h; ehl;ilg; gifthplkpFe;J
G+jg;ghz;bad; ifg;gw;wpaikahy; xy;iyA+h; je;j G+jg;ghz;bad; vd;W
miof;fg;ngw;whd;. ,t;nthy;iyA+hpidf; fy;ntl;Lfs; “Nfhdhlhd flyilahj
,yq;if nfhz;l Nrho tsehl;Lj; njd;Nfhdhl;L xy;iyA+h;f$ ; w;wj;J xypa kq;fyk;
vdf; Fwpf;fpd;wd.(GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lf; fy;ntl;L.349>386>541). md;iwa xy;iyA+h;
ehNl ,d;W xypa kq;fyk; vd miof;fg;ngWfpwJ. xypkq;fyk; vDk; Chpy; cs;s
nja;tk; vDk; mbg;gilapy ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;L kq;fy ehafp vd
miof;fg;ngWfpwhh;.
jpUf;Nfhapy; mikg;G
xypakq;fyk; nghpa fz;khapd; fPo;f;fiuapy; mike;Js;s fw;Nfhapypy;
kq;fyehafpapd; fUtiw fpof;F Nrhf;fpr; rJu tbtpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,jd;
mUfpNyNa gj;jpufhsp vd;Dk; ngahpy; jdpj;j fUtiwapy; fhspapd; fUtiw
mike;Js;sJ. ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;lhfpa kq;fyehafp> fhsp Mfpa ,Uth;
rd;djpfisAk; ,idj;J kfh kz;lgk; kw;Wk; rgh kz;lgk; MfpaitAk; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sd. goq;Nfhapy; fw;NfhtpyhFk;. fUtiw mh;j;jkz;lgj;NjhL $ba
fw;Nfhapy; fhynts;sj;jpy; rpije;J gOJgl;Lg; Nghijhy; mt;tplj;jpNyNa Gjpa
Nfhapy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kq;fyehafp vDk; ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;bd; jpUTUt mikjp
jdpj;j fUtiwapy; mike;Js;s> kq;fy ehafp 18 mq;Fy cauj;jpy; 9
mq;Fy mfyj;jpy; fy;jpUNkdpahff; fhl;rpaspf;fpwhs;. mUs; nghopAk; fz;fs;.
jiyapy; fuz;lkFlk; mzpe;J. ehw;fuj;jpdsha; ty> ,lNkw;fuj;jpy; mq;FrKk;
ghrKk; Ve;jp ty ,lf; fyq;fspy; mga cga Kj;jpiufNshL fhl;rp jUfpwhs;.
nghJthf kq;fyr; rf;jpfSf;F kyh;ff ; uKk; njhq;fpa fuKkhfNt fhl;Lth; rpw;gpfs;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Mo;e;J Nehf;fpd; tho;thq;F tho;e;J nja;tepiy va;jpaf; fhYk; fuq;fs;

,uz;lhfNt gilf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ghQ;rhyp> jpnusgjpak;kd; Md NghJk;> fz;zfp
nja;tkhd NghJk; ,Ufuj;jpdNu. mth;fs; gpd;dh;f; fhspapd; mk;rkhfTk; ngUQ;
rf;jpahfTk; kf;fshy; topglg;ngWk; epiyapy; $Ljy; fuq;fs; fhl;lg;gl;ld. NtW
topahfg; ghh;f;Fk; NghJ rptndhL rf;jp ,ize;jpUf;Fk; Nfhapy;fspnty;yhk; rf;jp
,Ufuj;jpdshfNt fhl;lg;gLts;;. mNj rf;jp cyiff; fhf;Fk; Ngud;idahf
cUf;nfhz;L jdpf; Nfhapypy; vOe;jUSk; NghJ $Ljy; fuq;fs; gilf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,q;qdNk G+jg; ghz;bad; NjtpAk; jdpg; ngUQ; rf;jpahf tsh;e;J xypakq;fyj;jpd;
caph;g;igf; fhf;Fk; md;id MdNghJ kpFfuq;fs; mike;Js;sd.
kq;fy Njtp murpahjyhy; fOj;jzpahfr; rug;gsp> Njhs;tis> flfk;
Kd;if tisy;fs; vy;yhk; moFw mzpag;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk; Kiyf;fz;
thh;ff; r;Rk;> ,ilazpAk; Kr;ruLk; Kj;J kzpkhiyAk;> gl;lhil> ghj
ryq;iffSk; mtiu myq;fhpf;fpd;wd. Rfhrd Njtpahd kq;fy ehafpapd;
tyf;fhy; ghjj;ij tphpjhkiu jhq;fpAs;sJ.
,f;fw;gbkk; kl;Lkd;wp kfhkz;lgj;jpd; Nky; jsj;jpy; Rijg;gbkkhfr;
rhythuj;jpy; fpof;F Kfkhfr; Rfhfd NjtpahfNt kq;fyehafp tbf;fg;ngw;Ws;shh;.
fy;jpUg;gzpia tpl Rijj; jpUg;gzpapy; mk;kdpd; Njhw;wk; moFf; nfhQrpf;
fplf;fpwJ. tz;zq;fs; jPl;lg;gl;l me;ehafp Kfj;ijg; ghh;f;Fk; NghJ G+jg;
ghz;bad; Njtp ngUq;Nfhg;nfhz;L capNuhL te;J muR nfhYtPw;wpUg;gjhfNt
Njhd;WfpwJ. Vfjs tpkhdj;jpd; ehw;Gwq;fspYk; md;idapd; jpUNkdp ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sJ. Vfjs tpkhd Njtpah;fSk; fU tiwapy; vOe;Js;s %ytiug;
NghyNt Rfhrd Njtpah;fshfNt fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sdh;. rlhkFlk; jhpj;Jg; gpd;Gwj;jpy;
xsptl;lf;NfhL cah;thff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gj;jpufhsp jpUTUtk;
gj;jpufhsp md;id ,lJ fhiy klf;fpg; gPlj;jpd; kPJ itj;J tyJ fhiyj;
njhq;ftpl;Lr; Rfhrdj;jpy; mkh;e;jpUf;fpd;whs; njhq;Fk; ghjk; tphpe;j jhkiu kyhpy;
cs;sJ. jiyapy; fphPl kFlk; #bAs;shs;. mofpa vhpKb fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Kfj;jpy; fUiz xspAk; mikjpAk; Fbnfhz;Ls;sd. fOj;ijr; rug;gspAk;
fhjpidf; Fz;lyKk;> khh;gpid Kiythh;f; fr;R> cjuge;jk;> E}y;fs; Mfpad mzp
nra;fpd;wd. ,ilapy; xl;bahzk; cs;sJ. gj;jpufhsp mk;kd; ty> ,l
Nkw;fuq;fspy; cLf;if ghrk; nfhz;Lk; fPo;f;fuq;fspy; tyf;ifapy; #yj;ijAk;
,lf;ifapy; cgaKj;jpiuAk; fhl;b epw;fpd;whs;.
topghl;L kuG
kq;fyehafp> gj;jpufhsp Mfpa ,UtUf;Fk; ehs;topghL cz;L.
,t;tpUtUf;Fk; nghJthf ehty;kuk; jytpUl;rkhf cs;sJ. mk;kuj;jpid
ntl;bdhy; jPq;FtUk; vd;w ek;gpf;if kf;fsplk; Nt&d;wpAs;sJ.
epiwthf
jPg;gha;e;jk;kd; vd;Wk; ngz; nja;t topghl;L kugpy; Kjy; jPg;gha;e;j
ngz;zhfg; ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;L tpsq;Ffpwhh;. <uhapuk; Mz;Lfl;F Kd;G
ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;bw;F vOg;gg; gl;l Nfhapy; ,d;iwa GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lj;jpy;
cs;s xypakq;fyk; vd;Dk; Chpy; ,d;Wk; fhzf;fplf;;fpd;wJ. ,q;F kq;fyehafp


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vd;Dk; ngahpy; ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;L nja;tkhf topglg; ngWfpwhh;. ,jpy; ,d;ndhU

rpwg;G ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;L rpijGFe;j <kf;fhl;bypUe;j mzq;Ff;Fk;
ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;Lld; Nfhapy; mikf;fg;gl;L mts; gj;jpufhsp vd;Dk; ngahpy;
topglg;ngWtJk; jkpoh;fspd; gz;ghl;L kuG NgzYf;Fr; rpwe;j rhd;whFk; kw;iwa
nja;tq;fisg; NghyNt kq;fyehafp ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;bw;Fk;> fhspf;Fk; ehs;topghL
eilngWtJk; jytpUl;rkhf ehty;kuk; cs;sikAk; ,t; topghl;L kugpd;
rpwg;gpidg; Gyg;gLj;Jk;
(,e;jf; fl;Liu &rh - fl;lk; 2.0 (epjp xg;Gjy; fbj vz;: F.24-51/2014-U, Policy
(TNMulti-Gen) fy;tpj;Jiw> ,e;jpa muR> ehs;:09.10.2018) Ma;Tj; jpl;lj;jpw;fhf
vOjg;ngw;wJ.)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;; Nrhoh;fhy ngz;fs;

Women of the Chola Period in Culverts
nr. nre;jhkiu> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> tuyhw;Wj;Jiw>

= kPdhl;rp ngz;fs; fiyf; fy;Y}hp> kJiu
Abstract
Tamil nadu is rich for culture and the times of the Chola kings are very much notable
for its gradual rise in all sorts of life. The kings and the local administrators deputed by the
king edicted many culverts to retain their acts in the history. So there are enormous culverts
that speak of the life and its values to the people. Women are the integral part of the society
life without them is nothing for a society. The chola’s time are very noted for sculptiog and
culvert cutting. There are lots of evidences speaking on women of all cadres. Informations on
queeesn administrators, house wifes, slum women and devadasis were seen in the culverts.
Hence, this paper tries to bring out informations of women from the culverts
Keywords: Life Ethics, Tamil Culture, Valluvar
cyfk; tpaf;Fk; ngUq;Nfhapy;fs; kpFe;j jpUehL jkpo;ehL. Ch;NjhWk;

Nfhapy;fs; ,Ue;jhYk; Nrhoehl;Lf; Nfhapy;fSf;Fj; jdpr;rpwg;G cz;L. Nrhog;
Nguurh;fspd; fhyj;jpy; Nfhapy;fs; tsh;e;jd. ehl;Lf;F tsk; Nrh;j;jd. Nrhoh;fs;
rptgf;jh;fshf tpsq;fpdh; irt rkaj;jpd; kPJ Mokhd gw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;j mth;fs;
E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd rptd; Nfhapufisf; fl;bdh;. xU ehl;bd; fle;jfhy tuyhW
gz;ghL gof;ftof;q;fs; ,tw;iw mwpaj; Jiz epw;Fk; tuyhw;Wr; rhd;WfSs;
fy;ntl;Lfs; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
Nrhoh; fhyf; fy;ntl;Lfs; Nfhapypy; g+ir nra;tjw;Fk;, jpUtKJ
mspg;gjw;Fk;, epj;jpa iekpj;jpq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l nfhiliag; gw;wpAk;;
NgRfpd;wd. nghJkf;fs; rpyh; mspj;Js;s nfhilfs; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
nfhilfs; nra;ag; ngw;wth;fSs; Nrho murpfs;, ngz;fs;, Njtubah;, gpuhkzg;
ngz;fs,; jspr;Nrhpg; ngz;fspd; ngah;fSk; fy;ntl;by; mjpf mstpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nrhoh;fs; fhyj;jpy; irtrkak, itztrkak,; rkz rkak; kw;Wk;
ngsj;j rkak; jioj;Njhq;fpaJ.
Nrhoh;fs; fhy kfsph; epiy
Nrhoh;fhy kfsph; r%f tho;f;ifapYk; nraw;ghLfspYk; fl;LghLfs; ,d;wpr;
Rje;jpukhf tho;e;jdh; vd;gij fy;ntl;LfspYk; ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; fhzyhk;.
Nrhoh;fs; fhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; rkchpik ngw;wpUe;jNjhL kl;Lky;yhky;
mjpfhhpfshfTk; gzpahw;wpapUe;jhh;fs;. ngz;fs; nrhj;Jf;fspy; rkchpik
ngw;wpUe;jjhy; Nfhapy;fSf;F nfhilfs; mspj;jdh;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
kfspUf;F nrhj;Jhpik
mf;fhy rKjha mikg;gpy; ngz;fSf;F nrhj;Jhpik ,Ue;jJ vd;gjw;Ff;
fy;ntl;L rhd;Wfs; cs;sd. jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ ngz;Zf;F rPjdkhf nghUSk;
epyKk; mtSila je;ijahy; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. rPjdkhf kidtpf;Ff;
fpilj;jtw;iw tpw;Fk; chpik fztDf;F ,y;iy. fztd; ,we;jgpd; mtdJ
nrhj;jpy; kidtpf;Fk; gq;fpUe;jJ. mg;gb jdf;F chpikahf fpilj;j epyq;fs;
rpytw;iw Nkhfzhz;ljpU vd;gts; NfhtpYf;F nfhLj;jhs; vd fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jp
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
cld;fl;il VWjy;
Nrhoh;fs; fhyj;jpy; fztid ,oe;j ngz;fs; cld; fl;il Vwp caph; ePj;j
epfo;rr; pfs; rpwpa mstpy; epfo;e;Js;sJ vd;gJ fy;ntl;L Fwpg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J
mwpag;gLfpwJ. Kjyhk; guhe;jfd; fhyj;jpy; tPu Nrho ,sq;NfhNts; vd;w
nfhLk;ghSh; FWepy kd;ddpd; kidtpahd fq;fk;kh Njtpahh; caph; ePj;j nr;ajpia
my;Y}h; fy;ntl;L $WfpwJ. Kjyhk; ,uhruhrDila jhahh; thdtd; khNjtp jd;
fztd; Re;juNrhod; ,we;jTld; cld;fl;il Vwpa nra;jpia jpUf;NfhtY}h;
fy;ntl;L $WfpwJ. Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jjpu Nrhodpd; kidtp tPukhNjtpahh;
vd;gtUk; cld;fl;il Vwpdhh; vd;W gpuk;;kNjrj;jpy; cs;s fy;ntl;L $Wfpd;wJ.
etpy ehl;L mofpa Nrhod; vd;gtd; kiwe;J Nghd jd; kfDld; mtd; kidtp
cld; fl;il Vwpajd; epidthf ee;jtdk; mikj;jhd;.
murpah;
Nrho murpfs; murh;fSf;F ,izahd chpik ngw;wpUe;jjhy; jdpg;gl;l
Kiwapy; Nfhapy;fs; vOg;gTk; Nfhapy; jpUg;gzp nra;aTk; nghJeyg;gzpfspy;
<LglTk; chpik ngw;wUe;jdh;.
fz;lhuhjpj;j Nrhodpd; kidtp nrk;gpad; khNjtp gy Nfhapy;fis
vOg;gpAs;shh.; fz;lhuhjpj;jd;, guhe;jfr; Nrhod;, mhpQ;rad,; cj;jkNrhod;, Kjyhk;
,uhruhrd; Mfpa MW kd;dh;fspd; Ml;rpia fz;lth;. Rkhh; 60 Mz;L fhyk; ,iw
kw;Wk; fiyg;gzpapy; <Lgl;L Vwf;Fiwa 80 Mz;Lfhyk tho;e;jth. jd;id
,iwgzpapYk; fiyg;gzpapYk; <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lth;. ,th; NfhNdhp ,rhrGuk;,
jpUf;Nfhbf; fhty,; mdq;$h,; nrk;gpad; khNjtp, MLJiw, Fj;jhyk;, jpUthUh;,
jpUitahW, tpUj;jhryk;, jpUtf;fiu Nghd;w Ch;fspYk; Nfhtpy;fis fl;bAk;
Myaq;fis fw;wspahf;fpath;. gy Nfhapy;fSf;F nfhil ey;fpAk; Vuhskhd
epyq;fis ,iwapyp epyq;fshf toq;fpAs;shh;. gy fy;ntl;Lfspy; nrk;gpad;
khNjtp, cila gpuhl;bah,; fz;luhjpj;j Njthpd; Njtpahh;, cj;jkNrho
jq;fshr;rpahh; vd;Wk; gy ngah;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. Rpt gf;juhd nrk;gpad;
khNjtp jpUNts;tpf;Fb jpUg;Gwk;gpak; Nfhapy;fSf;F nts;spf;fyrk; jpUkog;ghb
NfhapYf;F epyq;fs; nfhilahfTk;, nrk;gpad; khNjtpf; NfhapYf;F Mguzq;fs;,
jpUntz;fhL NfhapYf;F gy nfhilfisAk; nfhLj;Js;shh.;
rkag; gzpapy; kpf Kf;fpa ,lk ngw;w kwnwhU Nrhomurp Fe;jit
gpuhl;bahh; Mthh;. ,uhruhr Nrhodpd; jkf;ifahd Fe;jit Vuhskhd nfhilfis
Nfhapy;fSf;F toq;ffpAs;shh;. ,f;nfhilfisg; gw;wp jQ;ir gpufjPRtuh Nfhapy;
fy;ntl;Lfs; Fwpg;pLfpd;wd. ,f;Nfhapypy; jk; je;ij Re;ju Nrhodpd; gbkj;ijAk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jk; jha; thdtd; khNjtpapd; gbkj;ijAk; vOe;jUsr; nra;jhh;. mtw;wpw;F

epte;jkhf ngUk; nfhiliaAk; toq;fpAs;shh;. jQ;ir efhpy; Re;ju Nrho tpz;zfu
MJyh; rhiy vd;Dk; kUj;JtkidiaAk; jk; jha; je;ijahpd; epidthf
epWtpAs;shh;. mk;kUj;Jtkidia elj;Jtjw;F kUj;Jt fhzpahf epyj;ijAk;
mspj;Js;ssh;. jQ;ir gpufjPRtuh NfhapYf;F gy mwf; nfhilfisAk;
toq;fpAs;shh;. jhjhGuj;jpy; ,utpf;Fy khzpf;f <Rtuk; vd;w rpthyaj;ijAk;,
Fe;jit tpz;zfh; Mo;thh; vd;Dk; jpUkhy; NfhapiyAk; vLg;gpj;jhh;. NkYk;
Fe;jit [Pdhyak; vd;Dk; rkzf;NfhapiyAk; fl;bAs;shh;.
xyfkhNjtpahh; ,uhruhrdpd; gl;lj;jurpahf tpsq;fpath;. ,th; jQ;ir
gpufjPRtuh NfhapYf;F gpr;rNjth; jpUNkdpia vOe;jUs;tpj;jhh;. ,J 15½ tpuy;
cauKk; 10 tpuy; mfyKk; cilaJ. NkYk; nghd;dhYk; kzpfshYk gy
Mguzq;fis nfhilahf mspj;Js;shh;. xyfkhNjtpr;ruk; vd;w jpUf;Nfhapy;
jpUitahwpy; ,t;tk;ikahuhy; vLg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,j;jpUf;Nfhapy; cj;juf;ifapyhak;
vd toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,uhruhrdpd; 24-Mk; fy;ntl;Lfs; ,th; mspj;j nfhilfs; gw;wp
tpthpf;fpd;wd. xytplq;fj; Njth;f;F nghd;dhYk; kzpahYk nra;ag;gl;l
Mguzq;fs; 18-k; ek;gpuhl;bf;F 19-k; Rg;gpukzpa NjtUf;F 6-k; mspj;Js;shh;.
jpUg;ghpfyq;fs; nghd;dhy; klYk; tl;bYk; rhkiuf;iffSk; ntz;fyj;jpy; jl;L
rl;Ltk; vhpkzp J}gkzp KjypazTk; mspf;fg;gl;ld.
mjpfhhpr;rpfs;
Nrhoh;fhyfj;jpy; murpfSf;F ngz;fs; mjpfhhpfshf gzpahw;wpAs;sdh;.
mth;fs; mjpfhhpr;rp vd miof;fg;gl;ldh;. xyfkhNjtp ,l;l Mizia vUjd;
FQ;ruky;yp vd;w mjpfhhpr;rp epiwNtw;wpAs;shh; vd jpUitahW fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. uh[hjpuh[d; fhyj;jpy; Nrhkad; mkpj;jputy;yp vd;w mjpfhhpr;rpAk;
,uz;lhk; ,uhrhjpuhrd; kidtp jpiuNyhf;fpaKilahSf;F nghd;eq;if vd;w
mjpfhhpr;rpAk; gzpahw;wpAs;sdh; vd;W jpUkog;ghb fy;ntl;Lfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
Kjyhj; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhodpd; Njtpahhpd; mjpfhhpr;rp gw;wp jpUg;GfY}h; fy;ntl;L
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. Nrhoh;fhyg; ngz;fs; mjpfhhpr;rpfshf gzpahw;wpaJ eph;thfj;jpy;
ngz;fs; gzpahw;wpaJ ngz;fspd; eph;thfj; jpwikia fhl;LfpwJ.
jspr;Nrhpg;ngz;fs;
Nrhoh;fs; fhyj;jpy; ,ir eldk; $j;J Nghd;w fiyfspy; ty;y ngz;fs;
gyh; jpUf;Nfhapy;fspy;; gy gzpfspy; <Lgl;L te;jdh; vd;gij fyntl;Lr;
rhd;Wfshy; mwpayhk;. ,th;fs; jspr;Nrhpg; ngz;Lfs;, jspapyhh,; gjpapyhh;,
topapyhh;, Njtubahh;, jiyf;Nfhypfs; vdg; gy ngah;fshy; miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
jspr;Nrhp vd;gJ Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j eldg;ngz;fs; ,Ue;j FbapUg;Gg;
gFjpahFk;. Nfhapypd; mUfpy; ,th;fSf;F tPLfs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. jQ;irg;
ngUtilahh; Nfhapy; jpUj;njhz;bw;fhf tlf;Fj; njw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l
njUf;fspy; ,uhruhrd; jspr;Nrhpg; ngz;fis Fbakh;j;jpdhh;. mj;njUf;fspy;
mg;gjpapyhh; tho thpir thpirahf tPLfs; mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jhd; vd;Wk; xt;nthW
jspr;Nrhpg; ngz;fSf;Fk; xt;nthU Ntyp epyk; toq;fg;gl;lJ vd;Wk; jQ;ir
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. jpUf;NfhtpY}hpYs;s jpUtPul;lhNdr;Rtuh; Nfhapypy;
ehlf kfsph; Kg;gj;jpuz;L Ngh; njhz;L Ghpe;J te;j nra;jp mt;t+hpYs;s Kjyhk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,uhruhrd; fy;ntl;nlhd;wpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. jpUf;Nfhapw; gzpGhpAk; ngz;fs; gy

tifapduhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; mth;fSf;Fg; nghJg; ngauhfj; Njtubahh; vd;w
ngaNu gpw;fhyj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
Njtubahh;
Nrhoh;fs; fhyj;jpy; Nfhapy;fspy; jpUmyfply,; jpUnkOfply;, jpUtKJf;fhpa
mhprpiaj; J}a;ik nra;jy;, kyh; njhLj;jy; Nghd;w jpUg;gzpfis nra;jth;
Njtubahh;fs;. ,th;fSs; rpyh; Njthuk; jpUthrfk; XJgtuhfTk;, ,irapy;
ty;YeuhfTk,; eldk; $j;J Nghd;w fiyfspy; rpwe;j gapw;rp cilatuhfTk;
,Ue;jdh;. jQ;ir ngUTilahh; NfhapYf;fhf gy fiyfspy; rpwg;nga;jpUe;j
ehD}W Njtubahh;fis Kjyhk; ,uhruhrd; jQirf;F miog;gpj;jhh; vd fy;ntl;Lr;
nra;jp $WfpwJ. jpUnthw;wpa+hpy; jpUthjpiu tpohtpd; NghJ Njtubahh;fs;
jpUntk;ghit Xjpdh;. Njtubahh;fspd; ,ir eldk; Nghd;w fiyg;gzpfis ghuhl;b
epyKk; nghd;Dk; nfhilfshf mspf;fg;gl;ld. Njtubahh;fs; Nfhapy;fSf;F
nfhilfs; mspj;jdh;. jpUnthw;wpa+hpy; cs;s Kjyhk; ,uhruhrDila fy;ntl;L
ehfd; ngUw;fhld; vd;ghUila kidtpAk; NjtubahUkhd rJurd; rJhp vd;ghs;
jpUf;Nfhapypy; tpsf;nfhpf;f 95 MLfs; nfhilaspj;jhs; vd;W $WfpwJ. Gpuk;kNjrk;
Nfhapypy; tpsf;nfhpf;f 32 gRf;fisAk; xU fhisisAk; Njtubahs; rhzp xw;wp
Mo;tp vd;ghs; epte;jkspj;jhs; vdTk; fy;ntl;Lfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
Ntsq;fSk; chpik kfspUk;
Nrhoh;fs; ntspehLfspYUe;J nghd;Dk; nghUSk; ms;sp tUtNjhL me;ehl;L
,sk;ngz;fisAk; tPuh;fisAk; rpiwg;gpbj;J tUtij kpFe;j ngUikahf fUjpdh;.
mg;gb rpiwg;gpbf;fg;gl;l ngz;fs; murDila chpik kfsph; tho;e;j mg;gFjpfs;
Ntsk;. vd miof;fg;gl;ld. mUs;nkhopj; Njth; Ntsk;, ,uhruhrj; njhpe;j ghz;bj;
jpUkQ;rd Ntsk,; gQ;rtd; khNjtpahh; Ntsk; Nghd;w Ntsq;fs; ,Ue;jd.
ngz;lhl;b
kd;dh;fSf;Fk; mur FLk;gj;jpdUf;Fk; gzp nra;tjw;nfd;Nw gzpahsh;
mkh;j;jg;gl;bUe;jdh;. mg;gzpahsh;fs; ngUk;ghYk; ngz;fshfNt ,Ue;jdh;.
mth;fSf;F nghJthf ngz;lhl;b vdg; ngah; toq;fp te;jJ. ,g;gzpg;ngz;fs;
ePuhl;L miwapYk;, kilg;gs;spapYk,; gs;spaiwapYk;, fhtyuhfTk; gzpGhpe;jdh;.
,th;fs; mZf;fp mZf;fpah; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ldh; ,uhNre;jpu Nrho Nrth;
mZf;fp #w;wpa gQ;rtd; khNjtp ,uhNre;jpu Nrho Njt mZf;fpah; gy;ytd;
gl;lhyp eq;if ,uhrNfrhp Ntsj;Jg; ngz;lhl;bahd mZf;fs; kfhky;yp nghpa
Ntsj;Jg; ngz;lhl;bahd jpU ,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; mZf;fp rhj;jd; uhkNjtp Nghd;w
ngah;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld.
gpuhkzg; ngz;fs;
Nrhoh;fhy rKjhaj;jpy; gpuhkzh;fs; cah;e;j ,lj;jpy; itj;Jg;
Nghw;whg;gl;lfh; mth;fs; Fbakh;e;J tho mfuk; mf;ufhuk; vd;w FbapUg;Gfisak;
rJh;Ntjp kq;fyk; vd;W toq;fg;gl;l jdpf;fpuhkq;fisAk; Nrho kd;dh;fs;
cUthf;fpj; je;jdh;. gpuhkzh;fs; tho;e;j rJh;Ntjp kq;fyj;J mitfs; rigfs;
vd;wiof;fg;gl;ld. Gpuhkzg; ngz;fSf;f jdpr; rpwg;G rKjhaj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ.
Gpuhkzg; ngz;fSk; Nfhapy;fSf;F nfhilfsi gw;wp fy;ntl;Lfs; %yk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mwpayhk;. jad; tLfp vd;Dk; gpuhkzg; ngz; 12½ foQ;R nghd; cilahh;Fb
mde;jp];tuh; NfhapYf;F toq;fpdhh;. guhe;jf Nrho fy;ntl;L xd;wpy; fhsp epyp
vd;Dk; gpuhkz ngz; xU kh msTila epyj;ij tpsf;nfhpf;f jQ;rht+hpYs;s
=epthr ey;Y}h; NghapYf;F epte;jkspj;jhh;. rkjp nfhhp vd;w ngz; 45 MLfis
jpUtpilkUJ}h; jpUtprhY}h; NfhapYf;F mspj;jhh;. gpuhkzg;ngz;zhd khjpr;rhdp
vd;gth; mspj;j nfhilfs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
KbTiu
Nrhoh;fhyj;jpy; ngz;fspd; epiy Ke;ija fhyj;ijtpl rpwg;ghfNt ,Ue;jJ.
ngz;fs; kPJ msT fle;j fl;LghLfs; tpjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. fw;G xOf;fk;
ngz;fSf;F mzpfyd;fshff; fUjg;gl;ld. ngz;fs; nrhj;Jhpik ngw;wpUe;jdh;.
cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fk; mur FLk;g kfsphpilNa fhzg;gl;lJ. jpUtpohf;fspd;
NghJ $j;J epfo;j;jpaNjhL fiyfs; nry;tk; kw;Wk; nry;thf;F kpf;fth;fshf
ngz;fs; jpfo;e;jdh;. murh;fSf;F kl;Lkpd;wp murpfSf;Fk; gs;spg;gil Nfhapy;fis
vLj;Js;sdh;. Nrho muz;kidffspy; ngz;fs; gzpGhpe;Js;sdh;. ngz; Jwtpfs;
gyh ,Ue;jjijAk; fy;ntl;Lfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. murpfs; ngahpy; Ch;fSk; NrhpfSk;
VhpfSk; tha;f;fhy;fSk; Vw;gLj;j;g;gl;lik Nrhoh;fs; fhyj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F
rkchpik nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ fy;ntl;Lfs; %yk; njspthfpwJ.
Jiz E}w;gl;bay;
1. Nrhog;ngUNte;jh;> jkpo; ehl;L tuyhW> jkpo;; tsh;rr ; p ,af;ffk;, nrd;id, 2000

fhyk; (fp.gp 900-1300)
2. rjhrpt gz;lhuj;jhh;, gpw;fhy Nrhoh; rhpj;jpuk;> =nrz;gfh gjpg;gfk;, nrd;id>
2011
3. Nf. V. ePyfz;l rh];jphp, Nrhoh;fs;> epa+ nrQ;Rhp Gf; `T];, nrd;id.
4. tpy;ypGuk; kNf];tud;, Nrhoh; fhyj;Jf; NfhapYk; r%fKk;> Fkud; Gj;jf
,y;yk;, nfhOk;G, nrd;id 2008
5. tp.rh.FUrhkp, njd;dhl;Lj; jpUf;Nfhapw; Njrpfh; jUkGu Mjpd fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
gy;fiyf;fofk;> kha+uk;, 1965
6. Nrhk Re;juk; gps;is, Nrhow; Nfhapw; gzpfs;. jQ;ir $l;LwT kpd;dpaf;fp
gjpg;gfk;> fue;ij, 1941
7. ghYr;rhkp, fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> mz;zhkiy efh,; 1983


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,uhkehjGuk; muz;kid ,uhkypq;f tpyhrk; Xtpaq;fs;

$Wk; nra;jpfs;
Informations from the Rama Vilasa Paintings of the Ramnad Palace
k.nra;aJ ,g;uh`pk;> Kidth; gl;l Ma;thsh;>

tuyhw;Wj;Jiw> mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> rpjk;guk; - 608002.
Abstract
The aim of the paper is to interpret the Rama Vilasa Paintings in the Ramnad Palace.
The article culls out the Sethupatis who guarded the Sethu, means Ramnad, a costal area in
the Eastern Tamil Nadu whereby threats may come fron Lanka. The details of the study
shows that how the sethupathis come to the land and got accreditation from the Nayak kings
and evolved into the rulers of the area. Moreover, they are known for their artistic love and
the preservation of culture through the paintings in the palace. The paintings of
‘Bhagavatham’, ‘The Ramayana’, and on Krishna and his life events are very good examples
in the paintings of the palace. Hence, the paper unveils the facts from the paintings.
Keywords: Copper Plates, Kasakudi, Tamil Kings
,uhNkRtuk; flw;fiug; gFjpiaf; fhf;fTk; ,uhNkRtuk; nrd;W tUk; Gdpj

gazpfSf;Fg; ghJfhg;G mspf;fTk;> kJiu ehaf;f kd;dh;fshy; fp.gp. 1601-f;F gpwF
epakpf;fg;gl;ltu;fNs gpw;fhyj;jpy; NrJf;Fj; (fiuf;F) jiyth;fs; vd;w nghUspy;
gioa ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lj;jpid Mz;lth;fNs NrJgjpfs; vd miof;fg;gl;ldh;.1
ghz;bah;> Nrhoh;fSf;Fg; gpd;dh; ,uhNkRtuj;ijAk; mjidnahl;ba flw;fiug;
gFjpifisAk; gifth;fsplkpUe;J fhe;J epd;w ngUik NrJgFjpfSf;F cz;L.
,jdhy; “NrJf;fhtyh;fs;” vd ,th;fis mioj;jdh;.2
Nrhoehl;bypUe;J te;j ,r;NrJgjpfs; Kjypy; jpUkak; gFjpfspy; jq;fpdu;.
mjd; gpd;dh; ,uhkehjGuk; gFjpf;F ,lk; ngau;e;jdu;; vd;W fUJfpd;wdh; vd
tuyhw;whrphpah;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;. NrJgjp kd;dh;fsJ murpid epWtpa
ngUikgilj;j cilahd; rilf;fd; NrJgjp ,uhkehjGuj;jpw;F Nkw;Nf mike;j
NghfSh; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l Chpidj; jiyefukhff; nfhz;L Mz;lhh;.3 ,th;top
te;jth;fs; fp.gp. 1795 tiu ,uhkehjGuk; gFjpia Mz;l jd;dhl;rp kd;dh;fshf
tpsq;fpdh;. NrJgjpfs; ,uhNkRtuk; nrd;WtUk; Gdpj gazpfSf;Fj; jq;Fkplk;>
czT> ghJfhg;ghd gaztrjp nra;J nfhLj;jdh;.4 topg;gwpapypUe;J mth;fisf;
fhj;jdh;. ,uhNkRtuk; nry;Yk; topapy; itifahw;iwf; flg;gjw;Fk;> kz;lgk;
Njhzpj;Jiwf;Fk; ghk;gDf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s fliyf; flg;gjw;Fk; ,ytrg;
glFtrjp ,g;Gdpj gazpfSf;Fr; nra;J nfhLj;jdh;.
,uhNkRtuk; NfhapypYs;s ngUk;ghyhd fl;llq;fs; NrJgjpfshy;
cUthditNa. ,uhNkRtuk; jpUf;Nfhapy; jpUr;Rw;iw fp.gp. 15-Mk; E}w;whz;bNyNa


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
cilahd; NrJgjp fl;bdhh;.5 ,uhNkRtuk; Nfhapypd; cyfg; Gfo;ngw;w %d;whk;

gpufhuj;jpid cUthf;fpath;fs; NrJgjp kd;dh;fs;. fp.gp.1678-f;Fg; gpwF
NrJgjpfspd; jiyefukhf ,uhkehjGuj;ijf; fpotd; NrJgjp khw;wpdhh;.6
jiyefukhf ,uhkehjGuk; khWtjw;F Kd;G kz;zhyhd rpwpa Nfhl;ilf;Fs;
,e;efuk; ,Ue;jJ. kz;Nfhl;iliar; nrt;tf tbtpy; mike;j fw;Nfhl;ilahf;fpdhh;
fpotd; NrJgjp.
,uhkehjGuk; Nfhl;ilf;Fs; NrJgjpfs; mkh;e;J Ml;rpGhpe;J Ml;rpg;gPlNk
,d;W ,uhkypq;f tpyhrk;; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.7 ,uhNkRtuk; <rdpd; kPJ
nfhz;l gf;jpapd; ntspg;ghlhf jkJ muz;kidf;F “,uhkypq;f tpyhrk;” vd;W
ngahpl;Ls;sdh;. tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gk; fiyr; rpwg;Gk; tha;e;j ,uhkypq;f tpyhrj;jpidj;
jkpo;ehL muR njhy;ypay; Jiwapdh; fp.gp. 1978 Kjy; njhy;ypay; rpd;dkhfg;
ghJfhj;J tUfpd;wdh;.
jkpo;ehl;by; ,j;JizasT Xtpaq;fs; epiwe;j moFkpf;f muz;kid NtW
vq;Fk; ,y;iy. ,uhkypq;f tpyhrj;jpd; Rth;fspYk; Nky;tpjhdq;fspYk; fp.gp.18-Mk;
E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpidr; rhh;e;j tz;z Xtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it
NrJgjpfspd; mftho;itAk; Gwtho;itAk; Md;kPf tho;itAk; rpj;jhpf;fpd;wd.8
,uhkypq;f tpyhrj;jpYs;s tz;zNthtpaq;fs; NrJgjpfspd; tho;itAk;
tuyhw;iwAk; tpsf;Fk; tuyhw;Wf; fUT+yk;. ,t;tz;z Xtpaq;fs; Md;kPfj;jpd; kPJ
NrJgjpfs; nfhz;l gw;iwf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.9 NrJgjp fhyj;J ehfhpfj;ijAk;
gz;ghl;ilAk; Ghpe;J nfhs;s Jiz nra;Ak; mhpa rhd;Wfshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.10
NrJgjpfspd; murpay; tho;it tpsf;Fk; fhl;rpfs;> md;whl tho;tpy;
mth;fsJ eilKiwfs;> nghOJNghf;Ffs;> mth;fsJ mftho;itr; rpj;jhpf;Fk;
Ritahd fhl;rpfs;> ,uhkhaz> ghftjf; fhl;rpfs;> jkpofj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd
rkaj;jyq;fs; Mfpait ,uhkypq;ftpyhr Xtpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.11
,uhkypq;f tpyhrj;jpy; Eioe;jTld; fhzg;gLk; kfhkz;lgj;jpd; njd;gFjpr;
Rth;fspy; NrJgjp jQ;ir kd;dNuhL Nghu; GhpAkl; fhl;rp Kj;Jtp[a nuFuhj
NrJgjpapd; gtdp> may;ehl;bdiur; re;jpj;jy; Nghd;w Xtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.12
,k;kz;lgj;jpd; kw;w gFjpfspy; jkpofj;jpYs;s Kf;fpakhd ,iwj;jyq;fSk; gy
,iwtdJ cUtq;fSk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
kfhkz;lgj;jpid mLj;Js;s mh;j;jkz;lgr; Rth;fspy; fpU\;zdpd; gpwg;ig
tpsf;Fk; fhl;rpfs;> Mah;ghbapy; fpU\;zd; Ghpe;j tPur; nray;fs;. fpU\;zdpd;
gl;lhgpNrfk; Nghd;w fhl;rpfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
mh;e;jkz;lgj;jpid mLj;Jis;s ,uhkhpgPlk; vdg;gl;l fUtiw kz;lgj;jpd;
Rth;fspy; ,uhkgpuhdpd; gpwg;G njhlq;fp rPijia kzk; Kbf;Fk; tiuapyhd
,uhkhazf; fhl;rpfs; xd;iwaLj;J xd;whf ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.13 ,uhkhaz> ghftj
fhl;rpfspd; mbapy; ngUk;ghYk; jkpopYk; rpy ,lq;fspy; njYq;fpYk; fhl;rpfs;
gw;wpa tpsf;Fk; mf;fhy Ngr;Rnkhopapy; vOj;jg;g;gl;Ls;sd.14 ,uhkh; gPlj;jpd; Nky;
tpjhdq;fspd; tpy;tisTfspy; ,uhzp njhlh;ghd me;jg;Guf; fhl;rpfs;> NrJgjp
,uh[uhN[];thpaplk; nrq;Nfhy; thq;Fjy;> ,uhkhazk; gbj;jy;> kJiu ehaf;f
kd;duhd Kj;Jtprauq;f nrhf;fehj ehaf;fh;> Kj;Jtpra nuFehj NrJgjpf;F


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,uj;jpdg; gl;lhgpNrfk; nra;jy;> NrJgjpapd; gtdp> vz;jpirf; fhtyh;fs;

cUtq;fs; Nghd;w mhpa fhl;rpfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
khbapYs;s miwr; Rth;fspy; NrJgjp ,ir Nfl;ly;> eldk; fhZjy;> jdJ
md;ghd NjtpaNuhL mth; $b kfpOk; mftho;Tf; fhl;rpfs; rpwg;ghd Kiw
tz;zNthtpakhf tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.
Gwtho;T Xtpaq;fs;
,uhkypq;f tpyhrj;jpd; Kd;kz;lgj;J njd;gFjp Rthpy; kuhl;bah;f;Fk;
NrJgjpf;Fk; ele;j Nghh;f;fhl;rpfs; mw;Gjkhfr; rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.15 ,tw;wpy;
gPuq;fpfs;> Jg;ghf;fpfs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. NrJgjpAk; kuhl;ba muRUk; jj;jk;
gilAld; mzptFj;Jf; fLikahfg; Nghh; Ghpfpd;wdh;. gPuq;fpfs; xt;nthd;wpYk;
mtw;wpd; ngah;fs; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.
mftho;T Xtpaq;fs;
Kd;kz;lgj;jpd; njd;Rthpy; Nghh;f;fhl;rpia mLj;J NrJgjp mtuJ
NjtpaNuhL nfhYtPw;wpUf;Fk; fhl;rpfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. NrJgjpia ntspehl;lth;
gyh; te;J re;jpf;Fk; fhl;rpfs; ,jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
,uhkh; gPlg;gFjpapy; tpjhdj;jpy; NrJgjpapd; mftho;itAk; tpsf;Fk;
fhl;rpfSk; cs;sd. ,tw;wpy; NrJgjp gy;NtW Nfhyq;fspy; moFw
nfhYtPw;wpUf;Fk; fhl;rpfs;> gy;yf;fpy; gtdp tUk; fhl;rpfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.16
,tw;wpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fhl;rp xd;W ,uh[uhN[];thpaplkpUe;J NrJgjp nrq;Nfhy;
thq;Fk; fhl;rpahFk;. INuhg;gpah; xUth; NrJgjpf;F tzq;fp ghprspf;Fk; fhl;rp ,jpy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. NrJgjp tajhd xUth; Kd;dh; mkh;e;J gf;jpAld; ,uhkhazk;
Nfl;Fk; fhl;rpAk; ,uhkh; gPlk; gFjpapy; cs;sJ. ,t;Nthtpaj;jpy; NrJgjpf;F Kd;
cs;s ,uhkhaz Xiyr; Rtbapy; “=uhkepNtfjp” vd;W vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. tajhdth;
ifapy; cs;s Xiyr; Rtbapy;> “=uhkn[ak;” vd;W vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,uhkh;gl P
17
tpjhd Xtpaq;fspy; gy;NtW myq;fhuq;fSld; NrJgjp fhl;rpaspf;fpd;whh;.
,uhkh;gl
P j;jpYk; mjw;F Nky;Gw khbapYk; NrJgjpapd; mftho;it tpsf;Fk;
Xtpaq;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,uhkh;gl P g; gFjpapy; NrJgjpAk; ,uhzpAk; kd;kjd;
,ujp Nghy rpj;jupf;Fk; fhl;rpfs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. Nkw;Gw khbapy; NrJgjpAk;
mtuJ ,uhzpAk; gy;Ntw epiyapy; mftpd;gj;ij Ja;f;Fk; fhl;rpfs; Xtpakhf
nghpa mstpy; Rthpy; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. NrJgjp Njtpah; Fsj;NjhL ePuhLjy;>
ngz;fSlDk; NjtpaNuhLk; iff;Nfhh;j;J ahidiag; NghyTk;> Fjpiuiag;
NghyTk; ngz;fs; xd;;W jpuz;L mika mtw;wpd; kPJ NrJgjpAk; ,uhzpAk;
kd;kjd; NghyTk;> ,ujpiag; NghyTk; kyh;fizfSld; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wdh;. gy;NtW
tbtq;fs; nfhz;l kJf; FLitfspd; eLNt NrJgjpAk; ,uhzpAk; tPw;wpUf;fpd;wdh;.
NrJgjp jdJ NjtpNahL ,Uf;Fk; gs;spaiwf; fhl;rpfs;> Ntl;ilf; fhl;rpfs;
,q;Fs;s Xtpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. khbaiw Xtpaq;fspy; NrJgjp Xa;T
Neuq;fspy; Mly;> ghly; Nfl;Lk; fz;Lk; kfpOk; fhl;rpfs; moFwf; fhl;lg;gl;ls;sd.
,q;F fz;zhb Kd;dh; jd; moiff;fhZk; Mly; kfspd; cUtk; xd;Wk;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,uhkhaz Xtpaq;fs;
,d;W ,uhkh;gPlk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; mfkz;lgg; gFjpapy; Rth;fspy;
,uhkhazf;fij njhlu;r;rpahf tiuag;gl;bUf;Ff;fpwJ. ghyfhz;lj;jpy;
,uhkhazj;ij thy;kPfp vOjf; fhuzkhd> fpnusQ;rtjk; njhlq;fp> ,uhkd;>
,yl;Rkzd;> gujd;> rj;Ufd; MfpNahuJ jpUkzj;NjhL KbaTs;s Kf;fpa fhl;rpfs;
,jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. fpnusQ;r gwitiaf; nfhd;w Ntlid thy;kPfp rgpj;jJ>
gpukNjtd; nrhd;dgb ,uhkh; fijia thy;kPfp ,aw;wpaJ> ,ytFryh;fSf;F
,uhkhazf;fij nrhd;dJ Kjypa fhl;rpfs; Kjy; gFjpapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
jrujd; fiyf;Nfhl;L Kdptiu mioj;J tur;nra;J> Gj;jpufhNkb ahfk; nra;jJ>
ahfj;jpypUe;J mf;fpdpNjtd; %yk; fpilj;j gpz;lj;ij cz;l jrujd; Njtpah;f;Ff;
Foe;ijfs; gpwe;jJ. Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fhJFj;jp nfhz;ilapl;lJ. rpyk;gk;>
tpy;tpj;ij> FjpiuNaw;wk;> ahidNaw;wk;> ujNaw;wk; Nghd;w gy;tif tpj;ijfis
,uhkd;> ,yl;Rkzd; KjypNahh; fw;wJ Nghd;w fhl;rpfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. njhlh;e;J
tpRthkpj;jph; ,uhkd;> ,yl;Rkziu jhk; nra;Ak; ahfj;ijf; fhf;f mioj;Jr;
nrd;wJ.18 ahfj;ij mopf;f te;j mRuh;fNshL jhuif vd;w muf;fpiaAk; tjk;
nra;jJ> tpRthkpj;jpuh; ,uhkh;> ,yl;Rkziu kpjpiyf;F mioj;Jr; nry;Yk; topapy;
fy;yha; fple;j mfypif ,uhkh; fhy;ghl;L rhgtpNkhr;rdk; ngw;wJ> kpjpiyf;F
,uhkd; nrd;W tpy; xbj;J rPijia kzk; Kbj;jJ Nghd;w fhl;rpNahL ,uhkhaz
Xtpak; epiwtile;Js;sJ.
ghftj Xtpaq;fs;
,uhkypq;f tpyhrj;jpd; Kd;kz;lgj;jpiz mLj;Js;s kfhkz;lgj;jpYk;>
mjidnahl;bAs;s Kd;kz;lgj;jpd; tlf;Fg; gFjpapYk; cs;s Rth;fspy;
fpU\;zdpd; tho;it tpsf;Fk; epfo;rr ; pfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. fpU\;zd; Njtfp
tapw;wpy; gpwg;ghd; vdf; fUjp fk;rd; mts; mtw;wpy; gpwe;j Foe;ijfis
xt;nthd;whf nfhy;Yk; fhl;rpfs;> tRNjtd; jdf;Fg; gpwe;j fpU\;zd; Mah;ghbf;F
vLj;Jr; nrd;W mq;F itj;Jtpl;L> ahNrhijf;Fg; gpwe;j Jh;f;ifia
vLj;Jf;nfhz;L jpUk;Gjy;> fk;rd; Jh;fi ; fiaf; nfhy;y KaYk;NghJ mtdplkpUe;J
jg;gp fpU\;zd; Mah;ghbapy; tsUfpd;whd; vd;W nrhy;yp kiwe;jJ Nghd;w
fhl;rpfs; Kjypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
mLj;J Mah;ghbapy; ee;jNfhgd; jhsk; nra;jJ> Mah; ghbapy; tsUk;
fpU\;zidf; nfhy;y fk;rd; gy Kaw;rpfs; nra;jJ Xtpaq;fshfj; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
,tw;wpy;;> fpU\;zd; Ngr;rp (G+jfp) vd;w muf;fp khh;gpy; eQ;R jltp ghYl;l
te;jNghJ> mtisf; nfhd;wJ> jd;id Mfhaj;jpy; vLj;Jr; nrd;w muf;fid
mopj;jJ> kUjkuk; tpy;rkukha; epd;w kJ> iflgiu mopj;jJ> mth;fSf;Fr; rhgk;
jPh;j;jJ> tpshkuk;> nfhf;F KjypNahiu mopj;j fhl;rpfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
,tw;NwhL fz;zd; Foe;ij tbtha; ,Ue;jNghJ Mah;ghbapy; elj;jpa Foe;ijf;
FWk;Gfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.19 jdJ Njhoh;fNshL Mah;kfsph; Nrh;j;J itj;j
japiuAk;> ntz;izAk; fz;zd; ftUk; fhl;rpfs; mofpa Kiwapy;
rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
njhlh;e;J fz;zdpd; Gy;yhq;Foy; Xiriaf; Nfl;L kaq;fpa Mah;ghbf;
fhl;rp> aKid Mw;wq;fiuapy; Fspj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j ngz;fspd; Miliaf;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fz;zd; fth;e;j fhl;rp> NjNte;jpuDf;F Mah;ghbapy; ,Ue;jth;fs; gilj;j czit

fz;zd; khakha; kiyf;Fs;spUe;J cz;l fhl;rp ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. Nfhgk; nfhz;l
,e;jud; milkio nga;tpj;J Mah;ghbia mopf;f Kw;gl;lNghJ fz;zd;
Nfhth;j;jd fphpiaf; Filaha; gpbj;J Mah;ghbiaf; fhj;j fhl;rpAk;> ,e;jpud;
fpU\;zd; mtjhuj;ij mwpe;j fhl;rpAk;> fpU\;zDf;F midtUk; Nrh;e;E
gl;lhgpNrfk; nra;j fhl;rpAk;> ghftj Xtpaj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; ,lk; nga;As;sd.
Xtpaq;fspd; %yk; mwpAk; gz;ghL
NrJgjp muz;kizapy; tiuag;gl;l Xtpaq;fspy; nky;ypa Milfis
Mz;fSk;. ngz;fSk; ,q;Fs;s Xtpaq;fspy; mzpe;J fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wdh;.
nkfyhaiug; Nghd;W jiyg;ghifapid ,th;fs; mzpe;Js;sdh;. njYq;F ehl;Lg;
gz;G xt;nthU Xtpaf; fhl;rpapYk; CLUtpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. njYq;F ehl;L gz;G
xt;nthU Xtpaf; fhl;rpapYk; CLutpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. njYq;F ehl;L Xtpak;
kw;Wk; rpw;gq;fspy; fhzg;gLtJ Nghy; ,q;Fs;s Xtpa khe;jh; Milfs; mzpe;J
nfhz;ilapl;bUf;fpd;wdh;. Xtpaq;fdpd; mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; rpy njYq;F vOj;Jf;fspy;
njYq;F nkhopapYk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.
Xtpaq;fs; gspr;rpLk; tz;zj;jpy; cs;sd. Mz;> ngz; cUtq;fs;
rijg;gpbg;Gld;> gUkdhfg; gf;fthl;by; epw;gJNghy; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. ngz;fs;
mzpAk; Milfs; kpFe;j NtiyghLfSld; gy;NtW tifAk; tz;zKk;
nfhz;ljha; fhz;gth; fz;izf; ftUk; Kiwapy; cs;sd. gpw ehl;Lf; fyhr;rhug;
gz;Gfs; kwth; ehl;L Xtpaq;fspy; vj;JizasT jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ
vd;gij mwpa ,uhkypq;f tpyhr Xtpaq;fs; rpwe;j Xtpa tuyhw;Wf; fUT+ykhfj;
jpfo;fpd;wd.
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,uhkehjGuk; muz;kidapypUe;J Ml;rpGhpe;j
Kj;Juhkypq;f NrJgjp> gh];fu NrJgjp MfpNahhpd; tz;zg;glq;fs;>
,f;fhl;rpafj;jpy; cs;sd. ,it mk;kd;dh;fspd; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j Xtpah;fshy;
tiuag;gl;lit. ,tw;NwhL ,g;gFjp ghisaf;fhuh;> rptfq;if murh; MfpNahuJ
tz;z cUtg;glq;fSk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
Xtpaq;fspd; fhyk;
,t;Nthtpaa;fs; midj;Jk; Kj;Jtp[anuFehj NrJgjp fhyj;jpy; (fp.gp. 1713-
1725) jPl;lg;ngw;wit. ,tNu ,t;Nthtpaq;fspy; gy ,lq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;shh;.
,uhkypq;f tpyhrj;jpy; fhZk; Xtpaq;fspd; fhyk; gw;wp fUj;J NtWghLfs;
cs;sd. ,tw;iw kpfTk; gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpidr; rhh;e;jJ vdr; rpyu; fUJfpd;wdu;.
,t;Nthtpaq;fsy; mtw;wpd; fhyj;jpid mwpa ,uz;L Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd.
,t;Nthtpaq;fs; mdij;jpYk; fp.gp. 1706-ypUe;J 1730 tiu Ml;rpGhpe;j
Kj;Jtpra uFehj NrJgjpapd; cUtq;fNs jpUk;gj;jpUk;g ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,tuJ
rkfhyj;jtuhf kJiuapy; Ml;rpg;Ghpe;j %j;j tp[auq;f nrhf;fehj ehaf;fh;>
Kj;Jtp[a uFehj NrJgjpf;F ,uj;jpd gl;lhrpNrfk; nra;Ak; fhl;rp xd;W ,uhkh;gl P k;
tpjhdj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; %yk; ,t;Nthtpaq;fs; 18 Mk; Mz;L E}w;whz;L
njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; jPl;lg;gl;lit vd;gJ jpz;zkhfpwJ.20
,jdbapy; Kj;Jtp[a uFehj NrJgjpf;F tp[auq;f nrhf;fehj ehaf;fh;
ma;ad; ,uj;jpdg; gl;lhgpNrfk; nra;fpwJ. (“uhr = tprauq;f nrhf;fdhj ehaf;fh;>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tpira uFehjr; NrJgjp mth;fSf;F uj;e gl;lhgpNrfk;”) vd;w thrfk;

vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;> ,f;$w;wpid cWjp nra;fpwJ.
Kj;Jtpira uFehj NrJgjp fp.gp. 1700f;Fk; 1710f;Fk; ,ilapy; jQ;ir
kuhl;baNuhL Nghhpl;l fhl;rp Kd;kz;lg njd;gFjpapy; fpof;Fr; Rthpd; tphpthf
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. vdNt ,t;Nthtpaq;fSk; midj;Jk; fp.gp. 18-Mk; E}w;whz;bd;
njhlf;fj;jpy; jPl;lg;ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;; ,uhkhaz ghftj Xtpaq;fspd; mbapy;
mtw;iw gw;wpa tpsf;ff; Fwpg;Gfs; kf;fs; Ngr;R tof;fpy; jkpopy; vOjg;ngw;Ws;sd.
,ir Xiyr; Rtbapy; vOjg;gl;lJ Nghy Fwpy; neby; ghFghbd;wp Fwpyhf kl;Lk;
vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. nka;naOj;Jf;fSf;Fg; Gs;sp ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. mf;fhy kwth;
ehl;bd; Ngr;Rnkhopia mwpe;Jnfhs;s ,t;Nthtpaf; Fwpg;Gfs; rpwe;j rhd;wha;
cs;sd.
NrJgjp kd;dh;fs; jkp;of murpay; nghUshjhuk; r%fk; kw;Wk; rka tho;tpy;
Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fq;fisAk;> tpisTfisAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;LtNj ,f;f ; l;Liuapd;
Nehf;fk; MFk;. mj;Jld; NrJgjp kd;dh;fs;; xtpaq;fis Nkk;g;ghl;bw;F> vLj;Jf;
nfhz;l Kaw;rpfs; rkfhy gz;ghl;bid milahsk; fhl;Ltjhf ,f;fl;Liu
mikf;fpd;wJ.
NrJgjp muz;kid xtpaq;fs; Ez;fiy tsh;r;rpia giwrhw;Wk; tpjkhf
mike;Js;sJ. NkYk; may;ehl;bdh; ntf;fg;glNtz;ba epiyapy; jkpof ,Ug;gij
mwpa KbfpwJ. ,t;;Xtpaq;fs; jkpoh;fspd; r%fk;> r%fmikg;G gz;ghL fyhr;rhuk;>
rkak;> ehfhPfk;> kw;Wk; Ez;fiyfspy; NrJgjp kd;dh;fs; fhl;ba Mh;tk;
Mfpatw;iw ,f;fl;Liu %yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
JizGhpe;j E}w;fs;
1. T. Rajaram Rao, The Manual of Ramnad Samasthanam, 1891,pp. 35-37.

2. A. Nelson, The Manual of Madura Country, 1861, pp.76-78.
3. S. Thiruvenkatachari, The Sethupatis of Ramnad, Karaikudi, 1959, pp. 98-99.
4. R. Sathyanatha Ayyar, The History of Madurai Nayaks, 1928,pp. 108-110.
5. S. Seashore, Sethupathi’s of Ramnad, 1974, unpublished Ph.D., Thesis, pp. 214-219.
6. A. Ramasamy, Tamilnadu District Gazetteers Ramanathapuram, Madras, 1972, pp.
56-60.
7. S. Kathirvel, A History of the Maravas – 1700-1802, Madurai, 1977., pp. 92-94.
8. R. Nagaswamy, Ramanathapuram District – An Archaeological Guide,
Ramanathapuram, pp. 115-119.
9. Nrhiykiy> ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lk;> nrd;id> 1972, pp. 112-117.
10. ,uh. ehfrhkp> ,uhkypq;f tpyhrk;> Jiz kly;> nrd;id> 1979, pp. 171-178.
11. kP. kNdhfud;> fpotd; NrJgjp> rptfq;if> 1983, pp. 34-36.
12. v];. vk;. fkhy;> NrJgjp kd;dh; nrg;NgLfs;> ,uhkehjGuk;> 2003, pp. 87-89.
13. v];. vk;. fkhy;> NrJgjp kd;dh; tuyhW> ,uhkehjGuk;> 2003, pp. 212-215.
14. v];. vk;. fkhy;> NrJgjp kd;dh; fy;ntl;Lfs;> ,uhkehjGuk;> 2002, pp. 198-200.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
15. v];. vk;. fkhy;> ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lk; tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfs;> ,uhkehjGuk;>

1984, pp. 67-70.
16. Gyth; nr. ,uhR> NrJgjp nrg;NgLfs;> jQ;ir> 1994, pp. 156-158.
17. v];. fe;jrhkp> NrJgjpfspd; fiyg;gzp> kJiu> Kidth; gl;l Ma;NtL, pp.
143-145.
18. F. NrJuhkd;> ,uhNkRtuk; Nfhapy;> kJiu> 2000, pp.187-188.
19. MWKf rPjhuhkd;> NrJgjp fhRfs;> jQ;ir> 2005, pp. 116-118.
20. ,uh. g. fUzhde;jd;> ,uhkypq;f tpyhrk; ,uhkhaz Xtpaf; Fwpg;Gfs;>
njhy;ypay; Jiw> nrd;id> 1990, pp.56-59.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jw;fhy njhy;ypay; Ma;Tg; Nghf;Ffs;

The Present Scenario of Archaeology Today
e.nry;tuh[;> nfsut tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

jh;kGuk; Qhdk;gpif muR kfspH fiyf;fy;Y}up> ehfg;gl;bdk;.
Abstract
The idea of the paper is to find out the present scenario of the Archaeological
developments. In the world, it is the only field that brings out the truth of the older
civilizations to the scholarly world. The study also aids to show the history of the ancient
people with rhe remnants of the sites. Hence, the study helps to cull down the state of
archaeology and its neo state through evident sources.
Keywords: Present Scenario, Archaeology Today
Kd;Diu
goq;fhy tuyhw;iw Mjhug;g+Htkhf cWjpg;gLj;j Kidfpd;w Ma;Tfs; gy
eilngWfpwJ. mtw;Ws; xd;whff; fUjg;gLtJ njhy;ypay; Ma;Tg; Nghf;Ffs;.
,j;njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; %yNk xU tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l kdpj tho;f;ifia
mwpaKbfpwJ. mjhtJ njspthd vOj;Jr; rhd;Wfs; ,y;yhj fw;fhy tuyhw;iwNah
my;yJ mjw;F mLj;jf;fhy fl;lkhd rq;f kf;fspd; tho;f;ifia ghly;fspy;
cs;s ,lq;fisj; Njhz;b kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa gok;nghUs;fisf; fz;lwpe;J
mtHfspd; ehfuPfj;ij mwpaKbtJ njhy;ypaj;Jiwapd; gzpahf cs;sJ.
mj;jifa njhy;ypay; gzpfs; ,d;iwafhy fl;lj;jpy; vj;jifathW
eilngWfpd;wJ vd;gij vLj;Jiug;gNj
“jw;fhy njhy;ypay; Ma;Tg; Nghf;Ffs;" vd;w ,f;fl;LiuahFk;.
njhy;ypay; - mfoha;T vd;gjd; nghUs;
kdpjd; tho;e;j Mjpfhyj;ij mwpe;Jnfhs;Sk; mwptpay; Ma;TKiw
njhy;ypay; vdg;gLk;. ,jid> “gz;ila fhyj;jpy; kdpjd; tpl;Lr; nrd;w
nghUs;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mk;kdpjdpd; tuyhw;iwf; $Wk; ,ay;
njhy;ypay; vdg;gLk;" (tho;tpay; fsQ;rpak;> 10> g.939). ,jidNa njhy;
nghUspay;> njhy;nghUs; Fwpj;j Ma;T vdTk; $WtH. ,jid “kdpj tuyhw;iw
fl;bnaOg;g cjTk; rhjdq;fspy; tuyhW> njhy;ypay; Nghd;w Jiwfs;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ" (njhy;ypay; Ma;Tk; Mjpf;FbfSk;> g.5) vd;w $w;wpd;
%yk; njhy;ypay; vd;gjd; nghUs; mwpe;Jnfhs;sKbfpwJ.
fpNuf;f nkhopapypUe;J Njhd;wpa MHf;fpahyh[p (Archaeology) vd;w
nrhy;ypy; Archae vd;gJ goik vd;gijAk; Loges vd;gJ mwptpay; my;yJ
Nfhl;ghL vd;gjhff; Fwpf;fpwJ. mjhtJ ,yf;fpak;> fy;ntl;L> ehzak;>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;nghUs;fs;> nrg;NgLfs;> ntspehl;ltH Fwpg;Gfs;> NeHfhzy; (tha;nkhop

tuyhW) Mfpatw;wpd; %yNk tuyhW vOjg;gLfpwJ. mj;jifa tuyhiw vOj
cjTk; xU rhd;whf njhy;ypay; cs;sJ.
njhy;ypay; Ma;T epfo;j;Jk; tpjk; goq;fhyj;jpy;
Gijay; fz;lwptjw;F epfo;j;jg;gl;l epfo;Tfspd; ,Wjp tbtkhf njhy;ypay;
Ma;Tfs; jpfo;fpwJ. mjhtJ njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rp ngw;w ,f;fhyj;jpy; xuplj;jpy;
njhy;nghUs; epfo;j;Jtjw;Fwpa jlq;fs; (vr;rq;fs;) ,Ug;gij> epyj;ij CLUTk;
uhlhHfs;> Jizf;Nfhy; ntspg;gLj;Jk; glq;fs; Nghd;w njhiyAzh;jy; Kiwfs;
%yk; XusT Jy;ypakhfNt mwpe;Jnfhs;sKbAk;. gpd;dh; gutyhfj; Njhz;Lk; tif>
Moj; Njhz;Lk; Kiw> Rw;wfoha;T (block method) ePs;Fop mfoha;T> rtf;Fop
mfoha;T> ePUf;fbapy; mfoha;T vd gy tiffspy; mfoha;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
njhy;ypay; tiffs;
Gtpapay;> fhyg;gFg;G kw;Wk; nghUs; mbg;gilapy; njhy;ypay; ,U
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Gtpapay; mbg;gilapy; njhy;ypayhdJ fpuP]; NuhkGup
njhy;ypay;> mnkupf;fj; njhy;ypay;> ,e;jpaj; njhy;ypay;> goq;fhy vfpg;Jj;
njhy;ypay;> Mg;gpupf;fj; njhy;ypay; vd gpupf;fpwhHfs;. fhy mbg;gilapy;
njhy;ypayhdJ tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;> tuyhw;Wf;fhyk; vdg; gy ghFghL
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;ija fhyk; fPo;f;fz;lthW gFf;fg;gLfpwJ.
1. gioa fw;fhyk; fp.K. 500000 Kjy; fp.K. 10000 tiu
2. Ez;fw;fhyk; fp.K.10000 Kjy; fp.K. 3000 tiu
3. Gjpa fw;fhyk; fp.K. 3000 Kjy; fp.K.1000 tiu
4. ngUq;fw;fhyk; fp.K.1000 Kjy; fp.K.300 tiu.
,jidg; Nghd;Nw nghUs; mbg;gilapy; nghUshjhuj; njhy;ypay; (Economic
Archaeology), ,dkuGj; njhy;ypay; (Ethno Archaeology), ePub mfoha;T njhy;ypay;
(Under-Water Archaeology)> Mfha epow;glj; njhy;ypay; (Aerial Archaeology), mopT
kPl;Gj; njhy;ypay; (Salvage Archaeology) vdg; gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
njhy;ypay; gy;NtW cl;$Wfs;
njhy;ypay; gy;NtW cl;$Wfs; nfhz;Ls;sd. mtw;Ws; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit
fsMa;T> mfoha;T> ehzatpay;> fy;ntl;bay;> njhd;ikf; fl;llf; fiy>
cUttpay;> fiy> rpw;gf;fiy Mfpait MFk;. ,itahTk; vOj;Jr;rhd;Wfs;
,y;yhj fhy njhd;ik tuyhw;iw mwpaTk; rhd;WfshFk;. vdNt> njhy;ypayhHfs;
,j;ijfa cl;$WfisNa ngupJk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wdh;.
jkpofj;jpy; njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;
jkpofj;jpy; njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; ngUk;ghYk; jkpo; ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfspy;
nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w ,lq;fSk; jkpofj;jpy; Ml;rp eilngw;w ,lq;fspYNk ngupJk;
Ma;Tfs; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mj;jifa Ma;Tfs; murpd; mDkjpAld; Fwpg;gpl;lthW
eilngWfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; Nfhth kj;jpa fly; Muha;r;rp epWtdj;Jld; ,ize;J
g+k;GfhH fly; gFjpapy; Mo;fly; Ma;T ehd;F fl;lq;fshf elj;jg;gl;lJ. mq;F
%o;fpa fg;gy; gFjp xd;Wk; kdpjdhy; fl;lg;gl;l fl;llk; xd;Wk; fz;lwpe;Js;sJ.
,JNghd;Nw ,yf;fpa Fwpg;Gfshy; mwpag;gLfpd;w Ch;g;ngah;fshd Nfhit
khtl;lj;jpd; Midkiy> kJiuapd; Nfhtyd;nghl;ly;> tpUJefH khtl;lj;jpd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jpUj;jq;fy;> ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;l mofd;Fsk; kw;Wk; njhz;b> NjupUNtyp> <NuhL

khtl;l nfhLkzy; Nghd;W gy ,lq;fspy; mfoha;T ,Jtiu nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
,e;jpa njhy;ypay; Jiw (ASI) cjtpAld; gy;yhtuk;> mj;jpuk;ghf;fk;>
rpj;jd;dthry;> godp> mupf;fNkL> Mjpr;rey;Y}H cs;spl;l gy ,lq;fspy; mfoha;T
nra;Js;sJ.
jw;fhy njhy;ypay; Ma;Tk; - murpaYk;
jw;fhy njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; eilngWfpd;w ,lq;fshd jpUtz;zhkiy
Mz;bg;gl;b (2004 - 2005)> tpOg;Guk; kuf;fhzk; (2005 - 2006)> jpUts;SH gupFsk;
(2005-2006)> f&h; neLq;$h; (2006-2007)> kJiu khq;Fsk; (2006 - 2007)> ehfg;gl;bdk;
nrk;gpfz;ba+h; (2007 - 2008)> rptfq;if fPob (2015 - 2019) cs;spl;l ,lq;fspy;
ngWfpd;wd.
njhy;ypay; Ma;TfSf;F Kd; ,e;jpa tuyhwhfg; gy fw;gidf; fhyq;fis
tiuaWj;Js;sdh;. mit rka E}y;fs;> Guhz tuyhWfs;> fhg;gpaq;fs;>
,jpfhrq;fs;> tha;nkhopf; fijfs; cs;spl;ltw;why; ,Jtiu ,e;jpa tuyhW
fl;likj;Js;sdh;. mjd;gb vt;tpjr; rhd;WfSk; ,y;yhj fhyj;ijf;
fl;likj;Js;sdh;. khwhf njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfshy; epWtg;gl;Ls;s rpe;Jntsp
Muha;r;rp mupf;fNkL cs;spl;l gytifg;gl;l rhd;Wfspd; mbg;gilapy; tuyhw;iwf;
fl;bnaOg;ghky; mij mg;gbNa %bkiwf;Fk; nray;fs;jhd; ,d;iwa ehl;fs; tiu
ele;JtUfpd;wJ. rhd;whf ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; rhd;whjhuq;fNs ,y;yhj (Guhz
mbg;ilapy;) Ntjfhyj;ij Kd;itj;Jk; Mupag; ghz;ghl;bd; top jpuhtpl
ehfupfj;jpy; te;jile;Js;s flTs; vd;d topghl;Lf; $Wfs; vd;W vitAkpy;yhj
rhd;WfNs jw;fhy njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.
,j;jifa Ma;Tfspd; ntspg;ghlhdJ ,d;iwa (cUtkw;w ,aw;ifia
tzq;fpa) jpuhtpl ehfupfj;ij rw;Wk; ntspte;Jtplhj tifapy; mtw;iw
Klf;Ffpd;w Ntiyia kj;jpa (Mupa ghHg;gdpa) muR njhlh;e;J nra;JtUfpd;wJ.
NkYk; njhy;ypay; mjpfhupfs; Jiwkhw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; ,lkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;Lk;
njhlh;e;J Ma;Tfisg; Gwf;fzpf;Fk; Nghf;F ,d;iwa mstpy; mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
,tw;Wf;F KO Kjy; fhuzkhfj; jpfo;tJ Mupah;fs; ahH vd;gJk; mth;fs; top
jpuhtpl ehfupfj;jpy; fye;Js;s topghl;L KiwfSk; rlq;F rk;gpujha
eilKiwfSk; jpuhtplh;fspd; nray;ghLfsy;y mit jpzpf;fg;gl;litNa vd;w
cz;ikia vs;sTk; njupe;Jtplf;$lhj tifapy; mjpfhu mikg;G nray;gl;L
tUfpd;wd.
njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfspd; gad;ghLfs;
nghJthf njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; kiwe;JNghd r%f tuyhw;iwf; fl;likf;f
ngupJk; cjTfpd;wJ. mjhtJ Ma;Tfspd; NghJ KJkf;fs; gad;gLj;jpag;
nghUl;fs; fz;lwpag;gLfpd;wd. mtw;iwf; nfhz;L KJkf;fs; tho;e;j fhyq;fis
mwpjy;> tuyhw;iw mwpjy;> KJkf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa nghUl;fs; mwpjy;> gz;ila
fhy tzpf cwTfs; gz;lkhw;W eilngw;w ,lq;fis mwpjy; kw;Wk;
Goq;Fg;nghUl;fs; Nghd;wit njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfshy; mwpag;gLfpd;witahFk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
KbTiu
jw;fhy njhy;ypay; Ma;Tg; Nghf;Ffs; vd;w jiyg;gpyike;j ,e;j Ma;Tf;
fl;LiuahdJ njhy;ypay; vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;ntd;Wk; njhy;ypay; Jiwapd;
gzpfs; Nghd;wit mwpaKbe;jJ. NkYk; Ma;Tg; Nghf;Ffspy; njhlh;e;J
FWfPLnra;JtUfpd;w murpay; nray;ghLfs; Nghd;witAk; ,f;fl;Liuapd; thapyhf
mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
ghu;it Ehy;fs;
1. GypA+u;Nfrpfd;. GwehDhW (njspTiu)> fq;if Gj;jf epiyak;>nrd;id -600

017.
2. tpNtfhde;jd;.rpt. Fkup ehl;by; rkzk;> fht;ah gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id -600 024.
3. Ntq;flrhkp.kapiyrPdp. rkaq;fs; tsu;j;j jkpo;> = Fkhu; mNrhrpNal;]>;
nrd;id -600 014.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
frhf;Fbr; nrg;NgLfs;
The Copper Plates of Kasakudi
Kidth; K.nry;tp> cjtpg; Nguhrphpah;>

jkpo;j;Jiw> fhkuh[; fy;Y}hp> RaepjpgphpT> J}j;Jf;Fb – 628 003.
Abstract
The aim of the writing is to bring forth the details inscribed in the Copper Plates of
Kasikudi. The facts tell about the Pallava, Chola, Pandia and Chalukya kings. Their
donations, philanthrophic acts, and titles are clearly seen through copper plates. We can also
know about some of the facts on the conquering feats of the Pallava and other kings through
them. Hence, the paper discloses the derivated facts from the sources.
Keywords: Copper Plates, Kasakudi, Tamil Kings
Kd;Diu
nghd;> nts;sp> ntz;fyk;> ,Uk;G> <ak;> nrk;G Kjypa gy cNyhfq;fspy;
vOj;Jf;fs;; nghwpf;fg;gl;lhYk; nrk;gpd; gad;ghNl kpfTk; mjpfkhFk;. nrk;gpy;
vOjg;gl;litfis nrg;NgL> nrg;Gg; gl;lak;> jhkpug;gl;lak;> jhkpu rhrdk;> gl;lak;
vdg; gy;NtW ngah;fspy; miof;fpd;wdh;. vOjg;gLk; nra;jpfl;F Vw;g nrk;Gj;
jfLfisr; rkk; Mf ntl;b rJuk; my;yJ ePs; rJu tbtpy; mikg;gh;. gpd;dh;
mjd;kPJ $h;ikahd ,Uk;G csp nfhz;L nrJf;fp vOj;Jf;fisg; nghwpg;gh;.
nrg;NgLfspy; Kjypy; kq;fy nkhopAk;> tho;j;Jr; nra;ASk;> fhzg;ngWk;. gpwF
mwf;nfhil toq;fpa murdpd; topKiwfs;> Kd;Ndhh;fs; Mw;wpa tPur; nray;fs;
tphpthff; $wg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. gpwF xUtDila tpz;zg;gpj;jpd; kPJ kw;Nwhh;
mjpfhhpia Mzj;jpahff; nfhz;L murd; toq;fpa jhdKk; mjd; gad;fSk;
tpthpf;fg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. mwj;ijg; ngWgth;fSila tptuq;fs; nfhLf;fg;
ngw;wpUf;Fk;. ,Wjpapy; mjpfhhpfs; ifnahg;gKk;> mt; mwj;ijf; fhg;ghh; milAk;
gaDk;> fhthjhh; ngWk; Jd;gKk; nrhy;yg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. gy rkaq;fspy; mwf;
nfhilia vOjpath; ngaUk;> nrg;Ngl;il ntl;ba rpw;gpapd; ngaUk;$lr; nrhy;yg;
ngw;wpUg;gJ cz;L. rpy rkaq;fspy; murd; ifnahg;gKk; fhzg;ngWk;. gy;yth;
nrg;NgLfs; Kg;gjpy; vl;lhtjhf ,lk;ngWk; frhf;Fbr; nrg;NgLfis Muha;tjhf
,f;fl;Liu mikfpd;wJ.
ee;jpth;k gy;yt kd;dDila frhf;Fbr; nrg;NgLfs;
gjpndhU VLfspy; nghwpf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd. fhiuf;fhYf;F mUfpy; frhf;Fb
vd;w Ch; mike;Js;sJ. “1879,y; G+kpapypUe;J fpilj;jJ. GJr;Nrhpiar; Nrh;e;j
[Py;]; Njyh Nghd; vd;Dk; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh; fz;nlLj;jhh;. th$h;r; nrg;NgLfis
ntspf; nfhzh;e;jtUk; ,tNu. ,J ,g;NghJ nrd;id mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy;
ghJfhg;ghf itf;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ” vd;W Gyth; e.ntq;fNlrd; “GJr;Nrhp khepyr;
nrg;NgLfs;” (g.22) vd;Dk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. Kjy; VLk; ,Wjp VLk; xUgf;fk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
kl;LNk vOjg; ngw;Ws;sJ. Vida xd;gJ VLfs; ,Ugf;fq;fspYk; vOjg;

ngw;Ws;sd. Mf> ,UgJ gf;fq;fspy; cs;sd. filrp gf;fj;jpy; Ie;J thpfSk;>
Vida gf;fq;fspy; VO VO thpfSk; Mf nkhj;jk; 138 thpfs; cs;sd.
rk];jpUjk; jkpo; Mfpa ,U nkhopg; gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
rk];fpUjg; gFjp
,J fhtpak; Nghd;W ciueilapYk; nra;AspYk; vOjg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
njhlf;fj;jpy; flTs; tho;j;jhf xd;gJ RNyhfq;fs; cs;sd. Kjypy;
gug;gpuk;kj;ijAk;> gpd;dh; jpUkhypd; jpUtpf;fpuk mtjhuj;ijAk;> %d;whtjhfj;
jphpGuk; vhpj;j tphprilf; flTisAk; jdpj;jdpr; RNyhfq;fspy; tho;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ehd;fhtJ RNyhfk; mhpfuDf;F tzf;fk; njhptpf;fpwJ. kw;nwhU RNyhfj;jhy;
jpUkfisAk;> Ntnwhd;why;; gftjpiaAk;;> mLj;j RNyhfj;jpy; fNzridAk;
tzq;fpapUf;fpwJ. vl;lhk; RNyhfk; gy;yt Fyj;ij tho;j;Jtjhf mikf;fg;
ngw;Ws;sJ. xd;gjhk; RNyhfk; nrg;NgL mikj;j murdhd ee;jpth;kidg;
Gfo;e;Jiuf;fpwJ. gpd;dh;> tk;rj; jiyth;fs;> Guhzq;fspy; tuk; gpuk;kh> gpuf];gjp>
rk;A> guj;th[h;> JNuhzh;> mRtj;jhkd; MfpNahh; xt;nthUtUk; xt;nthU
RNyhfj;jhy; tUzpf;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
,e;jpudhy; mDg;gg; ngw;w Nkdif vd;Dk; Njt khjplk; mRtj;jhkDf;F
kfdhfg; gy;ytd; gpwe;jij 17 Mk; RNyhfk; Rl;LfpwJ. mLj;J rj;jphpah;fspd;
ngUikia tphpj;Jf; $WfpwJ. me;j tk;rj;jpy; mNrhfth;kd; Njhd;wpdhd; vd;w
nra;jpia RNyhfk; 19 $WfpwJ.
gpd;dh; gy;yth;fisg; Gfo;e;J tphpthf ciueilapy; $wg;ngw;Ws;sJ. 34Mk;
thp Kjy; 50 Mk; thp tiu me;j tk;rj;jpy; fe;jth;kd;> fte;jth;kd;> fhzNfhgd;>
tp\;ZNfhgd;> tPu $h;r;rd;> tPurpk;kd;> rpk;kth;kd;> tp\;Zrpk;kd; KjypNahh; ntw;wpg;
GfOld; Mz;L thDyfk; nrd;wdh;. ,jpNy gy;yth;fs Fkhuf; flTSld; gythW
xg;gpl;Lf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. gpd; mtdprpk;kd; vd;Nghd; Njhd;wpdhd;. ,d;Dk;>
khstj;ijAk;> gpwF fsg;gpu> khst> Nrho> ghz;ba kd;dh;fisAk;> rpq;fs> Nfus
Nte;jh;fisAk; ntw;wp nfhz;l nra;jp $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. gpd;dh; Kjyhk;
kNfe;jputh;kd;> thjhgp nfhz;l eurpk;kth;kd;> ,uz;lhk; kNfe;jputh;kd;> Kjyhk;
guNk];tuth;kd;> ,uz;lhk; eurpk;k th;kd;> ,uz;lhk; guNkRtuth;kd; MfpNahh;
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;.
guNkRtu th;kDila ];jhdj;jpy; ee;jpth;kd; Mz;Lte;jhd; vd;w nra;jp xU
RNyhfj;jpy; tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpk;k tp\;Ztpd; jk;gpahd gPkth;kd; mtDf;F
Kd; Mwhk; jiyKiwapy; te;j Kd;Ndhh; gPk th;kd;> Gj;jth;kd;> Mjpj;jpath;kd;>
Nfhtpe;j th;kd;> `puz;a th;kd;> ee;jpth;kd; vd;w Kiwapy; tk;rk; Kiwahf
tphpTld; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jhdk; toq;fpa murdhd ee;jpth;kDila Gfo nra;AshfTk;
ciueilahfTk; tphpthff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ee;jpth;kdpd; nra;jp
ee;jpth;kdpd; ,Ugj;jp ,uz;lhk; Ml;rp Mz;by;> ,e;jr; nrg;NgL
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Cw;Wf;fhl;L Nfhl;lj;jpYs;s> Cw;Wf;fhL ehl;by;> nfhLnfhs;sp
vd;w fpuhkj;jpy;> Njtjhaq;fs; (NfhapYf;Ff; nfhLj;j ,lq;fs;) gpuk;kNjaq;fis


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
(gpuhkzh;fSf;Ff; nfhLj;j ,lq;fs;) ePf;fp tpl;L kPjp cs;s epyq;fs; cs;sg;

gFjpf;F VfjPu kq;fy fpuhkk; vd;W ; ngahplg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jg; GJ fpuhkj;ij
ghuj;th[ Nfhj;jpuj;jpy; gpwe;J> rhe;Njhf #j;jpuj;ijg; gpd;gw;WgtUk; ey;y
gpuhkzDkhd rhk Ntjp [;Na];lghj Nrhkah[p vd;tgtUf;F gpuk;kNjakhf
mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
“,e;j epyjhdk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpz;zg;gk; nra;tjd;> Kf;fpa
ke;jphpahd gpuk;kAtuh[d; ,Nj murDila 33Mk; Ml;rp Mz;by; toq;fg;gl;l
Gy;Y}h;r; nrg;NgLfspYk; ,e;j gpuk;kAtuh[dpd; ngah; fhzg;gLfpwJ. MfNt ,td;>
,sturdhf ,Uf;fNt tha;g;G mjpfk;” vd;W Kidth; K.uhN[e;jpud; gy;yth; fhyr;
nrg;NgLfs; (g.194) vd;Dk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. rk];fpUjg; gFjpia vOjpath; ftp
jpUtpf;fpukd;. ,jpy; murdpd; Mizia Nfhurh;kd; (Mzj;jp) epiwNtw;wp itg;ghd;
vd;Wk;> epyj;jpDila ehd;F vy;iyAk;> jhdk; ngw;wthpd; chpikfSk;> jhdk;
nra;tjd; Gz;zpak;> jLg;gjhy; tUk; ghtKk; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpo;g;gFjp
jkpo;g;gFjp vOjpaJ guNk];tu kfhfh\;lfhhp. ,jpy; jhdk; ngw;wtd; KO
fpuhkj;ijAk; ngwtpy;iy vd;Wk;> fpuhkj;jpd; Nfhapy; epyq;fs;> gpuhkzh;fSf;fhd
epyq;fs; jtpu> kw;wth;fspd; epyq;fs; xd;W Nrh;f;fg;gl;L Nrhkah[pf;F
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;Wk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpypUe;J xt;nthU epyj;jpw;Fk; jdpahd
chpikahsh; chpik rhrdk; ,Ue;Js;sJ vd;gij mwpa KbfpwJ.
rpk;k tp\;Z Fwpj;j nra;jp
rpk;ktp\;Z ,yq;ifia (rpq;fsk;) ntd;wtd; vd;W ,r;nrg;NgL nrhy;fpwJ.
rpk;ktp\;Ztpd; fhyj;jpy; ele;jjhfr; nrhy;yg;gLk; epfo;Tfs; rpk;ktp\;Ztpd;
rpq;fsg; gilnaLg;gpw;Ff; njhlh;GilajhFk;. rpq;fs murd;> ,uz;lhk; f];agd;
,we;j gpwF mtd; kfd; khdth;kDf;F murg; gjtp fpilf;fpty;iy. mtDila
gq;fhsp xUtd; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpajhy;> tl ,yq;ifapy; rpy fhyk; Rw;wpj;
jphpe;Jtpl;L> fhLntl;b vd;w Gfo;g; ngaUila rpk;ktp\;Ztpd; fhQ;rpGuj;jpw;F te;J
milf;fykhdhd;. rpk;ktp\;ZTk; khdth;kd; tajpy;jhd; ,Ue;jhd;. ,UtUk;
ez;gh;fshfp neUf;fkhapdh;.
xUKiw ,UtUk;; ahidapy; nrd;W nfhz;bUf;FNghJ ghjp ,sePh; Fbj;j
rpk;ktp\;Z> jdf;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s gzpahshplk; nfhLg;gjhf epidj;J kPjp
,sePiuf; nfhLj;jhd;. khdth;kDk;> ez;gd;jhNd jUfpwhd; vd epidj;J> thq;fp
kPjp ,sePiuf; Fbf;fg; ghh;j;jhd;. jpUk;gpg; ghh;j;J Rjhhpj;j rpk;ktp\;Z> jtwpioj;J
tpl;lij epidj;J ez;gdplk; kd;dpg;Gf; Nfl;L> ,sePiu thq;fpj; jhNd kPjpiaAk;
Fbj;jhdhk;. ez;gd; khdth;kd;kPJ> rpk;ktp\;Ztpw;F md;G $baJ.
xUKiw> rhSf;fpa murd; ty;ygd; fhQ;rp kPJ gilnaLj;jhd;. rpk;ktp\;Z
,yq;ifapypUe;J tpUe;jpduhf te;Js;s ez;gidg; NghUf;Fj; jd;Dld; mioj;Jr;
nry;yhky;> jhNd fpsk;gp tpl;lhd;. rpk;ktp\;Z ,e;jg; Nghhpy; ntd;why;jhd;> jdf;F
rpq;fs muirg; ngw;Wj;ju KbAk; vd;W fUjp khdth;kDk; Nghhpy; fye;J
nfhz;lhd;. ,JTk; fhLntl;b rpk;k tp\;Zit kdk; ,sf itj;jJ.
ngUk;gil jpul;b rhSf;fpaid ntd;w rpk;ktp\;Z khdth;kd; jiyikapy;
jdJ gilia rpq;fsk; mDg;gpdhd;. gy;yth; gil ntd;wJ. khdth;kd; rpq;fs


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
murdhdhd;. gpd;G VNjh fhuzj;jhy;> Ml;rp ,oe;J kPz;Lk; rp;k;ktp\;Ztplk;

milf;fykhdhd;. ,e;j KiwAk; gy;ytgil khdth;kNdhL nrd;wJ. rpk;ktp\;ZTk;
rpq;fsk; Nghtjhf ,Ue;jJ. VNdh filrp Neuj;jpy; Nghftpy;iy. Mdhy; mtd;
mDg;gpa gy;yt gil khdth;kid kPz;Lk; rpq;fs Ml;rpapy; mkh;j;jpaJ. ,e;j
rhrdk; toq;fpa ee;jpth;kd; rpk;ktp\;Ztpd; Neub topj;Njhd;wy; my;y.
rpk;ktp\;Ztpd; jk;gp gPkth;kdpd; topte;jtdhFk;.
rhSf;fpa murd; GypNfrpapd; nra;jp
gy;yth;fSf;Fs; mz;zd; - jk;gp gpur;rid ele;jJ Nghd;W> rhSf;fpa
murpYk; ele;jpUf;fpwJ. GypNfrpapd; je;ij ,we;jNghJ> mtd; rpWtdhf ,Ue;jhd;.
MfNt GypNfrpapd; je;ijapd; jk;gp> kq;fNsrd; mur chpikia Vw;whd;.
rpj;jg;gh kq;fNsrDf;F mz;zd; kfd; GypNfrp thypg tajile;Jk;
mtdplk; Ml;rpia xg;gilf;f kdk; tutpy;iy. jdf;Fg; gpwF jdJ kfd;> Ml;rpf;F
tuNtz;Lk; vd epidj;jhd;. ,jdhy;> GypNfrpf;Fk;> mtdJ rpj;jg;gd;
kq;fNsrDf;Fk; Aj;jk; %z;lJ. kUl;^h; vd;w fpuhkj;ij jhdkhf toq;fpa
rhrdj;jpy;> GypNfrp jd; rpj;jg;gd; kq;fNsrd;> jd;dplk; uh[;[paj;ijAk;> capiuAk;
nfhLf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W vd;W $wpapUf;fpwhd;. “kq;fNsrid ntd;wij k`h$lk;
kFNl];tu Myaj; J}zpYk; GypNfrp gjpT nra;jpUf;fpwhd;” vd;W lhf;lh; K.
uhN[e;jpud; “gy;yth; fhyr; nrg;NgLfs;” (g.196) vDk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.;
KbTiu
G+kpjhdj;jpy; rpwe;j jhdk; ,Ue;jJkpy;iy> ,Uf;fg; NghtJkpy;iy. mij
mgfhpg;gjpdpd;Wk; cah;e;j ghtk; ,Ue;jJkpy;iy. ,Uf;fg; NghtJkpy;iy vd;Wk;;>
jhd; nfhLj;jNjh gpwd; nfhLj;jNjh vJthapDk;> mgfhpf;Fk; xUtd; mWgjpdhapuk;
Mz;L kyj;jpy; GOthfg; gpwe;J coy;thd; vd;Wk;> kq;fsk; cz;lhfl;Lk;>
=guNkr;tud; vd;Dk; k`h fh\;lf;fhhpapdhy; vOjg; ngw;wJ vd;Wk;; ];t];jp
rpj;jp cz;lhfl;Lk; vd;Wk; nrg;Ngl;bd; ,Wjpg; gFjp $WfpwJ.
fp.gp 754-,y; ee;jpth;kdpd; 23Mk; Ml;rpahz;by; vOjg;gl;l frhf;Fbr;
nrg;Ngl;bd; %yk; fe;jth;kd;> fte;jth;kd; cs;spl;l gy gy;yt kd;dh;fs; Fwpj;j
nra;jpfisAk;> ee;jpth;kg; gy;ytdJ GfioAk;> rhSf;fpa kd;dh; GypNfrp gw;wpa
jfty;fisAk;; mwpa KbfpwJ.
E}w;gl;bay;

2. Nf.V.ePyfz;l rh];jphp> Nrhoh;fs;> Vol-I, nrd;id> 1989 g.151.
3. Chronological List of Inscriptions the Pudukkottai State, Govt. Museum, Chennai,
2002, CLI, 38, g.4.
4. NkyJ> CLI, 51> g.8.
5. Inscriptions (Texts) of the Pudukkottai State Arranged According to
Dynasties, Govt of TamilNadu – 2002, IPS NO, 81> g.30.
6. K.R. Venkatarama Ayyar, Manual of the Pudukkottai, Vol.II,
Commissioner of Museum, Govt of Tamilnadu, 2002, g.998.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
jkpou; gz;ghl;bypUe;J jw;fhyj;jpy; kiwe;J nrd;W nfhz;bUf;Fk;

kuGupikfs;- tl,yq;if ikakhff; nfhz;l Ma;T
A Study on Northern Lanka- Vanishing Classical Antiquity from the Tamil Culture
bNdhrh ,uhN[e;jpud;> tuyhw;Wj;Jiw>

aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> ,yq;if.
Abstract
Tamil Culture evolves from the various facets of Tamil related sources and ethics.
These are the royal individuality of Tamil culture. Tamil chronology dates back many
thousand years. The resources that show us the relics of Tamil culture and society have
classical quality and rights. This quality has been brought from the ancestors to the present
successors. This can be tabled under archaeological, architectural, tradition, craftship and
nature classical quality. Today Tamil culture is losening its quality by the advent of
globalization. Most of the present generation fails to preserve the Tamil vestiges and rely
meaningless. Hence, the study dedicates to find out the forgotten antiques and the ways to
preserve and to preach the needs of preservation to the younger generation of Tamil society.
Keywords: Antique rights, Transformation, Preservation, Successors, Evidences
Ma;tpd; mwpKfk;
jkpo;fyhr;rhuk;> jkpo;kf;fspd; gz;ghL MFk;. ,t;thW fhzg;gLk;
jkpo;fyhr;rhuk; ,e;jpah> ,yq;if> cs;spl;l gy ,lq;fspy; gutp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,t;thW gutyhf fhzg;gLk; jkpou;fspd; gz;ghl;bid jPu;khdpf;Fk; $Wfshf nkhop>
,yf;fpak;> ,ir> eldk;> ehl;Lg;Gwfiy> jw;fhg;G> Xtpak;> rpw;gk;> tpisahl;L>
Milfs;> czT> jj;Jtq;fs;> kuGfs;> rlq;Ffs;> mwptpay; vd gy $Wfs;
jkpoupd; gz;ghl;bw;F milahsq;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jifa milahsq;fs;
ek;Kd;Ndhu;fshy; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jid jkpou; ghuk;gupa mk;rq;fs; vdTk;
miof;fyhk;. ,t;thW fhzg;gLfpd;w mk;rq;fspy; my;yJ milahsr;rpd;dq;fs;
midj;jk; Kd;Ndhu;fspd; tuyhw;iwAk; mt; tuyhw;wpd; mjpra jd;ikapidAk;
mwptjw;F cjTfpd;wJ.
xU rKjhaj;jpd; kuGupik vd;gJ mjd; tuyhw;iw cz;ikahfNt
czuf;$ba xU topKiwahFk;. ,J cz;ikapy; fle;j fhyj;jpd; tuyhw;iw
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wdNtad;wp xU fijahf tpsq;ftpy;iy. ,j;jifa kuGupikfs;
jkpou; tuyhw;iw nghWj;j tiuapy; fle;j fhyj;jpd; tuyhw;wpid vLj;J fhl;Ltjpy;
mjpf gq;fspg;G nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. me;j tifapy; tl,yq;if 3000 Mz;LfSf;F
,ilg;gl;l fhy tuyhWnfhz;l kuGupikr; rpd;dq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,yq;ifapid nghWj;j tiuapy; tl ,yq;if vd;gJ jw;Nghija aho;g;ghzk;>
fpspnehr;rp> kd;dhu;> Ky;iyj;jPT> tTdpah> Mfpa 05 khtl;lq;fspfis


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
cs;slf;fpajhFk;. ,t;thW fhzg;gLk; tl,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; rpd;dq;fs; vit

vd;gjid njspTgLj;Jk; mr;rpd;dq;fs; vt;vt; fhuzq;fshy; tof;nfhope;J
tUfpd;wJ vd;gjid ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; ,t; Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nehf;fq;fs;
,t; Ma;tpd; Nehf;fq;fshf gpd;tUtd mikfpd;wJ.
01) tl ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; kuGupikfs; vit vd;gjid fz;lwptJk;>
02) tl,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; kuGupikr; rpd;dq;fs; vt; vt; fhuzq;fshy;
kiwe;J tUfpd;wJ vd;gjid fz;lwptJk;>
03) ,j;jifa kuGupik rpd;dq;fis ghJfhf;f vj;jifa eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;syhk; vd;gjid fz;lwptJ ,t; Ma;tpd; Nehf;fq;fshFk;.
fUJNfhs;
cyf kakhf;fypdhy; jkpou; tuyhw;wpy; gy Mapuk; Mz;Lfshf
Ngzg;gl;LtUk; kuGupikfs; tof;nfope;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.
gFg;gha;T
kuGupik vd;gJ “vkJ Kd;Ndhu;fshy; ghuk;gupakhf gpd;gw;wp itj;j
rpd;dq;fisAk; ghtid nghUl;fisAk; kuGupik vd;W $wyhk;.” kuGupik vd;gJ
njhlu;gpy; gyu; gy;Ntwhd fUj;jf;fis $wpdhYk; ,d;W ,t; fUg;nghUs; tuyhW>
njhy;ypay; JiwAld; njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;L tpsf;fg;gLtjid fhzKbfpd;wJ.
cjhuzkhf> ntapyu;> N`y; MfpNahuupd; $w;Wg;gb gz;ghL> kuGupik> fiyfs;
Mfpad ePz;l fhykhf Rw;Wyhj; Jiwf;F ftu;rr ; pia toq;Ftdthf ,Ue;J
tUfpd;wd. mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; kuGupikfspYk; fiyfspYk;> Mu;tk;
nfhz;ltu;fisf; ftu;tjw;F mjpfsT gad;gLfpd;wJ vd Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.
,t;kuGupikia ,uz;L tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
1. ,aw;if kuGupik: ,aw;ifg; nghUl;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;. xU ehl;L jhtuq;fs;>

kpUfq;fs;> Gtp mikg;G> jhJg;nghUl;fs;> ngsjPf epy> ePu; mk;rq;fs;>
tuyhw;wpw;F Kw;gl;l kdpj tuyhW> Gtp tuyhW Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;
,aw;if kuGupikahdJ Physical and Biological Geological and Psychological,
Natural Sites” vd %d;W mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
2. fyhrhu kuGupik: 1871k; Mz;L Edward Burneet tylor vd;gtu;
fyhrhu gz;ghL vd;gJ “Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge
beliefs, Art, moral, law, Custom and any other capabilities and habits acquitted man
as a member of Society” vd $Wfpd;whu;.
,jd; mbg;gilapy; kuGupik vd;gJ fle;j fhyj;jpypUe;J nfhz;L tug;gl;l
jdpj;jtkhdJk;> <LnfhLf;f KbahjJkhd xd;whFk; vd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ.
,j;jifa kuGupikia gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
,t;thW fhzg;gLk; kuGupikfspy; jkpou; fyhr;rhuj;Jld; njhlu;Gilajhf
fhzg;gLfpd;w njhz;Lzuf; $ba kuGupikfspy; ftdk; nrYj;;JtJ
,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. me;j tifapy; tl,yq;if nghWj;jtiuapy; gy Mapuk;
Mz;Lfshf fhzg;gl;l kuGupik rpd;dq;fis gpd;tUk; mbg;gilapy; tFg;gJ
gaDilajhFk;. jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;tpaYld; njhlu;ghd kuGupikfs;:
1) tuyhW rhu;e;j kuGupikfs;
2) tho;tpay; rhu; kuGupikfs;
vDk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; kuGupikfspid tFg;gjd; %yk; jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;tpaYld;
tuyhw;WlDk; njhlu;Gila kuGupikfis ,dq;fhz;gJ ,yFthdjhf mikAk;.
jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;tpaYld; njhlu;Gila kuGupikfspy; jkpo;nkhop> czT> Mil>
ghtidg; nghUl;fs;> tpohf;fs;> rlq;Ffs; vd gy;NtW mk;rq;fs; jhf;fk;
nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. jkpo; kf;fspDila tho;tpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;w
kuGupikfshf gpd;tUtdtw;iw Fwpg;gplyhk;.
cjhuzk;: ke;jpukid> mur jiyefu;> rq;fpypad; Njhg;G fy;Njhuz thry;>
Rikjhq;fpfs;> fPupkiy eFNy];tuk;> ey;Y}u;> ,uhrjhdpfhy Myaq;fs;> klk;>
aho;g;ghz Nfhl;il> Cu;fhtw;Wiw flw;Nfhl;il> ntspr;rtPL vd gy kuGupikr;
rpd;dq;fs; tuyhW rhu;e;jitahf ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpid mur> jdpahy;
epWtdq;fs; jkJ ftdj;jpd; fPo; itj;Js;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. vdpDk; jkpo;
kf;fspd; tho;tpYld; njhlu;g;Ggl;l gy nghUl;fs; ,d;W tof;nfhope;J tUfpd;wJ.
jkpoUila tho;tpay; vd;fpd;w NghJ jkpou; Muk;g fhyk; njhl;L jkJ
tho;f;ifapy; gad;gLj;jpa nghUl;fis Fwpg;gplyhk;. me;j tifapy; jkpou;
tho;tpaypUe;J ,d;W kUfptUk; nghUl;fshf gpd;tUtdtw;iw Fwpg;gplyhk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
nfhj;J> mk;kp> ngl;lfk;> mupf;fd; tpsf;F> mupths;> mYkhup> Ml;Lf;fy;> cuy;>

cwp> fyg;ig> Fj;Jtpsf;F> ghf;Fntl;b> kj;J> jpupfiz> jLf;F> Njq;fha; JUtp>
nrf;F> $rh> fl;il tz;b vd gy;ntW nghUl;fs; ghtidia ,d;W
fhzKbahJs;sJ. vdNt tuyhW rhu;e;j tplaq;fis ghJfhf;Fk; mstpw;F
jkpoUila tho;tpaypy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa nghUl;fis ghJfhf;f jtwptpl;Nlhk;
vd;gJ Fwp;ggplj;jf;fJ.
jkpoupd; tho;tpaypy; Vw;gl;bUf;Fk; khWjy;fs; vkJ tuyhw;iw jpirkhw;wp
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. Vnddpy; ekJ Kd;Ndhu;fs; vkf;fspj;j nghf;fp\khd
nghUl;fis vy;yhk; ,d;W gad;gLj;jhky; mjw;F khw;wPlhf ehfupf nghUl;fios
ghtpj;J tUfpd;Nwhk;. ehfupfk; khwkhw ehLk; Nru;e;J khWtJ ,ay;ghfptpl;lhYk; -
,k;khWjyhdJ vkJ ghuk;gupaj;ij kwe;J efu;fpd;wJ vd;gjw;F rupahd
cjhuzkhf ,t; tof;nfhope;J tUfpd;w nghUl;fs; mikfpd;wd.
cjhuzk; - I (mk;kp> cuy;> Ml;Lf;fy; vd;gJ jkpoupd; cztpid jpwk;gl

nra;tjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ ,d;W mjw;Fg; gjpyhf etehfupg; nghUisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;Nwhk;.)
cjhuzk; - II xspapid tpahgpj;J mjw;Nfw;g tPLfspy; flh\;rj;jpid
ngWtjw;fhf ,aw;if xspia Kd;Ndhu; mjpfstpy; ehbdu;. mk;kuG jw;NghJ kUtp
kpd;rhuj;jpy; ,af;fg;gLfpd;wJ)
,t;Tjhuzq;fs; %yk; jkpo; kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa gy;NtW nghUl;fs; ,d;W
vkJ tho;tpaypy; ,Ue;J Gwf;fzpj;J tUfpd;wik njspthfpwJ.
jkpo; gz;ghl;bypUe;J kUtptUk; nghUl;fis ghJfhg;gJ vg;gb
cs;@u; r%f mgptpUj;jp gy;fiyf;

epWtdq;fs; epWtdq;fs; fofq;fs;
kuGupik kuG topahd

epjpaq;fs; kuGupikr;
nrhj;Jf;fis
ghJfhg;ghsu;fs;. ghJfhg;gtu;fs;
mur njhz;L jdpahu;

epWtdq;fs; Jiwapdu;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
kuGupikfis ghJfhg;gJ vd;gJ rhjhuz kf;fspypUe;J mur gzpahsu;fs;

tiu midtUf;Fk; cupj;Jila xd;whFk;. me;j tifapy; jkpou;fspd;
tho;tpaypypUe;J kUtpf;nfhz;L tUk; gy;NtW nghUl;fis ghJfhg;gJ
,d;wpaikahjJ vdyhk;. ,tw;iw ghJfhg;gjw;F Kjypy; kUtptUk; nghUl;fis
Nrfupj;J mtw;wpd; gad;ghl;Lr; rpwg;G mjdhy; Vw;gLk; Njf MNuhf;fpak;
cs;spl;ltw;iw kf;fSf;F njupag;gLj;jy; mtrpakhdjhFk;. Vnddpy; ehfupf
khw;wk; vDk; ngaupy; khwpf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;w vkJ rKjhaj;ij Kw;wpYk;
khw;wkilahJ jLg;gJ xt;nthUtupd; jiyaha flik vdyhk;.
fle;j fhyj;jpy; vkJ gz;ghL vt;thW ,Ue;jJ vd;gjid mwptjw;F
Mjhukhf tpsq;Ffpd;w mupa nghf;fprq;fspid ghJfhj;J Gjpa re;jjpapduplk;
mtw;iw xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNt mt;thW xg;gilg;gjw;F Fwpj;j nghUl;fis
ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. fyhr;rhu nrhj;Jf;fspd; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; %ykhf ehl;L
kf;fSf;F tpsf;fkspj;J tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;jp mtw;wpid KOtJkhf ghJfhj;J
nfhs;tJ xt;nthUtupd; flik MFk;. ,j;jifa jkpou; gz;ghl;Lld; njhlu;Gila
kuGupikfspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jtjd; %yk; jkpo; rKjhaj;jpd; ngWkjpia cyfwpa
nra;tJld; ehfupf kakhfp vkJ ghuk;gupaj;ij kwe;J tUk; jkpoupd; gof;fj;ijAk;
khw;w ,aYk;. ,tw;iw jw;NghJ kUfptUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ghJfhj;jhy; kl;LNk
mtw;iw vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdu; kj;jpapy; nfhz;L Nru;f;fyhk; vd;gjid midtUk;
czu;e;J nra;w;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
KbTiu
jkpou; gz;ghl;bid nghWj;jtiuapy; mtu;fSila gz;ghLfs;> gof;f
tof;fq;fs;> ghtidg; nghUl;fs; cs;spl;;ltw;wpdhy; gy kuGupikfis
jkf;fhditahf gpufldg;gLj;jpaJld; mtw;wpd; jdpj;Jtj;jpidAk; Ngzpte;jdu;.
vdpDk; khwptUk; r%fkhw;wkhdJ ,d;W gy;NtW tplaq;fspy; ehfupfj;jd;ikapid
GFj;jp mjw;Fupa jdpj;Jtj;jpid khw;wptUfpd;wJ. me;j tifapy; jkpou;
gz;ghl;bidg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ghuk;gupakhf ghtpj;J te;j ghtidg; nghUl;fs;
kUtpf; nfhz;L tUtjid fhzyhk;. ,t;thW kUfptUfpd;w nghUl;fs; jkpou;fis
jplkhfTk;> MNuhf;fpakhfTk; kdepiwTlDk; ,Ug;gjw;F cUthf;fg;gl;lit MFk;.
vdpDk; ,d;W ,j;jifa ek;gpf;if> ,j;jifa rpe;jid kf;fs; kj;jpapy;
kUtpf;nfhz;L nry;fpd;wJ. ,t;thW kUtptUk; kuGupik kPJ nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk;
gpujhd fhuzpahf miktJ etehfupfkhw;wk; MFk;. ehfupfk; vd;W $wp vkJ
MNuhf;fpakhd jkpo; rKjhaj;ij gpd;dilar; nra;J tUfpd;Nwhk; vd;gjid ,t;
Ma;T njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa khw;wq;fis Fiwj;J Kbe;jstpw;F vkJ
Kd;Ndhu; vkf;fspj;j nghf;fp\khd ghtidg; nghUl;fis gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
mj;Jld; vkJ vjpu;fhy re;jjpapd; rpwg;ghd vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhfTk; ,t;Kaw;rpia
midtUk; xd;wpize;J nrayhw;WtJ jkpouha; gpwe;j xt;nthUtupdJk; flik
vd;gij typAWj;JtJ ,t; Ma;tpd; kpfg; ngupa gad; vdyhk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;
01) G];gul;zk;.g.> 2012> aho;g;ghz tho;tpay;> fiyf;Nfrup vf;];gpu];> ep];Ngg;gu;

ypkpl;ll;.
02) ,uFgjp.ngh.> 2005> Gyup> “flw;Nfhl;il”> ,jo; 3.
03) ghyr;re;jpuh.vr.Nf.> 2011> “aho;g;ghzj;J kuGupikr; rpd;dq;fspd; ghJfhg;G ; ”
aho;g;ghzj;jpy; cs;s kuGupik ikaq;fspd; kPs;Gduikg;Gk;>
Kfhikj;JtKk; gw;wpa Ntiyg;gl;liw> aho;g;ghzk;> ,yq;if.
04) n[ajp];].Nfuj;> 2011> “tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;f gl;bdq;fs;> efuq;fspd;
ghJfhg;G” aho;g;ghzj;jpy; cs;s kuGupik ikaq;fspd; kPs;Gduikg;Gk;>
Kfhikj;JtKk; gw;wpa Ntiyg;gl;liw> aho;g;ghzk;> ,yq;if.
05) kz;lhty. gp]he;j> gp.> 2011> “kuGupikapd; jj;Jtq;fs;> Kfhikj;Jtk;>
kuGupik Kfhikj;Jtk;” aho;g;ghzj;jpy; cs;s kuGupik ikaq;fspd;
kPd;Gduikg;Gk;> Kfhikj;JtKk; gw;wpa Ntiyg;gl;liw> aho;g;ghzk;>
,yq;if.
06) Qhdg;gpufhru;. Rthkp.> 1928> aho;g;ghz itgt tpku;rdk;> mr;RNtyp.
07) Silva.R.K. De., Beumer.W.G.M. 1988> Illustrations and views of Dutch Ceylon, 1603
– 1796, Serenadib publication, 48 Uplands way, London.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
gz;ila njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfs; %yk; mwpag;gLk; jkpou; gz;ghL

(RLkz; fiy tbtq;fs;)
Tamil Culture through Ancient Archaeological Evidences
(Wrought Art Models)
V.jkpouR> Kidtu; gl;l Ma;htsu;>

jkpo;ehL muR njhy;ypay; Jiw> nrd;id-08.
Abstract
The paper tries to scrutinize the evidences based on archeology related to Tamil
Culture. The richness of Tamil culture has been accepted by the world scholars of
archaeological department that Tamil culture is a one of ancient origin. Most of the cultures
from ancient civilizations seem with the remnants of Tamil culture. The Harappa,
Mohenjadaro, Sumeria, Lothal, Aatichanallor, Kodumanal seems to be similar in the town
architecture and usage of clay pots. It is lucidly seen that there are lots of evidences to prove
the civilizations are of one origin. The art models are also of similar structures and
composition. Therefore, the study brings out the fact related to the study.
Keywords: Tamil Culture, Ancient Archaeological Evidences, Wrought Art Models
gz;ghL vd;w nrhy;Ny kw;w capupdq;fsplkpUe;J kdpju;fis jdpahf

gpupj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ. gz;ghL vd;w nrhy;yhdJ kdpjNdhL kl;LNk njhlu;GilaJ.
gz;ghL vd;gJ tho;f;if KiwahfTk; mt;tho;tpw;fhd Xu; mu;j;jkhfTk;
mikfpwJ. gz;ghl;bd; topahfNt kdpju;fs; jq;fspd; tho;tpaiy
ntspgLj;Jfpd;whu;fs;. mjd; %ykhfNt kdpju;fspd; Nkk;ghLk; r%f Nkk;ghLk;
KOikailfpwJ.1 r%fk; vd;gJ kdpjd; jdpj;J tho;tjpy;iy jd;idg;Nghd;w gpw
kdpju;fSld; VNjDk; xU tifapy; Nru;e;J tho Ntz;batdha; ,Uf;fpwhd;. r%fk;
vd;gJ kdpju;fspd; $l;L tho;f;ifapidf; fhl;LtjhFk;.2 gz;ghL vd;gJ jdpkdpju;
vd;w tl;lj;jpid fle;J xU rpWFO vd;w mstpy; mikfpwJ. ,jid xU
FLk;gj;jpd; gz;ghlff; fUjKbfpd;wJ.
kdpjd; gpwe;j ehl;fs; Kjy; nfhz;L mtd; ,wf;fpd;wehs; tiu mtdJ
gz;ghl;il rKjhatakhf;fk; (Socialization) gz;ghl;Ltakhf;fk; (Enculturation)
%yk; fw;fpwhd;. gpuhd;]; Nghth]; vd;gtu; gz;ghL vd;Dk; fUj;jhf;fj;jpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid fzpjtpaypd; ‘Ropak;’ (Zero) vd;Dk; fUj;jhf;fk; vt;tsT
Kjd;ikahdNjh mt;thNw khdpltpaYk; gz;ghL vd;Dk; fUj;jhf;fk; kpfTk;
Kjd;ikahfpwJ vd;W $Wfpwhu;.3 nghJthf gz;ghl;bid kdpju;fspd; $l;L
tho;f;ifapd; tsu;r;rpapidAk;> mwpTj;jpwd; tsu;r;rp Mfpatw;wpid gz;ghL vd;W
fUjKbfpwJ. ek;Kila jkpo;g; gz;ghL vd;gJ kpfTk; goikAld; rpwg;Gk; tha;e;j
xd;whFk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“fy;Njhd;wp kz;Njhd;wh fhyj;Nj thNyhL Kd;Njhd;wpa %j;jf;Fb jkpo;Fb”

vd;W jkpoupd; rpwg;gpid mwpQu;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. Mk; ,tw;wpd; milahsq;fs;
jkpo;ehl;by; kpFjpahf fhzg;gLfpwJ. mit njhy;ypay mfoha;Tfs;>
Nkw;gug;ghtpdhy; ntspf; nfhzug;gLfpd;wJ. gz;ila jkpofj;jpy; kf;fs; ehNlhb
tho;tpid fle;J FOtho;f;if Kiwapid njhlu;e;J ehfuPfj;jd;ikAld;
tho;e;jdu; vd;gij tpsf;Fk; tifapy; ,q;F fhzg;gLk; njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs;
Vuhsk;. gioafw;fhyk; Kjy; rq;ffhyk; tiu gy vr;rq;fs; njhy;ypay; thapyhf
fhzKbfpwJ. fhl;L kpuhz;bahf tho;e;j fhyj;jpNyNa ek; njhy;Fb kf;fs;
fw;fis nfhz;L MAjq;fis nra;Ak; mwpTj;jpwd; gilj;jtu;fs; vd;gjw;F
rhd;whfTk;> jkpo;ehL tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpd; gpwg;gplk; vd;w fUj;jpw;F
,zq;f ek; jkpofj;jpy; nrd;idf;F mUfpYs;s gy;yhtuk; kiyg; gFjpfspy;;
,uhgl;G&];Gl; vd;gtu; 1863-y; iff;Nfhlup xd;wpidf; fz;Lgpbj;jhu;. mj;jpuk;ghf;fk;
vd;w Cupy; cile;j Gijtbt kdpju; fhy; vYk;ig goq;fw;fhyf; fUtpfSf;F
,ilapy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ ,jdhy; jkpo;ehL goq;fw;fhy kdpjd; tho;e;j
njhd;ikahd gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd ,jd;%yk; cyfpw;F njupate;jJ.4
nrq;fw;gl;L> mj;jpuk;ghf;fk;> Fbak;> tlkJiu Mfpa ,lq;fspy; jkpo;ehL
muR mfoha;tpd; %yk; fpilj;j fy; MAjq;fs; %yk; kdpju;fs; gz;ila
fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jdu; vd;gJ tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.5 fw;fhyj;jpy; tho;;e;j kdpju;fspd;
<kr;rpd;dq;fspy; fpilj;j kdpj vYk;G $Lfis itj;J kdpju;fs; $l;L tho;tpid
tho;e;jdu; vd;gJ mwpaKbfpwJ. Mdhy; mtu;fSf;F gpd; tho;e;j kf;fs;
ehfuPfj;JlDk;> gz;ghl;LlDk; tho;e;jdu; vd;gij mtu;fs; tpl;L nrd;w fiy
gilg;Gfshd ghiw Xtpaq;fs;> FwpaPLfs;> RLkz; kl;ghz;lq;fs;> RLkz;
cUtq;fs; ekf;F czu;j;Jfpd;wd. ghiwXaq;fs; jkpo;ehl;by; tlf;fpypUe;J njw;F
tiu fhzg;gLtjhy; ,q;F ,df;FO tho;tpaiy gz;ila fhy kf;fs;
Nkw;nfhz;ldu; vd;W mwpaKbfpd;wJ. mtu;fs; tiue;j ghiw Xtpaq;fs;
Ntl;ilahLjy;> kdpj cUtq;fs;> FO eldk; tpyq;F cUtq;fs; rptg;G epwk;
nfhz;Lk; nts;is epwk; nfhz;Lk; Nfhl;Nlhtpakhf tiuag;gl;Ls;sij ,d;Wk;
ek;khy; fhzKbfpwJ.
njhy;khe;ju;fs; tpyq;FfsplkpUe;Jk;> ,aw;if rPw;wq;fspypUe;Jk; jk;ik
ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;s ,aw;ifahf mike;j FiffspYk;> ghiwfspd; jho;thd
gFjpfspYk; tho;e;jdH. ,j;jifa ,aw;ifiaNa njhlf;f fhyj;jpy ,tu;fs;
topglj; njhlq;fpdu;. fhw;W> kio> #upad;> Nghd;wtw;iw topgl;lJld;
,we;jtu;fis topgLk; tof;fKk;> Fyf;Fwp topghLk;> jha;nja;t topghLk;
mtu;fsplk; fhzg;gl;lJ. jhd; fz;l fhl;rpfisAk;> epfo;TfisAk; jhq;fs; ,Ue;j
Fiffspy; Xtpaq;fshfTk;> FwpaPLfshfTk; tiue;jdu;.
jkpo;ehL KOtJk; ghiw Xtpaq;fs; (ePyfpup> ju;kGup> kJiu> rpWkiy>
nfhilf;fhdy;) Nghd;w gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gl;lhYk; tpOg;Guk; khtl;lk;
jpUf;NfhtpY}u; tl;lj;jpy cs;s fPo;thiy vd;w gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; tpyq;Ffs;
cUtq;fs;> gwitfs; cUtq;fs;> FwpaPLfs; kw;Wk; kdpj cUtq;fs; nfhz;l
ghiw Xtpaq;fs; mtu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l r%f tho;T epiyiaAk;> ,df;FO
tho;f;ifapidAk; njspthf fhl;Lfpd;wd. NkYk; ,q;F fhzg;gLk; FwpaPLfs; rpe;J


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ntsp ehfuPfj;jpy; fpilj;j FwpaPLfSld; xj;Js;sJ vd njhy;ypay; mwpQu;fs;

xg;gplg;gl;Ls;sdu;. tpyq;Ffis jq;fSld; Ntshz; njhopYf;F gad;gLj;jp
nfhz;bUe;jdu; vd;gijAk;> ePu;epiyfis fle;J nry;y glfpid gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;
vd;gijAk; ,q;F fhzg;gLk; ghiw Xtpaq;fs; ed;F czu;j;jfpwJ. ngz;fis
nja;tkhf tzq;fpAs;sdu; vd;Wk; jha;nja;t topghl;bid cilatu;fshf
,Ue;jdu; vd;gijAk; ,q;F fhzKbfpwJ.6
ghiw Xtpaq;fspy; cs;s FwpaPLfs; gpd;dhspy; Fyf;FwpaPLfshf;fg;gl;ld.
gpd;G mf;FwpaPLfs; njhy;goq;fhy; kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa RLkz;zhyhd ghid
XLfspYk; tiuag;gl;ld. RL kz;zhyhd ghid XLfs; fpilf;fg; ngw;w
,f;fhyj;jpidNa Gjpa fw;fhyk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. RLkz;zhy; ghid
tidjy; kl;Lkpd;wp RLkz;zhyhd cUtq;fs nra;Ak; fiyAk; ,f;fhyj;jpy;
njhlq;fpaJ vd;gjid jkpofj;jpy; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l njhy;ypay;
mfoha;Tfs;> Nkw;gug;gha;Tfs; thapyhf fpilf;fg; ngw;w RLkz; rpw;gq;fs; rhd;whf
jpfo;fpd;wd. Gjpafw;fhyk;> ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpid njhlu;e;J rq;ffhyj;jpYk; ,f;fiy
tsu;r;rp ngw;W ,Ug;gij rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; RLkz; fiyapidg; gw;wpa gy
nra;jpfis fhzKbfpwJ. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; “ fz;Zs; tpiy njU kz;zPl;lhsUk;”
(5.30) vd;Wk; kzpNkfiyapy; kz; nfhz;L nghk;ikfs; nra;Ak; fiyQu;fs; gw;wp
tUfpwJ.
“Ez;khd; EioGyk; ,y;yhd; vopy;eyk;
kz;khz; Gid ghitaw;W” (Fws; 407)
vdj; jpUf;Fwspy; RLkz; rpw;gf;fiy Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kzpNkfiyapy; gy
njhopy; GupNthu; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ ,tu;fisg; gw;wp kz;izf; nfhz;L
rpw;gq;fis nra;Ak; rpw;gpau; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.7
,e;jpahtpy; Fwpg;ghf rpe;J rkntsp ehfuPf fhyj;jpy; ùg;gh> nkhfQ;rjhNuh>
Nyhj;jy; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fpilj;j RLkz; cUtq;fs; cyfg;Gfo; ngw;wit ,it
Rkhu; fp.K 3000 Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;litahFk;. tl ,e;jpahit Mz;l nksupau;>
F\hzu;> Fg;ju; Nghd;w mur kugpdu; fhyj;jpy; RLkz; fiyahdJ cz;zj
epiyia mile;jpUe;jJ. jkpofj;jpy; eilngw;w ngUk;ghz;ikahd; mfoha;TfspYk;
Nkw;gug;G mfoha;TfspYk; RLkz; cUtq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. Fwpg;ghf igak;gs;sp>
nfhw;if> Mjpr;rey;Y}u;> Nre;jkq;fsk;> Nghqthk;ghl;b> Ngh&u;> f&u;>
8
fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdk; Nghd;w Cu;fspy; RLkz; cUtq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. fw;fhyk;
Kjy; tuyhw;Wf; fhyk; tiu tho;e;j gz;ila jkpof kf;fs; ehfuPfj;JlDk;
gz;ghl;bidAk;; nfhz;Ls;sdu; vd;gJ ,q;F fhzg;gLk; Ez;fiyapd; thapyhf
fw;fhyk; Kjy; rq;ffhyk; tiu jkpoupd; gz;ghl;bid mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ.
JizE}w;gl;bay;
1. gf;jtj;ryghujp> gd;ghl;L khdpltpay;> Kjw;gjpg;G - 2011.

2. Nguhrpupau; muq;f.Rg;igah> r%ftpay; mwpQu;fSk;> Nfhl;ghLfSk; - 2003.
3. Merwyn S.Garbarino, Socio Cultural Theary in Anthropology, (New York : Holt,
Rinebart and Wiston - 1977.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
4. R. ,uhrNtY> Nfh. jpU%u;j;jp> jkpo;ehl;Lj; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs;.

5. NkyJ>
6. Nfh.fpU\;z%u;j;jp> fPo;thiy ghiw Xtpaq;fs; mikg;Gk; cs;slf;fKk;>
r%ftpQ;QhdKk;> fhyhz;L Ma;tpjo;.
7. Kidtu; rP. tre;jp> jkpof mfoha;tpy; rhjidfs; - 1999.
8. NkyJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;ypaw; fskhf tpsq;Fk; nfhLkzy;

Kodumanal the Archaeological Site
Kidth;. g. jpyftjp> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw>

eturk; fiy mwptpay; kfsph; fy;Y}hp> <NuhL.
Abstract
The paper tries to scrutinize the evidences based on archeology related to Tamil
Culture at Kodumanal. It seems to be similar in all archaeological sites. Therefore, the study
brings the facts related to the study.
Keywords: Kodumanal, Tamil Culture, Ancient Archaeological Evidences
jkpofj;jpd; tuhyw;wpy; jdf;nfdj; jdpaplk; ngw;wJ nfhq;FehL. goq;fhyk;

Kjy; %Nte;jHfspd; Ml;rpf;Fl;ghlhJ> nfhq;FehL jdp ehlhfNt ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ.
nfhLkzy;> Kl;lk; Kjyhd ,lq;fspy; eilngw;w njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;> rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fs;> goq;fhy ehzaq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> nrg;NgLfs;> kuGr; nra;jpfs;>
,e;ehl;bd; khe;jH tho;tpay; Mfpad nfhz;L nfhq;Fehl;L kf;fspd; ehfupfj;ijAk;>
gz;ghl;ilAk;> tuyhw;iwAk; mwpayhk;. nfhq;FehL fhLfSk;> MepiufisAk;
epuk;gg;ngw;wJ. mNjNghy; fdpktsKk;> tdtsKk; nropg;Gw;wpUe;jJ. MfNt
nfhq;FehL Nkiyehl;Lld; thzpgj; njhlHG nfhz;bUe;jJ. nfhLkzy;> fPob
Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; eilngw;w mfoha;Tfs; ,jid cWjp nra;fpd;wd. nfhLkzypy;
eilngw;w mfo;thuha;r;rpj; juTfSk;> fs Ma;tpy; cw;W Nehf;fy; %yk; ngwg;gl;l
juTfspd; mbg;gilapy; ‘nfhLkzy;’ njhd;ikahd tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;f Cuhf
rq;ffhyk; Kjw;nfhz;L tpsq;fp tUtij mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbe;jJ.
nfhq;F ehl;bd; vy;iyfs;
xU ehl;bd; vy;iyfSk;> ,aw;if mikg;Gk;; KjYWg;ghff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
vy;iyfs; ,Ug;gplj;ijAk;> ,aw;if mikg;gpidAk; mjd; tsj;ijAk; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
“kjpw;fiu fPl;bir njw;Fg; godp kjpFlf;Ff;
fjpj;Js nts;sp kiyngUk; ghiy ftpd;tlf;F
tpjpj;Js ehd;nfy;iy #o tsKw;Wk; Nktp tpz;NzhH
kjpj;jpl tho;T jioj;jpU ePs; nfhq;F kz;lyNk” (nfh.r.gh.2)
vd;W nfhq;Fkz;ly rjfk; fpof;F kjpw;fiuAk;> njw;F godp> Nkw;F nts;spkiy
(nts;spaq;fpup)> tlf;F ngUk;ghiy vdf; nfhq;F ehl;bd; vy;iyfshff;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. nfhq;F ehL ‘njd;nfhq;F’> ‘tlnfhq;F’ vd ,U ngUk; gpupTfshfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jijj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fSk;> fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; cWjpg;gLj;;Jfpd;wd.
Nfhit> gy;ylk; Mfpa tl;lq;fspd; njd; gFjpfSk;> nghs;shr;rp>
cLkiyg;Ngl;il> jhuhGuk;> f&H> Fspj;jiy> goep> jpz;Lf;fy; tl;lq;fSk; njd;
nfhq;F ehlhFk;. tlnfhq;F vd;gJ Nfhit> gy;ylk; tl;lq;fspd; tlf;Fg;
gFjpfSk;> mtpdhrp> Nfhgp> gthdp> <NuhL> Nryk;> ehkf;fy; Kjyhd


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tl;lq;fSkhFk;. ,t;tpU nfhq;fpw;Fk; neha;ayhWk;> neha;ay; fhtpupAld; fye;jgpd;

fpof;fpYs;s fhtpupahWk; vy;iyfs;vd;W J}ud; ey;. eluh[d; Fwpg;;gpLthH.
rq;f ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs;
‘nfhq;F’ vd;gjw;Ff; fofj;jkpo; mfuhjp nghd;> G+e;jhJ> Njd;> kyH> kzk;>
kuk;> ehL vd;w gy nghUs;fisj; jUfpwJ.,q;F nghd; kpFjpahff; fpilj;jjhy;
nfhq;F (nghd;) ehL vd;W toq;fpw;W vd;gH. NkYk; nfhq;F ehl;by; mike;Js;s
CjpA+H kiyapy; gjpndz; rpj;jHfSs; xUtuhd nfhq;fzr; rpj;jH %ypiffspy;
‘nghd;’ tpistpj;jhh; vd;w nrtptopr; nra;jpAk; cz;L. nfhq;fpd; tlvy;iyg;
gFjpapy; ,d;iwa ‘NfhyhH’ ,Ue;jJk; mwpaj;jf;fJ.
‘,anywp nghd;dpw; nfhq;FNrH Giug;g
czpf;fsg; nghw;Wfs; Nghy;’ (mfk;-142)
vd;W mfehD}W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,jpy; ‘nfhq;F’ vd;why; ‘G+e;Jfs;’ vd
mwpag;gLfpwJ.
nfhq;F ehl;L fdpk tsk;
nfhq;F ehl;L fdpkg; nghUl;fis cNyhfk; vd;Wk;> cNyhfk; my;yhjit
vd;Wk; ,U tifg;gLj;JtH. nfhq;F ehl;by; ,Uk;G> mYkpdpak;> khq;fdp\;> [pg;]k;>
Rz;zhk;Gf;fy;> fy;ehH> fhf;fhnghd;> Nfhyf;fy;> kzpf;fw;fs;> f;thl;H];> [pHfhd;>
ntq;fr;rhq;fy;> ePyf;fy;> kf;dP\pak; Nghd;w fdpkq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. nfhq;F
ehl;Lf; fdpkg;nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L nra;ag;ngw;w iftpidg; nghUl;fs;
kj;jpajiuf;fly; ehLfspy; eilngw;w mfo;tha;Tfspy; fz;lwpag; gl;Ls;sd.
nfhq;F ehl;bd; goik
jkpofk; tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;ija fhyfl;lk; vd;gJ gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd
Mz;Lfs; goikahdJ. vdNt mf;fhyfl;lj;ij tuyhw;whrpupaHfs; me;je;j
fhyj;jpypUe;j kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L Kg;ngUk; gpupTfshfg;
gFj;Js;sdH. mit>
tuyhw;Wf; fhyk;
fw;fhyk;
Kjw;fw;fhyk; nrk;Gf;fhyk; (my;yJ)
,Uk;Gf;fhyk;
,uz;lhk; fw;fhyk; ntz;fyf;fhyk;
%d;whk; fw;fhyk;
vd NkYk; %d;W gpupTfshfg; gFj;Js;sdH. ,f;fhyq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk;
Mapuf;fzf;fhd Mz;Lfisf; nfhz;ljhf tuyhw;whrpupaHfs; Fwpg;gpLtH. nfhq;F
ehl;Lg; gFjpapy; fpilf;ff; $ba fw;fhyg; nghUs;fisr; rhd;whf nfhz;L mjd;
goikia mwpayhk;.
fw;fhyg; nghUl;fs;
Kjy; ,uz;lhk; fw;fhyg;nghUl;fs; FiwthfNt fpilj;Js;sd. Kjy;
fw;fhyj;jpy; fw;fisf; $Hikg;gLj;jp gad;gLj;jpAs;sdH. ,uz;lhk; fw;fhyj;jpy;
fw;fis Jis nra;J kug;gpbfis ,l;L gad;gLj;jpAs;sdH. $Hikg;gLj;jg;gl;l
<l;b> ths; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ifg;gpbfs; mikf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mfoha;Tfspy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l
; nghUl;fspy; Jisfs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. nfhq;F ehl;by;
%d;whk; fw;fhyg; nghUl;fs; mjpfk; fpilj;Js;sd. mtw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhdit Rj;jp>
ciufy;> Ml;Lf;fy; MfpaitahFk;. ,it ngUk;ghYk; NrHtuhad;kiy>
fy;tuhad;kiy> nfhy;ypkiy> gH$Hkiy Kjypa kiyg;gpuNjrq;fspy; ,Ue;J
fpilj;Js;sd. ,d;Wk; ,k;kiyfspy; kiytho; kf;fspd; trpg;gplk; mike;Js;sJ.
ehl;Lg;Gw Ma;T> nkhop Ma;T nra;af; $batHfs; mq;Fs;s gz;ghL> nkhop> Goq;F
nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;iw Ma;T nra;J tUfpd;wdH. NkYk; mq;F mfo;tha;TfSk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
rq;f,yf;fpa nfhLkzk; - nfhLkzy;
<NuhL khtl;lk;> ngUe;Jiw tl;lk;> nrd;dpkiyf;F Nkw;Nf 15 fp.kP
njhiytpy; neha;ay; ejpapd; tlfiuapy; mike;Js;s ,t;T+H rq;f fhyj;jpy;
rpwg;Gw;wpUe;j tzpfg; ngUefuhFk;. rq;f ,yf;fpakhd gjpw;Wg;gj;jpy; ,t;T+H
nfhLkzk; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. rq;f fhyj;jpy; mupa fw;fshy; Md mzpfyd;fis
cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; njhopw;$lkhf tpsq;fpapUe;jij>“nfhLkzk; gl;l...... ed;fyk;”
(gjpw;Wg; gj;J-67) vdr; rq;fg; GytH fgpyUk;>“nfhLkzk; gl;l tpidkhd;
mUq;fyk;” (gjpw;Wg; gj;J- 74) vd muprpy;fpohUk; Fwpg;gpLtjd; %yk;; mwpa
KbfpwJ. ,t;T+H Nruupd; jiyefukhf tpsq;fpa f&iuAk;> mtHfsJ rpwg;Gg; ngw;w
Nkiyf; flw;fiu JiwKfkhd Krpwpg;gl;bdj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk; ngUtopapy;
mike;Js;sJ.
,g;ngUtop gpw;fhyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; “nfhq;fg; ngUtop” vd
miof;fg;gLtjd; %yk;> ,g;ngUtopapy; Vuhskhd nts;sp kw;Wk; jq;f Nuhk
ehzaq;fs; fj;jhq;fz;zp> #Y}H> nts;sY}H> Ntye;jhtsk;> nfhLkzy; Nghd;w
,lq;fspy; fpilj;jjd; %yk; ,J cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
nfhLkzypy; 2013 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w mfo;thuha;r;rpapy; 15 n`f;NlH
gug;gsT cs;s tho;tplg; gFjpapy; 9 mfoha;Tf; FopfSk; 40 n`f;NlH
gug;gsTs;s <kf;fhl;by; xU <kr;rpd;dKk; mfog;gl;ld. ,t;tfo;tha;tpy;
ntspg;Nghe;j gz;ghl;L vr;rq;fs; ,t;T+H ,uz;lhapuj;J IE}W Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l
kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiwiag; gw;wp vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.
nfhLkzypy; njhopw;$lq;fs;
rq;f fhyj;jpy; mupa tpiyAaHe;j fw;fshy; Md mzpfyd;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;Ak; njhopw;$lKk;> nrk;G> ,Uk;G kw;Wk; v/F cUf;fg;gl;ljw;fhd
njhopw;$lq;fSk;> fUg;G> rptg;G kl;ghz;lq;fs; cUthf;Fk; ,lq;fSk;> nerTj;
njhopy; nropg;Gw;wpUe;jij E}y; E}w;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l jf;fsp %yKk;> rq;fpdhy;
nghUl;fs;> tisay;fs; nra;Ak; rq;F mWg;G njhopw;$lq;fSk;> ahid je;jj;jhy;
Md mzpfyd;fs; nra;Ak; KiwAk; ,q;F ,Ue;jij mfoha;tpd; topahf mwpa
KbfpwJ. ,j;njhopw; $lq;fs; RkhH 500 Mz;Lfs; ,q;F epd;W epiyj;Js;sJ.
nfhLkzypy; cUthf;fg;gl;l mzpfyd;fisg; ngWtjw;fhf ,e;jpahtpd; gy;NtW
gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J tzpfHfs; te;Js;sdH.
Nuhk; efuj;Jld; thzpfk;
NuhkhdpaHfs; Nkw;F flw;fiu gFjpapy; te;J jq;fp thzpfk; Nkw;nfhz;ldH.
NuhkhdpaHfs; Nkw;F flw;fiug; gFjpahd ghyf;fhl;L fztha; topahf nfhLkzy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
te;jdH. mq;F tpahghu uPjpahf jq;fpapUe;jNghJ nfhLkzypy; cUthf;fg;gl;L tUk;

mzpfyd;fs; Fwpj;J mwpe;jdH. ,e;j mzpfyd;fs; nra;Ak; njhopw;$lj;ijg;
ghHj;J NuhkhdpaHfs; tpae;jdH.
fiyeaj;Jld; cUthf;fg;gl;l mzpfyd;fis Nuhkhdpa ehzaq;fisf;
nfhLj;J thq;fpr; nrd;wdH. nfhLkzYld; tpahghuj; njhlHgpy; NuhkhdpaHfs;
,Ue;jjw;fhd milahskhf ,d;Wk; ,e;jg; gFjpapy; ,e;jpahtpNyNa mjpfkhd
Nuhk;ehzaq;fs; ,q;F fpilj;J tUfpwJ. nfhLkzypy; mzpfyd;fis cUthf;f
mikf;fg;gl;l njhopw;$lq;fs; ehsiltpy; mope;J NghdJ. jw;nghOJ
mfo;thuha;r;rpfs; %ykhf mzpfyd;fis cUthf;fpa njhopw;$lq;fSk;>
mzpfyd;fSk; fpilj;J tUfpwJ.
tpiyAaHe;j mzpfyd;fs;
gz;ila fhyj;jpy; ,e;jg; gFjpapy; tho;e;j kf;fspd; Kf;fpaj; njhopyhf
mzpfyd;fs; jahupg;G njhopy; ,Ue;Js;sJ. mfoha;T Fopfspy; fy;kzpfs;> rq;F>
ahidj; je;jk;> nrk;G cs;spl;litfs; nfhz;L mzpfyd;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;bUg;gJk;
mitfisj; jahupf;f cUthf;fg;gl;l njhopw;$lKk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,j;njhopw; $lq;fs; Fwpg;ghf gr;irf;fy;> ePyf;fy;> gspq;F> fhHdPypad;>
mNfl;> mnkjp];l; Nghd;w mupa fw;fis nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;l njhopw;$lk;
mjd; gy;NtW gbepiyfspy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
<kf;fhl;by; xU fy;yiwapy; 218 #Jgto kzpfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,uz;L
mzpfyd;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. ,it tpiykjpg;gw;w itûpa fw;fSk;> gspq;F
fw;fSk; MFk;. mNj Nghy; rq;F tisay;fs;> fOj;jzpfs;
mWj;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk; ahidj;je;j;jhy; Md mzpfyd;fSk;> mjw;fhd
%yg;nghUl;fSk; fpilj;Js;sd.
nfhLkzy; mUNf gbA+upy; ‘ngupy;’ vd;w gr;irf; fw;fSk;> rptd;kiyapy;
‘rigaH’ vd;w ePyf;fy;Yk;> ntq;fNkL> murk;ghisak; Mfpa gFjpfspy; ‘FthHl;];’
vd;w gspq;Ff; fy;Yk; mjpf mstpy; fpilj;jJ. ,e;j fw;fis mWf;f ‘FWe;jk;’
vd;w fy;iyg; gad;gLj;jp te;Js;sdH. Fwpg;ghf gspq;F fw;fis FWe;jk; vd;w
fy;iyf;nfhz;L mWj;J mjpf mstpy; mzpfyd;fis cUthf;fpAs;sdH.
ehsiltpy; nfhq;Fg; gFjpapy; fpilj;j fw;fSld; Mg;fhdp];jhdpy; ,Ue;J
NyB]; #yp> F[uhj;jpy; ,Ue;J fhHdPypad; vd;w #J gtsk;> ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;J
G+idf;fz; kzp Mfpatw;iw ,wf;Fkjp nra;J Gjpa Gjpa mzpfyd;fisf;
fiyeaj;Jld; cUthf;fp te;Js;sdH.
ghid Xl;L vOj;Jf;fSk;> jkpo; - gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fSk;
,q;F mfoha;T nra;ag;gl;l NghJ fpilf;fg;gl;l ghid XLfspd; kPJ
m>M>,>< vd;w jkpo; nkhopapd; Kjy; ehd;F capnuOj;Jf;fs; gpuhkp tbtj;jpy;
vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy; M>, vd;w vOj;Jf;fspd; gpuhkp tup tbtq;fs; Kjy;
Kiwahfj; jkpofj;jpy; fpilj;Js;sd.
cj;jpug;gpuNjr khepyj;jpd; kj;jpa fq;ifr; rkntsp gFjpapy; ,Ue;J
tzpfHfSk;> iftpidQHfSk; ,q;F te;Js;sij jkpo; kag;gLj;jg;gl;l gpuhfpUj
nkhop fye;J Ml;fs; ngaHfSk;> tzpfHfs; ngaHfSk; cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,q;F


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
150 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l jkpo; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpy

kz;ghz;lq;fspy; ];t];jpf; kw;Wk; gy;NtW FwpaPLfs; cs;sd.
fq;if rkntsp gFjp gz;ghl;bw;Nf cupj;jhd tlfj;jpa fUg;Gepw
kz;ghz;lq;fs; ,q;F fpilj;Js;sJ. ,j;jifa kz;ghz;lq;fs; fq;if rkntspapy;
fp.K 6-k; E}w;whz;bw;Fk;> fp.K 2 Mk; E}w;whz;bw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l gFjpapy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lit. nfhLkzypy; fpilj;j ,e;j kz;ghz;lk; fp.K 3 Mk;
E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpia NrHe;jJ vd;W Ma;tpy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Nj Nghy;
RLkz; Kj;jpiu xd;Wk; fpilj;Js;sJ.
ghid XLfspy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s vOj;Jf;fs;> mjpe;ij> khfe;ij>
Ftpud;>Rkdd;> rk;gd;> ]e;ijNtsp> gd;dd;> ghfd;> Mjd; vd;w ngaH nghwpj;j
kz;ghz;lq;fs; jkpoHfs; 2500 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ghfNt vOj;jwpT ngw;W
kpfr;rpwe;j r%fkhf tpsq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ,r;rhd;Wfs;
cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
ehzaq;fs;
nfhLkzy; Nkw;gug;gpy; fpilj;j ‘ilgPupa];’ nts;spf;fhR (fp.gp 14-35) kw;Wk;
fp.K 27- fp.gp 14 mf];l]; kd;dd; fhR Kjyhd Nuhkhdpa kd;dHfspd; nghd;>
nts;sp> nrk;Gf; fhRfs; fpilj;Js;sJ. ,it <NuhL fiykfs; gs;spapy;
mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; ,lk;ngWfpwJ. NuhkhdpaH cUtk; nghwpj;j RLkz; jiyAk;
nfhLkzypy; fpilj;Js;sJ. ,JTk; mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; cs;sJ.
“nghd;ndhL te;J fwpnahl ngaUk;
tsq;nfO Krpwp” (mfk;- 149 ghly;)
vdg; GytH jhaq;fz;zdhH mfehD}w;wpy; $wpAs;sij nka;g;gpf;Fk; tifapy;
Mup];> jpdhH> atdH fhRfs; fpilj;Js;sd.
A coin is a place of metal bearing the stamp of authority guaranteeing its face value
(fhR my;yJ ehzak; vd;gJ xU rpW cNyhfj;Jz;L@ Ml;rpahsupd; nry;Ygb
MFk;. FwpaPl;ilAk;> kjpg;igAk; nfhz;lJ) vd ehza mwpQHfs; (Numismatists)
$WtH. ehzaq;fs; mr;rpLk; ,lj;Jf;F Mint vd Mq;fpyk; toq;Fk;. jkpopy; jq;f
rhiy> fk;gl;lk;> m/frhiy vd ehzar; rhiyf;Fk; gy ngaHfshy; miof;fg;gLk;
tof;F cz;L.
fy;jpl;ilfSk;> gJf;iffSk;
Nghupy; kbe;j tPuHfSf;Ff; fy;jpl;;ilfSk;> gJf;iffSk;
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. jiuiaj; Njhz;b rpwpJ epyj;jpw;fbapNyh my;yJ KOtJk;
epyj;jpw;Fs;shfNth ,Uf;FkhW ‘gpzf;Fop”ia mikg;gH. gpd; ed;F nrJf;fg;gl;l
fUq;fw;gl;ilfisf; nfhz;L Fopiar; Rw;wpYk; fw;RtHfs; vLg;gH. <kg;nghUl;fis
Fopapy; Nghl;lgpd; fUq;fw; gl;ilfshy; %b mjd;Nky; $ohq;fw;fisg; gug;gp gpd;dH
kz;zhy; Fopia %btpLtH. ,jDs; ,we;jtHfspd; cliyj; jhopf;Fs; itj;J
%btpLtH. ,J GijnghUs; Ma;thsHfs; fz;Ls;s fw;gJf;iffspd; mikg;ghFk;.
“nfhLtpw; fhyptH fizaplj; njhiye;NjhH
gLfsj;J caHe;j kapHj;jiy tPo;e;NjhH
vz;Ztuk; gspah ctypL gJf;ifr;
Ruq;nfO ftiy” (mfk;-109)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vd;w mfg;ghlypy; ghiy epyj;jpy; fs;tHfspd; mk;Ggl;L ,we;NjhUf;Fk;> Nghupy;

tPukuzk; mile;jtHfSf;Fk; gJf;iffs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jij mwpa KbfpwJ.
,g;gJf;iff; Fopfs; nfhq;F ehl;Lg; gFjpfspYk; fpilj;Js;sij Ma;thsHfs;
ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sdH. nfhq;F ehl;by; CjpA+Hf;F mUfpy; kwtHghisak;> nfhLkzy;
Nghd;w CHfspy; fy; gJf;iff;Fopfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
KJkf;fl;jhop
goq;fhyj; jkpo; kf;fs; ,we;jtHfisg; ngupa kz; jhopf;Fs; itj;J %bg;
Gijj;J te;jdH. Fopf;Fs; jhopia itj;J jhopiar; Rw;wpYk; tl;lkhff; fw;fis
itj;J kz; nfhz;L %btpLtJ xUtif (nfa;Hd;;). kw;nwhU tifahdJ rJukhd
ehd;F gf;fKk; nrq;Fj;jhfg; gyiffis epWj;jp jhopia mjw;Fs; itj;Jg;
gyiff; fy;yhy; %b kz; nfhz;L %b tpLtJ (lhy;nkd;) MFk;.,j;jhopf;F
‘KJkf;fl;jhop’ vd;Wk;> Fopf;F ‘khz;ltHFop’ vd;Wk; ngaH. khz;ltHFop
vd;gijNa gyH jtwhf ghz;ltHFop (Fs;skhdtHfs;) vd;Wk; $Wtjhf J}ud;
ey;.eluh[d; Fwpg;gpLthH. mj;jhopapy; khz;ltHf;F tpUg;gkhd nghUs;fisAk; cld;
itg;gH. jhopf;Fs; kl;Lkpd;wp fw;ngl;bf;Fs;Sk; mg;nghUl;fis itg;gJz;L.
mtw;wpy; fj;jp> Fj;jPlb
; > kug;gpb nfhz;l <l;b> mk;G> kz;ntl;b Kjyhd ,Uk;G
fUtpfSk;> fpz;zk;> nrk;G> nfz;b> jz;b> fuz;b> rhb> ryq;if> tisay;> khiy
Kjypa ntz;fyf; fUtpfSk; ,Ue;Js;sJ.
njhFg;Giu
 rq;f fhyj;jpy; ‘nfhLkzk;’ vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ,t;T+H ,g;nghOJ

nfhLkzy; vd toq;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,jid njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs; %yk;
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
 nfhLkzy; vd;w ,r;rpw;W}H rq;f fhyj;jpy; kpfr; rpwe;j njhopw;$lq;fisf;
nfhz;l njhopy; efukhfTk;> cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L tzpf cwTfisf;
nfhz;l tzpf efukhfTk;> vOj;jwpT ngw;w r%fkhfTk;> nghUshjhu
epiyapy; Nkk;gl;l r%fkhfTk; tpsq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
mfo;tha;tpd; %yk; ntspf;nfhzug;gl;l rhd;Wfs; czHj;Jfpd;wd.
 rpwe;j njhopy; El;gq;fs; nfhz;l mzpfyd;fs; jahupg;Gj; njhopw;rhiyfs;
,aq;fp cs;sd.
 tpiyAaHe;j fw;fisf; nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;l njhopw;$lq;fs; ,Ue;Js;sd.
 nfhLkzy; gFjp 2500 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; njhopy; efukhf rpwe;J
tpsq;fpAs;sJ.
 nfhLkzypy; tho;e;j jkpoHfs; Krpwp JiwKfk; %ykhf
NuhkhdpaHfSlDk;> tl ,e;jpahtpd; kj;jpa fq;ifr; rkntspg; gFjpapy;
tho;e;j kf;fSlDk; thzpgj; njhlHG itj;jpUe;jjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs;
fpilj;Js;sd.
 rptg;G> fUg;G kz;ghz;lq;fSk;> jkpo;- gpuhkp vOj;J tbtq;fSk;> ];t];jpf;
FwpaPLfSk; kz;ghz;lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 <kf;fhl;by; ,we;Njhiug; Gijf;Fk; KJkf;fl;jhopAk;> fy;jpl;ilfSk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdUfpy; neLq;fy;(eLfy;) fhzg;gLfpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
 ,j;jifa rq;f ,yf;fpa njhd;ikAk;> tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gk; cila

nfhLkzypy; mUq;fhl;rpafk; cUthf;fp> Rw;Wyhj; jykhf khw;w murhq;fk;
Kd;tu Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; ,q;F njhy;ypay; JiwapdH Ma;T Nkw;nfhz;L
mwptpay; rhhe;j fupakpyf;(fhHgd; 14) fhyf;fzpg;ig cWjp nra;jpl
Ntz;Lk;. ,J ,dp tUk; ,sk; jiyKiwapdUf;F ek; gz;ghl;ilAk;>
ehfupfj;ijAk; giwrhw;Wk; rhd;whf ‘nfhLkzy;’vDk; Ch; mikAk;.
ghh;it E}y;fs;
1. Qh.];Bgd; - njhy;fhg;gpaKk; ,stiutpay; ftpijapaYk;

2. thyRe;juf;ftpuhaH - fk;gehj Rthkpfs;> nfhq;Fkz;ly rjfq;fs;
3. eluh[d;. ey;. nfhq;F NtshsH tuyhW
4. rq;f,yf;fpak; -mfehD}W- gjpw;Wg;gj;J
5. fiykfs; fy;tp epiyak; - itutpoh kyH
nfhLkzy; fs Ma;T jftyhsHfs;

G.uhkr;re;jpud; - nfhLkzy;
rf;jpNty; - cjtpg; NguhrpupaH> BET fy;Y}up> ej;jf;fhilA+H
kQ;R - ghz;bad; efH


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fy;ntl;LfSk;> nrg;NgLfSk; Xh; Ma;T

An Analysis on Culverts and Copper Plates
rp.njnghuhs;> Kidth; gl;l Ma;thsh;

tuyhw;Wj;Jiw> muR fiyf;fy;Y}hp> NkY}h;.
Abstract
The article tells about the classic history of the Tamil people and their custom of
edictind culverts. The general messages are erected as culverts in the classic society.The
kings inscribed copper plates for indicating their feats, glory, donation and other
philosophical acts. Hence, the study makes way to understand the culverts and copper plates
from consistent sources.
Keywords: Analysis, Culverts, Copper Plates
Kd;Diu
ek; ehl;bd; njhd;ik tuyhw;iwg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTk; njhy;ypay;
rhd;Wfspy; xd;W fy;ntl;Lfs; MFk;. Nfhtpy; Kjypa nghJf; fl;blq;fspd;
Rth;fspYk; ghiwfspd; kPJk;> fy; J}z;fspYk; vOj;Jf;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;lijg; gy
,lq;fspy; fhzyhk;. mt;thW vOjg;gl;bUg;gJ jhd; rpyhrhrdk; my;yJ fy;ntl;L
vdg;gLk;. gz;ilf;fhy fy;ntl;;L vOj;Jf;fis mwpe;J mtw;wpd; nghUis tpsf;Fk;
fiyNa fy;ntl;bay; vdg;gLk;. fy;ntl;Lfs; ek;ehl;L tuyhw;W Muha;r;rpf;F
Kf;fpakhd Kjy;epiyr; rhd;Wfshfg; gad;gLfpd;wd. gz;ila kdpjdpd; tuyhw;W
mwpitf; fy;ntl;Lfs; njhptpf;fpd;wd.1
ek;ehl;by; 2300 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; nrg;G gl;laq;fspy; vOJk; gof;fk;
tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. Nfhtpy; kw;Wk; gpuhkzh;fSf;F murh;fs; epy jhdk;
nra;tjw;fhd MtzkhfNt ngUk;ghyhd nrg;NgLfs; cs;sd. jhdk; mspf;Fk;
kd;dDf;F Xiyr;Rtbjhdk; ngWNthUf;F nrg;NgL nghJkf;fs; ghh;itf;F
fy;ntl;L vd %d;W tpjq;fspy; epyjhdk; Fwpj;j Mtzq;fs; gjpag;gl;Ls;sd.
nrg;NgLfs; nghwpf;Fk;Kiw
KJFLkp nrg;Ngl;lhy; 700 Mz;LfSf;FKd; toq;fg;gl;l epyjhdj;Jf;fhd
Mtzj;ij fhl;b fsg;gph; fhyj;jpw;F gpd; kPz;Lk; epyk; ngw;w nra;jp mwpa
KbfpwJ. mjd;%y nrg;NgL fpilj;jhy; mJNt goikahdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
Nrhoh;fspd; Ml;rpapd; Kjyhk; guhe;jfd; Kjy; %d;whk; ehfuh[d; tiu kpf
Neh;j;jpahd jfLfspy; mofhd vOj;Jf;fSld; Jy;ypakhd vy;iyfis Fwpf;Fk;
nrg;NgLfs; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
nrg;NgLfs; mur guk;giuiag; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; Mtzq;fshf cs;sd.
GJg;gpf;fg;glhj nrg;NgLfs; mjpfstpy; cs;sjhy; Ma;thsh;fs; mtw;iw
gjpg;gpf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; ,wq;f Ntz;LtJ xt;nthU tuyhw;W Ma;thsh;fspd;
jiyaha flik MFk;.2


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,e;jpahtpy; fy;ntl;Lfisg; gbj;jwpe;J> tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfshf mtw;iw

cUthf;fp mitfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ekf;F mwpTWj;jpa ngUik
Nkiyehl;ltiuNarhUk;> mth;fspy; Kf;fpakhdth;fs; Nfk;];gphpd; nrg;> uhgh;lr
; y
P ;.
fy;ntl;bd; tsh;r;rp
fp.gp.Vohk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp tiu jkpo;ehl;by;
Ml;rp Ghpe;j gy;yt murh;fs; Kjypy; fUq;fw;fshy; Nfhtpy;fisf; fl;bdh;.
mtw;iwf; fhyj;jhy; mopahf; fiyg;gilg;Gr; rpd;dq;fshf Mf;fpdh;. mtw;iwf;
fhyj;jhy; mopahf; fiyg;gilg;Gr; rpd;dq;fshf Mf;fpdh;. gpd;dh; Ml;rp Ghpe;j
Nrhoh;fs;> ghz;bah;fs; MfpNahUk; fw;Nfhtpy;fis vOg;gpj;jdh;. ,e;jf; Nfhtpy;fs;
vy;yhk; fiyg;gilg;Gfspd; rpd;dq;fshf kl;Lk; mikahky; rka tsh;r;rpapd;
ikaq;fshfj; jpfo;e;jd. ,f;Nfhtpy;fis jpdrhp topghLk; jpq;fs; tpohf;fSk;
Mz;L tpohf;fSk; mzp nra;jd. ,e;j tpohf;fs; rpwg;ghf mika murh;fs;
nghd;idAk; nghUisAk; nfhilahf toq;fpdh;. ,e;j nra;jpfisr; nrg;NgLfspy;
nghwpj;j me;j Nfhtpy;fSf;Ff; nfhLj;jdh;.3
nrg;NgLfspd; tiffs;
 gs;sd; Nfhtpy; nrg;NgLfs;
 fuk; nrg;NgLfs;
 Nfs;tpf;Fb nrg;NgLfs;
 jstha;Guk; nrg;NgLfs;
 fue;ijr; nrg;NgLfs;
gs;sd; Nfhtpy; nrg;NgLfs;
,e;j nrg;NgL gy;yt murd; rpk;kth;kd; jd;Dila Ml;rpapd; Mwhk; Mz;by;
mspj;j jhdj;ij ,e;j nrg;NgL $WfpwJ. ,e;j nrg;NgLfs; fhyk; fp.gp.550 MFk;.
gs;sd; Nfhtpy; nrg;NgLfs; Kj;jpiuAld; $ba nrg;G tisaj;jpy; Nfhh;f;fg;gl;l
Ie;J VLfis cilaJ. ,e;j Ie;J VLfs; ,lJGwj;jpy; Jthuk; ,lg;gl;L nrk;G
tisaj;jpy; Nfhh;f;fg;gl;l me;j tisaj;jpd; ,UKidfSk; mb gUj;J
jiyrpWj;J xU kzpapd; cUtj;jpy; cs;s Kfg;gpd; jiyapy;
nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j nrg;NgLfspy; Kjy; VLk;> filrp VLk; cl;Gwj;jpy;
kl;LNk vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. nkhj;jk; 64 thpfspy; rhrdk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpo;ehl;by; fpilf;Fk; kw;w nrg;Ngl;L rhrdq;fspy; fhzg;gLtJ NghyNt
,e;j rhrdKk; rk];fpUjk;> jkpo; Mfpa ,UgFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. fp.gp.6k;
E}w;whz;bNyNa vt;tsT njspthf Ml;rp jkpopy; nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;gjw;F ,e;j
nrg;NgL vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.4
$uk; nrg;NgLfs;
gy;yt kd;dd; Kjyhk; eurpk;kth;kdpd; NguDk; ,uz;lhk; kNfe;jputh;kdpd;
kfDk; Md Kjyhk; guNkRtu kd;duhy; mspf;fg;gl;l Mizia $uk; nrg;NgL
$WfpwJ. ,g;nrg;Ngl;bd; fhyk; Vohk; E}w;whz;bd; ,ilgFjpahFk;. fp.gp.675
tUlj;ijr; rhh;e;jJ. $uk; nrg;Ngl;bd; Kjw;gFjp rk];fpUjj;jpYk; gpw;gFjp jkpo;
nkhopapYk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J nrq;fw;gl;L khtl;lk; fhQ;rpGuj;jpd;
gf;fj;jpYs;s $uk; vd;w Chpy; ,J fpilf;fg;gngw;wJ. $uk; nrg;NgLfs; xU


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
tisaj;jpy; Nfhh;f;fg;gl;l ; VO nky;ypa nrg;NgLfisf; nfhz;lJ. filrp Vl;by;

xU ghjpNa ekf;F fpilj;Js;sJ. ,d;Dk; Kjy; VL> Ie;jhk;> Mwhk; VL ghrp
gpbj;j mOf;file;J cs;sJ. ,jpy; hp~pgj;jpd; cUtk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jid
Muha;r;rp nra;jth; lhf;lh; `py;l;]; vd;gth; Mthh;.5
Nfs;tpf;Fb nrg;NgLfs;
,it rq;f fhyg; ghz;bah; tuyhw;iwAk; ,ilf;fhyg; ghz;bah; tuyhw;iwAk;
mwpa cjTk; rhd;WfSs; Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgLfs; kpfTk; rpwg;G tha;e;jitahFk;.
,J ghz;ba kd;dd; guhe;jf; neLQ;rladpd; %d;whtJ Ml;rpahz;by; mjhtJ
fp.gp.768-y; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,J jkpo; rk];fpUjk; Mfpa ,UgFjpfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. jkpo;g;gFjp tl;nlOj;jpYk; rk];fpUjg; gFjp fpue;j vOj;jpYk;
vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.
,e;j Nts;tpf;Fb rhrdk; gj;J VLfisf; nfhz;lJ. ,jd; %yg;gpujp
yz;ldpy; cs;s gphpl;b kpA+rpaj;jpy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,e;j rhrdj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk; Nts;tpf;Fb vd;w Ch; kJiu khtl;lk; Nrhote;jhd; mUNf ,Ue;jjhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. vdNt ,e;j gbfis ,e;jpa ,yhfhtpw;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lJ.6
KbTiu
,t;thW fy;ntl;LfSk;> nrg;NgLfSk; jkpoh;fspd; ghuk;ghpaj;ijAk; ,e;jpa
fyhr;rhuj;ij xUq;fpizf;f $bajhf cs;sd. fy; Njhd;wp kz; Njhd;Wk; Kd;Nd
Njhd;wpaJ jkpo;nkhop. mj;jifa jkpioAk; jkpo; kz;izAk; Nkd;ikg;gLj;Jk;
tpjkhf mf;fhyj;J nrg;NgLfSk; fy;ntl;LfSk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. kd;dh;fs;
murtk;rq;fs; mope;jhYk; mopa Gfopid ,f;fy;ntl;Lk;> nrg;NgLfSk; ekf;F
mspf;fpd;wd. nrg;NgLfs; gy fhyj;jhy; mope;jhYk; ekJ fyhr;rhuj;jpid Nghw;wp
tuyhWk; vd;Dk; caphpidg; caph;nfhLj;J njhd;ik vq;fsJ Nkd;ik vd
Nghw;WNthkhf.
E}y;Fwpg;G
1. Ntjpnry;tk;> jkpof tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;> nrd;id> 2009> gf;.93

2. jkpof tuyhWk; jkpoh; gz;ghLk; - M.,uhkfpUl;bzd;> kJiu> 2014> gf;.29.
3. jkpof tuyhW rq;f fhyk; Kjy; 2010> jh;kuh[;> ,uh[ghisak;> gf;.73
4. Kw;fhy jkpo;ehl;L tuyhW> Kidth; Nf.ntq;fNlrd;> ,uh[ghisak;> 2012>
gf;.105.
5. jkpof tuyhW kf;fSk;> gz;ghLk;> Nf.Nf.gps;is> nrd;id> 2009> gf;. 468.
6. jkpofj;jpy; ngUq;fw;fhyg; gz;ghL> Kidth;> jp.Rg;gpukzpad;. kJiu – 2011>
gf;.16-17.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
rq;f ,f;fpaj;jpy; jkpou; tho;tpay;

The Lifestyle of Tamil People in Sangam Literature
r.NjtjpUtUs;> fw;f frlw b.vd;.gp.v];.rp> gapyfk;>

rq;fuhGuk;> fs;sf;Fwpr;rp khtl;lk;- 606401.
Abstract
The paper extends a brief study on the lifestyle of the Tamil people lived in the
Sangam times. Their lives are very rich with moral ethics and valuable tradition and cultural
norms. Those people lives are highly recorded in the Sangam literature. Hence, the study
helps to know the Tamil people’s cultural ethics and informations of Tamil Culture through
the sangam classical verses.
Keywords: Lifestyle, Tamil People, Sangam Literature
jkpohpd; jdpg;ngUk; rpwg;Gfspy; cyfk; tpaf;Fk; cah;e;j milahsk; rq;f

,yf;fpak; mit Ntnwe;j nkhopfSf;Fk; ,y;yhj ,yf;fz> ,yf;fpa nry;tq;fsha;
tuyhw;Wf;F Kd;Njhd;wpa tpOkpq;fsha; mwpag;gLfpwJ. nkhopapd; tsik ,dj;jpd;
ngUik. gz;ghl;bd; typikia giwrhw;wp ghh;Nghw;w epkpu;e;J epw;fpwnjd;why;> mJ
jkpoh;fSf;F jiyKiw jhz;ba ngUik vdyhk;> tPuj;jpd; Neh;ikia> md;gpd;
mlh;j;jpia mfpyk; tpaf;f tpsf;FtJ ek; jiyKiwg; ngUikahFk.; vJ
vg;gbNah jkpioAk; cyfk; tpaf;f tpahgpj;J epd;w thdkha; rq;fj;jkpo;
kw;wtu;fisAk; tpag;G+l;LfpwJ. mjd; gd;Kfj;jd;ikapd; rpwg;Gfis Ma;e;J
tpsf;FtJ ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fk;.
jkpohpd; rhd;whd;ik
mwptpw; rpwe;jth;fis mfpyk; Nghw;Wk; mjdhy;jhd; mwpTilahh; vy;yhk;
cilahh; vd;whh; ts;Sth;. mg;gb mwpTilNahh;fs; mwpitj;Njb jd;id
rhd;Nwhh;fshf;fpl KaYtJ Nghd;W kw;wth;fs; rhd;Nwhh;fisj; Njb jd;id
mtuplk; xg;gilj;J mth;fspd; MNyhridg;gb jd;id topelj;jp tho;fpwth;fs;
Fiwaw;w Nkd;ikailth;. vdNtjhd; rhjhud kdpjh;fs; rhd;Nwhh;fspd; cjtpia
ehLfpwhh;fNsh ,y;iyNah> ehl;il MSk; murh;fSf;F fz;fsha; vtu; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;why; rhd;Nwhh;fs;jhd; vd;fpwhh; ts;Stu;. mg;gbNa rhjhud ek;ikg;
Nghd;Nwhh;fSf;Fk;> vJ mwpa nrayha; mike;jpl Ntz;Lnkdpy; rhd;Nwhh;fis
ehbr;nrd;W mth;fNshL ePbj;j cwit tsh;j;J mth;fspd; ed;kjpg;ig ngw;W
tho;e;jpLk; tho;itNa ek;Kila mupa nray;fspy; vy;yhk; mhpaJ vd;fpwhh;. mjd;
topepd;w rq;fg;Gytu; fgpyUk; rhd;Nwhh;fspd; rhh;Gzh;itAk; mth;fis ehb
thoNtz;Lnkd;gijAk; mwpTWj;Jfpwhh;.
“ehb fl;gpd; my;yJ
el;L ehlhh;jk; xl;bNahh; jpwj;Nj” (ew;wpiz-32)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
vd;w ghlypd; %yk; ed;ik jPikfis Ma;e;Jzh;e;J rhd;Nwhh;fis ehNkj;Njbr;

nry;yNtz;LnkdTk;> ek;ikr; #o;e;Js;sth;fsplk; vjidf; Fwpj;Jk; Muha;e;J
nray;glf;$lhJ vd;w Ez;zpa cstpay; murpaiyAk; Ma;e;J mwpTWj;jpAs;shh;>
,jd;topjhd; njhy;fhg;gpKk; fw;whiu fw;whNu fhKWth; vdTk;> ey;yhiu
ghh;g;gJTk; ed;Nw> ey;yhh;nrhy; Nfl;gJTk; ed;Nw vd %JiuAk; mwptpd;
Nkd;ikiaAk;> rhd;Nwhh;fspd; rpwg;gpidAk; cyfpw;F cjhuzk; $wpd.
ma;jPfj;ij mfw;wp mwptpaiy ek;gpdh;
rpy fpuhkq;fspy; ,d;Wk; tPl;iltPl;L gzpapd; fuhzkhfNth my;yJ NtW
VNjDk; fhuzkhfNth nry;Yfpw NghJ vjpNu fztid ,oe;j ngz;fs; kw;Wk;
%jhl;bfis fhZk;NghJ kPz;Lk; tPl;bw;Nf jpUk;gptpLtJ my;yJ rw;W Neuk;
jhkjpj;J nry;tJ vd ma;jPfk; ghh;g;Nghh; gbj;Njhh; kj;jpapYk; ,Ug;gJ ,ay;Gjhd;.
rq;ffhyj;jpy; ,jw;Fk; khwha; tho;e;jpUf;fpd;w nra;jpfs;; tpjptpyf;fha;jhdpUf;fpwJ.
‘cd;dk;;’ vd;gJ xUtif kuk;> ve;j xU nraiyr; nra;tjw;F Kd; mk;kuj;ij
jkpoh;fs; ghh;j;jdh;> cd;dkuk; gRikahf jioj;Jj;jpUe;jhy; jhq;fspd; gzp
ntw;wpAk;> tjq;fpf; fhzg;gl;lhy; Njhy;tp vd md;W ma;jPf topapy; rpyh;
tho;e;jdh;. ,k;kuig khw;wNtz;b kd;dd; vt;topNa kf;fSk; mt;topNa
vd;gjw;fpzq;f> NghUf;fhf gpwehl;il Nehf;fpg;gil fpsk;gpLk; Kd; cd;d kuj;jpd;
epiyiag; ghh;j;jg; gpwNf gil Gwg;gLk;. ,e;epiyiaj; njhy;fhg;gpah; ‘cd;depiy’
vd;fpwhh;. cd;dkuk; thbj;Njhd;wpdhYk; ftiyAwhJ nrd;W ntw;wpNahL jpUk;GtJ
ghhpapd; rpwg;gpay;G> cd;dk; $wpa epkpj;jj;ij ghhpntd;whd;. ghhpiag;NghyNt
nry;tf; fLq;Nfh thopahjDk; cd;dj;Jg; giftdhf ,Ue;jhd; ,jid
“nghd;dpd; md;d G+tpd; rpwpapiyg;
Gd;fhy; cd;dj;Jg; giftd; vk;Nfh” (gjpw;Wg;gj;J 61:5-6)
vd nry;tf; fLq;Nfh thopahjidAk; fgpyh; ghuhl;Lfpd;whh;.
,Jkl;Lkpd;wp rq;ffhyj;jpy; jkpoh;fis gpd;gw;wpa ghh;g;gdh;fsha;
tho;e;jdNuad;wp> ghh;g;gdiug; gpd;gw;wpa jokpoh;fsha; ahUkpy;iy vd;gNj
rq;fr;rpwg;G> mjd; rhd;wha; gz;ghl;Lj;jsj;jpy; fhjy;kzk; vd;gJ ,aw;if
kzkhfTk;> jiytd; jd; fhjiy gQ;r G+jq;fSs; xd;whd ePhpd; rhl;rpaha;
cWjpg;gLj;jpdhd;. gpwtpfs;NjhWk; njhlh;e;JtUk; jkJ cwtpidj; jiytp
czh;e;J nfhs;Sk; mfj;Jzh; fhl;rpia epidT $h;e;jhd;. ,j;jifa Nkd;ikahd
fhjNy rq;ffhyj;Jf; fsTf; fhjyhf ,Ue;jJ. ,d;iwa fhjiyg;Nghy;
‘mfkzKiw’ rhjpf;Fs; kzk; Ghpe;Jk;> ,aw;iff;F khwha; rhjpiar; rhl;rpaha;
epWj;jp epiyngwr; nra;jYk; jkpohpd; rq;ffhy rhd;Wfsy;y> rhjpar;rhankd;gJ
,ilf;fhy Mhpah;fshy; GFj;jp ,aw;iff; fhjiy rhjpj; jpUkzkhf;fp jkpoiu
jiyFdpiar; nra;jJ. rdhjdj;jpd; #l;RkNkad;wp jkpohpd; rhl;rpakd;W. ,e;jpa
kdpj MAs; 90-If; fle;J 100-Ij; njhl;ljw;F rq;ffhy rhjpkWj;j ,aw;iff;
fhjyhy; jhNdnahopa ,d;iwa rhjpf;Fs; kzk;GhpAk; rpWik tho;tpayhyy;y>
kdpjMAs; Fiwe;jjw;F czT khw;wkl;Lky;y> jpUkzj;jpy; gz;ghl;L khw;wKk;
xU fhuzk;. ngsj;jg; gz;ghl;by; tho;e;j ,e;jpa kf;fs; md;iwf;F 90-If; fle;J
100-Ij; njhl;L tho;e;jpUe;jdh;. ,d;iwf;F cyf kf;fspd; ruhrup MAl;fhy
gl;baypy; ,e;jpahtpy; 60 taJ [g;ghdpy; 85 taJ vdTk; tuyhWk;>Rfhjhu


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
epWtdKk; mwptpj;jjw;Ff; fhuzk; ,q;fpUe;J ngsj;jk; ntspNaw;wg;gl;l gz;ghl;L

neUf;fbNaahFk;.
mfk; ntw;wpngw;W kzKbTf;F nrd;wTld;
1. jiytpapd; ngw;Nwhh;jiytpapd; ifiag; gpbj;Jj; jiytdpd; ifapy; jUjy;
2. jpUkzj;jpw;Ff; $bapUf;Fk; midth; Kd;dpiyapYk; gyh; mwpaj;
jiytpapd; ifiaj; jiytd; gw;Wjy;> jpUkznkd ,e;j ,uz;L epfo;TfNs
rq;ffhyj;jpy; ehlwp ed;kzk; vdg;Nghw;wg;gl;ld. jpUkzj;jpd; Kf;fpa
epfo;Nt ,Jkl;Lk;jhd;> jiytpapd; ifiaj; jiytd; gw;wpdhd; vd;why;
jpUkzk; ele;J Kbe;jJ vd;W nghUshFk;. gz;ilaj; jpUkzj;jpy;
ifg;gw;Wk; epfo;tpidj; jtpu jP tsj;jy;> Ntjk; XJjy;> jP tyk; tUjy;>
jPtsh;f;Fk; ghh;g;ghd; vd ve;j Mh;ar; rlq;FfSk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy> Kf;fpakhf
,d;iwa ehisg;Nghy jpUkzj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F Mlth; jhyp fl;Lk; rlq;F>
rq;f fhyj;jpy; ,y;iy vd;gij $h;e;J Nehf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjpy; rhjpf;Fs;
(mfkzk;) jpUkzk; vd;gJ Kjy; jhypfl;Ljy; tiu ,d;W epyTk;
midj;Jr;rlq;FfSk; Mhpah;fshy; jkpoUf;;Fs; gpw;fhyj;jpy; epfo;e;jdNt.
,jpy; $h;e;J Nehf;fNtz;baJ FwpQ;rpg;ghl;Lg; ghba fgpyUk; ghhg;;gdNu.
Mhpa murd; gpufj;jDf;Fj; jkpohpd; tho;tpay; Kiwfisf; $Wtjw;fhfNt
fgpyh; vOjpa E}y; FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L. Mupauhfpa fgpyh;> Mhpar; rlq;Ffs;
jkpohpd; jpUkz Kiwapy; fye;jpUg;gpd; Mhpa kd;dd; gpufj;jDf;F vLj;Jf;
$whky; tpl;bUg;ghuh? vdr; rpe;jpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
tPuk; tpise;j jkpoh;
rq;ffhyj; jkpoh; mfKk;> GwKkhf tho;fpwNghJ fhjypy; fw;igAk;>
Njfj;jpy; tPuj;ijAk; nfhz;L tho;tijNa tpUk;gp Vw;Ws;sdh;.
“fy;Njhd;wp kz;Njhd;whf; fhyj;Nj thnshL
Kd;Njhd;wp %j;jf;Fb jkpo;f;Fb” (G.nt.kh> fue;ij :14)
fy;Njhd;wp mf;fy;yhdJ gQ;r G+jq;fshy; Ntjp tpidf;Fl;gl;L kz;zhf cUkhw;wk;
nghWtjw;Fs;shfNt gpwe;j jkpo;f;Fb tPuthisngw;w ,dkhf tho;e;jdnud
Nkw;$wpaghly; tpsf;FfpwJ.
mjpakhd; neLkhd; mQ;rpapd; tPuk;
jpdk; jpdk; vl;Lj; Njh;fisr; nra;Ak; jr;rd;> khjk; KOtJk; ftdk;
nrYj;jp nra;j Njh;ff ; hy;fs; Nghd;w typikahdtd; mjpakhd; mtdplk; NghhpLk;
‘gifth;fNs rhf;fpuij!’ vd mr;r%l;Lfpwhh; Xsitahh; ,ij
“fsk;Gfy; xk;Gkpd; njt;thP ;> Nghnujph;e;J
vk;KSk; csd; xU nghUs; : itfy;
vz;Njh; nra;Ak; jr;rd;
jpq;fs; typj;j fhy; md;Ndhd;” (Gwk; - 87)
vDk; GwehD}w;W ghlypd; %yk; vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;.
Gyp ,Ue;j FifNghd;w tapW
ehd; ngw;wkfd; ve;j jpirapy;? ve;j Chpy;? vq;F ,Uf;fpwhd; vd;W$l
njhpahJ. ,Njh! Gyp jq;fpapUe;J Nghd FifNghd;w vd; tapW ,q;Nf. vd;kfd;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
VjhtJ Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; ,Ug;ghd; vd;whs; xU rq;fj;jha;. mts; mf;fhyj;ij

tPuAfkhf khw;wpa ngUikf;F chpats;> mtspd; tPuk; nrhpe;j vz;zk;.
“GypNrh;e;J Nghfpa fy;yis Nghy
<d;w tapNwh ,JNt;
Njhd;Wtd; khNjh Nghh;f; fsj;jhNd!” (Gwk; - 86)
vd ntspg;gl;L ciuf;fshdhs;.
thspy; fPwp mlf;fk; nra;jy;
fw;gpdpg; ngz;Df;F Foe;ij khpj;Jg; gpwe;jhYk;> Foe;ijahf
cUf;nfhs;shky; jirg;gpz;lkhfg; gpwe;jYk; ,td; Nfhioad;W. tPud; vd;Dk;
nghUspy; Foe;ijapd; clypy; thshy; fPhpag; gpd;G mlf;fk; nra;jdu;. rq;f
fhyj;jpy; tPuk; nropj;Jf; fhzg;gl;ldh;. MfNtjhd;
“Fotp ,wg;gpDk; Cd;jb gpwg;gpDk;
‘Ms; md;W’ vd;W thspy; jg;ghh;” (Gwk; - 74)
vd;Dk; tPur; #oy; fhdg;gl;lJ.
rq;fj;jkpoh; Fb ,d;W jho;e;j FbahdJ:
jkpoh;fspd; kugpy; rq;f fhyj;jpy; vy;NyhUk; kjpf;ff;$ba ehd;F
jkpo;f;Fbfs; kl;Lk; ,Ue;jd. mth;fspy; xUFb kl;Lk; vg;gb jho;e;j rhjpaha; th;z
fl;likg;gpy; rpf;fpdhh;fnsd;why;? Mhpaf; nfhs;if gy;yth;fs; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;G
gutpaNghJ ehd;F FbfSk; hpf;Ntj rpe;jidapd; khiaapy; rpf;Fz;L jkpoh; kuig
kwe;J ghh;g;gdpa fyg;Gr; rpe;jidia Vw;fhj Xh; jkpo;f;Fb kw;wj; jkpoh;f; Fbfshy;
Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l Nrhpapd; milahsj;NjhL ehjpaw;Nwhuha; thOk; gz;ghl;by;
ngsj;jk; Vw;W gQ;rkh;fshdhh;fs;. gQ;rkh;fs;- Ie;J nfhs;ifAilNahh;> 1. Gyhy;
kWj;jy;> 2. kJ mUe;jhik>3. jpUlhik> 4. Njitaw;w fhkk; nfhs;shik> 5.
ngha;f;$whik Nghd;w Nfhl;ghl;by; ehl;lk; nfhz;L th;zg; ghFghl;iltpl;L
kdpjh;fSf;Fs; kdpjiu gphpj;Jg; ghh;f;Fk; rhjp ,opit cjwp ntspNawpajhy;
rhjpailahsk; Rke;j kw;w jkpo;f;Fbfs; rhjpaw;Nwhiu ‘jho;e;j rhjp’ vd;fpw
gof;fj;ijj; njhlh;e;J Cf;Ftpj;J jq;fis cah;e;Njhh;fsha; fl;likj;J rhjpf;Fs;
rhjp mfkz jpUkzj;jpy; %o;fp rhjp ,e;Jf;fshdhh;fs;> mtw;iwj;jhd; GwehD}W
Mhpah; tUiff;Fg; gpwF jkpoh;fsplk; cah;T-jho;T Vw;gl;bUf;fyhk;. Mdhy;>
rq;ffhyj;jpw;F Kd; njhopypd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; kdpjh;fs; gFf;fg;gl;lbUe;jdh;
vd;gij>
“ghzd;> giwad;> Jbad;> flk;gd;
,e;ehd; fy;yJ FbAk; ,y;iy” (GwehD}W : 335)
$wp> ,e;ehd;F FbfSk; Nghh;rn ; ra;Ak; nraNyhL njhlh;Gw;wpUe;jhh;fs; vd;gijAk;
rhd;whf;FfpwJ.
rq;f fhyKk; ghh;gdh;fSk;
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Iah;> Iaq;fhh;> vd;w nrhy; gad;gLj;jtpy;iy khwhf
me;jdh;> ghh;ghh;> vdg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh;.
“mWnjhopy; me;jzh; mwk;Ghpe; njLj;j
jPnahL tpsq;Fk; ehld;” (Gwk; - 397)
moy; Gwe;j&ck; me;jzh; - (Gwk;)


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“xjy; Ntl;ly; mitgpwh;r; nra;jy;

<jy; Vw;wy; vd;W MW Ghpe;J xOFk;
mwk;Fhp me;jzh;” (gjpw;Wgj;J - 24)
Mfpa rhd;Wfshy; mWnjhopy; cila me;jzh;fisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfis
mwpfpNwhk;. Ntjj;ijAk;> Ntjhe;jj;ijAk; ghh;g;gth;fs; vd;gJ nghUs; ghh;g;ghd;
vd;wnrhy; gpuhkzd; vd;w nrhy;ypd; jphpghFk; vd;ghh; e.Rg;gpukzpad;. ghh;g;ghd; vd;w
nrhy;Yf;F Nth;rn ; rhy; ghh;g;G vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j nrhy;Yf;F ,sik> FQ;R> Fl;b
vd;gJ nghUs;. ghh;g;Gk; gwOk; gwg;gtw;wpsik (njhy;> kuG> 4) vd;gJ
njhy;fhg;gpak;. vdNt ,J gpuhkzd; vd;w nrhy;ypd; jphpG vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;s
KbahJ> tpthjj;jpw;Fhpa njhy;fhg;gpa kugpay; ehd;F ,lq;fspy; ,r;nrhy;iyg;
gwitfs;> Ch;td> Fuq;F Mfpatw;wpd; FQ;RfisAk; Fl;bfisAk; Fwpf;fg;
gad;gLj;JfpwJ rq;fg;ghly;fspYk;.
ahikg; ghg;G (FWe; 152)
jd; ghh;g;Gj; jpd;Dk; md;gpy; Kjiy (Iq; 41)
Nkw;ftl;bUe;j ghh;g;gpdq;fs; (mfk; 31)
ghh;g;Gil ke;jpa kiy (FWe; 276)
ghh;g;ghh; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F Nth;r;nrhy;ypd;gb ,isah; vd;gNj nghUshFk;
,g;nghUis Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjdhy; mLj;J xU Nfs;tp vOfpwJ. ghh;g;ghh; ahUf;F
,isah;? mtUf;F %j;jth; ahh;? gpuhkzhpd; jkpof tUiff;F Kd;dh; jkpofj;Jf;
Nfhtpy;fspy; G+ir nra;Ak; FUkhh;fshf ahh; ,Ue;jhh;fs; vd;gNj mf;Nfs;tp>
,t;tpU Nfs;tpfisg; ghh;g;gjw;F Kd;> rq;fg; ghly;fspy; ghh;g;gdh; Ntjj;ijf;
fhf;fTk;> muridf; fhf;fTk;> ehl;bd; ed;ikf; fUjpAk; Nts;tpf; fld;
Mw;Wgth;fshfNt cs;sdh;. Nfhapy; G+ir nra;Nthuhf vq;FNk fhzg;gltpy;iy.
ghh;g;gzuy;yhj FLk;gj;jpw;F mth;fs; GNuhfpjuhf ,Ue;j nra;jpiaAk; Kjd;
Kjyhf khKJ ghh;g;ghd; kiwtop fhl;bl vdtUk; rpyg;gjpfhu mbfshy;jhd;
mwpfpNwhk;. vdNt ngUe; nja;tf; Nfhapy;fspy; (jpUkhy;> rptd;) ghh;gdh; my;yhjhh;
%yj; jpUNkdpiaj; njhl;Lg; G+irnra;Ak; tof;fk; ,y;iy. ngUe;nja;tk; my;yhj
rpWnja;tf; Nfhapy;fspy; rlq;fpayhd njhy;nyr;rq;fs; %yk; ,d;Wk; jho;j;jg;gl;l
rhjpauhff; fUjg;gLNthhpy; rpy rhjpahh; mf;fhyj;jpy; Nfhapy; G+ir nra;gtuhf
,Ue;jij mwpa KbfpwJ. ,t;Tz;ikia Kjd;Kjyhf 1874-y; lgps;A+> N[.
thy;nfs]; vd;w Muha;r;rpahsh; njhl;Lf;fhl;bdh;. ,th;fSs; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;yj;
jFe;jth; giwah;fs; Mth;. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; giwah;fs; kjpf;fj;jf;f ,lj;ijg;
ngw;wtuhfj; njhpfpwJ. Jbah;fisg; Nghy ,oprdh;fshf vq;Fk; Fwpf;fg;gltpy;iy
vd;W mDke;jd; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. rq;f fhyj;jpy; kjr; rlq;Ffis nra;jth;fspy;
giwah;fSk; cz;L vd;W [hh;[; vy;>`hh;l; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. J}a;ik> jPl;L> ,itg;
gw;wpa Nfhl;ghLfs; gpuhkzh; tUifapdhy;jhd; jkpo; ehl;by; ,lk; ngw;wd vd;fpwhh;.
,d;Dk; jkpo;ehL KOtJk; ‘khhpak;kd;’ vd;w nja;tj;jpd; fztuhf giwah;fNs
fUjg;gLfpd;wdh;. gy ,lq;fspy; khhpak;kd; Nfhapy; jpUtpoh njhlq;Fk; NghJ
giwah;f;F fhg;Gf;fl;Lk; tof;fk; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.
jpUth&h; jpahfuhrh; Nfhapy; jpUtpohtpd;NghJ ,iwtdpd; jpUtPjp cyhtpy;
Kd;djhf ahid kPJ mkh;e;J xU giwah; nfhbgpbj;Jr; nry;Yk; tof;fk; cz;L>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
cs;Sh; Guhz kuGfspd;gb mf;Nfhapypd; gpuhkz mh;r;rfh;fs; ez;gfw;nghOjpy; xU

ehopifNeuk; (24 epkplk;) giwah;fshf khwptpLtjhf xU nra;jp toq;fp tUfpwJ.
ez;gfy; fope;jgpd; kPz;Lk; xUKiw mth;fs; Fspj;Jtpl;Lg; gpuhkzuhthh;fs;> ,g;
gpuhkzg; gphptpdh;fF; kj;ahdg; giwah; vd;w ngah; toq;FfpwJ. Ng&u; Guhzk;
“Kd;du;g; giwadhd eP ,g;nghOJ gd;dDk; Mdha;” vd;W rptngUkhidf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. Ng&u;f; Nfhapypy; ‘ehw;W elTj;jpUtpoh’ vd;w ngaupy; ,d;Wk; xU
jpUtpoh ele;J tUfpwJ. njd; khtl;lq;fspy; rpWtu;fs; gdk;gok; cz;Zk;NghJ
Ntbf;ifahfg; gdk;goj;jpd; xUKidg;; ‘ghg;ghd;Kid’ vd;Dk; kw;Nwhu; Kidg;
‘giwad; Kid’ vd;Wk; Nfspnra;J eifahLk; tof;fk; cs;sJ. ,e;jg; gok; gw;wpa
FwpaPL ,UrhjpahUk; xU njhopw; fsj;jpy; ,Ue;jijf; Fwpg;gjhFk; jtpu
“ghu;g;ghDf;F %g;G giwad; Nfl;ghu; ,y;yhky; fPo;rhjpahdhd;” vd;w Xsitapd;
nrhy;yhy; njd;khtl;lq;fspy; kw;w rhjpapduhy;> ngUf toq;Fk; xU
nrhy;yilahFk;. Nfl;gjw;F Mspy;yhtpl;lhy; epiy ,og;G Vw;gLk; vd;w nghUspy;
,J toq;fp tUfpwJ. ,it xU fhyj;jpy; giwau; ngw;wpUe;j r%f cau;Tf;fhd
rhd;WfshFk;; gpuhkz GNuhfpju;f;Fk;> giwg; GNuhfpju;f;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghL
(nkhop jtpu Gyhy; cz;zYk>; ,uj;jg; gypapLjYk;jhd;); Ntjfhyj;Jg; gpuhkzu;
Nts;tpfspy; Vuhskhd capupdq;fisg; gypnfhLj;Js;sdu; jkpo;ehl;bYk;> Gyhy;
cz;l gpuhkzuhfr; rq;fg; Gytu; fgpyiu (Gwk; 113) ehk; fhz;fpNwhk;.
fp.K. 6-k; E}w;whz;by; vOe;j rkz> ngsj;j kjj;jpd; nry;thf;Nf
gpuhkzu;fisg; Gyhy; cz;ZtjpypUe;J jLj;J epWj;jpaJ ,d;Wk; Gyhy; ca;Ak;
gok; kugpd; njhy;nyr;rkhf Me;jpuj;jpy; (fu;E}y; khtl;lk; fk;kk; jhYfh) ‘khjq;fp’
(mathangi) topghl;by; gpuhkzu;fs; jq;fs; tPl;by; vUikf; fwp rikj;J khjpfUf;Fg;
gupkhWtJk;> mNj Neuj;jpy; khjpfu; Ml;Lf; fwpiag; gupkhWtJk; gpuhkzu; cz;gJk;
Mz;Lf;nfhU Kiw rlq;F epfo;rr ; pahf elj;jg;gLfpwJ. (khjpfu; Me;jpuj;jpy;
xLf;fg;gl;l rhjpau;) Nkw;Fwpj;j njhy;nyr;rq;fs; ahTk; gpuhkzu; tUiff;F
Kd;dNu GNuhfpjuhfg; giwau;fs; ,Ue;jhu;fnsd rq;f ,yf;fpa tuyhw;W cz;ik
czu;j;JfpwJ.
gpwu; Jd;gjpw;F tUe;Jjy;
“neba nkhopjYk; fba Mu;jYk;
nkd;fl; nry;tk; nry;tnkd;gJNt” (ew;wpid -210 >5-9)
vd;W gl;lk; gjtp ngw;W Mlk;gu tho;f;if vd;gJ cau;e;jjy;y. jd;idr;
rhu;te;jtUf;Fj; Jd;gk; tUkhdhy; mjw;F tUe;Jk; cs;sNk nry;tj;ijtpl
cau;e;jJ vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ. ,yf;fpar; rhd;wpd; top jkpou;fspd; El;gkhd
gz;ghl;L tuyhw;Wg;Gyk; fpilf;fpwJ. jkpou;fspd; fhyf;fz;zhbahfTk;> fsj;jpy;
Kd;NdhbahfTk; tpsq;Fk; rhd;Wfs; ,itaLj;J Ntwpy;iy vd;gjw;F NkYk;
mfk;>Gwk; vd;Dk; gj;Jg;ghl;Lk;> vl;Lj;njhifAk; KOikahfTk; MokhfTk;
jkpoh;fshfpa ehk; fw;wwpe;J fhg;gJ ek; flikahFk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;

ciuAk;> gjpw;Wg;gj;J> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id - 600014.
ciuAk;> ew;wpiz> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id - 600014.
3. c.Nt. rhkpehijah; - GwehD}W %yKk; ciuAk;> c.Nt.rh.gjpg;G> nrd;id>
Mwhk; gjpg;G - 1963.
4. jkpou; gz;ghLk;> ehfupfKk;> (ngupahu; gy;fiyf; fofk; ghlE}y;)
5. gz;ghl;L mirTfs; - njh.gukrptd;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;ypay; fhl;Lk; itif epjp ehfhpfk;

The Evidences of Archeology on Vaigai Civilization
uh. Njtp=> Kidth; gl;l Ma;thsh;>

kJiu fhkuh[h; gy;fiyf;fofk;> kJiu- 21
Abstract
The paper deals on the facts related to the evidences of archaeological sources on
Vaigai civilization. Vaigai river is on the banks of the world famed city Madurai. It is in the
heart of Tamil nadu. This Madurai is the third capital established by the Pandian kings after
meeting great deluges. Once Vaigai was also ferocious and flows always. Due to the floods of
Vaigai many of the settlements of the Tamils are raided away by the waters. At present many
of such sites are being found and the culture of those people belong to them seems more then
2500 years. Therefore, The study traces the Vaigai Civilization with the help of
Keywords: Evidence, Archeology, Vaigai, Tamil Civilization
Kd;Diu
jkpoh;fspd; tuyhW gioa fw;fhyk; Kjy; njhlq;FfpwJ. jkpofj;jpy; kdpj
,dk; Rkhh; 20>000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;gpUe;J tho;e;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gjw;F fpilj;Js;s
njhy;ypay; jlaq;fNs rhd;W. Fwpg;ghf gz;ila ehfhpfq;fs; midj;Jk;
Mw;wq;fiufspNyNa Vw;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gjw;F gy rhd;Wfs; fpilj;Js;sd.
cjhuzkhf> iey; ejp ehfhpfk;> rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk; kw;Wk; gy.
itifahw;wq; fiuapy; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpypUe;Nj kdpjh;fs;
tho;e;Js;sdh; vd;gij njhy;ypay;; rhd;WfNs vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. itif
ejpf;fiuapy; jkpoh;fspd; rpwg;;ghd ehfhpfk; nropj;J tsh;e;J te;Js;sJ vd;gij
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpypUe;Nj fpilj;Js;s njhy;ypay; rhd;WfSk;> itif
ejpf;fiuapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mfo;thuha;r;rpapd; KbTfSk; kw;Wk; itif ejpg;
gw;wpa rq;f ,yf;fpag; ghly;fSk;> fy;ntl;LfSk;> nrg;NgLfSk; giurhw;Wfpd;wd.
itif ejp ehfhpfk; : tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;ija fhyk; kw;Wk; Muk;g tuyhw;W fhyk;
kdpj ,dj;jpd; Njhw;wk; Kjy; fpilf;Fk; tho;tpay; vr;rq;fis mbg;gilr;
rhd;Wfshff; nfhz;Nl> njhy;ypay; vd;Dk; mwpTg;Gyj;jpd; %yk;> tuyhW
vOjg;gLfpwJ. kdpj tho;tpd; vr;rq;fs; kz;zpd; Nkw;gug;G Ma;tpYk; (Exploration)>
mfo;tha;Tfs; (Excavation) njhy;vr;rq;fs; (Archaeological Remains) vdg; gy
tbtq;fspy; fpilf;fpwJ. mjpkdpjd; fw;fhy tho;tpy; ifahz;l fw;fUtpfs;> nrk;G>
,Uk;Gf; fUtpfs;> Fif> ghiw Xtpaq;fs;> GijNkLfs;> Nfhapy;fs;> kz;lgq;fs;
,itjtpu vOj;jwpT ngw;wgpd;G kdpjd; vOjpitj;j ghid Xl;Lg; nghwpg;Gfs;>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
FwpaPLfs;> vOj;J tbtq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lfs;> nrg;NgLfs; Nghd;w Mtzq;fSk;

tuyhw;iw vOJtjw;Fj; Jizepw;fpd;wd.
ghz;ba ehl;Lf;Fk;> ghz;ba kd;dDf;Fk; ngUik je;J epd;wJ itifahW
mJ ghz;ba ehl;bw;F mofpidAk;> nry;tq;fisAk; toq;fpaJ. mj;jifa
itifahW> Njdp khtl;lj;jpd; tU\ehL kiyapy; cUthfp> fk;gk; gs;sj;jhf;F
topahf gha;e;J> Nkfkiy mUNf RUsp MWld; ,izfpwJ. NkYk; $lhk;ghiw
mUtp> nghk;kf;fh tha;ff ; hy;> Jthufh mUtp kw;Wk; gpUe;jh MW Mfpait
itifahw;Wld; ,izfpd;wd. tU\ehL kiyapd; njd;rhptpy;> itifAld;>
mUzhmUtp> nts;spkiy MW> tre;jh MW kw;Wk; re;jdfhT mUtp kw;Wk;
Vykiy MW Mfpait fpof;Fr;rhptpy; ,izfpd;wd.
goepkiyj; njhlhpy; itifAld;> kQ;rshW> tul;lhW> ,Ul;lhW kw;Wk;
kUjhW mfpait ,izfpd;wd. rpWkiyapypUe;J rhj;ijahW itifAld;
,izfpwJ. mofh;kiyapy; cUthFk; cg;ghW ,Wjpahf itifAld; ,ize;J
uhkehjGuk; topahf gha;e;J> tq;fhstphpFlhtpy; Mj;jq;fiu vDk; ,lj;jpy; flypy;
rq;fkpf;fpwJ.
itif MW> gy;NtW fhyq;fspy; gy;NtW ngah;fspy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sij>
,yf;fpaf;Fwpg;Gfs; njspTg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. [lhth;kd; FyNrfug; ghz;badpd;
jpUg;Gtdk; nrg;NgLfs;> itifia ‘=ty;ygg;NguhW’ vd;W Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ehaf;fh;
Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; itifahW> njYq;fpy;> jpg;gNuT> rhpj;jpNuT> nfhq;fNuT> hpay;NuT>
Nfhj;jpy;NuT vd toq;fg;gl;ljhf Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd.
itif ejpapd; ,UkUq;fpYk; itifejp ehfhpfj;ij tuyhw;wpy; giwrhw;Wk;
tpjkhf> njhy;ypay; vr;rq;fs;> gyEhw;Wf;fzf;fpy; fpilj;Js;sJ. Fwpg;ghf> tuyhW
Ke;ija fhy njhy;ypapy; vr;rq;fshd> njhy;goq;fhy fy;yiwfs; gy ,lq;fspy;
fpilj;Js;sd. mtw;Ws; kpfr;rpy, cjhuzkhf: Njdpapy;> mizf;fiugl;b>
fz;lkDhh;> Gypkhd;Nfhig rptfq;if khtl;lj;jpy;> md;dthry;> nfhe;jif>
yhlNde;jy;> jpUg;ghNrj;jp> jpUg;Gtdk; kw;Wk; gy ,lq;fspYk;> tuyhw;Wf;F
Ke;ija fhyj;Jj; njhy;ypapy; rhd;Wfs; fpilj;Js;sd.
rq;ffhyk;
itif ejpf;fiuapy;> rq;ffhyj;ij rpwg;ghf czh;j;Jk; tifapy;>
Kjw;rq;fk;> ,ilrq;fk; kw;Wk; filr;rq;fk; mikj;J> jkpo; tsh;ff ; g;gl;lij rq;f
,yf;fpa Ehy;fshd> ghpghly;> kJiufhQ;rp> rpyg;gjpfhuk; Nghd;wit> itif
ejpg;gw;wpa rpwg;gid vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> ghpghlypy;> itif ejpg;gw;wpa
gyghly;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
“itia cile;j kil mlj;jf;fz;Zk;” (ghpghly; 6 : 82)
,t;thpfs;> ngz;zpd;> kd vz;zq;fis> kilj;jpwe;j itif ejp nts;sj;NjhL
xg;gpl;Lf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. kw;nwhU ghpghly; ghlypy;>
“,d;gKk; ftpDk; mOq;fy; %Jhh;
ed;gy ed;gy ed;gy itia
epd;Gfo; nfhs;shjpk; kyh;jiy cyNf” (ghpghly; 12 : 100-102)
vd;W itif Mw;wpd; tsk; kw;Wk; mJ thhp toq;Fk; eyq;fisg; gw;wpa
rpwg;GfisAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. khq;Fb kUjdhh;> kJiuf;fhQ;rpapy;>


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
“itia md;d toq;Fil thapy;” (kJiuf;fhQ;rp 352 – 356)

kJiuapd; tPjpfs;> itif Mw;iwg; Nghy; gue;J tphpe;J fhzg;gl;ljhf ctikAld;
vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;. rq;ffhyj;jpw;F gpe;ija fhy ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaq;fspy; xd;whd>
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;> kJiuf; fhz;lj;jpy; itifg; gw;wpa nra;jpfis rpwg;ghff;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. (v.fh) “itia vd;w ngha;ahf; Fyf;nfhb” (169-172 Gud;Nrhp>
kJiu> rpyg;..) itif Mw;wpd; tsj;jpidg; gw;wpr; rpwg;ghf vLj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shh;.
itif Mw;wpd; fiuapy; mike;Js;s efuq;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;GfSk; jkpo;
,yf;fpaq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd. cjhuzkhf> Fs;sGuk;> njd;fiu> FUtpj;Jiw>
nfhbkq;fyk; kw;Wk; jpUNtlfk;> NjDhh;> Nrhote;jhd; gw;wpa Fwpg;GfSk;
,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
ehzaq;fs;
itifahw;wpy; fpilj;j goq;fhy ehzaq;fisf; nfhz;L> fp.K. 3-k;
Ehw;whz;Lf;F Kd;gpUe;Nj> ghz;bah; jiyefuhfpa kJiu> murpay;> rkak;> tzpf
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j efukhfj; jpfo;e;jij cWjpnra;fpwJ. kJiuiar; rhh;e;j
itifahw;wpy;> cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;L goq;fhy ehzaq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd.
Nuhkhdpah; fhy ehzaq;fs;> fp.K. ,uz;lhk; Ehw;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j ngUtOjp vd;w
ngah; nghwpj;j rq;ffhy ghz;ba ehzaq;fSk; nkshpah;fhyj;J tlehl;L Kj;jpiu
Fj;jg;gl;l nts;spf; fhRfSk;> Me;jpu khepyj;ij Mz;l rhjthfdh; ehzaq;fSk;
itif Mw;wpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd.1
mfo;thuha;r;rpfs;
itif ejpf; fiuapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mfo;thuha;r;rpfs;> itif ejpf;
fiuapy; rpwg;ghd ehfhpfj;ij nfhz;bUe;ij cyfpw;F vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
,Jtiuapy;> itif ejpf; fiuNahuk;> rpwpaJk;> nghpa mstpSkhd
mfo;tha;Tfs; elj;jg;gl;Ls;sd> mDg;ghdb mfo;tha;T> 1887 –y; elj;jg;gl;L>
ngUq;fw;fhyj;J RtLfs; ,Ug;gij fz;lwpe;J ntspnfhzh;e;jdh;. kJiuapd;
njd;gFjpapy; mike;Js;s> goq;fhej;jj;jpy;> rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;> ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s> Nfhtyd; nghl;ly; mike;Js;sJ. 1980 –k; Mz;L eilngw;w
mfo;tha;tpy;> ngUq;fw;fhy ehfhpfk; ,Ue;jjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fg;ngw;wd. kPd;
rpd;dk; nghwpj;j jhkpu ehzaKk;> tpiy kjpg;Gkpf;f kzpfSk; kw;Wk; jkpo;gpuhkp
vOj;Jfs; nghwpj;j> kl;ghz;lq;fSk; fpilj;Js;sd.
mofd;Fsk; mfo;tha;tpy; gytifg;gl;l njhy;ypay; kpr;rq;fs;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld. mtw;Ws; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpy: gytifg;gl;l ghid XLfs;
Fwpg;ghf> fUg;G rptg;G epw ghid XLfs;> nusyl;L tifghid XLfs; kw;Wk; tPl;L
cgNahfg; nghUl;fs; gy tbtq;fspYk;> gy;NtW tiffspYk; fpilj;Js;sJ.
vOj;Jfs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l kl;ghz;lfyq;fSk; fpilf;fg; ngw;wd. Fwpg;ghf
mofd;Fsk; mfo;tha;tpy;> kj;jpaj;jiuf;fly; gFjpiar; Nrh;e;j Mk;Nghuh tif
FLitfspy;> Mypt; vz;nza; kw;Wk; xapd; vDk; kJtif nfhz;L te;jjw;fhd
rhd;Wfs; mjpf mstpy; fpilj;Js;sd.
kw;nwhU rpwg;ghf> mofd;Fsk; mfo;tha;tpy;> Kj;jpiufs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l
kl;fyq;fs; mjpfstpy; fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd. Fwpg;ghf> #hpad;> kiy> kPd;> mk;G>
Vzp> fzpjf; FwpaPLfshd> rJuk;> tl;lk; kw;Wk; glFf; FwpaPL> mofd;Fsj;jpy;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
Nuhkhdpah;fSldhd fly;top thzpgk; fpK 5k; Ehw;whz;bypUe;J> 3k; Ehw;whz;L

tiu rpwg;ghf ,Ue;jij vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. vdNt mofd;Fsk; ghz;bah;fspd;
rpwe;j thzpgj;JiwKfkhf tpsq;fpaJ vd;gjpy; rpwpJk; Iakpy;iy. NkYk;> 10k;>
11k; Ehw;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j rPd ehl;L nryld; tif kl;fyq;fs; fpilj;Js;sijf;
nfhz;L> rPd ehl;L thzpgKk; me;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; nrope;Njhq;fp ,Ue;jij
mwpaKbfpwJ.
mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; goq;fhyg; nghUl;fs; fpilj;Js;sd kw;Wk; mjpf
mstpy;> rq;f fhy ghz;bah;fspd; ehzaq;fSk;> Nuhkhdpaehzaq;fSk;
fpilj;Js;sd kw;Wk; rkPgj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mfo;tha;tpy; rq;F nfhz;Lj;
jahhpf;fg;gLk; nghUl;fspd; njhopw;$l njhy;ypay; nghUl;fs; ngUkstpy;
fpilj;Js;sJ. itif ejpapd; Kfj;Jthuj;jpy; mike;Js;s mofd;Fsk;> ghz;bah;
fhy> fhyr;rhuk;> gz;ghL kw;Wk; Nuhk;> ,yq;if> fpof;F Mrpa ehLfSkhd>
thzpgj; njhlh;igAk; cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdpg; Nghy> njhy;ypay; rhd;WfNshL
vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.
jkpofj;jpy; Nrhoh;> Nru Nte;jh;fspy; jiyefuq;fs; mfo;tha;T nra;ag;gl;l
NghJk;> rq;ffhy kJiu efuk; vq;fpUe;jJ vd;w tpdhtpw;fhd tpilia mz;ikapy;
fPobapy; eilngw;w mfo;tha;tpd; KbTfs; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sd. rptfq;if
khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s> fPob itifahw;wpd; njd;fiuapYs;s> nfhe;jif>
kzYhh; Nghd;w gy;NtW tuyhw;wplq;fshy; #og;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ehd;F fl;lq;fshf
eilngw;w mfo;tha;tpy;> gy;NtW goq;fhyg; nghUl;fs; fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd.
nrq;fy; fl;Lkhdq;fs;> nrq;fw;fshy; fl;likj;j ePh;j;Njf;fj; njhl;b> RLkz;
rf;fuk;> Vuhskhd nrk;G kw;Wk; ,Uk;Gg; nghUl;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,q;F
gy;tifg;gl;l goq;fhy njhy;ypay; nghUl;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. Fwpg;ghf
je;jg;nghUl;fs;> RLkz; nghUl;fs;> cNyhfg;nghUl;fs;> fz;zhbkzpg; nghUl;fs;>
kzpfspyhd nghUl;fs;> Kj;Jf;fs;>> fz;zhbg; nghUl;fs;> fpspQ;ry; nghUl;fs;>
vYk;gpyhd nghUl;fs;> fy;nghUl;fs;> khd;nfhk;Gfs;> Nrhopfs; Nghd;wit
fpilj;Js;sd.
fPob mfoha;tpy; %d;W mLf;FfspYk; ntt;NtW fhyfl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;j
ghidfs; fpilj;Js;sd. mtw;Ws;> Rkhh; 70f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l jkpop (jkpo;gpuhkp)
vOj;JfSk;> Rkhh; 600 XLfspy; fPwy; NfhLfSk; fpilj;Js;sd. Fwpg;ghf> mk;gpd;
tbtk;> Vzp> kPd;> ];t];jpfh> jphp#yk;> #hpad;> tz;br;rf;fuk;> ,iy Mfpait
,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. rpy ghid XLfspy;> rq;fj;jpw;F Ke;ija fhyg; ngah;fshd>
jprd;> Mjd;> ,ajd; kw;Wk; cjpud; Nghd;w ngah;fs; nghhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
fPob mfoha;tpy; fpilf;fg; ngw;w nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; fl;Lkhdq;fs; ,tw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; kpf tsikahd Cuhf ,g;gFjp ,Ue;Js;sij
mwpaKbfpwJ. ,t;T+h; Ntshz;ik> kw;Wk; cNyhf ciyfs; fpilj;Js;sijf;
nfhz;L gy;NtW njhopy; EZf;fk;> fiy kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd mwpT> fpNuf;f kw;;Wk;
NuhkhGhp ehzaq;fs; ngUkstpy; fpilj;Js;sijf; nfhz;L> fPob rpwe;j thzpgj;
jskhfTk; tpsq;fpAs;sij mwpayhk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fy;ntl;Lfs; kw;Wk; Nfhapy;fiy

fl;lf;fiy rq;ffhyj;jpypUe;Nj rpwe;Njhq;fp tsh;e;jpUf;fpwJ. rq;f
fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh; jkpofj;ij Ml;rpGhpe;j gy;yth;> Nrhoh;> ghz;bah;> tp[aefu>
ehaf;f kd;dh;fs;> kuhl;ba kd;dh;fs;> NrJgjp kd;dh;fs; Nghd;NwhUk; njhlh;e;J
fl;lf;fiy tsh;r;rpf;Fg; nghpJk; njhz;L nra;jpUf;fpwhh;fs; vd;gij fy;ntl;Lr;
nra;jpfs; kw;Wk; Nfhapy;fs; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ. jpuhtplf; fl;lf;fiy>
ghz;bah;fs; fhyj;jpy; nropj;Njhq;fp fhzg;gl;lJ. NkYk; itif ejpf;fiuapy;>
Kw;fhyg; ghz;bah;fs; kw;Wk; gpw;fhy ghz;bah;fspd; fhyj;ij Nrh;e;j gy
Nfhapy;fs; ,d;Wk; mth;fsJ Gfiog; giwrhw;Wfpd;wd.
itif ejpf; fiuapy; mike;Js;s tuyhw;W rpwg;Gkpf;f Nfhapy;fspd; gl;bay;
gpd;tUkhW:
vz; Chpd; ngah; khtl;lk; Nfhapypd; ngah;
1 [k;GypGj;Jhh; Njdp fjypeurpq;fg; ngUkhs; Nfhapy;
2 Fs;sGuk; Njdp cj;jz;l nrse;juuh[g;ngUkhs; Nfhapy;
3 Nkykq;fyk; Njdp khakd;khhp <];tuk;
4 Nrhote;jhd; kJiu [dfg;ngUkhs; Nfhapy;
5 tpf;fpukq;fyk; kJiu kJNuhjaP];tuk; Nfhapy;
6 FUtpj;Jiw kJiu rpj;jputy;ygg; ngUkhs; Nfhapy;
7 njd;fiu kJiu %yehj];thkp Nfhapy;
8 KJiu kJiu = kPdhl;rp Re;jNu];tuh; Nfhapy;
9 KJiu kJiu jpUthg;Gilahh; Nfhapy;
10 jpUg;guq;Fd;wk; kJiu Rg;ukzpaRthkp Nfhapy;
11 KJiu kJiu $ly; mofh; nUkhs; Nfhapy;
12 jpUg;Gtdk; rptfq;if G+tdehjh; Nfhapy;
13 Ntk;gj;Jhh; rptfq;if = Re;juuh[ ngUkhs; Nfhapy;
14 khdhkJiu rptfq;if tPu mofh; ngUkhs; Nfhapy;
15 gukf;Fb rptfq;if = Re;juuh[ ngUkhs; Nfhapy;
itifiag; gw;wpa fy;ntl;L nra;jpfs;
ghz;bah;fs; ghrdj;jpw;F Mw;wpa mUq;nfhil Fwpj;J kpfTk; rpwg;gpj;Jf;
$Wk;> kpfg;goikahd fy;ntl;lhf ghz;ba kd;dd; mhpNfrhp vd;wiof;fg;gl;l
nropad; Nre;jdpd; fy;ntl;L mikfpwJ. ,f;fy;ntl;by;> itiff; fiuapy;
xUkjFfl;b> mjpypUe;J mhpNfrhp vd;w ngahpy; xU fhy;ntl;b mjid xU
fhl;lhw;Wld; Nrh;j;J xU ePh;j;Njf;fk; cUthf;fp rhzhL> gUj;jpf;Fb ehL tiu
Fsq;fs;> fz;kha;fSf;F ghrdj;jpw;F ePh; toq;fpAs;sijj; njhptpf;fpwJ.
fp.gp. 12k; Ehw;whz;by; kd;dd; =ty;yg ghz;badpd; Ml;rpapy; mjpfhhpahfj;
jpfo;e;j njhz;il kz;lyj;J GypA+h;f; Nfhl;lj;J khq;fhL ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j Nrho
Kj;jiuad; vd;gth; kd;dhpd; gjpNdhuhtJ Ml;rpahz;by;> jdf;F nrhe;jkhd
epyq;fis FUtpj;Jiw ngUkhs; NfhapYf;F> jhdkhf toq;fp> ,e;j epyj;jpw;Fj;
Njitahd ghrdePiug; ngWtjw;fhf itifapypUe;J gphpe;J nrd;w guhf;fpuk
ghz;bag;NguhW vDk; fhy;tha;fF ; Nky; kw;nwhU fhy;thia cUthf;Ffpwhh;. ,e;j
fhy;tha; ghrdKiw> Vw;fdNt> ghz;bad;fhy;tha; %yk; ghrdk; ngw;w epyq;fisg;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shf;fpaJ. ,jid Nrhohe;jf rJh;Ntjp kq;fyj;J Vhprig kWj;jJ.

,jw;Fj; jPh;thf> ghz;ba kd;dd; “fhYf;F Nky; fhy; fy;yyhfhJ” vd;W jPh;g;Gf;
$wpajhf $wg;gLk; fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jp> ,d;wsTk;> FUtpj;Jiw rpj;jpuuj=ty;ygh;
Nfhapypy; fhzyhk;.
NkYk;> guhf;fpuk ghz;bad; fhyj;jpy;> FUtpj;Jiw mUNf> itifahw;wpd;
FWf;Nf 12k; Ehw;whz;by; xU fy;yiz cUthf;fg;gl;;lJ mk;kd;ddpd; ngauhNyNa
“guhf;fpuk ghz;bad; fy;yiz” vd;Wk; toq;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,t;thW itifejp
gw;wpa fy;ntl;L nra;jpfSk;> mf;fhy #oiy mwpe;J nfhs;s cWJizahf
epw;fpd;wJ.
KbTiu
tU\ehL kiyapy; cUthfp> Mw;wq;fiuapy;> tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; rq;fkpf;Fk;
tiuapy;> itifejp nts;sePiu kl;Lky;y> gy tuyhw;W mbr;RtLfisAk; Rke;J
nfhz;L jhd; nry;fpwJ. ekf;F fpilj;Js;s> njhy;ypay;> tuyhw;W rhd;Wfisf;
nfhz;L> itifejpia xl;b> nropg;ghd> tskpf;f ehfhpfk; njhd;Wnjhl;L te;J
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ> vd;gij njspthf vLj;Jiufpd;wd. fpwp];jt fiy kw;Wk;
njhy;ypayhsuhd mUl;je;ij nùh]; S.J. vd;gth; jd;Dila “goe;jkpohpd;
tuyhWk;> ,yf;fpaKk;” vd;w Ehypy;> “rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk; jd; vy;iyia>
njw;Nf itifejp tiu tphpj;Js;sJ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. ,d;wsTk;> itifejp>
jd;dfj;Nj> rpwg;ghd gz;ghL> ehfhpfk;> fiy kw;Wk; guhk;ghpj;ij gy Ehw;whz;Lfs;
fle;Jk; vjph;fhy re;jjpapdhUf;F vLj;Jr; nry;fpwJ vd;why; mJ kpifad;W.
mj;jifa rpwg;Gfisf; nfhz;l itifejpia> khRgLj;jhky;> mjd; tuyhw;iwAk;>
fyhr;rhu guhk;ghpaj;ijAk; vjph;tUk; re;jjpapdUf;Fk; vLj;Jr;nry;Yk; flik ek;
xt;nthUtiuAk; rhh;e;jJ.
ghu;it Ehy;fs;

gz;iz> kJiu- 625 001.
3. jl;rpzh%u;j;jp.m. jkpou; ehfupfKk; gz;ghLk;> Aho; ntspaPL> nrd;id -600040.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
njhy;ypay; gjpTfspy; VWjOTjy;

Taming of the Bull (Jallikattu) in Archaeological Evidences
g.Njd;nkhop> KidtHgl;l Ma;thsH> jkpo;j;Jiw>

gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}up> nrd;id-30.
Abstract
The Sangam literature, which has appeared three thousand years ago, has been
written by the sangam poets. The Sangam writers have identified clues about climbing on the
bulls and taming of it. The study of this finds the archeological evidences of the matters
relatd to Bull taming and the culture of bravery.
Keywords: Taming, Bull, Jallikattu, Archaeological Evidences
jkpo; r%fk; Njhd;wpaJ Kjy; fhy;eilfSf;F mspf;fg;gl;L tUk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpj;j gy mupa jfty;fs; fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd. Gjpa fw;fhyk;
Kjy; epiyahf Xuplj;jpy; jq;fp> Ntshz;ik gzpf;fhf khL> vUik> ML> Nfhop
Mfpa fhy;eilr; nry;tq;fis Kd;NdhHfs; tsHf;fj;njhlq;fpdH. Xa;T Neuj;jpy;
jq;fSf;Fk;> jhq;fs; topgLk; ,iwtDf;Fk; thfdkhf tpsq;Fk; fhisfSld;
VWjOTjy;> elj;jpdH vd;gjw;fhd ,yf;fz> ,yf;fpa> njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs;
fpilj;Js;sd. mitfspy; ghiw Xtpaq;fs;> fy;Kj;jpiu> eLfw;fs;> Nfhapy;
rpw;gq;fs;> ehzaq;fs; kw;Wk; RtNuhtpaq;fs; Mfpatw;iw Mjhuhkhf nfhz;L
VWjOTjiy njhy;ypay; Nehf;fpy; MuhAk; tifapy; ,f;fl;Liu mikfpwJ.
njhy;ypay;
Mjpfhyj;ijg; gw;wpa mwptpay; vd;w tifapy; njhy;ypay; vd;gJ
ngUk;ghYk; G+kpf;Fs; GijAz;L kiwe;J fplf;Fk; my;yJ Nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk;
kdpj ,dj;Njhlhd nghUs;fisAk;> mtHfSf;fhd gad;ghl;Lf; fUtpfisAk;
Kd;itj;J MuhAk; Ma;tpay; JiwahfpwJ. “njhd;ikahd tuyhw;iw ntspg;glf;
fhl;Lk; ,yf;fpaq;fs;> gpw Mtzq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lfs;> nrg;NgLfs;> ehzaq;fs;
Mfpatw;wpd; Njhw;wj;Jf;F Kd;dH tho;e;j kf;fspd; tho;f;ifKiw> gz;ghL> gof;f
tof;fq;fs;> ehfuPfek;gpf;iffs; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp> mwpa ,j;njhy;ypay; Ma;T
Jiznra;fpwJ.”1 (KUfd;.g.KidtH> nr.,.g-460) mt;tifapy; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;
Fwpg;gpLk; rq;f fhyk; kw;Wk; mjw;F Kd;djhf tho;e;j rhjhuz kf;fspd; tho;f;if
KiwfSk;> mtHfs; tpl;Lr; nrd;w vr;rq;fSk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd.
VWjOTjy;
khLfspd; ,dj;jpy; Mz;khL ‘VW’ vdg;gl;lJ. Ky;iy kf;fspd; tho;tpd;
,d;wpaikahj epfo;thf ‘VWjOTjy;’ ,Ue;Js;sd. xt;nthU tPl;bYk; VWfSk;
gRf;fSk; tsHf;fg;gl;ld. fwitkhLfs; ghy; ngWtjw;Fk;> fhis khLfs;
VWjOjTjYf;Fk; tsHf;fg;gl;ld. “,y;ywk; elj;j xUtd; jFjpAilatd; vd;gij
‘VWjOTjNy’ epHzapj;jJ. xU tPl;by; ngz;Foe;ij gpwe;jTld; ,sq;fhisAk;


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
$lNt tsHf;fg;gl;lJ. mg;ngz; jpUkzg;gUtk; mile;jTld; mf;fhis

VWjOTjypy; gq;Nfw;Fk; mf;fhisia ntw;wpf; nfhz;;ltd;> mg;ngz;id
kzg;ghd.;” 2
(KUfd;.g.KidtH>nr.,.g-327) goe;jkpoHfsplj;jpy; ,j;jifa
gz;ghLfis nfhz;bUe;jdH.
tpoh epfOkplk;
VWjOTjy; jkpofj;jpy;> Fwpg;ghf Ky;iy epyq;fspy; tpohthfNt
nfhz;lhg;gl;Ls;sd. cly;jpwd; Nghl;bahf ,J epfo;j;jg;gl;ljhy; giwabj;J
mwptp;f;fg;gl;lJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; xd;whd fypj;njhifapy; Nrhod;
ey;YUj;jpudhy; vOjg;gl;l Ky;iyf;fypapy; mike;Js;s ghly;fs; VWjOTjy;
gw;wpa nra;jpfis tpsf;fkhf tpsf;fpAs;sJ. VWfis milj;Jitg;gjw;fhf
‘njhO’ mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ghHitahsHfSf;fhf guz; mikf;fg;gl;ld. “rhw;Ws;
ngilad;dhH gf G+j;J Nehf;Fk; thnay;yh kpilngwp Nduhj; jdfj;J”3
(mz;zhkiy Rg.KidtH> Ky;iyfyp> g-393) fhisfspd; nfhk;Gfs; gpiwfs;
Nghd;wpUe;jd. MltUk; kfspUk; ,f;fhl;rpfis Neubahf fz;L kfpo;e;jdH.
,j;jifa gjpTfis njhd;ikahd Nehf;fpy; Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.
ghiw Xtpaq;fs;
goq;fhy ghiw Xtpaq;fis njhy;ypay; Ma;thsHfs; ,dq;fz;Ls;sdH.
mt;Nthtpaq;fs; thapyhf VWjOTjy; epfo;T vd;W mupjpapl;L $wh KbahJ.
khLfis mlf;f KaYk; fhl;rpfs; vdyhk;. Ntl;ilr; r%fkhf ,Ue;j kdpj ,dk;
mLj;j fl;l tho;it Nehf;fp efHfpwJ. gioa fw;fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J Gjpa fw;fhyk;
cUthfpd;wJ. Ntl;ilNahL kl;Lk; ,y;yhky; tdj;jpy; cs;s eha;> khL> ML
Nghd;wtw;iw gof;fg;gLj;jp tPl;L tpyq;fhf khw;Wk; Kaw;rpapy; ,wq;Ffpwhd;. kw;w
gpuhzpfs; Nghy; khLfisg; gof;fg;gLj;JtJ vspjy;y. NkYk; khl;bd; gad;ghL
mjpfk;. Mifahy; Muk;g fhyfl;lq;fspy; fLk; Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F ,ilapy;jhd;
tdj;jpYs;s khLfis gof;fg;gLj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,f;fhl;rpfs; jkpofj;jpy;
ePyfpup(fupf;ifA+H)> kJiu(mizg;gl;b)> jpz;Lf;fy;(jl;lFopf;fhL)> Nghd;w ,lq;fspy;
cs;s ghiw Xtpaq;fs; khl;NlhL kdpjHfs; vjpHnfhs;Sk; gy;NtW epfo;Tfis
gjpT nra;Js;sd.
“ghiw njhy;ypay; tuyhw;W mwpQH fhe;jpuh[d; mtHfshy; 2004-,y; ePyfpup
khtl;lk; Nfhj;jfpup mUfpy; fupf;ifA+upy; fz;lwpag;gl;l ghiw Xtpaq;fspy;
VWjOTjiyf; Fwpf;Fk; Xtpak; fhzg;gLtjhf Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. ,jd; fhyk;
fp.K.2000-1500 Mf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;fpwhH”4 (ghnty; ghujp> VW.ry;yp.njh.g.m>g-46)
,g;ghiwapy; $upa nfhk;GfSk; rpypHj;j jpkpy;fSk; nfhz;l %d;W vUJfisg; gyH
$b tpul;LtJ Nghd;w Xtpak; tiuag;gl;bUg;gij ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ vd;gij
Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shH. ,NjNghy kJiu jpz;Lf;fy; rhiy crpyk;gl;bf;F mUNf
fy;Y}j;J Nkl;Lg;gl;bapy; jpkpYld; $ba xU fhisia kdpjd; xUtd; mlf;f
tpul;LtJ Nghd;w XtpaKk; mtuhy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
GJr;Nrup gy;fiyf;fof Ma;thsh ghyKUfd; mtHfshy;> “Njdpkhtl;lk;
kapyhLk; ghiwf;F mUfpy; mUfntspapy; cs;s rpj;jpuf;fy; Gltpy; jpkpYld; $ba
fhisapd; Xtpak; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ”5 (ghnty; ghujp> VW. ry;yp.njh.g.m>g47) ,it
midj;Jk; VWjOtYf;Fk; jkpoDf;Fkhd gok; njhlHig giwrhw;WfpwJ.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fy;Kj;jpiu
goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; rpe;Jntsp ehfupj;jpYk; VWjOty; epfo;e;jw;fhd
rhd;Wfs; cs;sd. nfhy;yf;$ba fhisiaj; jOtpg; Nghupl;L mlf;Ftjhy;
‘nfhy;NyW jOTjy;’ vd;W goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $wg;gLfpwJ.
,j;jifa rpwg;gpidAila VWjOTjy; gw;wpa fy;Kj;jpiu rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.
mit>
“GJjpy;yp Njrpa mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s khL midAk;
6
fy;Kj;jpiu nkhfQ;rjhuhtpy; 1930-,y; fz;lwpg;gl;lJ.” (ghnty; ghujp> VW. ry;yp.
njh. g-m> g-4) ,t;tUq;fhl;rpaj;jpy; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;w rpe;Jntsp ehfupfk; rhHe;j
Kj;jpiu xd;wpy;> xU fhis cUtKk; mij mlf;f KaYk; tPuid mf;fhis
J}f;fp vwptJk; capNuhl;lkhd tpjj;jpy; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. “rpe;J rkntsp
mfo;tha;Tfspy; fz;lwpag;gl;l RLkz; Kj;jpiufspy;> fhq;fak; fhisfspd; jpkpy;
,Ug;gJ tpag;gpy; Mo;j;jpaJ. Kd;G kd;dHfs; ntspapl;l jq;fk; kw;Wk; nts;sp
ehzaq;fspy; fhis Kj;jpiu gjpf;fgl;Ls;sJ. ,jpypUe;J fp.K.2000 Mz;L
mstpNyNa VWjOty; tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;Js;sd.”7 (jpd ,e;J-jpq;fs;> [dtup 23>
2017) ,J Fwpj;J Ma;T nra;j Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd; Nghd;w mwpQHfs; ,J
VWjOTjiyf; Fwpf;Fk; rpd;dk; vd;gij njspTg;gLj;jpAs;sdH.
eLfw;fs;
eLfw;fs; NghupNyh> rz;ilapNyh khz;l xU tPuDf;fhf itf;fg;gLtjhFk;.
,jdhy; ,jid tPuf;fw;fs; vd;Wk; miof;Fk; tof;fk; cs;sJ. eLfy; ,we;j
tPudpd; FLk;gj;ijr; rhHe;jtuhNyNa elg;gLfpwJ. ,we;jtHfs; vjw;fhf ,we;jhH
vd;w fhuzj;ij mjpy; nrhy;tJld; gy tuyhw;Wg; gz;ghl;Lf; Fwpg;GfisAk;
fy;ntl;lhfr; nrJf;fp itf;fpd;wdH. ,jdhy; eLfw;fs; r%f tuyhw;Wld; gz;ghl;Lj;
juTfisj; jUk; rhd;WfshfTk; jpfo;fpd;wd.
“eLfw;fs; gy;NtW fhuzq;fSf;fhf tPuHfSf;F itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Nghupy;
,we;j tPuDf;F kl;Lky;yhky; gpw tPur; nray;fisg; Gupe;j ,we;j tPuHfSf;Fk;
eLfy; itf;Fk; kuG jkpofj;jpy; ,Ue;Js;sJ.”8 (,sq;Nfh.rp.njh.j.t.g.M>g-47)
vd;gij Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ.
“eLfw;fSs; gytif cz;L. mit> GypNahL Nghuhb khz;ltUf;F
vLf;fg;gl;l fy;> Gypf;Fj;jpf;fy;> ahidf; Fj;jpf; fy; vd gytifAk; cz;L.
mtw;Ws;> vUJ nghUjhH fy;Yk; ,lk;ngWk;. ,jpy; fhisapd; nfhk;Gfisj; jd;
iffshy; gpbj;Jg; NghupLk; tPudpd; gilg;G rpw;gk; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ”9 (kfhuhrd;>
VW.Nt.c.ep.g.t.g-39)
kJiu nrf;fhD}uzp mUNf cs;s nrhupf;fhd;gl;bapy; khLgpb tPuH xUtUf;F
Nfhapy; cs;sJ. “mt;tuP dpd; ngaH mofj;NjtH. Rf;fpuj;NjtH vd;gtupd; fhisia
mlf;FgtHf;Fj; jdJ kfisAk;> nrhj;ijAk; jUtjhf mwptpj;jhH. Nghl;bapy;
mt;tuP d; ntd;Wtpl;lhd;. fhisia mlf;Fk;NghJ mtUf;F fhak; Vw;gl;lJ. fhak;
Vw;gl;Ls;sjhy; capH gpioj;jhy;> nghd;Dk;> nghUSk; jUfpNwd; vd;whH
Rf;fpuj;NjtH. #o;rr; p nra;J kUj;Jtuplk; fs;spg;ghiy nfhLj;Jf; fhaj;jpy; jltp
mofj;Njtiu nfhy;fpwhH.”10 (jpdkyH> nrd;id gjpg;G> 18-02-2011) ,jid mwpe;j


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
CHkf;fs; mt;tuP dpd; epiditg; Nghw;Wk; tifapy;> fhisia mofj;NjtH

mlf;FtJ Nghd;w rpiyia tbj;J tzq;fp tUfpd;;wdH.
,JNghd;W rpwe;j tPuHfSk;> fhisfSk; topghl;bw;F cupatHfshfg;
Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wdH. jw;NghJ$l myq;fhey;Y}upy; cs;s ry;ypf;fl;Lg; Nguit
jiytUila mg;G vd;w fhisf;F epidT rpd;dk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jkpofj;jpy;
fhisfSf;Fk;> capHePj;j tPuHfSf;Fk; Nfhapy; fl;b topgLk; tof;fk; ,Ue;J
tUtJ eLfy; rhd;Wfshy; mwpag;gLfpwJ. NkYk;> ek; ehl;by; gygFjpfspy;
fz;lwpg;gl;Ls;s eLfw;fs;> VWjOtiyf; Fwpj;j gilg;GfisAk; Fwpg;GfisAk;
jUfpd;wd. gy;NtW fy;ntl;L nra;jpfSk; VWjOty; gw;wp gjpT nra;Js;sd.
KbTiu
‘gz;ngdg;gLtJ ghlwpe;J xOfy;’ vd;Dk; fypj;njhif tupfSf;Nfw;g> fhyk;
fhykhf jdf;Fj;jhNd cUthf;fpf; nfhz;l gof;ftof;fq;fSk; gz;ghl;by; mlq;Fk;.
,g;gbg;gl;l njhd;ikahd tof;fq;fspy; xd;Wjhd; VWjOty; MFk;. NkYk;>
jkpodpd; ngUikia cyfpw;F giwrhw;WtJ njhd;ikahd ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fs;.
,jw;F njhy;ypay; Ma;TfSk; tYNrHf;fpd;wd. jkpodpd; ghuk;gupa tpisahl;L
VWjOTjy; njhd;ikahdJ vd;Wk; mjd; njhlHr;rpia ,d;Wk; ek;khy; fz;L
czuTk; KbfpwJ vd;gij gjpTnra;J ,f;fl;Liu epiwT ngWfpwJ.
ghHit E}y;fs;
1. ghnty; ghujp> VWjOty; ry;ypf;fl;L njhd;ik-gz;ghL-murpay;> ntspaPL-

fUj;Jg;gl;liw> kJiu – 625 006> ,uz;lhk; gjpg;G – [dtup> 2017
2. kfhuhrd;> VWjOTjy;: Ntshz; cw;gj;jpapd; epfo;j;Jg; gz;ghLk; tuyhWk;>
mltp gjpg;gfk;> jpUtz;zhkiy – 606 806> Kjw;gjpg;G [dtup 2017
3. KUfd;.g.KidtH> nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gd;Kfg; ghHit-njhF-1>2>
fq;fhuhzp gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id – 600 074> gjpg;G khHr; 2017
4. ,sq;Nfh.rp> njhy;jkpoH tuyhWk; gz;ghl;L Ma;TfSk;> miyfs;
ntspaPl;lfk;> nrd;id – 600 089> ,uz;lhk; gjpg;G 2018.
5. jpd ,e;J> nrd;id gjpg;G> jpq;fs;> [dtup ehs; 23
6. jpdkyH> nrd;id gjpg;G> 18-02-2011


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fy;ntl;Lk; nrg;NgLk;
The Culverts and The Copper Plates
jpUf;Fws; J}jH R.eluhrd;>

cyf jpUf;Fws; ika nghUshsu;> fPo;f;fl;lis> nrd;id - 600 117.
Abstract
The Tamil culture is reveales as much more through the culverts and Copper plates.
There are enormous evidences regarding to the edicts. still they are preserved in the musems.
Hence, the study of this finds the archeological evidences of the matters relatd to culverts and
copper plates.
Keywords: Culverts, Copper Plates, Tamil Culure
Eiothapy;
fy; Njhd;wp kz; Njhd;wh fhyj;J Kd; Njhd;wpa %j;jf;Fb jkpo;Fb
vd;ghu;fs; mwpQu;fs;. vOJNfhy; ik fz;Lgpbf;fhjf; fhyj;jpy; gid XiyfspYk;
fy;ypYk; nrg;NgLfspYk; Kf;fpakhd nra;jpfis vOjp ghJfhj;jhu;fs;@ tuyhW
Mf;fpdhu;fs; ek; Kd;Ndhu;fs;. mg;gb mtu;fs; nra;atpy;iy vd;why; ,d;W ekf;F
mhpa nra;jpfs;> tuyhWfs; fpilf;fhky; NghapUf;Fk;.
fy;ntl;Lfs;
fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lJ goikahdit gpuhkp vOj;J tbtpy;
fpilf;fpd;wd. jpUg;guq;Fd;wk;> gps;isahu;gl;b> rpj;jd;dthry;> GfY}u;> rpq;ftuk;
Kjypa ,lq;fspy; gpuhkp vOj;jpy; mike;J jkpof tuyhw;Wf; fy;ntl;Lfs;
fpilf;fpd;wd. gy;ytu;fs; fpue;j vOj;J Kiwapy; ntl;b itj;J fy;ntl;Lfis
khky;yGuk;> kNfe;uthb> gy;yhtuk;> Nkyr;Nrup> kz;lfg;gl;L> tstD}u;> jpUr;rp>
ty;yk; Kjypa ,lq;fspy; fhz;gjhf mwpQu;fs; vOjpitj;Js;shu;fs;.
ntspehLfspYk;> jkpofj;jpw;F tlf;fpYk; fpilj;j fy;ntl;LfSk;> jkpof tuyhw;iw
mwpa JizGupfpd;wd.
fp.K.%d;whk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhu;e;j mNrhfupd; fy;ntl;L> mtuJ Nguurpd;
njw;F vy;iyf;F mg;ghy; Nrhou;> ghz;bau;> rj;jpaGj;jpuu;> Nfus Gj;jpuu; Mfpa
kd;du;fs; Mz;L te;jijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,it Nrho> ghz;bau; jd;DupikNahL
tpsq;fpa Ml;rpnra;jpia ekf;F czu;j;Jfpd;wd.
ek; fhyj;jpy; Myaq;fSf;Nfh gpw mwr;nray;fSf;Nfh ehk; gj;jpjuk; vOjp
rhu;gjpthsu; mYtyfj;jpy; gjpT nra;fpNwhk;. nghJthf ekf;F fpilj;Js;s
fy;ntl;LfSk; nrg;NgLfSk; mj;jifa nfhil gjpTfshfNt ,Uf;fpd;wd. mit
Xu; murNdh my;yJ nry;tk; gilj;jtNdh my;yJ gps;isfs; ,y;yhjtNdh>
gps;isfs; xOf;fNflhf nray;gl;lhNyh me;j nrhj;Jf;fis Myaj;Jf;Nfh my;yJ
nghJ ey Nrit nra;Ak; epu;thfj;Jf;Nfh je;j nfhil tptuj;ijNa $Wfpd;wJ.
epyk; nghUs;> mzpfyd;> my;yJ gzkhfNth me;j ed;nfhil mike;Js;sJ
vd;gij fy;ntl;L nrg;NgLfspy; gjpT nra;Js;shu;fs; Kd;Ndhu;fs;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fp.K. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j fhuNtydpd; rhrdk; xd;W ,Ug;gjhf

njupfpd;wJ. VLfspy; ghu;f;f Kbfpd;wJ. mJ fypq;fehl;bd; ghJfhg;gpw;Fj; jkpof
muRfs; mr;RWj;jyhf tpsq;Ftij ntspapl;L ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,ij jtpu rpq;fsk;>
[hth> Rkj;uh> gu;kh ehl;L fy;ntl;Lfs; Nrhou; tuyhw;iw ehk; mwpa
JizGupfpd;wd. fy;ntl;Lfs; xU kjk; ngw;wpUe;j nry;thf;ifAk; Fwpf;fpd;w
rhd;Wfshfpd;wd.
jpUg;guq;Fd;wk;> gps;isahu;gl;b> rpj;jdthry; GfY}u;> rpq;ftuk; Mfpa
,lq;fspy; fpilj;j fy;ntl;LfSk; rkz ngsj;jJwtpfspd; ghiwg;gL tiffspy;
fhzg;gLk; mj;jifahd ,tw;wpy; gpuhkp vOj;J tbtpy; jkpo;nkhopapy;
tiuag;gl;Ls;sjhf Vl;by; ghu;f;f Kbfpd;wJ. mNj rkak; khky;yGuk; kNfe;uthb>
gy;yhtuk;> Nkyr;Nrup> kz;lfg;gl;L> tstD}u;> jpUr;rp> ty;yk; Kjyhd ,lq;fspy;
fpilj;j fy;ntl;Lfspy; gy;ytu;fspd; fpufe;j vOj;J KiwAk;> ghz;bau;fspd;
tl;nlOj;J KiwAk; fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wd. vOj;J tbtk; Ntwhff; fhzg;gl;lhYk;
nkhop jkpNo vd;gJ mwpQu;fspd; fUj;jhFk;.
,uhruhr Nrhod; fhyk; fy;ntl;by; Kd;Ndupa fhykhff; fUjyhk;. fhuzk;
murdJ Gfo;ghLk; nka;fPuj ; ;jpfs; mtw;wpy; ,lk; ngwyhapw;W xt;nthU kd;dDf;Fk;
mtDf;Fupa nka;fPu;j;jp jdpahf ,Ue;jjhy; fhykaf;fk; Vw;gltpy;iy vspjhf
Gupe;Jf; nfhs;s Kbe;jJ. ,j;jifa fy;ntl;Lfs; jQ;ir ngupaNfhapy;>
jpUKf;$ly;;> cj;jpuNk&u;> jpUntw;wpA+u; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fhzf;fpilf;fp;d;wd.
fy;ntl;Lfs; ngUk;ghYk; Myaq;fspy; jhd; fpilj;Js;sd. MyaRtu;> J}z;>
fy;jsk;> ghiwfs; gLiffs; Mfpatw;wpy; ,it fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rkz
Kdptu;fSk;> ngsj;j Kdptu;fSk; tho;e;j Fiffspy; fy;ntl;Lfs;
rpyfz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sjhf VLfspy;ghu;f;f Kbfp;d;wJ.
Kjy; E}w;whz;ilr; rhu;e;j fy;ntl;Lfs; kpfTk; FiwT fp.gp.500f;Fg; gpwNf
jkpofnkq;Fk; fy;ntl;Lfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L fhy mstpy;
kpFjpahd fy;ntl;Lfs; fz;lwpag;gl;lhYk; 10-12Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;fhyNk
fy;ntl;Lfspd; nghw;fhyk; vd;W $wyhk; fpl;ljl;l 30>000 fy;ntl;Lfs;
fpilj;Js;sd vdpDk; mtw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhdit gjpg;gpf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,e;jpahtpy;
fpilj;Js;s fy;ntl;Lfspy; jkpofj;ijr; rhu;e;jitNa kpFjpahFk;.
nrg;NgLfs;
nrg;NgLfspy; gy jkpo; tlnkhop vd ,UnkhopfspYk; mike;Js;sd.
nrg;NgL vOj fhuzkhd Nehf;fKk;> cs;Siwr; nra;jpAk; jkpopYk;> nja;tk;
my;yJ kd;du; tho;j;Jk; tlnkhopapYk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. mtu;fs; nrg;NgLfspy;
vOjpajw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk; me;jf; fhyj;jpy; ngUk;ghYk; ePu; epiy mjpfk; cs;s
,lj;jpNyNa jiyik ,lk; ,Ue;Js;sjhf njupfpwJ. mjpf kiog; nga;J
nts;sj;jpy; %o;fpdhYk; nrg;NgL vOj;J mopahJ flw;Nfhyhy; %o;fbf;fg;gl;lhYk;
nrg;NgL mjpy; cs;s vOj;Jf;fs; ghJfhg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gjhy; nrg;Ngil
gad;gLj;jp Kf;fpakhd nra;jpfisg; ghJfhj;Js;sdu;.
jkpo; gpuhkp fy;ntl;Lfs;
jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Fwpg;ghfj; jkpo;nkhopapy; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd
fy;ntl;Lfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; kpfg;goikahdit gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;LfshFk;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
,f;fy;ntl;Lfs; fp.gp.%d;whk; Ew;whz;ilr; rhu;e;jit vd;gu;. ,f;fy;ntl;Lfisf;

fPoptisT> kUfhy; jiy> jpUthjT+u;> Mizkiy> mofu;kiy> Nkl;Lg;gl;b>
rpj;jd;dthry;> tpf;ukq;fyk; Nghd;wgy ,lq;fspy; fhzyhk;.
mNrhfu; gad;gLj;jpa gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fisj; njd;dpe;jpa nkhopfSf;Nfw;g
khw;wpaikj;Nj njd;dpe;jpa gpuhkp vd;gu;. nghJthfj; jkpo; ehl;by; fpilf;Fk;
fy;ntl;Lfs; jkpo; fpufe;jk; tl;nlOj;J Mfpa %d;W tif vOj;Jfshy;
MfpaitahFk;.
Fif fy;ntl;Lfs; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fshy; Mdit. fpufe;j vOj;JfshYk;
jkpo; vOj;JfshYk; Mfpa fy;ntl;Lfs; fp.gp.6MtJ E}w;whz;L Kjy; fpilf;fpd;wd
gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfis mLj;Jj; jkpo;ehl;by; fpilg;gJ jpUehju; Fd;W
fy;ntl;lhFk;. jkpo; vOj;Jfshyhd ,f;fy;ntl;L fp.gp.5Mk; E}w;whz;ilr;
rhu;e;jjhFk;.
,f;fy;ntl;Lfnsy;yhk; jkpo; nkhopapd; tsu;r;rpiaAk; Ngr;R nkhopapd;
rhaiyf; fhl;Ltdthf cs;sd.
jkpo;nkhop Ma;Tk; fy;ntl;LfSk;
,yf;fpa nkhopf;Fk; fy;ntl;Lfspy;; fhzg;gLk; nkhopf;FkpilNa gy
Ntw;Wikfs; cz;L. ,yf;fpa nkhopapy; Vwhj gy Ngr;R tof;Ffisf; fy;ntl;L
nkhopapy; fhzyhk;. ,f;fy;ntl;Lfisf; nfhz;L jkpo;nkhop tuyhw;iwr; rpwe;j
Kiwapy; cUthf;fyhk;.
Ngr;Rtof;Fk;> fy;ntl;L Ma;Tk;
jkpo;nkhopia ,yf;fpa tof;F Ngr;R tof;F vd ,Utifahfg; gFf;fyhk;.
fy;ntl;L tof;F Ngr;R tof;NfhL xj;jiktJ jkpo; mwpQu;fs; ,yf;fpa tof;Fjhd;
cau;e;jJ vd;Wk; Ngr;R tof;F cau;e;jJ my;y vd;Wk; ePz;lfhykhf vz;zpdu;.
,jd; tpisthfg; Ngr;R tof;Fk; ,yf;fpa tof;Fk; jdp> jdp tuyhW cilad.
xd;wpd; jhf;fj;ij kw;wjpy; fhzyhk;. ,t;tpuz;ilAk; Muha;e;jhy; jhd; jkpo; nkhop
tuyhW KOik milAk;.
nkhopapaYk; fy;ntl;L Ma;Tk;
gp.rp.rhg;uh mtu;fSk;> b.]p.ru;fhu; mtu;fSk nkhopapaYf;Ff; fy;ntl;Lfspd;
,d;wpaikahikia Kjd; Kjypy; czu;e;jhu; jkpo; nkhopiag; nghUj;jstpy;
fy;ntl;Lfspd; Kf;fpaj;ij Kjypy; czu;e;jtu; nj.ngh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhu; Mthu;.
Nf. fzgjpgps;is mtu;fs; jhd; Kjd; Kjypy; jkJ Kidtu;gl;l Ma;Tf;F
fp.gp.7Mk; 8Mk; E}w;whz;Lf; fy;ntl;Lj; jkpio Ma;T nra;jhu;. n[af;Fkhup vk;.ypl;
Ma;Tf;fhf 7Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,Ue;J 11Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuAs;s fhyg;gFjpf;
fy;ntl;Lfis nkhopapay; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; Ma;T nra;jhu;. nr.it.rz;Kfk; jkJ
Kidtu;gl;l Ma;Tf;F 14Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuAs;s fy;ntl;Lj;jkpio Ma;T
nra;Js;shu;.
gd;dPu; nry;tk; jkJ Kidtu; gl;l Ma;tpw;Ff;F fp.gp.7-8-9Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;
fy;ntl;Lfis nkhopapay; fz;;Nzhl;lj;jpy; Ma;T nra;jhu;. fp.gp.800-920Mk; Mz;L
tiuAs;s fy;ntl;Lj; jkpioAk;> rlhtu;k Re;jughz;bad; khwtu;kd; FyNrfud;
fhyj;jpa fy;ntl;LfisAk; nkhopapay; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; Muha;e;Js;shu;
NtYg;gps;is. ,ijj; jtpu rhrdKk; jkpOk; vd;w jiyg;gpYk;> Ma;T nra;Js;shu;.


E-ISSN: 2581-7140
fhu;j;jpNfad; Kidtu; gl;l Ma;Tf;Ff; fp.gp.900-1050 Mk; Mz;L tiuahd

fy;ntl;Lfis nkhopapay; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; Muha;e;Js;shu;fs;. r.mfj;jpaypq;fKk;>
nr.it.rz;KfKk; ,ize;J fp.gp.1250 – 1350 Mk; Mz;bw;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyg;
gFjpf; fy;ntl;Lfis nkhopapay; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; Muha;e;Js;shu;.
fy;ntl;Lfs; vOjg;gl;l Kiwikfs;
fy;ntl;Lfs; Ngr;Rjkpopy; mike;Js;sd. fy;ntl;Lfis ntl;batu;fs;
mf;fhyj;jpy; Ngr;ir vg;gb Nfl;lhu;fNsh mg;gbNa nrjpf;fpAs;shu;fs;. fy;ntl;L
nkhopapy; ,ilr; nrUf;fy; ,y;iy. vf;fhy fy;ntl;L vd;gij epu;zapj;Jtpl;lhy;
mJ mf;fhy tof;F vdf; nfhs;syhk;. fhyj;ij epu;zapf;f Kbahj fy;ntl;L
nrg;NgLfs; Kjypatw;wpw;F nkhopapay; $Wfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> fhyj;ij
epu;zapf;fyhk;. ,uz;L capu; vOj;Jf;fs; clk;gLnka; ,y;yhJ vOjg;gLk; Kiw
fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;fpwhu;fs; mwpQu;fs;.
KbTiu
Mjpfhyk; tiu ,f;fhyk; tiu fy;ntl;Lfs; nrg;NgLfs; KOtJk;
Ma;thsu;fsplk; fpilj;J tpl;lJ vd;W $wKbahJ. ,d;Dk; fpilf;f Ntz;baJk;
cz;L vd;gij czu Ntz;Lk;. ,itfs; cyfk; KOtjpYk; vq;Nfh ,Uf;ff;
$Lk;. Vd; vd;why; jkpou;fs; cyfk; KOtJk; njhopy; KiwapYk;> ,lk; ngau;e;Jk;
tho;fpd;whu;fs;. ntspehl;L tzpfu;fsplKk; Mjhuk; ,Uf;fyhk;. Mifahy;
nrg;NgLfisAk; fy;ntl;LfisAk; KOikahf Muha;e;J tpLtJ vd;gJ vspjhd
nray; my;y.
Ehy;fs;


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E-ISSN: 2581-7140

jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa

cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;

xU ehs; gd;dhl;Lf; fUj;juq;fk;

njhy;ypay; rhd;Wk; jkpoh; gz;ghLk;

Kidth; Nfh. tprauhftd;/

Dr. N. Sulochana, Ms. D. Maheswari,

Qh. me;Njhzp RNu\; Mr. G. Antony Suresh,

tp.tpky;> Ms. V.Vimal,

R. ma;adhh;> Mr. S. Ayyanar,

Kidth; jp.ghpksh> Dr. T. Parimala,

Special Issue Editors’

Kidth; Nfh. tprauhftd;> Dr. G. Vijayaragavan,

Kidth; eh. RNyhrdh j.kNf];thp

Dr. N. Sulochana, Ms. D. Maheswari,

Qh. me;Njhzp RNu\; Mr. G. Antony Suresh,

tp.tpky;> Ms. V.Vimal,

R. ma;adhh;> Mr. S. Ayyanar,

Kidth; jp.ghpksh> Dr. T. Parimala,

Dr.Mohana Dass A/l Ramasamy, Dr. Sasi Kumar,

Copyright © 2019 – D.MAHESWARI

Aim & Objectives

Message from the Editor-in-Chief

தமிழர் ளின் பதோன்னமயோை வரலோற்னையும் பண்போட்னையும்

வரலோற்று அைிஞர், பதோல்லியல் அைிஞர், மோனுைவியலோளர், பமோழியியலோளர்,

பண்போட்டு ஆய்வோளர், இலக் ிய ஆய்வைிஞர், ல்பவட்டியல் அைிஞர் எைப்

பதோல்லியல் ஆய்வு ளில் ினைத்த பபோருள் னளக் ப ோண்டு தமிழர் ளின்

ோரணமோ பவளிவரும் பல்கவறு தைிக் ட்டுனர ளும், ட்டுனரத் பதோகுப்பு ளும்,

பதோிவிக்கும் தையங் ளோ த் தி ழ் ின்ைை. முப்பதுக்கும் கமற்பட்ை பதோல்லியல்

பதோல்லியல் அைிஞர் ள், பதோல்லியல் னல ள், ல்பவட்டியல், ைல் சோர்

கபரோசிோியர் ள், தமிழோசிோியர் ள், தமிழைிஞர் ள், தமிழோர்வலர் ள் எைக் ட்டுனர ள்

வழங் ிய அனைவனரயும் போரோட்டு ிகைன்.

ட்டுனர னளபயல்லோம் பசப்பம் பசய்து ஆய்வுக்க ோனவ பன்ைோட்டுத்

சிைப்பு. இவ் அத்தனை முயற்சி னளயும் கமற்ப ோண்டு பன்ைோட்டுக் ருத்தரங் ம்

முனைவர் நோ.சுகலோசைோ அவர் ளுக்கும் பன்ைோட்டு ஆய்விதழின் ஆசிோியர் முனைவர்

தமிழர் ளின் பதோன்னமக்குச் சோன்ைோ ச் சங் ப் போைல் னளகயக் குைிப்பிட்டு

ல்பவட்டியல், பசப்கபடு ள், ஓனலச்சுவடி ள், நோணயங் ள், பதோல்லியல்

குைியீட்டு எண்ணுைன் (ISSN) ஆய்வுக்க ோனவ பவளிவருவது ோலத்தின்

பதோைர்ந்து நோங் ள் நைத்தும் ருத்தரங்கு ளுக்கு ஆய்வுக் ட்டுனர வழங் ி

தமிழைிஞர் ள், தமிழோர்வலர் ள் மற்றும் ஆய்வு மோணவர் ள் எை அனைவோின்

ஒத்துனழப்போலும் ஒவ்பவோரு ருத்தரங் மும் சிைப்போ நனைபபற்ைது, நனைபபற்று

வரு ிைது என்பனத ம ிழ்கவோடும் நன்ைியுணர்கவோடும் நினைத்துப் போர்க் ிகைன்.

அந்த வன யில் உல த் தமிழோரோய்ச்சி நிறுவை தமிழ்பமோழி (ம) பமோழியியல்

புலத்துைன் இனணந்து தமிழ்பமோழி (ம) இலக் ிய பன்ைோட்டு ஆய்வு இதழ் (IJTLLS)

இக் ருத்தரங்ன நைத்துவது உள்ளபடிகய ம ிழ்ச்சி.

தமிழர் ளின் பண்போட்னை உல ிற்கு எடுத்துனரக்கும் உன்ைத பணினயச்

தமிழ்ப்பணி னளச் பசவ்வகை பசய்ய போரோட்டு ளும் வோழ்த்து ளும்.

இைம்: பசன்னை இப்படிக்கு

jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;fhf vkJ jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk;

njhy;ypay; rhd;Wk; jkpoh; gz;ghLk; vd;w nghUz;ikapy;

,t;nthU ehs; gd;dhl;L fUj;juq;fj;jpd; Xh; mq;fkhf jkpo;nkhop

gd;dhl;L fUj;juq;fpy; jkJ Ma;it nrk;ik epWj;jp jkpo;nkhop>

International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 1

ehzaq;fSk; ghJfhf;Fk; topKiwfSk;

KidtH.Qh.me;;Njhzp RNu\;> cjtpg;NguhrpupaH>

Keywords: Measurements, Preserve Coins, Tamil Society, Coins, Numismatics

gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly

International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 2

rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhRfs;

gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly

International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 3

eLNt tyg;Gwk; Nehf;fpa murdpd; khHgsT cUtK; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,f; fhrpd;

gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly