Assignment - FeedBack

R1 R2

1 kΩ 10 kΩ C2 3.9n

A LT1632
R15 68 k
R13 R14
Uin(s) R12
C
1k 1k LT1632
33 k
R11
C1
1k 330 n Uo(s)
B

Alle passive komponenter har tolerancen max. +/- 1 %

1. Analysis part

This part has to, as a minimum, include the following points:

1. Determination of relevant data for the positive feedback amplifier. (Data, which
is included in the negative feedback amplifier’s transfer function).

2. Set up of the negative feedback amplifier’s s-domain transfer function Gf (s).

3. Calculation of the negative feedback amplifier’s dynamic data and plotting of

amplitude response and step response. At the stage of graphic calculations, the
latter measured responses need to be accounted for and drawn into the same
coordination system.

4. Construction of a hardware engineer model as well as planning and completion

of measurement of the amplifier’s dynamic attributes. The response graphs are
drawn into the coordination systems from point 3. (NB! Remember that non-
linear phenomenon within the negative feedback curve can occur in any practical
dynamic system, even though the negative feedback system’s input and output
signals are within the “legal” amplitude area!!!! This can explain “unexplainable”
incorrect results).

5. Evaluation of acquired measurements.

In addition to this, carry out any further analysis that the group may find interesting and/or
relevant.
1. Determine the relevant data for the negative feedback amplifier

R1 R2

1 kΩ 10 kΩ C2 3.9n

A LT1632
R15 68 k
R13 R14
Uin(s) R12
C
1k 1k LT1632
33 k
R11
C1
1k 330 n Uo(s)
B

Alle passive komponenter har tolerancen max. +/- 1 %

R 1 := 1KΩ R 2 := 10KΩ R 11 := 1KΩ R 12 := 33KΩ R 13 := 1KΩ R 14 := 1KΩ

R 15 := 68KΩ C 1 := 330nF C 2 := 3.9nF

1
R total :=
1 1 R total = 500 Ω
+
R14 R13

1 3 rad 1 3 rad
ω1 := = 6.061 × 10 ⋅ ω2 := = 3.7707390649 × 10 ⋅
Rtotal⋅ C1 s R15⋅ C2 s

R1
β := = 0.1
R2

By analyzing the circuit We can find A1 and A2

R12
A1( s) := 1 + A1( s) = 34
R11

R15
A2( s) := A2( s) = 34
R 13 + R14

ADC := A1 ( s) ⋅ A2 ( s) = 1156
 First we calculate without feedback

The systems s-domain's general transfer function is defined as:

Uout( s)
G( s) =
Uin( s)

For an second order system the bellow is the s-domaine transferfunction

ω1 ω2 ω1 ω2
G( s) = A1 ⋅ A2 ⋅ ⋅ = ADC⋅ ⋅
s + ω1 s + ω2 s + ω1 s + ω2

ω1 ω2
G( s) := A1 ⋅ A2 ⋅ ⋅
s + ω1 s + ω2

finding poles:

ω1
s1 + ω1 = 0 s1 = −ω1
s1 + ω1

ω2
s2 + ω2 = 0 s2 = −ω2
s2 + ω2

Bellow formula is listed, explained and proffed in the notes "ModkoblingEng"

ω1 ω2
ADC⋅ ⋅
s + ω1 s + ω2
Af ( s) =
ω1 ω2
1 + β⋅ ADC⋅ ⋅
s + ω1 s + ω2

We simplify it so that we can compare to the Standard 2nd order function

ADC ( )
1 + β⋅ ADC ⋅ ω1 ⋅ ω2
Af ( s) = ⋅
1 + β⋅ ADC 2
( ) ( )
s + ω1 + ω2 + 1 + β⋅ ADC ⋅ ω1 ⋅ ω2

Bellow we have the Standard 2nd order function which we

use for comparing the above
 2
ωn
F( s) = K⋅
2 2
s + 2 ⋅ ζ⋅ ωn⋅ s + ωn

After comparing the our formula with the standard 2nd order function we get the
following:

ωn := (1 + β⋅ADC)⋅ω1⋅ω2 ωn = 51.620302⋅ KHz Natural frequency

ADC
K := K = 9.914 Frequency independent amplification
1 + β⋅ ADC

ω1 + ω2
ζ := ζ = 0.095
2ωn

1
The bellow only applies when following is true ζ<
2

AP := 20 log 
1
 2
 2ζ⋅ 1 − ζ 
2
ωp := ωn ⋅ 1 − 2ζ

ωp
fp :=
2π

fp = 8.141⋅ KHz AP = 14.444

Measurements:
Bellow is my Frequency response graph for the circuit. we have calculated that it
should peak at 8.1 KHz (fp) and looking at the graph this is true. Its measured
with an oscilloscope, measured is the input and output RMS value, its then
calculated 20*log(Vin/Vout) this is a conversion to Decibel

Y axis in Decibel X axis in KHz

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20
2. Construction part

The negative feedback amplifier needs to be modified, so that it acquires the following data:

− Negative feedback DC-amplification Af (0) = -20.0 times (26 dB)

− Band width f0 = 8 kHz
− Critical condensing

The construction part has to, as a minimum, incorporate the following points:

1. Calculation of the modified negative feedback amplifier’s resistors and set up of

the transfer function.

2. Calculation of new component values. Be aware that rounding off to the nearest
standard value is not encouraged here.

3. Plotting of amplitude and step response results in graphs.

4. Modification of the amplifier hardware and measurement of the dynamic data.

The response graphs drawn into the coordination systems from point 3. (NB! The
comment from point 1.1 above also counts here.)

5. Evaluation of results reached.

R 1 := 1000 R 2 := 20000 R 11 := 1000 R 12 := 33000 R 13 := 1000 R 14 := 1000 R 15 := 68000

R1
β := = 0.04762 Adc := 1156 ζ := 0.999999 If Zeta is > 1 the two poles
R2 + R1 will move away from each
1 other, and our frequency
R tot :=
1 1 response will have 2
+ R tot = 500
slobes, one
R14 R 13
falling -20dB/decade and
another one
3 3
ωn := 2π⋅ 8 ⋅ 10 ωn = 50.265 × 10 falling -40dB/decade.

I have chosen a Zeta close

to 1 becaue later on if i
chose 1 then in a formula i
will devide by zero which
is illegal

Solving ω3 and ω4

Guessing values 3 3
ω3 := 700 × 10 ω4 := 1 × 10

Given
 ωn = 1 + β⋅ Adc⋅ ω3⋅ ω4 ω3 + ω4
ζ=
2⋅ ωn

 ω3 
:= Find( ω3 , ω4 )  ω3   100.072 × 103 
 ω4  =
   ω4   
   458.657 × 100 

5
ω3 = 1.001 × 10

0
ω4 = 458.657 × 10

Solving capasitors:
1 −9
ω4 = solve , C4 → 3.2062944049594430782e-8 = 32.063 × 10
R15⋅ C4

1 −9
ω3 = solve , C 3 → 1.9985568872648531322e-8 = 19.986 × 10
Rtot⋅ C 3

My Measured capasitor values:

−9
C 4 := 32.72⋅ 10

−9
C 3 := 19.62 × 10
Calculating the Cutoff frequency

AP := 20 log 
1
 2 
 2ζ⋅ 1 − ζ 
2
ωp := ωn ⋅ 1 − 2ζ

ωp
fp :=
2π

fp = 8 s⋅ KHz

Bellow are my measured values, measured the same way as in previous frequency
response measurements.
Vin is my input voltage
Vout is my output voltage
The "Freq" is used for making the graph

 251⋅ mV   4.08V   1KHz 

 253⋅ mV   4.46V   2⋅ KHz 
 256⋅ mV   3.99V   3⋅ KHz 
     
259⋅ mV 3.54V 4 ⋅ KHz
     
 261⋅ mV   3.16V   5⋅ KHz 
 263⋅ mV   2.82V   6⋅ KHz 
     
 263⋅ mV   2.56V   8⋅ KHz 
 264⋅ mV   2.32V   9⋅ KHz 
vin :=  265⋅ mV  vout :=  2.11V  Freq :=  10⋅ KHz 
     
 264⋅ mV   1.93V   11⋅ KHz 
 264⋅ mV   1.79V   12⋅ KHz 
 266⋅ mV   1.65V   13⋅ KHz 
     
 264⋅ mV   1.55V   14⋅ KHz 
 265⋅ mV   1.45V   15⋅ KHz 
     
 265⋅ mV   1.37V   16⋅ KHz 
 264⋅ mV   1.30V   17⋅ KHz 
 266mV   1.21V   18⋅ KHz 

0
Converting measurements 0 24.22
to Decibel 1 24.924
2 23.855
3 22.714
4 21.661
5 20.606

 vout  6 19.766
gain := 20 log  = 7 18.878
vin
  8 18.021
Measurements := gain 9 17.279
10 16.625
11 15.852
12 15.375
13 14.762
14 14.269
15 ...
 30.865
29.474
28.083
26.692
25.301
23.91
22.519
gain 21.128
Measurements 19.737
18.346
16.955
15.564
14.173
12.782
11.391
10
3 4 5
1× 10 1×10 1× 10
Freq

The graph bellow

 I have calculated that at a frequecy of 8 KHz there shall be a negative gain of 6 decibel
if you look at the results you will find that there is a negative gain of 6.22 decibel.

Evaluation:

Based on calculations we are almost getting the expected

output. the cause for not getting the 100% expected is in the
accuracy of the components sizes.