JOVEN, Zyrene Lee E.

June 19, 2019

MERIÑO, Andrey S.

STEM 12- St. Hyginus

¤ Look for the 5 Major Branches of Philosophy and give 1 memorable quote each.

Epistemology is the study of “knowledge.” It deals with the process by which we can
know that something is true. It also deals with the means of production of knowledge, as well as
skepticism about different knowledge claims.

“I believe there is no philosophical high-road in science, with

epistemological signposts. No, we are in a jungle and find our way by
trial and error, building our road behind us as we proceed.” -Max
Born
Metaphysics is the study of “reality.” More specifically it is the study of reality that is
beyond the scientific or mathematical realms. Arguably, metaphysics is the foundation of
philosophy: Aristotle calls it "first philosophy" and says it is the subject that deals with "first
causes and the principles of things".

“Metaphysics is almost always an attempt to prove the incredible by

an appeal to the unintelligible.” -H. L. Mencken
Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is involved with placing value to personal
actions, decisions, and relations, and seeks to resolve questions of human morality by defining
concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice and crime.

“Happiness, then, is found to be something perfect and self-sufficient,

being the end to which our actions are directed.” -Aristotle
Logic is the study of right reasoning. Good logic includes the use of good thinking skills
and the avoidance of logic fallacies. The point of right reasoning is to be able to make strong
arguments.

“No great mind has ever existed without a touch of madness.” -

Aristotle

“Aesthetic emotion puts man in a state favorable to the reception of

erotic emotion. Art is the accomplice of love. Take love away and
there is no longer art.” -Remy de Gourmont
 Aesthetics is concerned with the nature and appreciation of art, beauty and good taste. It
has also been defined as "critical reflection on art, culture and nature". The word "aesthetics"
derives from the Greek "aisthetikos", meaning "of sense perception".

¤ Look for at least 5 philosophers and give what are their famous philosophies.

Zeno of Citium (c. 334 - 262 B.C.) was a Greek philosopher of the Hellenistic period, active in
Athens from about 300 B.C. He is considered the founder of the Stoicism School of Philosophy
(which became the dominant philosophy of the Hellenistic and Roman periods, and an influence
on early Christianity).

Anselm of Canterbury (1033—1109) Saint Anselm was one of the most important Christian
thinkers of the eleventh century. He is most famous in philosophy for having discovered and
articulated the so-called “ontological argument;” and in theology for his doctrine of the
atonement.

Thucydides (born 460 B.C. - died after 404 B.C.) author of the History of the Peloponnesian
War, which recounts the struggle between Athens and Sparta in the 5th century. His work was
the first recorded political and moral analysis of a nation's war policies. Together with Hobbes
and Machiavelli are considered as the founding fathers of political realism, according to which,
state policy must primarily or solely focus on the need to maintain military and economic power
rather than on ideals or ethics.

Blaise Pascal (19 June 1623- 19 August 1662) a philosopher, a religious thinker and a
mathematician. Pascal is considered the forerunner of existentialist philosophy. His major work,
les Pensées (Thoughts), Pascal speaks about the misery of man without God. On the contrary,
God, man may be anchored spiritually. Belief in God is the most reasonable party.

Iris Marion Young (2 January 1949 – 1 August 2006) was an American political theorist and
feminist focused on the nature of justice and social difference. Young's interests ranged broadly,
including contemporary theories of justice; democracy and difference; feminist political theory;
continental political theory; ethics and international affairs; gender, race and public policy.
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