اختبارات اللحام-1 PDF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
0
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 W،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
? ‫א‬ ?   ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
١ ‫א‬
 ٢  ‫א‬
٤ ‫א‬
٦  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٠  ‫א‬
١٢  ‫א‬
١٤ Cracks‫א‬
١٨  Cavities‫א‬
٢١ Solid Inclusions‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٣  Incomplete Fusion and Penetration‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥  Imperfect Shape‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٧  Miscellaneous Defects‫א‬‫א‬
٢٨  ‫א‬‫א‬
٣٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٣٧  ‫א‬
٤١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٤  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٨  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٦ NDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٠ NDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨١ DPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٧  MT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٣ UT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠١ RT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣٢  DPT‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣٣  ‫א‬
 ١٣٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬NDT‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬NDT‫א‬
NDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٥٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 KE٨FKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKNDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٠FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬NDT ‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬MT‫א‬‫א‬DPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KRT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬UT‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬ K٨
  .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
  .‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
  .‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
 K‫א‬
5
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
6
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠
 
 K٪ ٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KE٨FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬SMAW‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ OAW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ GTAW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GMAW‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
7
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   L١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ L٢
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬    L٩
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬L١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٢
8
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٨
 
9
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬     ،  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬١٩٨٠K ١٢٣،
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ Alexander Kielland  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 KEE١ J١F‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬E١ J١F
 
10
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Seongsu Bridge‫א‬
KEE١F ‫א‬ ‫א‬F    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ١٩٩٤ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٧ ٣٢‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J١F
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
11
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬        ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ 
‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬   
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ،
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
12
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 H‫אא‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ The International Institute of Welding (IIW) 
W E٣ J١F‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Cracks‫א‬W١٠٠ K١
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Cavities ‫א‬  W٢٠٠  K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Solid Inclusions‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  W٣٠٠  K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.Incomplete fusion and Penetration‫א‬‫א‬W٤٠٠ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Imperfect Shape‫א‬‫א‬W٥٠٠ K٥
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Miscellaneous Defects ‫א‬‫א‬W٦٠٠  K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J١F‫א‬
 
13
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WCracks‫א‬W 
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬      ‫א‬
 E٤ J١F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J١F‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K
K‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   E‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
14
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J١F‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J١F‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
15
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J١F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J١F‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬
 
16
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬K‫א‬E٧ J١F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 
 
  
  
  
 ‫א‬E٧ J١F‫א‬
 
17
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WCavities‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 porosities   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬
‫א‬F wormhole ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬KE٨ J١F‫א‬
 KE٩ J١F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J١F‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J١F‫א‬
18
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬     
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬ 
KE١٠ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J١F‫א‬
19
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J١F‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J١F‫א‬
20
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WSolid Inclusions‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬
 KSMAW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬GTAW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
21
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
KGTAW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
22
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WIncomplete Fusion or Penetration‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 J٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

     ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EFatigue stress
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ o
23
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
W‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫ א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J١F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J١F‫א‬
24
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WImperfect Shape‫א‬‫א‬W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WUndercut‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J١F‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J١F‫א‬
25
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 KEFatigue stress
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K K٢
KE‫א‬F‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J١F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J١F‫א‬
 
26
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WMiscellaneous Defects‫א‬‫א‬W 

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬AC‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
27
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
EF K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
EF   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
EF    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
EFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
EF K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
EF    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
EF   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٠
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
28
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
29
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
............................... ...............................
............................... ...............................
............................... ...............................
............................... ...............................
30
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
31
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬EF‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 EF‫א‬   EF‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ٤
 K GTAW‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٧
‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٨
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ١٠
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ١٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
32
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
33
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
34
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   L١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬L١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٢
35
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٢
K‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٩
 
36
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٪١٠٠F ‫א‬   K ‫א‬      
         ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬   WNDT ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬ UT  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬KRT‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 WEE١ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
،API،ASMEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
KEANSI ،AWS
KEKKKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
   ،‫א‬    ‫א‬    K
KE‫א‬F‫א‬،
37
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E١ J٢F
38
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F WPSK‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ WPS‫א‬ K٦

‫א‬   ،‫א‬ F  ‫א‬    E
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
KEKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
KWPS‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
K‫א‬
KWPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٠
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K١٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
WAWS‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
WASME‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬WAPI‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
39
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٢F‫א‬
 
KE‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E‫א‬F
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬E٢ J٢F‫א‬
40
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ J‫א‬WWPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WPS‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬WPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
41
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K،‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ WPS‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WFillet Break Test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

?T?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KE٣ J٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٢F‫א‬
42
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬ 
KE٤ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Ki
KE٥ J٢F‫א‬ Kii
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٢F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٢F‫א‬
43
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KE٦ J٢F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٢F‫א‬
      ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEE٧ J٢F‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٢F‫א‬
44
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KE٨ J٢F‫א‬
 
‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٢F‫א‬
45
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
°٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬
 
 WGuided Bend Test ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
(U-X-V-I F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K°١٨٠‫א‬E٩ J٢F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٢F‫א‬
 
46
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
E١٠ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٢F‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     KEE١١ J٢F  F 
 K°٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬°١٨٠‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٢F‫א‬
47
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KU-X-V-IW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 WEE١٢ J٢F‫א‬
K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٢F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،°١٨٠‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
KE١٣ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٢F‫א‬
48
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ 
KE١٤ J٢F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٢F‫א‬
49
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬EF
EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
EF K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
EF K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
EF K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
EF K‫א‬EFWPS K٧
EF K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
EF K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
EF  K‫א‬NDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
50
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
51
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
52
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬EF‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 EF‫א‬   EF‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ٢
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫ א‬٣
‫א‬
  WPS‫א‬‫ א‬٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?T? NDT ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ٦
 ‫א‬
W
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ٧
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬   ٨
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ٩

‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠
 ‫א‬
 
53
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
54
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
 
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
55
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   L١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ L٢
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬    L٩
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬L١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١١
56
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٨
 
 
 
57
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Visual Inspection‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K 
K‫א‬ 
K 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬

 W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F‫א‬

 W
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W o
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ W o
K‫א‬
58
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F‫א‬
59
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     WPS ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٧ 
 Bridge Cam Weld Gauge‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 Automatic Weld Size Weld Gauge‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
.‫ اﻟﺪرزة اﻟﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ‬‫א‬ K٣
 Digital Welding Gauge‫א‬‫א‬

 
60
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 E‫א‬F

7-Piece Fillet Weld Set٧–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 E‫א‬F

8-Piece Fillet Weld Set٨–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 E‫א‬F

 Pocket Fillet Weld Gauge‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
61
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬   
WPS‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬E١ J٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬E١ J٣F
‫א‬ K١
‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬ K٧
 ‫א‬E١ J٣F‫א‬
 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬ K٦
.‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬E٢ J٣F‫א‬
62
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WPS‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢ J٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F‫א‬
KE٣ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٣F‫א‬
 
63
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KWPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬WPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬ ،     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א؟‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KEE٥ J٣F‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٣F‫א‬
64
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٧ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬E٧ J٣F‫א‬
65
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٨ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٣F‫א‬
 
E٩ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٣F‫א‬
E١٠ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٣F‫א‬
66
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
E١١ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٣F‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
E١٢ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬E١٢ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬NDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
67
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٣F‫א‬
 KGTAW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٣F‫א‬
 
68
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١×‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 

 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
69
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬
70
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 
 
 
 
 
71
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬EF
EF    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
EF   KWPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
EF    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
EFK‫א‬NDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 EF K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KW‫א‬
 
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬NDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬DPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
72
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
73
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬EF‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 EF‫א‬   EF‫א‬ 
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
   ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ٣
 E‫א‬F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ٦
 E‫א‬F
 
74
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K١
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK K٥
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK K٦
‫א‬ K٧
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK K١
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬ K٤
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK K٥
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK K٦
.‫א‬ K٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬
K‫א‬
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
75
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
NDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
76
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
NDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬NDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
KNDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KNDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
KDPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K MT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
KUT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
KRT ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
KNDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٦W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
77
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   L١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ L٢
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬    L٩
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬L١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٢
78
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
NDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٩
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L١٠
 
79
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 NDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     NDT ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬  NDT ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
NDT ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NDT‫א‬
 
K‫א‬ ‫א‬   NDT ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  NDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ E٢ J٤F  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  E١ J٤F‫א‬
 ‫א‬ NDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٤F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٤F‫א‬

 
80
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WNDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،NDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WNDT‫א‬‫א‬
KDPT ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
KMT‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
KUT‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
KRT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 
 Dye-Penetrant Test ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬ NDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ DPT ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬DPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ L١
K‫א‬ L٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٤
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K L٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
81
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WDPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
DPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٤F‫א‬
 WEF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬  J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬F‫א‬  J

K‫א‬‫א‬
 
DPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٤F‫א‬
 
 WDPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WDPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F  E‫א‬F ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
82
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬DPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
83
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WDPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
84
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J٤
٢٠‫א‬E‫א‬
٣٠
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
١٠٥ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
85
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٤F‫א‬
 KDPT‫א‬‫א‬
DPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٤F‫א‬
86
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Magnetic Particles Test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬ NDT ‫א‬ MT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬ E٤
 W‫א‬
    ‫א‬    ‫א‬   E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 
 WMT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KE٥ J٤F
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٤F‫א‬
87
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KEE٦ J٤F‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٤F‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
      ‫א‬   ‫א‬
KE٧ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٤F‫א‬
88
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
        ‫א‬ K‫א‬    
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
        E٨ J٤F  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E٧ J٤F‫א‬
 
89
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WMT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬EF E٢

‫א‬
 

‫א‬ E٣
 K‫א‬
 
90
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WMT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
91
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WMT‫א‬‫א‬
 
92
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ultrasonic Test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  UT  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KE٨ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٤F‫א‬
KE٩ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٤F‫א‬
93
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،E١٠ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٤F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬UT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
 W
K 
KNDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
94
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WUT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬UT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
EF ETransducerF‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬piezoelectric crystal
KE١١ J٤F‫א‬
Transducer‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٤F‫א‬
95
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WUT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  E ‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
KE١٣ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E  ،F ‫א‬        ‫א‬ 
KE‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ Oscilloscope‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
KE١٤ J٤F‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Oscilloscope‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٤F‫א‬
96
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  KE١٥ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٤F‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
KE١٦ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٤F‫א‬
97
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬    
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،E١٧ J٤F   
   E١٨ J٤F        
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٤F‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨ J٤F‫א‬
 
98
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WUT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 Oscilloscope
Transducer‫א‬ J٢
 
Coupling Liquid ‫א‬ J٣
 
99
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF
‫א‬‫א‬
 EKKKKF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
100
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Radiographic Testing ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
γ‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٩ J٤‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J٤F‫א‬
 
E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬     RT ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
RT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K١
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬٪٢‫א‬
101
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WRT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٤F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٤F‫א‬
 
 WRT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WRT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ X‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KIridium 192١٩٢γ‫א‬
102
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  E‫א‬ F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
E٢١ J٤F  ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J٤F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
103
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WRT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KRT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢ J٤F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢ J٤F‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬      Penetrometers ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  K٥
K‫א‬٪٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  
E٢٣  J٤F‫א‬K  ٪٢،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
104
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣ J٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
   
‫א‬   
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
   
   
 K‫א‬
 WRT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
105
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ،E٢٤ J٤  ‫א‬F ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤ J٤F‫א‬
 
  E ٢٥ J٤ F  ‫א‬        
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٥ J٤F‫א‬
106
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
107
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬EF
EF  K‫א‬NDT‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
EF K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
EF K‫א‬‫א‬NDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
EF K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ K٦
EFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬NDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬

  
  ‫א‬‫א‬
   K‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬
   K‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   K‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬
108
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
109
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 
110
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
UT    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١
MT .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢
RT  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣
DPT  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤
NDT K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥
 
 WW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬١٠٥‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
111
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WNDT ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٣
‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
112
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ٣٠٢٠
١٠٥‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫א‬ 
EF ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١
‫א‬‫א‬  NDT‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢
‫א‬ DPT
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ETransducerF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ Penetrometers
 
113
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬NDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
KDPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪ ٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٠
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬NDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
114
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   L١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬    L٩
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬L١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٢
115
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٨
 
 
116
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
KT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١F‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K  K
K K٤ K K١
K K٥  K٢
K K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ L٢
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٣
117
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
W‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K١٠
118
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢F‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K  K
K K٤ K K١
K K٥  K٢
K K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ L٢
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٣
 
119
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
W‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K١٠
120
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣F‫א‬
°١٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K K٤ K K١
K K٥  K٢
K K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ L٢
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٣
 
121
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
W‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
KE°١٨٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
 K‫א‬ K١٠
122
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤F‫א‬
°١٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K K٤ K K١
K K٥  K٢
K K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ L٢
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٣
123
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
W‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
KE°١٨٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
 K‫א‬ K١٠
124
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
EF–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ٥F
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 
K L١
 L٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K L٣
‫א‬
K L٤
 L٥
‫א‬‫א‬ L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ L٢
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٣
 
 
 
125
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
W‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬ K٤
126
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K L١ ‫א‬
 L٢
K L٣
K L٤
K L٥
‫א‬‫א‬ L١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ L٢  ‫א‬
 
127
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
W‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K٥
128
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
K L١
 L٢
K L٣
K L٤
K L٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
   
‫א‬‫א‬ L١
‫א‬‫א‬ L٢ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٣
 
129
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
W‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 K‫א‬ K٦
130
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
DPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨F‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 
 
 L١
 L٢
K L٣
 L٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L٥
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
‫א‬ L٧
K L٨
 L٩
 L١
‫א‬‫א‬ L٢
‫א‬‫א‬ L٣ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
 
131
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WDPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ EVolatileF  ‫א‬  K١
K‫א‬‫א‬، 
   ، ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
W‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
K٨٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬١٠ J٥‫ א‬K٥
E‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
KE‫א‬F‫א‬ K٧
K١٠ J٥‫ א‬K٨
 K‫א‬ K٩
132
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
OAW  ‫א‬‫א‬
SMAW  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
GMAW  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
GTAW  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SAW  ‫א‬‫א‬
Cracks  ‫א‬
Porosities  ‫א‬
Slag Inclusions  ‫א‬‫א‬
Excessive spatter  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Cavities ‫א‬
Solid Inclusions  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Incomplete fusion and Penetration  ‫א‬‫א‬
Imperfect Shape  ‫א‬‫א‬
Miscellaneous Defects  ‫א‬‫א‬
Undercut  ‫א‬‫א‬
Fillet Break Test  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Guided Bend Test  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Visual Inspection Test  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Dye-Penetrant Test  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Magnetic Particles Test  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Radiographic Test  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ultrasonic Test  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
133
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫–א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
134

اختبارات اللحام-1 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

اختبارات اللحام-1 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WIncomplete Fusion or Penetration‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WMiscellaneous Defects‫א‬‫א‬W 

EF K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

F WPSK‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ WPS‫א‬ K٦

 WFillet Break Test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F‫א‬

 Digital Welding Gauge‫א‬‫א‬

E٨ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬

E٩ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬

E١٠ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٤F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٤F‫א‬

 Dye-Penetrant Test ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

‫א‬ NDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ DPT ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Magnetic Particles Test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ NDT ‫א‬ MT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Coupling Liquid ‫א‬ J٣

‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

You might also like