REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

ZAMBOANGA CITY STATE POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

GRADUATE SCHOOL
ZAMBOANGA CITY

Course :MAED EDAD

Topic : Characteristics of Research
Discussant: Winnabell L. Lee
Date: April 22,2019 Monday

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

REALISTIC

•Research is a realistic undertaking that must result to empirical data.

•EMPIRICAL DATA are those derived from actual observations of a phenomenon,
interviews
of people who have witnessed an incident, analysis of first-hand document
sources, excavation of artifacts, and other actions that yield valid evidence of one’s
investigation.

LOGICAL

•Research follows valid, definite principles, frameworks, and procedures. There are
proper logical, and ethical approaches to search for answers to a specific research
question. Failure to follow these procedures correctly may yield invalid and
unreliable outcomes.

CYCLICAL

•Research starts with a problem and ends with another. As soon as research
question is answered, other questions may arise. These new questions may refine
the answers generated, fine-tune the research methods, or modify the answered
research question. This process continues until such time that a purified body of
knowledge is attained.

ANALYTICAL

•After employing strictly and correctly the predetermined procedure and gathering
empirical data, the latter must be analyzed to elicit the desired meaning from the
obtained information. It is only through this process that research results become
relevant not only to the respondents but also to those who share similar
characteristic
•Proper analysis of the data should be done before making final conclusions.

OBJECTIVE

•Objectivity is defined as the lack of bias or prejudice. Analysis and interpretation

of data, and drawing out implications from research data must be free of bias and
alteration to favor a certain hypothesis, a personality, or an organization.
Inclination toward bias results to the total failure of the research activity.

CRITICAL

•The research is said to be critical when the researcher is careful and precise in
processing ideas and judgement. In this way, a high level of confidence can be
established on the execution of research procedures to gather empirical data,
analysis and interpretation of results, and formulation of valid conclusions and
appropriate recommendations.

•This is especially true in qualitative research when statistics yields little help,
unlike in quantitative research. The credibility of the researcher plays an important
and critical role in qualitative research.

REPLICABLE

•Research procedures must be written clearly and chronologically for it to be

replicable, such that other researchers can redo or repeat the investigation with
the intent of verifying the generated information. It is only through this process
that a particular research can claim verifiability of valid and reliable or consistent
release.
 Research Process

Define Research

The process of gathering informationfor the purpose ofinitiating, modifying

or terminating aparticular investment or group of investments.

7 STEPS OF RESEARCH PROCESS

• Step One: Define research problem
• Step Two: Review of literature
• Step Three: Formulate hypotheses
• Step Four: Preparing the research design
• Step Five: Data collection
• Step Six: Data analysis
• Step Seven: Interpretation and report writing

Step One:
Define Research ProblemThere are two types of research problem, viz.,
those relate to states of nature relationship between
variables.Essentially two steps are involved in define research problem,
viz., understanding the problem thoroughly and rephrasing the same
into meaningful terms from an point of view.

Step Two:
Review of Literature Once the problem is define, a brief summary of it
should be written down. It is compulsory for a research worker writing a
thesis for a Ph.D. degree to write a synopsis of topic and submit it to
necessary committee or the research board for approval.

Step Three:
Formulate Hypothesis Formulate hypothesis is tentative assumption
made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences.
Hypothesis should be very specific and limited to the piece of research
in hand because it has to be tested. The role of the hypothesis is to
guide the researcher by delimiting the area of research and to keep him
on the right track.

Step Four:
Preparing the ResearchDesign The function of research design is to
provide for the collection of relevant evidence with minimal expenditure
of effort, time and money. Research purpose may be grouped into four
categories, viz., (1) Exploration, (2) Description,(3) Diagnosis, and (4)
Experimentation.

Step Five:
Primary Data can be collected through
 By Observation
 Through personal interview
 Through telephone interview
 By mailing of questionnaries
 Through Schedules

Step Six:
Data AnalysisThe analysis of data requires a number of closely related
operations such as establishment of categories.
This stage mainly include :
1. Coding
2. Editing
3. Tabulation

Step Seven:
Interpretation andReport WritingResearcher has to prepare the report
of what has been done by him.

Writing of report includes:

1. the preliminary pages
2. the main text,
3. the end matter.