Project Метро

Strategies for Improving

the Energy Efficiency of
the Moscow Metro System

Kliment Minchev, Dmitry Dubrovin and Anastasia Belolipetskaya

Kevin Kell, Boris Klushin, and Andrey Popkov

Jacob Manning, Daria Pudova and Evgenia Meylman

Abstract
The objective of this study is to identify the
best available technologies and/or practices to
reduce energy consumption and increase
energy efficiency in Moscow City Metro
facilities, and provide recommendations on
how such technologies should be implemented.
Methodology
1.  Research best available energy saving technologies
2.  Develop a benchmarking matrix to compare technologies
3.  Based on the Matrix, choose the most applicable technologies
4.  Develop a plan for implementation of technologies in the Metro
5.  Build a financial model to prove or disprove viability of that
technologies.
6.  Analyze the effect the technology would have.
 Financial Assumptions
Cost of Subsidized Electricity 0.9 RUB/kWh
Energy Consumption per Carriage 62 kWh per hour
Interest rate 10.00%
Basic inflation 6.40%
Equipment inflation 6.40%
Energy inflation 6.65%
Discounting rate 11.16%
Loan maturity 20 years
NPV duration 40 years
Installation and Maintenance costs are included in the cost
of the contract
Project Метро
Three Best Technologies

Train Automation
Communications Based Train Control

Regenerative Braking
Ultracapacitors

Energy Harvesting
Kinetic Energy Recovery
Project Метро

Train Automation
Communications Based Train Control

Regenerative Braking
Ultracapacitors

Energy Harvesting
Kinetic Energy Recovery
 Train Automation

•  Optimal train performance

•  Efficient motion
Benefits •  Reduction of energy usage up to 30%
•  Elimination of operational
misjudgment and safety errors
 Levels of Automation

Level Degree of Automation Nomenclature

Level 1 Partly Automated SCO – Supervision and Control Train

Operation

Level 2 Semi-Automated STO – Semi-automated Train Operation

Level 3 Driverless Mode DTO – Driverless Train Operation

Level 4 Unattended Mode UTO – Unattended Train Operation

 Communications-Based Train Control

•  High capacity positioning and signaling

•  Continuous two-way data communication
•  Wireless radio transmission systems for train control
•  Operations control center
 CBTC Market Leaders

Technology
Siemens
Trainguard
•  3.5 billion RUB for
Hong Kong’s East Rail
MT 53-km line

•  Improves headway and

Bombardier
safety CITYFLO •  58.4km
2 billion RUB for Delhi’s
•  Energy and cost-efficient Line 7
650
Retrofitting Metro Lines with CBTC

New York Copenhagen
Paris
City Transit S-Train
4.2 billion RUB 11.03 billion RUB
Flushing Line,
for CBTC for 170km of
11.1 billion RUB,
upgrades on 5 commuter rail
7-year plan
lines network
 Analysis of Train Automation in Moscow

•  The Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line

•  Retrofit trains and tracks
with CBTC
•  Install and construct the
CBTC infrastructure and
equipment

•  Outcomes
•  Shorter headway (<90s)
•  Energy-efficient operation (40.3 million kWh per year)
•  Optimized maintenance
•  Reduction of personnel
 Benchmarking the Budget for Train
Automation in Moscow

Research costs of upgrades worldwide
according to each measurable parameter
Estimate
•  Length proportional value
•  Average passengers for Arbatsko-
•  Number of stations, trains, or carriages
Pokrovskaya Line

Metro Line Upgrade Length of Number Average Annual Number Number of

Tracks of Passengers [in of Trains Carriages
[km] Stations millions]

Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya 45.1 22 250 43 301

 Cost of Automating the 
Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line

 
Benchmarked   Costs  (in  Billions  of  RUB)  for  Each  Measurable  
 
Parameter  from  Various  Metro  System  Upgrades  
 
Metro System
Per km Per Train Per Station Per Carriage Per Riders
Paris 2.58 0.715 0.69 1 2.52
Copenhagen 2.92 3.52 2.86 3.03 N/A
New York City N/A 1.7 9.6 2.89 N/A
Hong Kong 2.98 N/A 4.82 N/A N/A
Lima 1.48 N/A 0.973 N/A N/A
Average 2.49 1.98 3.79 2.31 2.52
Total  Average   2.62  

Benchmarked Train Automation Budget is

 Breakeven Point and Savings

Annual  Savings  
Amount  of  Energy  Saved  (kWh)   40,309,920              
Savings  from  Salaries  (RUB)   115,710,000              
Total  Savings  (RUB)   151,988,928              
 PV Comparison and IRR

 
 
 

Self-­‐Financing   Loan  Financing    

NPV   39,671,641   NPV   -­‐2,686,663,441  
IRR   11%   IRR   N/A  
Project  Метро  

Train Automation
Communications Based Train Control

Regenerative Braking
Ultracapacitors

Energy Harvesting
Kinetic Energy Recovery
 Regenerative Braking

Acceleration: •  Electricity è Motor è Wheel Movement

Braking: •  Wheel Movement

    è Motor è Electricity

The motor
acts as a
dynamo
Challenges of Regenerative Braking

Power supply must remain

stable
Accelerating Trains

Energy added to supply

must be used immediately
by either
Braking Resistors
 Saving Wasted Energy

Ultra-
capacitor Charge and
discharge in
seconds

Energy
stored in
electric field

Low energy
Siemens
density Sitras SES

Components

Bank of many Computer

ultracapacitors control system
 Examples of use:
Saving Potential of
Cologne
Sitras SES

Madrid

Many factors involved... Beijing

Low estimate: High estimate:

240,000 Based on 500,000 Based on
kWh per tests in kWh per data from
unit per year Cologne unit per year Siemens
 Method of Implementation

Install one unit on the Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line

–  Already using
regenerative
braking
–  Act based on
results
Financial Analysis of
Sitras SES

Assumptions
●  Siemens engineers run Amount of capacitor banks 1

analysis to determine need Cost of one unit, rubles 2,000,000

●  We have simulated the Amount of saving energy (kWh per year) 500,000

Cost of replacement of a unit 1,500,000

purchase of one unit Cost of maintenance of a unit per year,
50,000
rubles

Lifespan (years) 10

Two •  Loan financing

financing
scenarios •  Self financing
 Costs and Benefits

●  Applies to both scenarios

●  Economy benefits are significantly higher than costs.
 Self Financing Scenario

●  Ultra-capacitors should be replaced every 10 years.
●  Savings over 10 years should pay for replacement.
●  IRR = 27.3%
 Loan Scenario

●  Project paid for by loan from EBRD
●  IRR = 17.7%
 Financial Viability

•  Similar systems being installed

in many subways around the
world.
   
•  Four Sitras SES units in the
Cologne metro have paid off in
4 years.

•  Great energy-saving potential

and is financially self sufficient.
Project  Метро  

Train Automation
Communications Based Train Control

Regenerative Braking
Ultracapacitors

Energy Harvesting
Kinetic Energy Recovery
 Kinetic Energy Harvesting

Recovering latent kinetic energy from the Metro
environment and converting it into usable electricity
 How Electricity is Generated

Electromagnetic Induction Piezoelectric Effect

 Application of Kinetic
Energy Recovery in the

Moscow Metro System

Harvesting Energy from
Human Footfall

 Manufacturers of Footfall Based 
Kinetic Energy Harvesting

Pavegen
England
•  98,000 RUB per tile
•  8 Joules per step
•  5 Million step lifespan
Pilot Projects:
 Manufacturers of Footfall Based 
Kinetic Energy Harvesting

Waydip
Portugal
•  210,000 RUB per sq.
meter
•  3 Joules per step
•  5 Million step lifetime
Pilot Projects:
Install Pavegen or Implementation of the
Waydip tiles at
the ticket gates
Energy Harvesting

Use the energy to

power auxiliary •  Ticket Gates
features in the •  Lights
station

•  Installed on
new lines
Increase scale
based on success •  Retrofitted in
existing lines
 Entire Arbat

Price of a tile (RUB) 97,497

Quantity, units 2,836 332
Total cost of equipment, 276.5 32.4
(mln RUB)
Passengers/year 2011 2.4 Billion 280 million
Electricity/year (kWh) 10,616.44 1,242.35
Power inputs kWh 2011 98,127,639

PV for the Arbat line

1,00
Million, RUB

-
0 5 10 15 20 25
-1,00
PV
-2,00

-3,00
Years NPV = -40.91
mln RUB
 Entire Arbat line
Price of a tile (per m^2,
RUB)
209,570
Quantity (Square meters) 709 83
Total cost of equipment
(mln RUB)
163.44 19.13
Passengers/year 2011 2.4 Billion 280 Million
Energy /year (kWh) 7,962.33 931.76
Power inputs kWh 2011 98,127,639

PV for the Arbat line

0,20
-
Million RUB

0 5 10 15 20 25
-0,20
-0,40 PV

-0,60
-0,80 NPV = -20.61
Years
mln RUB
Summary
Energy Net Present Value Internal Conclusion
Savings (in mlns of RUB) Rate of
Potential Return

Train 40.3 million 39.7 for Self 11% Self Financially

Automation kWh per year viable
-2,687 for Loan N/A Loan

Ultracapacitors 500,000 kWh 8.85 for Self 27.7% Self Financially

per year per viable
unit 0.16 for Loan 17.3% Loan

Kinetic Energy 1,200 kWh -40.91 for Pavegen Financially

Harvesting per year for N/A unviable
Arbat Line -20.61 for Waydip
Acknowledgements
Our Team would like to express gratitude towards the following people,
organizations, and institutions for their help and support they gave us throughout the
duration of the project.

Worcester Polytechnic Institute:

•  IGSD, Prof. Svetlana Nikitina, Jim Chiarelli, and Alevtina Yefimova
EY (Ernst & Young) Clean Technology and Sustainability Services:
•  Ivan Sokolov, Alexander Annaev, Joseph Prakash, and the rest of the Assurance
division
The Finance University under the Government of the Russian Federation
•  Alexander Didenko
•  The students and faculty of the Moscow Branch
Comments or Questions?
Спасибо
Thank
You
 Photo Citations
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