CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Combined oral contraceptive pills (COCP), often referred to as the birth-

control pill or simply "the Pill", is a birth control method that includes a combination

of an estrogen (oestrogen) and a progestin (progestogen). When taken by mouth

every day, these pills inhibit female fertility.

Oral contraceptives are the most effective reversible method of contraception

available; the first-year pregnancy rate is less than 0.5% among perfect users and

3% among typical (married) users. However, pregnancy rates as high as 16% and

40% have been reported in certain subgroups of women attending family planning

clinics. Pregnancies among pill users may be due to any combination of high

fecundity, other physiological factors (such as the effects of countervailing

medications or extreme gastrointestinal upset) and irregular pill taking without

compensatory measures to provide contraceptive protection.

They were first approved for contraceptive use in the United States in 1960,

and are a very popular form of birth control. They are currently used by more than

100 million women worldwide and by almost 12 million women in the United States.

Usage varies widely by country, age, education, and marital status: one quarter of

women aged 16–49 in Great Britain currently use the pill (combined pill or

progestogen only pill or "minipill"), compared to only 1% of women in Japan.

Combined oral contraceptive pills should be taken at the same time each

day. If one or more tablets are forgotten for more than 12 hours, contraceptive
protection will be reduced. Most brands of combined pills are packaged in one of

two different packet sizes, with days marked off for a 28 day cycle. For the 21-pill

packet, a pill is consumed daily for three weeks, followed by a week of no pills. For

the 28-pill packet, 21 pills are taken, followed by week of placebo or sugar pills. A

woman on the pill will have a withdrawal bleed sometime during the placebo week,

and is still protected from pregnancy during this week. There are also two newer

combination birth control pills that have 24 days of active hormone pills, followed

by 4 days of placebo.

The placebo pills allow the user to take a pill every day; remaining in the

daily habit even during the week without hormones. Placebo pills may contain an

iron supplement, as iron requirements increase during menstruation.

Failure to take pills during the placebo week does not impact the

effectiveness of the pill, provided that daily ingestion of active pills is resumed at

the end of the week.

The withdrawal bleeding that occurs during the break from active pills was

thought to be comforting, as a physical confirmation of not being pregnant. The 28-

day pill package also simulates the average menstrual cycle, though the hormonal

events during a pill cycle are significantly different from those of a normal ovulatory

menstrual cycle. The withdrawal bleeding is also predictable; as a woman goes

longer periods of time taking only active pills, unexpected breakthrough bleeding

becomes a more common side effect.

The typical use pregnancy rate among COCP users varies depending on the

population being studied, ranging from 2-8% per year. The perfect use pregnancy

rate of COCPs is 0.3% per year.

 Several factors account for typical use effectiveness being lower than perfect

use effectiveness:

 mistakes on the part of those providing instructions on how to use the

method

 mistakes on the part of the user

 conscious user non-compliance with instructions.

For instance, someone using oral forms of hormonal birth control might be

given incorrect information by a health care provider as to the frequency of intake,

or by mistake not take the pill one day, or simply not bother to go to the pharmacy

on time to renew the prescription.

COCPs may increase natural vaginal lubrication. Other women experience

reductions in libido while on the pill, or decreased lubrication. Some researchers

question a causal link between COCP use and decreased libido; a 2007 study of

1700 women found COCP users experienced no change in sexual satisfaction. A

2005 laboratory study of genital arousal tested fourteen women before and after

they began taking COCPs. The study found that women experienced a significantly

wider range of arousal responses after beginning pill use; decreases and increases

in measures of arousal were equally common. Exogenous supplementation of

hormones promotes SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin) as the HPOA

(hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian-axis) seeks to restore homeostasis. SHBG

indiscriminately binds to sex hormones, which includes androgens created by the

ovaries which are responsible for libido and climax potential. It is interesting to note

that it was not a condition of 'efficacy' for female hormonal contraceptive to inhibit

sexual function and enjoyment.

 Low levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain, have been linked to

depression. High levels of estrogen, as in first-generation COCPs, and progestin, as

in some progestin-only contraceptives, have been shown to promote the lowering of

brain serotonin levels by increasing the concentration of a brain enzyme that

reduces serotonin. This observation, along with some small research studies have

inspired speculation that the pill causes depression.

Bradykinin lowers blood pressure by causing blood vessel dilation. Certain

enzymes are capable of breaking down bradykinin ( Angiotensin Converting

Enzyme, Aminopeptidase P). Progesterone can increase the levels of

Aminopeptidase P (AP-P), thereby increasing the breakdown of bradykinin, which

increases the chance of developing hypertension.

Other side effects associated with low-dose COCPs are leukorrhea (increased

vaginal secretions), reductions in menstrual flow, mastalgia (breast tenderness),

increase in breast size, and decrease in acne. Side effects associated with older

high-dose COCPs include nausea, vomiting, increases in blood pressure, and

melasma (facial skin discoloration); these effects are not strongly associated with

low-dose formulations. Excess estrogen, such as from birth control pills, appears to

increase cholesterol levels in bile and decrease gallbladder movement, which can

lead to gall stones.

One study claims that the pill may affect what male body odors a woman

prefers, which may in turn influence her selection of partner.

The most common side effects of the birth control pills include

nausea,headache, breast tenderness, weight gain, irregular bleeding, and mood

changes. These side effects often subside after a few months' use. Scanty
menstrual periods or breakthrough bleeding may occur, but are often temporary,

and neither side effect is serious. Women with a history of migranes may notice an

increase in migraine frequency. On the other hand, women whose migraines are

triggered by fluctuations in their own hormone levels may notice improvement in

migraines with oral contraceptive use because of the more uniform hormone levels

during oral contraceptive use. Uncommonly, oral contraceptives may contribute to

increased blood pressure, blood clots, heart attack, and stroke. Women who smoke,

especially those over 35, and women with certain medical conditions, such as a

history of blood clots, may be advised against taking oral contraceptives, as these

conditions can increase the adverse risks of oral contraceptives.

Smoking cigarettes while using this medication increases your chance of

having heart problems. Do not smoke while using this medication. The risk of heart

problems increases with age (especially in women greater than 35 years of age)

and with frequent smoking (15 cigarettes per day or greater).

Health Benefits

The use of oral contraceptives (birth control pills) for five years or more

decreases the risk of ovarian cancer in later life by 50%.

Combined oral contraceptive use reduces the risk of ovarian cancer by 40%

and the risk of endometrial cancer by 50% compared to never users. The risk

reduction increases with duration of use, with an 80% reduction in risk for both

ovarian and endometrial cancer with use for more than 10 years. The risk reduction

for both ovarian and endometrial cancer persists for at least 20 years.
 Taking oral contraceptives also reduces the risk of colorectal cancer, and

improves conditions such as pelvic inflammatory disease, dysmenorrhea,

premenstrual syndrome, and acne. Additionally, birth control pills reduce symptoms

of endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome, and decrease the risk of anemia.

The hormones in "the Pill" can be used to treat some medical conditions,

such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endemetriosis, adenomyosis, anemia

related to menstruation, and painful menstruation). In addition, oral contraceptives

are often prescribed as medication for mild or moderate acne. The pill can also

induce menstruation on a regular schedule for women bothered by irregular

menstrual cycles and certain disorders where there is dysfunctional uterine

bleeding. In addition, the Pill provides some protection against breast growth that

are not cancer, ectopic pregnancy, and vaginal dryness, and painful intercourse

related to menopause.

The Pill was approved by the FDA in the early 1960s; its use spread rapidly in

the late part of that decade, generating an enormous social impact. Time Magazine

placed the pill on its cover in April, 1967. In the first place, it was more effective

than most previous reversible methods of birth control, giving women

unprecedented control over their fertility. Its use was separate from intercourse,

requiring no special preparations at the time of sexual activity that might interfere

with spontaneity or sensation, and the choice to take the Pill was a private one.

This combination of factors served to make the Pill immensely popular within a few

years of its introduction. Claudia Goldin, among others, argue that this new

contraceptive technology was a key player in forming women's modern economic

role, in that it prolonged the age at which women first married allowing them to
invest in education and other forms of human capital as well as generally become

more career-oriented. Soon after the birth control pill was legalized, there was a

sharp increase in college attendance and graduation rates for women. From an

economic point of view, the birth control pill reduced the cost of staying in school.

The ability to control fertility without sacrificing sexual relationships allowed women

to make long term educational and career plans.

Because the Pill was so effective, and soon so widespread, it also heightened

the debate about the moral and health consequences of premarital sex and

promiscuity. Never before had sexual activity been so divorced from reproduction.

For a couple using the Pill, intercourse became purely an expression of love, or a

means of physical pleasure, or both; but it was no longer a means of reproduction.

While this was true of previous contraceptives, their relatively high failure rates and

their less widespread use failed to emphasize this distinction as clearly as did the

Pill. The spread of oral contraceptive use thus led many religious figures and

institutions to debate the proper role of sexuality and its relationship to procreation.

The Roman Catholic in particular, after studying the phenomenon of oral

contraceptives, re-emphasized the stated teaching on birth control in the 1968

papal encyclical. The encyclical reiterated the established Catholic teaching that

artificial contraception distorts the nature and purpose of sex.

A backlash against oral contraceptives occurred in the early and mid-1970s,

when reports and speculations appeared that linked the use of the Pill to breast

cancer. Until then, many women in the feminist movement had hailed the Pill as an

"equalizer" that had given them the same sexual freedom as men had traditionally

enjoyed. This new development, however, caused many of them to denounce oral
contraceptives as a male invention designed to facilitate male sexual freedom with

women at the cost of health risk to women.

Birth control pills are prescribed to prevent pregnancy. When taken as

directed, birth control pills fail in less than one in every 200 users over the first

year of use.

These pills also are prescribed to treat mid-cycle pain which some women

experience with ovulation. Birth control pills, while regulating the menstrual cycle,

reduce menstrual cramps and heavy bleeding, and, because of the reduced

bleeding, they may prevent the anemia that can develop in some women. For this

reason they also are sometimes prescribed for a number of conditions that are

characterized by excessive bleeding or painful menses.

Doctors sometimes prescribe higher doses of birth control pills for use as a

"morning after" pill to be taken up to 72 hours after unprotected intercourse to

prevent fertilization and pregnancy.

Experts and contraceptive producers gathered recently at the Healthy

Contraception, Gender Harmony symposium in Shanghai to discuss and disseminate

the advantages of the contraceptive pill. One young woman from the Netherlands

expressed surprise that Chinese women do not generally take the pill. "It is

common in my country, and affects neither weight nor fertility," was her comment.

Four widely held misconceptions could account for Chinese women's rejection

of oral contraceptives. The first is that taking the pill might cause infertility.

Obstetrics and gynecology specialist Professor Zheng Shurong of Peking University

Hospital, one of China's best, cited surveys implying that 23.84% of Chinese

women are under this mistaken impression. Professor Zheng went on to explain
that the function of oral contraception is indeed to stop ovulation, but that the

reproductive cycle recommences less than a week after stopping. She added that

the pill most certainly does not affect infants' health.

The second misconception is that the pill causes loss of libido. Experts say

that the opposite is true. Secure in the knowledge that oral contraceptives are the

most reliable method of birth control couples are, on the contrary, freed from the

inhibiting worry of unwanted pregnancies and enjoy a more fulfilling sex life.

"Sexual psychology is at the root of Chinese women's reluctance to take the

pill, as they are inclined to be the passive rather than active partner in sexual

congress. But attitudes are changing along with everything else in China's process

of modernization. Whether or not the contraceptive pill becomes popular among

Chinese women could be an index of their willingness to become more sexually

aware and also of greater gender harmony," was the comment of a psychological

consultant at a Shanghai marriage guidance clinic.

Fears of gaining weight and breaking out in pimples prevent many young

women from taking the pill. Professor Zheng, however, confirmed that weight-gain

as a result of oral contraceptives "is history."After 50 years of research and

development, the hormone content of oral contraceptives has been reduced from its

original 150 micrograms to 30, and as low as 20 for the latest generation. This

reduces to a minimum the likelihood of adverse hormonal reactions.

Clinical trials have also shown that, three weeks after starting a course of the

new-generation oral contraceptive Marvelon, the skin of 50% of women suffering

from acne improved and that of 80% of women acne sufferers cleared up after six
weeks. This is attributable to the absence of androgenic activity in the progestin

content of Marvelon which inhibits the occurrence of acne.

As technology advances, oral contraception becomes safer. And as one

expert says "The safety of the pill enhances gender harmony."

This study is therefore focus on the perception BSN students of National

University on the effects of oral contraceptives.

Perception is the process of using the senses to acquire information

about the surrounding situation on the use of oral contraceptives among women.

The impression and observation of the student nurses will be gathered to identify

and look for answers on the study being undertaken.

NUB students are the main respondents of this study; this includes the third

year and fourth year level students who are currently enrolled in RLE 3 and 4 school

year 2010-2011. Their responses will be the basis of finding out the extent of

discomfort and compliance among women based on their perception or observation.

Level of discomforts pertains to the state of being physically uncomfortable

with the effects of oral contraceptive pills. In this study, this will be connected to

the compliance of women in using contraceptive pills.

Level of awareness in this study will determine the extent on how

knowledgeable or known to women about the benefits of using contraceptive pills

besides from its contraceptive function.

Benefits are advantages or good effects that promote the women’s well-being

with the use of contraceptive pills which in relation to compliance which means the

extent of their conformity with or agreeing with the use of oral contraceptive pills.
 Irregular use of the pill compromises the effectiveness of this highly reliable

method. The consistency of pill-taking has traditionally been estimated through

women's own reports of their patterns of pill use.

The result of the study will help usher the enrichment and development of

perception which will augment and enrich the current status of oral contraceptive

use that will reflect the level of compliance and be able to realize the factors that

led to such level of compliance among mothers as perceived by the student nurses

In particular, the results of this study stand to benefit the following:

The practitioners, so they may support all efforts towards the improvement

in the use of contraceptive pills and be able to know how to address such perceived

reasons why do women do not comply with its use.

Nursing instructors, so they may exert efforts to benefit the student’s

through the proper use of the oral contraceptives that may add additional

knowledge among students to guide them in giving health teachings. That they may

also have an idea and additional evidence that will improve their service in

imparting knowledge on students.

To other health care providers that this will serve as a challenge for them to

be more responsible in guiding the women using oral contraceptive.

The students, so they may benefit from the result by utilizing it as a basis on

how to address queries among mothers on the use of contraceptive pills, and be

able to recommend other alternatives to reduce the possibility of non-compliance

with the said method and be able to appreciate advantages of other methods.
 The researchers themselves, in their capacity as student nurse, so they could

positively contribute to the improvement and development of health teachings on

perception which will improve the current use of oral contraceptive among women.

The research enthusiasts, who may elect to conduct the same study, on a

wider base and a more intensive approach.

Theoretical Framework

This study aims to determine the perception of BSN students of NUB on

women’s compliance on the use of oral contraceptive. The theories that supports

the study are Self-awareness Platek Theory (2005) and Self-perception

theory (SPT) by Daryl Bem.

Self-perception theory (SPT) is an account of attitude change developed

by psychologist Daryl Bem. It asserts that people develop their attitudes by

observing their behavior and concluding what attitudes must have caused them.

The theory is counterintuitive in nature, as the conventional wisdom is that

attitudes come prior to behaviors. Furthermore, the theory suggests that a person

induces attitudes without accessing internal cognition and mood states. The person

reasons their own overt behaviors rationally in the same way they attempt to

explain others’ behaviors.

There are numerous studies conducted by psychologists that support the

self-perception theory, demonstrating that emotions do follow behaviors. For

example, it is found that corresponding emotions (including liking, disliking,

happiness, anger, etc.) were reported following from their overt behaviors, which

had been manipulated by the experimenters. These behaviors included making

different facial expressions, gazes and postures. In the end of the experiment,

subjects inferred and reported their affections and attitudes from their practiced

behaviors despite the fact that they were told previously to act that way. These

findings are consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion.

Evidence for the self-perception theory has also been seen in real life

situations. After teenagers participated in repeated and sustained volunteering

services, their attitudes were demonstrated to have shifted to be more caring and

considerate towards others.

One useful application of the self-perception theory is in changing attitude,

both therapeutically and in terms of persuasion.

Firstly, for therapies, self-perception theory holds a different view of

psychological problems from the traditional perspectives which suggest that those

problems come from the inner part of the clients. Instead, self-perception theory

perspective suggests that people attribute their inner feelings or abilities from their

external behaviors. If those behaviors are maladjusted ones, people will attribute

those maladjustments to their poor adapting abilities and thus suffer from the

corresponding psychological problems. Thus, we can make use of this concept to

treat clients with psychological problems that are resulted from maladjustments by

guiding or giving suggestions to them to firstly change their behaviors and later the

‘problems’.

Secondly, self-perception theory is an underlying mechanism for the

effectiveness of many marketing or persuasive techniques. One typical example is

the foot-in-the-door technique, which is a widely-used marketing technique for

persuading target customers to buy products. The basic premise of this technique is

that, once a person complies with a small request (e.g. filling in a short

questionnaire), he/she will be more likely to comply with a more substantial request

which is related to the original request (e.g. buying the related product).The idea is

that the initial commitment on the small request will change one’s self image,

therefore giving reasons for agreeing with the subsequent, larger request. It is

because people observe their own behaviors (paying attention to and complying
with the initial request) and the context in which they behave (no obvious incentive

to do so), and thus infer they must have a preference for those products

Thus, through this theory one will be able to conclude that the compliance of

women in the use of oral contraceptives depends on their perception regarding

these pills. Although compliance is not seen in this study, it is seen that there is a

significant effect of negative perception on non-compliance to the use of oral

contraceptives and of positive perception on compliance.

If this is then the case, knowing what type of self-perception a person has

regarding oral contraceptive will help the student nurse or the nurse giving health

teachings to a person. If the person has a negative perception, then the student

nurse or the nurse may develop strategies to make the person’s perception positive

thus resulting for him or her to comply to the use of oral contraceptive. If then a

person has a positive perception, then the nurse may go to the next level of

educating the person which would perhaps be about the proper use of oral

contraceptives.
 IV DV EXPECTED OUTCOME

Level 3 and Level 4 BSN Perception in terms of: Extent of perceptions

Nursing students
a. Level of a. Moderate level
Discomfort of discomfort
b. Moderate level
b. Level of of awareness
awareness on
Benefits

Figure 1. Paradigm of the study

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the perception of BSN students of NUB on the

effects of oral contraceptives.

Specific problems: This study specifically wants to answer the following

questions:

1. What is the extent of perception among NUB students regarding the level of

discomforts felt by women on the use of oral contraceptive?

2. What is the extent of perception of NUB students on the level of awareness of

women regarding the benefits of complying in the use of oral contraceptive?

3. Is there any significant difference in the extent of perception of NUB students

on the level of awareness of women regarding the benefits of complying in

the use of oral contraceptive according to gender and year level?

Hypotheses of the study

This study will be anchored on the following hypotheses that:

1. The NUB students perceive that the discomfort felt by women on use of oral

contraceptive is moderate.

2. The NUB students perceive that women are moderately aware on the benefits

of complying on the use of oral contraceptive.

3. There is significant difference in the extent of perception of NUB students on

the level of awareness of women regarding the benefits of complying in the

use of oral contraceptive according to gender.

4. There is significant difference in the extent of perception of NUB students on

the level of awareness of women regarding the benefits of complying in the

use of oral contraceptive according to year level

 CHAPTER II

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods and procedures followed by the

researchers in the conduct of the study. Specifically, it presents the design, locale

and population instrumentation, data gathering procedures and the statistical

treatment of the study.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study will be descriptive in design. It describe to some extent the

discomfort felt by women on use of oral contraceptive and awareness of women

regarding the benefits of complying in the use of oral contraceptive as perceived by

the BSN students.

Descriptive research, also known as statistical research, describes data and

characteristics about the population, or phenomenon being studied. Descriptive

research answers the questions who, what, where, when and how. Although the

data description is factual, accurate and systematic, the research cannot describe

what caused a situation. Thus, Descriptive research cannot be used to create a

casual relationship, where one variable affects another. In other words, descriptive

research can be said to have a low requirement for internal validity (Venzon,

2005).

This study further will employ quantitative descriptive survey type of

research. Data will be collected through a survey, which analyzes, interprets and

reports the condition of the respondents’ perceptions. The data will then be sorted,
reported and subjected to statistical analysis, computation and interpretations.

From there, proper evaluations, conclusion and recommendation will be derived.

LOCALE AND POPULATION

The study will be conducted in National University, # 57 Bokawkan Road,

Baguio City, Benguet. The research is entitled “Perception of BSN Students

regarding the effects of oral contraceptive”.

This research will not cover other family planning method such as condom,

IUD, injectables and other types of contraception. It will also describe the reasons

why women comply and not comply in the use of oral contraceptive.

The components of the study on oral contraceptive are limited to the

discomfort felt by the women and the benefits of compliance. This study will be

based from a quantitative type of research which will use a scale survey form to

measure the discomfort felt by women on use of oral contraceptive and awareness

of women regarding the benefits of complying in the use of oral contraceptive as

perceived by the BSN students.

The respondents of this study will include only the BSN students who are 3 rd

year and 4th year, which are enrolled this 1st semester school year 2010-2011. The

study will focus mainly on the students’ perception or opinion on the women’s level

of discomfort and awareness on the benefits of compliance to oral contraceptives.

The student being chosen doesn’t necessarily need to have used the oral

contraceptive thus the respondent can be a male or female, furthermore this study

measures only the opinion of students on the subject being studied. The sample
population will be identified with the complete list of students coming from MIS

office.

Due to the researchers’ limited time and resources, only the 3 rd year and 4th

year level will be covered as the limitation of the study. This study will be

conducted on the whole month of August.

The population will consist of the 3rd year and 4th year nursing students.

According to the MIS office a total of **** student nurses are enrolled this 1st

semester school year 2010-2011. The study will focus mainly on the said group of

respondents. A sample of *** students will be drawn.

Random technique will be used in selecting nursing students. The researcher

will construct the population frame based on the official list.

The sample size is ****, which will be determined by using the Slovin’s

formula (1960):

n= N

1 + Ne2

Where: n = sample size

N = population size

e = the desired margin of error

n= ??

[1 + ?? (0.052)]

= ??/??

= ??
 TABLE 1

Distribution of the Respondents

Year level and Section Population Sample Size

LEVEL III Section A
Section B
LEVEL IV Section A
Section B
Section C
Section D
TOTAL

DATA GATHERING TOOL

A constructed questionnaire will be the main data gathering tool of this

study. It consists of items that enumerated the areas on the ten discomfort felt by

women on use of oral contraceptive and awareness of women regarding the 10

benefits of complying in the use of oral contraceptive as perceived by the BSN

students.

The items in the questionnaire were collated from readings of the researcher

of books, journals, magazines, thesis and dissertations. The first draft of the

questionnaire will be presented to the researcher’s adviser and to other

academicians who have extensive exposure in topics on family planning. Their

comments and suggestions were incorporated prior to the validation of the said

respondents.

The questionnaire will be tested to ten (10) nursing students other than the

actual respondents. It will be declared as valid for administration after re-

structuring its parts where the dry-run respondents had difficulty in answering

using the principle of content validation for research instrument.

 The choices provided in the questionnaire were: 3- MXD (Maximum

Discomfort), 2-MDD (moderate discomfort), 1-NOD (No discomfort) for the extent

of discomfort felt with the use of oral contraceptives. For the awareness of benefits

on the compliance, choices were: 3 – HA (Highly aware), 2 – Moderately Aware, 1-

NA (Not aware). The description of the legend was indicated in the questionnaire for

the respondents to clearly understand every choice.

TABLE 1
Likert Scale Response for Perceived Extent of Discomfort Felt With the Use
of Oral Contraceptives
Rank Scale Interpretation
3 2.51 – 3.50 Maximum discomfort: (MXD) The student perceive that
the women feel extreme discomfort in the use of oral
contraceptive
2 1.51 – 2.50 Moderate discomfort: (MDD) The student perceive that
the women feel mild discomfort in the use of oral
contraceptive
1 1.00 – 1.50 No discomfort: (NOD) The student perceive that the
women does not feel any discomfort in the use of oral
contraceptive

TABLE 2
Likert Scale Response for Perceived Extent of awareness of
Rank Scale Interpretation
3 2.51 – 3.50 Highly aware: (HA) The student perceive that the women
are vastly and greatly aware of the benefits on the
compliance with the use of Oral Contraceptives
2 1.51 – 2.50 Moderately aware: (MA) The student perceive that the
women are slightly aware of the benefits on the
compliance with the use of Oral Contraceptives
1 1.00 – 1.50 Not aware: (NA) The student perceive that the women
are not aware of the benefits on the compliance with the
use of Oral Contraceptives

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

 The researchers already prepared the questionnaire, herewith the

proposed study, after a review of the related literature and academic studies. Some

items of the questionnaire were adopted with some revisions from the related

academic studies, which were reviewed while other items were formulated by the

researcher. The draft of the questionnaire then will be presented to the researcher’s

adviser for correction; the researchers will now seek permission from the College

Dean of the nursing and the research adviser.

Upon approval, the researcher will be opted to pre-test the test questionnaire

for reliability and validity. The researcher will use the ten respondents that were not

selected from the sampling frame used, after a day of adding their inputs and

suggestions, the researcher administered the pre-tested and revised questionnaire

to the selected respondents.

Dissemination of photocopied questionnaires will be given during their vacant

hours. Every part of the questionnaire will be explained first by the researchers,

and then it will be answered by the respondent afterwards. Respondents will be

reassured that any information they have given will be treated confidentially.

Questionnaires will then be retrieved after the respondents have answered. The

researchers will check for the validity of the questionnaires if the respondents have

truly complied with his/her real gender and year level being the most important

data for the study. After all questions have been gathered, sorted and tallied, the

results will finally be subjected to statistical treatment.

TREATMENT OF DATA
 The raw data gathered will be tallied, tabulated, analyzed and

interpreted according to the extent of discomfort felt by women on use of oral

contraceptive and awareness of women regarding the benefits of complying in the

use of oral contraceptive as perceived by the BSN students. The statistical tool that

will be used is the weighted mean.

The different sets of data will be treated with different statistical methods to

come about with values that made the researchers to either accept or reject their

hypotheses.

For the problem about determining the extent the discomfort felt by

women on use of oral contraceptive and awareness of women regarding the

benefits of complying in the use of oral contraceptive as perceived by the BSN

students, the researchers computed for the weighted mean of each aspect. Each

weighted mean was given a descriptive equivalent. The weighted means were then

summed up to arrive with average means. The average means for each aspect were

used according to their corresponding interpretative indicators.

The Formula for the weighted mean:

XWT= Wt1X1+Wt2X2+Wt3X3+Wt4X4+Wt5X5

Where:

XWT = Weighted mean

Wt = Frequency of each Option

X = Weighted Value Of respondents

N = Total Number of respondents

On the basis of the responses of the respondents, categorization for each

statement under extent the discomfort felt by women on use of oral contraceptive

and awareness of women regarding the benefits of complying in the use of oral

contraceptive as perceived by the BSN students will be computed with the

categorization on table 4 and 5.

The T-test will be used as a method to evaluate the differences in means

between two groups.

T ratio = Xx-Xy

Sx+Sy 1/ N1 + 1/ N2

N1+N2-2

Where:

Xx : mean average of first variable

Xy : mean average of second variable

Sx : sum of squares of first variable

Sy : sum of squares of second variable

N1/N2: number of cases or options

WORKING BIBLIOGRAPHY
 A. Book

Craven, Ruth F.(2002) Fundamentals of Nursing: Human Health and Function.

4th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

Delaune, Sue C.(2002) , Fundamentals of Nursing: Standards and Practice.

Australia: Thomson Learning.

Hitchcock, Janice et.al. (2005). Community Health Nursing: Caring in Action

2nd ed. USA: Thompson, Delmar Inc.

Porche, Demetrius James (2004). Public And Community Health Nursing

Practice: A Population-Based Approach. Louisiana, USA: Sage

Publications, Inc.

Venzon, Lydia M.(2007) . Introduction to Nursing Research. Quest for quality

Nursing. Quezon Avenue, Philippines: C and E Publishing Inc.

B. Articles

Potter, Linda, “Family Planning Perspectives”. American Journal of Nursing,

January to March 2009. Pp. 22-24.

Wong, Ruth. “Four Chinese Misconceptions about Oral Contraceptives”.

Beijing Time, Beiging, Aug 30, 2010

C. Websites

http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/forum.asp?articlekey=43989

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_pill

http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/oral-contraceptives