Topic 1

Atomic Structure
Bohr’s Model
 Theories Of
Atomic Structure

Some important Atomic Theories put forth in last two

centuries.
• Dalton’s Theory
• Thomson Model of Atom
• Rutherford model of atom
• Bohr Theory
• Wave mechanical theory
• String Theory
 Some Old Models Of
Atomic Structure
Dalton Model Thomson Model
Atoms as hard spheres (1808) Plum-Pudding Model (1897)

Rutherford Model Bohr Model

Nuclear Model (1911) Discrete shells of electron (1913)
 Expectations
From An Atomic Model
• An atomic model should be able to explain the
phenomena considered to be related to atomic
structure.
 Phenomena Observed By
1910 AD
1) Emission of cathode rays by many elements
2) Scattering of (α) alpha particles by thin foil of gold
 3) Stability Of An Atom
• The atom as a whole is electrically neutral with electrons revolving around the
nucleus in various orbits. The centripetal force provided the electrostatic attraction
between electrons and the nucleus.

• In spite of Rutherford's atomic model successfully explaining the large angle

scattering of a particles and justifying the classifications of elements according to
their atomic number in the periodic table, there were certain limitations in this
model.
• As the radiating energy of a revolving electron (according to classical
electromagnetic theory) continuously decreases the electron should follow a spiral
path and fall into the nucleus. So this atomic model could not account for the
stability of the atom. The observed spectra of elements cannot be accounted for by
the atom model.
4) Emission Spectra Of Elements
 Bohr’s Postulates
i) Electrons revolve in stable discrete orbits
E1,E2,E3,E4,…
• Inner orbit corresponds to lower energy
• Outer orbits corresponds to higher energy

Cont…
ii) An electron gains
energy when it jumps
from lower energy orbit
to higher energy orbit.

iii) Electron loses energy

when it jumps from an
outer orbit to inner
orbit.
 Success Of Bohr’s Model

How does Bohr model explain stability of atom and

emission spectra of elements?

¾ Stability of atomic structure:

By postulate of Bohr theory electrons occupying
specific allowed, discrete orbits do not lose energy
though in the state of accelerated motion. Therefore the
question of collapse of atomic structure does not arise.

Cont…
 Electronic Excitation Of Atom
¾ Emission spectrum of an E2 Higher energy level
element
∆E absorbed
Atom of an element is E1
excited by supplying some Lower energy level
kind of energy. During this
step electron gains energy and Excitation of atom
is promoted from lower
energy level to higher energy Higher energy level
level. E2

The excited atom soon ∆E given out

get de-excited. The electron
E1
from higher energy level gives Lower energy level
away energy and comes down
De-excitation of atom
to lower energy level.
 Additional Features Of Atomic
Structure Useful In Chemistry
1) Electronic configuration

¾ Electronic orbits have definite capacity to hold

electrons given by expression 2n2
(n is the orbit number)

¾ There is a limit on capacity of outermost orbit

octet/duplet
2) 3-Dimensional Nature Of Electron
Orbits

• Electronic orbits are not planar like planetary

orbits. Better word to describe position of electrons
around nucleus is ‘shell'. The shells have 3-
dimensional shape.
 3) Finer Structure Of Shells

• Electronic shells are made up of subshells which in

turn are made up of orbitals.There are different types
of orbital depending upon the subshell these are
named as s,p,d,f,…
• At this stage it is enough to know that
¾ Different orbital have different 3-d shapes
¾ Each orbital can accommodate maximum two
electrons.
¾ Energy of an electron depends upon both the shell
number and subshell type.
 Valency
• Valency indicates the number of bonds an atom can
form.
• Valency is related to number of electrons in
outermost shell.
e.g.
H2, HCl ,HBr, NaH, LiH, H2O, H2S, Na2O, Na2S

Cont…
Element Electronic Valency Compounds
Configuration
Li 2,1 1 LiCl,LiH

Na 2,8,1 1 NaCl,NaH,Na2O

Mg 2,8,2 2 MgCl2,Mg(OH)2
Be 2,2 2 BeCl2
Al 2,8,3 3 AlCl3

B 2,3 3 BH3

C 2,4 4 CCl4,,CH4

Si 2,8,4 4 SiCl4, Si(CH3)4

N 2,5 3 NH3,N(CH3),N2O3
P 2,8,5 3 PH3,PCl3
O 2,6 2 H2O,BeO,CO2
S 2,8,6 2 H2S
Element Electronic Valency Compounds
Configuration
F 2,7 1 HF

Cl 2,8,7 1 HCl

He 2 0 -

Ne 2,8 0 -

Ar 2,8,8 0 -
Topic 2 Modern Periodic Table
• Four blocks s,p,d,f originate from the subshell being
filled.
• s,p-blocks : s & p subshell of valence shell (last shell)
gets filled.
• d block : subshell of second last shell gets filled.
• f block : f subshell of third last shell gets filled
 Characteristics Of Periods

• Period number indicates last shell in electronic

configuration.
• 1st Period : 1H, 2 He
(1) (2)
• 2nd period :3Li, 4Be, 5B, 6C, 7N, 8O, 9F, 10Ne
(2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6) (2,7) (2,8)
• 3rd Period :
11Na, 12Mg, 13Al, 14Si, 15P, 16S, 17Cl, 18Ar
(2,8,1) (2,8,2) (2,8,3) (2,8,4) (2,8,5) (2,8,6) (2,8,7) (2,8,8)
 Gradual Variation In Properties Along
Second Period
3Li 4Be 5B 6C 7N 8O 9F 10Ne

Metal/ Metal Metal Metalloid Nonmetal Nonmetal Nonmetal Nonmetal Nonmetal

Nonmetal
character

Electropositive Decreases
Chracter

Elctronegativity Increases

Atomic Radius Decreases

Molecular LiH BeH2 BH3 CH4 NH3 H2O HF -

formula of
compound
Valency 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 0
 Characteristics Of Groups
• Group number and valency
(for s - and p block elements)

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA Zero

3Li 4Be 5B 6C 7N 8O 9F 10Ne

Valency 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 0

Electronic 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8

Configura
tion
 Similarities and Gradation in
Properties of Elements in a Group

• Similarity : Due to same number of valence

electrons

• Gradation : Due to increased atomic radius

 Alkali metals
IA Atomic Molecular Electropositiv Vigour of
Radius Formula e character reaction
Chlorides with water

3Li LiCl

11Na NaCl

39K KCl

87Rb Increases RbCl Increases Increases

55Cs CsCl

2M + 2H2O 2MOH + H2 +Energy

 Halogens
VIIA Atomic Molecular Electronegati Physical
Radius Formula vity State
Compound
with
Hydrogen
9F HF Gas

17Cl HCl Gas

Increases Decreases
35Br HBr
Liquid
53I HI
Solid
85At
 Topic 3
Percent Composition Of Elements
In A Compound
(1) Theoretical Exercise
Name Symbol Total Mass % Composition

Water H2O (2 x1) +16 =18

Hydrogen 2H 2 x1 = 2 2/18 x 100

= 11.11%
Oxygen O 16 16/18 x 100
= 88.89%
Carbondioxide CO2 12+(2 x 16)=44

Carbon C 12 12/44 x 100

= 27.27 %
Oxygen 2O 2 x 16 =32 32/44 x 100
= 72.73%
 Name Symbol Total mass % composition

Methane CH4 12 + (4 x1)=16

C 12 72/16 x 100
Carbon = 75%

4H 4x1=4 4/16 x 100

Hydrogen = 25%

Hydrogen H2S (2 x 1)+32 =34

Sulphide

2H 2 x 1 =2 2/34 x 100
Hydrogen
= 5.89%

Sulphur S 32 32/34 x 100

= 94.11%
 Name Symbol Total mass % composition

Benzene C6H6 (6 x 12) +

(6 x 1) = 78

Hydrogen 6H 6x1=6 6/78 x 100

= 7.69%

Carbon 6C 6 x 12 = 72 72/78 x100

= 92.30%
 2) Applications Of Experimental Values
Of %Composition Of Elements In
Compounds
(a) To find out empirical formula of compound

Hydrocarbon 1 C H

% composition 75% 25%

Atomic mass 12 1

Relative number of atoms in one 75/12 = 6.25 25/1=25

molecule
Proportion of Atoms 6.25/6.25 = 1 25/6.25 = 4

Empirical Formula CH4

 Hydrocarbon 2
Hydrocarbon 2 C H

% composition 92.30% 7.69%

Atomic mass 12 1

Relative number of atoms in one 92.30/12 = 7.69 7.69/1 = 7.69

molecule

Proportion of Atoms 7.69/7.69 = 1 7.69/7.69 = 1

Empirical Formula CH
 b) To Find Out Molecular Formula
(If molecular mass is determined by some
method)
Illustration 1
¾ Consider the hydrocarbon -1 in the above illustration
with empirical formula CH4.
• Its molecular mass is determined by some method
and found to be 16.
Now, empirical formula:CH4
Therefore,
• Empirical formula mass =12+ (4 x 1)=16
but, molecular mass = 16
= empirical formula mass.
Therefore, Molecular formula = CH4
 Illustration 2

¾ Now consider Hydrocarbon-2 having empirical formula

CH. The hydrocarbon - 2 has molecular mass = 78.
• Now, empirical formula :CH
Therefore,
Empirical formula mass = 12+1 = 13
But, molecular mass = 78
= 6 x13
= 6 x empirical formula mass
Therefore, molecular formula = 6 x empirical formula
= 6 x CH
= C6H6
 c) To Find Molecular Mass
(If number of atoms of one of the constituent elements in
the molecule is known by some method)
C2H2 (H C C H)

Compound C Total

A hydrocarbon 92.3% 100%

containing two carbon
atoms in the molecule
Atomic mass 12 u

Number of atoms in 92.3/12 = 7.69

Mass 100 u
Mass containing two 100 x 2/ 7.69 =
carbon atoms 26.07 u
Molecular mass ≅ 26 u
 C6H6S

Compound S Total

An Organic compound 29.1% 100%

containing one sulphur
atom
Atomic mass 32

Number of atoms in 29.1/32 = 0.9093

Mass 100 u
Mass containing one 100 x 1/0.909 =
sulphur atoms 110.02 u
Molecular mass ≅ 110 u