Topic 3 b) Processes of Writing persuasive strategies can help you in two very important ways:

Models of Written Communication.
1. Claude Shannon’s model –
Based on mathematical theorems, beginning with the source via
the channel used to convey the message and finaly how
massege is encoded by the receiver.
2. Roman Jakobson’s Model –
Taking into account the writer,reader, context,message,contact
and code. The model canappear three dimensional, with the
writer, text and reader.
3. Micheal Polanyi’s Model – Knows the important of tacit
dimension ( knowledge more than speech) in writing poem, novel,
an essay.
4.Ulric Neisser’s Model –
Based on psychology of cognition , perception which is applicable
to writing process ( new information – affect – exploration – guide)
Topic 6
Short forms of written communication
1. E-mail – short for electronic mail and is a method of
composing, sending & receiving msg over electronic comm. Sys.
Categories – personel email, legitimate business email,
subscription (approve by recipient), unknowingly approve by
recipient, spamming not approve by recipient and virus mail (sent
by infected sys)
Spam means unsolicited email.
Memorandum and executive summaries
1. Memo – quite similar to a code but contain longer text.
a) Use Gender-neutral language – Dear Sir/Mdm/Ms
b) Use slang-free language,
c) Profesional/Formal tone – Firstly, secondly,.
d) Feedback, e) Format – use appropriate format
2. Executive summaries – previews main points of an in-depth
report
a) Functions of an Executive Summary
� Gives readers the essential contents
� Previews the main points
� Helps readers determine the key results
� Scan your research � Highlight key points; � Review your
research � Group ideas in a logical fashion � Edit the outline �
Determine whether subtitles, bullets, selective bolding
� Write the summary in your own words
� Read aloud
(c) Elements of an Executive Summary
� purpose and scope of document � methods � results �
conclusion � recommendations � other supportive information.
(d) Sample of an Executive Summary
Topic 7
persuasive writing
(a) Assertion - is when the writer asserts certain opinion to the
reader.
(b) Concession/Rebuttal - The writer should
remember that there are other views that differ from the writer Es
views.
(c) Proof - presents the thesis statement’s support.
Reasons for and Purposes of Persuasive Writing
- to influence or change an audience’s thoughts or actions.
Types of Reasoning Processes
1. namely induction 2. deduction.
The process itself appeals to reason, emotion and our good
personality and character.
Source of Information, Relating to Arguments and Evidence
Convincing evidence will satisfy the following questions:
� Do you have enough evidence to present your case?
� Is the evidence trustworthy?
� Is the evidence verifiable?
authoritative
� Do people question your authority on a particular subject?
� Is your expert opinion current or up to date?
� Do your peers accept your opinion?
� Is your expert advice free of bias?
� Knowing the strategies helps you analyse the strategies other
people are using to persuade you.
� Knowing the strategies helps you to choose which is the most
effective way to persuade an audience.
Showing Sound Reasoning
writer’s best weapon
Presenting Reliable Evidence
the kind of evidence readers are willing to accept.
THE REASONING PROCESS
(a) Writer’s Claim - The position the writer wants readers to
accept.
(b) Evidence - consists of observations, facts and other
information provided in support of the claim.
(c) Line of Reasoning - The connecting link between the claim and
the evidence
Deduction begins with a general principle or premise and draws
a specific conclusion from it.
Induction supports a general conclusion by examining specific
facts or cases.
DIRECT AND INDIRECT PATTERNS OF
ORGANISATION
(a) Organising to Create a Positive Response
(b) Direct Pattern Organisation
(c) Indirect Pattern of Organisation
VOICE AND CREDIBILITY
means Who am I as a writer? Am I deputising someone else or do
I assume another role? In other words, be yourself when you
write.
(a) Consider the Reasoning Process and Types of Reasoning -
The writer needs to think and consider how he reasons out his
writing
(b) Choosing an Appropriate Voice - an important element of your
persuasive strategy;
(c) Establishing Credibility - the belief your readers have regarding
whether you are a
good source of information and ideas.

Topic 8 INFORMAL AND FORMAL PROPOSALS Topic 9

Writing and Presenting Proposal a) Nature of Formal/Informal Proposal The Fundamentals of Writing a Research Paper
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS - Proposals are informative and b) Business proposal RESEARCHING FOR A PAPER
persuasive writing because they attempt to educate the reader According to June Campbell (2002), business proposals are In research papers, students search for and use outside sources
and to convince that reader to do something. developed for to support their main argument. Research papers and
- Questions to be addressed by research proposals � A business company has called for tenders or has invited you documented essays could either be primary (the original work) or
a) How are you going to do? to submit an RFP (Request for Proposal). secondary (a commentary or criticism of an original work).
b) What is the subject of proposal? � You have an idea, concept or project that you want to propose WHAT IS A RESEARCH PAPER?
c) For whom intend? to someone with the goal of gaining support, funding or an A research paper is an extended essay that summarises
d) What do you want to do? alliance. information about a particular subject in order to prove a point.
e) What do plan to accomplish> FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORTS Student must ensure that the statements are valid.
f) Why do you want to do it? The meaning of feasibility CHOOSING A TOPIC
WRITING A PROPOSAL � The degree to which a given alternative mode is economically Key steps in choosing a topic
Criteria of a thesis proposal justified. 1. Brainstorm to Get Your Topic Ideas
a) Cover page identifying topic, writer � The degree to which such an alternative is considered (i) Always choose a topic that interests you.
b) Clear description of the general idea preferable. (ii) Write down any words or phrases that may be of interest.
c) Indication of the limits � The degree to which eventual construction and operation. (iii) Be aware of certain overused topic ideas.
d) Statements of the value watch out for problems 2. Read General Background Information
e) In line with the above � Write a good introduction in which you indicate the situation. 3. Focus on Your Topic
f) Detailed pelan of reaserch � State requirements (i) Common ways to limit a topic are by:
Recognition of Critical Factors in Proposal � Indicate how the field of options was narrowed. � geographic region;
Assessment � Organise the comparison of the options. � culture;
� It makes the work of the project visible. � State the best choice in terms of point. � time frame;
� It helps to develop and maintain an understanding of the � If possible, include a summary table. � discipline; and
project’s work. What is a Feasibility Study? � population group.
� It provides people with information to help make decisions designed to provide an overview of the primary issues related to a (ii) Remember that a topic will be more difficult to research
about the project. business idea. � locally confined;
� It identifies if and how the goals and objectives are met. Three major areas: � recent;
Problems in Proposal Writing and Getting a � Market issues. � broadly interdisciplinary; and
Proposal Together � Organisational/technical issues. � popular.
The following are some of the major points that a researcher has � Financial issues. (iii) If you have any uncertainties about the focus of your topic:
to address. What are the Benefits of Feasibility Studies? � discuss your topic with your tutor or instructor; and
� The filtration process. may well attract more attention and produce more controversy � discuss your topic with a librarian.
� Keep on filtering. than any other product of the study. Therefore, implementing 4. Make a List of Useful Words
� Talk to yourself. feasibility studies can: � Look for words that best describe your topic.
� Write a brief note. � Map out for lenders. � Find synonyms, broader and narrower terms for each key
� Keep on reading. � Realistically analyse. word.
� Mull through the write-up. � Show you the pros and cons of your idea. � Keep a list of these words to use as key words later.
� Discipline. � Analyse the business data. 5. Be Flexible
� Referencing so that you acknowledge other peopleÊs work. 6. Restate Your Topic as a Focused Research Question
7. Research and Read More About Your Topic
8. Formulate a Thesis Statement

RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS 10 Outlining and Organisation � Book - Single Author:

Suggestion � Start with an introduction in which you establish your topic
(a) Start Out by Reading a General Study or Two on Your Subject � Move to the body of your paper and convince your reader
(b) Treat Research Like a Detective Story � End with a conclusion where you do not just restate your thesis
(c) Look at the Most Recent Books and Journal Articles First 11 Citation
(d) Photocopy Important Material (a) Harvard: An Author-Date Style
(e) Make a Careful and Complete Notation � is a type of author-date style;
RESEARCH SOURCES � requires only the name of the author(s) and the year of
1 Reference Works publication (with no punctuation between the two items)
2 Books � requires citations to be placed at the end of a sentence (before
3 Scholarly Journal Articles the concluding punctuation).
4 Government Publications (b) Vancouver: A Footnote/Endnote Style
5 News Magazines and Newspapers (c) Styles Recommended by Journals and Profesional
6 World Wide Web (WWW) Electronic Resources Associations, e.g. Modern Language Association will be able to:
7 Miscellaneous Sources � understand why acknowledgment is important;
8 External Sources � recognise the details needed to make up a citation/reference;
9 Thesis Statement � construct a citation/reference.
� clarify your position on an issue; Citing our sources is important because
� provide key definitions related to the topic; � prove that our work has a substantial, factual basis;
� discuss the “how” and “why” aspect of the thesis statement � show the research we have done reaches our conclusions;
� discuss patterns or inconsistencies in development. � allow our readers to identify and retrieve the references for
their own use.
Jones,Sam.1998.The Politics of Sweden.New York: Bobbs
-Merrill.
� Book - Multiple Authors:
Jones, Sam and Terence Hill. 1999. The Political Goal. Chicago:
Nice Publications
LOOKING FOR A PAPER
� Start with a paragraph that summarises the key results
� Compare and contrast your study with others in the literature.
� List the limitations of the study and suggest other tests
� Discuss implications of your study in other fields
� Hypothesise and speculate on the data.
LOOKING FOR MATERIALS
(a) Background Information - should be brief and to the point.
� explains why the topic that you chose is significant; or
� provides a brief history of your chosen topic.
(b) Supporting Information - helps to drive your argument forward.
(c) Opposing Information - useful when it is necessary to
strengthen your position on an issue.
THE CRAFT OF NOTE-TAKING
(a) Examine the Books and Articles
(i) Several volumes at a time will save steps.
(ii) Skim through your sources, locating useful material
(b) Take Care in Note-taking
(i) Be accurate and honest.
(ii) Be sure that you do not distort the author‘s meaning.
(c) Get the Right Kind of Material
(i) Get facts, not just opinions.
(ii) Compare the facts with the author Es:
� Ideas, opinions.
� Deliberations.
� Quotations.
� Closure, conclusions.
In research studies, notice the methods and procedures and do
not be afraid
to criticise them. If the information is not quantitative in a study,
point out
the need for objective, quantified and well-controlled research.
9.8.1 How to Take Research Notes
(a) Write down all the bibliographical information:
� author’s name;� publisher;� date;� place of publication
(b) Number all your source cards.
(c) Skim through each source for information on your subject.
(d) Write down the information you wish to note on an index card
(e) Jot down the page number of the source
(f) Number each information card to correspond with the source
(g) Organise your information cards according to subject matter.
WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
Clarity in writing
LOOKING AT DIFFERENT SETS OF RESEARCH PAPERS
1) Choose a Topic, 2) Find Information, 3) State your thesis, 4)
Make An Outline, 5) Organise Notes, 6) Write First Draft, 7)
Revise Outline and Draft ( Checklist 1 & Checklist 2), 8) Type
Final Paper
WRITING YOUR RESEARCH PAPER IN FOUR STEP
1) Select a paper topic, 2) Locate relevant academic literature, 3)
Make an argument, 4) support argument with evidence
REFERENCING AND EDITING
� show evidence of what an author has said;
� avoid misrepresentation through restatement; and
� save unnecessary writing when ideas have been well
expressed by the original author.
1 How to Come Up with Good Referencing
2 What to Look for When Referencing
3 Techniques in Referencing
4 What to Edit and What Not to Edit
(a) Substantive Editing
(b) Stylistic Editing
(c) Copyediting
Topic 10
STAGES IN COLLABORATIVE WRITING
(a) The Invention Stage
(b) The Drafting Stage
(i) Chunk Model
(ii) Blended Model
(iii) Compiler Model
(c) The Revision Stage
� The group members can revise one another’s drafts.
� The best writer of the group can become the chief editor.
TEAM COMMUNICATION
Characteristics of effective team communication
A) Listen to each other, B) Leader listen to all member, C) Every
group feel free to speak, D) Individual members seek the
approval, E) Information is shared, F) Member not hesitant, G)
Communicating well
Problem may arise
� unsatisfactory negotiations;
� non-acknowledgement of ideas/opinions;
� over-zealous editing;
� missed deadlines/non-delivery; and
� non-understanding of subject matter.
TEAM BUILDING
will spend a great deal of time together and at some point may be
asked to put team goals ahead of their own.
ANALYSIS OF TASK
Each member has the same interpretation.
MANAGEMENT OF TIME/WRITING/DOCUMENTS
some decisions regarding the following:
(a) Group versus Individual Work
(b) Equivalency of a Task
Each group member should have an equal amount of work.
(c) Best Use of Individual Skills
Make every effort to give the right assignments to the right
people.
MANAGING COLLABORATIVE WRITING PROJECTS
Necessary processes for the management of effective team
writing
A) Team Building, B) Analysis of the task, C) Management of
writing, D) Management of time, E) Management of document
stages, F) Management of style and format, G) Conflict
management
PRACTICE IN WRITING STEP-BY-STEP INSTRUCTIONS
The group should consider questions like the following:
� What style guide will be used? Which spelling conventions?
� What size should the font type, margins and headings be?
� Will abbreviations be allowed and if so, which ones?
� Which technical terms will be used and necessary to define?
� Will processes be explained in point form or paragraph form?
CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Find the source of the problem; what is the issue, where did it
come from, who started it. One or two members should not be
allowed to dominate group discussion. All members have equal
standing in the group and they should be given every opportunity
to participate voluntarily.
COLLABORATIVE WRITING PRACTICE
They need to know what they are supposed to do. Get students to
work as a team to brainstorm, research, outline, draft and revise
the material.
PREPARING MANUALS AND OTHER FORMS OF TEAM
WRITING
In order to produce a good group project/assignment, the teacher
should have a user manual ready. The guidelines in the manual
should be clear, straightforward and easy to understand.
STYLE AND FORMAT OF WRITING
There are some general rules of style when writing. For instance,
titles of films, books, TV shows and magazines are written in
italics (Berita Harian); titles of
individual articles, entries or songs, are put in quotations (for
example, “We are the world”, “We are the leader and innovator in
open learning”). Except for such titles, keep capitalisation of
words to a minimum. Use quotation marks for short quotations
and block quotes for ones over three lines in depth.
WRITING AS A GROUP
The steps are the same (researching, synthesising, organising,
preparing the materials and presenting). While the following
guidelines often refer to “writing”, they may easily be adopted by
groups whose major project is an oral presentation rather than a
written paper.