842 IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 3, No.
4, December 1988
S'iLDIES O B THE USE OF COiJVZNTIONAI, I i 6 U C T I O N MOTORS AS
-SEW-EXCITED IiJDUCTION GETJEPATORS
S . S . W r t h y , B . P . Singh C .Nagamani
Department o f E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g , C e n t r a l Power R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e
I n d i a n Ins t i t u t e of Techno l o g y , Bangalore.
New Delhi-110016 ( I n d i a ) .
ABSTRACT: The paper i l l u s t r a t e s t h e s u i t a b i l i t y of
u s i n g a normal three-phase i n d u c t i o n motor a s a capac-
i t o r s e l f - e x c i t e d i n d u c t i o n g e n e r a t o r (SEIG). The
thermal l i m i t of t h e s t a t o r windings being t h e l i m i t i n g
f a c t o r , t h e c a p a c i t y of t h e SEIG i s d e t e r m i n e d . The
s t e a d y - s t a t e performance of such i n d u c t i o n g e n e r a t o r s ,
maintaining a constant terminal voltage i s analysed
under r e s i s t i v e and r e a c t i v e l o a d s . T y p i c a l e x p e r i -
mental r e s u l t s a r e a l s o p r e s e n t e d . An a n a l y t i c a l
method employing Newton-Raphson t e c h n i q u e i s u s e d t o
o b t a i n t h e d e s i r e d performance. C e r t a i n performance
i n d i c e s a r e d e f i n e d which would p r o v i d e g u i d e l i n e s i n
t h e development of i n d u c t i o n g e n e r a t o r systems i n c l u d -
ing the voltage regulator. It has been f c u r d t h a t f o r
normal low power m o t o r s , t h e m a x i r " power t h a t c a n b e
e x t r a c t e d a s g e n e r a t o r s i s 148% t o 160% of t h e motor
r a t i n g f o r r e s i s t i v e l o a d s and 118% t o 128% of t h e
motor r a t i n g f o r 0.8 lagging power f a c t o r (PF) l o a d s .
C a p a c i t i v e r e a c t i v e volt-ampere(var) r e q u i r e d t o
m a i n t a i n c o n s t a n t v o l t a g e a t 1 . 0 p.u. speed i s i n t h e
r a n g e 85% t o 140% of t h e power r a t i n g of t h e motor
w i t h r e s i s t i v e l o a d s and 100% t o 140% w i t h l a g g i n g
r e a c t i v e loads.
INTRODUCTION
A three-phase i r d u c t i o n machine c a n be made t o work a s
a s e l f - e x c i t e d g e n e r a t o r when i t s r o t o r i s d r i v e n a t
s u i t a b l e speeds by a n e x t e r n a l prime mover a d i t s
e x c i t a t i o n i s provided by c o n n e c t i n g a three-phase
c a p a c i t o r bank a t t h e s t a t o r t e r m i n a l s . The irduced
emf a d c u r r e n t i n t h e s t a t o r windings w i l l c o n t i n u e t o
r i s e u n t i l a n e q u i l i b r i u m i s a t t a i n e d due t o t h e magnet
1 c s a t u r a t i o n i n t h e machine. T h i s t o p i c has r e c e i v e d
c o n s i d e r a b l e a t t e n t i o n i n r e c e n t y e a r s c1-81 i n v i e w
of t h e s u i t a b i l i t y of i n d u c t i o n g e n e r a t o r s f o r i s o l a t e d
power g e n e r a t i o n using c o n v e n t i o n a l and renewable
energy s o u r c e s .
Such a n i n d u c t i o n g e n e r a t o r compares f a v c u r a b l y
i n c o s t , e a s e of o p e r a t i o n and maintenance w i t h a
c o n v e n t i o n a l a l t e r n a t o r [7,81. Owing t o t h e changed
emphasis on energy problems, t h e development of s u i t a b l e
low c o s t i s o l a t e d power g e n e r a t o r s , d r i v e n by energy
s o u r c e s such a s wind, b i o g a s e t c . , i s indeed a p r o m i s i n g
a l t e r n a t i v e [ 4 1. The a c c e p t a b i l i t y of t h e s e g e n e r a t o r s
a s v i a b l e g e n e r a t i n g u n i t s would b e decided by t h e i r
a b i l i t y t o p r o v i d e d e s i r e d v o l t a g e and frequency a t a l l
l o a d s and s p e e d s . The development of s t a t i c power
c o n v e r t e r s f a c i l i t a t e s c o n t r o l of t h e generated power t o
t h e r e q u i r e d v o l t a g e o r frequency l e v e l s C2-43.
83 WN 027-5 A paper recommended and approved
t b y t h e I E E E R o t a t i n g Machinery Committee of t h e
I E E E Power E n g i n e e r i n g S o c i e t y f o r p r e s e n t a t i o n a t
t h e IEEE/PES 1988 Winter Meeting, New York, New
York, January 31 - F e b r u a r y 5 , 1988. Manuscript
s u b m i t t e d August 18, 1987; made a v a i l a b l e f o r
p r i n t i n g December 2 , 1987.
0885-8969/88/12OO-0842$01 .OOO 1988 IEEE
...
K V V S a t y an a r ay a n a ,
I n d i a n Railways
Eombay
Tro p o s s i b l e a l t e r n a t i v e s are a v a i l a b l e i n
d e v e l o p i n g such g e n e r a t i n g systems. One i s t o r e d e s i g n
t h e i r d u c t i o n machine t o o b t a i n t h e r e q u i r e d g e n e r a t o r
performance an3 t h e o t h e r i s t o e x p l o r e t h e s u i t a b i l i t y
of u s i n g a n a v a i l a b l e i n d u c t i o n motor a s a SEIG. While
t h e published p a p e r s [5-81 r e l a t e mainly t o a n a l y t i c a l
t e c h n i q u e s , no work i s r e p o r t e d r e g a r d i n g t h e d e s i g n
ard development of such g e n e r a t o r s . In particular, the
a s p e c t r e l a t i n g t o t b c use of commercially a v a i l a b l e
m o t o r s as g e n e r a t o r s h a s not been r e p o r t e d . I f i t c a n
be e s t a b l i s h e d by a proper s t u d y t h a t t h e normal m o t o r s
c a n be employed a s g e n e r a t o r s , c o n s l d e r a b l e e x p e n d i t u r e
and e f f o r t towards a t a i l o r made d e s i g n of t h e genera-
t o r c a l d b e e l i m i n a t e d . Such a s t u d y has been u r d e r -
t a k e n i n t h i s paper.
It i s d e s i r e d t h a t t h e i d u c t i o n g e n e r a t o r
p r o v i d e s a c o n s t a n t t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e under v a r y i n g
laods. I n practice, a drop i n both t h e terminal
v o l t a g e and f r e q u e n c y w i t h i n c r e a s i n g l o a d i s a n
observed f e a t u r e . A c o n s t a n t t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e a l o n e
i m p l i e s a n i n c r e a s i n g v a l u e of a i r gap f l u x f o r t h e
i n d u c t i o n g e n e r a t o r , which would r e s u l t i n a
continuously varying magnetising reactance. A constant
' a i r gap v o l t a g e t o f r e q u e n c y ' r a t i o e n s u r e s t h e
o p e r a t i o n of t h e i n d u c t i o n g e n e r a t o r a t a c o n s t a n t a i r
gap f l u x . Hence, i n t h i s a n a l y s i s t h e c r i t e r i o n of
m a i n t a i n i n g a c o n s t a n t ' a i r gap v o l t a g e t o f r e q u e n c y '
r a t i o i s c o n s i d e r e d . However, b e c a u s e of t h e e a s e of
measurement, t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s have been
o b t a i n e d under a c o n s t a n t ' t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e ' c o n d i t i o n .
S i n c e t h e d i f f e r e n c e between t h e a i r gap v o l t a g e and
t h e t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e i s i n s i g n i f i c a n t , t h e consequent
e r r o r s c a n b e i g n o r e d . The a n a l y t i c a l method would be
more involved i f r e s u l t s under c o n s t a n t t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e
had t o b e o b t a i n e d i n s t e a d of t h o s e under c o n s t a n t f l u x .
For t h e c a s e under s t u d y , i t i s d e s i r a b l e t h a t t h e
machine f u n c t i o n s e q u a l l y w e l l e i t h e r a s a motor or as a
g e n e r a t o r . I n t h e c a s e of a s q u i r r e l cage i n d u c t i o n
motor a c t i n g as a g e n e r a t o r , h e a t i n g of t h e s t a t o r
w i r d i n g s i s t h e l i m i t i n g f a c t o r on t h e c a p a c i t y of power
g e n e r a t i o n r a t h e r t h a n t h e r o t o r s i n c e t h e r o t o r cage i s
c a p a b l e of w i t h s t a n d i n g c o n s i d e r a b l e t h e r m a l overload . I n
t h e c a s e of a n i n d u c t i o n g e n e r a t o r , t h e s t a t o r windings
c a r r y a c u r r e n t e q u a l t o t h e v e c t o r d i f f e r e n c e of t h e
r o t o r c u r r e n t and t h e m a g n e t i s i n g c u r r e n t whereas i n
t h e same machine a c t i n g a s a n i n d u c t i o n motor, t h e
s t a t o r windings c a r r y a c u r r e n t e q u a l t o t h e v e c t o r sum
of t h e r o t o r c u r r e n t and t h e m a g n e t i s i n g c u r r e n t . Thus
t h e a l l o w a b l e r a n g e of i n d u c t i o n g e n e r a t o r o p e r a t i o n
with a n imposed l i m i t on t h e r o t o r c u r r e n t does n o t
c o n t a i n t h e e n t i r e a v a i l a b l e r a n g e of s t a t o r c u r r e n t .
T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t power can b e e x t r a c t e d from t h e
g e n e r a t o r even under t h e c o n d i t i o n when t h e r o t o r
c u r r e n t i s more t h a n i t s r a t e d v a l u e and t h e s t a t o r
c u r r e n t i s w i t h i n i t s maximum l i m i t . Therefore, i n
t h i s s t u d y t h e f u l l - l o a d v a l u e of t h e s t a t o r c u r r e n t
has been t a k e n t o b e t h e l i m i t i n g c o n d i t i o n f o r power
g e n e r a t i o n . The c a p a c i t i v e v a r r e q u i r e m e n t of t h e
machine t o m a i n t a i n a c o n s t a n t t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e and t h e
maximum power t h a t c a n b e o b t a i n e d from t h e machine
working a s a g e n e r a t o r a r e d e t e r m i n e d . S i n c e most
e l e c t r i c a l l o a d s a r e of l a g g i n g PF, t h e performance of
t h e g e n e r a t o r w i t h l a g g i n g PF l o a d s i s a l s o s t u d i e d and
t h e capacitive var requirement i s determined.
 843

I n e a r l i e r p a p e r s C5,63, a n a l y t i c a l methods have e x p e r i m e n t a l l y . The s a t u r a t e d p o r t i o n of t h i s ohexa-

been e x p l a i n e d f o r s o l v i n g a s e t of two n o n l i n e a r equa- c t e r i s t i c c a n be l i n e a r i s e d and e x p r e s s e d i n t h e form
t i o n s encountered i n t h e i n i t i a l s t a g e of t h e a n a l y s i s .
T h i s paper i n i t i a l l y e x p l a i n s a modified a n a l y t i c a l
method f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e range of c a p a c i t i v e v a r
r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r m a i n t a i n i n g a c o n s t a n t f l u x and f o r V g /F = K 1 - K2 xm
o b t a i n i n g performance w i t h a d e s i r e d l e v e l of v o l t a g e
regulation. where R, a d IC2 depend upon t h e d e s i g n of t h e machine.
S t u d i e s a r e made on f o u r t y p i c a l machines of low A c o n s t a n t V /F of 1.0 p.u. w i l l a p p r o x i m a t e l y e n s u r e a
power r a t i n g s a v a i l a b l e commercially i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n g
t h e i r b e h a v i o u r a l p a t t e r n s . R e l e v a n t t h e o r e t i c a l and t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e Vt/F of 1.0 p.u. a t a c o n s t a n t s p e d
e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s a r e p r e s e n t e d and d i s c u s s e d . w= 1.0 p.u.
A p p l y i n g K i r c h o f f ’ s V o l t a g e Law t o t h e
ANALYTICAL METHOD
c i r c u i t Of F i g . 1 a n d r e a r r a n g i n g t h e t e r m s ,
we g e t
The p r e s e n t a n a l y s i s f o l l o w s t h e normal assump-
ISZS = 0 (2)
t i o n s a l r e a d y m e n t i o n d i n earlier p a p e r s C5-81,
c o n s i d e r i n g t h e v a r i a t i o n of t h e m a g n e t i s i n g r e a c t a n c e
w i t h s a t u r a t i o n a s t h e b a s i s f o r c a l c u l a t i o n s . The where
s t e a d y - s t a t e e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t h a s been used t o
p r e d i c t t h e performance of t h e g e n e r a t o r . F i g . 1 shows
such a c i r c u i t of an i n d u c t i o n g e n e r a t o r w i t h a
r e s i s t i v e load ,
R JF jXlS JXlr Since Is # 0, Z s = 0 (3)

J- -jx
V
9. -
Rr

T-FZ’ F
I
F -U

Fig.1. E q u i v a l e n t c i r a i t of t h e i n d u c t i o n
generator with load.

where,

R s , Rr = per phase s t a t o r and r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e

respectively.

xlS,xlr= per p h a s e s t a t o r and r o t o r l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e s

respectively.

X = magnetising reactance.
x m (p.u.1
per phase c a p a c i t i v e r e a c t a n c e of t h e termi-
F i g . 2 . V a r i a t i o n of V /F w i t h x - a
nal capacitor. 9 m
l i n e a r approximation
load r e s i s t a n c e per p h a s e .

p.u. f r e q u e n c y and speed r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h i s e q u a t i o n , a f t e r s e p a r a t i o n i n t o r e a l and

imaginary p a r t s , c a n b e r e a r r a n g e d i n t o two n o n l i n e a r
equations. I n t h e earlier a n a l y s i s , t h e load character-
per phase s t a t o r and r o t o r c u r r e n t s .
i s t i c s were o b t a i n e d f o r a S e t of v a l u e s of c a p a c i t a n c e ,
load c u r r e n t per phase. speed and l o a d s u c h t h a t xm and F were i d e n t i f i e d a s
unknown q u a n t i t i e s and solved hy d i f f e r e n t methods
t e r m i n a l and a i r g a p v o l t a g e respectively. d e s c r i b e d i n r e f e r e n c e s C5-71. But h e r e , f o r a c o n s t a n t
f l u x i . e . , V /F, t h e v a l u e s of c a p a c i t a n c e and p.u.
= Input, a d o u t p u t power r e s p e c t i v e l y . g
f r e q u e n c y have t o be o b t a i n e d f o r v a r y i n g l o a d s . Thus
e q u a t i o n ( 3 ) c a n be w r i t t e n i n t e r m s of R and F. The
( A l l t h e s e q u a n t i t i e s a r e r e f e r r e d t o t h e s h a t o r and
are a t base frequency). r e l e v a n t n o n l i n e a r e q u a t i o n s a r e g i v e n i n t h e Appendix.
These e q u a t i o n s c a n be solved u s i n g s t a n d a r d Newton-
AS a l r e a d y mentioned, t h e magnetising Character- Raphson t e c h n i q u e [5,61 assuming c e r t a i n i n i t i a l v a l u e s
i s t i c of t h e machine i s of mime jmuortance i n t h e a n a l - f o r xc and F. The performance of t h e g e n e r a t o r i s
y s i s . Fig.2 shows such a characteristic for these determined u s i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n s o b t a i n e d from
machines, r e l a t i n g t h e a i r gap v o l t a g e (V /F) t o t h e
m a g n e t i s i n g r e a c t a n c e (x ) as t h e e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t of F i g . 1 .
obtained
844

Power g e n e r a t i o n was a c h i e v d by d r i v i n g t h e
(V / F )
Is = i r d u c t i o n g e n e r a t o r a t t h e r a t e d speed by a d . c . motor.
(4)
RS j xc RL S u i t a b l e t h r e e - p h a s e c a p a c i t o r bar,ks were connected t o
-+jx
F Is
-- 2 provide e x c i t a t i o n . The t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e was m a i n t a i n e d
F RL-jFx c o n s t a n t by a d j u s t i n g t h e c a p a c i t a n c e a t a l l l o a d s .
V a r i o u s i n p u t ard o u t p u t q u a n t i t i e s were monitored f o r
each load s e t t i n g .
(5)
RESULTS AMI DISCUSSION

The r e s u l t s of t h e l o a d t e s t i n g a r e e x p r e s s e d i n
p.u. v a l u e s s o a s t o a l l o w comparison of t h e performance
of t h e s e machines a s g e n e r a t o r s .

(a) G e n e r a l Performance: T a b l e s IV and V i l l u s t r a t e

vt = ; capacitive var = vt (I~-I~ 1 t h e g e n e r a l performance of t h e s e machines i n t e r m s of
t h e maximum power t h a t c a n b e g e n e r a t e d w i t h o u t exceed-
i n g t h e s t a t o r c u r r e n t l i m i t and t h e r a n g e of c a p a c i t -
ance required t o maintain a constant terminal v o l t a g e
f o r r e s i s t i v e a d r e a c t i v e loads respectively.

The a n a l y s i s has been exterded f o r r e a c t i v e loads
by r e p l a c i n g % w i t h a n appropriate per phase load
imped ance ZL. Based o n t h e above a n a l y t i c a l t e c h n i -
que, a computer program has been developed t o c a l c u l a t e
t h e performance of t h e g e n e r a t o r .
(b) Power o u t p u t . : AS an i d e x of g e n e r a t o r
performance, a f a c t o r K may be d e f i n e d a s a r a t i o of
g
of t h e maxinu~lipower t h a t can be e x t r a c t e d from t h e
machine working a s a g e n e r a t o r ( w i t h o u t exceeding t h e
t h e r m a l l i m i t of t h e s t a t o r ) t o t h e r a t e d power o u t p u t
of t h e machine a s a motor.
where

VLl IL = l i n e v o l t a g e ard c u r r e n t of t h e
DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENT
generator
Relevant e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n was c a r r i e d o u t t o check COS 0 = power f a c t o r (PF) of t h e load
t h e v a l i d i t y of t h e method of a n a l y s i s . A s mentioned
e a r l i e r , i n o r d e r t o p r o v i d e a g e n e r a l b a s i s of inform-
a t i o n , f o u r t y p i c a l motors were chosen f o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
Pm - r a t e d power of t h e motor

The p a r a m e t e r s of t h e s e motors, as o b t a i n e d experiment- I t can f u r t h e r be shown that

a l l y , a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e s I a d 11. Table 111 g i v e s
t h e c o n s t a n t s K1 and K2, of e q n . ( l ) f o r t h e s e machines
a l o n g w i t h t h e u n s a t u r a t e d v a l u e of m a g n e t i s i n g r e a c t - Load PF of g e n e r a t o r
K = ( F u l l l o a d motor e f f i c i e n c y ) x ( F u l l load motor PT)
a c e s , xm. These v a l u e s were o b t a i n e d u s i n g t h e g
"synchronous speed t e s t " method d e s c r i b e d i n r e f e r e n c e s ('1)
C5-61. Thus t h e m a g n e t i s i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e s e The C m p ' J t d v a l u e s of K f o r t h e s e machines
machines a r e k n o m . g
a r e shown i n T a b l e s I V a d V from which i t is

T A B L E-I
E l e c t r i c a l D e t a i l s of t h e Machines
(No.of p o l e s t 4 ) .
Machine Make Voltage p e r Line current Rating Stator Power base Frequency
Phase (v) (A) (kW) connec- (kW) (Hz) .
tion

I Mawdsley g e n e r a l i s e d Machine 23 0 8.2 2.2 a 1.090 50

(U.K.)
I1 Kirloskar E l e c t r i c (India) 415 4.9 2.2 n 1.175 50
111 Canadian General E l e c t r i c 23 0 14.2 3.7 Y 1.885 60
(Ca nad a )
IV Kirloskar E l e c t r i c ( I d i a ) 41 5 7.6 3.7 n 1.820 50

Note : Vbase = Rated v o l t a g e / p h a s e ;

Ibase= Rated a r r e n t p h a s e , a d

'base = 'base 'base'

 845

encouraging t o n o t e that i n a l l t h e machines considered, Another f a c t o r , Kc, may be d e f i n e d as t h e r a t i o

t h e power o u t p u t a v a i l a b l e i s i n t h e r a n b e of 1 4 8 % t c
1 6 0 % of t h e motor r a t i n g w i t h u n i t y power f a c t o r l o a d s
With 0.8 l a g g i n g l o a d , on t h e o t h e r h a r d , t h e
a v a i l a b l e power i s i n t h e r a n g e of 118% t o 1 2 8 % . T h i s
r e d u c t i o n i n a v a i l a b l e power a t l a g g i n g r e a c t i v e l o a d s
i s t o b e expected. I t c a n b e s e e n t h a t e a c h motor,
w h i l e working a s a g e n e r a t o r , can p r o v i d e a maximum
power t h a t i s w e l l above t h e v a l u e of t h e motor r a t i n g ,
a t 1.0 p.u. speed.
(c) C a p a c i t i v e v a r r e q u i r e m e n t : The c a p a c i t i v e v a r
r e q u i r e d t o m a i n t a i n a c o n s t a n t V /F of 1 . 0 p.u. was
g
d e t e r m i n d f o r a l l t h e machines. The v a r i a t i o n was of
c a p a c i t i v e v a r r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r e a c h machine w i t h
r e s i s t i v e and l a g g i n g r e a c t i v e l o a d s i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n
F i g . 3 and 4 . It c a n b e s e e n from t h e s e f i g u r e s t h a t
t h e v a l u e s of t h e c a p a c i t a n c e r e q u i r e d f a l l i n t o a n
economically v i a b l e r a n g e .
of t h e kVAR r a t i n g of t h e t e r m i n a l c a p a c i t a n c e t o t h e
r a t e d power of t h e motor. The r a n g e of v a r i a t i o n of
f o r t h e s e machines i s i n d i c a t e d i n T a b l e s IV and V
Kc
The r a n g e of Kc f o r r e s i s t i v e l o a d s i s found t o be 85
t o 1 4 0 % . F o r t h e c a s e of l a g g i n g power f a c t o r l o a d s ,
t h e r a n g e of Kc i s found t o be 100 t o 185%. Obviously,
there i s an increase i n t h e capacitance required with
l a g g i n g PF l o a d s i n comparison w i t h r e s i s t i v e l o a d s .
(d) R e l a t i v e Magnitudes of Winding. Currents:
F i g . 5 a d 6 show t h e r e l a t i v e magnitudes of s t a t o r
and r o t o r c u r r e n t s i n t h e g e n e r a t i n g mode. I t i s
i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t t h e magnitude of t h e r o t o r
c u r r e n t i s always l e s s t h a n t h a t of t h e s t a t o r c u r r e n t ,
a phenomenon observed i n t h e motoring mode. T h i s i s
because t h e r o t o r c u r r e n t i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y i n
quadrature with t h e magnetising c u r r e n t i n both the

TABLE - I1 TABLE - 111

Parameters of t h e Machines C o n s t a n t s of M a g n e t i s i n g C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
of;H a c h i n e s (Eon. 1)
Machine K x unsatura-
1 K2 m
ted (p.u.1

I 0.062 0.07 0.093 48.58 I 1.714 0.4 2.22

I1 0.06 0.078 0.084 146.64 I1 1.437 0.334 1.524

111 0.05 0.049 0.092 9.35 111 1.338 0.219 2.70

IV 0.053 0.061 0.087 94.58 IV 1.6275 0.3419 2.35

T:A B L E - IV
Performance with Resistive Loads

Machine
*
var r e q u i r e d (p.u.) Capacitance Power l i m i t Max. Power K( %) Kc ( % )
r a n g e ( UF)@ (p.u.1 (kW) g

I 0.59 - 0.645 37 - 47 3 .O 3 .27 149 87.7 - 96

I1 0.81 - 0.85 17 - 21 2.998 3.52 160 13.0 - 135

111 0.69 - 0.75 185 - 224 3 .o 5.66 153 ,105.0 - 115

IV 0.58 - 0.67 18 - 25 3 .O 5.46 148 86.2 - 98.8

T A B L E - V
Performance w i t h Reactive Loads
0.8 PF Load

Machine var* r e q u i r e d (p .U .) Capacitance Power l i m i t Max. Parer K Kc ( % )

r a n g e ( PF)@ (p.u.1 (kW) e! % )
I 0.72 - 1.09 45.0 - 79 2.4 2.614 119 108 - 162

I1 0.95 - 1.32 19.6 - 32 2.4 2.816 128 132 - 212

111 0.825- 1.21 762.0 - 425 2.4 4.528 122 126 - 185

N 0.704- 1.15 23.0 - 43 2.4 4.37 118 104 - 170

* v a r Base = Rated Power of t h e machine @ UF = m i c r o f a r a d s

846

Table - V (Contd.) 0 . 9 PF Load

C a p a c i t a n c e range Power l i m i t Max.power K( "I) K&%)

Machine var required g
(P.U.) (1-I P) (pa.) (kW)

I 0.69 - 0.95 44 - 69.5 2.697 2.94 134 103 - 142

I1 0.92 - 1.16 19 - 28 2.697 3.169 144 147 - 185

XI1 0.79 - 1.04 252 - 364 2.7 5.094 138 120 - 159

IV 0.67 - 0.96 22 - 35 2.7 4.914 133 99 - 142

-.

1.2

I I I C J 0.5
0.6 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.2

o-2L?d+
Power output(p.u.)
F i g . 3 * V a r i a t i o n of c a p a c i t i v e v a r and
susceptance with output f o r r e s i s t i v e
load 5.
0.0 0.6

(:I,II,III,IV r e f e r t o d i f f e r e n t machines Power o u t p u t (P.u.)

-see TablesI-V) F i g . 5. * V a r i a t i o n of s t a t o r and r o t o r
c u r r e n t s w i t h power o u t p t f o r
r e s i s t i v e loads.

3.5-
1 .o

3.2-
- 0.8 PF
-- -- 0 . 9 PF

0.9
2.9-

-
3

2.6- -d,
c,
0.8

al
4
!

/
2.3-
0.7

0.a
. 0/

Power o u t p u t ( p . u . )
0.6
F i g . 4 . V a r i a t i o n of c a p a c i t i v e v a r and
c a p a c i t a n c e w i t h p w e r outplltt f o r 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0
l a g g i n g PF l o a d s . Power o u t p u t ( P . u . )
F i g . 6 . V a r i a t i o n of s t a t o r and r o t o r c u r r e n t s
w i t h power o u t p u t f o r l a g g i n g PF l o a d s .
 847

motoring and g e n e r a t i n g mcdes, and t h e r e s u l t i n g s t a t o r ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

c u r r e n t , s h a m i n F i g s . 5 a d 6 , i s of t h e same o r d e r
of magnitude i n b o t h t h e modes. T h e r e f o r e , a t c o n s t a n t
rated s t a t o r c u r r e n t , t h e r o t o r c u r r e n t i n t h e generat-
i n g m c d e i s of t h e same o r d e r of magnitude a s t h a t . i n
t h e motoring mcde. Thus w i t h a s t a t o r t h e r m a l l i m i t
a s t h e b a s i s , t h e r o t o r h e a t i n g a s a g e n e r a t o r would
be of t h e same order a s t h a t of t h e motor. Added t o
t h i s , t h e r o t o r cage can w i t h s t a n d c o n s i d e r a b l e t h e r m a l
a v e r l o d s . The c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e maximum power r a t i n g
with r a t e d s t a t o r current a s t h e c r i t e r i o n i s
t h e r e f o r e m o r e a p p r o p r i a t e t h a n t h e c a s e where r o t o r
current i s maintained constant.
(e) C o r r e l a t i o n between t h e o r e t i c a l and e x p e r i m e n t a l
results:
5__
Acknowledgements a r e due t o Department of Science
and Technology, Government o f I n d i a f o r s p o n s o r i n g
t h i s p r o j e c t . Thanks a r e a l s o due t o P r o f e s s o r C.S.Jha
f 3 r h i s encouragement and t o Dr.A.K.Tandon f o r h i s use-
f u l suggestions.
REFERENCE S
D.W.Novotny, D .J. G r i t t e r a d G. E. Studtmann ,
"Self - e x c i t a t i o n i n I n v e r t e r d r i v e r I n d u c t i o n
Machines," IEEE Trans.on P.A.S. , Vol.PAS-96,
p .1117 -112 5, July/August 1977.
M.B.BreMen a d A . A b b o d a n t i " S t a t i c E x c i t e r s

F i g . 7 shows a c a p a r i s o n between t h e t h e o r e t i c a l
and e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s i n terms of t h e v a r i a t i o n of
s t a t o r c u r r e n t , l o a d c u r r e n t and c a p a c i t i v e v a r
r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r a r e s i s t i v e l o a d on machine IV. A
c l o s e agreement between t h e t h e o r e t i c a l and e x p e r i -
mental r e s u l t s i s observed, v a l i d a t i n g t h e p r e d i c t e d
results.
f o r I d u c t i o n G e n e r a t o r s , " IEEE T r a n s . on I . A . ,
v o l . I ~ - 1 3 , pp. 422-42b, Sept./Oct.1977.
J. A r i l l a g a a d D.B. Watson " S t a t i c Power Con-
v e r s i o n from s e l f - e x c i t e d I n d u c t i o n G e n e r a t o r s ,"
Proc.IEE, Vo1.25, pp. 743-746, Aug.1978.
D.B. Watson, J. A r i l l a g a and T . Densem, "ContrO-
l l a b l e D.C. power supply from w i d - d r i v e r s e l f -
e x c i t e d I d u c t i o n Machines," P r o c . I E E , v o l . 126,
pp. 1245-1248, 1979.

S.S. Murthy, O . P . Malik a d A . K . Tandon, "Analy-

s i s of S e l f - E x c i t e d I r d u d i o n G e n e r a t o r s , " P r o c .
C.6 I E E , ~ 0 1 . 1 2 9 , p t . C . , pp. 260-265, 1982.
A.K. T a d o n , S.S. Murthy a d G . J . Berg, "Steady-
s t a t e A n a l y s i s of C a p a c i t o r s S e l f - e x c i t e d Induc-
t i o n Generators," I E E E Trans. on PAS, Vol. PAS
c .4 103, pp. 612 618, March 1984.
S.S."lurthy, 0 . P . Y a l i k and P . IJalsh, " C a p a c i t i v e
?
v
(4 V A r r e q u i r e m e n t s of S e l f - e x c i t e d I n d u c t i o n
0 G e n e r a t o r s t o Achieve D e s i r e d Voltage Regulation,"
P
.
C' 2
p r e s e n t e d a t t h e I E E E I n d u s t r i a l and Comrrercial
Power Systems Conference, Yilwaukee, 1983.
S . S . Murthy, O.P.Malik, D.Diwan & T . G r a n t , "A
0 -T h e o r e t i c a l 1 S o l i d S t a t e Voltage R e g u l a t o r f o r S e l f - e x c i t e d
I n d u c t i o n G e n e r a t o r s , " p r e s e n t e d a t t h e IEEE
I I
I n d u s t r i a l and Commercial Power Systems Conference,
0.J- 0.J .U 1.0 1.4 1.; 2.2' c * o
Yilwaukee, 1983.
Power c u t p u t ( P . u . )
APPENDIX
Pig.7. Comparison of e x p e r i m e n t a l and t h e o r e t i c a l
r e s u l t s ( f o r machine IV) w i t h r e s i s t i v e l o a d s .
( a ) gc, ( b ) Is and ( c ) IL . Equating r e a l and imaginary p a r t s of Z separately t o
z e r o a s p e r E q n . ( 3 ) , and assuming x l s = x l r = x l , we
CONCLUSIONS o b t a i n two n o n l i n e a r equations with unknoms x
and F a s f o l l o w s :
The s t u d y h a s confirmed t h a t a normally designed
i n d u c t i o n motor can be s u c c e s s f u l l y used a s a t h r e e - f ( x c , F ) = CIF3 + C2F2 + (C 3x c +C 4 ) F+C5Xc = 0; (A-1)
phase s e l f - e x c i t e d g e n e r a t o r f o r low power a p p l i c a t i o n s .
For each of t h e f o u r machines c o n s i d e r e d i n t h i s (A-2)
i n v e s t i g a t i o n , i t h a s been shown t h a t t h e maximum g ( x c , F ) = (D x +D )F2 + (D3xc+D4) F+D5x = 0
I C 2
available power, as a generator, is in the range of 118
percent t o 160 percent of' the respective motor rating. wherein :
In order to maintain the constancy of the gener-
ator terminal voltage, i t has been shown that the value of
the capacitance varies over a wide range. For the
machines considered, the desired range of capacitive kVAR
variation has been found to be 85 t o 185% of the machine
rating. The criterion of limiting the stator current in the
determination of maximum generated power, has been (A-3)
found t o be appropriate. Test results confirm the validity
of the analytical method employed.
The study was extended to cover a range of
standard motors up t o 100 k W and the results seem to
confirm the general trend presented here. Thus normal
induction motors can be employed as self-excited
generators, with constant speed prime movers.
848

D,
3
= - D1
;wing 1975-76 he was at the Department of Electrical
Dq = - RLRrC Engineering, University of Newcastle upon Tyne(Eng1and)
as Visiting staff. Using his sabbatical leave he
D5 = - Rr(RL+Rs) worked as a Visiting Scientist/Fellow at the University
(A-3) of Calgary (Canada) from November 1980 to Yay 1982. He
and worked at the R&D department o f Kirloskar Electric Co.,
Bangalore as a visiting in-house Consultant during 1985-
c = x + x
m 1’ 86 and executed several projects relevant to the Industry
He was also an adjunct Professor of the Indian Institute
of Science,Bangalore, during this year
He has published a number of papers and has edited
and published two laboratory manuals. He has completed
many Industrially sponsored projects. His current
S.Sreenivasa Murthy was
interest area5 include electrical machines, electric
born in Karnataka,India
drives, thyristor applications, efficient electric
on December 6,1946. He
received the B.E.Degree energy utilisation, isolated power generators, wind and
micro hydro power generation,and engineering education.
He is a Fellow of the Institution of Engineers
(India) and a Life Member of the Indian Society for
Technical Education. In 1976 he received the President
of India Award for the best research paper published i n
the Journals of the I.F.(I).

B.P.Singh(SM) was born in Singhiya,India, in 1940. He

cal engineering from the
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), New Delhi, in
1974.
After teaching a year at the Birla Institute of
Technology and Science, Pilani, he joined IIT,Delhi
in 1970 as Associate Lecturer and was promoted to the
post of ?f.cKurerin 1 9 7 3 . Assistant Professor in 1975,
Associate Professor in 1980, and Professor in 1983.
received the B.Sc.(Engg.) degree in 1963 from BIT,
Sindri, Y.E. in Electrical Engrg.in 1966, from Calcutta
University, and Ph.D. in 1974, from I I T Delhi.
He was a Senior Fellow at B.E.Colleee,Howrah(l963-
66) and after serving M . I . T . Nuzaffarpur as a faculty
member for over a decade (1966-78), he joined I I T Delhi
in 1978 as Assistant Professor of Electrical Engrg.and
became a Professor in the year 1985. His research
interests are in design, analysis and control of
electrical machines. He is a life member of Indian
Society for Technical Education.