Term Paper

Estimating, Costing &

Specification
Topic: - Village Housing

Subbmitted To Subbmitted By
Mrs. Mandeep Kaur Atish Kumar
Roll No.:- 15
Reg. No. : - 4100070015
Class: - Diploma Civil
Semester: - 5th

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 Contents

1) Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 3

2) Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3) House Design and General Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4) Types of Construction and Specification of Village Houses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

5) Water proof Mud Plaster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

6) Stabilized Soil Roads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

7) Referance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

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 Introduction
The village people lived in thatched huts or mud huts which are out of date. The hoses
are ill- ventilated, ill-lighted, unhygienic and unscientific. Due to the poverty they
cannot afford to build pucca houses similar to house in cities and towns. Shortage and
non-availability of building material, high cost materials, transport difficulties for want
of proper communication, etc., are mainly responsible for slow progress of the
development and improvement of villages.

Planning
Village people are mostly conservative and usually they do not like to leave their
present house and construct house in new areas. The existing village may be
constructed only if the village is located in high land and not likely to be effected by
flood.

In General, it is not possible to reconstruct and improve the existing villages. It is

always better to acquire open land at an elevated place near by the existing village and
to prepare proper layout plan showing division of plots, roads, lanes, drains, open
spaces and civic centers. Open developed plot should be made available to the village.

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Selection of new site
 The new site should be as far as possible near the existing village, having
sufficient area to accommodate the village and to allow for future expansion.
 The site should be at an elevated level ground where there is no possibility of
flood.
 Topology of ground should be such that proper drainage is possible. Each village
should be a separate unit having agricultural land surrounding the village.

Layout of plan
 Plane table survey of the topography of the land should be made and a plan is
prepared to a scale 1cm= 5m ( a”= 40’)showing all important exiting feature on
the land.
 Proper layout plan will then be prepare on the survey map showing the division
of plots, roads, lanes, drains, open spaces, parks, civic centers, etc.
 Site for various community centers as Panchayat Ghar, school, library,
playground, children parks, health centers, religious places, shopping centers,
etc., should also be show in the layout of plan.
 Showing the existing the existing main roads, canals, streams, orientation, North
line, etc

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Roads
The pattern of street would largely depend upon the topography and the direction
of traffic.

 The width of road should be determined on the consideration of volume and

nature of traffic and plantation of trees.
 The street should be wide enough to allow tow bullock carts or a Jeep-cum-
tractors to cross.
 A minimum of 7.5 m(24’) for local streets and 12m (40’) for the principal
street serving the shopping area of carrying traffic to the main road or other
villages may be provided.
 Houses may be arranged in rows with street in front and back service lane or
3 m (10’) in the rear or plot may be back to back without any back lane.

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Open spaces and civic amenities
Open spaces and play areas are essential for healthy growth and atmosphere and
should be provided and these may be well dispersed in different parts of the village.
They are also necessary for various other common purposes such as social
gatherings, fairs, melas, etc. Provision should also be made for various community
centers as Panchayat Ghar, school, library, playground, children parks, health
centers, religious places, shopping centers, village industries, etc. Community water
supply should also be provided. Provision should be made for plantation of tree by
the sides of roads, in public and private places.

Size plots and area of land

The size of plots should be such as to meet the requirements of people, that they can
live comfortably according to their profession.

 The plot should accommodate the main living house with the required
number of living rooms, store, kitchen, verandahs and court-yard, and cattle
shed, store for fodder and agricultural implements and cattle-yard.
 The width of plot should be such as provide the sufficient side passage for
the cattle to move to and from the back court-yard.
 The depth of plot should be such as accommodate front open space, the
living house and court-yard, and the cattle shed, fodder shed and the cattle-
yard.
 To meet the above requirement a plot 9m x23 m(30’x75’) may be quite
reasonable.

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House Design and General Arrangement
Living House
In designing Village house the following principles should be followed:-

 Design should be flexible enough to allow for future expansion in phased

manner.
 Design should be functional, structurally sound, economical avoiding
unnecessary ornamentation.
 Design should be such as to offer maximum comfort.
 Design should be such that it suits the climate of the locality.
 Design should be simple as far as possible, and easy to construct.
 Design should be such as permit maximum use of local materials.
 House Should be safe, security against theft and pilferage should be kept in view
while designing the house.
 Doors and windows should be provided as required and properly arranged.
 Kitchen should be provided with sufficient shelf space and with Chullha
(cooking hearth) having efficient arrangement for the outer of smoke. Kitchen
should be well ventilated and lighted.
 Sanitary latrine and bath should be provided with proper arrangements for
disposal of both excreta and sullage.
 Reasonably commodious court-yard with space for kitchen-garden should be
provided.
 Rat proof storage for agricultural produce should be provided for agriculturist.
 In case of cottage industry, handloom workers, artisans, carpenters, blacksmiths,
etc., work space should be provided in the design.
 House should be design as to maintained privacy and independence of the
family members, specially for women.
 Size of living rooms should be 2.8 m to 3.2 m in width for economical
construction with local materials. Length of rooms may be 3.5 m to 4.5 m
according to requirement.
 Orientation of building should be made on the same principle.

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Cattle shed:- For agricultural cattle shed should be provided in the back as far as
possible away and segregated from the living house so that the house can be kept neat
and clean, hygienic and saved from foul smell.

Latrines:- Each house should be provided with sanitary latrine. The latrine seat
should be glazed of squatting type with trap having efficient water seal. Cheap type
precast cement concrete latrine pans may be casted locally or purchased.

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Water Supply:- Masonry wells or tube wells with hand pumps should be provided
one for a groups of houses. These wells should be located sufficiently the possible
source of contamination as latrines, soak pits, refuse dumps, composts, etc., and suitable
protective measure should be taken against contamination.

Disposal of Sludge:- Each house should make its own arrangement for disposal of
waste of waste water by constructing soakage pit or by absorbing in kitchen garden.
The house drains may be connected to road side drain.

Detached and semi-detached houses:- Detached or separate house require too

much area are not suitable except for a few houses which may be required by the well-
to-do family. Semi-detached houses are generally suitable for villages as such
arrangement it economical in land as well as in construction, and provide better
security.

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 Types of Construction and Specification
of Village Houses
Generally, Cheap type Construction with maximum use of local materials may be
adoptd as described below:-

1. Foundation:- Foundation may be any one of the following :-

 Rammed kankar or rammed brick ballast well compacted adding water,
during ramming.
 Mud concrete with brick aggregate or kankar.

Stabilized soil with 33% brick ballast of 40mm size well graded with 1% cement, or other type of
stabilized soil.
 Weak cement concrete of 1:8:16 with brick ballast.
 Lime concrete 1:3:7 with brick ballast. The width of foundation may be 45
cm to 60cm and the depth 60 cm to 90 cm and thickness of foundation
layer 15cm.

Mud concrete

2. Foundation and plinth work:- Foundation and plinth work may be any
one of the following :-
 Burnt brick or stone in mud mortar.
 Sundried bricks in mud mortar.
 Second class burnt brick work with 1:3 lime mortar.
 Second class burnt brick work with 1:8 cement mortar.
 Stabilized soil rammed mud wall with 5% cement laid in site.
 Stabilized soil bricks with 3% to 5% cement, laid with Stabilized mud
mortar. Height of plinth may be 15 cm to 45 cm above ground level.

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3. D.P.C.:- 2 cm thick D.P.C. should be provided at the plinth level with cement
mortar of 1:2 proportion or two coats of asphalt painting may be applied as
D.P.C.

4. Superstructure :- Superstructure may be any one of the following :-

 Burnt brick or stone in mud mortar.
 Sundried bricks in mud mortar.
 Burnt brick or stone in lime mortar.
 Rammed earth, i.e., ordinary mud wall.
 Stabilized soil rammed mud wall, soil mixed with stabilizer laid in situ
with proper shuttering. The minimum thickness of wall should be 30cm.
 Stabilized soil brick with premoulded Stabilized soil brick laid in
Stabilized soil mud mortar. The thickness of wall may be 23 cm to 30cm
according to the size of bricks. Height of main room should be 3m (10’)
and other 2.7m (9’).

Rammed earth

5. Lintels:-Lintels over doors and windows, etc., may be of 5cm 7.5cm thick plank
of country wood painted with two coats of hot coaltar before placing in position.

Wood Lintel

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6. Roof:- Roof may be any one of the following :-
 The roofing of Mangalore tile , or Allahabad tile or Raniganj tile or similar
other type tiles, over wooden trusses.
 Country tile roofing over bamboo jafri and ballie purlins.
 A.C. sheet or G.I. sheet supported over wooden trusses.
 Slate roofing.
 Stone slab roofing supported over wooden beam.
 Brick jack arch roofing.
 R.B. roofing.
 Flat mud roofing.

7. Flooring :- Flooring may be any one of the following :-

 The floor may be cemented floor over a base layer of stabilized soil. The
surface finished smooth with neat cement coating.
 Rammed earth finished with mud plaster and gobri lepping.
 Soil cement stabilized floor finished with ‘gobri lepping’(cow dung
cement) wash.
 Burnt brick laid flat over well rammed earth and joints filled from top
with 1:3 cement and local sand mortar.
 Brick-on-edge flooring finished cement pointed.
 Stone slab flooring.
 Lime concrete flooring.

gobri lepping

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8. Plastering and Finishing:- Plastering and Finishing may be any one of the
following :-
 The burnt brick wall or stone wall surface should be plastered 12mm thick
with 1:6 cement and local sand mortar and white washed two coats, or
finished lime pointed or cement pointing.
 Sundried or stabilized soil brick wall, and rammed earth or rammed
stabilized soil wall. Wall of kitchen, bath, latrine and cowshed should be
plastered. Inside walls should be white washed two coats and outside
mud walls shall be finished with ‘gobari lepping’.

Gobar (cow dung) plastering

9. Door and Windows: - Chowkhat shall be 7.5 cm x 7.5 cm of country wood

fixed with wooden pegs hold fasts. Wooden pegs and concealed faces of
Chowkhat shall be painted with two coats of hot coltar. Door and windows shall
be painted one coat over one coat of priming.

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 10. Sanitary :- Water-seal Sanitary pit latrines detached from the main building
shall be provided. Necessary small pucca drains should be provided for draining
wash water from bath, kitchen, latrine, etc. Smokeless Chullah with chimney
shall be provided in kitchen.

Smokeless Chullah with chimney

Water proof Mud Plaster

Materials: - The materials for water proof plaster consists of the following:-
1. Soil:- Soil should not be too much clayey nor too much sandy(50% clay and 50%
sand are suitable).weight of dry earth should do about 112 kg per cu m .

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 2. Bhusa:- About 60% of Bhusa (Straw of wheat plants) by weight of dry soil is to
be mixed.

3. Cowdung (Gober) :- Gober should be used for surface finishing.

4. Janta Emulsion:- 5% of Janta Emulsion (a tar product) by weight of dry soil is to

be mixed.

Soil cement Plaster:- Plaster made of one part of cement and eight part of sandy soil
is also suitable for stabilized soil wall in which cement is used as stabilizer. The soil of
plasticity containing about 60% sand is suitable for soil cement plaster.

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Modren Village house:-

Stabilized Soil Roads

In Village the traditional method of construction of metalled road with brick soling and
metalling with ballast is not possible as the materials are not readily available and they are too
costly. Village roads should be low cost by using local materials. To meet the requirement of
low cost village road stabilized soil roads may be suitable.

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Referance
Book

 Eastimate and costing in civil Engineering by B.N. Dutta

Website

 www.google.com ( For searching the Pictures only)

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