An Overview of the Distributed Generation

(DG) Connected to the GRID

Debabrata (Debu) Kundu, Senior Member, IEEE

* While working with Innisfil Hydro, there had been

Abstract-- The author worked on distributed generation (DG)
connected to the transmission and distribution GRIDS of
Ontario Hydro, from 1985 to 1999. During that period, he has
experienced lots of technical problems in connecting to the
GRID. In this paper, he would discuss his experiences with the
following topics:
-Types of DG's, including sources of prime power (e.g. water,
gas, wind, solar, etc.) in brief
-Methodology of connection to the GRID minimizing the cost
impact to the customers
-System Groundings and transformer connections
-Faults and their effects
-Protective relaying
-Control and metering
-Harmonics and Resonance
-Benefits of DG connecting to the GRID and operating in the
Micro-GRID format
The paper will be concluded with a case study of connecting a
DG to the GRID, and conclusions.
Index Terms - Connection to the GRID, Distributed
Generation (DG), Faults and their Effects, Harmonics, Micro-
GRID, Protective Relaying, Resonance, System Groundings, and
Transformer Connections.
I. INTRODUCTION
THIS paper contains experiences with DG connection to
the GRID and it would include the highlights of the
followings:
* Brief discussions of types of Generations in use in
the Province of Ontario connected to the Hydro
GRID
* Methodology of connection to the GRID and its
impact on system stability
* System groundings and transformer connections
* Faults and their effects
* Requirements of protective relaying to avoid DG
islanding
* Harmonics and resonance
* Benefits of connecting DG to the T&D GRID and
operating in the Micro GRID format
The author retired form Ontario Hydro/ now Hydro One in the
year 2000; since then, he has been working as a Consultant to
a number of Utilities and most recently with Innisfil Hydro
Distribution Systems. (e-mail: debu kunduIhotrnai1 om)
978-1-4244-1762-9/08/$25.00 C2008 IEEE
involvement in connecting and approving two Wind
Generation projects. A case study on one of the
projects with a flow chart would be discussed in this
paper showing the methodology / procedures
currently followed in approving DG connection to
the Hydro One T&D GRID.
* Conclusions
II. TYPES OF GENERATION IN USE - GENERATORs/ROTATING
MACHINES
There are two types of rotating machines used as
generators, induction machines and synchronous machines.
Smaller machines are often of the induction type, whereas
larger installations usually use synchronous machines.
A. Direct Current Sources
Photovoltaic cells generate DC through direct conversion of
solar energy to electric energy. Solar cells only work in the
sunlight and have maximum conversion efficiency when
sunlight falls perpendicular to the cells surface and is not
obstructed by clouds or other objects. Some solar systems
concentrate sunlight and track the sun's path to ensure
conversion efficiency is maximized throughout the day.
Fuel cells also generate DC and it produces energy from the
reaction of hydrogen or a hydrocarbon fuel in a cell
containing electrodes and an electrolyte.
B. Prime Movers
Various types of turbines and engines are available
associated with various energy sources. These are described
here very briefly.
C. Hydraulic Turbines
Hydraulic turbines are either horizontal or vertical types.
Vertical turbines are normally associated with larger power
units operating at higher heads (water drops). Except for
larger units, most DG installations involve horizontal units
since they are generally lower in cost due to the smaller
amount of civil works typically required.
D. Steam Turbines
Thermal units, except gas turbines (combustion turbines
units), use steam as their working fluid operating in a close
loop system. Steam is produced in a boiler fired by some sort

Authorized licensed use limited to: The National Institute of Engineering. Downloaded on August 16,2010 at 12:03:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
of fuel, such as coal, oil, natural gas and methane gas from
garbage dump and sewage treatment plants.
E. Turbo Expanders
Turbo expanders can be used in place of pressure regulators
whenever it is necessary to drop the pressure of a gas stream.
A typical, installation would be where natural gas is taken
from a transmission pipeline for distribution within town or to
a large industrial complex.
F. Gas Turbines (Combustion Turbine Units)
There are two types of turbines. The first is the aero-
derivative wherein the compressor stage and the output
turbine stage are decoupled. Typically, they can be brought to
full load from a cold start in about 1 minute and they are
therefore often used for standby purpose.
G. Wind Turbines
Wind turbines for electrical generation are either of
horizontal axis or vertical axis design. Modern wind turbine
capacities could run up to 1.5 to 2.0 MW and they are
equipped with synchronous generator. The variations in wind
velocity are accommodated through control of blade pitch,
thus allowing speed control for synchronizing. Power
generated by wind turbines corresponds to the instantaneous
wind speed, and cannot therefore be controlled.
H. Diesel engines
Diesel engines, although of vastly different design, can be
used instead of gas turbines in many applications. They are
normally fueled with oil distillates.
III. METHODOLOGY OF CONNECTION TO THE GRID AND ITS
IMPACT ON SYSTEM STABILITY
Fig. 1. is a schematic representation of the elements of a
typical utility connection. Normally, provision will me made
to completely isolate all parts of the DG installation form the
utility system under any operating or fault condition. This
dictates that the installation connected to the utility system
through a switching device (a fuse or circuit breaker (CB))
capable of interrupting only load currents. For example, a load
break switch (LBS) may suffice if the end of the utility-owned
connecting line remote from the DG connects into the rest of
the utility system via a CB and the line serves no intermediate
loads. The remaining of the equipment shown above in Fig. 1
is part of the DG facility and will depend on the specific
characteristics of each installation.
Authorized licensed use limited to: The National Institute of Engineering. Downloaded on August 16,2010 at 12:03:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
stal n sorvMi
ad ty Fare
systm y W
* It separates the generator from the grounding system
on the utility. Generators are normally ungrounded or
grounded through an impedance to limit fault values
and harmonic currents whereas utility distribution
systems are normally multi-grounded to serve single-
phase load.
* The power transformer provides power to station
auxiliaries when the generator is off-line.
Igt provides a measure of protection to the generator
from incoming surges originating from the utility
system.
The voltage variations in North America are maintained
between ± 600.
The type of transformer used for connecting a generator to
a utility system is very important. Normally, the transformer is
typically connected in a A-configuration on the generator side.
On the utility system side, the transformer is almost always Y-
connected, and normally grounded and this connection
primarily dependent upon the utility and not the DG. Usually
on-load tap changers are not required for transformers
connected to generators since the same function can be
achieved much more economically through the generator
excitation control system. Off-load taps covering a ± 5%
range are usually adequate for the purposes of voltage
matching.
B. Line Connection to the Utility
The DG developer will often be responsible for
constructing a connecting line from the DG location to the
designated connection point into the utility system.
C. Protection, Metering, Control and Synchronizing Systems
A properly designed protection system must be installed on
the DG generator, transformer and connection line to ensure
that if there is a fault within the DG facility, it will be
disconnected form the utility system. Such a protection
scheme must be defined at least in general terms by the utility
to ensure compatibility of the DG with the utility system.

D. Internal DG Faults [1]
Protection must be provided to isolate the DG when fault
occur within the DG installation. This protection usually takes
the form of differential protection covering the generator and
sometimes the transformer. This protection is backed up by
some form of over current relaying. Further internal types of
relaying can include generator loss of field relays, over/ under
(O/U) voltage relays, over/ under(O/U) frequency relays, over
temperature relays for transformer and generator, transformer
gas protection and ground fault protection.
E. External Faults [1]
To eliminate the fault in feed from the generator, the DG
installation must also be isolated in the event of certain faults
or abnormal conditions on the utility system. In general, the
protection outlined in the above section will protect the
system against most infeeds. Additional protection schemes,
such as like pilot wire scheme for transfer tripping should be
considered for larger DG.
F. Metering Systems
All DG will be paid for power production, revenue
metering will have to be installed to meter energy delivered to
the utility system. Some form of reactive power monitoring
may also be needed. As the DG will require power for start-
up, a separate set of revenue metering will be required for
metering the power consumed by the DG.
G. Synchronizing Systems
A method of synchronizing the DG to the utility will be
required in all cases. The synchronizing system for
synchronous generators will normally consist of a
synchroscope and two voltmeters. The system will allow
frequency matching prior to closing the CB to the utility
system. For using induction generators, all that is needed to
synchronize is to properly match the speeds of the generator
and the system and then close the CB.
H. DG Isolation at the Point of Connection
In addition to the fault interruption device, an additional
device is usually required to isolate the entire DG, including
transformer from the system for "Work Protection".
I. Synchronous Stability
When power is transmitted over a line, a phase shift occurs
between the voltages at the receiving end and sending end.
The total allowable phase shift over the line is limited by the
requirements to maintain the generator synchronized to the
power system during system disturbances. Synchronous
stability is usually not a problem with respect to small
generators connected to the infinite GRID system. This has
Authorized licensed use limited to: The National Institute of Engineering. Downloaded on August 16,2010 at 12:03:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
been proven by studies performed in the reference paper [2]
written by the author.
IV. SYSTEM GROUNDINGS AND TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
[2], [3]
The need for system grounding, characteristics of various
transformer connections, their effects on the flow of zero
sequence currents, and the methods of system grounding for
DG installations are discussed in this section.
Grounding a power system is achieved intentionally and
permanently connecting its neutral system to the ground at
one or more points. The connection of the neutral to ground
may be made either through a solid connection or through a
known value of low impedance. The reasons for grounding
are as follows:
* Improved personnel and equipment safety
* Protection against temporary over voltages
* Improved service reliability due to improved ground
fault detection
* Reduced cost of connecting single-phase loads
In some industrial application, to detect grounding for
motors etc, the system is installed ungrounded. But it is better
to ground the system at least using impedance to improve the
system reliability.
The design of the transformer connecting the DG
installation to the utility is closely related to the grounding
requirements in both the DG plant and the utility. Different
transformer core and winding configurations will have
different effects on the flow of zero sequence currents and
hence the operation of the two grounding systems.
A. System Grounding Characteristics
Utility grounding standards are well established, i.e. neutral
system is a multi-grounded system. DG grounding is normally
connected through impedance.
B. Temporary Over voltages (TOV)
System grounding reduces the impact of transient over-
voltages generated by various sources including
* Line-to-ground (L-G) faults
* Resonance
* Contact of line conductor with higher voltage system
During a L-G fault on one of the phases of three-phase (3-
P) system, the voltage w.r.t. ground of the two healthy phases
increases to as much as the full phase-to-phase(P-P) voltage.
On an ungrounded system the over voltage will be the full
173% of the normal value. On a grounded system, however,
the over voltage is reduced since the neutral is held at a near
ground potential. The over voltages in ungrounded systems
may build up to many times the nominal voltages during
arcing line-to-ground faults.
C. Ground Fault Detection
Ground faults in a grounded system have relatively high
faults currents compared to the ungrounded system. This
allows rapid detection, isolation and repair. Grounding contribution from the generator will not be restricted by the
therefore results in generally shorter fault durations. generator grounding impedance. To limit the DG contribution
to fault current, the grounding impedance must be connected
D. Single-Phase (1-P) Loads to the neutral of the DG transformer primary.
The effectiveness of grounding for a DG installation is
The cost of serving 1-P loads on a utility distribution measured by its XO/X1 ratio, where XO and XI respectively
system is less if they are connected line-to-neutral instead of are the zero sequence and positive sequence reactance values
line-to-line (L-L). The savings results from the lower for DG installation at its point of connection to the
insulation costs for the transformers and the need for only one distribution feeder.
set of primary fusing disconnect and surge arrester equipment.
To achieve this advantage, the neutral system must be VI. FAULTS AND THEIR EFFECTS
grounded.
The system faults are of different kinds and they will be
V. SYSTEM GROUNDING METHODS discussed here briefly to provide some highlights to the
reader.
A. Solid Grounding
A. Three-Phase (L-L-L) Faults
A power system is considered solidly grounded, when the
neutral is solidly connected to ground without the introduction Only positive sequence currents flow during a 3-phase fault
of impedance. For solidly grounded distribution systems, the and their values are determined solely by the positive
ground fault currents are limited by the natural zero sequence sequence impedances of the circuit. The characteristics of a 3-
impedance of the system only, and are in the order of 60% to phase fault may be summarized as follows,
150% of the 3-P fault currents. The following aspects of a (a) The fault currents contain only positive sequence
solidly grounded DG should be carefully examined before it is currents, since the short circuit currents supplied
adopted. from both the DG source and utility are
* From the utility perspective, a solidly grounded DG balanced.
is may not be desirable since it will result in a (b) Connection of the DG installation to the
reduction of the fault current contribution from the distribution feeder will result in an increase in
utility system for L-G faults on the distribution the fault current magnitude on the utility system.
system. (c) For zero or low impedance faults on the main
* From DG's perspective, it should be ascertained that feeder trunk, connecting the DG installation will
the ground fault current contribution from the not cause a change in current contribution from
generator will not exceed its maximum design limits. the utility system.
(d) If induction generators are employed at the DG
B. Impedance Grounding installation, they will contribute currents into a
3-phase fault only during the sub transient stage.
By connecting the DG neutral to ground through an (e) If, as is generally the case, Z1 (+ve sequence
impedance, it is possible to obtain many of the advantages of impedance) is lower than the value of ZO (zero
grounded system while controlling the prospective line-to sequence impedance), the 3-phase fault
ground (L-G) faults current to lower and less damaging levels. condition results in the highest short circuit
The impedance used can be either resistive or a reactor. currents when compared to other types of faults.
Reactor grounding is generally preferred over resistive
grounding to avoid heat dissipation. It has the following B. Line-to Ground (L-G) faults
specific benefits to the utility:
* DG ground fault contribution to ground faults on the The following are the conclusions:
utility system can be limited so that it will not (a) During a L-G fault, the fault currents supplied
interfere with the utility operation. from the DG and the utility sources will be
* Impedance grounding results in lower transformer highly unbalanced and will potentially contain
in-rush currents. positive, negative and zero sequence
components.
C. Method of Connection (b) Connecting of the DG installation will result in
an increase in the maximum fault current
When the generator is connected to a A-transformer magnitude.
winding of a Y-Delta transformer, connecting the impedance (c) Because the value of zero sequence impedance
in the generator neutral will control the amount of zero- depends on system grounding arrangements,
sequence current through the generator only for those faults grounding resistances and transformer winding
that occur between the generator and the transformer. For configurations, it can vary over a much broader
ground faults on the distribution system, the fault current range than the positive and negative sequence
impedances. The short circuit currents during an

Authorized licensed use limited to: The National Institute of Engineering. Downloaded on August 16,2010 at 12:03:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 L-G fault can therefore also vary over a broad
range.
C. Line-to-Line (L-L) Faults
The following are the conclusions:
(a) During an L-L fault, the fault current will
contain positive sequence and negative sequence
components which are equal in magnitude. No
zero sequence currents exist.
(b) Connecting a DG installation to the distribution
feeder will increase the maximum short circuit
current for a L-L fault.
(c) For a zero or low impedance L-L fault on the
main feeder line, the fault current contribution
from the utility source will not be reduced by
connecting the DG facility.
(d) For faults on the distribution feeder, the sub-
transient positive sequence impedance and the
negative sequence impedance are nearly equal
since the line and transformer impedances
dominate the generator impedances.
D. Line-to-Line-to-Ground (L-L-G) faults
The following are the conclusions:
(a) The fault currents supplied from both the DG
and the utility sources will be unbalanced and
will include positive, negative and zero sequence
components.
(b) Connecting the DG installation to a distribution
feeder will increase the maximum fault current
level.
(c) If the value of zero sequence impedance for the
DG installation is relatively low as compared to
zero sequence impedance of the utility source,
connecting DG facility will reduce the zero
sequence current contribution from the utility
substation while increasing the contribution from
the generator.
(d) If the value of ZO is less than ZI, L-L-G fault
condition will be the worst case fault condition
resulting in the highest values of short circuit
(S/C) current. If the values of zero sequence
current are very low, fault current values can be
up to 173% of those for 3-P faults.
E. Effect on System Voltages
In the case of a L-L fault, the arc resistance, aside from its
effect on the fault currents, also affects the phase angle and
magnitude of the system voltages as seen by the protective
relays at the DG installation. The arc resistance causes voltage
to be higher in magnitude than the reference voltage whereas
two voltages would be equal if arc resistance were zero. If the
voltage restrained overcurrent relays is employed, the relay
may operate incorrectly. However, this can avoid by changing
the voltage relay coils connection arrangement of the voltages.
Authorized licensed use limited to: The National Institute of Engineering. Downloaded on August 16,2010 at 12:03:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
VII. PROTECTIVE RELAYING [1], [2]
The function of protective relays at a DG installation is to
detect system faults and malfunctions both within the DG
installation as well as on the distribution feeder. On the
detection of fault, the relays trip the appropriate CB's to
isolate the faulty equipment in order to
-minimize equipment damage and safety hazards during
electrical faults
-maintain power supply continuity on healthy parts of the
system.
A. Protective Relays Characteristics
The necessary characteristics for a protective relaying
system are:
Reliability - the ability to always operate when a system fault
occurs and to never operate under normal system conditions.
Selectivity - the ability to distinguish between faults within
the intended zone of protection from those outside the zone.
Speed - a measure of the time taken to detect a fault.
High speed detection and clearing of faults is desirable
because it
- limits damage caused by faults
- helps achieve better selectivity
reduces likelihood of loss of generator synchronism
B. Protective Zones
- In order for protective relays to provide the desired
degree of selectivity and sensitivity, the following
two conditions should be met.
- Zones of protection must overlap each other, leaving
no unprotected blind spots.
- Zones of protection should be established to
selectively de-energize only the facilities necessary
to remove the fault. Care should particularly be
exercised to preclude possible disconnection of
facilities that may be of assistance in improving
system stability during post fault conditions.
C. Types ofRelays Used in DG Installations
Protective relays used in DG installations include:
- generator protection relays
- transformer protection relays
- switchgear protection relays
- feeder protection relays
- auxiliary transformer protection relays
The relays commonly employed in DG installations
include:
- differential relays
- over-current relays
- voltage restrained over-current relays
- distance relays
- reverse power relays
- negative sequence relays
- over/ under voltage relays
- over/ under frequency relays
- direct-current ground fault relays
 - over temperature relays
- gas pressure (Bucholz) relays
D. Generator Protection
A generator may experience a number of abnormal
conditions which might result in the generator being
disconnected from the bus. Fault conditions which might also
have some direct electrical effect on the utility system include
the following:
- stator winding faults
- reverse power flow
- unbalanced loading
- loss of excitation
- over-speeding
- loss of synchronism
E. Protection Against Islanding
Islanding may be described as the condition in which the
utility feeder breaker has opened but the DG breaker is closed
and the generator continues to supply power to the feeder
while isolated from the utility source. Islanding can occur for
a number of reasons. Islanding may cause the following:
- damage utility equipment
- create unsafe conditions for utility personnel and
public at large.
Under no circumstances, this islanding will be allowed to
persist in an operating system. To avoid this situation,
appropriate relays (e.g. O/U - frequency and O/U- voltage
relays must be installed in addition to the other protective
relays).
VIII. HARMONICS AND RESONANCE
Harmonics may originate in either the voltage or current
waveform but appear simultaneously in both due to
interaction with system impedances. Solid state inverter used
in the DG installation may give rise to some harmonics.
Therefore, care should be taken to remove these harmonics
from the system diligently.
IX. BENEFITS OF DG CONNECTING TO THE T&D GRID AND
OPERATING IN THE MICRO-GRID FORMAT
The methodology of connecting DG to the Transmission
and Distribution (T & D) GRID has been discussed in section
3 above.
MICRO-GRIDS comprise low voltage (LV) distribution
systems with distributed energy sources or Generator (DG)
such as wind turbines, fuel cells, photovoltaic (PV) arrays,
etc. together with storage devices (i.e. flywheels, energy
capacitors, and batteries) and controllable loads offering
considerable control capabilities over the network operation.
These systems are interconnected to the medium voltage
(MV) distribution network. From the customer point of view,
micro-grids provide both thermal and electricity needs and in
addition enhance local reliability.
Authorized licensed use limited to: The National Institute of Engineering. Downloaded on August 16,2010 at 12:03:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
There are many benefits in connecting DG remotely to the
utility feeder and some of the benefits are as follows:
-DG provides voltage support by providing reactive VAR
when DG is a synchronous generator. This VAR is
controllable by varying the generator excitation.
-In case of emergency when there is failure of prime source of
power, then the distribution feeder could be operated remotely
in the MICRO-GRID format.
-In isolated locations, to supply power, MICRO-GRID format
should be used. (See attached reference -5).
-In remote locations, micro-grid concept will be more useful
to supply power to the customers. To improve the reliability,
this grid eventually could then be connected to the more
reliable T&D Grid.
X. A CASE STUDY OF A DG TO BE CONNECTED TO THE HYDRO
ONE T&D GRID
A. Background
Innisfil Hydro Distribution Systems (IHDS) is supplied at
44 kV from Hydro One Networks Inc. owned transformer
station ( Alliston TS, 230-44 kV). IHDS supplies the Town of
Innisfil with a population of 25,000 people. In recent months,
IHDS received two requests to connect 10 MW and 9.0 MW
Wind Power Generations respectively. The author reviewed
both projects and was involved in carrying out a detailed
report, which outlined requirements for Sky Power -Innisfil
Wind Farm to connect to the Hydro One owned GRID, was
submitted to Hydro One. The steps and the process followed
for this project are described in brief in this paper. Some
highlights are provided on the connection requirements by a
hosting utility, such as IHDS to Hydro One owned GRID.
B. Step-I
The formal request came from the developer's and his
Consultant with a "Pre-feasibility Study Reports" with all
technical information about the Wind Generator and funds to
be paid to Hydro One (HO) to cover their costs.
C. Step-2
IHDS as the hosting utility accepted this request and
confirming to HO in writing that a request from the developer,
Sky Power has been received and please arrange to put this
project on the HO priority list. Then a number by the TS name
is assigned to the project. Following that IHDS's consultant
starts working on this project to perform the following:
-Review the pre-feasibility study report for the project
-Gather line data of the 44 kV sub-transmission feeders that
will connect the distributed generation (DG) as normal and
alternate supplies and to prepare for the "Connection Impact
Assessment (CIA)" study.
-CIA studies were performed for various conditions using
CYME International T&D Programs to capture all the
scenarios that will arise when the DG will be connected to the
system. Based on the study results, the recommendation were
made indicating the types of protection will be required to
protect the DG, e.g. transfer trip, etc.

D. Step-3
Then the following forms were completed for the DG for
HO:
-Formal agreement form between HO and the hosting utility
(IHDS) "For the Project to be studied" and to be signed by the
CEO/President of the hosting Utility and a binding authority
of Hydro One. Along with this a cheque to cover the costs for
this study by HO was included.
-DG Connection Review Form (Form A), Single Line
Diagram for the project, CIA Application Form for Sub-
transmission System (form B) and the Generator data
complete with Generator Connection Assessment review
Form for 10 kW to 10 MW were prepared for submission.
-Then the complete package was submitted to HO for their
review/study and approval.
-Upon receiving the approval from HO, the developer was
informed to complete their final design for submission to the
hosting utility for approval to construct.
-The construction starts and project goes to completion,
inspection by IHDS and then in-service. This process takes
about 12 to 18 months from the formal request to the hosting
utility.
co-lu0pkie te pott of [W-F H9bIJIN Study
Ir epor X I& pp Ex;
Miq.
I _
pmwsal aiA firosts 6 11ut dr jibintlM~IV:
0IN
Jims
L hires a (ct Stsidrta pvrfbnn tlhe 16l1[ring!
*CA Slikd f the pqiut
C(oititant WinIptes thf CIA Awd&
# CIA fo)r
* i40uDil. ii&Ii131 A
i
IXt cdimpkleti thc i'1la0it2g.
MANk1 [It egct fi:1h wiffi; OU the deWIAlSp
Appleko kfm.
LD 1adsfJihei u11pkie pacige milh
di a ntartubalA ii a CK fb- d1)
- 1ttl W1Iw hitW tpp
p AXbl
* l);\dujr ampkhe2te d8grhthw
ajAi.rov1lf 1m I,I)c adprdkn
lvfh the cofistruefi(l
Fig. 2. Flow chart for the DG Application to Implementation.
Note: LDC - Local Distribution Company
Authorized licensed use limited to: The National Institute of Engineering. Downloaded on August 16,2010 at 12:03:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
XI. CONCLUSIONS
Following are the conclusions:
-This paper provides a brief overview of the types of DG
available and connected to the old Ontario Hydro and
presently HO Networks producing energy and delivering to
the system.
-It also provides a streamlined methodology of DG connection
to the GRID.
-Protection requirements of DG is a important factor. This
paper provides a guideline of protection requirements needed
to protect the system from any unnecessary outages and
inconvenience to other customers.
-System groundings for DG is another important factor to
consider. TOV could be avoided saving the system from
outages.
-While installing DG, strict guidelines for harmonics level as
stated in the IEEE Standard 1547-2003 are to be used.
-There are benefits using DG in a MICRO GRID format at
remote locations to provide continuity of power supply.
-The case study as covered in this paper is a good practice by
Hydro One to stream line and unify the DG connection to
T&D GRID to avoid any tripping and nuisance outages for the
customers.
XII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author is grateful to the following persons for their
help and support in presenting this paper at New Delhi.
-George Shaparew, President and Wade Morris, Director of
Operations, Innisfil Hydro Dist. Systems for appreciation and
financial support.
-Joanne Bauerlein, Dist. Tech. Secretary of IHDS helping me
in organizing this document, formatting, etc.
Barbara Cesarin, Admin. Secretary of IHDS helping me in
typing parts of this document, and formatting, etc.
-Joe Bonadie, Ex.Ontario Hydro and presently with Power
Stream, and my past colleague in reviewing the manuscript
and providing valuable suggestions.
-Dr. Kankar Bhattacharya, Professor of Electrical & Computer
Engineering, University of Waterloo in reviewing the
manuscript and providing valuable suggestions.
XIII. REFERENCES
[1] D. Kundu, "Technical Requirements to connect parallel generators to the
Ontario Hydro Distribution Electricity Systems", IEEE Trans. Energy
Conversion, vol.7, no. 1, Mar 1992.
[2] D. Kundu, E.G. Neudorf, Norm Perris, L. M. Szeto and D. V. Krause,
"Electrical Impact of a NUG under 5 MW rating when connected to a
distribution feeder with various transformer connections", 94CH3425-6,
1994 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conf,
Irvine, California.
[3] "Connecting Small generators to the utility distribution systems,
Prepared by Canadian Electrical Association, #123 D 767, June 1994.
[4] "Wind Integration Driving Technology, Policy, and Economics", IEEE
Power & Energy Magazine, vol. 5, no. 6, November/December 2007.
[5] "Unlocking the Potential The Power Microgrids", IEEE Power &
Energy Magazine, vol. 6, no. 3, May/June, 2008.
[6] IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric
Power Systems, IEEE Std. 1547-2003.
[7] IEEE Guide for Monitoring, Information Exchange, and Control of
Distributed Resources Interconnected with Electric Power Systems,
IEEE Std. 1547.3-2007.
XIV. BIOGRAPHY
Debabrata (Debu) Kundu (M '86 & SM '89)
was born in India. He graduated from the
University of Jadavpur, Calcutta, India, in 1965
with B.E.E. degree in Electrical Engineering and
received the M. Sc. degree in Electrical Power
Systems Engineering from the University of
Manchester Institute of Science and Technology,
UK, 1968.
He worked with Beni Limited, Calcutta from
1965 to 1966 in developing rotating machines.
Authorized licensed use limited to: The National Institute of Engineering. Downloaded on August 16,2010 at 12:03:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
From 1968 to 1970, he worked with English Electric Company, Stafford,
England in System Studies. He worked with Totten Sims Hubicki &
Associates, Consulting Engineers, Cobourg, and Ontario from 1970 to 1974.
After working for a brief period with the Government of Ontario, he joined
Ontario Hydro in 1975 as a Distribution Planning Engineer - Projects and
since 1978 to 1995; he has been working as Distribution Application
Engineer. Then in 1995, he went to the Regions to work as a Lines Engineer
responsible for Dundas, Simcoe and Lincoln Areas. From 1997, he moved to
Orangeville, and he was responsible for Guelph, Orangeville, Newmarket and
Alliston Areas. At that time he was involved in mitigating lighting outages on
44 kV circuits supplying Alliston Honda Plant. In 2000, he took the early
retirement package after working for 26 yrs. with Ontario Hydro.
He is the author and co-author of numerous IEEE, CEA and other technical
papers on series capacitors, Non-utility Generation, Ferro-resonance and
Surge Arresters application to mitigate lightning outages. He was also a
member of various working groups with CEA and IEEE. He is a registered
Professional Engineer in the Province of Ontario and a senior member of
IEEE.