consist of 12-13 pages providing a

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL comprehensive coverage of the

topic.
UNIVERSITY
Mostly I collected the information’s
CSE-402 from internet with various websites
like wikipedia, yahoo.mail and also
TOPIC: “AI VS BIO- from google. I also got various datas
INFORMATICS” from many text books.

At last, but not but not least, I would

like to thank my friends, my elders
for their various tips, who helped
SUBMITTED TO- me very much in progressing my
MR. GSM THAKUR term paper work.

SUBMITTED PRAKASH
BY-

PRAKASH KUMAR KOTWAL

REG NO.10808024

RD1804A11

B.TECH+MBA(CSE)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I feel great pleasure in presenting
the term paper (project work) titled
“AI VS BIO-INFORMATICS”.

Fun with a big challenge.I have

packed a lot of informations into this
project. I have collected sufficient
informations to complete this term
paper. There might be some lacking
in bringing it up.
CONTENT
The topic has been represented in an
easy comprehensive manner, logical
sequence using simple language. It

6
 Page no

1. INTRODUCTION .................
.............. .[4]
INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORY......................[5]
BIO-INFORMATICS:
3. RESEARCH ON BIO-
Bioinformatics derives knowledge
INFORMATICS.................[7] from computer analysis of biological data.
These can consist of the information stored
4. RESEARCH ON
in the genetic code, but also experimental
ARTIFICIAL INTELIGENCE[10] results from various sources, patient
5. FUTURE PROSPECTS statistics, and scientific literature.
Research in bioinformatics includes
OF BIO-INFORMATICS [11] method development for storage, retrieval,
and analysis of the data. Bioinformatics is
6. FUTURE PROSPECTS a rapidly developing branch of biology and
AI................................... .[12] is highly interdisciplinary, using
techniques and concepts from informatics,
7.BIBIOGRAPHY................ statistics, mathematics, chemistry,
[13] biochemistry, physics, and linguistics. It
has many practical applications in
different areas of biology and medicine.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the

intelligence of machines and the branch of
computer science that aims to create it. AI
textbooks define the field as "the study and
design of intelligent agents" where an
intelligent agent is a system that perceives
its environment and takes actions that
maximize its chances of success. john
mccarthy, who coined the term in 1956,
defines it as "the science and engineering
of making intelligent machines."

The field was founded on the claim

that a central property of humans,
intelligence—the sapience of homo
sapiens—can be so precisely described
that it can be simulated by a machine. this
raises philosophical issues about the nature
of the mind and the limits of scientific

6
inquiry, issues which have been addressed
by myth, fiction and philosophy since
antiquity. Artificial Intelligence has been
the subject of optimism, but has also
suffered setbacks and, today, has become
an essential part of the technology
industry, providing the heavy lifting for
many of the most difficult problems in
computer science.
AI research is highly technical and
specialized, deeply divided into subfields
that often fail to communicate with each
other. subfields have grown up around
particular institutions, the work of
individual researchers, the solution of
specific problems, longstanding
differences of opinion about how ai should
be done and the application of widely
differing tools. the central problems of AI
include such traits as reasoning,
knowledge, planning, learning,
communication, perception and the ability
to move and manipulate objects. general
intelligence (or "AI") is still among the
field's long term goals.
HISTORY
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Thinking machines and artificial
beings appear in Greek myths, such as
Talos of Crete, the golden robots of
Hephaestus and Pygmalion's Galatea.
Human likenesses believed to have
intelligence were built in every major
civilization: animated statues were seen in
Egypt and Greece and humanoid
automatons were built by Yan Shi,Hero of
Alexandria, Al-Jazari and Wolfgang von
Kempelen. It was also widely believed that
artificial beings had been created by Jābir
ibn Hayyān, Judah Loew and Paracelsus.
By the 19th and 20th centuries, artificial
beings had become a common feature in
fiction, as in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein
or Karel Čapek's R.U.R. (Rossum's
Universal Robots). Pamela McCorduck
6
argues that all of these are examples of an
ancient urge, as she describes it, "to forge
the gods". Stories of these creatures and
their fates discuss many of the same hopes,
fears and ethical concerns that are
presented by artificial intelligence.
They had failed to recognize the
difficulty of some of the problems they
faced. In 1974, in response to the criticism
of England's Sir James Lighthill and
ongoing pressure from Congress to fund
more productive projects, the U.S. and
British governments cut off all undirected,
exploratory research in AI. The next few
years, when funding for projects was hard
to find, would later be called an "AI
winter".
In the early 1980s, AI research was
revived by the commercial success of
expert systems, a form of AI program that
simulated the knowledge and analytical
skills of one or more human experts. By
1985 the market for AI had reached over a
billion dollars. At the same time, Japan's
fifth generation computer project inspired
the U.S and British governments to restore
funding for academic research in the field.
However, beginning with the collapse of
the Lisp Machine market in 1987, AI once
again fell into disrepute, and a second,
longer lasting AI winter began.
In the 1990s and early 21st
century, AI achieved its greatest successes,
albeit somewhat behind the scenes.
Artificial intelligence is used for logistics,
data mining, medical diagnosis and many
other areas throughout the technology
industry. The success was due to several
factors: the incredible power of computers
today (see Moore's law), a greater
emphasis on solving specific subproblems,
the creation of new ties between AI and
other fields working on similar problems,
and above all a new commitment by
researchers to solid mathematical methods
and rigorous scientific standards.
HISTORY OF BIOINFORMATICS
The history of computing in
biology goes back to the 1920s when
scientists were already thinking of
establishing biological laws solely from
data analysis by induction (e.g. A.J. Lotka,
Elements of Physical Biology, 1925).
However, only the development of
powerful computers, and the availability of
experimental data that can be readily
treated by computation (for example, DNA
or amino acid sequences and three–
dimensional structures of proteins)
launched bioinformatics as an independent
field. Today, practical applications of
bioinformatics are readily available
through the world wide web, and are
widely used in biological and medical
research. As the field is rapidly evolving,
the very definition of bioinformatics is still
the matter of some debate.
The relationship between computer
science and biology is a natural one for
several reasons. First, the phenomenal rate
of biological data being produced provides
challenges: massive amounts of data have
to be stored, analysed, and made
accessible. Second, the nature of the data
is often such that a statistical method, and
hence computation, is necessary. This
applies in particular to the information on
the building plans of proteins and of the
temporal and spatial organisation of their
expression in the cell encoded by the
DNA. Third, there is a strong analogy
between the DNA sequence and a
computer program (it can be shown that
the DNA represents a Turing Machine).
Analyses in bioinformatics focus
on three types of datasets: genome
sequences, macromolecular structures, and
functional genomics experiments (e.g.
expression data, yeast two–hybrid
screens). But bioinformatic analysis is also
applied to various other data, e.g.
taxonomy trees, relationship data from
metabolic pathways, the text of scientific
6
papers, and patient statistics. A large range
of techniques are used, including primary
sequence alignment, protein 3D structure
alignment, phylogenetic tree construction,
prediction and classification of protein
structure, prediction of RNA structure,
prediction of protein function, and
expression data clustering. Algorithmic
development is an important part of
bioinformatics, and techniques and
algorithms were specifically developed for
the analysis of biological data (e.g., the
dynamic programming algorithm for
sequence alignment).
RESEARCH ON BIO-
INFORMATICS IN
DIFFERENT FIELDS:
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
The human genome will have
profound effects on the fields of
biomedical research and clinical medicine.
Every disease has a genetic component.
This may be inherited (as is the case with
an estimated 3000-4000 hereditary disease
including Cystic Fibrosis and Huntingtons
disease) or a result of the body's response
to an environmental stress which causes
alterations in the genome (eg. cancers,
heart disease, diabetes.).
Personalised medicine
Clinical medicine will become
more personalised with the development
of the field of pharmacogenomics. This is
the study of how an individual's genetic
inheritence affects the body's response to
drugs. At present, some drugs fail to make
it to the market because a small percentage
of the clinical patient population show
adverse affects to a drug due to sequence
variants in their DNA. As a result,
potentially life saving drugs never make it
to the marketplace. Today, doctors have to
use trial and error to find the best drug to
treat a particular patient as those with the
same clinical symptoms can show a wide
range of responses to the same treatment.
In the future, doctors will be able to
analyse a patient's genetic profile and
prescribe the best available drug therapy
and dosage from the beginning.
Preventative medicine
With the specific details of the genetic
mechanisms of diseases being unravelled,
the development of diagnostic tests to
measure a persons susceptibility to
different diseases may become a distinct
reality. Preventative actions such as
change of lifestyle or havSing treatment at
the earliest possible stages when they are
more likely to be successful, could result
in huge advances in our struggle to
conquer disease.
Gene therapy
In the not too distant future, the potential
for using genes themselves to treat disease
may become a reality. Gene therapy is the
approach used to treat, cure or even
prevent disease by changing the
expression of a persons genes. Currently,
this field is in its infantile stage with
clinical trials for many different types of
cancer and other diseases ongoing.
Drug development
At present all drugs on the market target
only about 500 proteins. With an improved
understanding of disease mechanisms and
using computational tools to identify and
validate new drug targets, more specific
medicines that act on the cause, not merely
the symptoms, of the disease can be
developed. These highly specific drugs
promise to have fewer side effects than
many of today's medicines.
Waste cleanup
6
Deinococcus radiodurans is known as the
world's toughest bacteria and it is the most
radiation resistant organism known.
Scientists are interested in this organism
because of its potential usefulness in
cleaning up waste sites that contain
radiation and toxic chemicals.
Climate change Studies
Increasing levels of carbon dioxide
emission, mainly through the expanding
use of fossil fuels for energy, are thought
to contribute to global climate change.
Recently, the DOE (Department of
Energy, USA) launched a program to
decrease atmospheric carbon dioxide
levels. One method of doing so is to study
the genomes of microbes that use carbon
dioxide as their sole carbon source.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
The archaeon Archaeoglobus
fulgidus and the bacterium Thermotoga
maritima have potential for practical
applications in industry and government-
funded environmental remediation. These
microorganisms thrive in water
temperatures above the boiling point and
therefore may provide the DOE, the
Department of Defence, and private
companies with heat-stable enzymes
suitable for use in industrial processes
Other industrially useful microbes include,
Corynebacterium glutamicum which is of
high industrial interest as a research object
because it is used by the chemical industry
for the biotechnological production of the
amino acid lysine. The substance is
employed as a source of protein in animal
nutrition. Lysine is one of the essential
amino acids in animal nutrition.
Biotechnologically produced lysine is
added to feed concentrates as a source of
protein, and is an alternative to soybeans
or meat and bonemeal.
Antibiotic resistance
Scientists have been examining the
genome of Enterococcus faecalis-a leading
cause of bacterial infection among hospital
patients. They have discovered a virulence
region made up of a number of antibiotic-
resistant genes that may contribute to the
bacterium's transformation from a
harmless gut bacteria to a menacing
invader. The discovery of the region,
known as a pathogenicity island, could
provide useful markers for detecting
pathogenic strains and help to establish
controls to prevent the spread of infection
in wards.
Forensic analysis of microbes
Scientists used their genomic tools to help
distinguish between the strain of Bacillus
anthryacis that was used in the summer of
2001 terrorist attack in Florida with that of
closely related anthrax strains.
The reality of bio-weapon creation
Scientists have recently built the virus
poliomyelitis using entirely artificial
means. They did this using genomic data
available on the Internet and materials
from a mail-order chemical supply. The
research was financed by the US
Department of Defence as part of a
biowarfare response program to prove to
the world the reality of bioweapons. The
researchers also hope their work will
discourage officials from ever relaxing
programs of immunisation. This project
has been met with very mixed feeelings
Evolutionary studies
The sequencing of genomes from all three
domains of life, eukaryota, bacteria and
archaea means that evolutionary studies
can be performed in a quest to determine
the tree of life and the last universal
common ancestor.
6
Crop improvement
Comparative genetics of the plant
genomes has shown that the organisation
of their genes has remained more
conserved over evolutionary time than was
previously believed. These findings
suggest that information obtained from the
model crop systems can be used to suggest
improvements to other food crops. At
present the complete genomes of
Arabidopsis thaliana (water cress) and
Oryza sativa (rice) are available.
Insect resistance
Genes from Bacillus thuringiensis that can
control a number of serious pests have
been successfully transferred to cotton,
maize and potatoes. This new ability of the
plants to resist insect attack means that the
amount of insecticides being used can be
reduced and hence the nutritional quality
of the crops is increased.
Improve nutritional quality
Scientists have recently succeeded in
transferring genes into rice to increase
levels of Vitamin A, iron and other
micronutrients. This work could have a
profound impact in reducing occurrences
of blindness and anaemia caused by
deficiencies in Vitamin A and iron
respectively. Scientists have inserted a
gene from yeast into the tomato, and the
result is a plant whose fruit stays longer on
the vine and has an extended shelf life.
Development of Drought resistance
varieties
Progress has been made in developing
cereal varieties that have a greater
tolerance for soil alkalinity, free
aluminium and iron toxicities. These
varieties will allow agriculture to succeed
in poorer soil areas, thus adding more land
to the global production base. Research is
also in progress to produce crop varieties
capable of tolerating reduced water
conditions.
RESEARCH ON AI IN
VARIOUS FIELDS:
EMERGENCE OF AI IN BUSINESS
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been used
in business applications since the early
eighties. As with all technologies, AI
initially generated much interest, but failed
to live up to the hype. However, with the
advent of web-enabled infrastructure and
rapid strides made by the AI development
community, the application of AI
techniques in real-time business
applications has picked up substantially in
the recent past.
Computers are fundamentally well suited
to performing mechanical computations,
using fixed programmed rules. This allows
artificial machines to perform simple
monotonous tasks efficiently and reliably,
which humans are ill-suited to. For more
complex problems, things get more
difficult. Unlike humans, computers have
trouble understanding specific situations,
and adapting to new situations. Artificial
Intelligence aims to improve machine
behavior in tackling such complex tasks.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN
MANUFACTURING
Artificial Intelligence in manufacturing
can be applied to a variety of systems. As
the manufacturing industry becomes
increasingly competitive, sophisticated
technology has emerged to improve
productivity. It can recognize patterns,
plus perform time consuming and mentally
challenging tasks. Artificial Intelligence
can optimize the production schedule and
production runs. In order for organizations
to meet ever increasing customer demands,
and to be able to survive in an
environment where change is inevitable, it
6
is crucial that they offer more reliable
delivery dates and control their costs by
analyzing them on a continual basis. For
businesses, being capable of delivering
high quality goods at low costs and short
delivery times is akin to operating in a
whirlpool environment, this is no easy task
for any organization. Managing so that
production takes place at the right time, on
the right equipment, and using the right
tools will minimize any deviations in
delivery dates promised to the customer.
Utilizing equipment, personnel and tools
to their maximal efficiency will no doubt
improve any organization’s competitive
strength. In return, proper utilization of
these capabilities will result in lower costs
for the organization.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN
FINANCIAL SERVICES
AI-based techniques are yielding positive
results in transaction-oriented scenarios for
financial services. AI has found a home in
financial services and is recognized as a
valuable addition to numerous business
applications. Sophisticated technologies
encompassing neural networks and
business rules. AI has been widely adopted
in such areas of risk management,
compliance, and securities trading and
monitoring, with an extension into
customer relationship management
(CRM). Tangible benefits of AI adoption
include reduced risk of fraud, increased
revenues from existing customers due to
newer opportunities, avoidance of fines
stemming from non-compliance and
averted securities trade exceptions that
could result in delayed settlement, if not
detected. But can machines really take the
place of human traders, much less surpass
them? AI was propelled into the limelight.
Indeed, if a machine can whiz through the
intricacies of the ultimate game of
strategy, why not beat man in other fields
as well – thereby facilitating work,
decreasing costs and errors and increasing
productivity and quality. This study
focuses on applying AI in Finance,
particularly in stock trading. In the field of
Finance, artificial intelligence has long
been used. Some applications of Artificial
Intelligence are
• Credit authorization screening
• Mortgage risk assessment
• Project management and bidding strategy
• Financial and economic forecasting
• Risk rating of exchange-traded, fixed
income investments
• Detection of regularities in security price
movements
• Prediction of default and bankruptcy
• Security/and or Asset Portfolio
Management
FUTURE ASPECTS OF BIO-
INFORMATICS
Everyone is now talking about
bioinformatics. This is the new segment
created by the merger of two hot areas:
information technology and
biotechnology. So this has become one of
the most promising field for job hunters.
What are the opportunities available in this
field?
Bioinformatics is the application of
computer technology to the management
of biological information. It combines
computer science with biology and
genetics with a good-sized dollop of
mathematics, statistics and other medical
specialties thrown into the mix. Computers
6
are used to gather, store, analyze and
integrate biological and genetic
information which can then be applied to
gene-based drug discovery and
development. Bioinformatics is not just a
useful tool in biological research or drug
development. It is an indispensable ally of
researchers.
"The technology is versatile and
can be applied whenever gene, protein and
cell research are used for the discovery of
a new drug or a new herbicide/herbicide-
resistant crop combination. Drug
toxicology, pharmacogenetics and clinical
trial studies can also benefit from this
technology which can even be used to
genetically engineer crops and livestock
that have enhanced nutritional qualities
and the ability to produce
pharmaceuticals," said Anuradha Acharya,
CEO, Ocimum Biosolutions, Hyderabad.
Recent years have seen an
explosive growth in biological data. It
should be managed and stored for various
purposes. Also the managed data should
be in tune with the current times. Here
comes the relevance of bioinformatics.
Large sequencing projects are producing
increasing quantities of nucleotide
sequences. The contents of nucleotide
databases are doubling in size
approximately every 14 months.
Without bioinformatics, new
research in most fields of medicine and
biology would come to a standstill. The
explosion of publicly available genomic
information resulting from the Human
Genome Project has precipitated the need
for bioinformatics capabilities. The
enormous growth of biological data led to
the development of several things. First,
all these data need to be stored. The
second requirement is the need for radical
new methods for analyzing these huge
databases. Thirdly, powerful hardware is
required to carry out the task of analyzing
these databases. For instance, IBM is
giving away free Web services technology
to help scientists to track down DNA as
the company continues its push itself into
the promising life sciences arena.
FUTURE PROSPECTS OF AI
In the next 10 years technologies in
narrow fields such as speech recognition
will continue to improve and will reach
human levels. In 10 years AI will be able
to communicate with humans in
unstructured English using text or voice,
navigate (not perfectly) in an unprepared
environment and will have some
rudimentary common sense (and domain-
specific intelligence).
We will recreate some parts of the human
(animal) brain in silicon. The feasibility of
this is demonstrated by tentative
hippocampus experiments in rats . There
are two major projects aiming for human
brain simulation, CCortex and IBM Blue
Brain.
There will be an increasing number of
practical applications based on digitally
recreated aspects human intelligence, such
as cognition, perception, rehearsal
learning, or learning by repetitive practice.
Robots take over everyones jobs .The
development of meaningful artificial
intelligence will require that machines
acquire some variant of human
consciousness. Systems that do not possess
self-awareness and sentience will at best
always be very brittle. Without these
uniquely human characteristics, truely
useful and powerful assistants will remain
a goal to achieve. To be sure, advances in
hardware, storage, parallel processing
architectures will enable ever greater leaps
in functionality. But these systems will
remain mechanistic zombies. Systems that
are able to demonstrate conclusively that
they possess self awareness, language
skills, surface, shallow and deep
6
knowledge about the world around them
and their role within it will be needed
going forward. However the field of
artificial consciousness remains in its
infancy. The early years of the 21st
century should see dramatic strides
forward in this area however.
During the early 2010's new services can
be foreseen to arise that will utilize large
and very large arrays of processors. These
networks of processors will be available
on a lease or purchase basis. They will be
architected to form parallel processing
ensembles. They will allow for
reconfigurable topologies such as nearest
neighbor based meshes, rings or trees.
They will be available via an Internet or
WIFI connection. A user will have access
to systems whose power will rival that of
governments in the 1980's or 1990's.
Because of the nature of nearest neighbor
topology, higher dimension hypercubes
(e.g. D10 or D20), can be assembled on an
ad-hoc basis as necessary. A D10
ensemble, i.e. 1024 processors, is well
within the grasp of today's technology. A
D20, i.e. 2,097,152 processors is well
withing the reach of an ISP or a processor
provider. Enterprising concerns will make
these systems available using business
models comparable to contracting with an
ISP to have web space for a web site.
Application specific ensembles will gain
early popularity because they will offer
well defined and understood application
software that can be recursively
configured onto larger and larger
ensembles. These larger ensembles will
allow for increasingly fine grained
computational modeling of real world
problem domains.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1) http://en.wikipedia.org/ 7) http://biospectrumindia
wiki/Artificial_intellige .ciol.com/content/caree
nce. rs/10306091.asp.
2) http://www.roseindia.n
et/bioinformatics/defini
tion_of_bioinformatics.
shtml.
3) http://www.answers.co
m/topic/artificial-
intelligence.
4) http://www.its.bldrdoc.
gov/fs-1037/dir-
003/_0371.htm.
5) http://biotech.fyicenter.
com/resource/Applicati
on_of_Bioinformatics_
invarious_Fields.html.
6) https://encrypted.googl
e.com/search?
hl=en&biw=1366&bih
=545&q=different+res
earch+of+artificial+int
elligence+in+different
+fields&aq=f&aqi=m1
&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai.