SECTION V – TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

Codes and standards

Code Standard
IS:1498-1970 Classification and Identification of Soil for General
Engineering Purpose

IS:1888-1982 Method of Load Tests on Soils

IS:1892-1979 Code of Practice for site Investigation for Foundations

IS:2131-1981 Method of Standard penetration Test for Soils

IS:2132-1986 Code of Practice for Thin Walled Tube Sampling of Soils

IS:2720-1983 (Part I to Part XXXVIII)-Method of Test for soils

IS:7206(Part I)- General Requirements for Direct Circulation rotary drilling

1978 rigs.

IS:9026-1978 Specification for Rope threaded Percussive Long-Hole

Drilling equipment.

IS:4078-1980 Code of practice for Indexing and Storage of Drill Cores

IS:9221-1979 Method for Determination of Modulus pf Elasticity and

Poisson’s Ratio of Rocks Materials in Uniaxial
Compression.

IS:9179-1979 Method for the preparation of rock specimen for laboratory

testing

IS:13030-1991 Method of test for laboratory determination of water content,

porosity, density & related properties of rock material.

IS:9143-1979 Method for the determination of unconfined compressive

strength of rock materials

IS:8764-1998 Method of determination of point load strength index of

rocks.

IS10082-1981 Method of test for the determination of tensile strength by

indirect tests on rock specimens

IS:7317-1993 Code of practice for uniaxial jack test for deformation

modulus of rock.

IS:5249-1992 Method of test for determination of dynamic properties of

soil.
Scope of Work:
1) Mobilization and demobilization of rotary drilling equipment
2) Rotary drilling of bore holes.
3) In-situ tests.
a) Standard penetration test
b) Static plate load test
c) Cyclic plate load test
4) Lab Test
a) Sieve analysis of soil & Hydrometer Analysis
b) Index Properties of soil
c) Specific Gravity of soil
d) Unconsolidated undrained triaxial compression
e) Chemical Analysis of soil and water
f) Bulk & dry density of rock
g) unconfined compressive strength of rock core in dry & saturated condition
h) Porosity of rock
i) Water absorption of rock core
j) Point load strength index on rock
k) Brazilian tensile strength of rock.
l) Deformation modules and poisons ratio of rock
m) Triaxial compression strength of rock.

Definitions
These definitions are for the purpose of this sub-surface investigation works only

Soil: The expression soil shall include any material not classified hereunder as rock or
made ground.

Rock: The expression rock shall mean, hard strata found in ledges or masses in its
original position which in normal excavation would have to be loosened by blasting or
pneumatic tools or by hand, by wedges and sledge hammers or strata which, in drilling
require the use of diamond or tungsten carbide bits or boulders exceeding 0.3m in
thickness measured parallel to the axis of boring.

Made ground: The expression made ground shall mean any deposit or construction,
which has been formed by man as distinct from geological agencies.

Exploratory hole : The expression exploratory hole shall mean any kind of hole made
to explore ground conditions.

Boring - An exploratory hole in soil or rock, or both made by'removal of materials in

the form of samples or cuttings.

Disturbed sample - A sample whose internal structure has been damaged to such a
degree that it does not reasonably approximate that of the material in-situ, such a
sample may bear a resemblance to an undisturbed sample in having preserved the
gross shape given to it by a sampling device.

Undisturbed sample - A sample obtained and handled in such a way that disturbance
of its original structure is minimal, so that the sample is suitable for laboratory tests of
material properties that depend on in-situ soil structure.
Representative sample - A sample that contains approximately the same mineral
constituents of the stratum from which it is taken, in the same proportions and with the
same grain size distribution and is uncontaminated by foreign materials or
chemical alteration.

Area Ratio (Ca) of a sampling device is defined as:

Ca = (Do2 - De2)/ Do2

Where, Do is the outside diameter of that part of the sampling device that is forced into
the soil and De is the inside diameter, normally the diameter of the cutting edge

Inside Clearance Ratio (Ci) of a sampling device is defined as

Ci = (Ds –Dc)/Dc

Where Ds is the inside diameter of the sample tube or liner and Dc is the diameter of
the cutting edge.

Specific Recovery Ratio (Rs) in the advance of a sample tube is defined as

Rs = L/ H

where, L is the increment of length of sample in the tube corresponding to an

increment H of sampler advance.

In situ test - A test performed on in-place soil or rock for the purpose of determining
some physical property as used in this specification, it also includes geophysical
measurements.

Rock Quality Designation (RQD) – An indirect measurement of the degree of rock

fracturing and jointing and rock quality. It is calculated by summing the lengths of all
hard and sound pieces of recovered core longer than 4 inches (10cm) and dividing the
sum by the total length of core run.

Consolidation stress ratio - Is the ratio of the major principal stress to the minor
principal stress during consolidation. If the ratio is unity consolidation is isotropic.

Field Investigation Equipment

The type of field equipment used during the investigations is dependent on the technical
requirements and the sub-surface conditions checks of the equipment shall be made to
assure compliance with technical and quality requirements. Field equipment records
shall be maintained as the work progresses.

One of the most important elements of the field operations is surveying. All field
installations, explorations and in-situ testing require accurate positioning. A permanent
system of control shall be established, maintained and implemented in accordance with
accepted standards and procedure. Survey accuracy is important as most subsequent
analysis, results and interpretations related to safety are based on surveying data.
Records of survey activities shall be maintained during the work and checks of the
surveying activities shall be conducted to assure compliance with technical and quality
requirements. All sampling and in-situ testing operations shall be performed in
accordance with established project procedures. All classifying, logging and reporting
activities shall be performed and recorded in accordance with this document and
current procedures.

Identification labels carrying pertinent information shall be affixed to samples. All

samples shall be handled with care and undisturbed samples shall be stored in a
controlled environment. Samples shall be shipped in containers that protect them from
disturbance and outside shock.

Laboratory Testing Requirements

Appropriate quality assurance programme and procedures shall control the laboratory
testing activities. All tests shall be conducted in accordance with preferred standards
and procedures as stated in this document. This relates to the specification of the
equipment, personnel qualifications, testing procedures, control and identification tests,
samples and recording of results

The purpose of laboratory testing is to establish geo-technical design parameters for

use in analysis and supplement the Geo-technical parameters determined by in-situ
testing and field investigations. Successful completion of laboratory testing
programme therefore requires the use of reliable procedures and a systematic
approach.

Engineering Analysis Requirement for Evaluation of Safety Analysis Parameters

During field investigations and laboratory testing programs, supporting engineering

analysis parameters to arrive at the most appropriate set of representative parameters
suitable for use in the models for gee-technical analysis and design. Procedures shall
be developed for preparing and presenting the data, calculations and conclusions for
items related to safety. Evaluation reports shall be prepared in accordance with the
project procedures.

Supervision of Sub-Surface Investigations and Trained Personnel

The sub-surface investigations shall always be performed under the constant

supervision of one or more soils and foundation engineers or engineering geologists.
For this purpose the Contractor shall engage qualified soils and foundations engineers
and geologists who are familiar with the soil and have competence in geo-technical
investigations and rock-mechanics testing.

Personnel, who have been trained and experienced in the use of the equipment, test
methods and the recording of results, shall carry out all in-situ tests. Engineers or
Technical Assistants shall perform all in-situ tests. All other personnel engaged by the
Contractor should be appropriately qualified for the job they shall be performing. On
the basis of their education, experience and training or demonstrated competence on
the job.

All personnel employed shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer-in-Charge.

Plant and Equipment to be Deployed by the contractor

Equipment for various investigations and tests covered under this contract shall be so
selected that will provide the required information and data with accuracy compatible,
with the requirements of this specification. The bidder shall furnish along with his
tender a complete list of plant and field test equipment including laboratory apparatus
and instruments that he shall deploy at site for execution of the work, complete with full
technical specifications, make, capacity/rating of such equipment including the year of
manufacture. Minimum number of each type of equipment to be deployed shall also be
indicated.

Calibration of Equipment for Testing

All equipment, testing apparatus and instruments used by the Contractor to carry out
the works covered under this contract shall be initially calibrated against certified
standards, when installed for field facilities and regularly inspected and maintained.
Calibration shall be verified thereafter at regular intervals. as directed by the Engineer-
in-charge. All calibration results shall be documented along with the test results. All
calibration charts must be available for inspection by the reviewing authorities when
required to do so by the Engineer-in-charge.

Written Instruction to Site Staff

The Contractor shall give written instructions to his site staff on all relevant aspects the
specification such as sampling frequency, ground water records and the procedure
required for dealing with obstructions.

Methods of Exploration
The Engineer-in-charge may require exploration to be carried out by all or any of the
following methods.

I) Rotary drilling through soil and rock from original ground level with continuous
Core recovery.
2) The excavation of trial pits and trenches

Back Filling Exploratory Holes

The Contractor should backfill and compact all exploratory holes in such a manner that
no subsequent depression is formed at the ground surface due to settlement of the
back fill.
Where special in filling to exploratory hole is required, the Contractor shall consult and
agree with the Engineer-in-charge a procedure for such in filling

Rotary Drilling
Methods of Exploratory Drilling and Sampling

Boring and bore hole samplings shall be the primary means deployed by the
Contractor for sub-surface explorations. Drilling methods and procedures adopted
shall therefore be compatible with sampling requirements and methods of recovery.
Procedures used to make exploratory borings shall require the following basic
operations
1) Advancing the hole to the required depths at which samples are to be obtained.
2) Samples of soil and rock
Rotary drilling technique shall be adopted for advancing and cleaning out bore hole in
over burden soil between sample intervals and continuous rock coring in rock strata.
The technique for soil sampling shall require the use of fixed-piston sampler and or
Denison double tube core barrel sampler, whereas for rock sampling use shall be
made of double tube swivel head core barrel with core lifter.

Drilling Equipment

The rotary rig selected shall be of versatile in nature having preferably a hydraulic feed
unit, with necessary accessories to facilitate sampling in soil using stationary piston
samplers. Rotary rigs equipped with a screw feed mechanism in lieu of hydraulic feed
unit is not preferable because the former does not provide a uniform push during the
sampling process and is thus likely to cause disturbance to the sample. The bidder
shall furnish along with his tender full details of the rotary rig he intends to deploy for
the rotary drilling work. The Contractor shall bring to site well-maintained equipment
suitable for the required work and to achieve best possible core recovery.

Rotary Drilling Technique

In the rotary drilling method, the hole shall be advanced by rotating a drill string
consisting of a series of hollow drill rods to the bottom of which shall be attached
either a cutting bit or a core barrel with a coring bit. Cutting bits shears off chips of the
material penetrated and thus shall be used primarily for penetrating overburden
between the level at which samples ate required. Coring bit on the other hand shall be
used to cut an annular hole in the rock mass, thereby, creating a cylinder or core of
rock that enters the barrel and is retrieved. Thus the core barrel shall primarily be used
in rock which under most circumstances shall be cored continuously. All the rods with
the bit or barrel are rotated, downward pressure shall be applied to the drill string to
obtain penetration and drilling fluid under pressure shall be introduced into the bottom
of the hole through the hollow drill rods and passages in the bit or barrel.

In so far as proper technique is concerned it is essential that the operator understand

that the primary objective of rotary coring is to produce 100% uncontaminated and
undisturbed core recovery with the maximum amount of information, rather than to
achieve the maximum rate of production. In all cases the drilling procedure to be
followed shall be the one that brings about the highest percentage recovery and the
exact procedure must be determined and established in the field by test drilling as
directed by the Engineer-in-charge prior to start of actual drilling work.

No matter how good the design and quality of the core bit is, 100% core recovery may
not be achieved unless the bit is rotated at the correct speed, with the correct pressure
applied to it, with the right amount of flushing medium and without vibration. Therefore,
to get the highest percentage of recovery, the operator must control the variation in the
speed of rotation, the downward pressure on core barrel, the pressure at which the
drilling fluid is introduced and the length of the hole drilled (run length) prior to removal
of the core. In general, coring shall be initiated with short runs, both because the upper
portions of the rock mass are highly fractured and also because the elevations of any
core losses can be more accurately determined. To achieve the desired results, the
Contractor shall ensure the following
Casing
Casing of size not less than 150mm in overburden soil shall be extended into the
bedrock and through all strata, which might cave in.

Drill Rods and Core Barrels

In rock strata rotary drilling shall be undertaken. This will be carried out by means of
rotary drills fitted with a diamond coring bit, with core retainer. Drilling rigs shall be
capable of drilling at high speed without causing undue vibrations and breaking of
rock cores. Rotary drills shall be fitted with double tube core barrels and core
catchers, which break off the core and retain it in the barrel when the rods are
withdrawn. Drill shall be Nx or Ex size as directed by the Engineer. The core samples
recovered shall be handled, indexed and stored as per the requirements of IS: 4078.

Drilling Fluid
Clean sediment free water from the river/lake shall be used as the drilling fluid.

Type of Bit
For 100% core recovery, correct selection of core bit type is absolutely essential. Nx
size impregnated diamond bits of 32 carat with double tube core barrel have been
found to be most suitable for the rock at this site. Calyx type of drilling bit will not be
permitted.

Drill Runs
Drill runs shall not exceed 3 m in length and the core barrel shall be removed from the
drill hole as often as may be required in order to get the best possible core recovery.
When any recovery is less than 80% for a full-length drill run then the next run shall be
reduced to 1 m. Where a geological feature has to be accurately determined, short
runs of 30 cm or even smaller lengths, as required, shall be taken as directed by the
Engineer-in-charge. However, under no circumstances shall coring be continued when
it is obvious that the core barrel is blocked. This will result in grinding down of the rock
and loss of core. In zones that are highly fractured or where the barrel continually
becomes blocked, use of short run is a must.

Observations during Drilling

The ease or difficulty of drilling and speed of drilling at different depths shall be
carefully recorded during drilling. The returning drill water shall be kept constantly
under observation and its character such as, its clarity or its turbidity, its colour etc.
shall be recorded If the returning drill water is turbid, the same shall be collected and
the suspended matter is allowed to settle The settled matter shall be preserved in a
suitable container and kept in the core box at the appropriate place corresponding to
the depth from which it is obtained. Depth of drill water losses, partial or full shall be
accurately recorded during drilling. Whenever a new diamond bit is taken for use, the
change of bit shall be indicated appropriately in the Daily Report Drilling time or
penetration time for the each bit shall be recorded and indicated in the column for time
required for drilling. However, no extra claims will be entertained for need to 'frequent'
change of diamond bits during the course of drilling work.
Extraction of Cores

Core barrel will be held horizontally, while cores are extruded, which will be by
applying a constant pressure without vibration and in a manner to prevent disturbance
to cores

Each and every piece of core shall be sequentially numbered from top downwards as
soon as the core pieces are removed from the core barrel. The serial number of each
piece shall be neatly painted on the respective piece with good, quality enamel paint of
bright yellow colour only, by an artist'
s paintbrush of suitable size. Arrows indicating
the lower'end of the core piece and the number of drill hole shall also be painted on
each core piece. Sketch pens, marker pens, ball pens, lead pencils, etc. shall not be
used for marking the core pieces. Length ' of each core piece shall be measured and
recorded.

Storing of Core Pieces and Core Boxes

All core pieces shall be placed in core boxes in a serial order in correct sequence from
top downwards. For each bore hole there will be several core boxes.

Cores shall be placed in the box with the shallowest core to the top left-hand comer,
and for every compartment the shallower core shall be to the left, the top being
considered adjacent to the hinged section. Core boxes at the end of each day' s work
shall be stored from interference and protected from the weather by the Contractor.

Core boxes shall be made according to specifications laid down in IS 4078:1980. If the
cores of size larger than Nx are extracted, these cores shall be kept in core boxes of
appropriate size. The rates quoted by the Contractor shall include cost of core boxes
and nothing extra will be paid. Core boxes shall be soundly constructed of good
quality, anti-termite treated timber, fitted with stout carrying handles, fastenings, hinged
lids shall be sturdy enough to withstand rough handling during drilling work, shifting,
transport, storing, logging etc. and shall be to the complete satisfaction of the
Engineer-in-charge. The boxes shall be completely pairne6 with 2 coats of good
quality enamel white paint on both inside and outside surfaces For each bore hole
there will be several core boxes. Each of such boxes shall be sequentially numbered in
the sequence in which the boxes are to be used to store core pieces.

The bore hole number and the core box number shall also be painted on all four
vertical sides outside, with good quality enamel black paint.

On the inside of the box, the depths of each drill run shall be clearly marked within the
compartments of the core box. A seasoned, anti-termite treated, wooden block, white
enamel painted on all sides shall be placed just after the last core piece of that run on
which the depths at which the corresponding run has ended has been painted in red
enamel paint. The depth of which the run ends shall also be painted on the partition
between core box compartments with good quality enamel paint of red colour, in line
with the wooden block

Whenever, continuous unbroken cores of lengths exceeding 2.0 m are obtained, these
shall not be broken into shorter pieces but shall be put in longer core boxes. The
Contractor while handling and preserving such long cores shall take special
precautions, to avoid breaking or .disturbances. When cores of longer length or larger
diameter are stored separately, note to that effect shall be placed in the core box of
the drill hole at the appropriate place.

The work of preparation of core boxes shall be taken up firs before actually starting the
drilling. Sufficient number of core boxes shall always be kept ready prior to
commencing with any drill hole. Storing of cores on ground on account of non-
availability of sufficient core boxes shall not be permitted.

Daily Drill Report

A legible, concise and complete record of all significant information pertaining to

drilling and sampling operations within each bore hole must be maintained
concurrently with the advancement of the hole.
Observations shall be directly recorded in the Daily Drill Report in line with IS: 4464-
1985. The same shall be used for one shift of drilling only and shall be filled up by
specially trained drill observer of the Contractor, who shall be present whole time on
the drilling job. The Contractor shall ensure that adequate numbers of drill observers
are available per shift to cover a drilling machine. The Contractor shall submit to the
Engineer-in-charge daily report in triplicate for every shift at the end of every month.
The level of water in drill holes at the beginning and at the end of shift shall be
measured properly and indicated in the Daily Drill report. The drill observer' s remarks
in the daily drill report shall include the following:

i) Water loss during drilling may either be recorded as:

a) Complete when no water is coming out; partial; or nil water loss; (or)
b) Percentage of return water. [100 percent loss when no water is corning
back and no water loss (0 percent) when all the drilling water is coming
back.

ii) Hydraulic pressure required, to push the sampler into the ground, the rate of
penetration, average rotational speed and downward hydraulic pressure on the
core barrel.
iii) Penetration speed in special zones (soft or broken zones); and other details of
drilling like heavy vibration recorded during drilling.
iv) Reasons for heavy core loss as integrated with speed of drilling.

v) Any special condition not recorded or any additional information, the drill
observer considers pertinent to interpretation of sub-surface conditions.

The information covered by the daily drill report shall also be recorded independently
by the Contractor' s Engineer/Geologist supervising the drilling work, in the drilling
logbook maintained by the Contractor at site so that field observations are readily
available in one register. Three copies of the consolidated drilling log shall also be
submitted to the Engineer-in-charge when all entries pertaining to the drill hole under
consideration have been completed.

The log shall be a complete chronological record of the drilling and sampling
operations within the hole, including delays. Some of the important information to be
recorded is as follows. '
i) Sampling and coring information consisting of the following:

a) For all sampling and coring operations:

The sample type and number, inside diameter, outside diameter and length of the
sample tube, depth at the start and at the completion of the sampling drive or push or
coring "run", length of sample or core recovered, recovery which is defined as the ratio
expressed in percent of the length of sample or core recovered to the length of sample
or core recovered to the length of the sampling drive or push or coring ' '
'run'
', and a
complete visual description of each sample or core including colour, type of material,
density, or consistency of soil stratification, rock structure, moisture conditions etc. The
description shall be made immediately following the retrieval of the sample or core, so
that it represents the "as retrieved" classification. This is particularly important for
sampling materials that tend to breakdown on exposure.

b) For pressed or pushed samplers; the hydraulic pressure required to push

sampler into the ground and the rate of penetration,

c) For soil or rock coring; average rotational speed and downward hydraulic
pressure of the core barrel and average rate of penetration,

d) For rock coring; the Rock Quality Designation (RQD) which is the ratio
expressed as a percentage, of the aggregate length of the pieces over 100
mm long in a run divided by the length of the run.

ii) Description of material penetrated but not sampled, as determined from drilling
or changes in the colour of the drill water,

iii) Pressure test information, comprising the depth at which tests were performed
and the time required for each test. The actual test is recorded on separate
forms for that purpose,

iv) Ground water information, consisting of the depth to the water surface in .the
hole, recorded daily, at the start and close of work These readings shall be
continued after Completion of the hole until the water level in the hole has
stabilized,

v) Elevation of the top and bottom of the hole and the top elevation of weathered
rock,

vi) The date and time of all operations and delays, including but not limited to
drilling, sampling and pressure testing, machine breakdown and injuries.

vii) Miscellaneous information that may aid in the interpretation of sub surface
conditions, such as, the depth at which drill water is lost or regained, the
amount and colour of the return water and the depth at which a change in
drilling action occurs. The latter would include the depth at which rod vibration
starts or stops, the depth at which the rate of penetration or ease of
penetration changes etc.
Examination of Soil Samples, Rock Cores and Final Log of Sub Surface
Explorations of Bore Holes

On completion of each bore hole, the Contractor shall get the soil samples and cores
examined and logged by his Engineering Geologist.
For each bore hole, the final log of sub-surface explorations shall be prepared by the
Contractor'
s Engineering Geologist, which shall comprise of the following

i) Bore log in overburden soil.

ii) Geological log of the bore hole.

These final logs shall be prepared on the basis of the Daily drill reports, the
consolidated Drilling Log, visual examination of the soil samples and rock cores and
laboratory test data. In general, the logs shall present a clear, concise, accurate
picture of the sub-surface conditions.

Boring logs shall contain the date when the boring was made, the location of the
boring with reference to the co-ordinate system used for the site, the depth of the
boring and the elevation with respect to a fixed datum.

The logs shall also include the elevation of the top and bottom of boring and the level
at which water table and the boundaries of soil and rock strata were encountered. The
classification and description of soil and rock layers, blow count values obtained from
standard penetration tests, percent recovery of rock core, quantity of core lost or not
recovered for each core interval or drill run and rock quality designation (RQD).
Results of field permeability tests and bore hole logging shall also be included on logs.
The type of tools used in making the boring shall be noted. Notes shall be provided of
every thing significant to the interpretation of sub-surface conditions such as lost
drilling fluid, rod drops and changes in drilling rate. Incomplete or abandoned boring
shall be described with the same care as successfully completed borings.

Bore logs in overburden shall be presented.

The geological log of bore holes shall be prepared in line with IS: 4464-1985.

Initially, the Contractor shall submit one copy of the logs of each bore hole on
completion of the drill hole to the Engineer-in-charge for his comments and approval.
The approved final logs of all bore holes in triplicate shall be submitted to the Engineer
-in-charge for his acceptance.

Storage of Core Boxes and Facilities for Studies

The core boxes of completed drill holes shall not be kept in the open, but shall be
transported and stored in a secured place. The Contractor shall make adequate
arrangements for guarding the core boxes and ensuring that they are not handled by
unauthorized persons and that the cores are not disturbed or damaged in any way
during storage. It shall be the responsibility of the Contractor to provide all the facilities
such as adequate lighting, labour for lifting core boxes, etc. required, for the study of
the cores by the Engineer-in-charge or his geologists and engineers or other experts
during the Contractor' s tenure at site
Collapses during Drilling Work

During the drilling operations if any collapse or caving occurs in the drilled hole, the
hole shall be consolidated to stabilize the sides by pouring cement grout of suitable
consistency through a pipe from the top.

Abandoning of Drill Holes

In case drilling cannot proceed at any location due to underground obstruction not
located earlier or due to any other unusual condition, the Engineer-in-charge may
allow the drill hole to be abandoned if he is convinced that the same has occurred for
reasons beyond the control of the Contractor. In such a case, the work for the
abandoned drill hole shall be paid as per relevant items in the schedule of quantities
and a fresh bore hole shall be taken as directed by the Engineer-in-charge. No
payment shall be made for any bore hole that requires to be abandoned on account of
its wrong location.

Mechanical Failure

In case of a particular drill hole is required to be abandoned due to mechanical failure

after completion of part work, the Contractor shall drill another hole to the specified
depth without any extra cost. The abandoned hole shall not be paid for including the
grouting of abandoned bore hole.

Plugging Of Bore Holes

On completion and after removal of casing if any, each bore hole shall be back filled
with 1:2:4 nominal mix concrete

Sampling

The preparations for and methods of taking samples, together with their size,
preservation and handling shall be in accordance with the Code of Practice for
Subsurface Investigations for Foundations, IS: 1892-1979, together with the following
additional technical requirements.

Representative samples of all soil and rock shall be obtained for testing. Recovery of
samples shall take place from all borings at regular intervals and at changes in strata.
Sufficient number of samples shall be collected for laboratory determination of the
average material properties and their variability. Alternating split-spoon and
undisturbed samples at 0.750m intervals with depth shall be followed for soil in
overburden. As sampling cannot be continuous because of the presence of
Charnockite, the elevation at which samples are taken shall be staggered from boring
to boring so as to provide continuous coverage of samples within the over-burden soil
column. The borings shall be reamed and cleaned between samples. In rocks rotary
core drilling with continuous core recovery shall be adopted in all bore holes.

In general, samples shall be categorized as disturbed and undisturbed. Undisturbed

samples shall include those obtained by thin walled tube samples with stationary
piston, Denison type double tube core barrel samplers. The recovery of good
undisturbed samples is important to the over all success of the laboratory testing.
Retention of Soil Samples and Rock Cores

All soil samples and rock cores from borings shall be retained by the Contractor, at
least upto a period of one month after the submission of all approved reports or as
directed by ENGINEER Therefore, the Contractor shall hand over the custody of the
same to the engineer-in-charge in writing. Contractor'
s rates quoted shall include costs
of such proper maintenance of soil samples and rock cores and nothing extra shall be
payable.

In-situ Testing Methods

In-situ testing methods shall be used to determine by measurement in the field the
parameters and characteristic properties of the sub-surface materials.

The attainment of satisfactory results in drilling, sampling and testing is dependent on

the techniques used, on care in details of operations and on timely recognition of and
correction of potential sources of error. In-situ tests shall generally be conducted and
reported in line with the applicable codes and references along with the added
stipulations and technical requirements in the ensuing paragraphs.

Where load displacement or other measuring instruments are used to conduct in-situ
tests or where the nature of equipment is such that calibration is required from time to
time, then the agency conducting the tests shall have such instruments calibrated at
intervals consistent with their usage and prior to conducting of the tests. Copies of the
calibration charts shall be available for inspection by the reviewing authorities and
enclosed with the test results.

Test Locations

Tentative locations and I or test locations within foundation/basement excavations are

shown in drawing and are subject to change at the time of execution of work. The
Contractor may, with written approval of Engineer, marginally relocate these test
locations in case of site constraints. However the decision of the Engineer will be final.

The Contractor shall have on site all required survey instruments to carry out the work
accurately according to specifications and drawings. All the specified locations for field
tests shall be set out at site by the Contractor from two established reference grid lines
which will be shown to him by the Engineer, or as indicated in the Drawing. If required, the
Contractor shall set out the base lines and the locations of field tests with reference to the
property line as indicated by the Engineer or as indicated on the Drawing.

At such location of field tests, the Contractor shall establish the working ground prior to
commencing of observations. The ground level shall be related to an established
benchmark or to a GTS benchmark or as directed by the Engineer or indicated on the
drawing.

The Contractor shall submit with his bid the list of equipment/apparatus he would mobilize
to site, if work were awarded to him. If necessary, to complete the work within the
stipulated time, the Contractor shall mobilize additional equipment without additional cost
to the owner unless specifically agreed earlier.
Standard Penetration Test in Soil and Rock

Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) shall be done in overburden soil of specified bore holes.
At every change of stratum, on at 0.75mts intervals whichever is earlier SPT shall be
conducted. The penetration resistance shall be measured using the test equipment and
procedure as described in IS: 2131-1981. The drive hammer shall be of the type
incorporating an automatic trip mechanism to ensure free fall. The first requirement of the
test shall be to clean out the bottom of the bore bole and to ensure that no piping has
occurred by keeping the bore hole topped up with water when boring below the water
table. It shall be ensured that the test is performed in undisturbed soil and not in the fall in
material.

When tests are performed in soils containing gravel the driving shoe of the split barrel
sampler may be replaced by a solid 60 degree cone, or the split barrel sampler with solid
cone may be replaced by an identically dimensioned solid test rod.

Where a solid cone is used or where no soil is recovered in the split sampler a disturbed
sample shall be obtained from the position of the test.

Great care shall be taken to ensure that the test is carried out below the level of the bore
hole casing and that the hole is fully cleaned to the level of the base of the casing.

There are many factors, which can lead to errors in the determination of the ' N value in
the SPT. These are listed below and care shall be taken by the Contractor to eliminate
them.
1. Inadequate cleaning of the bottom of the bore hole
2. Sampling spoon not seated on undisturbed material.
3. Part of test not carried out below the casing.
4. Failure to maintain sufficient head of water to prevent piping.
5. Not using standard weight or standard drop.
6. Weight not falling freely. Interference with the fee fall of the drive weight by the
guides or the hoist rope.
7. Weight not striking drive cap squarely.
8. Guide rod not used.
9. Use of a drive shoe that is badly damaged or worn out from too many driving to
refusal.
10. Use of non-standard drill rod.
11. Driving a stone ahead of the sampler.
12. Inaccurate supervision
13. Inadequate supervision.
14. Incorrect sample description which effects interpretation.
15. Ground disturbance due to boring technique.

Due to friction between rope and pulley, friction between hammer and the guide rod
from hammer, size of anvil, absorption of energy transferred to the sampler in each
below varies. To eliminate this variability in energy, a force and energy calibration,
which measures the energy being imparted to the" sampler in each blow, shall
preferably be used by the Contractor. The ' N'values obtained in the field shall thus be
corrected for this energy loss before corrections for dilatation and over burden are
applied.
SPT in Rock

SPT shall also be conducted in weathered rock with Rock Quality Designation (RQD)
less than 25%. In such a case, test shall be conducted at every 0.750m interval, unless
specified otherwise, with the first test at a depth of 0.5 M below the elevation at which
weathered/soft rock is encountered. The procedure for the test shall be same as that in
soil except that penetration corresponding to 20 and 120 blows shall be noted. Also, if
the total penetration is more than the seating penetration of 15 cm, then the break of
blow count for 15 cm seating penetration and for remaining portion of penetration shall
also be given.
The SPT shoe shall be replaced whenever found damaged after the tests.

Plate Load Tests On Soil

The plate load test on soil shall be carried out at the locations specified conducted
and reported as per IS 12070-1987 together with IS: 1888-1982 with the following
additional technical requirements.

1. The exact test location and the elevation of the competent rock mass where the
test shall be performed are to be decided after joint review of the excavated rock
levels. Closely controlled blasting practice shall be followed so that undisturbed
ultimate test surface is produced and in-situ properties of in-situ rock are
preserved. The final trimming of the test rock surface shall be done according to
IS: 7317-1974.

2. The loading arrangement shall be through a reaction truss/girder supported by

suitable means at least 2.5m from the test area with a height of 1m or more above
the rock surface to provide sufficient working space. No supports of the loading
truss/girder shall be located within a distance of 3.5 times the size of the test plate.

3. Mild steel rigid plate of 600mm x 600mm x 25mm thick shall be used as the main
bearing plate. To prevent bending of the plate during loading. plates of 25mm
thickness and 450mm x 450mm and 300mm x 300mm shall be combined with the
main bearing plate to have uniform distribution of load below the test surface.

4. The test plate shall be placed over a concrete pad of 640mm x 640mm x 25mm
average thickness made of 1: 1.5:3 concrete or non-shrink grout of 6mm and down
size aggregates. The test rock surface shall be cleaned first by brushing and all
loose particles shall be removed prior to placing the concrete pad. While the
concrete is green, the 600mm x 600mm x 25mm thick shall be placed and pressed
firmly about 5mm centrally into the finished concrete area and leveled by a spirit
level to avoid eccentric loading.

5. After allowing sufficient time for adequate curing of the concrete pad the remaining
plates shall be concentrically aligned over the main bearing plate prior to starting of
the test.

6. A hydraulic jack of minimum 200 tons capacity capable of maintaining pressures

for 24 hours shall be used for applying the loads.
7. The test area shall be flooded with water 24 hours prior to start of the test.

8. Four dial gauges with 25mm travel capable of measuring settlement to an

 accuracy of 0.0l mm shall be placed at four corners of the main bearing plate. The
dial gauges shall be arranged such that, settlement is measured continuously
without resetting in between.

9. An initial seating load of not more than 70gm/m2shall be applied for about I5
minutes to ensure proper contact between the steel plates.

10. The observations of settlements shall be as IS:1888-1982 except as follows: As

the settlement is unlikely to occur, the test shall be carried on

11. Upto a minimum load of 80 T/m2 or upto failure whichever occurs earlier.

Cyclic Plate Load Test

Cyclic plate load test on. Weathered rock and fresh rock at founding levels shall be
conducted to determine the modulus of deformation, secant modulus of elasticity,
rebound characteristics and co-efficient of elastic uniform compression of the founding
medium. The test shall be conducted as per IS: 5249- 1992 with test arrangement
similar to that of static plate load test as described else where in this section along with
the following technical requirements.
1. The main plate for the test shall be 25mm thick, 600mm diameter m. s. plate.
Plates if size 450rnm and 300rnm diameter and thickness of 25mm shall be
combined with the main bearing plate (600mm diameter) in order to have a
uniform distribution of load between the test surfaces.
2. The dial gauges shall be sensitive and accurate enough of reading up to
0.002mm with a minimum travel l0mm and shall be fixed diametrically on the
surface of the lower plate.
3. The test results shall be based on at least five cycles of loading and unloading,
wherein the minimum applied stress shall be 3 times the minimum base pressure
or 170t/m2 whichever is less. Increment of test load in each successive cycle
shall be in proportion to the number of cycles to the maximum applied load.
4. In each stage of loading and unloading, the increment of loading and decrement
of unloading shall be at least one-eighth of the test loads involved in each cycle.
Settlement shall be observed as per IS: 1888 1982.
5. In order to achieve proper distribution of the applied load in to the rock mass, the
peak load cycle shall be sustained for at least one hour. Jack pressure shall be
maintained within 3% of the target value for the duration of the increment.
6. In a cyclic loading test the load shall be brought down to the minimum each time
before re-Ioading for another cycle. Deflection read on the dial gauge and
corresponding load/stress shall be noted. The dial reading shall be continued till
it is less than division (0.002mm) over a period of 30 minutes.
7. From the data obtained during cyclic load test, the load settlement curve shall be
plotted and static rebound of the plate to each intensity of loading shall be
obtained. The modulus of deformation modulus of elasticity shall be computed
separately on the basis of deformation and rebound produced by the last loading
and unloading cycle.
The co-efficient of elastic uniform compression shall be obtained as per method
explained in IS: 5249-1992.