AUTHOR-1: AUTHOR-2:

D.RAMYA N.MANASA
ECE ECE
ramyadadi@gmail.com manasa.thebest@gmail.com
Ph.No.9440515282 Ph.No:9440390466
ABSTRACT:

Processors obviously are the workhorses of any computing system. It is also known that
even before any of the DSP Processors was designed there were other genera l-purpose
processors and that were found wanting in their performance when used in DSP
applications. Now the questions that popup in anybody’s mind would be ‘what are the
differences in these to classes of the processors?’ and ‘what are the necessities tha t led to
the development of such DSP processors?’ Surely there are many differences between the
two classes of processors and corresponding reasons are also good enough. In many of
the DSP computations there will be repeated multiplications and additions o f the
products. The number of such operations goes on increasing alarmingly as the numbers of
data points are also increased.

To reach these alarming needs of technical era, the digital signal processors are
developed. DSP enjoys several advantages over analog signal processors. It has the
ability to perform a multiply and accumulate operation in single instruction cycle which
is not possible in analog processors. In present scenario its applications are widely
spread. Though it has many advantages it has a draw back that it consumes more power.

This paper explains the importance of DSP, its preference over other
processors, applications and its future scope in this technical wor ld.
Digital Signal Processor
Introduction:
A digital signal processor (DSP) is a specialized microprocessor designed specifically for
digital signal processing, generally in real -time computing.Any of the general-purpose
processors are incapable of per forming such calculations in the short time span as needed
by the DSP applications. This effect is even more pronounced in cases when the
applications concerned are operating on a real time basis. Some examples of such
applications are when radar signals a re to be processed and the result are to be analyzed
or in the application controlling the automated flight.

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR

Some examples from the consumer electronics are the transmission of digitally encoded
signals or video conferencing. So in such cases the uses of general purpose processors are
to be ruled out. So convinced of the need of DSP processors, heir special features are
worth a glance. In what follows is a discussion on such features and their merits.
Digital Signal Processing:
Digital Signal Processing enjoys several advantages over analog signal processing . The
most significant is that DSP systems are able to accomplish tasks inexpensively that
would be very difficult or even impossible to achieve using analog electronics. Examples
of such applications are:
 Speech Synthesis
Speech Recognition
Image Processing
DSP systems are insensitive to environment. They are insensitive to component
tolerances. They have predictable and repeatable behavior.DSP systems are
reprogram able.
Characteristics of DSP Systems:
DSP systems are characterized by the algorithms us ed. Algorithm specifies the
arithmetic operations to be performed but does not specify how that arithmetic is
implemented. The selection of implementation technology is determined by the
required speed and arithmetic precision.
A key characteristic of a DSP system is its sample rate, the rate at which samples
are consumed, processed and produced combined with the complexity of the
algorithm, and sample rate determines the required speed of the implementation
technology.
Clock rate is the rate at which the systems perform the most basic unit of work.
Numeric Representations: Arithmetic operations such as additions and
multiplications are heart of DSP algorithms.

DSP Processor Features

Dozens of families of DSP processors are available in market today.
Salient features of noted DSP processors are explained below.
Fast multiply and Accumulate: Ability to perform a multiply and accumulate
operation (MAC) in single instruction cycle. This MAC operation is useful in
computing vector products digital filters correlation and Fourier transforms etc.
Multiple – Access Memory Architecture : Ability to access memory several
times in one instruction cycle. This allows the processor to fetch an instruction
while simultaneously fetching operands for the instruction or storing the result of
the previous instruction to memory.
Specialized Addressing Modes: To allow arithmetic operations so proceed at
maximum speed, and to allow specification of multiple operands in a small
instruction word, DSP processors incorporate dedicated address generator units.
Once the appropriate addressing registers are configured, the address generation
units operate in background, forming the address required for operand access in
parallel with the execution of arithmetic instruments.

DSP Applications:
DSP processors are used in diverse field of applications, from rad ar to consumer
electronics. Naturally any one processor cannot support such diverse application span.
Different categories are: -
Low Cost Embedded System: Modems, Radar Detectors, Pagers, Cellular
Phones, Cordless phones, Disk drivers, automatic real time control.
High Performance Applications : Radar, Sonar, Seismic imaging, Speaker
identification etc.
Personal Computer Based Multimedia : Modems, Voice mail, Music synthesis,
Speech synthesis, Audio compression and decompression.
The most dynamic application-Modems:
Telephone lines were designed to transmit the human voice, not electronic data from
computers. Modems were invented to convert digital computer signals into a form that
allows them to travel over phone lines. Those are the scratchy sounds yo u hear from a
modem's speaker. A modem on the other end of the line understands it and converts the
sounds back to digital information that the computer understands.

The Origin of Modems:

The word "modem" is a contraction of the words modulator-demodulator. A modem is
typically used to send digital data over a phone line. The sending modem modulates the
data into a signal that is compatible with the phone line, and the receiving modem
demodulates the signal back into digital data. Wireless modems convert digital data into
radio signals and back. Modems came into existence in the 1960s as a way to allow
terminals to connect to computers over the phone lines.

In a configuration like this, a dumb terminal at an off-site office or store could "dial in" to
a large, central computer. The 1960s were the age of time-shared computers, so a
business would often buy computer time from a time -share facility and connect to it via a
300-bit-per-second (bps) modem. A dumb terminal is simply a keyboard and a screen. A
very common dumb terminal at the time was called the DEC VT-100, and it became a
standard of the day (now memorialized in terminal emulators worldwide). The VT -100
could display 25 lines of 80 characters each. When the user typed a character on the
terminal, the modem sent the ASCII code for the character to the computer. The
computer then sent the character back to the computer so it would appear on the screen.
Modem speeds went through a series of ste ps at approximately two-year intervals:
300 bps - 1960s through 1983 or so
1200 bps - Gained popularity in 1984 and 1985
2400 bps
9600 bps - First appeared in late 1990 and early 1991
19.2 kilobits per second (Kbps)
28.8 Kbps
33.6 Kbps
56 Kbps - Became the standard in 1998
ADSL, with theoretical maximum of up to 8 megabits per second (Mbps) - Gained
popularity in 1999

The Notation CAT acoustically coupled modem

300-bps Modems:
We'll use 300-bps modems as a starting point because they are extremely easy to
understand. A 300-bps modem is a device that uses frequency shift keying (FSK) to
transmit digital information over a telephone line. In frequency shift keying, a different
tone (frequency) is used for the different bits When a terminal's modem dials a
computer's modem, the terminal 's modem is called the originate modem. It transmits a
1,070-hertz tone for a 0 and a 1,270 -hertz tone for a 1. The computer's modem is called
the answer modem, and it transmits a 2,025 -hertz tone for a 0 and a 2,225 -hertz tone for a
1. Because the originate and answer modems transmit different tones, they can use the
line simultaneously.
Faster Modems:
In order to create faster modems, modem designers had to use techniques far more
sophisticated than frequency-shift keying. First they moved to phase-shift keying (PSK),
and then quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). These techniques allow an incredible
amount of information to be crammed into the 3,000 hertz of bandwidth available on a
normal voice-grade phone line. 56K modems, which actually connect at so mething like
48 Kbps on anything but absolutely perfect lines, are about the limit of these techniques
(see the links at the end of this article for more information).
Here's a look inside a typical 56K modem:

All of these high-speed modems incorporate a concept of gradual degradation, meaning

they can test the phone line and fall back to slower speeds if the l ine cannot handle the
modem's fastest speed.
Types of Modems
External and Internal Modems :
External Modem: This is a modem separated from the system unit in the computer case.
It is connected to the serial port of the computer by means of a cable. It is connected to
the telephone wall jack by another cable.
Internal Modem: An internal modem is a circuit board (a modem card) that can be
added to the system unit of the computer. It takes one of the expansion slots.
Standard and Intelligent Modems:
Standard Modems: Most modems used today are called standard modems. These
modems are usually operated by commands entered from a microcomputer keyboard.
Users control the functions (dialing, etc.) of a modem through the keyboard
Intelligent Modems: Intelligent modems are also called advanced modems. These
modems can accept new instructions and then respond to the commands while
transmitting data and information. These can be done by microprocessor chips and
internal read only memory (ROM) contained in the modem. Of course, these modems are
more expensive.
Short-Haul and Wireless Modems
Short-Haul Modems: Short- haul modems are devices that transmit signals down the
cable through any COM1 port. They sometimes are called modem eliminators, because
they do not require an external power source. They are also called line drivers that can
send data for a distance of more than one mile.

Wireless Modems: Wireless modems transmit the data signals through the air instead of
by using a cable. They sometimes are called a radiofrequency modem. This type of
modem is designed to work with cellular technology, and wireless local area networks.
Wireless modems are not yet perfected, but the technology is rapidly improving.
APPLICATIONS OF MODEMS :
Radio modems:
Direct broadcast satellite, WiFi, and mobile phones all use modems to communicate, as
do most other wireless services today. Modern telecommunications and data networks
also make extensive use of radio modems where long distance data links are required.
Such systems are an important part of the PSTN, and are also in common use for high-
speed computer network links to outlying areas where fiber is not economical.
WiFi and WiMax
Wireless data modems are used in the WiFi and WiMax standards, operating at
microwave frequencies.WiFi is principally used in laptops for Internet connections
(wireless access point) and wireless application protocol (WAP).
Mobile modems & routers
External modems for mobile phone lines ( GPRS and UMTS), are also known as data
cards and cellular routers. The data card is a PC card, where a phone card is included,
whereas a cellular router may or may not have an external data card. Most cellular routers
do, except for the WAAV CM3 mobile broadband cellular router.
Nowadays, there are USB modems with an integrated SIM cardholder (i.e., see Mobidata,
Vodafone Mobile Connect USB Modem ); that is, you only need a USB port and a
modem to connect to the Internet.
DSL modem:
A DSL modems, a more recent development, are not limited to the telephone's " voice
band" audio frequencies. Some ADSL modems use coded orthogonal frequency division
modulation (DMT).

Cable modems:
Cable modems use a range of frequencies originally intended to carry RF television
channels. Multiple cable modems attached to a single cable can use the same frequency
band, using a low-level media access protocol to allow them to work together with in the
same channel. Typically, 'up' and 'down' signals are kept separate using access. New
types of broadband modems are beginning to appear, such as double way satellite and
power line modems.
Broadband modems:
Broadband modems should still be classed as modems, since they use complex
waveforms to carry digital data. They are more advanced devices than traditional dial-up
modems as they are capable of modulating/demodulating hundreds of channels
simultaneously. Many broadband modems include the functions of a router (with
Ethernet and WiFi ports) and other features such as DHCP, NAT and firewall features.
When broadband technology was introduced, networking and routers were unfamiliar to
consumers.

Deep-space telecommunications:
Many modern modems have their origin in deep -space telecommunications systems of
the 1960s.Differences with deep space telecom modems vs. landline modems digital
modulation formats that have high Doppler immunity are typically used waveform
complexity tends to be low, typi cally binary phase shift keying e rror correction varies
mission to mission, but is typically much stronger than most landline modems
Voice modem:
Voice modems are regular modems that are capable of recording or playing audio over
the telephone line. They are used for telephony applications. See Voice modem command
set for more details on voice modems. This type of modem can be used as FXO card for
Private branch exchange systems (compare V.92).
Advantages of modems:
The general benefits of modems that they are usually self-paced, highly interactive,
results in increased retention rates. When compared to CD-ROM the benefits of modems
stem from the fact that access to the content is easy and require no physical materials like
coaxial cables. This means that modems usage yields additional benefits, among them:.
Don't take up any desk space.
Don't need to plug into an electrical socket, since they use the computer's power .
Don't require a serial cable.
Aren't restricted by serial port speeds
Disadvantages of modem :
Can’t be used cross-platform (on PC's, Macintoshes, etc.)
Don’t have lights to tell you the status of your connection.
More difficult for a third party to diagnose, since it requires removing the modem
from your computer and installing it in another machine.
THE END OF AN ERA – FUTURE OF DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS :

Today’s signal processors yield much greater performance. This is due in part to both
technological and architectural advancements like lower design rules, fast -access two-
level cache, (EDMA circuit and a wider bus system. As explained in the paper the
application of dsp’s ,Modems are also becoming famous . As costs drop, installations get
easier, and hardware and software applications evolve, modems will be as widespread as
electrical outlets. Some predict that 35 million of us will have modems links in a few
short years. They'll foster new services that will become standard threads in the fabric of
our lives, accessible on a wide range of appliances, from PCs and TVs to cellular
telephones, personal digital assistants and other mobile devices.
Conclusion:
As explained in the paper Digital signal processors (DSP) have many features and
advantages. The modems which are the applications of DSP’s are also making their mark
with their wide range of varieties which are easily accessible and user friendly. We hope
for their advancement in Internet.
References:
1. www. wikipedia.org
2. www. wikipedia.org
3. Digital Signal Processing, Wiley
4. Digital Signal Processing: A Hands -On Approach, McGraw-Hill