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GEOMETRY
d = √(x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2 + (z2 - z1)2
where α,β,γ are the angles which line P1P2 makes with the positive x, y, z axes
respectively and d is given by the figure above.
DIRECTION NUMBERS
Number L, M, N which are proportional to the direction cosines l, m, n are called
direction numbers. The relationship between them is given by
ANGLE φ BETWEEN TWO LINES WITH DIRECTION COSINES l1, m1, n1 AND
l2, m2, n2
cosφ = l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2
or
where (x, y, z) are old coordinates [i.e. coordinates relative to xyz system],(x', y', z') are
new coordinates [relative to the x'y'z' system] and (x0,y0,z0) are coordinates of the new
origin O' relative to the old xyz coordinate system.
TRANSFORMATION OF COORDINATES INVOLVING PURE ROTATION
where the origins of the xyz and x'y'z' systems are the same and l1,m1,n1; l2,m2,n2; l3,m3,n2
are the direction cosines of the x', y', z' axes relative to the x, y, z axes respectively.
where the sphere nas center (r0,θ0,z0) in cylindrical coordinates and radius R.
r2 + z2 = R2
where the sphere has center (r0,θ0,φ0) in spherical coordinates and radius R.
r = R.
ELLIPTIC PARABOLOID
x2/a2 + y2/b2 = z/c
HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID
x2/a2 - y2/b2 = z/c