1.

SUMMARY OF DIELECTRIC TESTS

The Basic rules for insulation requirements and dielectric tests are summarized
in table 1 (IEC 60076-3).
Levels of standard withstand voltages, identified by highest voltage for equipme
nt Um of winding are given in
tables 2, 3 and 4.

The choice between the different levels of standard withstand voltage in these t
ables depends on the
severity of over voltage conditions to be expected in the system and on the impo
rtance of the particular
installation.

Category
of
winding

Highest voltage
for
equipment Um

kV
Tests

Lightning
impulse (LI)

Switching
impulse (SI)

Long duration
AC (ACLD)

Short duration
AC (ACSD)

Separate
source AC
Uniform
insulation

Um=72,5

Type
(note 1)

Not applicable

Not applicable
(note 1)

Routine

Routine

Uniform
and non
uniform
insulation

72,5<Um=170
Routine
Not applicable
Special
Routine
Routine
170<Um<300
Routine
Routine
(note 2)
Routine
Special
(note 2)
Routine
Um=300
Routine
Routine
Routine
Special
Routine
NOTE 1 In some countries, for transformers with Um=72,5 kV, LI tests are require
d as routine tests, and ACLD tests are required as
routine or type tests.
NOTE 2 If the ACSD test is specified, the SI is not required. This should be cl
early stated in the enquiry document.

Table 1 Requirement and tests for different categories of winding

Highest voltage for
Equipment um

Kv r.m.s.

Rated lightning impulse

withstand voltage

kV peak

Rated short duration induced or separate source

AC withstand voltage

kV r.m.s.

20
3,6 10
40
7,2 20
60
12 28
75
17,5 38
95
24 50

125

145
36 70

170

52 250 95
60 280 115
72,5 325 140

380 150

100
450 185
123
550 230

145
650 275

170
750 325

NOTE Dotted lines may require additional phase-to-phase withstand tests to prove
that
the required phase-to-phase withstand voltages are met.
Tekstni okvir: Table 2 Rated withstand voltages for transformer winding with hig
hest voltage for
equipment Um£170 kV Series I based on European practice
Highest voltage for
equipment Um
Rated lightning impulse
withstand voltage

kV peak
Rated short-duration induced or
separate source AC
withstand voltage
kV r.m.s.
Distribution (note 1)
and class I
transformers
(note 2)
CLASS II
transformers
(note 3)
Distribution
and class I
transformers
CLASS II
transformers

15

26,4
36,5
48,3
72,5
121

145
169

95

125
150
200
250
350

110

-
150
200
250
350
350
450
550
650
750

34

40
50
70
95
140

34

-
50
70
95
140
140
185
230
275
325

NOTE 1 Distribution transformers transfer electrical energy from a primary distr

ibution circuit to a
secondary distribution circuit.

NOTE 2 Class I power transformers include high-voltage windings of Um=72,5 kV.

NOTE 3 Class II power transformers include high-voltage windings of Um=121 kV.

 Table 3 Rated withstand voltages for transformer windings with highest voltage
for equipment
Um=169 kV - Series II based on North American practice
 Highest voltage for
equipment Um

kV r.m.s.
Rated switching impulse
withstand voltage phaseto-
earth

kV peak
Rated lightning
impulse withstand
voltage

kV peak
Rated short-duration
induced or separate
source AC withstand
voltage
kV r.m.s.

650
550 325

750
650 360
245
850
750 395
300 950
850 460
362 1 050
950 510
 1 175

1050

850

460

1175

950

510
420

1300

1050

570
550

1425

1175

630

1550
1300

680

1675

1300

note 3

1800

800

1425

note 3
1950

1550

note 3

2100

NOTE 1 Dotted lines are not in line with IEC60071-1 but are current practice in
some countries.
NOTE 2 For uniformly insulated transformers with extremely low values of rated A
C insulation levels, special measures may
have to be taken to perform the short-duration AC induced test.

NOTE 3 Note applicable, unless otherwise agreed.

NOTE 4 For voltages given in the last column, higher test voltages may be requir
ed to prove that the required phase-to-phase
withstand voltages are met. This is valid for the lower insulation levels assign
ed to the different Um in the table.

Table 4 Rated withstand voltages for transformer windings with Um>170 kV

2. MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE RATIO AND CHECK OF CONNECTION SYMBOL

2.1 PURPOSE OF THE MEASUREMENT

The voltage ratio of a transformer is the ratio at no-load of rated voltage of o
ne winding to the rated voltage
of another winding (line to line voltage in a three-phase transformer).
The purpose of the measurement is to check that the deviation of the voltage rat
ion does not exceed the limit
of the transformer standard (generally 0,5%).
The vector group is also checked at the same time.

2.2 PERFORMANCE OF THE MEASUREMENT

The voltage ratio measurements are carried out by means of a measuring bridge. T
he accuracy of the bridge
is ±0,1%.
The voltage supply used for the bridge is 400/230 (380/220) V, 50 Hz.
The function of the bridge is shown in Fig. 2-1. The voltages of the transformer
under test are compared to
the corresponding voltages of a regulating inductive divider, which is placed in
side the bridge and equipped
with a decade display. When the zero indicator is equilibrated, the voltage rati
on of the inductive divider is
the same as that of the transformer under test. The result of deviations is show
n directly on the display of the
bridge.

U1
1U
1V
1W
1N
2U
2V
2W
2N
y
x
U2
Test object
~

Fig. 2-1
Because the bridge measuring device works on the single-phase principle the volt
age ratio is measured
phase by phase between two windings mounted on the same leg. The indication on t
he bridge display
depends on the vector group of the transformers main voltages (See Fig. 2-2)
At the same time with the voltage ratio measurement the vector group symbol of t
he transformer is also
checked. When the measuring conductors of the transformer are connected to the b
ridge according to
Fig. 2-1 and Fig. 2-2, the bridge can be balanced only if the vector group is co
rrect.
Tekstni okvir:
The ratio measurement is performed with the test object in no-load condition.
The voltage ratios are measured for each tapping connection of the transformer.
In the report the specified
tapping voltage ratios are stated, as well as the deviations of measured ratios
from these values. The
connection symbol is also stated in the test report.

Dd 0
iii
i
ii
II
II
II
III
III
0
Dy I i
iii ii
Dz 0 i
iii ii
0
i iii 8
Yz II
i
iii
ii
II
Dz 10
10
i ii
iii
Yz 7
Dz 8 ii
7
i
iii
Dz 6
6
ii
ii
i
iii
Yz 5
i
5
ii iii
Dz 4 iii
ii i
Dz 2 2 iii i
ii
iii
ii
Yz I
i
I
4
i Dd 2 iii
ii
I
2
i
Dd 4 iii
ii 4
iii
ii
Dy 5
i
5
6
iii
i
Dd 6 ii
Dy 7
i
7
ii
iii
Dd 8
iii
ii
i
8
10
Dd 10
iii
i ii
iii ii
Dy II i
II
i
iii ii
Yy 0
0
iii i
ii
Yd I
I
Yd 5 iii
i
ii
5
6
Yy 6 ii iii
i
7
Yd 7 ii iii
i
Yd II
II
i
iii
ii

Fig. 2-2 Designation of symbols for three-phase transformers

3. MEASUREMENT OF WINDING RESISTANCE
3.1 PURPOSE OF THE MEASUREMENT

The resistance between all pairs of phase terminals of each transformer winding
are measured using direct
current. The measurement is performed for each connection of connectable winding
s and for each tapping
connection. Furthermore the corresponding winding temperature is measured.
The measured resistances are needed in connection with the load loss measurement
when the load losses
are corrected to correspond to the reference temperature.

The measurement will also show whether the winding joints are in order and the w
indings correctly
connected.
3.2 APPARATUS AND MEASURING CIRCUIT

Winding resistance between corresponding terminals is measured by means of U-I m

ethod.
The measurement is performed in all OLTC tappings. DC current and voltage drop a
re measured by using
instruments of 0,2 class according to Fig. 3-1.
A ration between voltage drop and current gives the measured resistance. Tempera
ture is measured by Hgthermometer
placed in the thermometer pocket on the transformer cover. The required current
is obtained
from a battery 60V.

2U
2V
2W
1U
1V
1W
V
A
+
ba-ttery
Test object
Re
Fig. 3-1

The resistance value is then determined as

ampermeter reading
R = voltmeter reading
3.3 PERFORMANCE OF THE MEASUREMENT

Before the measurement starts, the transformer is standing for at least 3 hours
filled with oil and without
excitation. During this period the temperature differences of the transformer wi
ll equalize and the winding
temperature will become equal to the oil temperature.
The average winding temperature is obtained by determining the average oil tempe
rature. The average oil
temperature is obtained by measuring the top oil temperature in an oil-filled th
ermometer pocket situated in
cover, and the bottom oil temperature in the drain valve and taking the average
of these two. When switching
on the supply voltage E to the measuring circuit the winding inductance L tends
to resist the increase of the
current.
The rate of increase depends on the time constant of the circuit:
(3.1) . .
.
.
. .
.
.
= - -
L
Rt
e
R
i E 1
t = time from switching on
L/R = time constant of the circuit
R = total resistance of the circuit

To shorten the time for the current to become steady so high a measuring current
is used that the core will
be saturated and the inductance will be low. The measuring current is usually 5 10
times the no-load
current of the winding. However, the current should be less than 10% of the rate
d current of the winding,
otherwise the temperature rise of the winding caused by measuring current will g
ive rise to measuring errors.
Furthermore the time constant can be reduced by using as high a supply voltage a
s possible enabling an
increased series resistance in the circuit. When using a battery, the supply vol
tage is approximately constant
and the current is adjusted by means of the series resistance Re.
3.4 TEST RESULT

The resistance values and the average temperature are calculated. In the report
the terminals, between
which the resistances are measured, the connection, the tapping position and the
average temperature of
the windings during the measurement are stated.
4. IMPEDANCE AND LOAD LOSS MEASUREMENT
4.1 PURPOSE OF THE MEASUREMENT

The measurement of impedance and load loss of transformers is a routine test per
formed on all units. It is
only possible to do in a proper way on the complete unit at the final testing. I
t serves to verify properties that
are of great importance to the transformer operation. The impedance is decisive
for the distribution of
currents and voltages within the power system and load losses are important for
an economic operation of
the network. It is not practical to carry out these measurements with the test o
bject in normal operation
transmitting its rated power. The tests are made at short-circuit condition with
one winding short-circuited
and current at rated frequency supplied to another winding. For multi-winding tr
ansformers the test has to be
repeated for each combination of two windings.
4.2 IMPEDANCE

The measured impedance voltage depends on the voltage rating of the winding wher
e the measurements
are made. Consequently it is customary to express the impedance voltage as a per
centage of the rated
voltage of the corresponding winding.
4.3 LOAD LOSSES

The measured load losses will be practically the same independent of which windi
ng is short-circuited and to
which winding the current is supplied. The load losses are losses associated wit
h the load current and the
leakage flux and consist of losses in conductors as for DC, eddy-current losses
in conductors caused by the
leakage flux and hysteresis and eddy-current losses in the core, clumps and tank
structure. From the total
losses measured and the winding DC-resistances, the stray losses are computed. S
eparation of the loss
components is necessary as information for prediction and control of losses. It
is also necessary for
converting the losses from the temperature at the measurement to the reference t
emperature as the loss
components are affected differently by a change in temperature.
4.4 APPARATUS AND MEASURING CIRCUIT

On account of the test room facilities it is customary to short-circuit the low

voltage winding and supply
current to the high voltage winding. For large test objects the demand for react
ive power will be considerable
and is normally supplied by static condenser banks. As the impedance voltage wil
l vary within wide limits, a
step-up transformer is normally necessary between the generator and the test obj
ect. Voltages, currents and
power are measured by instruments supplied from measuring transformers as given
in fig. 4-1 as an
example. Only high quality measuring transformers and instruments must be used.
The impedances of
transformers are linear and there is no need to take creation of harmonics into
consideration. Especially
large test objects have low power factors and this imposes severe demands on the
measurements of power.
In the state-of-the-art testing installation digital wattmeters will be utilized
which have superior ability for data
recording. With a data acquisition system and a suitable computer program the me
asured data are
processed and a complete test record written out.
In a traditional instrumentation the three-wattmeter method should always be use
d for three-phase
measurements.
Irrespective of the instrumentation for power measurement, the errors in ratio a
nd phase displacement of the
measuring transformers will introduce errors which have to be corrected. Correct
ion of errors is discussed in
clause 4.5.
The temperature is an important factor in this test and is measured with thermom
eters in the oil system.
G
A
W
IA
A A
IB IC
W
W
f
C
V
A
B
C
UA UB UC
IA IB IC UA UB UC
Data Acquisition & Wave Analyser

Fig. 4-1 Circuity for measuring load loss and impedance voltage
4.5 ERROR ANALYSIS

With increasing cost of energy, the loss evaluation has become an important fact
or in appraisals of
transformers. Consequently it is imperative that the exact losses are establishe
d and known errors are stated
and corrected.
Determination of measuring errors and their correction is a complex matter. The
present analysis will not
cover the complete subject but deal only with errors in the measuring equipment.

We denote measured values as P´, U´, I´, cos.´ and corrected values as P,U, I and cosf r
espectively.
Consequently, the losses to be measured are:

P´=U´ I´ cos.´

Corrections for errors introduced by the recording instruments should be availab

le from calibration sheets for
equipment in question. In a traditional analogue instrumentation the best availa
ble instruments should be
used. At present it is customary to use watt meters of class 0,5 with cosf=0,1.
Ampermeters and voltmeters
have class 0,1 or 0,2. The actual instrument errors are normally only a fraction
of their nominal classes.
Digital wattmeters have accuracies of the same order as the best of available an
alogue instruments, but their
reading will result in greatly improved accuracy because random errors are virtu
ally eliminated due to better
resolution and synchronous recording of values.

It is important that the corrections correspond to the actual ranges and deflect
ions. Additionally, for wattmeters
the corrections must cover the range of actual power factors.

Measuring transformers introduce errors in ratio and phase displacement. The err
ors in phase displacement
are especially important in consideration of the low power factors for load-loss
es in power transformers.

Ratio and phase displacement errors are given in calibration records as deviatio
ns in percent and minutes
respectively and their respective signs.
According to definitions in standards ((for example IEC Publ. 60185 and 60186):
Ratio errors are considered as positive when the secondary value is greater than
the nominal value when the
primary value equals the rated primary value.
Phase displacement errors are considered as positive when the secondary value le
ads the primary value in
phase.

The ratio errors Ei and Eu are then:

(4.2) [ ] 100% ´
% ·
-
=
U
E U U u i.e. ..
.
..
' = · . +
100
1 u U U E

(4.3) [ ] 100% ´
% ·
-
=
I
E I I i i.e. ..
.
..
' = · . +
100
1 i I I E

(4.4) d=du-di

Signs of phase displacement of the current and voltage vectors and their combina
tion into a total phase
angle error, valid for inductive conditions.

Fig 4.2

From the definition of error it follows that a relative correction factor c can
be expressed as:

·100%
-
=
corrected value
c corrected value measured value
Applied on the measured power this yields:

100%
cos
cos ´ ´ cos( ) ·
· ·
· - · · +
=
.
. . d
U I
c U I U I
] 100%
cos
) cos cos sin sin
100
) (1
100
1 ( 1 · ..
. · - ·
= - + · + ·
.
. d . d u i E E

The following simplifications can be made:

cosd 1; sind d ; sin. 1 ( d in radians)

By neglecting products of errors, the total error will be:

[ ] [ ] [ ] 100)%
cos
( % % % = + + - ·
.
d
u i E E E

Phase displacement errors are normally given in minutes and the correction formu
la is then:
(4.5) [ ] [ ] [ [ ] ( ) ]%
cos
0,0291
% % % .
= + + - d -d · u i u i E E E

The power factor has to be computed:

(4.6)
´ ´
) ´
U I
P
·
cos(. +d = and )
´ ´
cos. cos( .cos ´ -d
·
=
U I
arc P
In all the formulas (4.2) to (4.6) the errors are to be introduced with their re
spective signs.
The ratio errors are normally only a small fraction of a percent and can in most
cases be neglected.

The phase displacement errors are predominantly dependent on the burden and the
degree of excitation of
the measuring transformer.
Consequently, care should be taken to apply the errors corresponding to both the
burden in the measuring
circuit and the actual deflection. The corrected value for the power is:

(4.7) [ ] )
100
1 ( % E
P = P· -

The correction shall principally be performed on each phase value. That is easil
y accomplished using a
computer program. When having to do manual correction, this is more convenient t
o do on the total threephase
losses using average values of currents, voltage and errors, provided these do n
ot deviate much
within the phases.

Analyses of load losses on several large units show that the power factors devia
te only slightly within
phases, but the phase displacement errors of measuring transformers can vary con
siderably even for units
of the same make and with the best available class.
4.6 PERFORMANCE OF THE MEASUREMENT

If the reactive power supplied by the generator G is not sufficient when measuri
ng large transformers, a
capacitor bank C is used to compensate part of the inductive reactive power take
n by the transformer.
The voltage of the supply generator is raised until the current has attained the
required value (50 100% of
the rated current according to the standard). If a winding in the pair to be mea
sured is equipped with an offcircuit
or on-load tap-changer, the measurements are carried out on the principal and ex
treme tappings.
The readings have to be taken as quickly as possible, because the windings tend
to warm up due to the
current and the loss values obtained in measurement are higher accordingly.
If the transformer has more than two windings all winding pairs are measured sep
arately.
If the measuring current I deviates from the rated current I, the power P and th
e voltage U at rated current
are obtained by applying corrections to the values P and U relating to the measu
ring current.
The corrections are made as follows:

(4.8) P = m
m
r P
I
I 2
. ..
.
. ..
.

(4.9) m
m
r U
I
U = I

Mean values are calculated of the values corrected to the rated current and the
mean values are used in the
following. According to the standards the measured value of the losses shall be
corrected to a winding
temperature of 75°C. The transformer is at ambient temperature when the measuremen
ts are carried out,
and the loss values are corrected to the reference temperature 75°C according to t
he standards as follows.

The d.c. losses I2R at the measuring temperature .m are calculated using the res
istance values R1m and R2m
obtained in the resistance measurement (for windings 1 and 2 between line termin
als):

(4.10) ( ) 2 2 )
2
1
2 1,5 2 I R = I IR m + I R m

The additional losses Pam at the measuring temperature are

(4.11) P P I R am m
= - 2

When the losses are corrected to 75°C, it is assumed that the d.c. losses vary dir
ectly with resistance and
the additional losses inversely with resistance. The losses corrected to 75°C are
obtained as follows:

(4.12)
C
P I R C P
s
s m
am
s m
s
c + °
+
+
+
+ °
=
75
2 75
.
. .
. .
.

.s= 235°C for Copper

.s= 225°C for Aluminium
4.7 RESULTS

The report indicates for each winding pair the power SN and the following values
corrected to 75°C and the
relating to the principal and extreme tappings.
5. MEASUREMENT OF NO- LOAD LOSS AND CURRENT
5.1 PURPOSE OF THE MEASUREMENT

In the no-load measurement the no-load losses P0 and the no-load current I0 of t
he transformer are
determined at rated voltage and rated frequency.
The test is usually carried out at several voltages bellow and above the rated v
oltage UN , and the results are
interpolated to correspond to the voltage values from 90 to 110% of UN at 5% int
ervals.

APPARATUS AND MEASURING CIRCUITS

IA IB IC
A
B
C
UA U B UC
IA IB IC UA UB UC
Data Acquisition & Wav e Analy ser
U = Ua v 1,11
U = U rms
W
W
W
A A A V
V
V
G

Fig. 5-1 Circuit for the no-load loss measurement

5.2 PERFORMANCE

The following losses occur at no-load:

- iron losses in the transformer core and other constructional parts
- dielectric losses in the insulations
- load losses caused by the no-load current
While two last mentioned losses are small, they are generally ignored.

When carrying out the no-load measurement, the voltage wave shape may somewhat d
iffer from the
sinusoidal form. This is caused by the harmonics in the magnetizing current whic
h cause additional voltage
drops in the impedances of the supply. The readings of the mean value meter and
r.m.s. meter will be
different. The test voltage wave shape is satisfactory if the readings U´and U are
equal within 3%.
Because the losses are to be determined under standard conditions, it is necessa
ry to apply a wave shape
correction whereby the losses are corrected to correspond to test conditions whe
re the supply voltage is
sinusoidal.
In the test the voltage is adjusted so that the mean value voltmeter indicates t
he required voltage value (U´).
At the same time, a voltmeter responsive to the r.m.s. value of voltage shall be
connected in parallel with the
mean-value voltmeter and its indicated voltage U shall be recorded.

The following formula is valid for the iron losses.

The measured no-load loss is Pm and the corrected no load is taken as:

P P ( d ) m = 1+ 0

´
´
U
d U U -
= (usually negative)

The current and power readings of different phases are usually different (the po
wer can be negative in some
phase).
This is due to the asymmetric construction of the 3-phase transformer; the mutua
l inductances between
different phases are not equal.

5.3 RESULTS

The report shows the corrected readings at each voltage value, as well as the me
an values of the currents of
all three phases.
A regression analysis is carried out on the corrected readings. From the no-load
curve thus obtained the noload
losses and no-load apparent power corresponding to voltage values from 90 to 110
% of UN at 5%
intervals are determined and stated.
6. INDUCED OVERVOLTAGE WITHSTAND TEST
6.1 PURPOSE OF THE TEST

The object of the test is to secure that the insulation terminals between the ph
ase windings, turns, tapping
leads and terminals, withstand the temporary overvoltages and switching overvolt
ages to which the
transformer may be subjected during its lifetime.
For non-uniformly insulated windings this test will also demonstrate the strengt
h of insulation from windings
to earth and between phases of multi-phased units.
The induced voltage test is a routine test for all units and it is specified as
the last dielectric test.
6.2 PERFORMANCE

The transformer is excited to the terminals of the low-voltage windings and all
other windings are left opencircuited.
Voltages are then induced in all windings according to the turn ratio.
To avoid excessive magnetizing current during the test, the test object is suppl
ied from 200 Hz generator
through a step-up transformer.
Induced voltage tests are specified as short duration or long duration tests.
Standard short duration test is routine test for transformer with highest voltag
e Um=170 kV and long duration
test is routine test for transformer with highest voltages Um>170 kV. In other c
ases one of these two tests
could be specified as a special test.
6.2.1 Short duration induced AC withstand voltage test [ACSD] for transformers w
ith
uniformly insulated high voltage windings

On transformer with uniformly insulated windings, only phase-to-phase tests are

carried out. Phase-to-earth
tests are covered by separate source AC test according to IEC 60076-3, clause 11
.
Dependent on the highest voltage for equipment Um, the test shall be carried out
with or without partial
discharge measurements.

6.2.1.a Transformers without specified partial discharge measurement at ACSD

The test voltage connection is quite same as in service. A three-phase transform
ers are tested with
symmetrical three-phase voltage induced in the phase windings. If a transformer
has a neutral, it should be
earthed during the test.
The test voltage is twice the rated voltage. However, the voltage developed betw
een line terminals of any
other windings shall not exceed the rated short duration power-frequency withsta
nd voltage.
The time of application of the full test voltage shall be:

for Hz
test frequency
t rated frequency 120sec 30 50
.
= . × = ,

or 36 seconds for 60 Hz power frequency

The test is successful if no collapse of the test voltage occurs.

 6.2.1.b Transformers with specified partial discharge measurement at ACSD
These transformers shall be tested with partial discharge measurement. The three
-phase transformers are
tested with symmetrical three-phase voltage. The phase-to-phase test voltages sh
all not exceed the
specified withstand voltage for the winding in question. The full test voltage i
s twice the rated voltage.
The partial discharge performance shall be controlled according to the time sequ
ence, for the application of
the voltage as shown in Fig. 6-1.

U start
A
B
C
D
E
1,1 / 3 m 1,1 / 3 ·U m ·U
1,3 / 3 m ·U
2 U
voltage
test
U1 2 U
< U start

Fig. 6-1 Time sequence for the application of test voltage with respect to earth

A=5 min; C=test time (30 or 36 s) E=5 min

B=5 min; D=5 min

The Background noise level shall not exceed 100 pC

The test is successful if:
- no collapse of the test voltage occurs;
- apparent charge at U2 does not exceed 300 pC on all measuring terminals
- the partial discharge behaviour does not show a continuing rising tendency
6.2.2. Short duration AC withstand voltage test (ACSD) for transformers with non
-uniformly
insulated high-voltage windings

For three-phase transformers, two sets of tests are required namely:

a) A phase-to-earth test with specified withstand voltages between phase and ear
th, with partial
discharge measurement
b) A phase-to-phase with earthed neutral and with rated specified withstand volt
age between phases
with partial discharge measurement

a) The test sequence for a three-phase transformer consists of three single-phas

e applications of test
voltage with different points of the windings connected to earth at each time. T
here are few possible
methods, which avoid excessive overvoltage between line terminals.
For particular complicated winding arrangements, the test sequence and the test
connections should be
agreed upon before test and test diagram should be enclosed to the test report.
The test time and the time sequence for the application of test voltage shall be
as shown in Fig. 6-1.
U1 is the specified test voltage and U2=1,5Um/v3 (acc. to the table 2,3 or 4 fro
m KPT-QTPT 001E).
b) For the partial discharge performance evaluation, during the phase-to-phase t
est, measurements should
be taken at U2=1,3 Um.
The test time and the time sequence for the application of test voltage shall be
as described in 6.2.1.b.
6.2.3 Long duration induced AC voltage test (ACLD) with non-uniformly and/or uni
formly
insulated high-voltage windings
For the highest insulation levels (>170 kV) a long duration induced voltage test
including observation of
partial discharges, should be specified as a routine test (see table 1 in KPT-QT
PT 001E).
A three-phase transformer shall be tested preferably in a symmetrical three-phas
e connection (see Fig. 6-2a)
or in some cases in a single-phase connection that gives voltages in the line te
rminals according to Fig.6-2b
(successively applied to all three phases).

U
U U U -0,5U -0,5U
a) b)
G
G

Fig. 6-2

A three-phase transformer supplied from the low-voltage winding side with a delt
a-connected high-voltage
windings can receive the proper test voltages only in a three phase test with a
floating high-voltage winding.
The neutral terminal, if present, of the winding under test and/or other separat
e windings shall be earthed.
Tapped windings shall be connected to the principal tapping, unless otherwise ag
reed.
The test time and the time sequence for the application of test voltage shall be
as shown on Fig. 6-3.

The voltage to earth shall be: U1=1,7Um/v3

U2=1,5 Um/v3
A
B
C
D
E
1,1 / 3 m 1,1 / 3 ·U m ·U 1,5 / 3 2 m U = ·U
1,7 / 3 1 m U = ·U
1,5 / 3 2 m U = ·U
< Ustart
U start

Fig. 6-3 Time sequence for the application of test voltage for induced AC long-d
uration tests (ACLD)

A= 5 min; C= test time (30 or 36 s)

B= 5 min; D= 60 min for Um=300 kV or 30 min for Um<300 kV
E= 5 min;

During the whole application of the test voltage, partial discharges shall be mo
nitored.
Further information, about purpose and methods may be obtained from enclosed app
lication guide for partial
discharge measurements. (KPT-QTPT 007E)

The test is successful if:

- no collapse of the test voltage occurs
- the continuous level of partial discharges does not exceed 500 pC during long
duration test at U2
- the partial discharge behaviour shows no continuously rising tendency at U2.

In the case of failure to meet the partial discharge acceptance criteria, furthe
r investigation should be
undertaken in accordance to IEC 60076-3, clause 12 and Annex A.
7. PARTIAL DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT
7.1 GENERAL
The partial discharge (PD) measurement is a method of observing the quality of t
he insulation without risk of
breakdown. From the results of measurement conclusions can be drawn about the st
ate of insulation, the
quality of manufacture and possible concealed defects of insulation.
Partial discharge of some magnitude can cause gassing premature aging or even de
struction of the
insulation after a short time. On the other hand, partial discharges occurring i
n certain materials and not
exceeding certain intensity are harmless.
PD measurements have become an important aid to quality control in transformer c
onstruction.
The criteria for assessment are the apparent charge q in pC.
7.1 TEST AND MEASURING CIRCUIT

For power transformers the PD measurement is normally performed during the induc
ed overvoltage test as it
was described in KPT-QTPT 006E.
Figure 7-1 shows the connection of test and measuring equipment used during part
ial discharge
measurement of one three phase transformer.

G F
V
V
V
2U
2V
2W
1V
1W
2 3
1
4 5 6
7
8
9
11
Zm
1U

Fig. 7-1 Measuring basic circuit

1 Transformer to be tested (Test object)
2. Bushing taps for connection the pd-measuring equipment
3 Coupling quadripol
4 Measuring point selector
5 ERA discharge detector models: type 652, with discharge magnitude meter type 6
66 (band with 40-220
kHz or 3dB)
6 Oscilloscope for observation the pulse distribution over one cycle of the test
voltage ratio
7 Feeding generator 200 Hz
8 Step up transformer
9 Compensating power reactors
10 Selective low-pass filters (for 200Hz)
11 Potential transformers plus measuring circuit

The scheme is generally adapted for testing high-voltage transformers. The measu
ring circuit and indication
on instruments constitute a Broad Band pass system determined by their frequency
characteristics. In
accordance to IEC 60270, the frequency characteristics are determined by lower a
nd upper cut-off
frequencies f1 and f2, which is at 3 dB for wide band (.f=f2-f1) or in this case
40-220 KHz.
The measuring impedance Zm is connected to the test tap of the condenser Bushing
. Using measuring point
selector give us opportunity to perform the measurement on several terminals sim
ultaneously.
7.2 CALIBRATION MEASUREMENT

The purpose of the measurement is to determine the scale factor K for the measurem
ent with the complete
test and measuring circuit.
The calibration is performed by injecting an apparent charge q0 between each HV
terminals and earthed
transformer tank using measuring point selector, as it is shown in Fig. 7-2.
The ratio of q0 to reading of the pC meter gives the scale factor of the pC mete
r. (
om q
q
k = )
Because ERA discharge detector is equipped with suitable variable amplifier the
signal can be adjusted to
read the applied charge directly on the pC meter multiplied by scale factor k.

V
W
1
4 5 6
F
U
12
Zm

Fig. 7-2 Calibration measurement

7.3 PERFORMANCE OF THE MEASUREMENT

To achieve the desired low PD level, it is necessary to perform a thorough prepa

ration of the test
transformer.
The terminals should be shielded, the bushings must be cleaned and all foreign o
bjects removed from the
cover and tank because unearthed surface can give undesired discharges.
The background level should be recorded with the complete test circuit connected
, including the supply
circuit, but at nearly zero voltage.
The voltage is increased stepwise, first up to 1,1 Um/v3 and held there for a du
ration of 5 min; raised to U2
and held there for a duration of 5 min; raised to U1, held there for the test ti
me as stated in instruction Part
for induced voltage (KPT-QTPT 006E)
Immediately after test time, reduced to U2 and held thee for a specified duratio
n for 5, 30 or 60 min (KPTQTPT
006E); reduced to 1,1 Um/v3 and held there for a duration of 5 min, reduced to a
value below onethird
of U2 before switching off.
The standard PD measuring sequence is reading of the PD levels at specified volt
age levels at specified
intervals (5 min) during the induced voltage test.
If higher then prescribed or specified PD levels occur the inception and extinct
ion voltages should be
determined.

The voltage should be increased and subsequently reduced until the discharges ar
e decreased below the
specified level and the voltage are recorded as inception / extinction voltage.
In such case further investigations have to be performed to check the severity o
f the PD.
For example: From the distribution of discharged pulses which appear an ellipse
(on oscilloscope)
conclusions can be drawn as a to the type of defect.

7.4 TEST REPORT

A summary of test results which include measurement of PD for each terminal or m

easuring channel; applied
calibration charge, applied voltage, time intervals and background level will pu
t down on a form made for this
purpose.
9. OPERATION TESTS ON ON-LOAD TAP CHANGER
After the tap-changer is fully assembled on the transformer, the following tests
are performed at (with
exception of b) 100% of the rated auxiliary supply voltage:

8 complete operating cycles with the transformer not energized

1 complete operating cycle with the transformer not energized, with 85% of the r
ated auxiliary supply
voltage ratio 1 complete operating cycle with the transformer energized at rated
voltage and
frequency at no load
10 tap-change operations with ± two steps on either side of the principal tapping
with as far as
possible the rated current of the transformer, with one winding short-circuited
10. MEASUREMENT OF THE ZERO-SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE
10.1 PURPOSE OF THE MEASUREMENT
The zero sequence impedance is the impedance, which a three-phase circuit gives
to a set of currents that
are equal to and in phase with each other in all phases.
The zero-sequence impedance is of interest for calculating loads and currents at
unsymmetrical conditions.
At such calculations the method of symmetrical components is applied. By this me
thod any set of
unsymmetrical three-phase vectors are resolved into three symmetrical component
sets: the positive, the
negative and the zero sequence phase system.
The relation of the symmetrical sets of voltage and currents is for each system
given by corresponding
impedances.
Measurement of zero-sequence impedances is a special test that is carried out on
ly when specified in the
contract.

10.2 MEASURING CIRCUIT AND METHOD

The zero-sequence impedance is normally measured in connection with the load-los
s and impedance
voltage test. The circuitry used is the same as for this test, but modified for
one phase measurement as
shown in
fig. 10.1.

Fig. 10-1 Circuitry for measuring zero-sequence impedance

 The phase terminals of the Y-connected winding are short-circuited and the volt
age is applied between this
connection and the neutral point.
For units where the current-carrying windings are equipped with tap changers, th
e measurements should be
performed on the three main taps. Any tests on other tap positions should be spe
cified in the contract.
For test objects with auxiliary or stabilizing windings, care should be taken to
control that the current
capacities of these are not exceeded. When necessary the final result is obtaine
d by extrapolation.
The applied voltage and current are recorded.

10.3 PRESENTATION OF RESULTS

The zero-sequence impedance Z0 is the quotient of the voltage and the current on
the per phase basis which
is:

[ohms]
I
Z = 3·U 0

Like short-circuit impedances the zero-sequence impedance is normally expressed

in percent of the per-unit
value:

100% 3 100% 2
0
0 = · = · · ·
r
r
r U
P
I
U
Z
Z Z
12. INSULATION RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
12.1 PURPOSE OF THE MEASUREMENT

The purpose of the measurement is to determine the insulation resistance from in

dividual winding to ground
or between individual windings.
The insulation resistance measured in the factory afford a useful indication as
to whether the transformers
are in suitable condition for application of dielectric test.
Furthermore, results obtained in such tests are useful as reference values for l
ater measurement at site. The
absolute insulation resistance values depend on the transformer rated power, tem
perature, dryness,
cleanliness and some other properties of the parts. That is why it is impossible
to nominate or define a
general allowable minimum insulation resistance value for transformers of differ
ent ratings.

12.2 PERFORMANCE OF THE MEASUREMENT

The insulation resistance is expresssed in megohms and measured by means of an i

nsulation resistance
meter with three line terminals at a voltage of 2500 or 5000 V d.c.
All line terminals of each winding are connected together during the measurement
.
The resistance readings R15 and R60 are taken 15 sec and 60 sec after connecting
the voltage.
Measurement to be made in insulation resistance tests are:

a) Two winding transformer tests with guard circuit:

High to low, guard on ground (R12)

High to ground, guard on low (R10)
Low to ground, guard on high (R20)
b) Three winding transformer tests with guard circuit
High to ground, guard on low and tertiary (R10)
High to low, guard on tertiary and ground (R12)
High on tertiary, guard on low and ground (R13)
Low to tertiary, guard on high and ground (R23)
 Low to ground, guard on high and tertiary (R20)
Tertiary to ground, guard on high and low (R30)

Each winding is measured separately by connecting the voltage between the windin
g to be tested and earth,
while the other windings are earthed. The resistance readings R15 and R60 are ta
ken 15s and 60s after
connecting the voltage.
The type of meter used, the measuring voltage, and temperature, R15, R60 and R60
/R15 are stated in the
report.
The basic diagrams of the test circuits for one three-winding transformer is sho
wn on Fig. 12-1.
E G L
(-) (+)
Transformer under test
m
VN-HV
R1-0 R1-2 R2-3 R3-0
R2-0
R1-3
NN-LV STN-STW
Measuring instrument (Megger)
Basic test circuit for insulation resistance measurement, using «GUARD» - G terminal
( Measurement R 1-0 = HV - m (LV + STW) ; HV - winding to tank (m) LV and STW wi
nding to ''G'' terminal )
m
E G L
(-) (+)
Transformer under test
VN-HV
R1-0 R1-2 R2-3 R3-0
R2-0
R1-3
NN-LV STN-STW
Measuring instrument (Megger)
Basic test circuit for insulation resistance measurement, using «GUARD» - G terminal
( Measurement R 1-2 = HV - LV (STW+m) - HV - winding to LV winding, STW-winding
and tank (m), to «G» terminal )
Fig. 12-1 Basic diagrams for three-winding transformer
13. MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRIC STRENGTH OF THE INSULATING OIL

The electric strength of the oil is given by the breakdown voltage, measured usi
ng an electrode system in
accordance with IEC 60156. The electrodes are spherical surfaced with 25 mm radi
us and are 2,5 mm apart.
The measurement is carried out at 50 Hz, the rate of increase of the voltage bei
ng 2 kV/s. The electric
strength is the average of five break-down voltage values.

The electric strength of new treated oil should be at least 60 kV. Oil, which do
es not withstand this voltage,
may contain air bubbles, dust or moisture.
15. LIGHTNING IMPULSE TEST
15.1 PURPOSE OF THE TEST

The purpose of the impulse voltage test is to secure that the transformer insula
tion withstand the lightning
overvoltages which may occur in service.
15.2 TESTING EQUIPMENT

Impulse generator

Fn
Rb Ra
F C an 3
Rc Rs
F2 Rb Ra
Fa2
C
Cs
Rc Rs
F1
Rb Ra
Cs
Fa1
Rs

Fig. 15-1 Basic circuit diagram of the impulse generator

The impulse generator design is based on the Marx circuit.

The basic circuit diagram is shown on Fig. 15-1. The impulse capacitors Cs (12 c
apacitors of 750nF) are
charged in parallel through the charging resistors Rc (28kO) (highest permissibl
e charging voltage 200 kV).
Tekstni okvir: Cs impulse capacitor
Rc charging resistor
Rs series resistor
Ra low-ohmic discharging resistor for
lightning impulse
Rb high-ohmic discharging resistor for
switching impulse
F1 Fn main spark gaps
Fal Fan auxiliary spark-gaps
 When the charging voltage has reached the required value, breakdown of the spar
kgap F1 is initiated by an
external triggering pulse. When F1 breaks down, the potential of the following s
tage (point B and C) rises.
Because the series resistors Rs is of low-ohmic value compared with the discharg
ing resistors Rb (4,5 kO)
and the charging resistor Rc, and since the low-ohmic discharging resistor Ra is
separated from the circuit by
the auxiliary spark-gap Fal, the potential difference across the spark-gap F2 ri
ses considerably and the
breakdown of F2 is initiated.
Thus the spark-gaps are caused to break down in sequence.

Consequently the capacitors are discharged in series-connection. The high-ohmic

discharge resistors Rb are
dimensioned for switching impulses and the low-ohmic resistors Ra for lightning
impulses. The resistors Ra
are connected in parallel with the resistors Rb, when the auxiliary spark-gaps b
reak down, with a time delay
of a few hundred nano-seconds. The arrangement is necessary in order to secure t
he functioning of the
generator.
The wave shape and the peak value of the impulse voltage are measured by means o
f an Impulse Analysing
System (DIAS 733) which are connected to the voltage divider.
The required voltage is obtained by selecting a suitable number of series-connec
ted stages and by adjusted
the charging voltage. In order to obtain the necessary discharge energy parallel
or series-parallel
connections of the generator can be used. In these cases some of the capacitors
are connected in parallel
during the discharge.

C1
U= V=
R1
R2
Impulse generator
C2
C3
1U
1V
1W
N
2U
2V
2W
2N
3U1
3V2
3V
3W
Voltage
divider
Transformer
under test
Voltage
recorder
Channel 1 (U)
of digital
tranzient rec.
Current recorder
Channel 2(I) of
digital tranzient rec.
S1

Fig. 15-2 Equivalent diagram of the impulse test circuit

C1 resulting impulse capacitance, R2 resulting series resistance, R1 resulting
discharge
resistance, C2 and C3 capacitances of the voltage divider

The required impulse shape is obtained by suitable selection of the series and d
ischarge resistors of the
generator.

The front time can be calculated approximately from the equation:

For R1 >> R2 and Cg >> C (15.1)
T t = · R ·C 1 2 3

and the half time to half value from the equation

2 1 1 (15.2) T 0,7 · R ·C

In practice the testing circuit is dimensioned according to experience.

15.3 CONNECTION OF THE TEST OBJECT

The testing impulse test is normally applied to all windings. The impulse test-s
equence is applied
successively to each of the line terminals of the tested winding. The other line
terminals and the neutral
terminal are earthed (single-terminal test, Fig. 15-4a and b).
When testing low voltage windings of high power, the time to half-value obtained
is often too short ( Fig.
15-5). However, the time to half value can be increased by connecting suitable r
esistors ( Ra in Fig.
15-4b) between the adjacent terminals and earth. According to the IEC 60076-3 st
andard the resistances of
the resistors must be selected so that the voltages at the adjacent terminals do
not exceed 75% of the test
voltage and the resistance does not exceed 500O.
RECORDER
S1
Ra
Ra
b
RECORDER
c
S1
RECORDER
a
S1

RECORDER
Ra
RECORDER
Ru
d
S 1
RECORDER
e
S1
Ra R S1 b
RECORDER

Fig. 15-4 Transformer impulse and fault detection connections.

a and b l-terminal testing
c and d neutral terminal testing

When the low voltage winding in service cannot be subjected to lightning overvol
tages from the low voltage
system (e.g. step-up transformers, tertiary windings) the low voltage winding ma
y be impulse tested
simultaneously with the impulse tests on the high voltage winding with surges tr
ansferred from the high
voltage winding to the low voltage winding (Fig. 15-4e, test with transferred vo
ltages).

According to the standard IEC 60076-3 the line terminals of the low voltage wind
ing are connected to earth
through resistances of such value (resistances Ra in Fig. 15-4e) that the amplit
ude of transferred impulse
voltage between line terminal and earth or between different line terminals or a
cross a phase winding will be
as high as possible but not exceeding the rated impulse withstand voltage. The r
esistance shall not exceed
5000 O.
The neutral terminal is normally tested directly or indirectly by connecting a h
igh-ohmic resistor between the
neutral and earth (voltage divider Ra, Ru) and by applying the impulse (Fig. 15-
4c and d) to the line terminals
connected together.
The impulse test of a neutral terminal is performed only if requested by a custo
mer. The front time is allowed
to be up to 13 µsec. The failure detection is normally accompolished by exmination
of the oscillograms of the
applied test voltage, the neutral current and / or the capacitively transferred
current.

15.4 PERFORMANCE OF THE IMPULSE TEST

The test is performed with standard lightning impulses of negative polarity. The
front time (T1) and the time to
half-value (T2) are defined in accordance with the standard.

2/2 izdanje 03.2002.

Fig. 15-5 Standard lightning impulse

Front time T1 = 1,2µs ± 30%
Time to half-value T2 = 50 µs ± 20%

In practice the impulse shape may deviate from the standard impulse when testing
low-voltage windings of
high rated power and windings of high input capacitance.
The impulse test is performed with negative polarity voltages to avoid erratic f
lashovers in the external
insulation and test circuit.
Waveform adjustments are necessary for most test objects. Experience gained from
results of tests on
similar units or eventual precalculation can give guidance for selecting compone
nts for the wave shaping
circuit.
The test sequence consists of one reference impulse (RW) at 75% of full amplitud
e followed by the specified
number of voltage applications at full amplitude (FW) (according to IEC 60076-3
three full impulses).
The equipment for voltage and current signal recording consists of digital trans
ient recorder, monitor,
computer, plotter and printer.
The recordings at the two levels can be compared directly for failure indication
.
For regulating transformers one phase is tested with the on-load tap changer set
for the rated voltage and
the two other phases are tested in each of the extreme positions.
Tekstni okvir: 0
Tekstni okvir: 1,0
Tekstni okvir: 0,9*
Tekstni okvir: 0,5
Tekstni okvir: 0,3
Tekstni okvir: U
Tekstni okvir: t
Tekstni okvir: T2
Tekstni okvir: T
Tekstni okvir: T1 =1,67 T
Detection of correctness at impulse testing is based on comparison of voltage an
d current records obtained
at reduced and full amplitudes.
The two traces should have a perfect match to constitute evidence that the insul
ation has passed the test.
15.5 TEST REPORT

The detailed test record cover setting of impulse generator, values for all comp
onents in the impulse shaping
and measuring circuits, connection of the test object, parameters for the wave-s
hape and oscillogram
records for each voltage application.
16. TEST WITH THE LIGHTNING IMPULSE CHOPPED ON THE TAIL

16.1 PURPOSE OF THE TEST

The purpose of the chopped lightning test is to secure that the transformer insu
lation withstand the voltage
stresses caused by chopped lightning impulses, which may occur in service.
16.2 TEST EQUIPMENT
For the chopped lightning impulse test the same testing and measuring equipment
and the same testing and
fault detection connections are used as for the standard lightning impulse test.
The impulse is chopped by
means of triggered-type chopping gap connected to the terminal to which the impu
lse is applied. The delay
of the chopping gap ignition impulse in relation to the impulse generation is adju
stable, thus the time Tc from
the start of the impulse to the chopping can be adjusted (Fig. 16-1).

16.2 PERFORMANCE OF THE TEST

The test is performed with impulses of negative polarity. The duration Tc from t
he beginning of the impulse to
the chopping can vary within the range of 2...6µs (Fig. 16-1) According to the sta
ndard IEC 60076-3 the
amount of overswing to opposite polarity shall be limited to not more than 30% o
f the amplitude of the
chopped impulse (Fig. 16-1). If necessary the overswing amplitude will be limite
d to the value mentioned by
means of damping resistor inserted in the chopping circuit.

Fig 16-1 Chopped lightning impulse

Front time T1 = 1,2 µs ± 30%
Time to chopping Tc = 2....6 µs
 = 100% < 30%
a
ß
c Y

Tekstni okvir: Tc
Tekstni okvir: T1
Tekstni okvir: 0,3
Tekstni okvir: 0,9
Tekstni okvir: 1,0
Tekstni okvir: b
Tekstni okvir: a
The voltage measurement is based on the peak voltmeter indication.
The test with chopped lightning impulse is combined with the test carried out wi
th standard impulse.
The following order of pulse application is recommended by the standard IEC 6007
6-3
- one 75% full impulse
- one 100% full impulse
- one or more 75% chopped impulses
- two 100% chopped impulses
- two 100% full impulses

16.4 THE FAILURE INDICATION

The fault detection is also for chopped impulses primarily based on the comparis
on of voltages and winding
currents obtained at 75% and 100% test voltages. At high test voltages there is
a small delay in the ignitions
of the chopping-gap, which causes differences in the fault detection of voltages
and winding currents.
Furthermore differences in the instant of firing of the stages in the impulse ge
nerator may give rise to initial
high-frequency oscillations in the first part of the voltage front. In this case
the fault detection must be based
primarily on the recordings obtained at the application of full impulses.
When carrying out the chopped-impulse test, unless otherwise agreed, different t
appings are selected for the
tests on the three phases of a three-phase transformer, usually the two extreme
tappings and principal
tapping.
16.5 TEST REPORT
The test voltage values, impulse shapes, tappings and the number of impulses at
different voltage levels are
stated in the report.
The oscillographic records and measurement records are stored in the archives, w
here they are available
when required.
17. SWITCHING IMPULSE TEST
17.1 PURPOSE OF THE TEST

The purpose of the switching impulse test is to secure that insulation between w
indings, between windings
and earth, between line terminals and earth and between different terminals with
stand the switching
overvoltages, which may occur in service.
17.2 PERFORMANCE OF THE TEST

The same testing and measuring equipment as for the lightning impulse test are u
sed here.
According to the IEC 60076-3 the switching impulse test is carried out on each h
igh voltage line terminal of a
three-phase winding in sequence. A single-phase no-load test connection is used
in accordance with Fig. 17-
1. The voltage developed between line terminals during the test is approximately
1,5 times the test voltage
between line and neutral terminals.
The flux density in the magnetic circuit increases considerably during the test.
When the core reaches
saturation the winding impedance is drastically reduced and a chopping of the ap
plied voltage takes place
(Fig. 17-2). The time to saturation determines the duration of the switching imp
ulse. Because the remanent
flux can amount to even 70 to 80 % of the saturation flux, the initial remanence
of the core has a great
influence on the voltage duration. By introducing remanent flux of opposite pola
rity in relation to the flux
caused by the switching impulse, the maximum possible switching impulse duration
can be increased. The
remanence of opposite polarity is introduced in the core by applying low voltage
current impulses to LV
winding of opposite polarity to the transformer before each full voltage test im
pulse.
Fig. 17-1 Transformer switching impulse testing and fault detection connections

The test is performed with impulses of negative polarity. The requirements on th

e switching impulse shape
given in the standard IEC 60076-3 are summarized in Fig. 17-2.

Tekstni okvir: U
Tekstni okvir: -0,5U - 0,5 U
Tekstni okvir: S1
Tekstni okvir: current recorder
Tekstni okvir: voltage recorder
Tekstni okvir: C1
Tekstni okvir: C2
Tekstni okvir: Loading resistor
 The voltage measurement is based on the peak voltmeter indication.

Fig. 17-2 Switching impulse

Front time Tp> 100µs

Time above 90% Td> 200µs
Time to the first zero passage T0> 500µs ( preferably 1000 µs )

At full test voltage each phase will be tested with the number of impulses requi
red by the relevant standard.
When comparing the wave shape it is to be noticed that the magnetic saturation c
auses drastic reduction of
voltage and increase in winding current and the time to saturation is dependent
on the amplitude of the
applied voltage. Thus voltage and current oscillograms obtained at full test vol
tage and at 75% voltage level
will deviate from each other in this respect.
The fault detection is mainly based on the voltage oscillograms. The test is suc
cessful if no sudden collapse
of voltage caused by flashover or breakdown is indicated on the voltage oscillog
rams and no abnormal
sound effects are observed.
When the core reaches saturation a slight noise caused by magnetosriction can be
heard from the
transformer.

Test report

The test voltage values, impulse shapes, and number of impulses at different vol
tage levels are stated in the
report. The oscillographic records are stored in the archives, where they are av
ailable when required.

Tekstni okvir: 0,3

Tekstni okvir: T0
Tekstni okvir: T
Tekstni okvir: Td

Tekstni okvir: 0.9

Tekstni okvir: 1.0
Tekstni okvir: Tp = 1,67 T
18. MEASUREMENT OF ACOUSTIC SOUND LEVEL
18.1 PURPOSE OF THE MEASUREMENT

The purpose of the sound level measurement is to check that the sound level of t
he transformer meets the
specification requirements given in relevant standards e.g. IEC 60076-10 or guar
antee values given by the
transformers manufacturer. A sound spectrum analyses are carried out for the tra
nsformer at the customer's
request. The sound spectrum indicates the magnitude of sound components as a fun
ction of frequency.
18.2 MEASURING EQUIPMENT

A precision sound pressure level meter type 1 complying with IEC 60651 is used i
n the sound level
measurements. The measurements are performed using the weighing curve A. The sou
nd spectrum analysis
of the transformer is carried out by recording the sound band levels as a functi
on of frequency.
This is done with sound level meter Bruel & Kjaer type 2236 and calibrator type
4231.

18.3 PERFORMANCE OF THE MEASUREMENT

The A-weighted sound pressure level of the Background noise shall be measured at
points on the prescribed
counter immediately before and after the measurements on the transformer. Power
is supplied to the
transformer under no load condition at the rated voltage and the frequency with
the tapping selector on the
principal tapping. The sound pressure level is the measured at various points ar
ound the transformer as
detailed in the standards: at a distance (D) of 30 cm for ONAN or 2 m for ONAF c
ooling system spaced at an
interval (X) of 1 meter; as it is shown on Fig. 18-1.
The microphone position in the vertical direction shall be on horizontal planes
at one third and two thirds of
one transformer tank height when the height of the tank is equal to or greater t
han 2,5 m.
When the tank height is less than 2,5m, the measurement plane is located at half
the tank height.
Preferably the background sound level should be at least 9 dB(A) below the measu
red combined sound
level.
If the difference is less than 9 dB(A) bat not less than 3 dB(A) a correction fo
r background level will be
applied according to standards.

Fig. 18-1 Basic layout of measuring points

Tekstni okvir: 22
Tekstni okvir: LV
Tekstni okvir: HV
Tekstni okvir: STV
Tekstni okvir: D=2m; x=1m

Tekstni okvir: D
Tekstni okvir: 36
Tekstni okvir: 38
Tekstni okvir: 1

Tekstni okvir: 15

Tekstni okvir: 40
Tekstni okvir: x

Tekstni okvir: 9
Tekstni okvir: 31
Tekstni okvir: 30
Tekstni okvir: 19
18.4 CALCULATION OF AVERAGE SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL

The uncorrected average A-weighted sound pressure level shall be calculated from
sound pressure levels,
LpAi, measured with the test object energized by using equation:

..
.
..
= . S
=
-
LpAi
i
N
pA N
L 0 ,1
1
10 lg 1 10

or when the range of values of LpAi does not exceed 5dB, a simple arithmical ave
rage will be used.
Corrections for background level and environmental correction, in case of need o
r as circumstances require,
should be done in accordance with relevant standard.

18.5 CALCULATION OF SOUND POWER LEVEL

The A-weight sound power level of the transformer LwA shall be calculated from a
verage A-weight sound
pressure level LpA according to equation:

L WA L pA S = + 10 lg
-
[dB ]

S = the equivalent surface area in m2, defined by equation :

a) for ONAN system S = 1,25 h · lm
or b) for ONAF system S = (h+2) · lm
where: h= height in meters of transformer tank
lm = the length in meters of the prescribed counter

More details can be found in relevant standard.

19. MEASUREMENT OF HIGHER HARMONICS IN MAGNETIZING CURRENT

19. 1 GENERAL
At imposed sinus voltage on a transformer, because of non-linear magnetic curve
of the core, magnetizing
current at no-load contains besides basic harmonics also higher harmonics.
Higher harmonics in the current can cause in electric grid voltage distortion, t
hat is, they can cause even
higher harmonics. Such current and voltage harmonics can cause disturbances in e
lectric grid or in
connected appliances.
However, since the portion of higher harmonics in relation to transformer rated
current is smaller than 1%,
they are insignificant for a user.

19.2 MEASURING EQUIPMENT

In the Test Station, the measurement of higher harmonic contents, as a rule, is

carried out during the
measurement of no-load losses and in the same connection (see in KPT-QTPT 005E F
ig 5-1). The test
generator and intermediate transformer are used, as a rule, only in the linear r
ange of their characteristics.
The test circle is carried out without a feedback line so that the third degree
harmonics cannot flow. The
transmitting ratio of voltage transformers as well as the load of current transf
ormers are selected in such a
way that their working points lie in the linear range of the magnetizing charact
eristics.
The measurement of higher harmonics in magnetizing currents is carried out with
a Wide Band Power
Analyser, producer NORMA, type D 6000.

19.3 PERFORMANCE OF THE MEASUREMENT

For the measurement, first, a required voltage is adjusted, usually 100% of rate
d voltage, gradually
increasing the value from zero to higher values. The measurement of voltage is c
arried out with a meanvalue
voltmeter.
During the measurement of higher harmonics the power voltage should be maintaine
d so that it has a
constant value. Therefore, in the Test Station, during this period, the above me
ntioned fast-registering
analyser with the memory in real-time procedure is used.

19.4 PROCESSING OF THE MEASUREMENT RESULTS

By using this registering analyser, the final measured values of higher harmonic
s are immediately obtained
for the test protocol.
Higher harmonics are expressed in percentage of the fundamental one.
20. TIGHTNESS (LEAKAGE) TEST
20.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of the test is to prove tightness of transformer tank and accessorie
s assembled on the
transformer.

20.2 PERFORMANCE OF THE TEST

Transformer is assembled and filled with oil. Overpressure of 35 kPa is applied

on the tank cover and kept
for 12 hours. Welds and joints on the tank are checked on leak.

If requirements in the contract differ from those stated procedure and values as
per contract should apply.

20.3. TEST REPORT

Value of overpressure and elapsed time are recorded with confirmation of tightne
ss.
22. CORE INSULATION MEASUREMENT
22.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of the measurement is to check and prove that the transformer core i
s insulated from the tank
and core frame.

22.2 PERFORMANCE OF THE MEASUREMENT

Earthing links from core to earth and from core frame to earth (if the latter on
e exists) are removed
(disconnected) in earthing connection box (terminal box). Several combinations o
f measurement of insulation
resistance are possible depending upon the performance of core and frame earthin
g : core to frame; core to
tank; core frame to tank; core to (tank + core frame); (core + core frame) to ta
nk. At least combination core to
(tank + core frame) or core to tank is to be measured. In all measurements tank
is assumed as earth
potential.

The measurement is performed by by means of an insulation resistance meter ( Megge

r ). For each
measurement a DC voltage of at least 500 V (but not greater than 2500 V) is appl
ied between pair of
terminal bushings in earthing terminal box for a measuring period = 1 min. or un
til the measuring insulation
resistance become stable.

Measured values for each combination shall be above 50 MO.

22.3 TEST REPORT

Measured values with indication of measured combination are documented in transf

ormer routine test report.
23. POWER CONSUMPTION OF COOLING SYSTEM
23.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of the test is to measure power consumption of transformer cooling p
lant or saying by another
words to measure losses consumed by transformer cooling system. Depending upon t
he transformer cooling
system this power can be consumed by fans and oil pumps.

This measurement is performed only if required by the contract or transformer sp

ecification.

23.2 PERFORMANCE OF THE TEST

The measuring circuit and used equipment is in principle the same as for load an
d/or no-load measurement
(described in KPT-QTPT 04E and KPT-QTPT 05E).

The transformer cooling system is supplied from voltage adjustable power source.
The voltage is adjusted to
rated value for motors or acc. to specified value in transformer specification.
Values of current, voltage and
loss are measured and recorded.

Power consumption for each cooling group is measured if the transformer cooling
system is divided into
several groups.

23.3 TEST REPORT

Measured values of current, voltage and loss at specified frequency are recorded
in transformer test report.