Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Downloaded 24 Sep 2010 to 130.237.45.46. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://pop.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions
062310-2 Q. Yu Phys. Plasmas 13, 062310 共2006兲
II. MODEL
冋 冉冊册
P共r兲 = P0 1 −
r
a
c1 c2
, 共5兲
In our model the large aspect-ratio tokamak approxima- where c1 = 2 and c2 = 16 are taken except when mentioned
tion is utilized. The magnetic field B is expressed in the form elsewhere. P0 is chosen to ensure Te0共r = 0兲 = 1, where Te0 is
B = B0tet + B0p共r兲e p + B1, where B0t and B0p are the equilib- the equilibrium electron temperature obtained from Eq. 共4兲
rium toroidal and poloidal magnetic field, respectively, and by taking B1 = 0 共without magnetic field perturbations兲.
B1 = ⵜ ⫻ et is the perturbed helical field. B0t is assumed to The boundary conditions used here are Te共r = a兲 = Te0共r
be a constant. is expressed in terms of a Fourier decom- = a兲 and Te⬘共r = 0兲 = 0, where the prime denotes d / dr. The
position, normalization scheme is as follows: the length is normalized
to a, the magnetic field to B0t, and Te to Te0共r = 0兲.
= 兺 i共r兲cos共mi + ni兲, 共1兲
i
III. MODELING RESULTS
where mi and ni are the poloidal and toroidal mode numbers Equation 共4兲 is solved numerically using the transport
of the ith component of B1, and and are the poloidal and subroutines of the initial value code TM1.9 TM1 is a new
toroidal angle, respectively. The toroidal magnetic field per- version of our previous code TM for modelling the nonlinear
turbation is usually much smaller than the poloidal one and evolution of NTMs and their stabilization by rf wave current
is therefore neglected. drive.30 In TM1 the new numerical scheme described in Ref.
The equilibrium safety factor q共r兲 = rB0t / 共RB0p兲 is cho- 27 is applied, and both the parallel and the perpendicular
sen to be the form transport terms in Eq. 共4兲 are fully implicit.
q共r兲 = q0er/Lq 共2兲 In Sec. III A the heat transport across a single island is
studied, and in Sec. III B a two island case is studied. Since
to have a constant magnetic shear along the minor radius, the magnetic field becomes stochastic when two islands of
where q0 = 0.2 and Lq = 0.3a are chosen to ensure q = 3 / 2 and different helicity overlap, this allows us to investigate the
4/3 surfaces to be inside the plasma 共0 ⱕ r ⱕ a , a: plasma heat transport across a local stochastic field. A comparison
minor radius兲, except when mentioned elsewhere. between the numerical and analytical results is given in Sec.
i共r兲 in Eq. 共1兲 is taken as III C.
i共r兲 = i,0共r/a兲2共1 − r/a兲2 共3兲
A. Heat transport across a single island
to have a smooth change along the minor radius, being typi-
cal for the classical or neoclassical tearing modes.1,9 An example for the change of the radial temperature
The following electron energy transport equation: profile due to a single m / n = 3 / 2 island is shown in Fig. 1,
Downloaded 24 Sep 2010 to 130.237.45.46. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://pop.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions
062310-3 Numerical modeling of diffusive heat transport¼ Phys. Plasmas 13, 062310 共2006兲
Downloaded 24 Sep 2010 to 130.237.45.46. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://pop.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions
062310-4 Q. Yu Phys. Plasmas 13, 062310 共2006兲
FIG. 8. ⌬ / 0 versus log共储 / ⬜兲 for the 3/2 island with w3/2 = 0.0452a
共solid兲. ⌬ increases with log共储 / ⬜兲 from 共储 / ⬜兲c = 3.8⫻ 106 up to
FIG. 6. log共 − 1兲max versus log共储 / ⬜兲 for the 3/2 island 共solid兲 and the 4/3 1010共w3/2 / wc = 7.2兲. For 共储 / ⬜兲 ⬎ 1010 , ⌬ saturates. The ⌬ / 0 due to a
island 共dotted兲. w3/2 = wc,3/2 leads to log共储 / ⬜兲c = 6.6. 共 − 1兲max ⬀ 储 / ⬜ for 4/3 island 共dotted兲 is larger for low 储 / ⬜ due to its smaller wc. For high
储 / ⬜ ⬍ 共储 / ⬜兲c but 共 − 1兲max ⬀ 共储 / ⬜兲1/2 in the opposite limit. There is a 储 / ⬜, the ⌬ / 0 due to the 3/2 island is larger because r3/2 ⬎ r4/3 and
transition region around 10共储 / ⬜兲c or w3/2 = 1.8wc,3/2. w3/2 wc.
Downloaded 24 Sep 2010 to 130.237.45.46. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://pop.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions
062310-5 Numerical modeling of diffusive heat transport¼ Phys. Plasmas 13, 062310 共2006兲
⌬ / 0 is shown as a function of log共储 / ⬜兲 for the 3/2 Corresponding to Fig. 9, the local temperature contour is
island by the solid curve, with other parameters being the shown in Fig. 10 for 储 / ⬜ = 1012. In addition to m / n = 3 / 2
same as those for Fig. 1. It is seen that ⌬ significantly and 4/3 islands, there is also an m / n = 7 / 5 island in the tem-
increases with log共储 / ⬜兲 from log共储 / ⬜兲c = 6.6 up to 10 perature contour in agreement with Fig. 9. In this case P共r兲
共corresponding to w / wc = 1 to 7.2兲. For 储 / ⬜ ⬎ 1010 , ⌬ es- = P0共r / a兲8关1 − 共r / a兲2兴8 is taken to deposit more power den-
sentially saturates. When w / wc 1 , Te only slightly changes sity in the island region for viewing the 7/5 island more
around the island separatrix, and ⌬ is mainly determined by clearly. The small 7/5 island can be seen in the temperature
the ⌬Te for r ⬍ r− as seen from Fig. 3. Therefore, there is no contour only for 储 / ⬜ ⬎ 1010, indicating that a small sec-
significant increase of ⌬ with 储 / ⬜ for 储 / ⬜ ⬎ 1010. Us- ondary island is important in the transport only for a suffi-
ing the analytical formula for the 储 / ⬜ = ⬁ limit,15 ⌬ / 0 ciently large 储 / ⬜.
= 0.041 is obtained, in agreement with the numerical result. With increasing perturbation amplitude 0, more second-
The ⌬ / 0 due to the 4/3 island is also shown in Fig. 8 by ary islands are seen and the magnetic surface first becomes
the dotted curve. The q = 4 / 3 surface is at r4/3 = 0.569a with stochastic around the island’s separatrix. For sufficiently
r4/3 ⬍ r3/2, and all the other parameters are the same as men- large 0, the local magnetic field becomes stochastic. Figure
tioned for Fig. 6. For small 储 / ⬜, the ⌬ / 0 due to the 4/3 11 shows such an example for 0 = 9 ⫻ 10−4, leading to w3/2
island is larger than that due to the 3/2 island, since the = 0.0452a , w4/3 = 0.0450a, and 共w3/2 + w4/3兲 / 共2 兩 r3/2 − r4/3 兩 兲
temperature flattening inside the 4/3 island occurs at a = 1.29, where w3/2 and w4/3 are calculated by the conven-
smaller 储 / ⬜ due to its smaller wc. For large 储 / ⬜, the tional single island formula.2
⌬ / 0 due to the 3/2 island is larger because r3/2 ⬎ r4/3 and Corresponding to Fig. 11, in Fig. 12 the local radial pro-
w wc.15 files of Te0 共dotted-dashed curve兲 and the T0/0 for 储 / ⬜
= 1010 , 108, and 106 are shown. For low 储 / ⬜ , T0/0 is close
to Te0 similar to a single island. A large 储 / ⬜ leads to a
B. Heat transport across two islands and stochastic
flattening T0/0 profile across the island region.
field
Corresponding to Fig. 12, in Fig. 13 radial profiles of
In this part the heat transport across two islands, the log共 − 1兲 are shown for 储 / ⬜ = 1010 , 109 and 108. For
m / n = 3 / 2 and 4/3 islands, is studied. The corresponding ra- 储 / ⬜ = 108 , has only two peaks around the q = 3 / 2 and 4/3
tional surfaces are at r3/2 = 0.604a and r4/3 = 0.569a, respec- surfaces, and its magnitude is approximately the same as that
tively. When these two islands are large enough to overlap, of a single island as shown in Fig. 5. For 储 / ⬜ = 1010 addi-
the local magnetic field becomes stochastic, allowing us to tional peaks of due to the ergodicity are apparent. Com-
study the heat transport across a local stochastic field. pared to Fig. 5 it is found that, is about 5 times larger than
In Fig. 9 an example of the local magnetic surface on the that due to a single island with 储 / ⬜ = 1010, indicating that
r - plan at = 0 is shown for 0 ⬅ i,0 / aB0t = 3/2,0 / aB0t the ergodicity leads to fast radial transport for large 储 / ⬜.
= 4/3,0 / aB0t = 10−4. In this case the m / n = 3 / 2 and 4/3 islands In Fig. 14, the radial profiles of Te0 and the T0/0 for 0
are not large enough to overlap. Nevertheless, an additional = 2 ⫻ 10−4 , 5 ⫻ 10−4, and 9 ⫻ 10−4 are shown with 储 / ⬜
secondary m / n = 7 / 5 island exists due to the coupling be- = 1010. For 0 = 2 ⫻ 10−4 , T0/0 ⬘ is approximately the same as
tween the 3/2 and the 4/3 magnetic field perturbations. ⬘ between the two island, indicating that the local confine-
Te0
Downloaded 24 Sep 2010 to 130.237.45.46. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://pop.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions
062310-6 Q. Yu Phys. Plasmas 13, 062310 共2006兲
ment is not destroyed, although there are secondary islands m / n = 3 / 2 共4/3兲 island, as shown in Fig. 8. The difference
similar to that shown in Fig. 9. With the increase of the between ⌬ and ⌬1 therefore measures the additional deg-
⬘ de-
island width, the two islands overlap, and the local T0/0 radation in the energy confinement due to the ergodicity of
creases. When plotting the magnetic surface with 0 = 5 the magnetic field. It is seen that ⌬ ⬇ ⌬1 for 储 / ⬜ ⬍ 3
⫻ 10−4, it is found to be stochastic in the region r = 0.58a ⫻ 107, corresponding to w3/2 ⬍ 1.7w3/2,c. This means that for
⬘ is larger there than
− 0.59a similar to Fig. 11. However, T0/0 a sufficiently low 储 / ⬜, the ergodicity does not affect the
that at the two rational surfaces. energy confinement, and the heat transport recognizes the
To study the difference in energy confinement between individual island structure rather than the ergodicity. For
the cases with and without ergodicity, in Fig. 15 ⌬ / 0 is 储 / ⬜ ⬎ 3 ⫻ 107 , ⌬ becomes larger than ⌬1, showing the
shown as a function of log共储 / ⬜兲 by the solid curve for additional degradation of the confinement due to ergodicity.
0 = 9 ⫻ 10−4. The corresponding magnetic surface is shown However, such an additional degradation is not significant
in Fig. 11. The dotted curved shows the ⌬1 / 0 = 共⌬3/2 with 储 / ⬜ up to 1011, which is of the same order of magni-
+ ⌬4/3兲 / 0, where ⌬3/2共⌬4/3兲 is the ⌬ due to a single tude as that for the central region plasma of large
Downloaded 24 Sep 2010 to 130.237.45.46. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://pop.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions
062310-7 Numerical modeling of diffusive heat transport¼ Phys. Plasmas 13, 062310 共2006兲
FIG. 12. Corresponding to Fig. 11, radial profiles of Te0 共dotted-dashed兲 and FIG. 14. Radial profiles of Te0 and the T0/0 for 0 = 2 ⫻ 10−4 , 5 ⫻ 10−4, and
the T0/0 for 储 / ⬜ = 1010 , 108, and 106. A larger 储 / ⬜ leads to a more flat- 9 ⫻ 10−4 with 储 / ⬜ = 1010. With the increase of the island width, the local
tening local T0/0 profile. ⬘ decreases.
T0/0
FIG. 13. Corresponding to Fig. 12, radial profiles of log共 − 1兲. For 储 / ⬜ FIG. 15. ⌬ / 0 共solid兲 and ⌬1 / 0 = 共⌬3/2 + ⌬4/3兲0 共dotted兲 versus
= 108 , only peaks around the q = 3 / 2 and 4/3 surfaces. For 储 / ⬜ = 1010, log共储 / ⬜兲 with 0 = 9 ⫻ 10−4. For low 储 / ⬜ , ⌬ = ⌬1 as predicted by Eq.
additional peaks appear due to the ergodicity, and is about five times larger 共A13兲. For high 储 / ⬜ , ⌬ ⬎ ⌬1, showing the enhanced transport due to
than that for a single island. ergodicity.
Downloaded 24 Sep 2010 to 130.237.45.46. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://pop.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions
062310-8 Q. Yu Phys. Plasmas 13, 062310 共2006兲
FIG. 16. log共 − 1兲 at r = 0.587a versus log共储 / ⬜兲 for 0 = 9 ⫻ 10−4 共solid兲. FIG. 17. versus log共储 / ⬜兲 for 0 = 1 ⫻ 10−4 , 6 ⫻ 10−4 , 9 ⫻ 10−4 , 2.1
For low or high 储 / ⬜, 共 − 1兲 ⬀ 储 / ⬜. There is a transition region around ⫻ 10−3, and 3.0⫻ 10−3. is the same with different 0 for low 储 / ⬜ as
储 / ⬜ = 3 ⫻ 107 共w3/2 = 1.7wc,3/2兲. The dotted curve shows log共3/2 + 4/3 − 2兲, predicted by Eq. 共A14兲. For high 储 / ⬜ , oscillates for 0 ⬍ 2 ⫻ 10−3 but
where 3/2 共4/3兲 is the for a single 3/2 共4/3兲 island. The two curves are the approaches a nearly steady value for larger 0.
same for 储 / ⬜ ⬍ 3 ⫻ 107 as predicted by Eq. 共A14兲.
Downloaded 24 Sep 2010 to 130.237.45.46. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://pop.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions
062310-9 Numerical modeling of diffusive heat transport¼ Phys. Plasmas 13, 062310 共2006兲
Using Eq. 共10兲, one finds = 9.28⫻ 10−3 for 0 = 3 ⫻ 10−3. It is clear from the above results that, w / wc is a key
By increasing the magnetic shear by 3 times to Lq parameter in determining the heat transport across a single
= 0.1a, in Fig. 18 versus log共储 / ⬜兲 is shown for 0 = 3.0 island. The heat diffusion consists of three regimes: 共a兲 the
⫻ 10−3 , 4.5⫻ 10−3, and 6.0⫻ 10−3. In this case r3/2 = 0.595a, quasilinear regime w / wc ⬍ 1, 共b兲 the transitional regime w
r4/3 = 0.583a and the other parameters are the same as that for ⬃ wc, and 共c兲 the “large island” regime w wc. The energy
Fig. 17. It is seen that approaches a steady value for low confinement degradation significantly increases with w / wc
储 / ⬜ and a nearly steady value for high 储 / ⬜ and 0, from w / wc = 1 to 7.2. For w / wc ⬎ 7.2, the degradation is de-
similar to those of Fig. 17. The dotted curve in Fig. 18 is the termined by w , Te0⬘共r = rs兲 and rs as found in the infinite
result with a smaller magnetic shear, Lq = 0.3a, and 0 = 3.0 储 / ⬜ limit.15 As for the radial gradient of the fundamental
⫻ 10−3, shown here for comparison. becomes smaller for a harmonic, it takes its maximal value in the island region in
larger magnetic shear, differing from the prediction of Eq. the middle range of w / wc, and the “large island” limit of
共10兲 that ⬃ 1 / Lk ⬃ Ls−2/3. The dashed curve in Fig. 18 shows NTM discussed in Ref. 16 is for w / wc ⬎ 7.2.
the result of Eq. 共9兲 for 0 = 6.0⫻ 10−3 and Lq = 0.1a, which is For the local stochastic magnetic field due to the overlap
different from the numerical results. of two neighboring islands, the parameter w / wc is also found
Numerical calculations have also been carried out by to be important in characterizing the transport. Differing
using magnetic perturbations with four Fourier components, from Ref. 20, we find that the heat diffusion consists of three
m / n = 30/ 19, 30/20, 30/21, and 30/22, and five components, regimes:
m / n = 3 / 2, 4/3, 7/5, 10/7, and 11/8. In these cases the local 共a兲 The quasilinear regime w / wc ⬍ 1 as shown by Eq.
field is more stochastic due to shorter distance between ra- 共A14兲. In this regime the transport is determined by the ad-
tional surfaces, and similar results to Figs. 17 and 18 are ditive effect of individual islands.
found. An example of four island case is shown in Fig. 19. In 共b兲 The transitional regime w ⬃ wc, where r slowly in-
this case the rational surfaces are at r30/19 = 0.620a , r30/20 creases with 储.
= 0.604a , r30/21 = 0.595a, and r30/22 = 0.576a, and the radial 共c兲 The regime w wc, where r approximately scales
average is taken from r = 0.59a to 0.61a, where the magnetic with 储.
Our numerical results together with the analysis in the
Appendix indicate that, the fluid regime should be replaced
by the quasilinear results, Eq. 共A14兲. The Kadomsev-Pogutse
regime is not found from the numerical results as expected
from Eq. 共A14兲. It is seen from our results that, the effect of
w / wc not considered in previous analytical theories is impor-
tant in determining the transport for w / wc ⱕ 1 and leads to
the difference between our numerical results and Eqs. 共9兲,
共11兲, and 共12兲. Recent studies have shown that, the magnetic
field shear plays an important in the spacial diffusion of the
field lines, and the excursions of field lines significantly dif-
fer from Brownian motions.24
It should be mentioned that, there is a difference be-
tween our numerical model and that of previously analytical
FIG. 19. versus log共储 / ⬜兲 with 0 = 9.0⫻ 10−4 , 1.2⫻ 10−3 , 1.8⫻ 10−3,
theories.17–20 Our model is a local stochastic field due to the
and 2.1⫻ 10−3 and m / n = 30/ 19, 30/ 20, 30/ 21, and 30/22. The dotted
curve is the result for only the 3/2 and 4/3 island and 0 = 2.1⫻ 10−3. is overlap of two or several islands, while in Ref. 20 a infinite
smaller for the 4 island case due to the smaller wc. stochastic field is assumed. It is not clear whether such a
Downloaded 24 Sep 2010 to 130.237.45.46. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://pop.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions
062310-10 Q. Yu Phys. Plasmas 13, 062310 共2006兲
difference could lead to the difference in the scaling of r served in tokamak experiments.3,12,33,34 Theoretically, the mi-
with the magnetic shear and the perturbation amplitude, al- crotearing mode could lead to small islands.10 It has been
though r ⬃ 储 is obtained from the numerical results for a shown recently that the drift-tearing mode with high mode
sufficiently large perturbation amplitude and 储 / ⬜. Future numbers can be driven unstable by the electron temperature
calculations using a nonlocal stochastic field and including gradient due to the perpendicular heat transport.11 Further
more Fourier components of magnetic perturbations will be investigation on the nonlinear mode saturation is necessary
helpful for a further comparison with Eq. 共10兲. for calculating their effect on the transport.
Equation 共A14兲 has an important implication on the heat In summary, it is found in the present paper that:
diffusion across a stochastic field where 储 / ⬜ is not high 共1兲 The heat transport across a single island is deter-
enough. For the tokamak edge parameters Te = 100 eV, ne mined the parameter w / wc. The normalized enhanced radial
= 1019 m−3 , Lq = q / q⬘ = a , R / a = 3 , n = 2, and an anomalous heat diffusivity due to the island, r / ⬜, has a radial width
perpendicular heat diffusivity, ⬜ = 0.5 m2 / s, one finds being about the island width and a maximal value at the
储 / ⬜ = 1.7⫻ 108 and wc = 0.03a by using the classical paral- rational surface being proportional to 共w / wc兲2 for w / wc ⬎ 3.
lel electron heat conductivity 储 = 3.16vTee. This means that While for w / wc ⬍ 1 , r / ⬜ ⬀ 共w / wc兲4. Between these two
for smaller islands 共w ⬍ 0.03a兲 the field ergodicity plays no limits there is a transition region around w / wc = 1.8. The en-
role, and the heat diffusion is determined by the additive ergy confinement degradation significantly increases with
effect of individual islands. Only for sufficiently large islands w / wc from w / wc = 1 to 7.2.
or high Te, the ergodicity dominates the radial transport. 共2兲 The heat transport across a local stochastic magnetic
The validity of Eq. 共4兲 and the constant 储 assumption in field due to the overlap of two or several neighboring islands
our calculations should be discussed. It was shown by the is also characterized by w / wc. For w ⬍ wc, the heat transport
analytical theory that, the classical heat conductivity 储c is is determined by the additive effects of the individual islands
valid for k储e ⬍ 1. While for k储e ⬎ 1 , 储 ⬇ vTe / k储, where k储 as predicted by Eq. 共A14兲. Around w = 1.7wc there is a tran-
= B0 · k / 兩B0兩 and k is the wave vector of the island.28 In the sition region where r slowly increases with 储, and the ad-
lowest order k储 = n 兩 r − rs 兩 / 共LqR兲, where rs is the minor radius ditive effects of the individual islands is still important. For
of the rational surface. With the parameters mentioned sufficiently large w / wc , w / wc ⬎ 3 , r approximately scales
above, k储e ⬎ 1 leads to 兩r − rs 兩 ⬎ 0.24a. For an island with its with 储.
width w ⬍ 0.24a, across the island region 储 is still by 储c. 共3兲 The fluid regime should be replaced by the quasilin-
Since Te is essentially a constant in the island region, the ear results given by Eq. 共A14兲, and the Kadomsev-Pogutse
assumption of a constant 储 is reasonable. In the outer region regime is not found from the numerical results. As for the
away from the island one has k储e ⬎ 1 and 储 ⬇ vTe / k储. In this Rechester-Rosenbluth regime, the scaling r ⬃ 储 is obtained
region, however, the use of 储 ⬇ vTe / k储 or 储c will lead to the from the numerical results for w wc, but the scaling of r
same result: the temperature along the field lines becomes a with the magnetic shear and the perturbation amplitude is
constant due to the fast parallel transport, since both forms of different for a local stochastic field.
储 are large enough to lead to 储 / ⬜ 1 共see Fig. 4 and
Appendix兲. Therefore, for the above case, being relevant to APPENDIX: QUASILINEAR ANALYSIS
the tokamak edge plasmas such as those in the dynamic er-
godic divertor and the edge stochastic field,31,32 the use of 储c In this appendix r is analyzed in the limit that
leads to the correct results both in the island and in the outer 储 / ⬜ 1 but w / wc 1. Assuming ne , 储 and ⬜ to be con-
region. stant, in steady state Eq. 共4兲 becomes
For a higher electron temperature and density, Te 储 ⵜ · 共ⵜ储Te兲 + ⬜ ⵜ · 共ⵜ⬜Te兲 + P共r兲/ne = 0. 共A1兲
= 1 keV, ne = 5 ⫻ 1019 m−3, and the other parameters being
the same as mentioned above, one finds 储c / ⬜ = 1.1⫻ 1010, When there is only one Fourier component of magnetic
and k储e ⬎ 1 leads to 兩r − rs 兩 / a ⬎ 0.012. Since the region perturbations, B1 = ⵜ1 ⫻ et with
k储e ⬍ 1 is very narrow for a high Te case, a modified form of 1共r, , 兲 = 1共r兲cos共兲, 共A2兲
储 , 储 = 储c关1 + 共3.16ek储兲2兴1/2 was used before,30 which re-
duces to 储c in the limit k储e 1 and to vTe / k储 in the opposite Te can be expressed in terms of Fourier series,
limit. However, as mentioned in the Introduction, 储 = vTe / k储 Te = T0/0共r,t兲 + 兺 关Tk共r,t兲exp共ik兲 + c.c.兴/2, 共A3兲
is only a crude approximation for the k储e 1 limit.29 Future
calculations with a more exact model for the parallel heat where = m + n is the helical angle, and the summation is
flux is necessary for high ratio of 储 / ⬜. over k from k = 1 to infinity.
In our work only the electron heat transport is studied. If the island width w is much smaller than the critical
For the ion heat transport across magnetic islands, the results island width wc, one can define a small expansion parameter
are expected to be similar. Since the parallel ion heat trans- ␦ = w / wc. Taking the operator 兰d cos / with the integra-
port are 共mi / me兲1/2 times slower than the electron’s, the cor- tion from = 0 to 2, it is found from Eqs. 共A1兲–共A3兲 that in
responding wc is 共mi / me兲1/8 times larger, leading to a factor the lowest order in ␦
about 3 for a deuterium plasma. Therefore, a larger island
储共− k2储 T1 + ik储b1rT0⬘/B0t兲 + ⬜ ⵜ · 共ⵜ⬜T1兲 = 0, 共A4兲
width is required to affect the ion temperature profile.
The heat transport is studied here with given perturbed where k储 = k1 · B0 / 兩B0兩, and k1 is the wave vectors of B1. In
magnetic fields. Spontaneous growing islands are often ob- Eq. 共A4兲 the terms containing Tk with k ⱖ 2 are neglected
Downloaded 24 Sep 2010 to 130.237.45.46. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://pop.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions
062310-11 Numerical modeling of diffusive heat transport¼ Phys. Plasmas 13, 062310 共2006兲
f共z兲 = −
z
2
冕0
1
d共1 − 2兲−1/4 exp共− z2/2兲. 共A8兲 ␦T共z兲 = − 兺
w4k
4
8wc,k
T0⬘共r兲gk共zk兲 共A13兲
Downloaded 24 Sep 2010 to 130.237.45.46. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://pop.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions
062310-12 Q. Yu Phys. Plasmas 13, 062310 共2006兲
15
共A14兲 covers the Kadomsev-Pogutse regime, indicating that Z. Chang and J. D. Callen, Nucl. Fusion 30, 219 共1990兲.
16
R. Fitzpatrick, Phys. Plasmas 2, 825 共1995兲.
Eqs. 共11兲 and 共12兲 are problematic. The Rechester- 17
A. B. Rechester and M. N. Rosenbluth, Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 38 共1978兲.
Rosenbluth regime, Eq. 共10兲, is valid for k ⬍ ⬜ 共in addition 18
T. H. Stix, Nucl. Fusion 18, 353 共1978兲.
to 储 ⬍ k兲, leading to 兺⌳k ⬎ A3. It is seen that the valid re- 19
B. B. Kadomtsev and O. P. Pogutse, “Plasma Physics and Controlled
gime of Eq. 共A14兲 could well extend into the Rechester- Fusion Research 1978,” Proceedings of the 7th International Conference,
Rosenbluth regime, especially for the case with smaller per- Innsbruck 共International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1979兲, Vol. 1, p.
649.
turbation amplitudes in a large magnetic shear region. 20
J. A. Krommers, C. Oberman, and R. G. Kleva, J. Plasma Phys. 30, 11
1
共1983兲.
H. P. Furth, J. Killen, and M. N. Rosenbluth, Phys. Fluids 6, 459 共1963兲. 21
A. B. Rechester, M. N. Rosenbluth, and R. B. White, Phys. Rev. Lett. 42,
2
J. Wesson, Tokamaks 共Clarendon, Oxford, 1987兲. 1247 共1979兲.
3
J. A. Wesson, R. D. Gill, M. Hugon, F. C. Schüller et al., Nucl. Fusion 29, 22
A. H. Boozer and R. B. White, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 786 共1979兲.
641 共1989兲. 23
4 E. Vanden Eijnden and R. Balescu, Phys. Plasmas 4, 270 共1997兲.
Z. Chang, J. D. Callen, E. D. Fredrickson et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4663 24
M. de Rover, A. M. R. Schilham, A. Montvai, and N. J. Lopes Cardozo,
共1995兲.
5 Phys. Plasmas 6, 2443 共1999兲.
H. Zohm, G. Gantenbein, A. Gude, S. Günter et al., Nucl. Fusion 41, 197 25
R. J. Bickerton, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 39, 339 共1997兲.
共2001兲. 26
6
S. Günter, A. Gude, M. Maraschek, S. Sesnic, H. Zohm et al., Phys. Rev. P. C. Liewer, Nucl. Fusion 25, 543 共1985兲.
27
Lett. 87, 275001 共2001兲. S. Günter, Q. Yu, J. Krüger, and K. Lackner, J. Comput. Phys. 209, 35
7
S. Günter, A. Gude, M. Maraschek, Q. Yu, and the ASDEX Upgrade 共2005兲.
28
Team, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 41, 767 共1999兲. Z. Chang and J. D. Callen, Phys. Fluids B 4, 1167 共1992兲.
29
8
R. J. La Haye, L. L. Lao, E. J. Strait, and T. S. Taylor, Nucl. Fusion 37, G. W. Hammett, F. W. Perkins et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 3019 共1990兲.
30
397 共1997兲. Q. Yu, S. Günter, G. Giruzzi, K. Lackner, and M. Zabiego, Phys. Plasmas
9
Q. Yu, S. Günter, and K. Lackner, Phys. Plasmas 11, 140 共2004兲. 7, 312 共2000兲.
10 31
N. T. Gladd, J. F. Drake, C. L. Zhang, and C. S. Liu, Phys. Fluids 23, 1182 R. C. Wolf, W. Biel, M. F. M. de Bock et al., Nucl. Fusion 45, 1700
共1980兲. 共2005兲.
11 32
Q. Yu, S. Günter, and B. D. Scott, Phys. Plasmas 10, 797 共2003兲. T. E. Evans, R. A. Moyer, P. R. Thomas et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92,
12
Q. Yu, S. Günter, K. Lackner et al., Nucl. Fusion 40, 2031 共2000兲. 235003 共2004兲.
13 33
E. Strumberger, J. Nucl. Mater. 266-269, 1207 共1999兲. A. Gude, S. Günter, S. Sesnic, and the ASDEX Upgrade Team, Nucl.
14
Ph. Ghendrih, A. Grosman, and H. Capes, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion Fusion 39, 127 共1999兲.
34
38, 1653 共1996兲. E. D. Fredrickson, Phys. Plasmas 9, 548 共2002兲.
Downloaded 24 Sep 2010 to 130.237.45.46. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://pop.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions