YogVashisth Part 4 Ashram Edition

ŸyÕ - 1] ZÙ>$$∫°uZÙ
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ydu„°∫tF°≤°t°∫d
fit# $$ 1721
N°<ÌJ¡<b ZÙtπ°vtÙ<J¡tF°tC<fi≈®dÙw
ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d
≈≤tFaŸ ZÙtÌg N°fiaÌ f°u@u∏B Ÿ≤_bwÙ ≈®dÙw
"ZÙb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d' (w°Ã≈∫Õ≈®J¡°„°¶∫Δ∫°¶∫°Ÿ<Fw) J¡° <F∏ÌÙ NfiCb°Ì
<fib°Õd-≈®J¡≤d W≤°@Õ
nhbm gJ©
__Vm, Ah§H$ma Ed§ g§H$ën-{dH$ën go a{hV OrdÝ_wŠV nwéf O¡gm OrdZ`mnZ Am¡a
AmMaU H$aVo h¢ d¡gm {Zd©MZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE `w[ŠV H$m H$WZ &
Bg {Zdm©U-àH$aU Ho$ nydm©Y© _| lram_Or H$s g_m{Y Ho$ àXe©Zì`mO go `h Xem©`m J`m {H$
Omo CÎm_A{YH$mar nwéf h¢ CZHo$ ~ma-~ma {H$ò Jò ldU H$m O~ n[anmH$ hmo OmVm h¡ V~
AmË_gmjmËH$maê$n kmZ H$m Am{d^m©d hmoH$a na_nX _| VËH$mb hr CZH$s {dlm[ÝV hmo OmVr
h¡ & A~ Eogo Omo CÎm_A{YH$mar h¢ CZH$s {H$gr àmaãY Ho$ ~b go H$Xm{MV² g_m{Y Qy>Q> ^r Om`,
Vmo ^r {Og ar{V go Cg na_ nX _| {ZaÝVa {dlm[ÝV AZm`mg {gÕ hmo Om gH$Vr h¡ Cg ar{V
go CÎmamoÎma H$s ^y{_H$mAm| _| CÝh| M‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE Bg CÎmamY© àH$aU H$m Amaå^ {H$`m OmVm h¡ &
Bg àH$aU _| g~go nhbo "Ah§ __o{V g§{dXZ²' (c) `h Omo nyd© àH$aU Ho$ AÝV _| H$hm J`m h¡
CgH$mo boH$a - ho _hmamO, H$ënZmO{ZV Xoh-YmaU Am{X ì`dhma g~ H$ënZmAm| H$m n[aË`mJ
H$a XoZo na H¡$go {gÕ hmo gH$Vm h¡, Eogr lram_MÝÐOr Ame§H$m H$aVo h¢ &
lram_^Ð Zo H$hm … ho ~«÷Z², Xoh, àmU Am{X _| O~ nwéf AhÝVm, __Vm Am{X
H$ënZmE± N>mo‹S> XoVm h¡ V~ g~ Vah H$s {H«$`mAm| H$s em[ÝV hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU Xoh H$mo R>rH$-
R>rH$ aIZodmbr VWm CgH$s nmofH$ àmU Am{X MoîQ>mE± Cg nwéf _| ahoJr hr Zht & Eogr Xem
_| CgH$m eara VËH$mb hr {Ja OmòJm, AV… AmnZo gd©H$ënZmË`mJr nwéf Ho$ {bE Omo
ì`dhma Am{X h_| ~Vbmò, do H¡$go hmo gH$Vo h¢ ? &&1&&
nwéf H$m OrdZ H$ënZmYrZ Zht h¡, {Oggo {H$ H$ënZmË`mJ go eara Ë`mJ H$m àg§J
hmo Om`, {H$ÝVw OrdZ ^moJOZH$ àmaãY Ho$ AYrZ h¡ & Agb _| {dMma {H$`m Om`, Vmo
H$ënZmË`mJ hr OrdZ Ho$ AYrZ h¡, Bg{bE AnZo CnOrì` OrdZ H$m H$ënZmË`mJ H¡$go
~mY H$a gH$Vm h¡ ? Eogr Xem _| H$ënZmË`mJ hmoZo na OrdZ H$m Z ahZm hr {déÕ h¡,
Bg Ame` go _hmamO d{gîR>Or g_mYmZ H$aVo h¢ &
(c) Ah§ __o{V g§{dXÝZ Xw…IVmo {d_wÀ`Vo & Ag§{dXZ² {d_wÀ`Vo `Xr[ßgV§ VXmMa &$& {Z.ny.126$&102
1722 ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d [<fib°Õd-≈®J¡≤d W≤°@Õ
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, Omo nwéf OrdZgånÝZ h¡ CgrH$m H$ënZmË`mJ
hmo gH$Vm h¡ & Omo OrdZgånÝZ Zht h¡ CgH$m Zht hmo gH$Vm & Bg H$ënZmË`mJ H$m ñdê$n {Og
àH$ma go OrdZ{déÕ Zht h¡ Cgr àH$ma go _¢ dU©Z H$aZo Om ahm hÿ±, Cgo Amn gw{Zò & dh H$mZm|
Ho$ {bE AË`ÝV hr _Ywa h¡ &&2&& ^Ð, AmË_m H$mo eara Am{X Ho$-O¡gm N>moQ>m Omo _mZ ~¡R>Vm h¡
Cgo hr H$ënZm Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo OmZZodmbo {dÛmZ² H$ënZm H$hVo h¢ Am¡a AmË_m H$mo AmH$me Ho$
gÑe An[a[ÀN>ÝZ OmZH$a AnZo nma_m{W©H$ ñdê$n H$m {ZaÝVa Omo AZwgÝYmZ H$aZm h¡, Cgo
H$ënZmË`mJ H$hVo h¢ &&3&& H$ënZm Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo OmZZodmbo {dÛmZ AmË_m H$s n[a[ÀN>ÝZ nXmWm]
Ho$ gÑe ^mdZm H$mo hr H$ënZm H$hVo h¢ Am¡a AmH$me Ho$ gÑe An[a[ÀN>ÝZ na_mW© ñdê$n H$s
^mdZm H$mo g§H$ënË`mJ H$hVo h¢ &&4&& CÎm_ _hmZw^md bmoJ `h gånyU© Xohm{X Ñí` dñVw
na_mW©gË` h¡- Bg A{^_mZ H$mo hr H$ënZm H$hVo h¢ Am¡a My±{H$ Ñí` AmH$me Ho$ H$m`© ^yVMVwîQ>`
H$m {dH$ma h¡, Bg{bE VÎdV… AHo$bm AmH$meê$n AW© hr ñ\w$[aV hmoVm h¡, `m| AW© Ho$ n`m©bmoMZ
H$mo g§H$ën H$m Ë`mJ H$hVo h¢ & ò XmoZm| hr ^«mÝVnwéf Ho$ AZw^d Ho$ {déÕ hmoZo na ^r OrdZ Ho$
{déÕ Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ Or aho nwéf H$s hr ^«m[ÝV H$s {Zd¥{Îm XoIr OmVr h¡, `h VmËn`© h¡ &&5&&
ho am_Or, {df`m| Ho$ ñ_aU H$mo Amn g§H$ën Om{Zò VWm `h ^r OmZ br{Oò {H$ {df`m| Ho$
Añ_aU H$mo {dÛmZ² bmoJ {edñdê$n g_PVo h¢ & dh ñ_aU AZw^yV Am¡a AZw^yV `m| Xmo Vah H$m
H$hm OmVm h¡ AWm©V² ^yV Am¡a ^mdr XmoZm| Vah Ho$ {df`m| H$m ñ_aU hmoVm h¡ &&6&& ho _hm_Vo,
AZw^yV d AZZw^yV XmoZm| Vah H$s ñ_¥{V`m| H$m {dñ_aU H$a VWm AZZw{_{V Am{X AÝ` g~
d¥{Îm`m| H$m ^r erK« {dñ_aU H$a An[a[ÀN>ÝZ ~«÷mH$ma _| brZ hmoH$a Amn H$mîR> Ho$ Vwë` Ñ‹T>
Am¡a {ZíMb ~ZH$a {MaH$mb VH$ Or{dV a{hò &&7&&
ì`dhmaH$mb _| Vmo ñ_¥{V_mÌ H$m {ZamoY H$aZm Mm{hE, `h H$hVo h¢ &
g~ nXmWm] Ho$ {dñ_aU go `wŠV hmoH$a àmaãY àmßV H$m`m] _| Amn [ñWV a{hò, Š`m|{H$
nyd©OÝ_ Ho$ Ñ‹T> Aä`mg_mÌ go hmoZodmbo ñVZnmZ Am{X H$_m] go AY©gwßV ~mbH$ Ho$ ñnÝXZ Ho$
gÑe nydm©na-ñ_¥{V H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht ahVr &&8&& g§H$ëneyÝ` àdmh go `mZr {H$gr à`moOZ
Ed§ CÔoí` Ho$ {~Zm hr EH$_mÌ nyd© Ho$ g§ñH$ma go Hw$åhma H$m MH«$ H¥$VH$m`© hmoZo na ^r O~ VH$ doJ
ZîQ> Zht hmo OmVm V~ VH$ O¡go ^«_U {H$`m hr H$aVm h¡, d¡go hr ho nmneyÝ` lram_Or, Amn ^r
AnZo H$_m] _| nyd©OÝ_ Ho$ g§ñH$ma Ho$ de go MoîQ>m H$aVo a{hò &&9&& jrU {MÎm go `wŠV AVEd
dmgZmeyÝ` _Z Ho$ g§ñH$ma Ho$ doJ go AZwJV hmoH$a ho lram_Or, Amn àdmhn{VV hr AnZo H$_m]
_| MoîQ>m H$aVo a{hò &&10&& _¢ D$na hmW CR>mH$a ~ma-~ma D±$Mo ñda go {MëbmH$a `h H$h ahm
hÿ± bo{H$Z H$moB© Cgo gwZVm hr Zht {H$ g§H$ënË`mJ hr na_ lo` H$m gånmXH$ h¡ AV… CgH$s
^mdZm Vw_ bmoJ AnZo öX` _| Š`m| Zht H$aVo ? &&11&& Ahmo, Bg _moh H$m _mhmËå` Vmo XoImo {H$
ŸyÕ - 1] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1723
`h gånyU© Xw…Im| H$mo Nw>‹S>mZodmbm {dMmaZm_H$ {MÝVm_{U öX` _| [ñWV ahVo hþE ^r g~ _Zwî`m|
go Ë`ŠV hmo ahm h¡ &&12&& Ñí`-Xe©Z go {Z_w©ŠV Omo AmË_VÎd h¡ dhr _w»` Ag§H$ën h¡ & ho
lram_Or, Amn VÝ_` hr hmo OmBò & `hr na_ lo` h¡, BgH$m Amn ñd`§ AZw^d H$a br{Oò &&13&&
ho lram_Or, Bg_| V{ZH$ ^r gÝXoh Zht h¡ {H$ g§H$ën H$s MoîQ>m N>mo‹S>H$a EH$_mÌ MwnMmn
[ñWV ahZo go hr dh na_ nX àmßV hmo OmVm h¡, Ohm± na `h gånyU© {haÊ`J^© VH$ H$m ^r
gm_«mÁ` V¥U H$s ZmBª VwÀN> ~Z OmVm h¡ &&14&&
àmŠVZ g§H$ënà`wŠV {H«$`mAm| Ho$ doJ go hr doJj`n`©ÝV Omo ì`dhma H$s {g{Õ hmoVr h¡,
Cg_| nhbo H$ho Jò ÑîQ>mÝV H$mo {\$a H$hVo h¢ &
AnZo EH$_mÌ JÝVì`ñWmZ J¥h Am{X H$s Amoa OmZo Ho$ {bE VËna n{WH$ Ho$ n¡a _| ñnÝXZ
{~Zm g§H$ën Ho$ hr à{VjU hmoVo ahVo h¢ `mZr Cg n{WH$ Ho$ n¡a AnZo A^rîQ> ñWmZ H$s Amoa
OmZo Ho$ {bE g§H$ëna{hV hr hmoH$a ~o-amoH$-Q>moH$ CR>Vo OmVo h¢, d¡go hr ho lram_Or, Amn ^r
g§H$ëneyÝ` hmoH$a hr AnZo H$_m] _| ñnÝXZ H$aVo M{bò &&15&&
"AdoXZ_g§H$ënñVÝ_òZ¡d ^y`Vm_²' `h Omo D$na H$hm J`m h¡ CgH$m ì`dhmaH$mb _| ^r
CnnmXZ H$aVo h¢ &
ho lram_Or, g_ñV H$_© Am¡a CZHo$ {dñV¥V \$bm| H$mo, gmoò hþE H$s ZmBª, {~bHw$b ^ybH$a
àdmhn{VV (àmaãYmZwgma àmßV hþE) H$_© Ho$ {bE g§H$ëneyÝ` hmoH$a ñnÝXZ H$aVo M{bò &&16&&
O¡go ñdV… g§H$ën go {Z_w©ŠV EH$ N>moQ>m-gm V¥U dm`w Am{X Ho$ àdmh _| n‹S>H$a Xygao V¥U
Am{X Ho$ gmW g§`moJ Am¡a {d`moJê$n H$m`© _| ñnÝXZerb ~ZVm h¡ d¡go hr ho lram_Or, Amn
^r gwI Am¡a Xw…I H$s Hw$N> ^r ^mdZm Z H$aVo hþE g§H$ën{Z_w©ŠV hmoH$a àdmhn{VV AnZo
H$m`© _| MoîQ>merb ~Zo a{hò &&17&& Xygam| Ho$ H$m¡VwH$ Ho$ {bE Z¥Ë` Am{X H$a ahr-gr [ñWV
H$R>nwVbr H$mo O¡go ZQ> Ho$ g_mZ l§¥Jma Am{X ag H$s ^mdZm Zht hmoVr, d¡go hr àmaãYàmßV
H$_© H$a aho AmnH$mo ^r öX` Ho$ ^rVa H$m`m] _|, {df`gwI _| _yI© H$s ZmBª, ag H$s ^mdZm
(H$m¡VwH$ ~w{Õ) {~bHw$b Z hmo &&18&& g_ñV B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ Ûmam {df`m| Ho$ AZw^d AmnH$mo Eogo
Zrag _mby_ n‹S>,o O¡go {H$ ho_ÝV F$Vw _| {g\©$ AnZo AmH$ma_mÌ go {XImB© Xo ahr bVmE± &&19&&
~moYê$nr gy`© {OgHo$ agH$m (^mdZm H$m) nmZ H$a J`m h¡, Eogr n§MH$moe g§d{bV {MXm^mg,
_Zg{hV àmUdJ©, kmZo[ÝÐ`dJ©, H$_}[ÝÐ`dJ©, kmZH$_}[ÝÐ`dJ© g{hV AÝV…H$aU Am¡a eara-
BZ N>… ñnÝXZ`wŠV fQ²>dJm}ª H$s gÎmm go `wŠV Amn `ÝÌJV ñnÝXZ Ho$ g_mZ Eogo [ñWV a{hò,
O¡go bVm go do[îQ>V {e{ea F$Vw _| Zrag d¥j [ñWV ahVm h¡ &&20&&
^bm Zrag fS²>dJ© H$m OrdZ H¡$go ah gH$Vm h¡, Bg Ame§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
AmdaUeyÝ` ^y_mZÝXñdê$n {M{V hr fS²>dJ© H$m OrdZ H$s nw[îQ> Am{X _| hoVw^yV AmÝV[aH$
ag h¡ & ñd^mdV… ~mø {df`-agm| Ho$ AmñdmX _| àd¥Îm hþE ^r fS²>dJm] H$mo CYa go AnZo `ËZ go
hQ>mH$a CÝh| AnZo OrdZ H$s nw[îQ> _| hoVw^yV {M{Vê$nr AmÝV[aH$ ag H$s Amoa bo Om H$aHo$ Eogo
{Obmò a{hò, O¡go ho_ÝVF$Vw ~mhar Ob Ho$ A^md _| ^r AnZo AmÝV[aH$ ag go hr d¥jm| H$mo
{Obmò ahVr h¡ &&21&&
B[ÝÐ`d¥{Îm`m| H$mo {df`m| H$s Amoa OmZo go Z amoH$Zo _| VWm CÝh| gag ~Zmò aIZo _| Š`m
hmoJm ? Bg Ame§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
`{X AmnH$s B[ÝÐ`d¥{Îm`m± ~mø {df`m| H$s Amoa bJr ahoJr VWm Amn CÝh| gag ~Zmò
aI|Jo, Vmo Mmho Amn {df`m| H$m Cn^moJ H$a| `m Z H$a|, {H$ÝVw AmnH$m `h g§gma Ho$ AZWm]
H$m g_yh Vmo H$^r ^r emÝV Z hmoJm &&22&& g§H$ëneyÝ` hmoH$a `{X Amn dm`w, A{½ZÁdmbm,
`ÝÌ Am¡a Ob Ho$ g_mZ ñnÝX H$aVo ah|Jo, V~ Vmo Amn AË`ÝV lo` Ho$ {bE g_W© hmo
gH|$Jo &&23&& OÝ_ê$nr Áda Ho$ {ZdmaU Ho$ {bE `hr g~go ~‹T>H$a CÎm_ Cnm` h¡ {H$ AnZo
H$_m] _| Omo H$V¥©Ëd Aä`ñV hmo, dh dmgZma{hV hmo &&24&& dmgZmAm| Am¡a g§H$ënm| go eyÝ`
hmoH$a àmaãY-àmßV H$m`m] Ho$ AZwgma ~Vm©d H$a aho Amn MmH$ Ho$ D$na ^«_U H$aZodmbo
g[ÝZdoe (KQ>m{X aMZm {deof) H$s ZmBª Yrao-Yrao CÎmamoÎma Cne_erb hmoVo hþE AnZo H$_m]©
_| ñnÝX H$aVo a{hò &&25&& H$_©\$b _| AmnH$s AmgŠV ~w{Õ Z hmo Am¡a H$_m] Ho$ Ë`mJ _|
^r AmnH$s Amg[ŠV (H$_©Ë`mJ Ho$ \$b _| Amg[ŠV) Z hmo & BZ XmoZm| H$m Amn Ë`mJ H$a
Xr{Oò `m Amn BZ XmoZm| H$m Aml` H$s{Oò & \$b _| Amg[ŠV Z H$aZo na H$_© H$aZo `m
N>mo‹S> XoZo _| Hw$N> ^r {deofVm Zht ahVr &&26&&
ho lram_Or, A~ Bg {df` _| Am¡a A{YH$ H$hZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht h¡ & g§jon _|
`hr H$h XoVm hÿ± {H$ g§H$ën hr _Z H$m ~ÝYZ h¡ Am¡a CgH$m A^md hr _w[ŠV h¡ &&27&&
`hm± na Z H$ht H$moB© H$m`© h¡ Am¡a Z H$ht H$moB© AH$m`© (Ë`mÁ`) h¡, {H$ÝVw g~ AO, emÝV,
AZÝV VWm {edñdê$n ~«÷ hr h¡, Bg{bE ho lram_Or Amn O¡go h¢ d¡go hr [ñWV
a{hò &&28&& gm§gm[aH$ g~ H$m`© {Z[îH«$` ~«÷ê$n h¢ Am¡a {Z[îH«$` ~«÷^md _| [ñW{V Adí`
H$aZm Mm{hE - `m| XoIVo hþE Amn na_mW© M¡VÝ`ê$n hmoH$a gwInyd©H$ emÝV ~¡R>o a{hò &&29&&
ho lram_Or, {df`m| Ho$ {dñ_aU H$mo hr {MÎm H$m j` VWm Ord~«÷¡Š`ê$n `moJ H$hVo h¢,
Bg{bE Amn Cg_| AË`ÝV VÝ_` hmoH$a O¡go h¢ d¡go hr [ñWV a{hò &&30&&
ñnÝXeyÝ` hmoH$a MwnMmn ~¡R>o ahZm Vmo EH$_mÌ Xw…IXm`H$ hr hmoJm, O¡go {H$ Am_-dmV go
O‹S> ~Zm {X`m J`m eara Xw…IXm`r hmoVm h¡, Bg e§H$m H$m dmaU H$aVo h¢ &
g_, emÝV, {ed, gyú_, Û¡V Ed§ EoŠ` go d{O©V, ì`mnH$, AZÝV Am¡a ewÕ na~«÷ H$s
àm{ßV hmo OmZo na H$m¡Z {H$g{bE {IÝZ hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? &&31&& _é^y{_ _| A§Hw$a H$s ZmBª Amn_|
ŸyÕ - 2] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1725
g§H$ën H$m CX` Z hmo VWm nËWa Ho$ CXa _| bVm H$s ZmBª Amn _| BÀN>m ^r C{XV Z hmo &&32&&
g§H$ëneyÝ` emÝV nwéf H$mo Or{dV ahVo `m Z ahVo Bg g§gma _| {H$ò `m Z {H$ò Jò bm¡{H$H$
`m d¡{XH$ H$_m] go Bg bmoH$ `m nabmoH$ Ho$ {bE H$moB© ^r \$b Zht hmoVm &&33&&
Š`m| Zht hmoVm, Bg e§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_Or, My±{H$ Amn H$_© Am¡a AH$_© BZ XmoZm| Ho$ ~mY H$s Ad{Y h¢ `mZr ò XmoZm| Amn_|
EH$ê$n go {_b MwHo$ h¢, Bg{bE H$_© AH$_m©Ë_H$ hþE gXm AôXê$n AmnHo$ àm{V^m{gH$ H$_©ê$n
go {ddV©_mZ hmoZo na ^r dñVwV… Amn_| H$_©Vm Zht h¡ Am¡a àm{V^m{gH$ H$Vm©ê$n go {ddV©_mZ
hmoZo na ^r dñVwV… H$V©¥Vm Zht h¡ Ÿ& _oao H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ {Og _Zwî` H$mo H$_© Am¡a
H$V©¥Ëd Am{X _| gË`Ëd~w{Õ ahVr h¡ CgrH$mo H$_©\$b {_bVo h¢, gmo Vmo Amn_| h¡ hr Zht &&34&&
`hr H$maU h¡ {H$ Xohm{X _| "Ah§, __' Bg Vah H$m kmZ aIZodmbo H$mo hr {d{Y Am¡a {ZfoY
emóm| Ho$ A{YH$ma go H$_©H¥$V ~ÝYZ hmoVm h¡, Xygao H$mo Zht, `h Omo nhbo H$hm Om MwH$m h¡, Cgo
hr {\$a H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_Or,"Ah§', "__' (`h _¢ hÿ±, `h _oam h¡) `h ^mdZm H$a aho Amn gm§gm[aH$ Xw…Im|
go Nw>Q>H$mam Zht nm gH$Vo VWm "Ah§', "__' `h ^mdZm Z H$a aho Amn _w[ŠV nm gH$Vo h¢, AV…
BZ_| Omo AmnH$mo AÀN>m bJo dhr H$s{Oò &&35&&
ho lram_Or, "Ah§', "__' `h gd©Wm Zht h¡ & Omo h¡ gmo Ho$db na_ {ed hr h¡ & ^y_mZÝX
{ed go AÝ` `h Ñí`ê$n àm{V^m{gH$ OJV Vmo A{Zd©MZr` (AdñVw) hr h¡ &&36&&
BgrH$mo ñnîQ>ê$n go H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
ho am_^Ð, Omo Hw$N> `h OJV² {XImB© Xo ahm h¡, dh gwdU© H$s H$Q>H$ A§JX Am{X ê$nVm Ho$
gÑe Ho$db àVr{V_mÌ h¡, CgH$s n¥WH²$ gÎmm Zht h¡ & AmË_m go {^ÝZ BgH$m AZw^d Z H$aZm
hr BgH$m Zme h¡ & AmË_m Ho$ AkmZ H$m Zme hmoZo Ho$ AZÝVa Ad{eîQ> Ñí`-~mY H$m A{YîR>mZ
Vmo kmZ H$m A{df` hr h¡ & Bgr H$mo AZw^dr bmoJ gË`, EH$ Am¡a na_ nwéfmW© H$hVo h¢ &&37&&
nhbm gJ© g_mßV
Xygam gJ©
gånyU© OJV² _| {ed_`ê$nVm ~VbmZo Ho$ ~mX H$_© Ho$ ~rO H$m
AÝdofU H$aHo$ CgH$m g_yb {ZdmaU {H$`m OmVm h¡, `h dU©Z Ÿ&
"gdª {ed_`§ emÝV_ZÝV§ àm½dXmñ`Vm_²' (g~ AO, emÝV, AZÝV VWm {ed_` ~«÷ hr
h¡, Bg{bE ho lram_Or, Amn O¡go nhbo Wo d¡go hr [ñWV a{hò) `h Omo H$hm J`m h¡, CgH$m
`hm± CnnmXZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE nhbo à{Vkm H$aVo h¢ &
lram_MÝÐOr, Û¡VVm Am¡a EH$Vm go a{hV, _ZZeyÝ`, emÝV AmË_m hr AnZo nma_m{W©H$
ñd^md _| VÎd-Ñ[îQ> go Ad[ñWV h¡ & {Og Vah {_Å>r H$s goZm {_Å>r_` h¡ Cgr Vah {ed H$m
`h gmam g§gma {ed_` h¡ &&1&&
Omo-Omo {M{V go ^mñ` h¡ dh g~ {M{V H$m {ddV© hmoZo go {MÝ_`-{M{V-ñdê$n-hr h¡, Cgo
Mma AÝV…H$aUm| _| H«$_e… Xem©Vo h¢ &
H$mb, AmH$ma, {H«$`m, Zm_ Am¡a AW© go g_[ÝdV _Z, Ah§H$ma, {MÎm Am¡a ~w{Õ Am{Xê$n
g~ {M{V go ^mñ` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {MÝ_` hr () h¡ &&2&&
Bg àH$ma ~mø B[ÝÐ`, B[ÝÐ`m| go O{ZV kmZ VWm kmZ Ho$ Omo {df` h¢ CZ_| ^r
{MX²ì`m[ßVà`wŠV hr Anamoj àH$me h¡, Bg{bE CZ_| ^r {ddoH$s nwéf {edê$nVm H$m hr
AdbmoH$Z H$aVo h¢, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
~mø ê$n, ag, eãX, ñne© Am{X Ho$ AmbmoMZ VWm _ZHo$ H«$_ `mZr ~mø g{dH$ënH$ kmZ
Am¡a CnmXmZ ~w{Õ`m± Ed§ CZHo$ {df` g~Ho$ g~ {edê$nr n§H$_` h¢ &
`m| g^r nXmWm] H$mo {edê$n XoIZo na gånyU© {ÌnwQ>rê$n go EH$_mÌ {ed hr {XImB© XoVm h¡,
{ed go A{V[aŠV H$moB© Xygar dñVw Bg g§gma _| XoIZo _| Zht AmVr, `h H$hVo h¢ &
My±{H$ Bg g§gma H$s g^r dñVwE± AZÝV {edñdê$n n§H$ hr h¢, Bg{bE H$m¡Z {H$ggo àH$m{eV
hmoVm h¡ ? &&3&&
BgrH$mo {\$a ñnîQ>ê$n go ~VbmVo h¢ &
ho lram_Or, à_mVm, à_o` Am¡a à_mU, Xoe, H$mb, {Xem Am{X VWm ^md Am¡a A^md Am{X
{ddV©, ò g~Ho$ g~ {edn§H$_`mË_H$ hr h¢ &&4&&
"Ah§' Am¡a "__' (_¢ Am¡a _oam) BZ Xmo ê$nm| go hr gånyU© {ddVm] H$m g§J«hH$a {\$a "ò g^r
dñVwE± {M{V go ì`mßV h¢' Bg Vah go CZ_| {M{V-ì`m[ßV H$s ^br^m±{V AmbmoMZm H$aZo na
EH$_mÌ {M{V Ho$ hr gmaê$n go ~M OmZo Ho$ H$maU Cg_| [ñW{V gwb^ hmo OmVr h¡, Bgr A{^àm`
go H$hVo h¢ &
My±{H$ ho lram_MÝÐOr, gma^yV na_oída go {^ÝZ "Ah§' "__' BË`m{X {ddV© Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡,
() g~go nhbo `h OmZ boZm Mm{hE {H$ {M{V H$m MoË` ({df`) H$s Amoa CÝ_wI hmoZoê$n
Omo _ZZ h¡ dh {M{V go ì`mßV hr h¡ & VXZÝVa {df`m| H$m A{^_mZ, AÜ`dgm`, ñ_aU, H$m_
Am¡a g§H$ën Am{X Omo d¥{Îm`m± C{XV hmoVr h¢ do ^r {M{V go ì`mßV hr C{XV hmoVr h¢, `h
gdm©Zw^d{gÕ h¡ VWm {M{V Am¡a MoË` H$m gå~ÝYê$n H$mb,{df`m| H$m AmH$ma, CgH$s {H«$`m-
Bg àH$ma Zm_ Am¡a AW© Ho$ g{hV Omo gånyU© AÝV…H$aU H$m g§gaU h¡ dh ^r gmjmV² gmjr
go doÚ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {ed_` hr h¡, `h àËòH$ {dÛmZ² H$mo OmZ boZm Mm{hE &
ŸyÕ - 2] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1727
Bg{bE g§gŠV_{V Z hmoVo hþE `mZr ór, nwÌ Am{X {df`m| _| V{ZH$ ^r Amg[ŠV Z aIVo hþE
Amn {ebm Ho$ CXa _| à{gÕ dmUr Am{X MoîQ>meyÝ` _m¡Z Ho$ g_mZ [ñWV () a{hò &&5&&
AZÝV H$mo{Q> OÝ_m| Ho$ g§{MV nmn Am¡a nwÊ`ê$nr H$_m] H$m Anamojê$n go ^mZ Z hmoZo Ho$
H$maU {ed_`VmAdbmoH$Z Ûmam ~mY {gÕ Vmo hmo Zht gH$Vm, Bg{bE AÝVVmoJËdm O~ VH$
_¥Ë`w Z hmo Om` V~ VH$ MoîQ>meyÝ` hmoH$a ahZmê$n hr CZH$m Ë`mJ EH$_mÌ CZHo$ {ZdmaU _|
Cnm` h¡, Š`m|{H$ kmZr nwéf H$mo H$_© H$aZo go Z Vmo H$moB© \$b {_bZo H$s Anojm h¡ Am¡a Z {ZË`
Ed§ Z¡{_{ÎmH$ H$_m] Ho$ Ë`mJ go àË`dm` bJZo H$s hr Amem h¡, {Oggo {H$ MwnMmn [ñWV ahZm
Cggo Z hmo gHo$Jm, Eogr gå^mdZm H$aHo$ lram_Or nyN>Vo h¢ &
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ho à^mo, "Ah§' "__' BË`m{X Ñí`g_yh H$s AgÐyn go ^mdZm
H$a aho kmZr nwéf H$mo H$_m] Ho$ Ë`mJ go Š`m Aew^ hmoVm h¡ VWm CZHo$ AZwîR>mZ go Š`m
ew^ hmoVm h¡ ? &&6&&
gM_wM AmnH$m Z¡îH$å`© {gÕ hmo Om`, `{X AkmZê$n _yb Ho$ gmW Amn H$_m] H$m Ë`mJ H$a
gH|$ & naÝVw _yb H$m Ë`mJ H$aZm Vmo AË`ÝV hr H${R>Z h¡, `h {XIbmZo Ho$ {bE _hmamO
d{eîR>Or-lram_MÝÐOr _wPgo "H$_m] H$m _yb Š`m h¡' BgH$m {ZíM` H$a nyN> aho h¢ `m `m| hr
nyN> aho h¢- BgH$s narjm H$aZo Ho$ {bE ho lram_Or, AmnZo H$_m|ª H$m ñdê$n H¡$go {Z[íMV {H$`m
h¡, CZH$m \$bmË_H$ {dñVma H¡$gm h¡, CZH$m _yb Š`m h¡, CZ_| Zme `mo½` A§e Am¡a CgH$m
Cnm` AmnZo H¡$gm {Z[íMV {H$`m h¡- `h nyN>V| h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho {Zînmn lram_Or, _¢ Amngo nyN> ahm hÿ± Cgo erK« H${hò &
`{X dmñVd _| Amn OmZVo hm|, Vmo H${hò, H$_© {H$go H$hVo h¢ ? &&7&& H$_© H$m {dñVma H¡$gm h¡,
CgH$m _yb Š`m h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ {H$g A§e H$m Zme {H$`m OmVm h¡ ? `mZr CgH$m ZmeZr` A§e
H$m¡Z h¡ ? Am¡a dh {H$g Vah ZîQ> hmoVm h¡ & `h ^r AÀN>r Vah H${hò &&8&&
lram_Or Zo H$hm … ho ^JdmZ², Omo ZmeZr` A§e h¡, CgH$m ^br^m±{V _ybmoÀN>oXnyd©H$ Zme
H$a XoZm Mm{hE, Ho$db emIm Am{X H$mo H$VaH$a Zht &&9&&
H$_© H$m ñdê$n Am¡a CgHo$ Zme H$m àH$ma, Omo AnZo H$mo A{^àoV h¡, lram_Or ~VbmVo h¢ &
~w{Õ_mZ² nwéf H$mo C{MV h¡ {H$ dh AnZo nwÊ` Am¡a nmnê$n H$_m] H$mo ZîQ> H$a Xo Am¡a _yb
CIm‹S>H$a Zme H$a XoZo go do {~bHw$b ZîQ> ^r hmo gH$Vo h¢ &&10&&
Vrgao àíZ H$m CÎma H$hVo h¢ &
ho ~«÷Z², H$_©ê$nr d¥j Ho$ _yb _¢ Amngo H$hVm hÿ±, Amn gw{Zò & {OZH$mo CIm‹S> \|$H$Zo go
() Š`m|{H$ Anamoj {M{V H$s ì`m[ßV Ho$ Ûmam hr Zm_ Am¡a ê$nmË_H$ g_ñV àn§M {edñdê$n
h¡, Eogm {ZU©` H$a ~mY Ûmam Cg ñdê$n _| AZm`mg Ad[ñW{V hmo gH$Vr h¡ &
{Z_y©b hmoH$a `h d¥j {\$a Zht nZnVm &&11&&
Bg bmoH$ Ho$ H$_© H$m _yb eara hr nyd©OÝ_ Ho$ H$_© H$m {dñVmaê$n ^r hmoVm h¡, Bg Xygao
àíZ H$m ^r eara H$m hr H$_©d¥jê$n go dU©Z H$aHo$ g_mYmZ XoVo h¢ &
ho ~«÷Z², g§gmaê$nr O§Jb _| amonm J`m `h eara hr H$_©d¥jê$n go CËnÝZ h¡ & `h
H$_©ê$nr d¥j {d{MÌ hmW, n¡a Am{X A§Jê$nr emImAm| go {damO_mZ h¡ &&12&& gwI-
Xw…Iê$nr ZmZm{dY \$bm| H$s n§[ŠV`m| go g_[ÝdV Bg d¥j H$m nyd© OÝ_ _| {H$`m J`m ^bm
`m ~wam H$_© hr ~rO h¡ & j{UH$ VéU AdñWm go `h H$_Zr` {XImB© XoVm h¡ Am¡a
d¥ÕmdñWmê$nr \y$bm| go h±gVm h¡ &&13&& àËòH$ jU _| H$mbê$nr CJ« ~ÝXa hf©, {dfmX, amoJ,
Oam Am{X {dH$ma H$s MoîQ>mAm| Ho$ Ûmam BgH$s AmH¥${V H$mo ZîQ> H$aVm h¡ & {ZÐmê$nr ho_ÝV
F$Vw Ho$ OR>a _| BgHo$ ñdßZê$nr nÎmm| Ho$ {ZJ©_ g§Hw${MV hþE ahVo h¢ &&14&& AnZr
d¥ÕmdñWmê$nr {e{ea F$Vw Ho$ AÝV _| BgHo$ MoîQ>mê$n nÎmm| Ho$ g_yh emÝV Am¡a erU© hmo
OmVo h¢ & OJV²-ê$nr O§Jb _| CËnÝZ hþE Bg d¥j Ho$ g_rn _| ór, nwÌ Am{X nmoî`dJ©ê$nr
~hþV-go V¥U n¡Xm hþE h¢ &&15&& hmWm| Am¡a n¡am| Ho$ {nN>bo {hñgo VWm AmoîR>, H$mZ Am¡a Or^
Am{X BgHo$ bmb-bmb H$mo_b nëbdê$n Ad`d h¢ Am¡a hmWm| Ed§ n¡am| Ho$ Vbdo Hw$N> H$R>moa
hmoZo go H$_ bm{b_m {bò hþE BgHo$ Hw$N> Jmob VWm gwÝXa aoImAm| go `wŠV M§Mb nÎmo
h¢ &&16&& ^rVa _| [ñWV Zm{‹S>`m| VWm h[È>`m| go {bßV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU gwÝXa, H$mo_b Am¡a
{MH$Zr _y{V© bmb A§Jw{b`m± hr BgHo$ dm`w go H$[ånV hmo aho ~mb nëbd h¢ &&17&& H$mQ>Zo
na ^r nwZ… nwZ… CËnÝZ hmoZodmbr H$mo_b, {MH$Zr, VrúU AJ«^mJm| go `wŠV XyO H$s
MÝÐH$bm Ho$ AmH$madmbr BgH$s ZI n§[ŠV`m± hr Jmob-Jmob H${b`m± h¡ &&18&& Bg Vah Xoh
d¥jê$n go CËnÝZ hþE nyd© OÝ_ Ho$ H$_© H$s H$_][ÝÐ`m± hr _yb h¡ & (BZ_| d¥j_yb Ho$ Y_©
{XIbmVo h¢ ) BZ_| Omo {N>Ðm| go `wŠV h¢, do Vmo Amg§J-H$m_m{Xê$nr gm±nm| go S±>go Jò h¢
Am¡a Omo {~Zm {N>Ðm| Ho$ h¢ CZ_| ^r ~‹S>r-~‹S>r Jm±R>| n‹S> JB© h¢ &&19&&
ho ^JdmZ², Ñ‹T> h[È>`m| H$s Jm±R>m| go ~±Yr, Zm{‹S>`m| _| âo Jò AÝZagm| _| Sy>~r hþB©,
dmgZmê$nr ag H$mo nr OmZodmbr VWm AnZo aŠVê$n ag go n[anyU©; E‹S>r Ho$ D$na H$s Jm±R>
go `wŠV, Ñ‹T> A§Jm|dmbr, gwÝXa ËdMmAm| go g_[ÝdV Am¡a {MH$Zr CZ H$_}[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ ^r _yb
Amn kmZo[ÝÐ`m| H$mo Om{Zò &&20,21&& kmZo[ÝÐ`m± Xoh go ~mha ~hþV Xya {df` àXoem| _|
OmH$a ^r {df`m| H$mo nH$‹S> boZo _| AË`ÝV g_W© h¢, ZoÌJmobH$ Am{X nm§M Vah Ho$ ñWmZm|
_| do Am{lV h¢ Am¡a AnZo-AnZo {df`-dmgZmê$nr H$sM‹S> _| {Z_½Z AVEd dmgZm`wŠV
h¢ VWm CÝh| {ZJ¥hrV H$aZm eŠ` Zht h¡ - H$m~y Ho$ ~mha h¡ &&22&& CZ kmZo[ÝÐ`m| H$m ^r
_hmZ² ñVå^`wŠV _yb `h _Z h¡, BgZo VrZm| bmoH$ H$mo ì`mßV H$a aŠIm h¡ VWm `hr AZÝV
ŸyÕ - 2] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1729
ê$nm{X agÐdm| H$mo nm§M kmZo[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ òmoVê$nr Zm{‹S>`m| Ho$ Ûmam ItMH$a CZH$m Cn^moJ H$a
boZo Ho$ ~mX {\$a CÝh| \|$H$ XoVm h¡ &&23&&
ho ^JdmZ², Cg _Z H$m _yb VÎdkmZr bmoJ MoË` ({df`) H$s Amoa CÝ_wI hþE {MXmË_H$ Ord
H$mo ({MXm^mg H$mo) H$hVo h¢ & MoË`m§e H$m _yb A{dÚme~b (_m`me~b) {M{V h¡ & Cg {MXm^mgê$n
{M{V H$m ^r _yb {~å~^yV ~«÷ h¡, Omo g~ _ybm| H$m EH$ H$maU h¡ & ho ~«÷Z², My±{H$ dh AeãX,
AZÝV, ewÕ Am¡a gË`ñdê$n h¡, Bg{bE Cg ~«÷ H$m H$moB© Xygam _yb Zht h¡ &&24,25&&
ho _hf}, Bg Vah gånyU© H$_m] H$m _yb {df`m| H$s Amoa CÝ_wI hþB© {M{V hr h¡ & dh
Ah§H$mam{X Ho$ gmW VmXmËå`mnÝZ hmoH$a "_¢ hr g~ Hw$N> H$aVr hÿ±' `m| H$Vm© Ho$ ñdê$n H$s ^mdZm
H$aHo$ {H«$`mË_H$ ñnÝX ~ZH$a CgHo$ \$b Ho$ {bE àd¥Îm hmoVr h¡ &&26&& ho _wZo, g~ H$_m] H$m
Am{X ~rO `h Ord MoVZ hr h¡, Š`m|{H$ CgHo$ ahZo na hr `h ~‹S>r-~‹S>r Q>h{Z`m|dmbm earaê$nr
go_b H$m d¥j n¡Xm hmoVm h¡ &&27&& `h OrdM¡VÝ` {Og g_` Ah§H$ma Am{X go `wŠV "_¢ hr MoVZ
H$Vm© hÿ±' Bg Vah H$s CX²~wÕ hþB© eãXmW©^mdZm go g_[ÝdV hmoVm h¡ Cgr g_` H$_m] H$s ~rOVm
H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡, AÝ`Wm `h AnZo gV² na_ nXê$n go hr [ñWV ahVm h¡ &&28&&
{\$a BgrH$mo ñnîQ>ê$n go H$hVo h¢ &
`h OrdMoVZ O~ MoVZeãXmW© H$s ^mdZm go `mZr M¡VÝ`mË_H$ "_¢ hr g~ Hw$N> H$aVm hÿ±'
Bg Vah H$s ^mdZm go do[îQ>V hmoVm h¡ V~ H$_m] H$s ~rOVm H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡, AÝ`Wm AnZo na_
gÐyn nX go [ñWV ahVm h¡ &&29&&
CŠV AW© H$s àm_m{UH$Vm H$s {g{Õ Ho$ {bE JwédmŠ` H$mo hr à_mUê$n go Cn[ñWV H$aVo
hþE lram_MÝÐOr A~ Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ &
Bg{bE ho _wZrída, AnZo eara Am{X _| Ah§ê$nVm Ho$ AmH$ma H$s ^mdZm hr Bg g§gma _|
g~ H$_m] H$s H$maU h¡ & `h Omo _¢Zo H$_m]§ H$m _yb Amngo H$hm h¡, gmo AmnZo hr nhbo _wPgo H$hm
Wm, AV… AmnHo$ dMZ H$m Adbå~Z H$aHo$ hr _¢Zo `h g~ Amngo H$hm h¡ &&30&&
ho lram_Or, `h Omo AmnZo H$_m] H$m _yb _wPo gwZm`m h¡, BgH$m Ë`mJ MwnMmn ~¡R>o ahZo `m
Xoh H$m Ë`mJ H$a XoZo go Zht hmo gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a Z Vmo H$_m] H$s {Zd¥{Îm hr AmnHo$ Ûmam {XIbmò
Jò _mJ© go hmo gH$Vr h¡, Bg A{^àm` go _hmamO d{gîR>Or H$hVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho amKd, O~ VH$ Xohê$n Cnm{Y Cn[ñWV h¡ V~ VH$ doXZmË_H$
Bg gyú_ H$_© H$m Š`m Ë`mJ Am¡a Š`m AZwîR>mZ hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? &&31&&
Xoh Ho$ {dÚ_mZ ahVo ~mø Am¡a Amä`ÝVa Ñí`m| Ho$ AÜ`mg H$mo Xya H$aZm AË`ÝV hr H${R>Z
h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Xoh ahVo ~mø Am¡a Amä`ÝVa {Og-{Og H$s `h OrdMoVZ ^mdZm H$aVm h¡ Cgr ê$n
H$m `h erK« hmo OmVm h¡, Mmho dh gË`mH$ma hmo `m {d^«_ go âm hþAm {~bHw$b AgË` hr
Š`m| Z hmo ? &&32&& `{X ^mdZm Zht H$aVm, Vmo `h AÀN>r Vah Bg g§gma Ho$ ^«_ go _wŠV
hmo OmVm h¡ & dh ^«_ gË` hmo `m AgË` Bg {dMma go Š`m à`moOZ h¡ ? &&33&& `h
OrdMoVZ hr dmgZm, BÀN>m, _Z, H$_©, g§H$ën Am{X Zm_dmbo Am¡nm{YH$ CËnÝZ ^«_m| go
AnZo AÝXa g§gmaê$n go {dH${gV hmoVm h¡ &&34&&
V~ Vmo à{V{~å~ H$s hoVw {MÎmê$n Cnm{Y H$m hr à~moY go {Zamg H$aZm Mm{hE, Bg e§H$m na
H$hVo h¢ &
Xohê$nr Ka Ho$ ^rVa [ñWV à~wÕ hþE `m Aà~wÕ hþE Bg Ord H$m Xohn`©ÝV {MÎm ahoJm
hr, CgH$m Ë`mJ hmo Zht gH$Vm &&35&& OrdZ YmaU H$a aho àm{U`m| Ho$ {MÎm H$m ^bm H¡$go
Ë`mJ hmo gH$Vm h¡ & Bg{bE MwnMmn ~¡R>o ahZo `m Xoh Ho$ Ë`mJ go g~ H$_m] H$m H$^r Ë`mJ
Zht hmo gH$Vm, {H$ÝVw `Wm àmßV g~ ì`dhmam| H$mo H$aVo g_` ^r "Ag§J, A{ÛVr`, Hy$Q>ñW
{MÝ_mÌñdê$n _¢ Hw$N> ^r Zht H$aVm', Bg {Z[îH«$` AmË_ñd^md H$s [ñW{V go H$_©eãXmW©
H$s ^mdZm Ho$ CËnÝZ Z hmoZo na `ËZ Ho$ {~Zm ^r H$_© Am¡a AH$_©ê$nVm H$m {dH$ën Ny>Q>
OmZo go `h H$_©-Ë`mJ ñd`§ hr hmo OmVm h¡ &&36&&
Bggo {^ÝZ {H$gr Xygao _mJ© go H$_© H$m Ë`mJ AË`ÝV H${R>Z h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Bggo AÝ` Xygao H$_© Ë`mJ H$m g§^d Z hmoZo na Omo Ho$db AnZo eara go H$V©ì`Vm Ë`mJê$n
(emó{d{hV `m bm¡{H$H$ H$_m] H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a MwnMmn ~¡R>Zmê$n Ë`mJ) H$aVm h¡, CgHo$ Ûmam `h
Hw$N> ^r Zht {H$`m J`m g_PZm Mm{hE &&37&& ~moY hmoZo Ho$ ~mX Ñí`-à{V^mg H$m ñd`_od b`
hmoZo go Omo OJV² H$m AË`ÝVA^md hmoVm h¡ Cgr H$mo Ag§J Ë`mJ Am¡a _moj ^r H$hVo h¢ &&38&&
~moY go Vmo doÚ H$m hr ~mY hmoVm h¡, doXZ H$m Zht, {\$a CgH$m ~mY H¡$go H$hVo h¢, `{X `h
H$moB© Ame§H$m H$ao, Vmo Cg na H$hVo h¢ &
doÚ ({df`m|) Ho$ ahZo na hr doXZ hmoVm h¡ & {H$ÝVw `{X g¥[îQ> Ho$ Am{X _| hr doÚÑ[îQ>
CËnÝZ Zht hþB©, Vmo {\$a dh dV©_mZH$mb _| Vmo h¡ hr Zht & Bg{bE Š`m Am¡a H$hm± doXZ
h¡ () ? &&39&& {MXm^mgVmê$n doÚmoÝ_wIVm H$m n[aË`mJ H$a Omo doXZ H$m ewÕ {MXmË_H$ê$n
Ad{eîQ> ahVm h¡ dh Û¡VdoXZ Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ dh H$_©-{H«$`m Zht h¡, {Oggo {H$ "{dX²' YmVw
go ^md _| "ë`wQ²>' àË`` H$aZo na Omo "{dX²' YmVw H$m AW© hmoVm h¡ dh hmo & {H$ÝVw dh em§V
~«÷ hr h¡, Eogm VÎdkmZr bmoJ H$hVo h¢ &&40&& {MXm^mgmË_H$ Omo MoVZ h¡ dh Vmo H$_©-
{H«$`mê$n hr H$hm J`m h¡, Š`m|{H$ ~w{Õ Am{X ì`mnma Ûmam Ob Am{X _| à{V{~[å~V AmH$me
() VÎdkm{Z`m| H$s Ñ[îQ> _| doÚÑ[îQ> ({df`Ñ[îQ>) Z Vmo CËnÝZ hþB© h¡ Am¡a Z {dÚ_mZ hr h¡,
Š`m|{H$ Cnm{Y H$m ~mY hmoZo na {MXm^mg H$s AbJ [ñW{V Zht ahVr, `h ^md h¡ &
ŸyÕ - 3] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1731
H$s ZmBª dh {dH$mg H$mo àmßV hþAm h¡ & `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ AZw^dr {dÛmZ bmoJ _moj H$mo
{MXm^mgeyÝ` hr H$hVo h¢ & CZ bmoJm| H$s {ddoH$s {eî` Ho$ à{V Bgr Vah H$s CnXoedmUr
gwZmB© XoVr h¡ &&41&&
Bg Vah `h {gÕ hmo J`m h¡ {H$ O~ VH$ `h eara I‹S>m h¡ V~ VH$ gwInyd©H$ ì`dhma hmoVm
hr ahoJm, Bgr Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
Bg{bE ho lram_MÝÐOr, O~ VH$ `h eara I‹S>m h¡ V~ VH$ H$_m] H$m Ë`mJ Zht hmo
gH$Vm & Omo bmoJ H$_m] H$s nyOm H$aVo h¢ do bmoJ CgHo$ _yb H$mo Zht N>mo‹S>Vo &&42&& AnZo H$_© H$m
_yb dmgZmË_H$ _Z gå~ÝYr {MXm^mg g§{dV² hr h¡ & CgH$m CÀN>oX O~ VH$ `h eara h¡ V~
VH$ kmZ Ho$ {~Zm hmo Zht gH$Vm &&43&&
ho lram_Or, `hr {MXm^mgg§{dV² ^rVa AÝ` H$_m] Ho$ _yb H$m_, dmgZm Am{X H$mo n¡Xm
H$aZo _| VËna Am¡a loîR> h¡ &&44&&
Bg{bE _oao Ûmam H$hm J`m hr g~go ~{‹T>`m H$_©Ë`mJ _| Cnm` h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
Omo VÎdkmZr {MXm^mgê$nr g§{dV² H$mo _yb AkmZ Ho$ gmW AnZo `ËZ go VÎd H$mo
g_PH$a ñdê$n go À`wwV H$a XoVm h¡ dh Cggo CËnÝZ VV²-VV² Ñí`Xe©Zê$n d¥{ÎmAd{ÀN>ÝZ
{MXm^mgmË_H$ gyú_ g§{dV² H$mo Aà{VgÝYmZê$n _yb~mYH$ AnZo `ËZ go hr H$mQ> XoVm h¡
AWm©V² Cgo H$mQ>Zo Ho$ {bE n¥WH²$ à`ËZ H$s Anojm Zht h¡ &&45&& Omo {MXm^mg H$mo ewÕ
AmË_Ñ[îQ> go {dMmaH$a {dM{bV H$a XoVm h¡ dh g§gmaê$nr d¥j H$m VÎdkmZ Ho$ Ûmam
gd©~mYê$nr _ybmoÀN>oX H$a S>mbVm h¡ &&46&&
ho lram_Or, My±{H$ {M{V Ho$ A^md go a{hV, gOmVr` Am¡a {dOmVr` ôXm| go eyÝ`, Ñí`
nXmWm] go hrZ Omo EH$ AmH$me h¡ dh VÎdÑ[îQ> go ~«÷ê$n hr h¡ & Bg{bE ~«÷kmZr bmoJ Cgr
H$mo h_ g~ MoVZm| H$m gma (nma_m{W©H$ ê$n ) H$hVo h¢ &&47&&
Xygam gJ© g_mßV
Vrgam gJ©
Û¡V H$m AË`ÝV ~mY hmo OmZo na {dÛmZm| H$mo {Og Cnm` go AmË_VÎd AdoXZê$n Am¡a
{Z[îH«$` {gÕ hmoVm h¡, Cg Cnm` H$m dU©Z Ÿ&
"AdoXZ§ {dXw_m}j_²' BË`m{X nyd©dMZ go Omo H$hm J`m h¡ Cg {df` _| lr am_MÝÐOr e§H$m
H$aVo h¢ &
lram_Or Zo H$hm … ho _wZrÝÐ, Omo doXZ(kmZ) nXmW© h¡ Cgo AdoXZê$n H¡$go ~Zm`m Om
gH$Vm h¡ ? Z Vmo AgV²dñVw H$s gÎmm hmo gH$Vr h¡ Am¡a Z gÛñVw H$m A^md hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&&1&&
(`Ú{n "doÚmoÝ_wIËd§ g§Ë`Á`' BË`m{X go AdoXZ eãXmW© H$m {Zê$nU hmo OmZo go lram_^Ð
H$mo `h e§H$m Zht hmoZr Mm{hE, VWm{n "òZ g§{dXg§{dË`m' Bg H$WZ go doXZ Zme hr Ag§doXZ
H$hm J`m h¡ `h ~mV "VÀN>mÝV§ ~«÷ H$Ï`Vo' Bg dmŠ` Ûmam à{Vnm{XV AdoXZ H$s ~«÷ê$nVm
Zht KQ>Vr, Š`m|{H$ gV² AgV² Zht hmo gH$Vm, Bg{bE e§H$m H$m Adga h¡ &)
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, {Og g_` `h {gÕmÝV _mZ {b`m Om` {H$ AgV² dñVw
H$s CËn{Îm Am¡a gX²dñVw H$m {dZme Zht hmoVm, Cg Xem _| doXZ H$mo AdoXZ ~ZmZm ñd`§ hr
gwb^ hmo OmVm h¡ &&2&& g§gmaXem _| à{gÕ `h doXZ eãX Am¡a BgH$m AW© ò XmoZm| EH$ Vah go
aÁOygn©^«_ Ho$ gÑe {_Ï`m h¢ & {_Ï`mgm_J«r go {_Ï`mê$n CËnÝZ hþE h¢ Am¡a _¥JOb Ho$ gÑe
ò Ho$db {XImB© XoVo h¢ &&3&& ho amKd, doXZeãX Am¡a CgHo$ AW© H$m Z OmZZm CÎm_ h¡ VWm
CZH$m kmZ hmoZm Xw…I h¡, Bg{bE Amn A{dZmer VQ>ñW AmË_ñdê$n H$mo Om{Zò Am¡a {ÌnwQ>r^mZ
Ho$ AÝVJ©Vd¥{Îm go `wŠV MoVZ Ho$ Am^mg H$mo AmË_ê$n _V g_{Pò &&4&& àmUr Ho$ {bE g~go
~‹T>H$a Xw…I n¡Xm H$aZodmbm doXZeãX Am¡a CgH$m AW© OmZZm h¡, Bg{bE doXZeãX Am¡a CgHo$
AW© H$m n[akmZ g_yb ZîQ>H$a AnZo Agbñdê$n _| Ad[ñWV a{hò &&5&&
ì`dhmaH$mb _| CgH$m CÀN>oX {H$g Vah H$aZm Mm{hE, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
kmVm, kmZ Am¡a ko` ê$n {ÌnwQ>r^mZ {Og g_` hmoVm h¡, Cg g_` ì`mdhm[aH$ kmZê$n
eãX Am¡a CgH$m AW© àmßV hmoVm h¡ CZ XmoZm| H$s `Wm`mo½` gdm©W©ê$n Hw$Q>ñW M¡VÝ` VWm
gd©eãXê$n "Amo_²' eãX _| bjUmH$a Hy$Q>ñW M¡VÝ`_mÌ hr AmË_m h¡ Am¡a `hr _moj H$m Am{d^m©d
h¡, `m| gwÑ‹T> {ZíM` H$a kmZr nwéf g_ñV {djonmË_H$ àn§Mm| H$m n[aË`mJ H$a ì`dhma H$ao &&6&&
Bg àH$ma Ho$ kmZê$n ì`dhma go hr kmZr H$mo nydm}Îma ew^mew^ H$_m] H$m gå~ÝY Zht hmoVm
Am¡a CZH$m {dZme ^r hmo OmVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{ddoH$s nwéf H$mo AnZm ew^mew^ H$_© {dZîQ> H$a XoZm Mm{hE & `h {dZme "ew^mew^ H$_m]
H$m AmË_m Ho$ gmW V{ZH$ ^r {H$gr g_` gå~ÝY Zht h¡', Bg àH$ma Ho$ ~moYê$n VÎdkmZ go
ñd`§ {gÕ hmo OmVm h¡ &&7&&
_ybg{hV H$_m] H$m {dZme H$aZo go g§gma Aeofê$n go emÝV hmo OmVm h¡ & O~ {H$
AmË_VÎd ^br^m±{V {dMm[aV Ed§ àË`j {H$`m OmVm h¡ V~ g_yb H$_m] H$m {dZme hmo OmVm
h¡ &&8&& O¡go {~ëd H$s _ÁOm ^rVa ~rO Am{X H$m {Z_m©U H$aVr h¡, naÝVw ~rO Am{X O¡go {~ëd
go {^ÝZ Zht ahVo, d¡go hr {MÐyn AmË_m ^r AnZo ^rVa {MÎmg§km Ed§ {H«$`m, H$maH$ Am{X {ÌnwQ>r
H$m {Z_m©U H$aVm h¡, na {MÎm Am{X Cggo V{ZH$ ^r {^ÝZ Zht h¡ &&9&& ^ybmoH$ H$s aMZm Ho$
AÝVJ©V Oå~yÛrn Am{X H$s aMZm O¡go ^y{_ go n¥WH²$ Zht h¡, d¡go hr {MXmH$me Ho$ AÝVJ©V g~
^yV Am¡a ^wdZ Am{X gÝ_mÌ na~«÷ {MXmH$me go V{ZH$ ^r n¥WH²$ Zht h¢ &&10&& Omo Ob h¡ dhr
CgHo$ AÝVJ©V ÐdËd ^r h¡ & Bgr Vah go {M{V Ho$ AÝVJ©V {dÚ_mZ {MÎd Ed§ {MÎm {M{V go
ŸyÕ - 3] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1733
n¥WH²$ Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ {MÎd Am¡a {MÎm eãX Ho$ Omo AW© h¢, do Ho$db M¡VÝ`dmMH$ {M{VYmVw Ho$ hr
AW© h¢ &&11&& O¡go Ob _| ÐdËd Am¡a VoO _| à^m J«hH$Ëd-ñ_V¥Ë© d Y_m] go eyÝ` h¡, d¡go hr ~«÷
_| {MÎd Am¡a {MÎm J«hH$Ëd Ed§ ñ_V©¥Ëd Y_© go eyÝ` h¡ &&12&&
{MÎd Am¡a {MÎm J«hH$Ëd Am¡a ñ_V¥©Ëd Y_© go eyÝ` H¡$go h¡ ? `h H$hVo h¢ &
"MoV`{V B{V {MV²' (Omo àH$meZ H$aVm h¡ dh {MV² h¡ ) Bg ì`wËn{Îm go AW© H$m àH$me
{M{V H$m H$_© hr _mby_ n‹S>Vm h¡ & naÝVw `h Hy$Q>ñW M¡VÝ` _| {Z_y©b ^«_{gÕ `j Ho$ g_mZ
{H$gr H$maU Ho$ {~Zm {_Ï`mê$n hr àVrV hmoVm h¡, Bg{bE {M{V _| CgH$s CËn{Îm hr Zht h¡ Am¡a
Z CgH$m A[ñVËd hr h¡ &&13&&
Bg ar{V go qMVZ{H«$`m Ho$ MoVZ go n¥WH²$ Z {gÕ hmoZo na {df` ^r MoVZ go n¥WH²$ {gÕ
Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
dm`w Am¡a CgHo$ ñnÝXZ H$s ZmBª O~ MoVZ Am¡a CgH$s AW©àH$meZê$n {H«$`m AhoVwH$ h¡,
V~ ñdßZ Am¡a gwfw[ßV AdñWm _| hmoZodmbm dh AW©àH$me AmË_MoVZê$n hr h¡, {^ÝZ Zht
h¡ &&14&& gånyU© H$_m] H$m {dñVma `h Xoh hr h¡, CgH$m _yb Ah§H$ma h¡ Am¡a emImE± g§gma h¡ &
AMoVZê$n ({MXm^mgê$n {H«$`m go eyÝ`) _ybmoÀN>oXH$ AZh§H$ma go emImAm| Ho$ g{hV `h Eogo
emÝV hmo OmVm h¡, O¡go ñnÝXZeyÝ` dm`w &&15&&
`h Zht g_PZm Mm{hò {H$ {MXm^mg Ho$ CÀN>oX go Ord H$m ñdê$n ZîQ> hmo J`m, {H$ÝVw
CgZo Vmo ~«÷ñdê$n go AZÝVmË_m hmoH$a AnZo AZW©ê$n g§gma H$m _ybmoÀN>oX H$a na_ nwéfmW©
H$m gånmXZ H$a {b`m, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, {MXm^mgmË_H$ {H«$`m H$m CÀN>oX H$aHo$ nËWa Ho$ g_mZ {ZíMb AZÝV
na~«÷ na_mË_ê$n hmoH$a g§gma Ho$ _yb H$mo Eogo CIm‹S> \|${H$ò, O¡go damh Ho$ _wI H$m AJ«^mJ
_moWm H$mo g_yb CIm‹S> \|$H$Vm h¡ &&16&& nydm}ŠV ar{V go hr H$_©~rO go _yb H$m Ë`mJ {H$`m
OmVm h¡, Xygar ar{V go Zht & Bg{bE ho amKd, AmnHo$ öX` _| gXm [ñWV ahZodmbm doXZmË_H$
H$_©_yb emÝV hmo Om` &&17&& Bg H$_©~rO H$m _yb O~ Ë`mJ {X`m OmVm h¡ V~ Ord Ho$ {bE Z
{MXm^mg H$s gÎmm ahVr h¡ Am¡a Z Ñí`àn§M H$s hr gÎmm ahVr h¡ & Eogr [ñW{V _| {d{XVVÎd
emÝV ~«÷kmZr Z {H$gr dñVw H$m J«hU H$aVo h¢ Am¡a Z {H$gr dñVw H$m n[aË`mJ hr H$aVo h¢,
Š`m|{H$ Cg g_` CÝh| Ë`mJ Am¡a J«hU H$m n[akmZ hr Zht ahVm & AZÝVa do AmH$me Ho$ gÑe
{Z_©b Ed§ {deX öX` go `wŠV hmoH$a kmZr nwéf _mZ{gH$ {dH$ënm| go eyÝ` hmoH$a O¡gr CZH$s
_yb [ñW{V h¡ Cgr ar{V go Ad[ñWV ahVo h¢ & Omo Hw$N> àmßV hmo OmVm h¡ Cgo H$aVo h¢ Am¡a Zht
^r H$aVo h¢ &&18-20&& O¡go ZXr Ho$ àdmh _| n{VV V¥U, H$mîR> Am{X g~ Hw$N> ñn[ÝXV hmoVm h¡ &
d¡go hr km{Z`m| H$s H$_}[ÝÐ`m± {H$gr àH$ma Ho$ _Zmo{dH$ma Ho$ {~Zm AY©gwßV `m ~mbH$ H$s ZmBª
ñn[ÝXV hmoVr h¢ &&21&& g~go ~‹T>o-M‹T>o ~«÷mZ§X Ho$ àmßV hmo OmZo na ^moJbånQ> H$aUd¥{Îm`m± ^r
Zrag hmoH$a AnZo-AnZo {df`m| Ho$ àH$meZ _| Ag_W©-gr ~ZH$a ^rVa `m ~mha Hw$N> ^r Zht
H$a nmVr &&22&& dh nydm}ŠV {dkmZ hr gånyU© H$_m] H$m n[aË`mJ h¡ Am¡a `h Ë`mJ AmË_~moY go
ñdV… {gÕ hmo OmVm h¡ & BVa Xohm{X Ho$ ñnÝXZê$n H$_© Ho$ H$aZo go `m Z H$aZo go à`moOZ hr
Š`m ? &&23&& {df`m| go {d{Z_w©ŠV, dmgZmAm| go eyÝ`, gwÑ‹T>ê$n go [ñWV, emÝV, EH$ê$n, H¥$V
Am¡a AH¥$V Ho$ AZwgÝYmZ go a{hV Omo AdoXZ h¡ dhr H$_©Ë`mJ H$hm OmVm h¡ &&24&& XrK©H$mb go
^ybo Jò H$_m] Ho$ gÑe {df`m| H$m ^br^m±{V nwZ…-nwZ… ñ_aU Z hmoZm hr H$_©Ë`mJ H$hm OmVm
h¡ & dh {dñ_aU {ZaÝVa Iåô Ho$ noQ> Ho$ gÑe R>mog Am¡a EH$ê$n H$m hmoZm Mm{hE &&25&& Omo
{_Ï`m kmZr nwéf _ybË`mJ Ho$ {~Zm Ho$db B[ÝÐ` g§`__mÌê$n H$aVo h¢, CZ AkmZr newAm| H$mo
H$_©Ë`mJê$n {nem{MH$m Im OmVr h¡ &&26&& _ybg{hV H$_©Ë`mJ Ho$ Ûmam Omo kmZr em[ÝV àmßV
H$a ~¡R>o h¢ CÝh| `hm± H¥$V-AH¥$V H$_© go H$moB© _Vb~ Zht ahVm &&27&& nydm}ŠV ar{V go My±{H$
kmZr-nwéf H$_©~rOê$nr A§em| H$m g_yb ^br^m±{V CÀN>oXH$a {ZaÝVa EH$_mÌ {Z{d©H$ën$g_m{Y
_| [ñWV ahVo h¢, Bg{bE do gwI H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo h¢ &&28&& kmZr nwéf àmaãY àmßV H$m`© _|
Hw$N> àd¥Îm hþE-go {XImB© XoVo h¢, naÝVw ò KyU©_mZ eam~ Ho$ Zeo _| CÝ_Îm nwéf Ho$ gÑe VWm
`ÝÌ go g§Mm{bV H$mR> H$s _y{V©`m| Ho$ gÑe CgHo$ A{^_mZ go a{hV ahVo h¢ &&29&& {d{dY
{df`-{dbmgm| go n[anyU© _mojbú_r go kmZr nwéf Eogo AnZo Xoh Am{X Ho$ ^mZ H$mo ^ybo ahVo h¢,
O¡go AË`ÝV Amg[ŠVê$n ì`gZ go gmYmaU nwéf AnZo Xoh Am{X Ho$ ^mZ H$mo ^ybo ahVo h¢ Am¡a
{H$gr A{Zd©MZr` n§M_ Am{X ^y{_H$mAm| _| àmßV hmoH$a AY©gwßV Ed§ AY©à~wÕ Ho$ gÑe ahVo
h¢ &&30&& Omo _ybmoÀN>oXnyd©H$ N>mo‹S>m OmVm h¡ dhr N>mo‹S>m J`m H$hm OmVm h¡ Am¡a Omo _ybmoÀN>oX Ho$
{~Zm Ë`mJ h¡, dh emImÀN>oXZ Ho$ gÑe hr h¡ &&31&& _yb Ho$ N>oXZ Ho$ {~Zm Ho$db emImJ« go
H$mQ>m J`m H$_©ê$nr d¥j {\$a hOmam| emIm-àemImAm| Ho$ {dñVma go Xw…I Ho$ {bE ~‹T>Vm hr
ahVm h¡ &&32&& ho ^Ð, nydm}ŠV AdoXZñdê$n go hr H$_©Ë`mJ {gÕ hmoVm h¡, Xygao go Zht,
Bg{bE ~Vbmò Jò H«$_ go Cgr Ho$ Aä`mg _| VËna a{hò &&33&& lram_Or, Omo H$moB© nwéf Cg
àH$ma H$m H$_©Ë`mJ Z H$a Xygao AË`mJê$nr Ë`mJ H$mo H$aZo _| àd¥Îm ahVo h¢ do _mZm| JJZ Vm‹S>Zo
Ho$ {bE hr CÚV ahVo h¢ &&34&& AmË_~moY go H$_©Ë`mJ ñd`§ hr {gÕ hmo OmVm h¡ & BÀN>ma{hV
OrdÝ_wŠVm| H$s ~‹S>r-~‹S>r AmS>å~anyU© {H«$`mE± ^r A{H«$`mê$n hr h¢, Š`m|{H$ CZH$m _yb^yV~rO
Ob MwH$m h¡ & {OgHo$ VÝVw Ob MwHo$ h¢ Eogm dó dó Ho$ gÑe {XImB© Xo ahm ^r dmñV{dH$ dó
Zht h¡ &&35&& ^moJmg[ŠVê$n ag H$s ^mdZm go hr ~w{Õg{hV B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ Ûmam {Zînm{XV H$_©
Eogo g\$b hmoVm h¡, O¡go añgr Ho$ Ûmam Hy$nH$mîR> Ob {ZH$mbZm, gtMZm Am{Xê$n ag^mdZm go
YmZ n¡Xm H$a g\$b hmoVm h¡ & dh H$mîR> d¥Wm MoîQ>m go O¡go ì`W© h¡ d¡go hr AÝ` emar[aH$
ŸyÕ - 4] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1735
MoîQ>mê$n ñnÝX ^r {Zî\$b h¡ &&36&& kmZ go H$_©Ë`mJ Ho$ {gÕ hmo OmZo na dmgZmeyÝ` OrdÝ_wŠV
nwéf Mmho Ka _| aho `m O§Jb _|, YZm{X gån{Îm Ho$ Zme go X[aÐ hmo `m YZm{X gån{Îm H$s d¥{Õ
go Aä`wX` H$mo àmßV hmo, {H$ÝVw h¡ dh ahVm gd©Ì EH$-gm hr &&37&& emÝV nwéf Ho$ {bE Ka hr
{ZO©Z XyañW O§Jb h¡ VWm AemÝV nwéf Ho$ {bE {ZO©Z _hmZ² O§Jb ^r OZg_wXm` go R>gmR>g
âr ZJar h¡ &&38&& n[aemÝV_{V VÎdkmZr nwéf Ho$ {bE ñdßZ _| ^r {ZO©Z, {Z_©b, {dñV¥V
Am¡a A{V _Zmoha dZ ^y{_ öX` Ho$ AÝXa hr {damO_mZ h¡ &&39&& kmZm{½Z go X½Y hþE Ñí`
àn§Mdmbo VÎdkmZr Ho$ {bE `h g§gma hr ñnÝXZ go eyÝ`, AmH$me_`r, Aeof-{deof nXmWm] go
eyÝ` _hmQ>dr h¡ &&40&& AZÝV g§H$ënm|dmbo VWm OJV² H$s [ñW{V H$mo öX` _| aIZodmbo AkmZr
Ho$ {bE gånyU© gmJam| g{hV gmar n¥{Wdr öX` Ho$ AÝXa hr {damO_mZ h¡ &&41&& AkmZr XrZ
_Zwî` Ho$ {bE {d{dY ÛÝÛm| go âr hþB©, AZoH${dY H$m`m] Ho$ Amaå^ go `wŠV VWm AZoH$ Vah Ho$
AmH$mam| go g_[ÝdV J«h _ÊS>br öX` Ho$ ^rVa hr {damO_mZ h¡ &&42&&
ho lram_Or, AkmZr nwéf Ho$ {bE {d{dY Amdí`H$ H$m`m] go `mZr YZmonmO©Z, YZì``,
XyaXoe _| àdmg, H$bh Am{X go gd©Xm hr bmo^, _moh, emoH$, ^`, Amg[ŠV Am{X {dH$mam| go nyU©
N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o H$g~m|, ~‹S>o-~‹S>o ZJam| VWm Xoe-XoemÝVam| Ed§ nd©Vm| go `wŠV `h gmar n¥{Wdr
_{bZ öX` _| O¡go Xn©U _| à{V{~[å~V hmo, d¡go à{V{~[å~V hmoVr hr h¡ &&43&&
Vrgam gJ© g_mßV
Mm¡Wm gJ©
AhÝVm hr g§gma H$m _yb h¡ & BgH$m AmË_~moY go AZh§^md H$s ^mdZm H$aZo na Ë`mJ hmo OmVm h¡, `h dU©Z &
gånyU© Ñí`m| H$m Ë`mJ hr ÑîQ>m AmË_m H$m _moj h¡ & Vob IV_ hmo OmZo na Xrn-{Zdm©U Ho$
g_mZ VÎdkmZ go gånyU© Ñí` àn§M Ho$ _yb AkmZ H$m {Zdm©U (Zme) hmo OmZo na hr dh {gÕ
hmoVm h¡, AÝ`Wm Zht, `h H$hVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_Or, MoVZ AmË_ê$n VÎd~moY hmo OmZo na O~ AhÝVm{X
Ho$ g{hV OJV² emÝV hmo OmVm h¡ V~ Vob g_mßV hmo OmZo na O¡go Xrn ~wP OmVm h¡ d¡go hr g~
Ñí` àn§Mm| H$m Ë`mJ {gÕ hmoVm h¡, AÝ`Wm Zht &&1&& H$_m] H$m Ë`mJ dñVwV… Ë`mJ Zht H$hm J`m
h¡, ~moY hr _w»` Ë`mJ H$hm J`m h¡ & {Og_| OJV² H$m à{V^mg Zht h¡ Eogm n[a{eîQ> _w»` EH$
AmË_m hr gd©Ë`mJê$nr _moj h¡, `h A{dZmer VWm AhÝVm{X {dH$mam| go a{hV h¡ &&2&& "nm_aOZ
VH$ à{gÕ `h Xohm{X Ñí` àn§M hr _¢ hÿ±' VWm "Xohm{X go gå~ÜY `h ^mo½` OJV² _oam h¡', Bg
Vah Ho$ VmXmËå`mÜ`mg Am¡a g§gJm©Ü`mg ê$n Xmo ~ÝYZm| Ho$, Voba{hV XrnH$ H$s ZmBª, g_yb
emÝV hmo OmZo na gdm}Îm_ ~moY hr (EH$_mÌ M¡VÝ` hr AmË_m h¡, Bg àH$ma H$m kmZ hr) eof ah
OmVm h¡, BgrH$m Zm_ na_{Zdm©U `mZr _moj h¡ &&3&&
CŠV AW© H$mo ì`{VaoH$ go ^r Ñ‹T> H$aVo h¢ &
"`h Xohm{Xê$n _¢ hÿ± VWm ór-nwÌ Am{X _oao h¢' Bg àH$ma H$m AÜ`mgê$n g§gma {OgH$m
emÝV Zht h¡ Cgo Z kmZ h¡, Z em[ÝV h¡, Z Ë`mJ hr h¡ Am¡a Z {Zd¥{V `mZr _mojê$n gwI hr
h¡ &&4&& `h ór, nwÌ, YZ Am[X g~ _oao h¢ , `h eara, B[ÝÐ` Am{X _¢ hÿ±, {g\©$ BVZo AÜ`mg
H$s Omo {Zd¥{Îm h¡ dh AÜ`ñV nXmWm] Ho$ ~mY H$m A{YîR>mZê$n hmoZo go ~moYê$n VWm gd©Wm emÝV
{edñdê$n h¡, Cggo {^ÝZ Am¡a Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡ &&5&& VÎd~moY Ho$ Ûmam Ah_§e Ho$ jrU hmo OmZo
na (ho lram_Or, `h Amn g_P br{OE {H$) __Vm H$m AmYma gmam g§gma hr {dZme H$mo àmßV
hmo J`m & (g~ OJV² H$m Zme hmoZo na gd©ñd Zme H$s Ame§H$m go S>ao hþE nwéf Ho$ à{V g_mYmZ
XoVo h¢ &) Am¡a gM ny{N>ò Vmo `WmW© _| H$ht Hw$N> ^r ZîQ> Zht hþAm & Š`m|{H$ gd©Ì AmZÝXKZ EH$
AmË_m hr [ñWV h¡ &&6&&
Ah§~w{Õ H$mo ZîQ> H$aZo _| {~bHw$b gab Cnm` ~VbmVo h¢ &
Ah§H$ma H$s ^mdZm H$aZodmbm Ord EH$_mÌ Ah§H$ma H$s ^mdZm Z H$aZo go hr {~Zm {H$gr
{d¿Z Ho$ () emÝV hmo OmVm h¡ & Am¡a `h _w{ŠV {g\©$ BVZo hr gmYZ go {gÕ hmo OmVr h¡, BgHo$
{bE AZoH$ gmYZm| Ho$ gånmXZ _| ì`W© Šboe Š`m| {H$`m Om` ? &&7&&
AZh§~w{Õ ^r Vmo Ah§~w{Õ H$s ZmBª Û¡Vê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AÜ`mg hr h¡, {\$a dh {H$ggo
emÝV hmoVr h¡, `{X `h ny{N>ò,Vmo BgH$m CÎma `h h¡ {H$ n§H$ Ho$ gmW H$VH$Yy{b H$s ZmBª Ah§~w{Õ
Ho$ gmW dh ^r AnZo-Amn {MXmË_m _| emÝV hmo OmVr h¡, `h Cnn{Îmnyd©H$ H$hVo h¢ &
_¢ Xohm{X Zht hÿ±, {H$ÝVw {MÝ_mÌê$n hr hÿ±, Bg ~w{Õ H$mo ^r `{X Amn Û¡V^«_~w{Õ hr H$h|, Vmo
`h na_mW©{MËñd^md H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Am¡a Hw$N> Zht h¡ & Š`m|{H$ {M{Vñdê$n Vmo AmH$me Ho$ g_mZ
{deX h¡, Bg{bE Bg_| ^«_ H$s [ñW{V hr H$hm± ah gH$Vr h¡ &&8&&
^«_, ^«_gmYZ, ^«_\$b Ed§ CZHo$ Aml` g^r kmZ_mÌ Ho$ n[aUm_ h¢, Bg{bE AkmZ H$s
{Zd¥{Îm hmo OmZo na CZH$m n¥WH²$ A[ñVËd Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Z ^«_ h¡, Z ^«_ H$m gmYZ h¡,Z ^«_ H$m \$b h¡ Am¡a Z ^«_ H$m Aml` hr h¡, Omo Hw$N> h¡, dh
g~ AkmZ hr h¡, Bg{bE O~ AmnH$mo VÎdkmZ hmo OmòJm V~ Cgr go Amn _| CZH$s gÎmm Zht
ahoJr &&9&& ho lram_Or, `h Omo àn§M {XImB© Xo ahm h¡, dmñVd _| Cgo {MÝ_mÌ hr g_{Pò &
ñdê$nV… {dñV¥V àn§M AgV² IaJmoe Ho$ gtJ Ho$ gÑe hr h¡, Bg{bE Amn OJV² Ho$ {df` _|
g_ñV dmJ²ì`dhma H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a MwnMmn ~¡R>o a{hò, Š`m|{H$ nydm}ŠV àUmbr go g~ Hw$N> n[a{eîQ>
AmË_ñdê$n hr h¡ &&10&&
() AWm©V² "ZoX§ aOV_²' (`h aOV Zht h¡) Bg ~w{Õ go aOV Ho$ AÜ`mg~mY _| O¡go H$moB© {d¿Z Zht h¡ &
ŸyÕ - 4] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1737
O~-O~ Ah§^md H$m CX` àmßV hmo V~-V~ Cgr g_` _| Ah§^md {damo{YZr AZh§^md~w{Õ
n¡Xm H$aZm Mm{hE, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{Og H$maUgm_J«r go {Z_of_mÌ _| erK« Ah§~w{Õ CËnÝZ hmoVr h¡ Cg gm_J«r go {déÕ
VËH$mb AZh§^md H$m CËnmXZ H$a nwéf {H$gr àH$ma Ho$ emoH$ go gÝVßV Zht hmoVm &&11&&
^Ð, Bg Vah {ZaÝVa AË`ÝV gmdYmZr go n¡Xm {H$ò Jò AZh§^md Ah§^md H$mo erK«
AmH$menwîn Ho$ gÑe {Zd©MZr` ~ZmH$a aU _| YZwf M‹T>mò Jò AOw©Z~mU Ho$ gÑe Anam§_wI hmo
~«÷ê$n bú` H$m Ñ‹T> Adbå~Z H$a {ZaÝVa Amn Ad[ñWV a{hò &&12&&
ho am_^Ð, Bg ar{V go {ZaÝVa AhÝVm H$s AmH$menwîn Am{X Ho$ gÑe ^mdZm H$a aho
Amn g_ñV gm§gm[aH$ ^mdZmAm| go {Z_w©ŠV hmoH$a g§gmagmJa go nma hmo OmBò &&13&& ^Ð,
ñdm^m{dH$ AkmZO{ZV Ah§^md Ho$ D$na {dO` nmZo _| {OgH$s ñd`§ draVm Zht h¡ Cg
new H$s CÎm_nX àm[ßV Ho$ {bE H$moB© MMm© hr Š`m hmo gH$Vr h¡, `h H${hò &&14&& {Og
CÎm_ kmZr nwéf Zo g~go nhbo H$m_, H«$moY Am{X N>… eÌwAm| Ho$ D$na {dO` nm br h¡, dhr
~‹S>o-~‹S>o AWm] H$m ^mOZ hmo gH$Vm h¡; Xygam _Zwî`ê$nr JXhm Zht &&15&& Omo nwéf AnZo
AÝXa H$s _Zmod¥{Îm H$mo OrV ahm h¡ `m Omo OrV MwH$m h¡ dh nwéf {ddoH$kmZ H$m nmÌ {JZm
OmVm h¡ Am¡a dhr "nwéf' Bg eãX go H$hm OmVm h¡ `mZr Cgr nwéf Zo AnZm OÝ_ g\$b
~Zm`m h¡ &&16&& ^Ð, g_wÐ _| {ebm Ho$ gÑe Omo-Omo {df` AmnHo$ {bE àmaãYde àmßV
hmo Omò, CZ g~ {df`m| go Amn "dh {df` _¢ Zht hÿ±' Bg àH$ma H$s ^mdZm H$aVo hþE AnZm
gå~ÝY hr hQ>m Xr{Oò &&17&& "_¢ Xohm{X {df`ê$n Zht hÿ±', Eogm OmZVo hþE Am¡a AZoH$ Vah
H$s `w[ŠV`m| go kmZê$n gwI H$m AÀN>r Vah AZw^d H$aVo hþE ^r Š`m| Amn AkmZr Ho$ gÑe
_moh _| \±$gVo h¢ AWm©V² Zht hr \±$gZm Mm{hE &&18&& `w[ŠV go {dMmaZo na O¡go gwdU© _|
H$Q>H$ Am{Xê$nVm Ho$db ^«m[ÝV H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a H$moB© ^r Xygar dñVw Zht h¡ d¡go hr Bg AmË_m
_| `w[ŠV go {dMmaZo na Xohm{X ko` dñVw ^«m[ÝV H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Xygar H$moB© ^r dñVw Zht h¡ &
AmnH$s d¡gr ^«m[ÝV Ho$db {df`m| Ho$ {dñ_aU go hr ZîQ> hmo OmòJr &&19&&
hOmam| `w[ŠV`m| Ho$ àXe©Z goo H$moB© à`moOZ Zht h¡ Ho$db "Xohm{X _¢ Zht hÿ±' AHo$br Bg
^mdZm H$m Aä`mg H$a boZo na hr g~ ^«m[ÝV`m± {ZH$b OmòJr, `h H$hVo h¢ &
lram_Or, dm`w _| {H«$`m Ho$ gÑe AmnHo$ ^rVa Omo-Omo ^md CËnÝZ hmoVo h¢, CZ-CZ ^mdm|
Ho$ Amn "_¢ ^mdê$n Zht hÿ±' Bg Vah H$s ^mdZmd¥{Îm go AnZo H$mo AZml` ~Zm Xr{Oò &&20&&
{Og nwéf Zo g~go nhbo Ah§^md H$m Ë`mJH$a bmo^, bÁOm, _X Am¡a _moh Ho$ D$na {dO` Zht
nmB©, dh nwéf Zm[ñVH$Vm, `WoîQ>mMaU Am{X Ho$ CËnmXH$ Bg AmÜ`mË_emó H$m AZ{YH$mar
h¡ & Cgo Bg_| àd¥Îm Zht hmoZm Mm{hE `{X dh àd¥{Îm H$aoJm, Vmo Zm[ñVH$ Ed§ ñdoÀN>mMmar hr ~Z
OmòJm &&21&& ndZ _| ñnÝXZ Ho$ gÑe Amn_| Omo AhÝVm [ñWV h¡ dh AmnHo$ na_mË_ñdê$n
~Z OmZo na dm`w _| ñnÝXZ Ho$ gÑe Amngo n¥WH²$ Zht ah gH$Vr &&22&& Hy$Q>ñW A{ÛVr`
M¡VÝ`_mÌ Ho$ kmZ go na_mË_m _| O~ g§gma EH$ê$n go {_b OmVm h¡ V~ dh ~hþV hr ^bm
bJVm h¡ & R>rH$ hr h¡ {H$ _mbm _| ^«m[ÝV go H$[ënV gn© Am{X ^`§H$a AW© O~ _mbm Ho$ kmZ go
_mbmñdê$n hmo OmVo h¡ V~ _mbmê$n go H$ÊR> _|§ YmaU H$aZo na gwÝXa bJVo hr h¡ &&23&&
`{X AmË_kmZ go Ord Am¡a OJV² H$s na_mË_ê$n Ad`dr Ho$ ê$n _| CËn{Îm AmnZo _mZ br,
Vmo CgHo$ ~mX Xygao ^md{dH$ma ^r CËnÝZ hm|Jo hr, Eogr [ñW{V _| CZ {dH$mam| go VWm Ord^md,
OJX²^md Ed§ CZHo$ Üd§g Am{X H$mo boH$a Û¡Vmn{Îm ^r hmoJr, Bg e§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
dñVwV… na_mË_m Z Vmo H$^r C{XV (CËnÝZ) hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Z H$^r AñV hr Am¡a O~ Bg
na_mË_m go {^ÝZ H$moB© Xygar dñVw h¡ hr Zht, V~ Cggo {^ÝZ H$m¡Z ^md ahm Am¡a H$m¡Z A^md
ahm, H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h {H$ ~mY go H$[ënV H$s Omo A{YîR>mZê$nVm h¡, dh Z Vmo CËn{Îmê$n
h¡ Am¡a Z Zmeê$n h¡, {H$ÝVw {ZË`{gÕ AmË_ê$n h¡ & Am¡a {dH$ma Am{X _| hoVw Vmo {H«$`m hr ahVr
h¡, kmZ Zht, Bg{bE Ord H$s na_mË_ê$nVm Ho$ ~mX Û¡V H$^r ^r Zht hmo gH$Vm &&24&&
VÎdkmZ go kmVm, ko` kmZê$n {ÌnwQ>r H$m ~mY hmo OmZo na {ÌnwQ>rO{ZV Ord H$m {dZme hmo
OmVm h¡ & Bggo `hr ~mV {ZH$br {H$ "Ëd§' nX H$m bú`, nyU©, emÝV, {edñdê$n na~«÷ Omo
"VV²' nX Ho$ bú` nyU©, emÝV, {edñdê$n ñd^md _| nhbo go [ñWV h¡, BgrH$m VÎdkmZ
{dñVma H$a XoVm h¡, Anyd© {H$grH$m ^r CËnmXZ Zht H$aVm &&25&&
Xrn Ho$ {Zdm©U Ho$ g_mZ Am^mg g{hV A{dÚm H$m \$b {Zdm©U Anyd© kmZ H$m CËnÝZ
hþAm & `h Adí` hr _mZZm hmoJm, AÝ`Wm kmZ {Zî\$b hmo OmòJm & Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
R>rH$ h¡, `Ú{n {Zdm©U kmZ H$m \$b h¡ VWm{n dh Anyd© CËnÝZ hþAm & `h H$hZm
AË`ÝV Aà{gÕ h¡, Š`m|{H$ AÝYH$maeyÝ` gy`© _| AÝYH$ma{Zd¥{Îm Ho$ g_mZ àn§MeyÝ` ~«÷
_| àn§M-{Zd¥{Îm Am¡a {ZËèmÝV _| em[ÝV H$hr J`r h¡ & AV… AZW© {Zd¥{Îmê$n kmZ H$m
H$moB© Anyd© \$b Zht hþAm & Bgr Vah {ZË`{gÕ {Za{Ve`mZÝX {ed _| AmZÝXàm[ßVê$n \$b
^r H$moB© Anyd© nXmW© Zht h¡ & Bg Vah kmZ H$m \$b _mZZo na Û¡Vmn{Îm Zht Am gH$Vr &
`{X àË`H²$ _| (OrdmË_m _|) ~ÝY Am¡a ~«÷ _| AmH$mem{X nXmW© gË` hmoVo, Vmo CZH$m {Zdm©U
Xrn{Zdm©U Ho$ g_mZ Anyd© hmoVm, bo{H$Z Eogm h¡ Zht & aÁOw _| gn©{Zdm©U Ho$ g_mZ
àË`JmË_m Ho$ ~ÝY H$m {Zdm©U ^r dmñVd _| A{Zdm©Uê$n hr h¡ & ~«÷ ^r dmñVd _|
AmH$mem{X gË` nXmWm] go `wŠV Zht ahVm, Bg{bE CZH$s {Zd¥{Îm Û¡V H$mo {gÕ Zht H$a
gH$Vr &&26&&
AZh§^mdZm Agø h¡, BgH$m IÊS>Z H$aVo h¢ &
ŸyÕ - 4] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1739
O~ eóm| Ho$ AmKmV gho OmVo h¢, O~ ì`m{Y`m| H$s nr‹S>mE± ghr OmVr h¡ V~ " _¢ Zht hÿ±'
BVZr ^mdZm H$mo ghZo _| H$m¡Z-gm Šboe hmo ahm h¡ ? &&27&&
{OVZo OJV² Ho$ nXmW© h¡, CZ g~H$m A{dZmer H$maU Xohm{X _| Ah§^md aIZm hr h¡ &
kmZ Ûmam CgH$m {Z_y©bZ hmo OmZo na `h OJV² Vmo AnZo Amn CI‹S> OmVm h¡ &&28&&
{Z…gma ^r _wI Ho$ ~mîn go O¡go na_ ñdÀN> Xn©U _{bZ hþAm àVrV hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr
na_mË_mê$nr Xn©U Ah§H$maê$nr {Z…gma ^r _wI~mîn go gmadV² _{bZ hþAm àVrV hmoVm h¡ &
Ah§H$maê$n {Z…gma ~mîn Ho$ emÝV hmoZo na Vmo na_mË_m {Z_©b hmo OmVm h¡ &&29&& na_mË_mê$n
dm`w _| Ah§H$maê$n ñnÝX h¡ & Cgo emÝV hmoZo na A{ZX}í`, AZm^mg, AO Am¡a A{dZmer
AÛ` {MXmH$me_mÌ eof ahVm h¡ &&30&&
~mø AZWm] Ho$ AdbmoH$Z _| ^r Ah§H$ma hr hoVw h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Ah§H$ma gm_Zo Cn[ñWV Ðì`m| H$m {M{V _| à{V{~å~ àXmZ H$aVm h¡ & Cg Ah§H$ma Ho$ emÝV
hmo OmZo na dh {M{V {Zam^mg, AZÝV, AO Am¡a A{dZmer na_mË_ñdê$n hr ah OmVr
h¡ &&31&& Ah§H$maê$nr _oK Ho$ {N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ hmo OmZo na na_mW©ê$n eaËH$mb H$m AmH$me,
gdm}Îm_, ñdÀN> Agr_ {M{V bú_r go Iy~ gwÝXa ^m{gV hmoZo bJ OmVm h¡ &&32&& ho lram_MÝÐOr,
Omo {dewÕ gwdU©ê$n {MaH$m{bH$ M¡VÝ` h¡, dh Ah§H$maê$n _b Ho$ gånH©$ go Ordê$nr Vm_«^md
H$mo àmßV hþAm h¡, naÝVw ldUm{X Cnm`ê$nr A{½Z _| VnH$a O~ Ah§H$maê$nr _b go {Z_w©ŠV hmo
OmVm h¡ V~ dhr na_àH$me_` H$m[ÝV_mZ² ~«÷ê$nr gwdU© (N) ~Z OmVm h¡ &&33&&
`{X Amn `h H$h| {H$ Ah§H$ma H$s {Zd¥{Îm hmo OmZo na {H$g Zm_ go _oam CnXoe hmoJm, Vmo Bg
na _oam H$hZm `h h¡ {H$ g_wÐ _| {dbrZ g¡ÝYd Am{X nXmWm] H$s Vah VV²-VV² Zm_ H$s {Zd¥{Îm
go O¡gr Aì`nXoí`Vm hmoVr h¡ d¡gr hr AmnH$s ^r Aì`nXoí`Vm hmoJr & Cg g_` Amn A{Zd©MZr`
~«÷ñdê$n hmo OmAmoJo, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go g_wÐ _| {dbrZ hþE nXmWm] H$m ñdê$n Aì`nXoí`Vm H$mo àmßV hmo OmVm h¡ d¡go hr
AZhÝVm go ~«÷ _| {dbrZ hþB© AhÝVm ^r Aì`nXoí`Vm H$mo àmßV hmo OmVr h¡, Š`m|{H$ Cg g_`
dh ~«÷ê$n ~Z OmVr h¡ &&34&&
Ah§H$ma {Zd¥{Îm Ho$ ~mX ~«÷ Am{X Zm_ go Omo Ord H$m ì`dhma hmoVm h¡ dh ^r AÝ` nX Ho$
AW© H$s ZmBª Cg_| (Ord_|) Ah§H$maê$n AënËd (N>moQ>onZ H$m) Zmeê$n Omo ~¥hËd (~‹S>ßnZ )
h¡, VËñdê$nàd¥{Îm{Z{_Îm H$s H$ënZm H$aHo$ hr hmoVm h¡, dñVwV… Zht hmoVm, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Va§J Am{X Y_m] go eyÝ` AnZo ñdm^m{dH$ ñdê$n go [ñWV hþAm Ob O¡go nyd© Ho$ Va§J
Am{X ê$n go ^rVa gË`-gm àVrV hmoH$a Va§J Am{X Zm_m| go ì`döV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a
(N) Xo{Iò `h lw{V … "na§ Á`mo{Vê$ngånÚ ñdoZ ê$noUm{^{ZînÚVo Ÿ&'
ñdm^m{dH$ Obê$n go [ñWV hþAm Va§J Am{X Zm_m| go ì`döV Zht hmoVm, d¡go hr AnZo
ñdê$n _| [ñWV AmË_m {H$gr Zm_ go ì`döV Zht hmoVm, naÝVw O~ AhÝVm ahVr h¡,V~
dh AÝ` nXmWm] Ho$ gÑe Zm_dmbm gm ~ZH$a [ñWV ahVm h¡ Am¡a CZ-CZ bmj{UH$ Zm_m|
H$s H$ënZm go ì`döV hmoVm h¡ &&35&& Ah§H$ma hr OÝ__aU ê$n Bg g§gma H$m ~rO h¡ &
^mdZm Ho$ _yb AkmZ Ho$ Zme go O~ `h Ah§H$maê$nr ~rO X½Y hmo OmVm h¡ V~ OJV² Am¡a
~ÝY BË`m{X H$s H$ënZm hr Š`m ahVr h¡ ? &&36&&
Bg g§gma H$m ~rO Ah§H$ma hr h¡, BgH$m CnnmXZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE "`h H¡$go C{XV hmoVm
h¡' `h ~VbmVo h¢ &
gV² , ~«÷, {ed, AmË_m, `mZr {ÌH$mbA~m{YV, An[a[ÀN>ÝZ, {Za{Ve`mZÝX Anamoj
{MXoH$ag BZ ñd^mdm| go `wŠV na_mË_m _| gV² Am{X Mmam| ñd^mdm| Ho$ g§H$moMê$n Zm_ go
H$b§{H$V `mZr _m{bÝ``wŠV, g_[îQ>-AhÝVm Eogr C{XV hmoVr h¡ O¡gr KQ>mH$man[aÀN>oX go
{_Å>r H$s ñd^md {dñ_¥{V &&37&& Bg{bE Ah§H$maê$nr ~rO go `h Ñí`àn§M H$s gÎmmê$nr
{~å~ bVm C{XV hþB© h¡ & {Og_| ì`[îQ>^md go AZÝV OJV²ê$nr \$b CËnÝZ Am¡a ZîQ> hmoVo
ahVo h¢ &&38&&
BgrH$m {dñV¥Vê$n go dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
Bg Ah_W©ê$nr {_M© Ho$ ~rO Ho$ ^rVa nd©Vm|, g_wÐm|, n¥{Wdr Am¡a Z{X`m| Ho$ g{hV VWm
~mø B[ÝÐ`m| go hmoZodmbo nXmWm] Ho$ n`m©bmoMZ Ed§ _Z Ho$ ^rVa ahZodmbr H$m_-g§H$ën
Am{Xd¥{Îmê$n EfUmê$nr M_ËH¥${V C{XV hmoVr h¡ &&39&& AÝV[aj, n¥{Wdr, dm`w, AmH$me,
nd©V, Z{X`m± Am¡a {XemE± ò g~Ho$ g~ Ah_W©ê$nr {dH${gV Hw$gw_ H$s gwJÝY h¢ &&40&&
gw_oé Ho$ na^mJ _| gÐyn {XZ C{XV hmoVo hr gÐyn nXmW© H$m àH$me Am¡a _ZZ O¡go H$aVm
h¡ d¡go hr AmË_m _| C{XV hmoVo hr `h Ah§H$ma OJV² H$mo àH$Q> H$aVm h¡ &&41&& àmaå^ hmoVo
hr {XZ O¡go nXmWm] H$mo àH$m{eV H$aVm h¡ d¡go hr àmaå^ hmoVo hr Ah§H$ma^mdZm jU â
_| AgV² OJV² H$m {Z_m©U H$a XoVr h¡ &&42&& ~«÷ê$nr Ob _| Ah§H$maê$nr Vob H$m {~ÝXw
n‹S>Vo hr Omo Mmam| Amoa \¡$b OmVm h¡ dhr erK« `h {ÌbmoH$sê$nr MH«$ ~ZH$a [ñWV hmo OmVm
h¡ &&43&& {Og Vah Iam~ Am±I| Iwbr ahH$a AgÐyn OJV² H$mo gË`ê$n go Iy~ AZw^d
H$aVr h¡ & {H$ÝVw ~ÝX hmo OmVo hr Zht H$aVr; Ahmo, Cgr Vah CÝ_of _mÌ go `h AhÝVm
AgÐyn OJV² H$mo gË`ê$n go AZw^d H$aVr h¡ &&44&&
BgrH$mo Ñ‹T> H$aZo Ho$ {bE {\$a H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go Am±I H$s nwVbr gwfw[ßV, _aU `m _yÀN>m© _| O~ {Vamo{hV hmoo OmVr h¡ `m O~ _moj
_| nyU©V`m {dbrZ hmo OmVr h¡ AWdm g_m{Y _| gmjmËH$ma Ûmam O~ ZîQ> hmo OmVr h¡ V~
ŸyÕ - 5] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1741
gm§gm[aH$ nXmWm] H$m AZw^d Zht H$a nmVr; d¡go hr Ah_W© Ho$ àg¥V hmoZo na hr `h g§gma
AZw^yV hmoVm h¡, AÝ`Wm Zht &&45&& {ZË` na_mË_kmZ go Ah_§e Ho$ {~bHw$b {Z…eof H$a
{Xò OmZo na `h g§gmaê$nr _¥JOb nyU©ê$n go emÝV hmo OmVm h¡ &&46&&
gmYZ Am¡a \$b XmoZm| A{Vgwb^ h¢, `h {XIbmVo h¢ Ÿ&
ñdàH$me {MXmË_m H$s EH$_mÌ ^mdZm go gmÜ` (N) ñdV…{gÕ (c) AmË_ê$n Bg loîR>
dñVw H$s àm[ßV _| ho lram_Or, Amn {Za§Hw$e IoX `m Ah§^mdm{X ^«m[ÝV H$mo àmßV Z hm| &&47&&
{H$gr Xygao nwéf Am{X ~mø gmYZ H$s Anojm Z hmoZo go ^r BgH$mo A{Vgwb^
~VbmVo h¢ &
ho {Zînmn lram_MÝÐOr, {H$gr Xygao ghm`H$ Am{X gmYZ Ho$ {~Zm ñd`ËZ_mÌ go gmÜ`
AZh§^mdZm Ho$ {gdm _¢ Xygam AmnH$m H$moB© H$ë`mUH$maU Zht XoIVm &&48&&
gånyU© CnXoe {gÕmÝVm| H$m gma g§jonê$n go {XIbmVo hþE A~ Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ &
hoo lram_Or, g~go nhbo ì`[îQ>-Ah§^md H$mo ^ybH$a Mmam| Amoa go nd©V, A§V[aj,
n¥{Wdr, g_wÐ, dm`w VWm CgHo$ _mJ© AmH$meê$n hmoH$a gmao g§gma H$mo n[anyU© ~Zm H$aHo$
AnZo {d^d H$m {dñVma H$aVo hþE Amn g_[îQ>^md go [ñWV hmo OmBò & VXZÝVa ñWmda-
O§J_ gmam g§gma ~«÷ê$n hr h¡, Bg Vah Ho$ kmZ go g_ñV àn§Mm| H$m ~mY H$aHo$ àn§MeyÝ`,
B[ÝÐ`m|, AÝV…H$aU Ho$ _bm| VWm H$bmAm| go d{O©V hmoVo hþE ñdñW, emÝV, {demoH$ Am¡a
{Z_©bmË_m hmoH$a [ñWV hmo OmBò, Š`m|{H$ Bg Vah AÜ`mamon VWm AndmX Ý`m` go {Zîàn§M
AmË_ê$n go Ad{eîQ> ah OmZm hr gånyU© doXmÝV {gÕmÝVm| H$m gma h¡ &&49&&
Mm¡Wm gJ© g_mßV
nm±Mdm± gJ©
{OVo[ÝÐ` nwéfm| _| hr emóm| H$m CnXoe g\$b hmoVm h¡, A{OVo[ÝÐ`m| _| Zht,
Bg {df` _| ^wewÊS> Ûmam H${WV {dÚmYa H$Wm H$m d{gîR>Or Ûmam dU©Z &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho am_Or,g~go nhbo _Z Ho$ g{hV B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ ñd^md H$mo
({df`m| H$s Amoa CÝ_wI hmo ahr àd¥{Îm H$mo) OrVH$a nrN>o {ZË`m{ZË` dñVw Ho$ {ddoH$ Am{X
gmYZm| _| Omo _Zwî` àd¥Îm hmoVm h¡ CgrHo$ {bE emó Ho$ Am¡a AmMm`© Ho$ CnXoe H$m gmam \$b
(N)O‹S> nXmWm] H$s ZmBª Bg_| \$bì`m[ßV H$s Anojm Zht h¡, AV… BgHo$ gmYZ _|
A{Vgwb^Vm h¡, `h Bggo {XIbm`m J`m &
(c) Bggo \$b _| ^r CËnmXZ Am{X {H$gr {deof à`ËZ H$s Amdí`H$Vm Z hmoZo go
A{Vgwb^Vm {XIbmB© JB© h¡ &
erK« {gÕ hmoVm h¡, Xygao Ho$ {bE Zht &&1&& {Og X½Y~w{Õ Zo AnZo ^rVa {df`m| H$s Amoa
Xm¡‹S>Zodmbr AnZr B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ ñd^md H$mo Zht OrV {b`m CgH$mo na_nX H$s àm[ßV Eogo Xwb©^ h¡,
O¡go ~mby _| go Vob {ZH$mbZm Xwb©^ h¡ & VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ ~mby {ZMmo‹S>Zo H$m l_ O¡go {Zî\$b h¡,
d¡go hr {MaH$mb go Aä`ñV hþE ^r, B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ ñd^md H$mo OrVo {~Zm ldU, _ZZ Am{X
{~bHw$b {Zî\$b h¡ &&2&& ewÕ {Z_©b dó Am{X _| Vob {~ÝXw H$s ZmBª ewÕ {d_b {MÎmdmbo _Zwî`
_| Wmo‹S>m ^r CnXoe à{dîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a gmYZ MVwîQ>` go [aŠV {MÎmdmbm| _| Eogo Zht à{dîQ>
hmo nmVm O¡go Xn©U Ho$ ^rVa _moVr Zht à{dîQ> hmo nmVm &&3&& Bg {df` _| {dÛmZ bmoJ Bg
àmMrZ B{Vhmg H$m CXmhaU {X`m H$aVo h¢ & ^wewÊS>Or Zo ~hþV {XZ nhbo _wPgo _oé nd©V Ho$
{eIana `h H$hm Wm &&4&& ~mV ~hþV nwamZr h¡, H$^r _oé {eIa Ho$ EH$mÝV H$moQ>a _| {H$gr
AÜ`mË_ H$Wm Ho$ àñVmd _| lr^wewÊS>Or go _¢Zo `h nyN>m Wm &&5&& _¢Zo ^wewÊS>Or go nyN>m Wm {H$
ho {à`, `h ~VbmAmo {H$ Bg g§gma _| _w½Y~w{Õ VWm AmË_kmZeyÝ` XrK©Ordr Vw_ {H$go ñ_aU
H$aVo hmo ? ho lram_Or, _oao nyN>Zo na CÝhm|Zo `h H$hm &&6&&
^wewÊS>Or Zo H$hm … ho ^JdZ², bmoH$mbmoH$mÝVa nd©V H$s MmoQ>r na ~hþV {XZ nhbo EH$
{dÚmYa ahVm Wm & dh A{OV B[ÝÐ`m| go AË`ÝV IoX H$mo àmßV AVEd {dlm[ÝVag go hrZ,
AmË_kmZeyÝ`, {dMmadmZ² VWm Am`wd¥{Õ Ho$ hoVw^yV gXmMma go gånÝZ Wm &&7&& AZoH$ Vah Ho$
Vn, `_ Am¡a {Z`_ go AjrUm`w (n[anyU© Am`w) hmoH$a nyd© H$mb_| dh Mma H$ënm| VH$ [ñWV
ahm &&8&& VXZÝVa Mm¡Wo H$ën Ho$ AÝV _| {MaH$mbVH$ Vn, {Z`_ Am{X Ho$ AZwîR>mZ go CgH$mo
Eogo {ddoH$ C{XV hþAm & O¡go ~mXb Ho$ CX` go {dXya^y{_ _| d¡Xw`©_{U &&9&&
{ddoH$ñdê$n {XIbmVo h¢ &
nwZ…-nwZ… OÝ_, nwZ…-nwZ… _¥Ë`w VWm nwZ…-nwZ… d¥ÕmdñWm Z hmo, Š`m|{H$ BgH$m {dMma
H$aVo hþE _¢ b{ÁOV hmo ahm hÿ± & AV… Ohm± ò {~bHw$b Z hm|, Eogr EH$ [ñWa H$m¡Z-gr dñVw hmo
gH$Vr h¡ ? &&10&& `m| {dMma H$aHo$ nm§M àmU, Xg B[ÝÐ`m±, _Z, ~w{Õ VWm ñWyb Xoh BZ
AR>mah Ad`dm| go `wŠV AnZr nwar H$mo {MaH$mb VH$ YmaU H$aZo go lmÝV VWm g§gma Ho$ aggo
{daŠV dh _hmË_m _oao nmg Hw$N> nyN>Zo Am`m &&11&& _oao g_rn AmH$a ~‹S>o AmXa Ho$ gmW CgZo
Z_ñH$ma {H$`m & _¢Zo ^r gËH$ma go Cgo ~¡R>m`m & AZÝVa àíZ H$m Adga nmH$a CgZo `h
A{Z[ÝXV dMZ H$hm &&12&&
AnZo IoX Ho$ hoVw^yV B[ÝÐ`m{XH$m| Ho$ Xmofm| H$m {dñVma go AmJo MbH$a dU©Z H$aZo H$s BÀN>m
H$a aho {dÚmYa ^y{_H$m ~m±Y aho h¢ &
{dÚmYa Zo H$hm … ho ^JdmZ², AnZo-AnZo {df`m| _| erK«mZwàdoer hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AË`ÝV
H$mo_b, àdoe Ho$ ~mX AË`ÝV n[aVmnr Am¡a VXZÝVa CZH$m {hbmZm-Sw>bmZm AeŠ` hmoZo go
ŸyÕ - 6] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1743
nËWa go ^r A{YH$ Ñ‹T> Am¡a ~bdmZ², N>oXZ Am¡a ôXZ _| Xj AnZo eara Ho$ AÝXa à{dîQ> hþE
~mU Am{X eó Am¡a B[ÝÐ`m± Vwë` h¢ &&13&& ho _wZo ò B[ÝÐ`m± öX` _| ê$‹T> h¢, V_mo_` h¢,
AÝYH$ma go âo gKZ O§Jb Ho$ Vwë` h¢, H$m_ Am{X dmZam| go ì`mßV h¢ Ed§ àmU,_Z, Xoh Am¡a
öX`ñW ^yI Am{X Xw…Iê$nr N>… Va§Jm| go `wŠV h¢ & Va§Jm| go `wŠV hmoVr hþB© ^r X¡dmV² H$ht
A§Hw$[aV hþE e_-X_m{X JwUê$nr O§Jb H$s XmhH$ hmoZo go ò {dn{Îm XoZodmbr VWm _{bZ h¢ &
AV… Bg Vah H$s B[ÝÐ`m| H$mo Ed§ CZHo$ Aml` _Z H$mo OrVH$a àmUr gwIr hmo gH$Vm h¡,
gm§gm[aH$ BZ ^moJm| go H$Xm{n gwIr Zht hmo gH$Vm & AV… _wPo {dÚmYam| Ho$ ^moJê$nr BZ nXmWm]
go H$moB© _Vb~ A~ Zht h¢ & ho ^JdZ², `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ {daŠV {Okmgw hmoH$a _¢ AmnH$s eaU
_| Am`m hÿ± &&14&&
nm±Mdm± gJ© g_mßV
N>R>m gJ©
{MaH$mb VH$ {Xì` ^moJ H$mo ^moJo hþE {dÚmYa Ho$ Ûmam nar{jV {df`m| _| CÝ_wI B[ÝÐ`m| H$s Zr{V H$m dU©Z &
AV… Mma gmYZm| go gånÝZ _wP ~«÷{Okmgw H$mo ho ~«÷Z², Amn ~«÷monXoe Xr{Oò, `h
H$hVo h¢ &
{dÚmYa Zo H$hm … ho ^JdZ², Amn _wPo Cg na_nmdZ nX H$m erK« CnXoe Xr{Oò & Omo
nyU©ê$n go H¥$nUVm H$m {ZdV©H$, Xw…Ia{hV VWm [Za{Ve`mZÝXê$n hmoZo go A{V CXma h¡,
Am`mghrZ VWm j` Ed§ A{Ve` go eyÝ` h¡, Am{X Am¡a AÝV go a{hV h¡ &&1&& (ho ^JdmZ², _¢
{Ì{dYVmn go AË`ÝV gÝVßV hÿ± & AVEd gmJa _| Sy>~Zo H$s BÀN>m H$a aho gÝVßV {gadmbo nwéf
H$s ZmBª A~ _wPgo {dbå~ ghm Zht OmVm &)
`{X Vwåhmar Eogr [ñW{V h¡, Vmo {\$a nhbo hr Š`m| Zht Amò ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
ho _wZo, BVZo H$mb VH$ OS>mË_m ~ZH$a _¢ Jm‹T> {ZÐm _| gmo`m hþAm Wm & A~ _Z H$s Vrd«Va
d¡am½`ê$nr àgÝZVm go OmJ J`m hÿ± &&2&& ho ^JdZ², _¢ _Z Ho$ _hm^`§H$a amoJ H$m_ go nr{‹S>V hÿ±,
AkmZ H$s d¥{Îm`m| Xwdm©gZmAm| go jwãY hÿ± & _oao g_ñV H$_© XwéÀN>oÚ h¢ & AV… AZmË_m _|
AmË_m{^_mZmH$ma go [ñWV _moh go _oam erK« CÕma H$s{Oò &&3&&
{dÚmYa Vmo gånyU© {dÚmAm| Ho$ Aml` hmoZo go AnZo {dÚm~b go hr g_ñV Xw…Im| H$mo Xya
H$aZo _| g_W© hmoVo h¢, Š`m|{H$ _{U-_ÝÌ-agm`Zm{X H$s {g{Õ`m| VWm A{U_m{X Eoíd`m] go do
`wŠV ahVo h¢, `h gwZm OmVm h¡, Vmo {\$a `m| lrgånÝZ Vw__| H$m_m{X Xw…I `mVZmE± VWm
H$mVaVm Am¡a H$mn©Ê`m{X Xmof Š`m| AmH$a {Ja n‹S>o ? {Oggo {H$ loîR> Xod`mo{Z _| CËnÝZ hmoZo go
AË`ÝV g~Ho$ _mÝ` hmoVo hþE ^r Vw_ AmO {ZH¥$îQ> H$mH$`mo{Z _| n¡Xm hþE ^r _oar eaU Amò hmo
Am¡a _moh go AnZo CÕma H$m H$maU _wPgo nyN> aho hmo ? Bg Ame§H$m na H$h aho h¢ &
gånyU© {dÚmAm| VWm AZoH${dY {g{Õ`m| Am{X lrgån{Îm`m| Ed§ AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ JwUm| go
`wŠV ahVo {dÚmYam| _| ^r A{OVo[ÝÐ` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AmË_kmZeyÝ` hmoZo go H$m_, H«$moY, B©î`m©,
Agy`m Am{X Xw…I `mVZmE± Am¡a H$màVm Xmof Eogo erK« {JaVo h¢, O¡go bú_r Ho$ AmYma {df
VÝVwAm| go `wŠV CJ« nÎmm|dmbo H$_b Ho$ D$na Vwfma {JaVo h¢ &&4&&
kmZ H$m A^md ahZo na Y_m©ZwîR>mZ _| A{YH$ma Z hmoZo go Xod`mo{Z`m± _ÀN>aAm{X `mo{Z`m|
Ho$ Vwë` hr h¢ & `h gy{MV H$aVo hþE AnZo d¡am½` Ho$ H$maU^yV gd©Ì XmofXe©Z H$m {dñVmanyd©H$
dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
OrU©-erU© Ord {ZaÝVa CËnÝZ hmoVo Am¡a _aVo ahVo h¢ & {df`bmobwn do Ord H$_b
_| _ÀN>am| Ho$ g_mZ Z Vmo Y_© Ho$ {bE H$moB© `ËZ H$aVo h¡ Z _moj Ho$ {bE hr &&5&& AË`ÝV
VwÀN> gwI Ho$ {bE hOmam| ~ma nhbo Cn^wŠV hþE eãXm{X {df`m| go YmoIo H$s Q>Å>rê$n (Eogr
MrO Omo Xygam| H$mo YmoIm XoH$a \±$gmZo Ho$ {bE hmo) {df`-B[ÝÐ`gå~ÝY Ûmam ~ma-~ma R>Jo
Jò h_ ~hþV {XZm| go Xw…Ir h¢ &&6&& H$ht EH$ OJh _Z H$mo [ñWa {H$ò {~Zm _éñWb Ho$
gÑe jU^§Jwa BZ ^moJm| §_| ^«_U H$a aho _oao Bg g§gmanW H$s Z Vmo H$ht Ma_gr_m h¡
Am¡a Z H$ht [ñWaVm hr h¡ &&7&& ^moJ H$s ^y{_`m± Amaå^ _| AmnmVV… a_Ur` àVrV hmoVr
h¢ & jU _| hr {dbrZ hmo OmVr h¢, CZgo AZoH$ Vah Ho$ g§gma CËnÝZ hmoVo h¢, VËH$mb hr
CZ_| {dH$ma n¡Xm hmo OmVm h¡ VWm CZH$m ^rfU n[aUm_ hmoVm h¡ &&8&&
~hþV A{YH$ nwÊ`m| go àmßV {dÚmYa gån{Îm go hr Vwåh| {dlm[ÝV Š`m| Zht {_b ahr h¡ ? Bg
Ame§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
ho VmV, _¢ Bg VwÀN> {dÚmYa gån{Îm go gÝVwîQ> Zht hmo ahm hÿ± & _¢ BgHo$ gmW a_U H$aZm
Zht MmhVm, Š`m|{H$ _mZ Am¡a An_mZ hr Bg_| ~‹S>r dñVwE± h¢ & XwîQ> Ah§H$ma go J«ñV Ordm| Ho$
{bE hr `h AÀN>r h¡ Am¡a {ddoH$s nwéfm| Ho$ {bE gXm à{VHy$b h¡ &&9&&
^wŠV^moJr hmoZo Ho$ H$maU gd©Ì ZragVm {XIbmVo h¢ &
Ohm± H$ënd¥j-dëbr Ûmam AZoH$ Vah H$s {d^d-gån{Îm`m± àXmZ H$s OmVr h¡, d¡gr Hw$gw_
Ho$ gÑe AË`ÝV H$mo_b M¡ÌaW H$s CÚmZ^y{_`m± ^r _¢Zo XoI br, `mZr dhm± Ho$ g_ñV ^moJm| H$m
Cn^moJ H$a {b`m & ho ^JdZ², _oé Ho$ Hw§$Om| VWm {dÚmYam| Ho$ ZJam| _| _¢Zo Iy~ {dhma H$a {b`m &
BVZm hr Zht, _¢Zo gdm}Îm_ AZoH$ Om{V Ho$ {d_mZm| Ed§ dm`w Ho$ ñH$ÝYm| H$s ^y{_`m| _| `mZr erVb-
_ÝX gwJÝY hdm _| ^r BÀN>mZwgma {dhma H$a {b`m & ho ^JdZ², XodVmAm| H$s goZmAm| _|, gwÝXa
{ó`m| H$s ^wObVmAm| _| VWm hmam{X go {d^y{fV H$_Zr` Zm{`H$mAm| Ho$ _Zmoha {dhmaM_ËH$mam|
go `wŠV bmoH$nmbm| H$s ZJ[a`m| _| {MaH$mbVH$ {dlm_ ^r _¢Zo Iy~ {H$`m & ho VmV, _¢Zo A~ `h
ŸyÕ - 6] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1745
^br^m±{V OmZ {b`m {H$ BZ_| H$moB© ^r nXmW© gwIXm`H$ Zht h¡ & _mZ{gH$ Xw…Iê$nr {df H$s CîUVm
go g~Ho$ g~ X½Y hmoH$a ^ñ_ hþE-O¡go _wPo àVrV hmo aho h¢ &&10-13&&
{H$g Vah Ho$ {ddoH$kmZ go {H$g-{H$gH$m H¡$go-H¡$go n[akmZ {H$`m, BgH$mo nhbo Mjw
Am{X B{Ð`m| _| {XIbmVo h¢ &
ê$n XoIZo _| A{V Mnb, {ó`m| Ho$ _wI XoIZo H$s ñn¥hm aIZodmbo VWm ~mø Am¡a
Amä`ÝVa àH$me`wŠV ZoÌ Zo AnZo {df`m| Ho$ gå~ÝY Ûmam _Z H$mo Xy{fV H$aZo Ho$ {bE _wPo
^mar Xw…I _| T>Ho$b {X`m h¡ &&14&& ór Ho$ eara Ho$ `h dó, Am^yfU {gÝXya Am{X hr
gm¡ÝX`© CËnÝZ H$aZodmbo h¢, aŠV-_m§g Am{X Zht, Bg Vah Ho$ {ddoMZ Ho$ {~Zm hr EH$_mÌ
ê$n Ho$ nrN>o-nrN>o Xm¡‹S>Zo H$m ñd^md hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ZoÌ AdñVw _| ^r Xm¡‹S> OmVm h¡ &&15&&
VV²-VV² {df`m| _| Amg[ŠV aIZo go Xy{fV hþAm amJmÝY `h {MÎm, XrnH$ Ho$ ê$n go _mo{hV
ào_r nV§J H$s ZmBª gdm}ËH¥$îQ> _aU Am{X AZW© Ho$ {bE AnZo B©[ÀN>V Xwì`©gZm| H$s Amoa
PwH$H$a O~ VH$ ZmZm{dY dY, ~ÝYZ, ZaH$ Am{X Amn{Îm`m| Ho$ de _| n‹S>m ahVm h¡ V~
VH$ Bgo H$ht ^r emÝV Zht {_bVr &&16&&
ZoÌm| _| H$ho Jò ôXm| H$mo K«mU Am{X B[ÝÐ`m| _| ^r {XIbmVo h¢ &
ho VmV², Bg g§gma _| AZoH${dY AZWm] Ho$ {bE Mmam| Amoa Iy~ Xm¡‹S> aho Bg K«mU H$mo
Aíd H$s ZmBª amoH$Zo _| _¢ g_W© Zht hmo ahm hÿ± &&17&& A{VXmof`wŠV H$moB© à~b eÌw O~X©ñVr
nH$‹S>H$a O¡go {H$gr nwéf H$mo XwJ©ÝYnyU© Ob ~hmZodmbo ZJa Ho$ ~‹S>o nZmbo _| "Vw_ Bgr _|
~am~a Ky_Vo ahmo' Eogm AmXoe XoH$a {Z`wŠV H$a XoVm h¡, d¡go hr íboî_m{X XwJ©ÝY âo Ob
~hm aho AnZo {~b _| _wIídmgmZwgmar Bg K«mUo[ÝÐ` Zo _wPo {Z`wŠV H$a {X`m h¡ &&18&&
VWm ~hþV {XZm| go ^ú`m^ú` Ho$ {dMma go hrZ Bg {Oˆm Zo newAm| _| g~go ~bdmZ² hm{W`m|
Am¡a g~go ~w{Õ_mZ² {g`mam| go gwa{jV Xw…Im| Ho$ nhm‹S>m| na _wPo n`m©ßVê$n go Km`b H$a
aŠIm h¡ &&19&& ^JdZ², Ëd{J[ÝÐ` H$s ñne©bånQ>Vm H$mo _¢ Eogo amoH$ Zht gH$Vm, O¡go
J«rî_H$mb Ho$ àXrßV gy`© Ho$ Vmn H$mo &&20&& ho _wZo, gwÝXa eãX H$m AmñdmX boZo H$r
A{^bmfmdmbr ldU H$s e[ŠV`m± _wPo {df_ n[a[ñW{V _| Eogo T>Ho$b XoVr h¢, O¡go H$mo_b
V¥U ImZo H$s BÀN>mE± h[aU H$mo V¥Um| go T>Ho$ ^`§H$a Hy$n _| T>Ho$b XoVr h¢ &&21&&
Vmo Š`m ê$n go boH$a eãXn`©ÝV g^r {df` Vwåh| Xwb©^ Wo, {Oggo {H$ CZHo$ {bE Vwåh|
AZW© àmßV hþAm & Bg àH$ma Zht `h H$hVo h¢ &
_w{Zda, AmZÝXOZH$, Z_« godH$OZm| go ào[aV, AVEd àUVàm` dmÚ Am¡a JmZo Ho$ eãXm|
go {_br-Owbr AZoH$ ew^ eãXm| H$s emo^mE± gwZ MwH$m hÿ± &&22&& AnZo {df`m| go g~H$m _Z
haZodmbr VWm _Zmoha eãXm|dmbo _{U`m| Ho$ Am^yfUm| go `wŠV lr, ór, {XemE± Am¡a g_wÐm| Ed§
nd©Vm| Ho$ _¢Zo AZoH$ VQ> XoI {bò h¢ &&23&& {dZrV {ó`m| Ûmam bmò Jò,_Ywa Am{X agm| Ho$
AZoH$ M_ËH$mam| go _Zmoa_, `Wm`mo½` {_bmZo VWm nH$mZo Am{X Ho$ MmVw`© Ho$ H$maU JwU`wŠV
gånm{XV fS²>agm| H$m _¢Zo {MaH$mb VH$ Iy~ ñdmX MIm h¡ &&24&& aoe_r _wbm`_ dóm|, gwÝXa
H$mÝVmAm|, AZoH$ Vah Ho$ hmam|, nwîneæ`mAm| VWm erVb-_ÝX-gwJÝY `wŠV ndZ H$m ^r _¢Zo
^moJ^y{_`m| _| gd©Ì {Z{d©¿ZVmnyd©H$ Iy~ ñne© {H$`m h¡ &&25&& ho _wZo, gwÝXa {ó`m| Ho$ _wI,
MÝXZ, Ig, AJwé Am{X Am¡f{Y`m± AZoH$ Vah Ho$ \y$b VWm T>oa-Ho$-T>oa H$nya,H$ñVyar Am{X Ho$
{_lU BZ g~H$s _ÝX-_ÝX ~h ahr dm`w go ào[aV JÝYm| H$m _¢ ~hþV AZw^d H$a MwH$m hÿ± &&26&&
ho _wZo, _¢Zo eãXm{X {df`m| H$m Iy~ ldU, ñne© Am¡a AdbmoH$Z {H$`m & {d{dY agm| H$m Iy~
AmñdmX {b`m, Vah-Vah Ho$ \y$bm| H$mo Iy~ gy±Km & _hf}, nwZ… nwZ… BZ {df`m| H$m Cn^moJ H$aZo
go ò g~Ho$ g~ {df` _oao {bE gyIo H$mR> H$s ZmBª {~bHw$b Zrag hmo MwHo$ h¢ & Eogr [ñW{V _| ò
{df` Vmo _oao {bE EH$ Vah go dmÝVmeZàm` (d_Z H$mo ImZo Ho$ gÑe) ~Z Jò h¢, AV… ho
^JdZ² _wPgo erK« H${hò, A~ _¢ {H$gH$m godZ H$ê±$ ? &&27&& V¥U, Jwë_ Am{X go boH$a
~«÷mn`©ÝV Ho$ n[aUm_ _| Xw…IXm`H$ {df`m| H$m _¢Zo hOmam| dfm] VH$ AÀN>r Vah ^moJ {H$`m,
bo{H$Z ho ^JdZ², {\$a ^r _wPo V¥[ßV Zht hmo ahr h¡ &&28&& {MaH$mb VH$ {ZîH$nQ> amÁ` H$aHo$,
AZoH$ gwÝX[a`m| H$m ^moJ H$aHo$ VWm eÌwAm| Ho$ g¡Ý` H$mo Iy~ MyU©-MyU© H$aHo$ ^r ho ^JdZ², _Zwî`
Anyd© H$m¡Z-gm nXmW© nm OmVm h¢ ? _oar g_P _| Vmo Cgo ZB© H$moB© MrO Zht {_bVr &&29&&
^JdZ² , {OZ {haÊ`H${enw Am{X amOmAm| Zo VrZm| bmoH$ H$m {MaH$mb VH$ bJmVma _Z_mZm ^moJ
{H$`m VWm {OZHo$ {dZme H$m gmYZ Bg g§gma _| Hw$N> Zht Wm, do g~ ^r erK« hr ^ñ_nX H$mo
àmßV hmo Jò Zm_mdeof hmo Jò &&30&&
Eogr [ñW{V _| _Zwî` H$mo Š`m H$aZm Mm{hò, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{OgHo$ àmßV hmo OmZo go {\$a H$moB© Xygam àmßV H$aZo `mo½` nXmW© Ad{eîQ> Zht ah OmVm,
ho _wZo, gmo H$îQ>nyU© MoîQ>m go ^r CgH$s àm[ßV _| _Zwî` H$mo gXm à`ËZerb ~ZZm Mm{hò &&31&&
{MaH$mb VH$ AZoH${dY ~‹S>o-~‹S>o ^moJm| H$m ^moJ H$aZodmbo nwéfm| _| ^r ^moJH$mb g_mßV
hmo OmZo na {OZ bmoJm| Zo ^moJ Zht {H$`m h¡ Eogo AÝ` nwéfm| H$s Anojm H$moB© {deofVm Zht
XrIVr, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{OZ-{OZ nwéfm| Zo AË`ÝV a_Ur` ^moJm| H$m {MaH$mb VH$ Bg g§gma _| Iy~ ^moJ {H$`m,
CZ g~ nwéfm| Ho$ _Ü` _| {H$gr Ho$ ^r _ñVH$ Ho$ D$na n¡Xm hþAm H$ënVé d¥j AmO VH$ {H$gr
go Zht XoIm J`m, {Oggo {H$ dh nwéf Cg H$ënVé H$s N>m`m _| gX¡d nyU©H$m_ hmoH$a {dlm_
H$aVm aho Am¡a Z CgHo$ n¡a _| AmH$me _| C‹S>Zodmbm {d_mZ Am{X hr H$moB© n¡Xm hþAm XoIm J`m,
{Oggo {H$ dh gXm hr gd©Ì {dhma H$aVm aho &&32&& Xw…I go Ë`mÁ` hmoZodmbr Bg {df`ê$nr
ŸyÕ - 6] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1747
_hmO§Jb H$s n§[ŠV`m| _| ~hþV {XZ nhbo hr BZ B[ÝÐ`m| Zo _wPo Eogo R>J {b`m h¡, O¡go YyV© ~‹S>o-
~‹S>o b‹S>Ho$ gwerb N>moQ>o ~ÀMo H$mo R>J boVo h¢ &&33&& eãXm{X {df`ê$n ^yV hr _Z H$mo ~mha
ItMH$a AnZo-AnZo ^moJm| Ho$ {bE lmoÌ Am{X ^md go [ñWV h¢ & BZ H$îQ>Xm`H$ B[ÝÐ`Zm_dmbo
AnZo {df`ê$nr eÌwAm| H$mo AmO _¢Zo AÀN>r Vah nhMmZ {b`m & ò {df` Am¡a B[ÝÐ`ê$nr eR>
{eH$mar eyÝ` g§gmaê$nr O§Jb _| gÝVßV Zaê$nr _wP _¥J H$mo YmoIo go \±$gmH$a ~ma-~ma
AmídmgZ Xo XoH$a _ma aho h¢ &&34,35&& {OZH$s Vmby Ho$ AÝXa ^`§H$a {df âm ahVm h¡ Eogo BZ
{df` Am¡a B[ÝÐ`ê$nr gm±nm| go Omo Zht S±$go Jò hm|, Eogo Xmo-VrZ _Zwî` ^r AmO VH$ Bg g§gma
_| _wPo Zht XrI n‹S>o &&36&&
BÝh| Adí` OrVZm Mm{hò, `h {XIbmZo Ho$ {bE B[ÝÐ`m| H$m hr eÌw H$s goZmê$n go dU©Z
H$aVo h¢ &
ho VmV, Bg XwîQ> B[ÝÐ`ê$nr goZm H$mo OrVZo Ho$ {bE H$_a H$gH$a Omo I‹S>o h¡ do hr Bg
g§gma _| gdm}ËH¥$îQ> `moÕm h¢ & `h XwîQ> B[ÝÐ`ê$nr goZm ^moJê$nr ^`§H$a hm{W`m| go `wŠV h¡,
V¥îUmê$nr M§Mb dmJwam ({haZ \±$gmZo H$m Omb) go `wŠV h¡, bmo^ê$nr CJ« Vbdmam| go nyU© h¡,
H$monê$nr ~a{N>`m| go A§{H$V h¡, erVmoîUm{X ÛÝÛg_yhê$nr aWm| go ì`mßV h¡, Ah§H$aê$nr goZmn{V
go gwa{jV h¡, MoîQ>mê$nr Kmo‹S>m| go `h âr h¡, H$m_ê$nr H$mobmhbm| go `wŠV h¡ Am¡a `h earaê$nr
ZJa Ho$ gr_mÝV H$mo Mmam| Amoa go AmH«$mÝV H$a [ñWV h¡ &&37-39&& _Vdmbo EoamdV H$m _ñVH$
\$m‹S> XoZm {~bHw$b gab h¡, bo{H$Z ho _wZrída, Hw$_mJ© _| àd¥Îm AnZr B[ÝÐ`m| H$mo amoH$ aIZm
gab Zht h¡ &&40&& ho gmYmo, VÎdkm{Z`m| H$s ^r AnZo nm¡éf, _hÎd, _hmY¡`© Am¡a {dlm[ÝVgån{Îm
H$s Ad{Y B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ D$na {dO` àmßV H$aZm hr h¡ &&41&& _Zwî` V^r VH$ XodVmAm| H$s ^r
_mÝ`Vm H$mo àmßV H$aVm h¡ O~ VH$ {H$ V¥U H$s ZmBª AnZr H¥$nU B[ÝÐ`m| go {df`m| H$s Amoa ItM
Zht {b`m OmVm &&42&& ho ^JdZ², Omo _Zwî` {OVo[ÝÐ` Am¡a _hmgÎd gånÝZ h¢ do hr n¥{Wdr Ho$
D$na _Zwî` h¢ & eof BZ nwéfm| H$mo Vmo _¢ MbVo-{\$aVo _m§g Ho$ AZoH$ `ÝÌ g_PVm hÿ± &&43&& ho
_wZo, _Zê$nr goZmn{V H$s B[ÝÐ`n§MH$ê$nr Bg goZm H$mo OrVZo H$m `{X H$moB© Cnm` hmo, Vmo
H¥$nmH$a ~VbmBò, Vm{H$ _¢ ^br^m±{V Bgo OrV gHy±$ &&44&&
_wPo Vmo EH$ hr Cnm` _mby_ h¡, Bgo H$hVo h¢ &
^moJm| H$s Amem Ho$ Ë`mJ Ho$ {gdm BZ B[ÝÐ`ê$nr ^`§H$a amoJm| H$s em[ÝV Ho$ {bE Z Vmo H$moB©
Am¡f{Y`m± h¢, Z H$moB© VrW© h¢ Am¡a Z H$moB© _ÝÌ hr XrIVo h¢ &&45&& {df`m| H$s Amoa Xm¡‹S> ahr BZ
B[ÝÐ`m| Zo _wPo na_ IoX _| Eogo nhþ±Mm {X`m h¡, O¡go _hm^`§H$a O§Jb _| AHo$bo Om aho n{WH$ H$mo
Mmoa IoX _| nhþ±Mm XoVo h¢ &&46&&
BgHo$ ~mX Vwë` {deofUm| Ûmam nëdb Am{X Ho$ gmå` go B[ÝÐ`m| H$m dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
H$sM‹S>m| go nyU©, _{bZ, _hmXw^m©½``wŠV, XwJ©ÝYg{hV eodmbm| VWm CgHo$ Vwë` JÝXo
nXmWm] go Hw$[ËgV ò N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r Vb¡`m Am¡a B[ÝÐ`m± EH$-gr h¢ &&47&& Xwa{VH«$_Ur` OmS>ç
Am¡a {h_m| go JhZ VWm AZoH$ Vah H$m AmV§H$ n¡Xm H$aZodmbo ò O§Jb Am¡a B[ÝÐ`g_wXm`
EH$-go h¢ &&48&& n§H$ go CËnÝZ VWm n§H$ Ho$ CËnmXH$, {N>Ð`wŠV, AË`ÝV Xwb©ú` JwU
(dmgZm Am¡a VÝVw) dmbo, Jm±R>m| go g_[ÝdV Am¡a O‹S> A§Jm|dmbo ò H$_bZmb Am¡a B[ÝÐ`
g_wXm` Vwë` h¢ &&49&& éj aËZbwãY, Va§Jm| go `wŠV Am¡a XwJ«©h J«mhm| go ^`§H$a, bdUgmJa
Ho$ Ob Am¡a ò B[ÝÐ`g_wXm` EH$ - go h¢ () &&50&& ~mÝYdm| H$mo CÛoJ nhþ±MmZodmbo, AÝ`
eara YmaU H$amZodmbo Am¡a H$éUm go H«$ÝXZ H$amZodmbo ò _aU Am¡a B[ÝÐ`g_wXm` g_mZ
h¢ &&51&& A{ddo{H$`m| Ho$ eÌw Am¡a {ddo{H$`m| Ho$ {_Ì, JhZ, {Zad{Y VWm OZ{dlm[ÝVeyÝ`
ò H$mZZ Am¡a B[ÝÐ`JU Vwë` h¢ &&52&& KZ Amñ\$moQ>dmbo Agma, _{bZ, O‹S> Am¡a {dÚwV²
àH$medmbo () ò ^`§H$a _oK Am¡a B[ÝÐ`g_wXm` Vwë` h¢ &&53&& jwÐ àm{U`m| go J¥hrV,
_hmË_mAm| go d{O©V VWm aO Am¡a V_ go A{^^yV (c) AnZr ò B[ÝÐ`m± Am¡a Hw$nW g_mZ
h¢ &&54&& ZrMo {JamZo _| AË`ÝV {ZnwU, Xmofmer{dfdmbo () VWm ê$Io bmIm| H$ÊQ>H$m|
go (N) `wŠV OrU© J–m| Ho$ _wI Am¡a ò B[ÝÐ`m± Vwë` h¢ &&55&& ho _hm_wZo, AnZo noQ> nmbZo
_| àdrU, AZm`©, EH$_mÌ gmhg _| {ZaV Am¡a AÝYH$ma _| {dMaUerb ò amjg Am¡a
B[ÝÐ`m± Vwë` hr h¢ &&56&& ^rVa _| ImoIbo, Agma, dH«$, Jm±R>`wŠV, EH$_mÌ ObmZo _|
Cn`moJr OrU© ~m±g Am{X H$s bH${‹S>`m± Am¡a B[ÝÐ`m± EH$-gr h¡¡ &&57&& KZr^yV _mohm{X Ho$
Ûmam Mm¡`©, H$bh, ÚyV Am{X Xwì`©gZm| _| à~ÝYZerb, XwîQ>Hy$nm| go JhZ VWm _hmAdH$am|
go (J) VwÀN> AgÁOZm| Ho$ ZJa Am¡a ò B[ÝÐ`m± g_mZ h¢ &&58&& AZÝV KQ>m{X nXmWm] _|
() gwI ñne©dmbm Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU bdUgmJa H$m Ob éj h¡ VWm {ZîRw>a hmoZo
Ho$ H$maU ò B[ÝÐ`m± ^r éj h¢ & aËZm| Ho$ {bE bmo^r ò B[ÝÐ`m± h¢ VWm aËZm| go `wŠV
bdUgmJa Ho$ Ob h¢ & H$m_, H«$moY Am{X N>… Va§Jm| go `wŠV ò B[ÝÐ`m± h¡ VWm AnZo
Va§Jm| go `wŠV bdUgmJa Ho$ Ob h¢ & {OÝh| nH$‹S> boZm ghO Zht h¡, Eogo AZoH$ J«mhm|
go ^`§H$a Vmo bdUgmJa Ho$ Ob h¡ VWm XwamJ«hê$nr J«mhm| go ^`§H$a ò B[ÝÐ`m± h¢ &
() {~Obr Ho$ g_mZ jUâ Ho$ {bE gwI H$m àH$me H$aZodmbr B[ÝÐ`m± h¡ VWm
{~Obr go Ohm± jU â Ho$ {bE àH$me hmo OmVm h¡ Eogo Vmo ò h¢ _oK &
(c) Yy{b Am¡a AÝYH$ma go A{^^yV Hw$nW h¢ Am¡a aOmoJwU VWm V_moJwU go A{^^yV B[ÝÐ`m± h¢ &
() ^wOmAm| Ho$ g_mZ bå~o-bå~o {dfYam|dmbo OrU© J–m| Ho$ _wI h¢ VWm AZoH${dY
Xmofê$nr gm±nm|dmbr ò B[ÝÐ`m± h¢ &
(N) {df`ê$nr bmIm| éj H$m±Q>m| go ì`mßV ò B[ÝÐ`m± ^r h¢ &
(J) T>oa-Ho$-T>oa H$Vdmam| (Hy$‹S>m-H$aH$Q>m|) go n[anyU© hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AgÁOZm| Ho$ ZJa
ŸyÕ - 7] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1749
H$maU^yV, ^«_U Am¡a H$sM‹S> go `wŠV ò Hw$åhma Ho$ MmH$ Am¡a B[ÝÐ`m± XmoZm| g_mZ h¢ &&59&&
ho Amn{Îm go C~maZodmbo ^JdZ², Bg Vah B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ H$maU Amn{Îm Ho$ gmJa _| Sy>~o hþE Bg
_wP AqH$MZ eaUmJV H$m Amn X`m H$aHo$ CnXoe go CÕma H$s{Oò, Š`m|§{H$ Bg g§gma _|
AmnHo$ O¡go Omo H$moB© X`mdmZ² ~‹S>o VÎdkmZr ahVo h¢ CZH$s eaUmJ{V na_emoH$ ZmeH$ hmoVr h¡,
`m| g^r emó VWm g^r bmoJ ~VbmVo h¡ &&60&&
N>R>m gJ© g_mßV
gmVdm± gJ©
~«÷ H$s hr gÎmm h¡, OJV²ê$nr Xw…I H$s gÎmm h¡ hr Zht, `h gmam OJV² AkmZ Ho$ H$maU
àVrV hþAm h¡ VWm Ah§H$maê$nr ~rO go `h OJÐynr d¥j CËnÝZ hþAm h¡- BZ g~H$m dU©ZŸ&
^wewÊS> Zo H$hm … ho ~«÷Z², VXZÝVa {dÚmYa Ho$ CZ n{dÌ dMZ H$mo gwZH$a àíZ Ho$
AZwgma _¢Zo gwñnîQ> nXm| go `wŠV dmUr go `h CÎma {X`m &&1&& ho {dÚmYamYre, hf© H$m
{df` h¡ {H$ AmO Vw_ H$ë`mU Ho$ {bE ^m½`demV² OmJ Jò hmo {MaH$mb Ho$ ~mX g§gmaê$nr
AÝYH$manyU© Hy$nHw$ha go AmO Vw_ {ZH$bZo H$s Mmh H$a aho hmo &&2&& {Og Vah A{½Z go
ì`mßV gwdU© Ðd-gÝV{V AË`ÝV gwÝXaVm go `wŠV hmoH$a emo^Zo bJVr h¡, Cgr Vah {ddoH$
go {Z{~‹S>ê$n H$mo ì`mßV hþB© Vwåhmar `h n{dÌ ~w{Õ {H$gr A{Zd©MZr` gm¡ÝX`© go emo{^V
hmo ahr h¡ &&3&& AV… _wPo {dídmg h¡ {H$ `h Vwåhmar ~w{Õ _oar CnXoedmUr Ho$ AW© H$m {~Zm
{H$gr à`ËZ Ho$ Adí` hr AmZÝXnyd©H$ J«hU H$a boJr, Š`m|{H$ {Z_©b Xn©U _| nXmWm] H$m
à{V{~å~ {~Zm `ËZ Ho$ hr n‹S>Vm h¡ &&4&& _¢ Omo Hw$N> `h H$hÿ±Jm, CZ g~H$m Vw_ "hm±' H$h
H$aHo$ J«hUH$a boZm, Vw_ J«hU H$aZo _| hr g_W© hmo & _¢Zo Bg {df` _| {MaH$mbVH$ Iy~
AÝdofU {H$`m h¡, Bg_| Hw$N> ^r Vw_ {dMma _V H$amo &&5&&
gånyU© Ñí`àn§M H$m {ddoH$ hmo OmZo na gm{jê$n ewÕ ~«÷ hr EH$_mÌ Ad{eîQ> ahVm h¡,
`hr gånyU© doXmÝVm| H$m ahñ` h¡, Bg ~mV H$m g§jonê$n go nhbo CnXoe XoVo h¢ &
Omo Hw$N> Ah§H$ma Am{X Vwåhmao öX` _| Ñí`ê$n go àH$m{eV hmo ahm h¡ dh g~ Vw_ Zht
hmo & "Ñí`m| _| hr H$moB© AmË_m h¡ CgrH$mo Ty>±‹T>H$a _wPo àmßV H$aZm Mm{hE' Bg Vah AnZo
öX` _| {dMmaH$a AmË_m H$m {MaH$mbVH$ `{X Vw_ AÝdofU H$amoJo, Vmo ^r Vw_ AmË_m H$mo
àmßV Zht H$amoJo, Bg{bE Ñí`_mÌñdê$n AkmZ H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Vw_ Ñí` àn§M Ho$ gmjr AmË_m
AnZo H$mo g_Pmo &&6&&
O¡go VwÀN> ~Zo ahVo h¢ d¡go hr ò B[ÝÐ`m± ^r {df`-dmgZmê$nr H$Vdmam| go n[anyU© hmoZo
Ho$ H$maU A{VVwÀN> ~Zr h¢ &
`h g_PZm AZw{MV hmoJm {H$ ÐîQ>m Am¡a Ñí`ê$n gånyU© àn§M H$m Ë`mJ hmo OmZo na
eyÝ`Vmn{Îm Am OmòJr, Š`m|{H$ gwI-Xw…I Ho$ d¡få` Ho$ à`moOH$ H$[ënV Xmofm§e H$s {Zd¥{Îm
go dmñV{dH$ na_ H$ë`mUñdê$n ~«÷^md go n[anyU© g^r nXmW© Ad[ñWV ahVo hr h¡, Bg
Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
Z _¢ hÿ±, Z Vw_ hmo Am¡a Z Vmo `h gmam g§gma hr h¡, `{X Eogm Vw_ {ZíM` H$a boVo hmo, Vmo
~g `h g_P bmo {H$ `h g_ñV Ñí`àn§M {edñdê$n h¡ Am¡a Z `h Vwåhmao gwI Ho$ {bE h¡ Am¡a
Z Xw…I Ho$ {bE h¡ &&7&&
D$na _| Omo Ñí`_mÌ H$mo A~moYñdê$n ~Vbm Amò h¢, A~ Cgr H$m CnnmXZ H$aVo h¢ &
Š`m gwfw[ßV _| Ah§H$mam{X^md go KZr^yV à{gÕ Omo AkmZ h¡, Cgrgo OmJ«V² Am¡a ñdßZ
ñdê$n `h g§gma gmam CËnÝZ hþAm h¡ AWdm {nKbo hþE H${R>Z bmoh Ho$ g_mZ {dbrZ hþE
OmJ«Xm{Xê$n Bg g§gma go gwfw[ßVH$mb H$m AkmZ CËnÝZ hþAm h¡, BgH$m ~hþV {dMma H$aZo na
^r H$moB© {d{ZJ_H$ hoVw Z hmoZo go H$m`©H$maU^md H$s ì`dñWm h_ Zht g_P aho h¢ & AV…
H$m{R>Ý` Am¡a ÐdmdñWm _| K¥V Ho$ EH$Ëd H$s ZmBª BZ XmoZm| _| EH$Ëd hmoZo go g~ Hw$N> EH$_mÌ
AkmZñdê$n h¡, `hr h_Zo Am{Ia _| {ZíM` {H$`m h¡ &&8&&
`h gmam OJV² ~«÷ H$m {ddV© h¡, Bg Vah Bg OJV² _| ~«÷{ddV©Vm H$m AdbmoH$Z
hr Ë`mJ h¡ & ~m{YV hþE OJV² H$mo VwÀN> g_PZo go Vmo H$moB© ^r ~«÷ñdê$n {gÕ Zht hmoVm
h¡, {H$ÝVw A{YîR>mZê$nVmn{Îm H$s ^mdZm H$aZo na Vmo gånyU© nXmW© hr ~«÷ê$n {gÕ hmo OmVo
h¢; `h H$hVo h¢ &
_¥JOb Ho$ g_mZ `h gmam {díd AdñVwê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU gÐyn go àVrV hmoZo na ^r
AgÐyn h¡ & Omo Hw$N> ^r ^m{gV hmo ahm h¡ dh g~ ~«÷ê$n hr h¡ AWdm `m| H$h gH$Vo h¢ {H$ `h
gmam Ñí`àn§M Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡ `m Hw$N> h¡ hr &&9&&
CŠV A{^àm` H$mo {deXê$n go ~VbmVo hE CgHo$ à{V^mg H$m ^r IÊS>Z H$aVo h¢ &
_¥JOb Ho$ g_mZ `h gmam {díd Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡ AWdm Hw$N> h¡ hr & à{V^mñ` Ho$ A^md go
`hm± à{V^mg ^r Zht h¡ (c) AV… EH$_mÌ {edñdê$n hr `h gmam {díd [ñWV h¡ &&10&&
Bg AZÝVê$n OJV² H$m àm{V[ñdH$ê$n go {Zamg Z hmo gH$Zo go CgHo$ ~rO Ho$ Xmh
go hr CgH$m {Zamg hmo gH$Vm h¡, `h H$hZo Ho$ {bE Ah§H$ma H$m OJÐynr d¥j Ho$ ~rOê$n
go dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
ho {dÚmYa, Bg Ah§H$ma H$mo Vw_ {díd H$m ~rO g_Pmo & Š`m|{H$ EH$_mÌ Bg Ah§H$ma go hr
(c) VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ O¡go KQ> H$m A^md ahZo na àH$me Ho$ ahVo hþE ^r KQ>àH$me Zht
ahVm, d¡go hr à{V^mñ` H$m A^md ahZo na à{V^mg ^r Zht ah gH$Vm &
ŸyÕ - 8] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1751
nd©V, gmJa, n¥Ïdr, ZXr Am{X Ho$ g{hV `h OJÐynr nwamZm d¥j CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡ &&11&& gyú_
Ah§H$maê$nr ~rO go dh OJÐÿnr d¥j CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ {df`m| _| Amg[ŠVê$nr ag
go n[anyU© ZrMo Ho$ dZ Cg d¥j Ho$ _yb h¢ &&12&& A[ídZr Am{X gÎmmB©g Vmao BgH$s àYmZ
H${b`m± h¢, AÝ` Vmam| Ho$ g_yh BgHo$ AÝ` H${b`m| Ho$ g_yh h¢, àm{U`m| H$s Y_m©{XdmgZmE± BgHo$
\y$bm| Ho$ JwÀN>m| Ho$ g_yh h¢ Am¡a nyU© MÝÐ \$bH$m JwÀN>m h¡ &&13&& _hmZ² bmoJm| Ho$ ñdJ© Am{X
bmoH$dJ© BgHo$ _hmZ² emIm g_yhm| Ho$ J^©àXoe h¡ & _oé, _ÝXa, gø Am{X nd©V BgH$s nÎmm| H$s
n§[ŠV`m± h¢ &&14&& gmVm| g_wÐ BgHo$ Amb~mbn[aIm (Mmam| Amoa Ho$ Wmbo) h¢, nmVmb BgH$m
_yb H$moQ>a h¡, gË``wJ Am{X Mmam| `wJ BgHo$ KwUg_yh (g§{Y ñWmZ) h¢ VWm àËòH$ `wJ Ho$ df©,
F$Vw Am¡a _mg Am{X Bg d¥j Ho$ nmoa (H$s‹S>o) h¢ &&15&& AkmZ hr BgH$s CËn{Îm H$s ^y{_ h¡,
AZoH$ Ord BgHo$ H$amo‹S>m| njr h¢, ^«m[ÝVkmZ hr Bg d¥j H$m ñVå^ h¡ `mZr gånyU© emImAm| Ho$
AmYma^yV _Ü`^mJ h¡ VWm VÎd~moY go àn§M{Zd¥{Îmê$nr _moj hr Bgo ObmZo Ho$ {bE Xmdm{½Z
h¡ &&16&& B[ÝÐ`m| go AWm] H$s Cnb[ãY `mZr {df`m| H$m gmjmËH$ma Ed§ _Z go hmoZodmbo g§H$ën
Am¡a {dH$ën Am{X Bg d¥j Ho$ AZoH$ Vah Ho$ gwJÝYàgma h¢ & Aì`mH¥$V AmH$me BgH$m {dnwb
dZ h¡ VWm ZoÌ, AmoîQ> Am{XH$m {dH$ma hr BgHo$ ew[ŠVOmb-O¡go \y$bm| H$m {IbZm h¡ &&17&&
g~ F$VwE± BgH$s {d{MÌ emImE± h¢, Xgm| {XemE± CnemImE± h¢, AmË_g§{dV² BgHo$ OrdZ Ho$ {bE
ag H$s Ymam h¡ Am¡a gyÌmË_m hr BgH$m dmV ñnÝX h¡ &&18&& à{V{XZ CX` Am¡a AñV _| VËna
MÝÐ Am¡a gy`© H$s M§Mb {H$aU| hr BgH$s aå`Hw$gw_ _§O[a`m± h¢ Am¡a gy`© Ho$ gmW ^«_U H$a ahm
AÝYH$ma hr ^«_U H$a aho ^«_a h¢ &&19&& Bg Vah H$m `h g§gmaê$nr d¥j _yb go (O‹S> go)
nmVmb H$mo, _Ü` go g^r {XemAm| H$mo Am¡a AnZo _ñVH$ go AÝV[aj H$mo n[anyU© H$aHo$ dñVwV…
AgÐyn hmoZo na ^r gÐyn-gm [ñWV h¡ & Cg AZh§^mdê$nr A{½Z go CgH$m Ah§H$maê$nr ~rO
^wZ {Xò OmZo na O~ VH$ Bg eara H$m nVZ Zht hmo OmVm V~ VH$ OrdÝ_w[ŠV^moJ Ho$ {bE
à{V^mg Ho$ {dÚ_mZ ahVo hþE ^r BgHo$ g§gmaê$nr d¥j H$m OÝ_m{X Ho$ Ûmam nwZ… àamoh Zht hmo
gH$Vm `mZr {\$a `h A§Hw$[aV Zht hmo gH$Vm &&20&&
gmVdm± gJ© g_mßV
AmR>dm± gJ©
Bg g§gmaê$nr d¥j H$m kmZ go CÀN>oX VWm `h g§gma g§H$ën_ÊS>n Ho$ gÑe h¡, BgH$m dU©Z &
nydm}ŠV g§gmaê$nr d¥j H$m nwZ… dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
^wewÊS>rOr Zo H$hm … ho {dÚmYa, {OgH$m _yb^mJ ZrMo Ho$ gmV bmoH$g{hV `h n¥{Wdr h¡,
BgH$s Amb~mbg{hV do{X bmoH$mbmoH$mÝVa nd©Vm| H$s H$ÝXamE± h¢ Am¡a Omo Xgm| {XemAm| Am¡a
AmH$me _| {VaN>o emImAm| Ho$ {dñVma VWm CgH$s Amoa emImAm| Ho$ àgma go Ed§ VV²-VV²
ñWmZm| _| àm{U`m| Ho$ Ohm±-Vhm± Ky_Zo go A{VM§Mb h¡, Bg Vah H$m `h g§gmaê$nr d¥j Ah§H$maê$nr
~rO go CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡ & kmZê$nr A{½Z go ~rO Ho$ X½Y hmo OmZo na Hw$N> ^r CËnÝZ Zht
hmoVm &&1,2&& aËZ H$s narjm H$s ZmBª VÎdÑ[îQ> go `h Š`m h¡, BgH$m AÀN>r Vah {dMma H$aHo$
"`h Ho$db ~«÷ hr h¡' `h {ZíM` H$aZo na dh Ah§H$ma H$Xm{n H$ht Zht ahVm, ~g `hr dh
kmZ h¡ & Bgrgo Ah§H$ma X½Y hmoVm h¡ &&3&& eara Am{X _| Ah§^mdZm H$aZo go g§gma H$m ~rO
Ah§H$ma ahVm h¡ gd©Ì Ah§^md H$aZo go dh Zht ahVm, `hr gdm}Îm_ kmZ h¡ &&4&&
gV² `m AgV² go {OgH$s CËn{Îm H$s hr g§^mdZm Zht h¡ CgH$s [ñW{V hr H$hm± go hmo gH$Vr
h¡, dh Vmo ~hþV Xya H$ht ^Jm Xr JB© h¡, Eogm H$hVo h¢ &
dñVwV… O~ g¥[îQ> Ho$ àmaå^ _| hr Bg g¥[îQ> Ho$ A^md H$m `moJ h¡ V~ H$hm± go AhÝVm, H$hm±
go ËdÝVm Am¡a H$hm± go hmo gH$Vm h¡ {ÛËd EH$Ëd H$m ^«_ ?&&5&&
`h g§gma VrZm| H$mb _| dñVwV… h¡ hr Zht, Bg nydm}ŠV AW© H$mo Ñ‹T> H$aZo Ho$ {bE
g§H$ënÚyV_ÊS>n H$m AmJo MbH$a dU©Z H$aZo H$s BÀN>m H$a aho ^wewÊS>Or _hmamO nhbo
^y{_H$m ~m±YVo h¢ &
AmJo MbH$a d{U©V hmoZodmbo VWm nyd© _| d{U©V hmo MwHo$ _ybg{hV g§H$ën H$m Ë`mJ H$aZo Ho$
{bE CgH$m Cnm`H«$_ ~VbmZodmbo Jwé Ho$ dmŠ` gwZ Cg Jwé Ûmam H$ho Jò H«$_ go Omo AnZo à`ËZ
Ûmam ñd`§ `ËZ H$aVo h¢ do VÎdkmZàm[ßV Ho$ ~mX g§H$ëna{hV H¡$dë`Zm_H$ na_nX H$mo OrV boVo
h¢ &&6&& O¡go nmMH$ AnZo nmH$ emó H$m ^br^m±{V Aä`mg H$a boZo na Cg nmH$ emó _| d{U©V
{d{Y go hr ZmZm àH$ma Ho$ ^ú`-^moÁ` nXmWm] Ed§ ZmZm Vah Ho$ agm`Zm| H$m nmH$ ~ZmZo go jwYm,
V¥îUm, amoJ, Oam Am{X Ho$ D$na {dO` àmßV H$aVm h¡ d¡go hr {ddoH$s nwéf Jwé-emómoŠV _mJ©
go AnZo à`ËZ Ûmam hr H¡$dë`nX H$mo àmßV H$aVm h¡, Xygar ar{V go Zht &&7&&
`h gmam g§gma ñdßZ Ed§ BÝÐOmbm{X Ho$ gÑe AkmV {M{V H$m M_ËH$ma_mÌ h¡, Bg {M{V
go ~mha Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho {dÚmYa, Bg g§gma H$mo Vw_ `hm± EH$_mÌ {M{VH$m M_ËH$ma hr g_[PE, Cggo {^ÝZ Hw$N>
Zht & `h Z Vmo {XemAm| _| h¡, Z ~mha h¡ Am¡a Z ^rVa hr H$ht h¡ &&8&&
`h gmam àn§M {M{V H$m EH$_mÌ M_ËH$ma hr h¡, BgH$m CnnmXZ H$aVo h¢ &
g§H$ën Ho$ EH$_mÌ Am{d^m©d go hr `h g§gmaê$nr {MÌ {XImB© XoVm h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ A^md go
Bg Vah {dbrZ hmo OmVm h¡, {Og Vah {H$ {MÌH$ma Ho$ {MÎm _| {MÌ &&9&&
`h gmam g§gma g§H$ën_mÌ H$[ënV h¡, Bg H$WZ H$mo Ñ‹T> ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE g§gma _|
g§H$ënÚyV_ÊS>n Ho$ AmH$ma H$s H$ënZm H$aVo h¢ &
ŸyÕ - 8] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1753
ho {dÚmYa, `h g§gma _wŠVm Am¡a _{U`m| go {d{Z{_©V ~‹S>o-~‹S>o Iå^m| go `wŠV VWm
gwÝXagwdU© go {M{ÌV bmIm| `moOZ _| ~hþV Xya VH$ {dñV¥V g§H$ënH$[ënV EH$ _hm_ÊS>n
h¡ &&10&& `h hOmam| _{U_` Iå^m| go {Kam h¡, {OgHo$ AJ«^mJ _| ZrMo _w±h H$aHo$ {namoò Jò
gw_oé H$s ZmBª Jw½Jwb bJo hþE h¢ & `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ H$ht-H$ht hOmam| BÝÐYZwf go ì`mßV-O¡gm
VWm H$ht-H$ht àb`H$mbrZ g§Ü`m Ho$ _oKm| O¡gm `h gwÝXa [XIVm h¡ &&11&& {OgHo$ ^rVa
BYa-CYa {Zdmg H$a aho ór, ~mbH$ VWm nwéfm| H$s H«$s‹S>m Ho$ {bE nmVmb, ñdJ© Ed§ AÝ`
bmoH$m| Ho$ AmH$ma H$s [nQ>m[a`m± ñWm{nV H$s JB© h¡, Omo ~rM-~rM _| Ohm±-Vhm± AZoH${dY Z{X`m|,
nd©Vm|, O§Jbm|, hm{W`m|, Kmo‹S>m|, XodVmAm|, n{j`m| VWm _Zwî`m| Am{X H$s Vah-Vah H$s aMZmAm|
go `wŠV h¡, do {nQ>m[a`m± H$ht àm{U`m| VWm CZHo$ Cn^moJ H$s dñVwAm| go R>gmR>g âr h¢, H$ht
AÝYH$ma Ho$ {dKmVH$ _{U`m|, àXrnm|, gy`© Am¡a MÝÐ Am{XH$m| Ho$ Ûmam ì`dhma MbZo go eãX`wŠV
h¢ Ed§ H$ht AÝYH$mam| VWm H$ht àH$mem| go CZH$s {d{MÌ Vah-Vah H$s g§kmE± n‹S>r h¢ &&12,13&&
H«$s‹S>m bú_r Ho$ AmH$ma^yV {Og _ÊS>n Ho$ ^rVa {ó`m| Ho$ l¥§Jma Ho$ {bE H$U©\y$b Am{X Ab§H$ma
àXmZ H$aZodmbo, gwJÝY go a_Ur`, M§Mb _oKn§[ŠVê$nr nëbdm| go `wŠV AZoH$ H$ënd¥j bJmò
Jò h¢ &&14&& N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o ~ÀMm| Ho$ {Z…ídmg go ^r C‹S> OmZodmbo Ohm± na Hw$bnd©V J|X ~Zmò Jò
h¢ Am¡a eaËH$mb Ho$ _oK hr {OZHo$ hmW _| M±da Yam {Xò Jò h¢ &&15&&
ho {dÚmYa, {Og _ÊS>n _| H$ën Ho$ AÝVH$mb Ho$ _oKm| Zo n§Im| Ho$ ñWmZ XIb H$a {bò
h¢ & Ohm± `h gånyU© ^yVb OwAm± IobZo H$m EH$ _oO h¡, Ohm± Vmam| Ho$ g{hV AmH$me Mm±XZr
h¡ &&16&& {Og _ÊS>n Ho$ ^rVa AmH$meê$n Mm¡H$ _| Ohm± g§gma Ho Am{d^m©d Am¡a {Vamo^md
à{Vê$n Xm±d bJmò Om aho h¢ Am¡a IobZodmbo ~«÷m{X _ÊS>nñdm{_`m| Ho$ {Og OwE± _| Mma
àH$ma Ho$ Ordg_wXm`m|ê$nr em[a\$bm| (eVa§O Ho _>moham|) H$m ~ma-~ma OÝ_-_aU Am{X Ho$
Ûmam ^«_U hmo ahm h¡ VWm gy`©, MÝÐ Am{X ZdJ«h hr Ohm± nmeo h¡ &&17&& Bg Vah g§H$ën
H$aZodmbo H$m g§H$ën hr AÝV…H$aU _| {MaH$mb H$s ^mdZm go O¡go gm_Zo [ñWV Ñí` Ho$
Vwë` EH$ Vah go gË`Vm H$mo àmßV hmo OmVm h¡, d¡go hr {dYmVm Ho$ g§H$ënm| go gwg_w[ËWV
`h OJÐynr _ÊS>n {M{V H$m EH$_mÌ M_ËH$mañdê$n {MÌH$ma Ho$ {MÎm _| ~Zmò Jò {MÌ Ho$
Vwë` h¡ &&18,19&& Omo Hw$N> `hm± ñ\w$[aV hmo ahm h¡ dh g~ AgË`ê$n hr h¡ & dh à{V^mg
go gË` àVrV hmo ahm h¡, naÝVw na_mW©ê$n go Vmo {~bHw$b h¡ hr Zht§ & `h AgV² hr CËnÝZ
hþAm h¡; Z OmZo H$hm± go _m`m Ho$ hmWr, Kmo‹S>o H$s ZmBª `hm± CËnÝZ hmo J`m h¡ &&20&& O¡go
gwdU© _| H$Q>H$ Am{X h¡ d¡go hr {OgZo AnZo CXaH$moQ>a _| g§gma H$mo YmaU H$a aIm h¡ Eogm
`h {M{V H$m M_ËH$ma hr g~ Hw$N> h¡ VWm g§H$ën-{dH$ën Z H$aZo go hr BgH$m Zme hmoVm
h¡ &&21&& Bg Vah Bg g§gma H$s CËn{Îm Am¡a Zme VÎdkm{Z`m| H$s AnZr BÀN>m Ho$ AË`ÝV
hr AYrZ h¡ `mZr VÎdkm{Z`m| Ho$ AnZo Eo[ÀN>H$ {dH$ënm| go BgH$m Am{d^m©d VWm A{dH$ënm|
go {Vamo^md hmoZm AË`ÝV hr AnZo AYrZ h¡ Bg{bE ho {dÚmYa, O¡gr Vwåhmar BÀN>m hmo
d¡gm hr H$amo & Omo nwéf AÝZ nmZm{X Eo{hH$ ^moJgm_{J«`m| _| VWm XmZ, `k Am{X nmabm¡{H$H$
^moJgm_{J«`m| _| \$bm| H$s AZ{^g[ÝY H$mo àmßV hmo MwH$m h¡ `mZr Omo nwéf BgbmoH$ VWm
nabmoH$ Ho$ H$_©\$bm| H$s BÀN>m go eyÝ` hmo MwH$m h¡ dh H$_m] H$m H$^r Ë`mJ Zht H$aVm `mZr
\$bàm[ßV H$s BÀN>m go eyÝ` hmoH$a dh H$_© H$aVm hr MbVm h¡ & ho {dÚmYa, Eogo Cg nwéf
H$m `h A[ÝV_ OÝ_ g_{PE &&22&&
{ddoH$kmZàm[ßV go hr Vwåh| _w[ŠV Adí` {_b gH$Vr h¡, Eogm _¢ AZw_mZ H$aVm hÿ±, `m|
nwZO©Ý_m{X H$s g§^mdZm go ^`^rV hþE Cg {dÚmYa H$mo AmídmgZ XoVo h¢ &
ho ewÕ~wÕo, AnZo nVZ Ho$ hoVw^yV A{ddoH$ nX H$s Anojm Z H$aHo$ VrZm| OJV² H$mo n{dÌ
H$aZodmbr Bg Xygar nwÊ`_` {ddoH$ nXdr H$mo Vw_ àmßV hmo MwHo$ hmo, AV… Bg _Z go Vmo
Vw_ {\$a AY…nVZ _| Zht {Ja gH$Vo hmo, Eogm _¢ AZw_mZ H$aVm hÿ± & Bg{bE Vw_ dmUr Am¡a
_Z H$s MoîQ>m go eyÝ` {Z_©b {MÝ_mÌnX H$m Adbå~Z H$aHo$ _Z Am{X Bg Ñí`g_yh H$m
n[aË`mJ H$a Xmo &&23&&
AmR>dm± gJ© g_mßV
Zm¡dm± gJ©
{M{V Ho$ AYrZ OJV² H$m CX`, Üd§g, gÎmm, ñ\y${V© VWm n[adV©Z h¡ Am¡a
`h gmam {díd {MÝ_mÌ {M{V H$m ñ\w$aU h¡ - `h dU©Z Ÿ&
"ho½Zrd H$Q>H$m{XËd§ g§gmamoXaH$moQ>a…' & {MÀM_ËH$ma Edm`_{dH$ënZ g§j`… && ({Z.à.CÎm.
gJ© 8$&21) `h Omo H$hm J`m h¡ gmo, BZ XmoZm| H$m AZw^d H$amZo H$s BÀN>m H$a aho ^wewÊS>Or
A{dH$ën H$s ar{V H$m g~go nhbo CnXoe Xo aho h¢ &
ho {Zînmn {dÚmYa, {df`m| VWm {df`m| _| ahZodmbo {H«$`m, JwU, Xmof Am{X Ho$ àH$meH$
{MÐyn H$m V{ZH$ ^r ñ_aU Z H$aVo hþE Vw_ {Z_©b Ob _| à{dîQ> gy`© H$s {H$aUm| H$s ZmBª gd©{dY
VmneyÝ` àH$me_mÌmdeof hmoH$a ~¡R>o ahmo &&1&&
"g§gmamoXaH$moQ>a…' {MÀM_ËH$ma Edm`_²' BgH$m ^r Cnn{Îmnyd©H$ AZw^d H$amVo h¢ &
OmS>çXw…In[aUm{_Ëdm{Xê$n AnZm {M{V H$m AgmÑí` ahZo na ^r VËgÑe `h gmam Ñí`
àn§M MoVZm Ho$ H$maU hr MoVZ Ho$ ^rVa, g_wÐ _| A{½Z Ho$ gÑe {dÚ_mZ h¡, AÝ`Ì Zht &
VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ `{X AÝ`Ì `h {dÚ_mZ hmoVm, Vmo Cggo Agå~Õ MoVZm Ho$ Ûmam BgH$m àH$me
H$^r Zht hmoVm Am¡a Eogm H$moB© nXmW© h¡ Zht, Omo AMoË`_mZ {gÕ hmo gHo$ VWm MoVZm g{H«$`m ^r
ŸyÕ - 9] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1755
Zht h¡, Bggo {H$ AÝ`Ì {df`m| _| OmH$a M¡VÝ` àXmZ H$a gHo$ & `{X dh MoVZm gd©JV _mZ br
OmVr h¡, V~ Vmo ho {dÚmYa, h_mar à{Vkm {gÕ hmo MwH$s, `h Vw_ g_P bmo &&2&&
Bg Vah gånyU© Ñí`àn§M H$s XoeV… [ñW{V {M{V Ho$ AÝXa {gÕH$a A~ Cgo H$mbV…
gy{MV H$aVo hþE {M{V H$s H$m`©Vm {gÕ H$aVo h¢ &
{M{V AnZr MoVZme[ŠV go gMoVZ Am¡a AMoVZ nXmWm] H$s nyd© Ho$ hr g_mZ hoVw
({ddVmm}nmXmZ) Eogo h¢, O¡go {H$ A{½ZÁdmbm Ho$ {dZme Am¡a CËn{Îm H$m hoVw ndZ h¡ & VmËn`© `h
h¡ {H$ {M{V H$m {ddV© hr {M{V H$m M_ËH$ma h¡ &&3&&
Bg_| "Ah_²' Bg gMoVZm§e Ho$ Ë`mJ Ûmam hr gMoVZ Am¡a AMoVZ XmoZm| A§em| Ho$ Ë`mJ H$s
{g{Õ hmo OmZo go {MÝ_mÌ H$s Ad[ñW{V [gÕ hmo OmVr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
AhånXmW© Hw$N> Zht h¡, `m| Ah§H$ma Ho$ AmñnX A§e H$m ~mY H$aHo$ àË`H²$ {MÐyn H$mo eof
aIH$a {dH$ën Ho$ hoVwAm| Ho$ j` go hr {dH$ën{Z_w©ŠV nyU©{M{V _| Vwåhmar {dlm[ÝV hmo Om` & eof
~Mo àmaãY H$m j` hmoZo na Vmo {Og ê$n go [ñWV ah gH$Vo hmo, Cgr ê$n go Vw_ [ñWV ahmo &&4&&
Ob go nyU© XyY H$m Ob ZîQ> hmo OmZo na ^r Omo ê$n eof ahVm h¡ Cgr Ho$ g_mZ Vwåhmam
AZwn_ ~«÷ê$n hr eofê$n ahVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go ñdÀN> Obg_yh Ho$ ~mha Am¡a ^rVa g~ OJh Ob-hr-Ob XrIVm ahVm h¡ d¡go hr
g_ñV nXmWm] Ho$ ~mha Am¡a ^rVa {MÐyn go Vwåht [ñWV XrIVo hmo &&5&&
ho {dÚmYa, `h Ah§nXmW© {~bHw$b Zht h¡, `m| Ah§H$ma H$m Ë`mJH$a `{X Vwåhmam {MÐyn
{M{V _| nyU© EoŠ` H$mo àmßV hmo Om`, Vmo ~VmAmo Vmo ghr, Vwåhmao {gdm ^bm Eogr àH$m{eV
H$m¡Z-gr Xygar dñVw h¡, {Oggo {H$ {H$gr AÝ` Ho$ gmW ~«÷ê$n Vwåhmar Cn_m Xr Om` ? &&6&&
gwa Am¡a Agwam| go ì`mßV nmVmb, n¥{Wdr Am¡a ñdJ© H$s ZmBª [ñWV Ed§ àr{V, hf©, H«$moY, `wÕ,
O`, namO` Am{X ZmZm ^mdm| go VWm nbm`Z, AZwYmdZ Am{X AË`ÝV doJnyd©H$ Xm¡‹S>Zo Am{X
^mdm| go ì`mßV VV²-VV² AZwê$n {H«$`mH$mb go ì`mHw$b hþAm-gm a§J_` {MÌ _| {b{IV OJV²,
Xrdma _| {b{IV _w{Zeara H$s ZmBª§, O¡go ì`mnmaeyÝ` hr [ñWV ahVm h¡ d¡go hr _m`me~b
{M{Vê$nr {MÌH$ma Ho$ Ûmam {da{MV `h OJÐynr {MÌ ^r ewÕ {MXmH$meê$nr Xrdma _| {dH$maeyÝ`
AÛ`mË_ê$n go hr g§[ñWV h¡, OJV²^md go Zht &&7,8&& AMoVZ `m MoVZ ({_Ï`m OJÐyn `m
na_mW© gX²~«÷ê$n) Omo hr AnZo-Amn {M{V _| {M{ÌV hmoVm h¡ dhr g~ MoVZê$n hmo OmVm h¡ &
ò XmoZm| Vwåhmao AYrZ h¢, A~ BZ_| Omo Vw_ Mmhmo, gmo H$amo-Vwåhmar BÀN>m hmo, Vmo g_m{Y bJmAmo
`m Z hmo, Vmo Cggo {daŠV hmo OmAmo &&9&& Akm{Z`m| H$s Anojm VÎdkm{Z`m| _| {g\©$ `hr
{deofVm ahVr h¡ {H$ O¡go _éñWb _| _hmZXr Am{X Ho$ ê$n go {XImB© Xo ahr gy`© H$s {H$aU|
_ÁOZ, _aU Am{X H$m ^` CËnÝZ hmo OmZo na CZH$mo V¡a OmZo H$m H$moB© g_w{MV Cnm` Z gyPZo
go _éñWb H$m kmZ Z aIZodmbm| H$mo VQ> Ho$ BYa hr amoH$ aIVr h¢, {OZ _hmnwéfm| H$mo _éñWb
H$m Agbr kmZ hmo MwH$m h¡ CÝh| Zht & CÝh| Vmo ñdÀN> ^mgVr h¢; d¡go hr EH$ Ho$ {dkmZ go VÎdV…
g~H$m {dkmZ hmo OmZo na VÎdkm{Z`m| H$mo, {MXmH$me _| ñ\w$[aV hmo ahr ò {M{V H$s M_ËH¥${V`m±
Hw$N> ^r ~mYm Zht nhþ±MmVr & CÝh| Vmo {~bHw$b ñdÀN> _mby_ n‹S>Vr h¢, {H$ÝVw Akm{Z`m| H$mo Vmo
Adí` hr ~mYm nhþ±MmVr h¢ &&10&&
Akm{Z`m| H$mo Vmo ~mYm nhþ±MmVr hr h¢, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
{V{_a amoJ go AmH«$mÝV ZoÌm|dmbo nwéfm| H$mo AmH$me _| O¡go Ho$emoÊS—>H$ Am{X ñ\w$[aV hmoVo h¢,
d¡go hr g§gma _| hr Ad[ñWV ahZodmbo AkmZr nwéfm| H$mo `h OJÐyn ñ\w$[aV hmoVm h¡ (kmZr
nwéfm| H$mo Zht, do Vmo g~H$mo ~«÷ê$n go hr XoIVo h¡) &&11&&
_éñWb _| gy`© H$s {H$aUm| H$s ZmBª `h Omo D$na H$m$ ÑîQ>mÝV ~Vbm`m J`m h¡ CgH$m Xygar
ar{V go ^r dU©Z H$aVo hþE Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ &
ho {dÚmYa, `m| "Vw_ Am¡a _¢' BË`mH$aH$ Ad~moYñdê$n `h OJV² Am^mg_mÌ `mZr nyd©d{U©V
{M{V H$m EH$_mÌ M_ËH$ma hr h¡, AV… `h Akm{Z`m| H$s Ñ[îQ> go hr CËnÝZ hþAm h¡, km{Z`m| H$s
Ñ[îQ> go Zht & EH$_mÌ gy`© H$s {H$aUm| go {OgH$s aMZm hþB© h¡ Eogo JÝYd©ZJa Ho$ g_mZ Bg
ì`dhma^y{_ _| XrdmaAm{X OJV² h¡ & OJÐyn go Vmo `h g~ AmH$me _| bVm H$s ZmBª {~bHw$b
gË` Zht h¡ & (AV… `h OJV² {M{V H$m {ZamoYH$ Zht h¡ & ho {dÚmYa, _oao H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h
h¡ {H$ Bg Vah {M{V H$s An[a[ÀN>ÝZVm {gÕ hmo MwH$s h¡) &&12&&
Zm¡dm± gJ© g_mßV
Xgdm± gJ©
{Z{d©H$ma Am¡a H$maUeyÝ` ~«÷ hr `h g~ [ñWV h¡,`h OJV² H$^r H$ht Zht Wm, `h dU©Z Ÿ&
~«÷ _| OJV² H$m Anbmn {gÕ H$aZo Ho$ {Z{_Îm CgH$s O‹S>Vm H$m IÊS>Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE
O‹S>ê$n go A{^_V OJV² H$s {MÐynVm H$m AZw^d H$amVo h¢ &
ho {dÚmYa,MoVZ go {^ÝZ _mZo Jò Bg OJV² Ho$ ñ\w$aU H$mo Vw_ MoVZ go hr CËnÝZ OmZmo
Š`m|{H$ MoVZVm ñ\w$aUê$n hr hmoVr h¡ () & O¡go Ob _| à{V{~[å~V A{½Z Ob go {^ÝZ Zht h¡
d¡go hr `h OJV² ^r MoVZ go {^ÝZ H$moB© Xygar dñVw Zht h¡ & AV… M¡VÝ` Am¡a OmS>ç ò XmoZm|
V{ZH$ ^r {^ÝZ Zht h¢ `mZr Ob H$s erVbVm go AbJ à{V{~å~^yV A{½Z H$s Ja_r H$s ZmBª
M¡VÝ` go V{ZH$ ^r AbJ OmS>çZm_ H$s H$moB© Xygar dñVw Zht h¡ &&1&&
()VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ `{X dh OJÐyn ñ\w$[aV hmoVm h¡, Vmo {\$a dh MoVZ hr h¡, MoVZ
go BVa Zht h¡ &
ŸyÕ - 10] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1757
EH$_mÌ OmS>ç Ho$ Anbmn go hr OJV² H$m Anbmn {gÕ H$aHo$ {djoneyÝ` hmoH$a [ñWV ahmo,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
Bg{bE ho {dÚmYa, kmZ Am¡a AkmZ _| AôX hmoZo go n[aÀN>oXeyÝ` {MÌH$ma Ho$ {MÎm _| ~Zo
hþE {MÌñW CgHo$ kmZ `m JÝYd©ZJa Ho$ A{YîR>mZ AmH$me Ho$ _Ü` Ho$ g_mZ ñdñW [ñWV ahmo &&2&&
"àb`H$mb _| ^r A{MÐyn OJV² gyú_ê$n go ~«÷ _| [ñWV ahVm hr h¡' Omo lw{V Am¡a
ñ_¥{V _| dMZ {_bVo h¢ do _m`me~b Ho$ gd©e[ŠV gånÞ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AgË`nXmWm] _|
^r ~«÷gÎmm H$s Amamon Ñ[îQ> go hr ì`döV hþE {_bVo h¢, O¡go {H$ ^{dî` _| CËnÝZ hmoZodmbo
Ob Ho$ ñdën \o$Z _| dV©_mZH$mb _| Cn[ñWV Ob H$s gÎmm go gÎmmì`dhma {_bVm h¡, Bgr
A{^àm` go H$hVo h¢ &
gånyU© e[ŠV`m| go gånÝZ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ~«÷ _| A{MÎd Cgr Vah ahVm h¡, {Og Vah
AjwãY {Z_©b Ob _| ^{dî`V² \o$Zbd &&3&&
dmñV{dH$ Ñ[îQ> go Vmo _m`m Ho$ AgÎd hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {Z{d©H$ma A{ÛVr` dñVw _| {H$gr Vah
H$m jmo^ Am¡a CgH$m hoVw Z hmoZo go O‹S> g¥[îQ> H$s CËn{Îm H$s g§^mdZm hr Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
H$maU Ho$ {~Zm O¡go Ob _| \o$Z H$m boe C{XV Zht hmoVm, d¡go hr H$maU Ho$ {~Zm ~«÷
go gJ© Am{X ^r C{XV Zht hmoVm &&4&& VWm Bg g¥[îQ>aMZm _| AH$maU ~«÷ _| H$moB© H$maU
Zht h¡ & OJV² Am{X Hw$N> ^r Bggo Z Vmo CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Z ZîQ> hr hmoVm h¡ &&5&&
H$maU H$m AË`ÝV A^md hmoZo go OJV² Am{X Hw$N> ^r CËnÝZ Zht hmoVm & _éñWb _| Ob
H$s ZmBª gm_Zo XoIm J`m ^r `h OJV² gd©Wm h¡ hr Zht &&6&& AO, emÝV Am¡a AZÝV ~«÷
hr g~ Hw$N> h¡, A§V…H$aU H$m A^md hmoZo go `h {Z[íMV hmo J`m h¡ {H$ gJ©~w{Õ ^r Zht
h¡ & My±{H$ `h OJV² BË`m{X Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡, Bg{bE `h {gÕ h¡ {H$ EH$_mÌ AI[ÊS>V ~«÷
hr g~ Hw$N> h¡ &&7&& Bg{bE ho {dÚmYa, Vw_ {ebm Ho$ CXa Ho$ g_mZ VWm AmH$meH$moe
Ho$ gÑe hmo & ~«÷¡H$KZñdê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Vw_ AO Am¡a Ad`da{hV ^r hmo &&8&& ho
{dÚmYa, Vw_ kmZê$n hmo, {H$gr EH$ {deofê$n H$m {ZíM` Z hmoZo go g~_| AZwJV
gÎmmgm_mÝ`ñdê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Vw_ qH${MÐyn Vmo Adí` hr hmo VWm {deof H$m ~mY hmoZo
na gÎmmgm_mÝ` H$s ^r {Zd¥{Îm hmo OmZo go Ed§ EH$ê$n H$m {ZíM` hmo OmZo go qH${MÐyn ^r
Zht hmo & ho {dÚmYa, ~w{Õ VWm {MXm^mgeyÝ` Bg AmË_m _| AnZo-Amn emÝV hmo OmAmo &&9&&
à`moOZ H$s Anojm Z MmhZo go ^r `h g¥[îQ> Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
AO na_mË_m Ho$ {ZË`mZÝXñdê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU H$m`©gånmXZ H$aZodmbm H$moB© H$maU Zht
h¡ {H«$`m {Z{_Îm H$moB© \$b Zht h¡ & Bg{bE g¥[îQ> Am{X H$m g§^d Z hmoZo na Omo Hw$N> h¡, dh g~
AO {edñdê$n hr h¡ &&10&&
Bg Vah VÎdÑ[îQ> go {ZË`_wŠVVm H$s {g{Õ H$m CnnmXZ H$aHo$ BgH$m ñdrH$ma Z H$aZo na
_yIm] _| {ZË`~ÕVm H$s àg[ŠV A{Zdm`© hmoJr `mZr _yI© g~ {ZË`~Õ Adí` ah|Jo, Bg_| gÝXoh
Zht, `h H$hVo h¢ &
AnZr _yI©Vm _| {dbmg H$aZodmbo {OZ Ordm| H$s Ñ[îQ> _| AOÝ_m {MÐyn Zht h¡ CZHo$ {bE
g¥[îQ> Ho$ Zme `m CËn{Îm Ho$ {df` _| Š`m {dMma {H$`m Om` & VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ A{Z_m}j Xmof H$s
gÎmm ~Zr ahZo go CZHo$ {df` _| _mojmonm` H$s {MÝVm {~bHw$b ì`W© h¡ &&11&&
AY©à~wÕ nwéfm| H$s Ñ[îQ> go O¡gr g§gma H$s [ñW{V ahVr h¡, Cgo H$hVo h¢ &
Ohm±-Ohm± na ~«÷ h¡ dhm±-dhm± OJV² Ho$ eãXmW©ê$n go eyÝ` Bg Vah AZoH$m| OJV² h¢
hr &&12&& V¥U, H$mîR>, Ob Am¡a Xrdma _| gd©Ì hr na~«÷ [ñWV h¡ VWm g^r OJhm| _| g¥[îQ> H$m
g_yh nañna Jw±Wm hþAm [ñWV h¡ &&13&&
V~ Vmo Eogr Xem_| ~«÷ H$m {_Ï`mgJ© hr ñd^md H${hò, hm{Z Š`m h¡ Bg Ame§H$m na "Zht'
`h H$hVo h¢ &
~«÷ H$m Š`m ñd^md (N) h¡, `h R>rH$-R>rH$ Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ AZÝV na_
~«÷VÎd _| ñdËd Am¡a AñdËd XmoZm| H$m ahZm AË`ÝV Ag§^d h¡ &&14&&
ì`mdV©H$ _| "ñd' eãX H$m Ag§KQ>Z H$hH$a "^md' eãX H$m Ag§KQ>Z ^r {XIbmVo h¢ &
A^md H$s Anojm aIZodmbo "^md' H$m ^r gå^d Z hmoZo go AZÝV na~«÷ _| ñd^md Am{X
Xwé[ŠV`m± AnZm n¡a Zht O_m gH$Vr &&15&&
ì`mdË`© nXmW© H$s à{g{Õ Z ahZo go ^r "ñd' Am¡a "A^md' BZ XmoZm| nXm| H$m g§KQ>Z Zht
~¡R>Vm, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{ZË`, AZÝV na~«÷ _| AñdËd Am¡a A^md BZ XmoZm| H$m AË`ÝV gå^d Z hmoZo go ñdV…{gÕ
Aì`mdV©H$ ñdËd Am¡a ^mdm| _| ì`döV ñd^md eãX H$m à`moJ bmoH$ _| Zht ~¡R>Vm & H$hZo H$m
VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ ñd^md eãX H$m Omo Vm[ÎdH$ AW© h¡ dh bmoH$ _| {~bHw$b Zht KQ>Vm &&16&&
{Og Vah ~«÷ _| g¥[îQ> Am{X H$s {g{Õ Z hmoZo go dh AÛ` {gÕ hmoVm h¡ Cgr Vah
àË`JmË_m Ord _| ^r AhÝVm Am{X H$s {g{Õ Z hmoZo go dh AÛ` {gÕ hmoVm h¡, `m| XmoZm| Vah
go {dMma hmoZo na AIÊS>Vm hr {gÕ hmoVr h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
ho gmYmo, ~w{Õ go {dMmaH$a XoIZo na Vmo AhÝVm H$ht CnbãY Zht hmoVr h¡ & ~ÀMo Ho$ gm_Zo
doVmb Ho$ gÑe AgÐyn hr `h H$ht go Am Q>nH$s h¡ &&17&& AhÝVm Ho$ eãXmWm] go _wŠV Omo
(N) AnZm Omo ì`mdV©H$ Y_© h¡ Cgo ñd^md H$hVo h¢ & Cg ñd^md H$s Y_©Vm Añd^md
Ho$ ì`mdV©H$ê$n go hr H$hZr n‹S>oJr, Bg{bE `h R>rH$-R>rH$ Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm {H$ ~«÷ H$m
Š`m ñd^md h¡, Š`m|{H$ Cg_| ñdËd-AñdËd Zht h¡ &
ŸyÕ - 11] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1759
CnbãY hmoVm h¡ dh na~«÷ hr h¡ VWm AhÝVm Ho$ eãXmWm] go `wŠV Omo CnbãY hmoVm h¡ dh emó
Am¡a AmMm`© Ho$ AwZ^d go narjm H$aHo$ VÎdÑ[îQ> go XoIZo na Vmo {dbrZ hmo OmVm h¡ &&18&&
Bg Ñ[îQ> go O¡go OmS>ç {MV²ñd^md H$mo àmßV h¡ d¡go hr Ord Am¡a OJV² H$m ôX ^r
AôXñdê$nVm H$mo hr àmßV h¡, `hr {XIbmZo Ho$ {bE gwdU© Am¡a H$Q>H$ _| AôX ÑîQ>mÝV nhbo
AZoH$ ~ma H$ho Om MwHo$ h¢, Bgr A{^àm` go A~ Cng§hma ^r H$aVo h¢ &
OJV² Am¡a ~«÷Ñ[îQ> _| Omo ôX àVrV hmo ahm h¡ dmñVd _| dh AôX hr h¡ & OJV² Am¡a ~«÷
ò XmoZm| n`m©èãXm| Ho$ AW©{dbmg Ho$ Vwë` h¢ & "amhÿ H$m {ga' Bg ì`nXoe Ho$ gÑe g§H$ën_mÌ
hr Bg ôX H$mo {dÛmZm| Zo H$hm h¡, gË` Zht H$hm h¡ & O¡go gwdU© Am¡a H$Q>H$ _| AôX h¡, d¡go hr
OJV² Am¡a ~«÷ BZ XmoZm| _| AôX h¡ &&19&&
Xgdm± gJ© g_mßV
½`mahdm± gJ©
B[ÝÐ`m| H$mo OrVH$a nyU© ~«÷ na_mË_m _| _Z H$s [ñW{V VWm
Xoh Am{X Ñí` nXmWm] _| AZmË_^mdZm Ñ‹T> H$aZr Mm{hE, `h dU©Z Ÿ&
^wewÊS>Or Zo H$hm … ho {dÚmYa, dóm| go Z T>Ho$ AnZo eara _| bJo hþE eóm| Ho$ AmKmV Am¡a
VéUr Ho$ ñVZ Am{X A§Jm| H$m AZw^d H$aHo$ ^r Omo ~w{Õ_mZ² nwéf {~bHw$b g_^md _| [ñWV h¡
dhr na_nX _| [ñWV h¡ & VmËn`© `h {H$ O~ VH$ d¡gr [ñW{V Zht Am OmVr V~ VH$ _Zwî` H$mo
B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ D$na {dO`àmßV H$aZo H$s Ñ‹T> MoîQ>m Am¡a AmË_{ZîR>m go {daV Zht hmoZm Mm{hE &&1&&
Bgr AW© H$mo ñnîQ>ê$n go H$hVo h¢ &
~‹S>o Y¡`© Ho$ gmW AnZo nwéf à`ËZ Ho$ Ûmam _Zwî`> H$mo V~ VH$ B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ D$na {dO` àmßV
H$aZo H$m Aä`mg {ZaÝVa H$aVo ahZm Mm{hE, O~ VH$ {H$ eó Am¡a H$mÝVm, Am{X ~mø nXmWm]
go CËnÝZ hmo aho {dH$mam| H$mo {_Ï`mËd ~w{Õ go Xya \|$H$H$a EH$_mÌ ñdmË_gwI {dlm[ÝVê$n
gwfwßVVm Zht C{XV hmo OmVr &&2&&
_mZ{gH$ nr‹S>mAm| H$m g§ñne© Z hmoZm hr Ñ‹T> VÎdkmZ H$m bjU h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
`WmW© na_mË_VÎd H$mo OmZZodmbo nwéf H$mo gm_Zo Cn[ñWV ^r _mZ{gH$ nr‹S>mE± (c)
V{ZH$ ^r Eogo Zht {bßV H$a nmVr O¡go H$_b H$mo Ob Zht {bßV H$a nmVo &&3&& AmH$me
Ho$ gÑe ñdÀN> {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ M_H$Vo hþE eóm| VWm XoXrß`_mZ AZoH$ {ó`m| Ho$ Ag§{dV²
_| - eara _| Iy~ g§b½Z hmo OmZo na ^r ({MnH$ OmZo na ^r) CÝh| Ag§b½Z-gm Omo
(c)O¡go {H$ ew{ŠV _| `h aOV Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw ew[ŠV hr h¡, `h `WmW© kmZ hmo OmZo
na Cg ew[ŠV _| aOV Ho$ bm^ `m hm{Z O{ZV {H$gr Vah H$s _mZ{gH$ nr‹S>m Zht XoIr OmVr,
`h ^md h¡ &
emÝVmË_m XoIVm h¡, dhr `WmW© _| XoIVm h¡ `mZr CgrH$mo gM_wM `WmW© _| gmjmËH$mar
kmZdmZ² g_PZm Mm{hE &&4&& O¡go {df AnZo hr ñdê$n _| KwU (H$s‹S>m) Am{X {dH$ma^md
H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a dh KwUVm ^r {df go AÝ` H$moB© nXmW© Zht hmoVr, d¡go hr AnZo ñdê$n
H$m n[aË`mJ Z H$aVo hþE ~«÷ ^r ñdVÎd Ho$ EH$_mÌ n[akmZ go ZîQ> hmo OmZodmbr Ordê$nVm
H$mo `mZr OrdmH$ma {ddV©Z H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡ & H$hZo H$m _Vb~ `h {H$ OrdVm H$moB© ~«÷
go {^ÝZ nXmW© Zht h¡ &&5,6&& A_aUñd^md O‹S> {df AnZo {dfñd^md H$mo Z N>mo‹S>Vo hþE
hr O¡go _aUñd^md H$sQ>ê$n Ord hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr ~«÷{M{V ^r AnZo ê$n H$m Ë`mJ Z H$aVr
hþB© _aUñd^md O‹S>ê$n H$mo àmßV hmo OmVr h¡ &&7&&
KwU H$s ZmBª CËnÝZ hþE Ord H$s Vah `h gmam g§gma ^r CËnÝZ hþAm h¡ `h H$hVo h¢ &
{df _| H$sQ> Ho$ g_mZ ~«÷ _| ~«÷ go AZÝ` hmoVo hþE ^r Cggo AÝ` gÑe ^mg_mZ `h
g¥[îQ>ê$n XwîQ> KwU ^r H$ht go Am{d^y©V hþAm h¡ & `Ú{n `h Cgr _| [ñWV Cgr H$m ê$n h¡ VWm{n
Cggo AÝ` Am¡a Cg_| [ñWV Zht gm ^mgVm h¡ &&8&&
H¥${_ _| O¡go {dfñd^mdÑ[îQ> go OÝ_ Am¡a _aU Zht hmoVo, naÝVw AmË_ñd^mdÑ[îQ> go Vmo
hmoVo hr h¢, d¡go hr Ord _| ^r ~«÷ñd^mdÑ[îQ> go OÝ_ Am¡a _aU Zht hmoV,o {H$ÝVw Ordñd^mdÑ[îQ>
go Vmo hmoVo hr h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go {df AnZo {dfê$nr ñd^md H$mo Z N>mo‹S>H$a hr AnZo AÝXa H«$_e… H¥${_ hmoVm h¡
VWm {dfÑ[îQ> go Z OÝ_ boVm h¡ Am¡a Z _aVm hr h¡, {H$ÝVw H¥${_Ñ[îQ> go _aVm h¡, OÝ_
^r boVm h¡, d¡go hr `h AmË_m ~«÷ ^r ~«÷ñdê$n go Z OÝ_ boVm h¡ Am¡a Z _aVm h¡, {H$ÝVw
Ordñd^md go OÝ_ boVm Am¡a _aVm ^r h¡ &&9&& Xoh, B[ÝÐ` Am{X {df` nXmWm] _| AhÝVm-
__Vm H$s Amg[ŠV go AnZo ñdê$n H$mo {Vamo{hV Z H$aHo$ _Zwî` ldU, _ZZ Am{X à`ËZ
Ûmam {Zînm{XV AmË_gmjmËH$ma kmZ Ho$ à`moOZ^yV AnZo go hr Bg ^dgmJa H$mo Jm` Ho$
Iwa Ho$ g_mZ V¡a OmVm h¡, Z {H$ _wPo Bg g§gmagmJa go X¡d (àmaãY) nma bJmòJm, Bg
à`ËZ H$s Cnojm H$aHo$ &&10&&
gånyU© Ñí` nXmWm] H$m ~mY hmo OmZo na n[a{eîQ> ~Mo na_ X[aÐê$nr EH$ AmË_ñdê$n _|
^bm {dlm[ÝV gwI H$s g§^mdZm hr H¡$go ? Bg àgŠV AdhobZm H$m {ZdmaU H$aVo h¢ &
gånyU© ^mdm| H$mo _mV H$a XoZodmbr g_ñV nXmWm] H$s gma gwIê$nmdñWm VWm gm§gm[aH$
g^r Vmnm| H$s {Zd¥{Îm hmo OmZo go AmÝV[aH$ erVbVm {Og_| {dÚ_mZ h¡ Eogo n[anyU© AmË_ñdê$n
_| ho {dÚmYa, {H$g Vah H$s AdhobZm hmo gH$Vr h¡ ? &&11&&
Ord Ho$ _Z, Ah§H$ma Am{X H$b§H$ H$s {Zd¥{Îm _| Cnm` ~VbmVo h¢ &
OmJ{VH$ gånyU© nXmWm] H$s gÎmm Ho$ ^rVa gÝ_mÌ~«÷ê$n go ^m{dV {Z_©b AmË_m _| _Z,
ŸyÕ - 12] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1761
Ah§H$ma, ~w{ÕAm{Xê$n ^bm H$m¡Z-gm H$b§H$ ah gH$Vm h¡ ? &&12&& O¡go KQ>, nQ> Am{X nXmWm]
H$mo Vw_ VQ>ñWê$n go XoI aho hmo, d¡go hr ho {dÚmYa, AhÝVm Am{X H$m A{^_mZ N>mo‹S> H$aHo$
eara H$mo nhbo VQ>ñWê$n go XoI boZo Ho$ ~mX Vw_ AhÝVm, _Z, ~w{Õ Am¡a kmZ Am{X H$mo ^r
VQ>ñWê$n go hr XoIVo ahmo &&13&& VXZÝVa ho {dÚmYa, gd©gm{jñdê$n hmoH$a Vw_ ~mø OJV²
Ho$ gånyU© nXmWm] VWm AmÝV[aH$ _Z, ~w{Õ Am{X H$m AZw^d Z H$aVo hþE AnZr ñdm^m{dH$
[ñW{V go ~¡R>o ahmo &&14&&
Cg [ñW{V _| gånyU© JwU, Xmof Am{X Ho$ {djonm| Ho$ hoVwAm| H$s em[ÝV ahVr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Cg kmZê$n AdñWm _| gån{Îm `m {dn{Îm VWm Cggo CËnÝZ gwI `m Xw…I {H$gr H$maU go
^r Bg g§gma _| {H$gr H$mo H$^r ^r H$moB© JwU `m Xmof CËnÝZ Zht hmoVm, Š`m|{H$ Cg Xem _|
H$V¥©Vm Ho$ Z ahZo go ^moŠV¥Vm ^r Zht ahVr ()$&&15&&
½`mahdm± gJ© g_mßV
~mahdm± gJ©
Ah§^md ^«m[ÝV_mÌ h¡, OJV² H$m ^«_ {M{V H$m {ddV© h¡,
CgH$s _yb A{dÚm h¡ VWm A{dÚm Ho$ Zme H$m H«$_ Š`m h¡-BZ g~H$m dU©Z Ÿ&
A{dÚm hr Ah§^mdê$nr gyú_àn§M^md h¡ & Cgr H$s ñWybê$nVm hmoVr h¡ & Bg ar{V go
g_ñV {dH$ënm| Ho$ {M{V H$m {ddV©_mÌê$n hmoZo go g~_| EH$Vm {XIbmVo h¢ &
^wewÊS>Or Zo H$hm … ho {dÚmYa, AmH$me _| hr Xygam AmH$me CËnÝZ hþAm `m| AnZo _Z go
EH$ Xygao AmH$me H$s H$ënZm H$a boZm hr O¡go EH$ hr AmH$me _| ôX H$s ^«m[ÝV h¡, d¡go hr
AkmV AmË_m _| gyú_àn§MmË_H$ gÐyn Ah§^md H$s H$ënZm H$aZm EH$_mÌ ^«m[ÝV h¡ &&1&&
ÑîQ>mÝV _| H$ënZm H$aZodmbm Vmo H$moB© Vrgam hr nwéf àVrV hmoVm h¡ dh Vrgam H$m¡Z
h¡, `h nyN>Zo na Cgo ~VbmVo h¢ &
AmH$me _| hr Xygam AmH$me CËnÝZ hþAm h¡ & Bg ^«m[ÝVH$m H$ënH$ O¡go Ah§^md h¡ d¡go hr
A{dÚm go AmÀN>m{XV hmoZo go AgV²-gm àVrV hmo ahm AVEd eãXm{X go Aì`hm`© AmË_ê$n
gX²dñVw hr H$ënH$ h¡ &&2&& O¡go AmH$me _| A{ÛVr` AmH$memË_m hr h¡, Xygao AmH$me H$mo Vmo
H$ënH$ nwéf H$m g§H$ënAd[ÀN>ÝZ {MÐyn AnZo g§H$ënmË_H$ eara H$s hr Cg ê$n _| H$ënZm
H$aHo$ OmZVm h¡ d¡go hr My±{H$ A{dÚm Cn{hV {MXmË_m AnZo A{dÚm ê$n eara H$s "_¢ Am¡a `h'
BË`m{X A{^_ÝVm Am¡a A{^_ÝVì`ê$n go H$ënZm H$aHo$ Ad^mgVm h¡ & Bg{bE AkmZ go AÝ`
Z Ah§^md h¡ Am¡a Z AZh§^md hr h¡ &&3&& Bg{bE ho {dÚmYa, àËòH$ H$mo `h g_P boZm Mm{hE
() XoImo `h lw{V Š`m H$h ahr h¡ - "`Ì Ëdñ` gd©_mË_¡dm^yV² VËHo$Z H§$ níòV²'$&
{H$ dh {MÐyn Eogm h¡ {H$ Ohm± na_mUw Ho$ AmJo _hm_oé H$s ZmBª AmH$me ^r A{V ñWyb h¡ & gånyU©
H$ënZmAm| H$m A{YîR>mZ^yV dh ~«÷ na_gyú_ h¡ & Cgr A{Vgyú_ ~«÷{M{V H$s H$ënZm
AmH$mem{X `h ñWyb OJV²-ê$n h¡ &&4&&
Cg ~«÷ H$s na_ gyú_ê$nVm H$m CnnmXZ H$aVo h¢ &
AmH$me go ^r AË`ÝVgyú_ AkmZê$nr AZm{X {ddV© h¡, Omo {H$ AmË_{M{V AË`ÝV
ñWyb h¡ Cg Vah H$m na_gyú_ MoVZ hr "_¢, "`h' BË`m{Xê$n AZm{X dmgZm go CÎmamoÎma
ñWyb hþE AnZo ñd^md H$s H$ënZm H$aHo$ Omo g~ nXmWm] H$mo OmZVm h¡ dhr `h g~ g¥[îQ>ê$n
go [ñWV h¡ &&5&& O¡go AmdV© Am{X {dH$ma ObÐd Ho$ àgma h¢, d¡go hr AmË_m _| AhÝVm
Am{X AmÜ`m[Ë_H$ VWm AmH$me Am{X Am{Y^m¡{VH$ `h OJV² AmË_MoVZ {dñV¥V {ddV©ê$n
h¡ &&6&& {M{V Ho$ {ddV© H$m A^md hr àb` h¡, Omo {ZíMb ObÐd H$s ZmBª, ñnÝXZeyÝ`
ndZ Ho$ AmH$ma Ho$ gÑe VWm AmH$meöX` Ho$ Vwë` h¡ &&7&& Bg Vah Xoe, H$mb Am{XOJV²
VWm BgHo$ AdmÝVa hOmam| H$m`©ê$nr àgmam| _| ^r EH$_mÌ KZ, eyÝ` Am¡a {Zam^mg {M{V
Ho$ {ddV© Ho$ {gdm AÝ` H$moB© nma_m{W©H$ê$n CnnÝZ Zht h¡ &&8&&
Bg_| Cnn{Îm {XIbmVo h¢ &
{M{V H$m hr {ddV© hmoZo go H$mb, AmH$me, Zm¡H$m,Ob, ñWb, {ZÐm, OmJ«V² Am¡a ñdßZ _|
`h OJV² C{XV Ho$ gÑe ^mgVm h¡ &&9&&
{M{V H$m OJV² Ho$ AmH$ma _| n[aUm_ñdê$n dmñV{dH$ àgma Š`m| Zht h¡, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
AmH$me go ^r AË`ÝV A{YH$ ñdÀN> hmoZo VWm g§MbZ Am{X g~ Vah {dH$mam| go eyÝ` hmooZo
go {M{V H$m {dñVma Am¡a g§H$moM dmñVd _| Zht hmoVm (AVEd Bg g§gma H$s CËn{Îm Am¡a Zme
EH$_mÌ kmZ go hr {gÕ h¡) &&10&&
gwI-Xw…I Am{X ^moJm| Ho$ AZw^dê$n VWm Xoh Am{X _| Ah§^mdê$n {dH$ma Vmo {MXmË_m _|
{XImB© XoVo h¢, `{X `h H$moB© Ame§H$m H$ao, Vmo Cg na H$hVo h¢ &
kmZñdê$n AmË_m {dfÒ{ZV gwI-Xw…I Am{X ^moJm| H$m AZw^d Zht H$aVm Am¡a Z Bg
AmË_m _| `h VWm '_¢' `h ì`dhma hr ahVm h¡ & {H$ÝVw Ob _| ÐdËd Ho$ g_mZ A{ÛVr`
AmË_m ^rVa AnZo Hy$Q>ñW ñd^md _| [ñWV h¢ & VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ ^moJm{X {d^«_ {MXm^mg H$mo
hr hmoVo h¢, Hy$Q>ñW AmË_m H$mo Zht hmoVo &&11&& g§H$ëneyÝ` AmË_m {MÝVm, bÁOm, hf©, ^`,
ñ_¥{V, H$s{V© VWm BÀN>m Am{X _Z H$s d¥{Îm`m| Ho$ hoVw ~mø {df`m| H$mo Eogo Zht XoIVm, O¡go{H$
AÝYH$ma _| gm±n Ho$ n¡a &&12&& ho {dÚmYa, ~«÷ê$nr MÝÐ{~å~ go ñ\w$[aV Ord {MXm^mgê$nr
Á`moËgZm Ho$ A§e^yV Mmjwf Am{X kmZ_` A_¥V H$m Ðdê$nr Omo `h gJ© h¡ dh na_oída go
{^ÝZ Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ Bg g¥[îQ> Ho$ AmYma^yV {Xem (Xoe) Am¡a H$mb BZ XmoZm| H$m {Zad`d
ŸyÕ - 12] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1763
Am¡a {Z[îH«$` ~«÷ _| ahZm g§^d Zht h¡ & {Xem Ho$ ahZo na hr _yV©Ðì` H$s {H«$`m go gJ©H$mb
H$s H$ënZm H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ Am¡a dh {H«$`m nhbo go Vmo Cn[ñWV h¡ Zht & Ed§ H$mb Ho$ ahZo
na hr {Xem Am{X H$s CËn{Îm H$s H$ënZm H$s Om gH$Vr h¡, bo{H$Z àb` _| dh ^r Zht h¡,
H$maU {H$ {H«$`m Ho$ A{V[aŠV CgH$m H$moB© gmYH$ Zht h¡ & nyU© Hy$Q>ñW _| Vmo {H«$`m H$m `moJ h¡
hr Zht & Eogr [ñW{V _| CZ XmoZm| Ho$ A^md _| {H$gr AÝ` H$m AdH$me Zht h¡, Bg Vah `h
{gÕ h¡ {H$ ~«÷ go A{V[aŠV {H$gr nXmW© H$s {g{Õ Zht h¡ &&13&& Bg Vah ^JdmZ² na_oída
Ho$ AnZo go A{^ÝZ OJV² Ho$ AmH$ma _| gd©gmYmaU g[ÀMXmZÝXmË_ê$n Zoo Iy~ M_H$Vo hþE
ñ\w$[aV hmoZo na Xoh Am{X {H$gr EH$ ñWmZ _| {deof A{^_mZ H$aHo$ CgHo$ AZwH$y b `m à{VHy$b
ho` `m CnmXo` H$ënZm Ûmam Ah§H$mamË_m hr AÝ` H$s ZmBª ñ\w$[aV hmoVm h¡ & Bg Vah Ob _|
AmdV©g_yh H$s ZmBª `h gånyU© OJV², Ord, ~ÝY _moj Am{X H$s H$ënZm Omo {H$ EH$_mÌ
^«mÝV {MÎm hr h¡, AUw_mÌ ^r Am¡a Hw$N> Zht h¡ &&14&&
ÑîQ>mÝV Am¡a XmîQ>m©[ÝVH$ BZ XmoZm| H$m ê$nH$ Ûmam EH$sH$aU H$aHo$ CnnmXZ H$aVo h¢ &
_ÁOZ Am¡a CÝ_ÁOZ Ho$ eãXm| go VWm {ddVm©dV©ê$nr ^«_Um| go nyU© ~am~a ~h ahr `h
g¥[îQ>ê$nr _¥JOb H$s$ ZXr ñ\w$[aV hmo ahr h¡, Omo {H$ VÎdgmjmËH$ma go erK« hr {MaH$mb Ho$
{bE jrU hmo OmVr h¡ & VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ O¡go _¥JV¥îUm H$s ZXr _é^y{_ Ho$ gmjmËH$ma go erK«
ZîQ> hmo OmVr h¡ d¡go hr `h g¥[îQ> ^r na_mË_VÎd Ho$ gmjmËH$ma go erK« hr gXm Ho$ {bE jrU
hmo OmVr h¡ &&15&& O¡go AmdVm] go Ob `m Xya go Yy_g_yh {Z{~‹S> _oKê$n go ^mgVm h¡ d¡go hr
~«÷ Am¡a _Z BZ XmoZm| Ho$ _Ü` _| Vrgar `h g¥[îQ> {df`ê$n hmoZo go O‹S> Am¡a gË`ê$n go
ñ\w$[aV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AO‹S>ê$n go ^mgVr h¡ &&16&& Amar go bH$‹S>r MraZo na O¡go AmdV© Am{X
^mgVo h¢ d¡go hr Xoe-H$mbm{X go eyÝ` na_mË_m _| `h g¥[îQ> O‹S> Am¡a AO‹S>ê$n go ^mgVr
h¡ &&17&& {_Ï`m hmoZo go AnZo ñdê$n go AË`ÝV H$mo_b VWm A{YîR>mZ gÎmm go nËWa H$s ZmBª
A{V Ñ‹T> Bg g§gma ê$nr H$XbrñVå^ H$m ñ\${Q>H${ebm _| à{V{~[å~V H$XbrñVå^ go V{ZH$
^r Agmå` {ddoH$Ñ[îQ> go XoIZo na Zht {_bVm & `{X Hw$N> {_bVm ^r h¡ Vmo {g\©$ dh g§H$ënH$[ënV
nëbd [dbjUVm hr & H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h {H$ g§H$ënH$[ënV {dbjU nëbd Ho$ {gdm Am¡a
Hw$N> V{ZH$ ^r d¡gm Ñí` BZ XmoZm| _| Zht {_bVm &&18&&
nQ> Ho$ D$na {da{MV {MÌJV amÁ` Ho$ gmÑí` go A~ Bg OJV² H$m dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
ho {dÚmYa, `h a_Ur` gmam g§gma nQ> Ho$ D$na {da{MV {MÌJV _hmamÁ` Ho$ gÑí`
àH$me`wŠV, gwÝXa Am¡a {dH$ën go {dñ\y${O©V h¡ & ho {dÚmYa, {MÌJV _hmamÁ` Ho$ gÑe
hr `h ^r nam_e© H$mo Z ghZodmbm (c) h¡ & BgHo$ AÝXa hOmam| n¡a, _ñVH$, ZoÌ, hñV,
(c) nam_e© `mZr {dMma, BgH$mo Zht ghZodmbm `h g§gma h¡ AWm©V² {dMma H$aZona V{ZH$ ^r
_wI VWm BZgo B{ÀN>V Am¡a {dV{H©$V dñVwE± Ed§ ZmZm àH$ma Ho$ nd©V, MVw{d©Y àm{U`m| Ho$
eara, {XemE± Am¡a AZoH$ Z{X`m± na_mË_m Ho$ _mn go àXoe_mÌ Ho$ g_mZ n[a[ÀN>ÝZ h¢ &
AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ a§OH$ Ðì`m| go a§{OV {MÌJV _hmamÁ` H$s ZmBª `h gmam g§gma ^r AZoH$
àH$maHo$ H$m_m{X ê$n a§Jm| go a§{OV h¡ & {déÕ dU©dmbo _mO©ZÐì` go n[a_mO©Z H$a XoZm hr
EH$_mÌ {OgH$m Zme h¡ Eogo {MÌ{b{IV _hmamÁ` H$s ZmBª `h gmam g§gma ^r Ho$db Vrd«
d¡am½`_mÌ go hr n[a_m{O©V hmoVm h¡ & ho {dÚmYa, gwa, Agwa, JÝYd©, {dÚmYa VWm ~‹S>o ZmJ
Am{X go `wŠV O‹S>mË_H$ ndZ ñnÝXZerb VWm ÐîQ>mMoVZ go Mo{VV {MÌ{b{IV _hmamÁ`
H$s ZmBª `h gmam g§gma ^r gwa, Agwa, JÝYd© Am{X go `wŠV gyÌmË_m go ñnÝXZerb VWm
~«÷MoVZ go Mo{VV h¡ &&19-22&& AW©eyÝ` VWm ~mÜ` hmoZo go AgË`ñdê$n ñnÝXZmË_H$
{dH$ënm§e _| `mZr {dH$ënmË_H$ d¥{Îm {Og_| C{XV hmoVr h¡ Eogo _Z _| à{V{~å~^md go n{VV
g§{dV² ^«m[ÝV _| Eogo àgaUerb hmoVr h¡, O¡go Ob _| V¡b{~ÝXw &&23&&
H¡$go àgaUerb hmoVr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
_Z H$mo jmo{^V H$aZodmbo H$m_dmgZm Am{X Ombg_yhm| go {Z~Õ, gånyU© AmdV©ê$n
{dH$mam| go g_[ÝdV nwÌ, ór Am{X _| \¡$b aho ñZoh go {_{lV {_Ï`m hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CËnÝZ
Z hþE hr BZ eãX-ñne© Am{X {df`m| Ho$ ~ma-~ma AmñdmXZm| Ho$ Ûmam Omo g§{dV² àgaUerb
hmoVr h¡ {MÌJV _hmamÁ`ê$n go d{U©V `h g§gma h¡ &&24&& Bg ar{V go `h Am{X{M{V hr
Ah§^mdm{X {dH$ënm| go ~{h_w©Ir hmo Ord^md H$mo àmßV H$aHo$ ^r na_mË_m go V{ZH$ ^r Eogo
{^ÝZ Zht h¡, O¡go {H$ Obê$nVm go {^ÝZ Vmo`Vm (ObËd) Zht h¡ & VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ ôXH$
Cnm{Y`m| Ho$ {dH$ën_mÌ hmoZo go "Ord' Am¡a "~«÷' eãX H$m "Ob' Am¡a "Vmo`' eãX H$s ZmBª
EH$ AW© _| n`©dgmZ h¡ &&25&&
Cnm{Y Ho$ AZwàdoe Ûmam Zm_ Am¡a ê$nm| H$m ì`mH$aU H$aZodmbo Ah_W© Ord Ho$ ~«÷_mÌ
hmoZo go Ord H$m ^mo½` gJ©eãXmW© ^r EH$_mÌ ~«÷ hr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
`h {MÐynr gy`© ñdmË_m hr h¡ & `h Cnm{Y _| àdoe Ûmam "Ah_²' BË`m{X Zm_ H$mo àmßV hmoH$a
"gJ©' Bg Zm_ go H$hm OmVm h¡ & Bg{bE `h {gÕ h¡ {H$ dmñVd _| MoVZ go AÝ` Z H$moB© g¥[îQ>
h¡ Am¡a Z H$moB© Bg g¥[îQ> H$m aM{`Vm hr h¡ &&26&&
"amhþ H$m {ga' `hm± na O¡go amhþ Am¡a CgHo$ {ga _| AôX {gÕ h¡ `mZr Omo amhþ h¡ dhr Vmo
CgH$m {ga h¡, Bgr Vah OJV² Am¡a {MV² _| AôX {gÕ h¡ & BZ XmoZmo§ _| EH$_mÌ A{dÚmHo$ H$maU
hr ôX H$s àVr{V hmo ahr h¡ & BgH$m ÑîQ>mÝV XoH$a CnnmXZ H$aVo h¢ &
O¡go ñnÝXê$n AnZr gÎmm _| dñVwV… ObÐd ñnÝXa{hV hr h¡ Cg_| ñnÝX H$s àVr[V Vmo
Q>rH$ Zht gH$Vm VWm {MÌ ^r Xygao Ûmam hþE Cn_X©Z H$mo Zht gh gH$Vm &
ŸyÕ - 12] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1765
EH$_mÌ {dH$ën hr h¡, () d¡go hr AmH$mem{X àn§M H$s aMZm _| {MXmË_m Z AmH$mem{Xê$n go [ñWV
h¡, Z BZ g~H$m H$Vm© h¡ Am¡a Z AmH$mem{X nXmWm] H$mo AnZo go {^ÝZ g_PVm hr h¡ &&27&&
ObÐd H$s ôXH$ënZm _| Xoe Am¡a H$mbH$m ôX {Z`m_H$ h¡ & nyd©H$mb Am¡a nyd©-Xoe
_| [ñWV Ob CÎmaH$mb Am¡a CÎmaXoe _| CnbãY hmoVm h¡ & CÎmaXoe H$s àm[ßV ^r {H«$`mnyd©H$
hr ~mU Am{X _| XoIr JB© h¡, Bgr Vah Ob _| ^r ÐdU{H«$`môX H$s H$ënZm H$a gH$Vo
h¢ & naÝVw A{ÛVr` ~«÷ _| Vmo Xoe Am¡a H$mb {H$gr H$m ôX Zht h¡, AV… AmH$me Am{X
ôXH$ H$ënZm _| H$moB© {Z{_Îm Z hmoZo go ObÐd H$m gmå` ~hþV Xya Mbm J`m `{X `h H$moB©
e§H$m H$ao, Vmo CgH$m g_mYmZ XoVo h¢ &
g¥[îQ>ê$n hmoZo go, Xoe, H$mb Am{X Ho$ {Z_m©Unyd©H$ hr {MXmË_m Ho$ AmH$mem{X {dH$ënkmZ
H$m h_ dU©Z H$a aho h¢, Bg{bE ObÐd H$m gmå` H$ht Xya Mbm J`m, `h H$moB© Zht H$h
gH$Vm & () &&28&&
Bg Vah {dH$ënm| Ho$ _Z, Ah§H$ma Am¡a ~w{Õ Am{X go gmÜ` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AmH$me Am{X
g¥[îQ>ôX Ho$ {dH$ën g_` _| BZHo$ A{gÕ hmoZo go {dH$ën H$s H$ënZm hr H¡$go H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ ?
`h Ame§H$m ^r AZwnn{Îm Am{X hOmam| Xmofm| go nyU© EH$_mÌ A{dÚm H$m ñdrH$ma H$a boZo go hr
AZm`mg n[aöV hmo gH$Vr h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
() Ob§ ñnÝXVo' (Ob ñn[ÝXV hmoVm h¡) Bg ñWb na Wmo‹S>m {dMma {H$`m Om` & Š`m
Ob hr ñnÝXê$n go [ñWV ahVm h¡ `m AÝ` Hw$N> ? Ob go {^ÝZ AÝ` H$moB© ñnÝXZê$n go
[ñWV ahVm h¡, `h Vmo H$h Zht gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ AÝ` {H$gr H$s `hm± Cnb[ãK Zht hmoVr & `{X
`hr _mZ {b`m Om` {H$ dhm± H$moB© AÝ` hr ñn[ÝXV hmoVm h¡ V~ Vmo Cg ñnÝXZ H$mo Ob H$s
hr Anojm h¡, `h {Z`_ Zht ah gH$Vm & AV… Xygam hr ñn[ÝXV hmoVm h¡, `h àVr{V hmoZo
bJoJr Am¡a gmW-gmW `h ^r Zht H$h gH$Vo {H$ dh {Z`_ g_dm` Ho$ ~b na {gÕ h¡, Š`m|{H$
gå~ÝY H$s AZdñWm hmoZo go CgH$s {g[Õ Zht hmo gH$Vr & A~ ahr ~mV àW_ nj H$s & Bg
nj _| ObñnÝX H$m H$Vm© Zht hmo gH$Vm, Š`mo§{H$ ñnÝXmË_m ñnÝX Zht H$aVm, H$maU {H$ `{X
dh ñnÝX H$ao, Vmo Cg ñnÝX _| H$V¥©Ëdmn{Îm Am OmòJr & Bg{bE `h {gÕ h¡ {H$ Ob Ðd
AnZr ñnÝXm[Ë_H$m gÎmm _| ñnÝXeyÝ` hr [ñWV ahVm h¡ &
() AmH$me Am{X g¥[îQ> Ho$ {dH$ën H$s Ag§^mdZm Ho$ D$na Omo Amjon {H$`m Om ahm h¡, gmo Š`m
AmH$me Am{X H$s gJm©Ë_H$Xem _| Amjon {H$`m Om ahm h¡ `m ~«÷Xem _| ? `{X `h H$hm Om` {H$ ~«÷Xem
_| Amjon {H$`m Om ahm h¡ V~ Vmo `h Amn{Îm _| BîQ> h¡, Š`m|{H$ ~«÷^md _| h_ {H$gr Vah H$m H$moB© {dH$ën
ñdrH$ma H$aZo H$mo V¡`ma Zht h¡ & `{X `h H$hm Om` {H$ gJm©Ë_H$Xem _|§ Amjon {H$`m Om ahm h¡, Vmo Bg
na h_mam `h H$hZm h¡ {H$ gJm©Ë_H$Xem _| Vmo `h H$hZm hr n‹S>oJm {H$ dh g¥[îQ>H$mb àb`H$mb go nyd©
h¡ & Bg Vah H$mb{d^md Am¡a g§gmamg§gma Xoe ôX H$m ^r H$ënZm Ûmam {Z_m©U H$aHo$ h_ {MXmË_m Ho$
ho {dÚmYa, _Z, Ah§^md, ~w{Õ Am{X Omo Hw$N> ^r {dH$ënkmZ h¡ Cg g~H$mo Vw_ EH$_mÌ
A{dÚm hr g_Pmo, Omo nwéfà`ËZ go erK« hr ZîQ> hmo OmVr h¡ &&29&&
{H$g-{H$g nm¡éf go dh {H$VZr ZîQ> hmoVr h¡, `h ~Vbm aho h¢ &
{dZ`, àUm_, XmZ, gå_mZ Am{X Ho$ Ûmam der^yV hþE VÎdkm{Z`m| Ho$ gmW nañna
AmÜ`m[Ë_H$ ~mVMrV H$aZo Ho$ H$maU àW_ ^y{_H$mn`©ÝV Aä`ñV hþB© CËH$Q> d¡am½` Am{X Mma
gmYZm| H$s {g{Õ go nwÌ, ór, YZ Am{X _| __Vmä`mg Ho$ hoVw^yV Bg A{dÚm H$m AmYm ^mJ
ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡, ldU, _ZZ Am{X emó{dMmam| go Bg A{dÚm H$m {djon e[ŠVê$n Mm¡Wm
A§e-Omo à_mU Am¡a à_o` H$s gå^mdZm Am{Xê$n VWm Xohm{X _| AhÝVmê$n h¡-ZîQ> hmo OmVm
h¡ VWm ~«÷mË_gmjmËH$ma go CgH$m ~Mm hþAm AmdaUe[ŠVê$n Mm¡Wm ^mJ ^r gy`m}X` Ho$ ~mX
AÝYH$ma H$s ZmBª Yrao-Yrao H«$_e… ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ &&30&& nydm}ŠV ar{V go ^y{_H$mAm| Ho$
Aä`mg Ûmam g_H$mb _| Am¡a H«$_e… Mma ^mJm| _| {d^ŠV A{dÚm Ho$ ZîQ> H$a {Xò OmZo na Omo
Ad{eîQ> ahVm h¡ dh Zm_ê$na{hV gÝ_mÌ hr na_nwéfmW© h¡ &&31&&
g§jon go H$hr JB© ~mV H$mo {dñVma go gwZZo H$s BÀN>m H$a aho lram_MÝÐOr nyN>Vo h¢ &
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … _hf}, A{dÚm H$m AmYm ^mJ AmË_kmZr {dÛmZm| Ho$ gmW nañna
AmÜ`m[Ë_H$ ~mVMrVm| go, EH$ MVwWmªe emóm| Ho$ {dMmam| go Ed§ Xygam MVwWmªe AmË_VÎd
Ho$ gmjmËH$ma go H¡$go ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ ? H¥$nmH$a H${hò &&32&& VXZÝVa ho _w{ZZmW,
"g_H$mb _|' Am¡a "H«$_e…' `h Š`m| H$hm OmVm h¡ ? VWm "dh Zm_mW©a{hV gÝ_` hr h¡' -
`hm± na `_`Q²>' àË`` go AgX§e H$mo boH$a gV² Am¡a AgV² Omo H$hm J`m h¡, Cg_| AgX§e
Š`m h¡, gmo X`mH$a H${hò &&33&&
àíZH«$_ Ho$ AZwgma _hmamO d{gîR>Or CÎma XoVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, g§gmagmJa H$mo V¡a OmZo H$s BÀN>m
aIZodmbo {daŠV gÁOZ nwéf H$mo AmË_kmZr {dÛmZ² VWm AÝ` _w_wj Ho$ gmW AnZr ~w{Õ
go `h {dMma H$aZm Mm{hE {H$ `h g§gma Š`m h¡ BgH$m n[aUm_, _yb Am¡a gma Š`m h¡ VWm
Bgo V¡a OmZo H$m H$m¡Z-gm Cnm` h¡ ? &&34&& g§gmagmJa go nma hmo OmZo H$s BÀN>m aIZodmbo
{dÛmZ² H$mo Mm{hò {H$ dh Ohm±-H$ht go {daŠV, _Ëgaa{hV, AmË_kmZr gÁOZ nwéf H$mo
`ËZnyd©H$ ‹T>ÿ±‹T>H$a CgH$s AmamYZm H$ao &&35&& ho doÎmmAm| _| gd©loîR> lram_Or, `h Amn
^br^m±{V OmZ br{Oò {H$ gÁOZ nwéf H$m g_mJ_ hmo OmZo na A{dÚm H$m AmYm ^mJ
AmH$mem{X {dH$ënkmZ H$m dU©Z H$a aho h¢, AV… {H$gr H$mo gÝXoh H$aZo H$m V{ZH$ ^r ñWmZ Zht h¡ {H$
ObÐd H$m gmå` {~bHw$b H$ht Xya Mbm J`m & Bg {df` _| dm{V©H$H$ma H$s `h C[ŠV ^r ñ_aUr` h¡
… A{dÚmñVrË`{dÚm`m_odm{gËdm àH$ëß`Vo & ~«÷ÑîQ`m Ëd{dÚo`§ Z H$W§MZ `wÁ`Vo &&
ŸyÕ - 13] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1767
Vmo AÝ` g~ ^y{_H$mAm| _| ÁòîR> VWm gmYZMVwîQ>` gån{Îm go loîR> ewôÀN>mZm_H$ àW_
^y{_H$m à{VîR>m Ho$ CX` go hr j` H$mo àmßV hmo J`m &&36&& ho lram_Or, A{dÚm H$m AmYm
^mJ Vmo {g\©$ gÁOZ nwéfm| Ho$ gånH©$ go hr ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ & ~mH$s ~Mo Xmo MVwW© ^mJm|
_| go EH$ ^mJ H$mo ~w{Õ_mZ² nwéf H$mo emómWm] Ho$ n`m©bmoMZ go VWm Xygao H$mo AnZo AmË_-
gmjmËH$maê$n `ËZ go ZîQ> H$a XoZm Mm{hE &&37&& g§gma~ÝYZ go _wŠV hmoZo H$s H$ht EH$
CËH$Q> BÀN>m CËnÝZ hmo JB©, Vmo Cg _w_wjw nwéf H$mo d¡am½` Am{Xgån{Îm hr ^moJm| VWm CZHo$
gmYZm| go Xya hQ>m XoVr h¡ Am¡a ^moJm| Ho$ ZîQ> hmoZo go A{dÚm H$m MVwW© A§e AnZo `ËZ go
hr ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ &&38&& gÁOZm| H$s g§J{V, emóm| H$s MMm© Am¡a AnZo à`ËZ-BZ g~H$s
EH$ gmW àm[ßV hmoZo na g_H$mb _| `mZr EH$ hr H$mb_| VWm EH$-EH$ H$s àm[ßV hmoZo na
H«$_e… A{dÚmê$nr _b jrU hmo OmVm h¡ &&39&& A{dÚm H$m j` hmo OmZm hr {OgH$m
EH$_mÌ AnZm ñdê$n h¡ Eogm Omo A{dÚm Ho$ Zme Ho$ ~mX AqH${MÐyn `m qH${MÐyn eof ahVm
h¡ dh na_mW©^yV Zm_mW©a{hV, AgV² Am¡a gV² ^r (N) H$hm J`m h¡ &&40&&
ho lram_Or, `h n[a{eîQ>dñVw, AmZÝX¡H$KZ, Oam{X{dH$maeyÝ` AZÝV, EH$ ~«÷ hr
h¡ & Ord Am¡a OJÐyn Vmo {dH$ën H$m ñ\w$aU hmoZo go gd©Wm A{dÚ_mZ hr h¡ & Bg{bE ho
lram_Or, Amn AnZo H$mo na_mË_VÎdê$n OmZH$a à_mU, à_o` Am{X {ÌnwQ>r Ho$ _moh go eyÝ`
hmoVo hþE ~«÷ hr hmoH$a Ho$ gdm©{Vem`r ~¥hV² hmoZo go g~ Amoa go ì`mßV hmoH$a {dhma H$aVo
hþE emoH$eyÝ`[ñWV a{hò &&41&&
~mahdm± gJ© g_mßV
Voahdm± gJ©
_m`m Ho$ H$m`© _| Xoe Am{X H$s Anojm H$m A^md VWm
na_mUw Ho$ CXa _| BÝÐ Ho$ amÁ` H$s H$ënZm H$m {dñVma-`h dU©Z &
"Xoe H$mbm{X {Z_m©Unyd©H§$ doXZ§ {dXw…' BË`m{X Omo nyd© gJ© _| H$hm J`m h¡, CgH$m CnnmXZ
H$aZo Ho$ {bE BÝÐ-ÌgaoUw Am»`mZ H$hZo Ho$ nhbo ^y{_H$m ~m±YVo h¢ &
^wewÊS>Or Zo H$hm … ho {dÚmYa, Bg _m{`H$ {dñV¥V OJÐyn Ho$ YmaU _| Xoe Am¡a H$mb H$s
Anojm Bg Vah Zht h¡, {Og Vah AmH$me _| \¡$bo hþE àH$me Ho$ YmaU _| Iå^m| H$s Anojm Zht
h¡ &&1&& emÝV, ndZ Ho$ AÝXa [ñWV gwJÝY `m àH$me go ^r A{V gyú_, bKw Am¡a ñdÀN> `h
{ÌbmoH$s _Z Ho$ _ZZ H$s aMZm_mÌ h¡ &&2&& ho gmYmo, {M{V Ho$ M_ËH$ma_mÌê$n go Ñ‹T> Bg
OJÐynr AUw H$s Anojm dm`w Ho$ AÝVJ©V gm¡a^ ^r _oé H$s ZmBª ñWyb h¡, Bg_| V{ZH$ ^r gÝXoh
(N)AW©{H«$`mì`dhma Ho$ `mo½` Z ahZo go dh "AgV²' VWm A~mÜ` na_ nwéfmW©ê$n hmoZo
go dh "gV²' H$hm J`m h¡ &
Zht h¡ & Š`m|{H$ dm`w Ho$ AÝXa [ñWV gwJÝY `m gm¡a^ H$m Vmo AÝ` nwéf ^r AnZr K«mU Am{X
B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ Ûmam AZw^d H$aVo h¢, naÝVw `h g§gma H$s g¥[îQ> Vmo {Og nwéf Ho$ _Z _| C{XV hmoVr
h¡ dhr BgH$m Eogo AZw^d H$aVm h¡, O¡go _ZmoamÁ` Ho$ nXmW© H$m _ZmoamÁ` gmjr Ûmam `m AnZo
ñdßZ H$m ñdßZÐîQ>m nwéf ñd`§ AZw^d H$aVm h¡ &&3,4&& nyd©{gÕ Xoe Am¡a H$mb H$s Anojm Z
aIZodmbo VWm Xygao Ho$ AZw^d _| Z AmZo go na_ gm¡å`ê$n Bgr {df` H$m EH$ ~hþV nwamZm
B{Vhmg {dÛmZ bmoJ CXmhaUê$n _| H$hm H$aVo h¢ Omo {H$ ÌgaoUw Ho$ CXa _| ~hþV {XZ nhbo BÝÐ
H$mo AZw^yV hþAm Wm &&5&& H$^r H$ht {H$gr EH$ H$ënd¥j _| (g~ Vah H$s H$ënZmAm| Ho$
AmYma^yV _m`me~b~«÷ _| `wJ H$s g[ÝYê$n emIm _|) ~«÷mÊS>ê$n Jyba H$m \$b n¡Xm hþAm &&6&&
Cg \$b H$m dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
dh \$b AÝ` \$bm| go {dbjU Wm & dh gwa Am¡a Agwa Am{X AZoH$ {d{dY ^yVm| Ho$
g_yhê$nr _ÀN>am| H$s ^Z^ZmhQ> go `wŠV Wm VWm AZoH$ e¡bê$nr H$sbm| go O{‹S>V Ñ‹T> nmVmb
ñdJ© Am¡a ^y_ÊS>bê$n XwK©f© H$nmQ>m| go g_[ÝdV Wm &&7&& dh \$b {M{V H$s M_ËH¥${V ê$n
{d{MÌ aMZme[ŠV go gwÝXa, ~hþV ~‹S>m, dmgZmê$nr ag go ñWyb, AZoH${dY eãXm{X {df`m|Ho$
AZw^dê$nr gwJÝY go g_[ÝdV VWm {MÎm Ho$ AmñdmX go _Zmoha Wm &&8&& nydm}ŠV _hmZ² ~«÷ê$nr
H$ënVé _| Am{d^y©V gyú_ OJV²H$s gÎmmê$nr H$amo‹S>m| bVmAm| Ho$ AÝVJ©V dh \$b bJm Wm Am¡a
Ah§H$maê$nr _hmZ² d¥§V go `wŠV dh \$b gmjr MoVZ go CÁÁdb Wm &&9&& kmZê$nr {dH${gV
_wIdmbm, AZoH$ ZXr Am¡a g_wÐê$nr Zm{‹S>`m|go Amd¥V n§MVÝ_mÌê$nrH$moe _| [ñWV, D$na _|
V¡a aho ZjÌm|ê$nr {h_H$Um| go n[anyU©, _hmH$ën Ho$ AdgmZ _| nH$H$a {JaZo _| CÝ_wI, VXZÝVa
_yI©ê$nr H$m¡dm| `m {ddoH$s OZê$nr H$mo{H$bm| go ^ú`_mU {JaZo na em[ÝV H$mo àmßV VWm H$ht
na dmgZm_mÌ eofñdê$n Zme `m ~«÷^md H$mo àmßV hmoZodmbm dh \$b Wm &&10,11&& Cg
Jyba Ho$ ^rVa VrZm| ^wdZ H$m ñdm_r XodVmAm| H$m B©e BÝÐ Eogo ahVm Wm, O¡go jm¡ÐHw$å^ Ho$
^rVa [ñWV _Yw_[ŠI`m| H$m ñdm_r &&12&& AnZo AÝV…H$aU _| AmË_m H$m {ZaÝVa {dMma
H$aZodmbm nydm©nadoÎmmAm| _| loîR> dh _hmË_m Jwé Ho$ CnXoe VWm AnZo Aä`mg go A{dÚmê$nr
AmdaU go a{hV hmo J`m Wm &&13&& BgHo$ ~mX AnZo namH«$_ go gwemo{^V ZmamÙ Am{X O~
H$ht jra-gmJa _| e`Z H$a aho Wo V~ AHo$bo Cg gwaoída Zo eóm| H$s Ádmbmê$nr A{½Z H$mo
YmaU H$aZodmbo ~‹S>o-~‹S>o namH«$_r Agwam| Ho$ gmW `wÕ {H$`m Am¡a ~mX _| CZgo nam{OV hmoH$a
dh erK« `wÕ^y{_ go ^mJm &&14,15&& Am¡a eÌw CgHo$ nrN>o-nrN>o Xm¡‹S>Zo bJo & eÌwAm| Ho$ nrN>m
H$aZo na Xgm| {XemAm| _| ~‹S>o doJ go ^mJVo hþE CgZo H$ht na ^r AnZo {dlm_ H$m ñWmZ Eogo Zht
àmßV {H$`m O¡go nmnr nwéf CÎm_ nabmoH$ Zht àmßV H$aVm &&16&& BgHo$ níMmV² O~ CgHo$
eÌwAm| H$s Ñ[îQ> BYa-CYa H$ht Wmo‹S>r Xoa Ho$ {bE ^«mÝV hmo J`r V~ AnZo {N>nZo H$m qH${MV²
ŸyÕ - 13] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1769
Adga nmH$a dh AnZo ñWybmH$ma g§H$ën H$mo AnZo AÝV…H$aU Ho$ AÝXa hr gyú_^yV _| {dbrZ
H$aHo$ AË`ÝV AUw ~ZH$a ~mha gy`© H$s {H$aUm| Ho$ H$moe _| [ñWV {H$gr EH$ ÌgaoUw Ho$ ^rVa
AnZo g§{dÐyn àdoe g§H$ën go Eogo à{dîQ> hmo J`m, O¡go nÙH$moe Ho$ ^rVa _YwH$a à{dîQ> hmo
OmVm h¡ &&17,18&& dhm± OmVo hr dh erK« {dlm_ H$aZo bJm & {MaH$mb Ho$ ~mX CgZo dhm±
em[ÝV àmßV H$s & VXZÝVa ~hþV {XZm| VH$ dht n‹S>o ahZo Ho$ H$maU dh AnZo g§J«m_ H$mo ^yb
J`m, {Oggo ~mha {ZH$bZo H$s CgH$s ñ_¥{V ^r g_mßV hmo JB© & dhm± na CgZo AnZo ahZo Ho$
{bE EH$ Ka H$s H$ënZm H$s Am¡a VËH$mb hr CgH$m AZw^d {H$`m & Cg AnZo H$[ënV Ka Ho$
^rVa nÙmgZ Ho$ D$na ~¡R>H$a CgZo Eogo a_U {H$`m, O¡go {H$ AnZo ñdJ©bmoH$ _| [ñWV à{gÕ
qghmgZ Ho$ D$na ~¡R>H$a a_U H$aVm Wm &&19,20&& Cg J¥h Ho$ ^rVa [ñWV BÝÐ Zo EH$ Eogm
H$[ënV ZJa XoIm, Ohm± na MhmaXrdm[a`m| go {Kao _{U-_wŠVm Am¡a àdmbm| go {da{MV AZoH$
_[ÝXa M_M_m aho Wo &&21&& CgHo$ ~mX Cg ZJa Ho$ ^rVa nhþ±MH$a BÝÐ Zo EH$ Xoe XoIm, {Og
Xoe Ho$ ^rVa AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ nd©V, J«m_, Jm¡embmE±, ZJa Am¡a ~hþV-go O§Jb {damO_mZ
Wo &&22&& BgHo$ AZÝVa Cgr Vah Ho$ g§H$ën go `wŠV BÝÐ Zo ^ybmoH$ H$m AdbmoH$Z {H$`m Omo,
AZoH$ nd©Vm|, g_wÐm|, ^y{_`m|, Z{X`m|, amOmAm| VWm CZH$s amÁ`gr_mAm| go `wŠV Am¡a {H«$`m Ed§
H$mb Am{X H$s H$ënZmAm| go g_[ÝdV Wm &&23&& BgHo$ níMmV² d¡go hr g§H$ën go `wŠV BÝÐ Zo
VrZm| OJV² H$m AZw^d {H$`m, Omo nmVmb, n¥{Wdr, AmH$me, ñdJ©, gy`©, nd©V Am{X AZoH$
nXmWm]§ go `wŠV Wm &&24&& VXZÝVa AZoH$ Vah Ho$ ^moJm| go n[anyU© dh BÝÐ XodVmAm| Ho$
AYrenZ Ho$ nX na XodbmoH$ _| A{Y[îR>V hmo J`m Am¡a Hw$N> H$mb ~rV OmZo Ho$ ~mX Cgo Hw$ÝX
Zm_H$ EH$ _hmnamH«$_r nwÌ n¡Xm hþAm &&25&& VËníMmV² A{Z[ÝXV dh BÝÐ OrdZ Ho$ AÝV _| Bg
nm§M^m¡{VH$ eara H$m Ë`mJ H$a, V¡ba{hV XrnH$ H$s ZmBª, {Zdm©U (_moj) H$mo àmßV hmo J`m &&26&&
CgH$m nwÌ Hw$ÝX VrZm| bmoH$ H$m amOm hþAm Am¡a nwÌ CËnÝZ H$aHo$ g_` go OrdZ H$m AÝV AmZo
na dh ^r na_ nX H$mo àmßV hmo J`m &&27&& Cg Hw$ÝX H$m ^r b‹S>H$m AnZo {nVm Ho$ hr g_mZ
~hþV dfm] VH$ amÁ` H$aHo$ AnZo nwÌ H$mo amÁ`qghmgZ na ~¡R>mH$a OrdZ Ho$ AÝV _| na_nmdZ
nX H$mo àmßV hmo J`m &&28&& ho gwÝXa, Bg Vah Cg gwaoe Ho$ hOmam| nwÌ-nm¡Ì Am{X hmo Jò &
AmO ^r CZHo$ Cg amÁ` _| A§eH$ Zm_ H$m amOm amOqghmgZ na [ñWV h¡ &&29&&
ho {dÚmYa, Bg ar{V go O¡gm {H$ _¢Zo Vw_go dU©Z {H$`m, gy`© àH$me go n{dÌ Cg
ÌgaoUw Ho$ AmH$me àXoe _| H$ht, jV, J{bV, hV `m gd©Wm ZîQ> hmo OmZo na ^r BÝÐ Ho$
g§H$[ënV ÌgaoUw Ho$ AÝXa [ñWV OJV² _| Cg A_aoída H$m d§e hr BÝÐ Ho$ amÁ` H$m A~
^r nmbZ H$a ahm h¡ &&30&&
Voahdm± gJ© g_mßV
Mm¡Xhdm± gJ©
Cg Hw$b _| CËnÝZ BÝÐ H$s {~g VÝVw _| OJV² H$s aMZm VWm g~ Vah Ho$
{dMmaH$a XoIZo na ~«÷Ñ[îQ> AmH$me H$s BÝÐVm H$m dU©ZŸ&
^wewÊS>Or Zo H$hm … ho {dÚmYa, nydm}ŠV Cg BÝÐ Ho$ Hw$b _| CÎm_ JwUm| go nyU© lrgånÝZ H$moB©
BÝÐ hþAm & Cg XodbmoH$ _| CgH$m dh A[ÝV_ eara Wm &&1&& Hw$N> {XZm| Ho$ ~mX Cg XodbmoH$ _|
BÝÐ Ho$ d§e _| CËnÝZ hþE b‹S>Ho$ H$mo ~¥hñn{V H$s CnXoedmUr go AmË_-VÎdgmjmËH$ma kmZ H$s
àm[ßV hþB© &&2&& VXZÝVa doÚdñVw H$m kmZ àmßV H$amZodmbo VWm àmaãYmZwgma àmßV H$m`m] H$m
gånmXZ H$aZodmbo XodVmAm| Ho$ Cg AYrída Zo g_ñV OJV² H$m amÁ` {H$`m &&3&& CgZo XmZdm|
Ho$ gmW `wÕ {H$`m, AnZo eÌwAm| H$mo OrVm VWm AkmZ H$mo nma H$a MwHo$ _Zdmbo Cg amOm Zo gm¡
Aíd_oY `k {H$ò &&4&& CgZo AnZo {H$gr H$m`©de H$_bXÊS> Ho$ H$mo_bVÝVw Ho$ AÝXa {MaH$mb
VH$ {Zdmg {H$`m & Cg {~gVÝVw Ho$ ^rVa H$[ënV ~«÷mÊS> _| amÁ` H$aZm VWm `wÕ _| O`-namO`
àmßV H$aZm Am{X {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ g¡H$‹S>m| d¥ÎmmÝVm| H$m ^r CgZo Iy~ AZw^d {H$`m, Bg_| V{ZH$ ^r
gÝXoh Zht h¡ &&5&& kmZ-~b `wŠV Cg amOm H$mo H$^r AMmZH$ Eogr BÀN>m CËnÝZ hþB© {H$ _¢ ^br^m±{V
Ü`mZ bJmH$a _m`me~{bV ~«÷ H$m ñd^md XoIy± &&6&& BgHo$ ~mX CgZo EH$mÝV _| [ñWV hmoH$a
~mha Am¡a ^rVa Ho$ gånyU© {djon H$maUm| Ho$ Ë`mJ go emÝV~w{Õ hmoVo hþE g_m{Y bJm H$aHo$ gd©{dY
e[ŠV`m| go gånÝZ, gd©dñVw_`, gd©Ì ì`mßV, g~ Vah go gd©Xm gd©ê$n Am¡a g~Ho$ gmW, gd©Jm_r
na~«÷ H$mo XoIm, Omo AZoH$ hmW Am¡a n¡am| go `wŠV Wm, Mmam| Va\$ {OgH$s Am±I|, _ñVH$ Am¡a
AZoH$ _wI Wo, g^r Amoa AZoH$ lmoÌo[ÝÐ`m| go `wŠV VWm bmoH$ _| g~H$mo Amd¥V H$aHo$ Omo [ñWV
Wm &&7-9&& dh gånyU© B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ JwUm| go {Z_w©ŠV hmoVm hþAm ^r CZHo$ ê$n Am{X JwUm| Ho$ J«hU
H$aZo H$s e[ŠV`m| go g_[ÝdV Wm & na_mW© _| g~go AbJ ahVm hþAm ^r dh ì`dhma _| g~H$mo
YmaU {H$ò hþE Wm & {ZJw©U ahZo na ^r dh gånyU© JwUm| H$m ^moŠVm Wm &&10&& g_ñV àm{U`m|
Ho$ ~mha-^rVa [ñWV AMa VWm Ma, gyú_ hmoZo go A{dko` Ed§ XyañW hmoZo na ^r dh g_rn _|
hr [ñWV Wm &&11&& gd©Ì MÝÐ-gy`©_`, gd©Ì n¥{Wdr_`,gd©Ì nd©V_`, gd©Ì gmJa_`, gd©Ì
{MËgma, Jwéê$n, gd©Ì AmH$me_`, gd©Ì g§g¥{V_`,gd©Ì OJÝ_`, gd©Ì _mojê$n, gd©Ì
AmÚ{MÝ_`, gd©Ì gd©nXmW©_` VWm gd©Ì dh g~go a{hV Wm &&12-14&& KQ>, nQ>, dQ>, eH$Q>,
Xrdma, dmZa, VoO, J¥h, AmH$me, d¥j, nd©V, dm`w, Ob Am¡a A{½Z Am{X g~ nXmWm] _| VWm na_mUw
Ho$ EH$ A§e_mÌ _| ^r ZmZmàH$ma Ho$ àm{U`m| Ho$ emar[aH$ AmMmam| VWm _mZ{gH$ {dMmam| go `wŠV
Ed§ ñdJ©, ZaH$ Am{X Ho$ J_ZmJ_Zm{X go g_[ÝdV CgZo VrZm| OJV² H$mo XoIm &&15,16&& [_M©
Ho$ ^rVa VrúUVm VWm AmH$me Ho$ ^rVa eyÝ`Vm H$s ZmBª VrZm| OJV² gXgÐyn (Am{d^m©dH$mbmË_H$
Ed§ {Vamo^mdH$mbmË_H$) {MÝ_` na_mË_m _| {dÚ_mZ h¢ &&17&& Bg Vah Ord^md go eyÝ` ewÕ
ŸyÕ - 14] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1771
kmZ go XoIVm hþAm dh BÝÐ nydd© mgZm H$[ënV Cgr eara go H«$_e… d¡go hr Ü`mZdmZ² hmo J`m &&18&&
_hm_{V CXma~w{Õ Cg BÝÐ Zo Ü`mZ bJmH$a gånyU© ~«÷mÊS> H$mo _m`me~{bV~«÷ _| Xoa VH$ XoIVo
hþE h_ bmoJm| Ho$ Ûmam AZw^y`_mZ Bg ~«÷mÊS> H$mo XoIm &&19&& VXZÝVa h_ bmoJm| Ho$ Bg ~«÷mÊS>
_| nmVmb, ^y{_ Am{X bmoH$m| Ho$ H«$_ go BÝÐ-bmoH$ Ho$ ^rVa _Z go {dMaU H$aVm hþAm dh BÝÐ
Ho$ g_rn nhþ±Mm & dhm± BÝÐ H$mo XoIVo hr "_¢ BÝÐ hÿ±' Bg g§ñH$ma Ho$ CX²~wÕ hmoZo VWm nyd© _| {H$ò
Jò g¡H$‹S>m| d¥ÎmmÝVm| go emo{^V AZoH$ ^wdZm| H$m amÁ` {H$`m &&20&&
ho {dÚmYa Hw$bmYre, Bg ar{V go Cg ÌgaoUw Ho$ AÝVJ©V BÝÐ Ho$ Hw$b _| CËnÝZ dh Bg
~«÷mÊS> _| ^r Xodm| H$m amOm ~ZH$a [ñWV h¡, `h Vw_ OmZ bmo &&21&& Bg ~«÷mÊS> H$m BÝÐ ~Z
OmZo Ho$ ~mX, CgZo öX` _| ~rO Ho$ gÑe g§ñH$maê$n go [ñWV nyd©H$mb Ho$ kmZ`moJmä`mgê$n
`moJ go {~gVÝVw Ho$ ^rVa [ñWV AnZo àmŠVZ d¥ÎmmÝVm| H$m ñ_aU {H$`m &&22&&
gd©e[ŠV gånÝZ ~«÷ _| gd©Ì g~H$m gØmd hmoZo go Bg Vah Ho$ g¡H$‹S>m| BÝÐ {dÚ_mZ h¢,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
ÌgaoUw Ho$ CXa _| {~gVÝVw Ho$ ^rVa AnZm {Zdmg ~ZmH$a H$m[ÝV_mZ² O¡go `h BÝÐ H$hm
J`m h¡, d¡go hr BYa-CYa Cg Vah Ho$ g¡H$‹S>m| hOmam| ì`dhma {MXmH$me _| hmo MwHo$ h¢ Am¡a hmo
^r aho h¢ &&23,24&& ho {dÚmYa, O~ VH$ AmË_gmjmËH$ma Zht hmoVm, V~ VH$ à~b `h
Ñí`ê$n ZXr A{d[ÀN>ÝZê$n go {MaH$mb VH$ ~hVr hr ahVr h¡ Am¡a Mm¡Wr ^y{_H$m go boH$a N>R>r
^y{_H$mAm| VH$ Cg ~«÷nX Ho$ AY©ê$‹T> VWm AY© AZmê$‹T> hmoZona ~hþV Xya VH$ bå~r-Mm¡‹S>r
\¡$br hþB© `h _m`m-_m`mê$n go AZw^d _| Am OmVr h¡ & EH$_mÌ {dbmg _| hr VËna ahZodmbr
`h _m`m Ho$db gË` na_mË_ gmjmËH$ma go {db` H$mo àmßV hmoVr h¡ &&25,26&&
My±{H$ `h _m`m h¡, Bggoo BgHo$ d¡{MÍ` _| H$moB© {deof hoVw Ty>±‹T>Zo H$s Oê$aV Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho AZK, `h _m`m {Og {H$gr H$maU go Ohm± H$ht `Wm H$W§{MV² CËnÝZ hþB© {XImB© XoVr h¡,
AV… BgH$s {d{MÌVmAm| Ho$ {df` _| {deof {MÝVm Zht H$aZm Mm{hE &&27&&
AWdm EH$_mÌ Ah§H$mamÜ`mg hr BgHo$ d¡{MÍ` _| {Z[íMV hoVw h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
_oK go d¥[îQ> Ho$ gÑe Ah§^mdê$n M_ËH$ma go Hw$hao Ho$ O¡gr `h _m`m CËnÝZ hmoVr h¡ Am¡a
AmË_m Ho$ gmjmËH$ma _mÌ go jU â _| hr erK« ZîQ> hmo OmVr h¡ &&28&& My±{H$ gd©gm{j~«÷ H$m
ê$n na_mW©V… g_ñV {dH$ënm| go a{hV hr h¡, Bgr{bE Ah§H$ma Ho$ de go {dñV¥V hþE _mZg
{dH$ënm| VWm ÐîQ>m, Xe©Z, Ñí`•Bg {ÌnwQ>rê$n B[ÝÐ` Ho$ {dH$ënm| go _wŠVñd^md (OmJ«XmdñWm
go eyÝ`) hmoZo Ho$ H$maU dmgZm_` ñdm[ßZH$ nXmWm] go a{hV h¡ & eyÝ`ê$n EH$_mÌ AmH$me H$s
Vah nyU© Ad^mgdmbm EH$ {MÐyn AmË_VÎd hr n[a{eîQ> h¡ &&29&&
Mm¡Xhdm± gJ© g_mßV
nÝÐhdm± gJ©
OJV² H$s ^«m[ÝV H$m ~rO VWm ñdê$n Ah§^md h¡, BgHo$ n[a_mO©Z go OJV² Ho$ A^md Ûmam
ewÕ na_mË_m Ho$ eof ah OmZo go H¥$VmW©Vm {gÕ hmo OmVr h¡, `h dU©Z Ÿ&
"Ah§^mdM_ËH$ma_mÌmX²d¥[îQ>[admå~wXmV²' `h Omo D$na H$hm J`m h¡, Bg_| CnnmXH$ê$n go
BÝÐ Am¡a ÌgaoUw H$s Am»`m{`H$mH$s `moOZm H$aVo h¢ &
^wewÊS>Or Zo H$hm … ho {dÚmYa, Ohm± na AhÝVm ahVr h¡ dhm± na OJV² nhbo hr go ()
AmH$a Eogo ~¡R>m ahVm h¡, O¡go ÌgaoUw Ho$ ^rVa na_mUw Ho$ AÝXa BÝÐ H$m gm_«mÁ` Am{X
àn§M &&1&& AmH$me Ho$ dU© Ho$ gÑe Am{d^y©V Bg OmJ{VH$ ^«_ H$m A{^_mZH$Vm© Ah§^md
hr AmÚ _yb H$hm J`m h¡ &&2&& dmgZmê$nr ag go gtMo Jò Ah§^mdê$nr ~rOH$U go ~«÷ê$nr
nd©V Ho$ D$na Aì`mH¥$V AmH$meê$nr O§Jb _| `h {ÌbmoH$ê$nr d¥j CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡ &&3&&
Bg d¥j Ho$ g^r Vmao nwîn g_yh h¢, _oK{_{hH$mê$nr dZ go T>Ho$ g_ñV nd©V BgHo$ nëbd
h¢, J§Jm Am{X g~ Z{X`m± BgH$s Zm[‹S>`m| Ho$ àdmh h¢ VWm ho {dÚmYa, dmgZmê$nr ~rOm§em|
go n[anyU© AZoH${dY ^moJ hr Vmo BgHo$ gwÝXa \$b h¢ &&4&&
A~ Ah§H$ma H$m _hmObê$n go VWm OJV² H$m CgHo$ H$m`©^yV Va§J Am{X ê$n go dU©Z
H$aVo h¢ &
ho {dÚmYa, `h OJV² Ah§H$maê$nr Ob H$m ñnÝX ({dbmg) H$hm J`m h¡ & {M{V Ho$ d¡f{`H$
gwIê$nr _mYw`© go n[anyU© dmgZmAm| H$m àgma hr BgH$m Ðd h¡ &&5&& Vmam| Ho$ g_yhê$nr grH$am|
H$s _ygbmYma d¥{îQ> H$aZodmbm VWm AmH$me Ho$ H$maU AZÝV gamodam| go n[anyU© `h OJV²
Ah§H$maê$nr _hmOb H$m {dbmg h¡ & ZmZm àH$ma Ho$ AZoH$ nd©Vm|ê$nr Va§Jm| go g_[ÝdV Bg_|
gån{Îm`m| Am¡a {dn{Îm`m| Ho$ AZoH$ AmdV© CR>Vo-ahVo h¢ &&6&& Bg_| {MÌ{b{IV aoImAm| H$s ZmBª
VrZm| bmoH$ Ho$ OZg_yhê$nr aoImE± Am{d^y©V hmo ahr h¢ VWm gy`© Am¡a MÝÐ Am{X Ho$ àH$mem| Ho$
H$maU dh \o$Z`wŠV hmo J`m h¡ & Bg_| AZoH$m| ~«÷mÊS>ê$nr ~wb~wbm| Ho$ CX²ôX Cn[ñWV h¡ VWm
H$nmQ> H$s ZmBª _mojÛma H$mo amoH$ aIZodmbo _moh go `h A{^d¥Õ h¡ &&7&& ^ynrR>ê$nr Ñ‹T> g_wÐ\o$Z
Ho$ {nÊS> go `wŠV, AZoH$ Ordm| Ho$ H$maU ObH$mH$m| go g_[ÝdV VWm CZHo$ ZmZm àH$ma Ho$
doJnyd©H$ D$na, ZrMo, {VaN>o ^«_Um| Ho$ H$maU `h _ÁOZ Am¡a CÝ_ÁOZê$n h¡ &&8&& `h Oam-
_aU Am¡a _mohm{Xê$nr Va§Jm| Ho$ g_yhê$n M_ËH$ma go n[anyU© h¡ VWm CËn{Îm Am¡a {dZmeerb
Xohm{X nXmW©ê$nr {~ÝXwAm| Ho$ d¥ÝX go AË`ÝV gwÝXa h¡ &&9&&
() A{^Zd ñdßZàn§M _| ^r _¢ nyd©{gÕ OJV² H$mo hr XoI ahm hÿ± & `h g~H$mo AZw^d
^r h¡, Bg A{^àm` go "nyd©_mJË` {VîR>{V' `h C[ŠV h¡ &
ŸyÕ - 15] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1773
A~ Xygar ar{V go OJV² H$m dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
ho {dÚmYa, Vw_ Bg OJV² H$mo Ah§H$maê$nr ndZ H$m ñnÝX g_Pmo VWm `h ^r OmZ bmo {H$
`h OJV² Ah§H$maê$nr H$_b H$s gwJÝY h¡ &&10&& ndZ VWm CgHo$ ñnÝX, Ob Am¡a CgHo$
ÐdËd Ed§ A{½Z VWm CgH$s CîUVm Ho$ gÑe `h Ah§H$ma Am¡a OJV² gXm A{^ÝZê$n h¡ &&11&&
nañna ~rOVm H$m dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
ho {dÚmYa, Ah§H$ma Ho$ AÝXa `h OJV² VWm Cg OJV² Ho$ AÝXa Ah§H$ma {ñWV h¡ Ÿ&
ò XmoZm| nañna EH$ Xygao H$mo CËnÝZ H$aZodmbo VWm nañna EH$ Xygao Ho$ AYrZ {ñW{Vdmbo
h¢ &&12&&
`hr H$maU h¡ {H$ Ah§H$ma Ho$ n[a_mO©Z go OJV² H$m n[a_mO©Z hmo OmVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Omo _Zwî`> OJV² Ho$ ~rO Bg Ah§H$ma H$mo AZh§^mdê$n kmZ go ZîQ> H$a XoVm h¡ _mZm| dh
_b go n[anyU© OJÐÿnr {MÌ H$mo Cgr kmZê$nr Ob go {~bHw$b Ymo S>mbVm h¡ &&13&&
VÎdÑ{îQ> go Ah§H$ma H$mo AgÐÿn XoIZm hr BgH$m n[a_mO©Z h¡ &
Bg{bE ho {dÚmYa, na_mW© _| `h Ah§^md Hw$N> Zht h¡ & AdñVwê$n hmoZo go IaJmoe Ho$ gtJ
Ho$ g_mZ {~Zm H$maU hr `h C{XV h¡ &&14&&
`h H¡$go, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
gd©Ì, ì`mßV, AZÝV, g§H$ënm| Ho$ CëboIm| go eyÝ` ~«÷ _| Ah§H$ma H$m H$moB© H$maU hr
Zht h¡, AV… dh H$^r ^r gÐÿn Zht h¡ &&15&& H$maU ahVo ^r bmoH$ _| AdñVw Ho$ {bE dh
Hw$N> Zht H$a gH$Vm, àmH¥$V gJ© Am{X _| Vmo H$maU H$m g§^d hr Zht h¡ & Bg{bE dÝÜ`m
ór Ho$ nwÌ H$s ZmBª Ah§^md Am{X H$ht na h¢ hr Zht &&16&& Ah§^mdm{Xê$n ~rO Ho$ A^md
go `h OJV² ^r Zht h¡ Am¡a Bg OJV² Ho$ A^md go H¡$dë`ê$nr {Zdm©U hr {MÝ_mÌ Ad{eîQ>
h¡ & AV… ho {dÚmYa, emÝV ~«÷ñdê$n hmoH$a Vw_ gwInyd©H$ ~¡R>o ahmo &&17&& Bg àH$ma
Cnn{Îm _| à{V{îR>V OJV² Am¡a Ah§H$ma Ho$ A^md go ~møê$n, AmbmoH$ Am{X g§gma VWm
Amä`mÝVa _mZ{gH$ g§gma g~ Vwåhmao emÝV hmo MwHo$ & BZ VrZm| go A{V[aŠV ho` H$moB© Xw…I
A~ Vwåh| Zhr§ h¡, AV… ho {dÚmYa, Vw_ emÝV ~¡R>o ahmo &&18&& Omo Zht h¡ dh Vmo gd©Wm Zht
h¡ hr AV… {djonm{X Xw…Ia{hV emÝV ~«÷ê$n hr Vw_ hmo & ho {dÚmYa, Bg_| gÝXoh Zht {H$
A~ Vw_ AÀN>r Vah à~wÕ hmo MwHo$ hmo, A~ {\$a Vw_ {Z_y©b ^«m[ÝV H$mo _V AnZmAmo &&19&&
~mø Am¡a Amä`ÝVa Ñí`àn§M Ho$ H$ënZmê$nr H$b§H$ go eyÝ` AVEd ewÕ, {ed, emÝV,
{ZË` B©ídaê$n hr Vw_ hmo & ho {dÚmYa, AÜ`mamonÑ{îQ> go AmH$me ^r nd©V Ho$ gÑe hmoVm
h¡ VWm AndmXÑ{îQ> go Vmo ~«ømÊS> ^r na_mUwê$n AmH$me hr hmo OmVm h¡ &&20&&
nÝÐhdm± gJ© g_mßV
gmobhdm± gJ©
Bg CnXoe H$mo gwZH$a {dÚmYa H$s g_m{Y _| brZVm VWm AZh§^md H$s àe§gm Ûmam H$Wm H$s g_m{ßV H$m dU©Z Ÿ&
^wewÊS>Or Zo H$hm … ho _wZo, _¢ `m| H$h hr ahm Wm {H$ Cg {dÚmYa Zm`H$ H$m g_ñV Ñí`kmZ
emÝV hmo J`m Zra jra Ho$ g_mZ g_m{Yê$nr {MÎm Ho$ n[aUm_ go `wŠV hmo J`m `mZr g_m{Y _|
brZ hmo J`m &&1&& VXZÝVa ~ma-~ma _¢Zo Cgo BYa-CYa go OJm`m, bo{H$Z na_ {Zdm©UnX H$mo
àmßV dh {\$a eãXm{X {df`m| H$s Amoa Z {Jam &&2&& ho _hf}, _w»` A{YH$mar hmoZo Ho$ H$maU _oao
{g\©$ CVZo CnXoe go hr à~moYdmZ² hmoH$a dh na_nXê$n ñWmZ H$mo àmßV hmo J`m & ldU, _ZZ,
{Z{XÜ`mgZ Am{X {H$gr Am¡a A{YH$ A{Veèmbr `ËZ go Zht &&3&&
A~ _hmamO d{gîR>Or AnZo nydmo©ŠV AW© _| {dÚmYa Ho$ {MÎm H$m CXmhaU XoH$a dU©Z
_| erK«Vm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ^wewÊS>Or H$s C{ŠV H$mo N>mo‹S> H$aHo$ ^JdmZ² lram_MÝÐOr Ho$ à{V
H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bgr{bE nhbo _¢Zo Amngo H$hm Wm {H$ ewÕ {MÎm _| CnXoe Eogo \¡$bVm
h¡, O¡go {H$ Ob _| V¡b{~ÝXw &&4&&
dh H$m¡Z-gm CnXoe h¡ ? `h nyN>Zo na CgH$mo H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_Or, AmnHo$ {MXoH$ag àË`JmË_m _| Ah§H$ma H$m A§e {~bHw$b Zht h¡, AV… Amn
AnZr em{ÝV Ho$ {bE AgX«yn BgH$s ^mdZm H$^r _V H$s{Oò, ~g `hr _oar gdmo©Îm_
gmag§J«h^yV CnXoe dmUr h¡ Am¡a Hw$N> AÝ` Zht &&5&& `hr A^ì` nwéf Ho$ {MÎm _| n‹S>H$a
Eogo Zht R>ha nmVr, O¡go {H$ CbQ>o {MH$Zo gm\$ Xn©U _| {Z_©b _wŠVm\$b Zht R>ha
nmVm &&6&& naÝVw ^ì` emÝVnwéf Ho$ _Z _| OmH$a erK« bJ OmVr h¡ Am¡a Iy~ {MnH$ OmVr
h¡ VWm CgHo$ AÝV…H$aU _| à{dîQ> hmoH$a `h gånyU© _mohê$nr O§Jb H$mo ObmZo _o§ g_W©
{dMmaZm_H$ A{½Z{eIm Eogo n¡Xm H$aVr h¡, O¡go {H$ gy`©H$mÝV _{U Ho$ ^rVa à{dîQ> hmoH$a
gy`© H$s {H$aU A{½Z{eIm n¡Xm H$aVr h¡ &&7&& Bg g§gma Ho$ Xw…Iê$nr go_a Ho$ d¥j H$m _hmZ²
~rO Ah§^mdZm hr h¡ VWm Cg Ah§^mdZm Ho$ g_mZ hr "`h _oam h¡' `h ^mdZm ^r Bg d¥j
H$s _yb h¡, Š`m|{H$ amJm{Xê$nr emImAm| Ho$ àgma H$s H$maU dhr h¡ &&8&&
CgrH$mo ~Vbm aho h¢ &
~rOmdñWm Ho$ ñWmZ _| Vmo Ah§^md, BgHo$ H$m`©^yV d¥j Ho$ ñWmZ _| __^md (`h _oam h¡, `h
^md) VWm Bg d¥j H$s emImAm| Ho$ ñWmZ _| BÀN>m àd¥Îm hmoVr h¡, Omo {H$ BX_W©ê$n AZoH$
AZWm] VWm g§gma H$mo àXmZ H$aZodmbr h¡ &&9&&
Bg Vah AnZo nyd©H$WZ H$m àH¥$V gå_{V go g_W©Z H$aHo$ {\$a ^wewÊS>rOr H$s H$Wm H$m hr
ŸyÕ - 17] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1775
AZwgaU H$aVo hþE _hmamO d{gîR>Or {dÚmYa H$s H$Wm H$m Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ &
ho _w{ZloîR>, Bg Vah _y‹T> ^r H$^r-H$^r {Ma§Ordr hmoVo h¢, AV… XrKm©`w H$m H$maU VÎdkmZ
h¡, `h H$moB© {Z`_ Zht h¡ &&10&&
naÝVw ewÕ AÝV…H$aUdmbo nwéf Ho$ kmZ _| {MaH$m{bH$ Aä`mg hr H$maU h¡, `h {Z`_ Vmo
h¡ hr, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
{MaH$mb Ho$ Aä`mg go {OZH$m AÝV…H$aU ewÕ hmo J`m h¡, do _hmZw^md Vmo Wmo‹S>m ^r
CnXoe nmH$a A^`àX na_ nX H$mo (kmZ H$mo) àmßV H$a boVo h¢ &&11&&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, _oé nd©V Ho$ {eIa na Bg Vah _wPgo H$hH$a
{dh§Jm| Ho$ A{Yn{V _wŠVmË_m ^wewÊS>rOr Eogo Mwn hmo Jò, O¡go {H$ F$î`_yH$ nd©V Ho$ D$na _V§J
F${f Ho$ Aml_ _| CZHo$ emn Ho$ ^` go _yH$ hmoH$a _oK Mwn hmo OmVo h¢ &&12&& ho lram_, VXZÝVa
Cg {gÕ ^wewÊS>rOr go nyN>H$a CZH$s Amkm go _¢ Cg {dÚmYa Ho$ nmg CŠV g§dmX Ho$ {df` _|
nyN>VmN> H$aZo Ho$ {bE Mbm J`m & dhm± go gmar ~mV| R>rH$-R>rH$ OmZH$a _¢ {\$a _w{Z_ÊS>b_[ÊS>V
AnZo Aml_ _| Am J`m &&13&& ho lram_MÝX«Or, AmO _¢Zo Amngo H$mH$^wewÊS>rOr Ho$ Ûmam H$hr
JB© H$Wm go à{Vnm{XV {dÚmYa H$s na_ {dlm[ÝV, Omo VÎd kmZ Ho$ H$maU VËH$mb hr CËnÝZ
hþB© Wr, gwZmB© & ho am_MÝÐOr, Bg d{U©V _oao {dh§JoÝÐ ^wewÊS>Or Ho$ g_mJ_ Ho$ AZÝVa Bg H$ën
Ho$ ½`mah {Xì` `wJ ~rV MwHo$ h¢ &&14&&
gmobhdm± gJ© g_mßV
gÌhdm± gJ©
AZh§^mdê$n A{½Z go Ah§^mdê$n ~rO Ho$ X½Y hmo OmZo na
Xohm{Xg§gma H$m nyU©ê$n go ~mY hmo OmZo Ho$ ~mX `h g§gma {~bHw$b {_Ï`m ^mgZo bJVm h¡, `h dU©ZŸ&
gånyU© g§g¥{V H$m _yb H$m_ hr h¡, Bg{bE AZh§^md Ûmam g~go nhbo Cgr H$s {Zd¥{Îm
H$hVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_Or, Bg Vah AZh§^md Ho$ kmZ go ew^ Am¡a Aew^
\$b XoZodmbr VWm g§gmaê$n \$b go n[anyU© BÀN>m AÝV…H$aU _| hr emÝV hmo OmVr h¡, `h
{Z{íMV h¡ &&1&&
H$m_ H$m Cna_ hmo OmZo na bmo^ Am{X Xmofm| Ho$ j` go d¡am½` Am{X gån{Îm Ûmam gånyU©
_mZ{gH$ Xw…Im| H$m j` hmo OmVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
AZh§^mdkmZ Ho$ Aä`mg go T>obm, nËWa Am¡a gwdU© H$mo EH$-gm g_PZodmbm _Zwî`>
gm§gm[aH$ nr‹S>mAm| go emÝV hmoH$a {\$a {H$gr H$s BÀN>m Zht H$aVm &&2&&
gmYZ gånÝZ nwéf H$mo ldU Am{X Ho$ Ûmam kmZmoX` hmoZo na ~«÷ go A{V[aŠV Ah_W©
H$m, ~mYgo AgÎd hr n`©d{gV hmoVm h¡, Bg Amím` go H$hVo h¢ &
ldU Am{X Ho$ Ûmam kmZ{Z_©WZ Ho$ Aä`mg go AhÝVmê$n à_mVmê$nr `ÝÌ Ho$ nwQ>H$
go A{½ZÁdmbm H$s ZmBª Am{d^y©V na~«÷ gmjmËH$maê$nr ~moY Ho$ ~b go \|$H$m J`m Ah_m{X
Ñí` nXmW©ê$nr nmfmU, A{½Z`ÝÌ Ûmam \|$Ho$ Jò nmfmU H$s Vah, C‹S>H$a erK« hr Z OmZo
H$hm± Mbm OmVm h¡ &&3&&
A[ÝV_ gmjmËH$mad¥{Îm _| Amê$‹T> hþAm ~«÷ hr AkmZ, Ah§H$ma Am{X Ho$ {Zamg _| g_W© h¡,
Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
AhÝVmê$n à_mVmê$nr `ÝÌnwQ>H$ go Am{d^y©V ~«÷gmjmËH$maê$nr dra Ho$ ~b go \|$H$m J`m
Ah_m{X Ñí`nXmW©ê$nr nmfmU Z OmZo H$hm± erK« C‹S>H$a Mbm OmVm h¡ &&4&&
AkmZ Am¡a Ah§H$ma H$s ZmBª ì`{îQ>g_{îQ>ê$n ñWyb Xoh H$m ^r {ZdV©H$ ~«÷ hr h¡, Bg
Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
AhÝVmê$n à_mVmê$nr `ÝÌnwQ>H$ go Am{d^y©V hþE ~«÷gmjmËH$maê$nr dra Ho$ ~b go \|$H$m
J`m eara`ÝÌê$nr nmfmU C‹S>H$a Z OmZo H$hm± erK« Mbm OmVm h¡ &&5&&
AWdm AZh§^mdZmd¥{Îm _| à{V\${bV {M{V go hr AhÝVm H$m Zme hmoVm h¡, `hr nj aho,
Ah_W©ê$n {h_ AZh§^mdmË_H$ {M{Vê$nr A{¾ go ^rVa {dbrZ hmoH$a _mZm| C‹S> H$aHo$ Z
OmZo H$hm± erK« Mbm OmVm h¡ &&6&& AZh§^mdmË_H$ {M{Vê$nr A{½Z H$s Ádmbm go ~«÷{dÚm Ho$
A{YH$mar CËH¥$îQ> ~«m÷U Am{X dU© VWm n[anmH$ Ho$ H$maU nmÊSw>dU© earaê$nr nÎmo go Ah§^mdê$n
ag AÝV…H$aU _| hr Jb H$a Z OmZo erK« H$hm± Mbm OmVm h¡ &&7&&
AWdm ~m{YV AhÝVm{X H$s eyÝ`Vm Zht§ h¡, {H$ÝVw ~«÷Vm hr h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
earaê$nr nÎmo go ^br^m±{V [n`m J`m Ah§^mdê$nr agmgd AZhÝVmê$nr gy`© H$s {H$aU
Ûmam AnZo H$maU^yV gyú_ê$nVm H$mo àmßV hmo OmVm h¡ &&8&&
VÎdkmZ Ho$ {~Zm Vmo H$ht H$^r {H$gr AdñWm _| ^r Xoh `m Ah§H$ma H$m AmË`§{VH$ CÀN>oX
Zht hmo gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ nañna EH$ Xygao Ho$ ~rO hmoZo Ho$ H$maU nañna _| CZH$s ^rVa gÎmm h¡,
AV… OJØmd go BZ XmoZm| H$s gd©Ì CËn{Îm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
VÎdkmZ Ho$ {~Zm ñWyb, gyú_, {ZamH$ma, ê$nmÝVa H$mo àmßV gwßV, à~wÕ, ^ñ_r^yV, K¥V,
AmZrV, {Z_½Z, XyañW `m {ZH$Q> _| ahH$a e`Z, H$X©_, e¡b, J¥h, AmH$me, ñWb VWm Ob _|
Ohm±-Vhm± H$ht ^r {ñWV earaê$nr dQ>YmZm (~Q>~rO), {OgHo$ ^rVa Ah§^mdê$nr ZdrZ
A§Hw$a CX²^yV h¡, jUâ _| hr erK« gånyU© {XemAm| _| ì`mßV hmo OmZodmbo Bg g§gmaê$nr
ŸyÕ - 18] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1777
emImg_yh H$m {dñVma H$a XoVr h¡ &&9-11&&
Bg Vah Ah§^mdê$nr dQ>~rO Ho$ ^rVa earaê$nr _hmZ² d¥j ^r [ñWV h¡, `h g_PZm
Mm{hE, `h H$hVo h¢ &
AhÝVmê$nr dQ>~rO Ho$ ^rVa _hmZ² earaê$nr d¥j [ñWV hmoH$a Ohm±-Vhm± g§gmaê$nr
emImg_yh H$m Iy~ {dñVma H$aVm ahVm h¡ &&12&&
dQ>m{X~rO Ho$ ÑîQ>mÝV go hr nydm}ŠV AW© H$m AZw^d H$amVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, `h à{gÕ h¡ {H$ O¡go ~rO Ho$ ^rVa g¡H$‹S>m| emImAm| go {damO_mZ Xbm|,
nwînm| Am¡a \$bm| go g_[ÝdV d¥j h¢, Š`m|{H$ CgHo$ ahZo go hr Vmo A§Hw$am{X Ho$ ê$n _| {ZH$bVo hþE
Cgo g~ bmoJ AnZr Am±Im| go XoIVo h¢ d¡go hr Ah§H$maê$nr gyú_ ~rO Ho$ ^rVa g_ñV Ñí`m| go
`wŠV `h Xoh h¡, Bgo gyú_~w{Õê$nr AnZr Am±Im| go {dÛmZ² nwéfm| Zo hr XoIm h¡ &&13&&
Bg Vah A{dMma Ho$ \$b gd©Ì A{Z_m}j H$mo ~VbmH$a A~ {dMma Ho$ \$b _moj H$mo
~VbmVo h¢ &
ldU Am{X {dMmam| go VÎd~moY hmoZo na {MXmH$me_mÌ earaYmar OrdZ_wŠV nwéf Ho$
AhÝVm H$mo Z àmßV {H$ò hþE {dÚ_mZ ^r eara go `m {Za{Ve`mZÝX nX _| à{V{îR>V hþE
{dXoh`wŠV nwéf Ho$ ~moYê$nr _hm{½Z go X½Y hþE AgX²^yV AhÝVmê$nr ~rO Ho$ OR>a go `h
g§gmaê$nr d¥j {\$a H$ht Zht n¡Xm hmoVm &&14&&
gÌhdm± gJ© g_mßV
AR>mahdm± gJ©
gd©Ì AmH$me _| ndZ Ûmam C‹S>mò Om aho _¥V Ord Ho$ _Z _| [ñWV AZÝV OJV² H$m dU©Z Ÿ&
"Xohmo@ñË`hÝËdH${UH$mÝVaeofÑí`g§{dËnarV B{V ~w{ÕÑe¡d ÑîQ>_²' `h Omo D$na H$hm
J`m h¡, Cg_| H¡$go Am¡a {H$g Vah H$s ~w{ÕÑ{îQ> h¡ ? BZ XmoZm| H$m _¥V Ord Ho$ dmgZm_` AZÝV
OJV² Ho$ ì`wËnmXZ Ûmam g_W©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE ^y{_H$m aMVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, nm_a _Z hr, ~w{Õ, Ah§H$ma Am{X g_ñV
dñVwAm| Ho$ Zme H$mo _aUê$n go g_PVo h¢, dh dmñVd _| _aU ñdê$n Zht h¡ & `{X d¡gm _mZ
{b`m Om`, Vmo H¥$Vhm{Z Am{X Xmofm| H$s àm[ßV Adí` hmoZo bJoJr & {H$ÝVw _Zwî`m{X earam| _|
AmË_^md Ho$ H$maU àmaãY H$m j` hmoZo na CgHo$ AZwê$n g§H$ën Ho$ {Vamo^md Ho$ ~mX Xodm{Xeara
_| Ah§^mdm{X Ho$ OZH$ H$_© H$s CËn{Îm hmo OmZo na CgHo$ AZwê$n AnZo Xygao g§H$ën H$m, CgHo$
^moOH$ AÑîQ> j`n`©ÝV [ñWa ahZm hr, _aU H$hbmVm h¡ `mZr AnZo gånyU© g§H$ënm| H$m
ê$nmÝVa _| [ñWV ahZm hr _¥Ë`w h¡ &&1&&
R>rH$ h¡, Eogm hr ghr, Bggo àH¥$V _| Š`m Am`m ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_Or, Bg Vah VV²-VV² Ordm| Ho$ g§H$ën go H$[ënV OJV² Ho$ ^rVa [ñWV hþE ^r ò
_ÝXamMb Am¡a gw_oé Am{X {XemAm| _| dm`w Ûmam gd©Ì BYa-CYa C‹S>mò Om aho, Z{X`m| _|
à{V{~[å~V nd©Vm| H$s ZmBª, _oao AmJo {XImB© Xo aho h¢, Amn ^r Xo{Iò Z &&2&& Ho$bo Ho$ ñVå^ Ho$
^rVa-^rVa N>rb-N>rbH$a XoIZo go àmßV Xb Ho$ g_mZ EH$ Xygao Ho$ D$na-D$na [ñWV hþE
g_mZ AÑîQ>dmbo Ordm| Ho$ nañna {_bo hþE VWm {^ÝZ AÑîQ>dmbm| Ho$ Z {_bo hþE ^r AmH$me _|
AZoH$ g§gma Ad[ñWV {XImB© XoVo h¢ &&3&&
CŠV AW© H$s Ag§^mdZm H$aVo hþE lram_MÝÐOr nyN>Vo h¢ &
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ho _w{ZZm`H$, 'ní`_o nwa… CøÝV' Bg dmŠ` H$m nyU© AW© _¢ Hw$N>
^r Zht OmZ ahm hÿ± & AV… H¥$nmH$a _wPo R>rH$-R>rH$ g_PmBò &&4&&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_Or, `h Vmo bmoH$ Am¡a doX _| g~ OJh à{gÕ hr h¡ {H$
_¥V àm{U`m| Ho$ àmU AmH$me _| CËH«$_U H$aVo h¢ & Vmo Eogr Xem _| `{X àmU h¢, Vmo CZHo$ ^rVa
{MÎm Am¡a {MÎm Ho$ ^rVa {d{dYmH$ma OJV² ^r Eogo {dÚ_mZ h¢, O¡go {H$ ~rO Ho$ AÝXa d¥j
(BgH$s Amn g§^mdZm H$a gH$Vo h¢) &&5&&
R>rH$ h¡, ah|, {H$ÝVw do {XemAm| _| dm`w Ûmam BYa-CYa H¡$go nhþ±Mmò OmVo h¢ ? Bg na
H$hVo h¢ &
nwéf Ho$ _a OmZo na CgHo$ eara go CËH«$mÝV hþEo àmUdm`w ~mømH$me _| nyU© ndZm| Ho$ gmW
Eogo {_b OmVo h¢, O¡go ñdê$nV… ÐwV hmoZo Ho$ Z{X`m| Ho$ Ob g_þÐ Ho$ gmW {_b OmVo h¢ &&6&&
AV… AmH$medm`w go {deofV… AmH¥$îQ> hþE CZ àmUm| Ho$ AÝVJ©V EH$_mÌ g§H$ënê$n go [ñWV
AZoH$ OJV² ^r BYa-CYa Iy~ ^«_U H$aVo hþE Omo {XImB© Xo aho h¢ do hr _mZm| dm`w Ûmam BYa-
CYa C‹S>mò Om aho àVrV hmo aho h¢ &&7&& ñ\w$[aV hmo aho g§H$ënm| go n[anyU© àmUdm`w Ho$ g{hV
ndZm| go BZ g~ {XemAm| H$mo _¢ Mmam| Amoa go n[anyU© XoI ahm hÿ± &&8&& `hm± _¢ XoI ahm hÿ± {H$ Bg
g§H$ën H$[ënV Am±JZ _| _oao gm_Zo ò AZoH$ _ÝXamMb Am¡a gw_oé nd©V C‹S> aho h¢ & ho
lram_Or, Amn ^r AnZr ~w{ÕÑ{îQ> go Xo{Iò &&9&& AmH$me _| {dÚ_mZ dm`w Ho$ ^rVa _¥V
àm{U`m| Ho$ àmU, CZ àmUm| _| CZH$m _Z Am¡a Cgr _Z _| OJV² H$mo ho lram_Or Amn Eogo [ñWV
Om{Zò, O¡go {Vb _| V¡b [ñWV ahVm h¡ &&10&&
BVZo ~‹S>o dOZXma ò OJV² ^bm dm`w Ûmam H¡$go C‹S>mò Om aho h¡, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
AmH$medm`w Ho$ Ûmam AmH$medm`w Ho$ g_mZ (bKw) _Zmo_` àmU O¡go C‹S>mò Om aho h¢
d¡go hr _Z Ho$ A§J^yV ò AZoH$ OJV² ^r C‹S>mò Om aho h¢ &&11&& Mma àH$ma Ho$ àm{U`m|
Ho$ VWm AmH$me, n¥{Wdr Am{X g_yhm| Ho$ g{hV Aà{V{îR>V ò VrZm| bmoH$ ^r EH$ Xoe go
ŸyÕ - 18] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1779
Xygao Xoe _| Eogo gd©Ì _oao gm_Zo ‹C‹S>mò Om aho h¢, O¡go {H$ JÝY &&12&& ho aKwZÝXZ, AnZo
ñdßZ _| XoIo Jò ZJag_yh Ho$ Vwë` ò g§H$ënH$[ënV OJV² ~w{ÕMjw go hr gm_Zo {XImB©
XoVo h¢, M_©Mjw go Zht &&13&& AmH$me go ^r AË`ÝV gyú_ g§H$ënH$[ënV ò _Zmo_` OJV²
g~ OJh gd©Xm hr h¢ Am¡a H$ënZm_mÌ gma hmoZo go V{ZH$ ^r H$ht Zht nhþ±Mmò OmVo
h¢ &&14&& `Ú{n do g~ H$ënZm_mÌgma hmoZo go AgË`ê$n hr h¢, AV… H$ht BYa CYa Zht
C‹S>mò OmVo, VWm{n do CZ VV²-VV² Ordm| Ho$ ^mo½`ê$n AnZo AnZo ñdJ©, ZaH$, n¥{Wdr Am{X
bmoH$m| _| CZH$m Ñ‹T>^md hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Ed§ gwI, Xw…I Am{X ^moJm| H$s {H«$`m _| g_W© hmoZo
Ho$ H$maU gË`ê$n hr h¡ Š`m|{H$ CZH$s gË`Vm Ho$ gånmXH$ A{YîR>mZ {MX§e Vmo gd©Jm_r
hr h¡ & Bg{bE ho aKwZÝXZ, {Og Vah _oar Ñ{îQ>> go ldU Am{X AW©{H«$`m _| g_W© _oao
gm_Zo Amn gË`ê$n [XIVo h¢ Cgr Vah ò ^r [XIVo h¢ &&15&& gm_Zo [ñWV àmUê$n ZXr
_| doJ _| à{V{~[å~V ZJam| H$s hr ZmBª dmgZm_mÌ hmoZo go AZm{d^y©V VWm Am[d^y©V hþE ò
AZoH$ OJh BYa-CYa nhþ±Mmò OmVo h¢ Am¡a Zht ^r nhþ±Mmò OmVo &&16&& ho amKd, O¡go
dm`w _| [ñWV gwJ§Y BYa-CYa bo Om`r OmVr h¢ d¡go hr àmUdm`w _| [ñWV AmH$memË_H$
OJV² ^r BYa-CYa bo Omò OmVo h¢ &&17&&
`hr H$maU h¡ {H$ VrZm| OJV² Ho$ ^«_ê$n go {MÎm _| ñnÝXZ Am¡a ôX ahZo na ^r AmË_m _|
ñnÝXZ Am¡a ôX Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
KQ> H$mo XoemÝVa _| nhþ±Mm XoZo na ^r O¡go KQ> Ho$ AÝVJ©V AmH$me _| H$moB© ôX Zht h¡, d¡go
hr ñnÝXZ_` {MÎm _| VrZm| OJV² H$m ^«_ ahZo na ^r AmË_m _| ñnÝXZ Am¡a ^«_ Zht h¡ &&18&&
O¡go _¥V àm{U`m| Ho$ àmU _| [ñWV OJV² g§H$ën_mÌ hmoZo go AgÐÿn h¡, Bgr Vah ho lram_Or,
AmnH$m ^r `h OJV² AgÐÿn hr h¡ & EH$_mÌ ^«m{ÝV hr C{XV hþB©-gr h¡ & na_mW© _| Vmo dh
^«m{ÝV ^r Z Vmo ZîQ> hmoVr h¡ Am¡a Z C{XV hr hmoVr h¡ & AWm©V² VÎdÑ{îQ> go XoIZo na Vmo dh
^«m[ÝV ^r EH$_mÌ ~«÷ê${nUr hr h¡ &&19&&
ì`dhma Ñ{îQ> go OJV² Am¡a BgH$s ^«m{ÝV XmoZm| `{X dm`w Ho$ ^rVa C‹S>Vo hþE hr C{XV h¢, Vmo
{\$a h_ bmoJ Bg n¥{Wdr H$mo {ZíMbê$n go H¡$go XoI aho h¢ ? Bg Ame§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
OJV² Am¡a BgH$s ^«m{ÝV ò XmoZm| C{XV Zht h¢, `h Vmo na_mW© _| {Z[íMV hr h¡ & AWdm
ì`dhma Ñ{îQ> go `{X C{XV h¢, Vmo ^r dm`w Ûmam {H$ò Jò Bg n¥{Wdr Ho$ VV²-VV² ^«_U,
n[adV©Z Am{X H$mo BgHo$ ^rVa ~¡R>o hwE h_ bmoJ Eogo Zht XoI aho h¢, O¡go {H$ Zm¡H$m _| CËnÝZ hmo
aho ñnÝX H$mo CgHo$ ^rVa ~¡R>o hþE _Zwî` Zht XoIVo &&20&&
BgrH$mo nwZ… ñnîQ>ê$n go ~VbmVo h¢ &
O¡go A§J _| g§b½Z Zm¡H$m Ho$ ^rVa [ñWV _Zwî`m| VWm Cg_| O{Q>V H$sb Am{XH$m| H$mo CgH$s
J[V b{jV Zht hmoVr, d¡go hr n¥{Wdr Ho$ ^rVa [ñWV nm{W©d Xohm{X_` hmoVo hþE ^r h_ bmoJm| H$mo
BgH$s J{V b{jV² Zht hmoVr &&21&&
Bg Vah "níò_o nwa… CøÝV Bd _ÝXa_oad…' Bg AnZr C{ŠV H$m lram_MÝÐOr go CnnmXZ
H$aHo$, Cn`w©n`©ÝVaÝV… H$XbrXbnrR>dV²' Bg C{ŠV _| ^r N>moQ>o _| ~‹S>o Ho$ g_mdoe H$mo nhbo ~‹S>o
_| AënËd H$s H$ënZm H$aHo$ {XIbmVo h¢ &
N>moQ>o-go d¥j ñVå^ _| {d{MÌ ì`yhaMZmnyd©H$ {Z_m©U H$aZo Ho$ {bE à`ËZerb {eënH$ma H$s
~w{Õ go AënËd H$s H$ënZm Ûmam O¡go `moOZm| Xya VH$ {dñVrU© hþAm Ka AZw^yV hmoVm h¡, d¡go hr
^rVa-^rVa AË`ÝV gyú_ ^r na_mUw _| `h g§gma ~w{Õ go H$ënZm Ûmam AZw^yV hmoVm h¡ &&22&&
AWdm na_mUw Am{X _| ~¥hX²ê$n H$s H$ënZm H$aHo$ Cg_| ~¥hV² OJV² Ho$ g_mdoe H$m AZw^d
Zht H$aZm Mm{hE, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
VwÀN> {dMmadmZ² nwéf N>moQ>r-gr ^r dñVw H$mo ~hþV ~‹S>r _mZ ~¡R>Vm h¡, O¡go {H$ aËZm| Ho$
^ÊS>ma _o§ à{dîQ> hþB© YZgå~ÝYeyÝ` _y{fH$mE± (My{h`m±) aËZm| H$mo ~hþV Zht _mZVt, {H$ÝVw {g\©$
EH$ A§Obrâ AÝZ H$mo hr dhm± AnZo ~‹S>o ^m½` go àmßV hþAm ~hþV g_PVr h¢ AWdm N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o
~ÀMo nhZo hþE AnZo ~hþ_yë` AmâUm| H$mo ^r A{YH$ AmXa H$s Ñ{îQ> go Zht XoIVo, {H$ÝVw _¥J
`m njr Ho$ AmH$ma Ho$ ~Zo hþE ZdrZ ZmZm{dY a§Jm| go a§J| Jò M_H$Vo hþE {_Å>r Ho$ {nÊS> H$mo hr
AnZo IobZo H$s ~hþV ~‹S>r MrO g_PVo h¢ {Oggo {H$ do Cg {_Å>r Ho$ {Ibm¡Zo go bwãY hmoH$a
AnZo ~hþ_yë` AmâUm| H$mo ^r CgHo$ ~Xbo _| Xo S>mbVo h¢ &&23&&
N>moQ>o _| ~‹S>o H$m g_mdoe dñVwV… Zht hmo gH$Vm, ^«m[ÝV go Vmo hmo hr gH$Vm h¡, Bg Ame`
go H$hVo h¢ &
AkmZ go Amd¥V {M{V Ho$ OJÝZm_H$ ^«_ _| AgÐÿn hr nXmW© _| Or{dV H$mo `h bmooH$,
_¥V H$mo nabmoH$ VWm CZ_| Y_m©Y_© \$b H$s Omo H$ënZm h¡ dh d¥{ÕXem H$mo àmßV {MÎm H$s
g§H$ënê$n EH$_mÌ ^mdZm hr h¡ & BgH$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ ^mdZm H$mo dñVw H$m AÝ`Wm ^md
amoH$ Zht gH$Vm &&24&&
_yIm] H$mo ^rVa-^rVa OJX²^«_ H$s ^mdZm ~Zr aho, H$moB© hm{Z Zht, naÝVw Amn-O¡go
gd©k _hmZw^mdmo§ H$mo ^bm ^rVa-^rVa EH$ OJV² Ho$ nrN>o Xygam OJV² {dÚ_mZ h¡, `h ^«m[ÝV
H¡$go, Bg e§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
`h dñVw ho` h¡ Am¡a `h dñVw CnmXo` h¡, Bg Vah H$s ôXâr AkVm {OgHo$ AÝXa
Cn[ñWV h¡, gd©k hmoVo hþE ^r Cg nwéf H$s, ì`dhma MbmZo Ho$ {bE O~ VH$ àmaãY H$m
{~bHw$b j` Zht hmo OmVm V~ VH Hw$N>-Z-Hw$N>, _y‹T>Vm CgHo$ nrN>o bJr hr ahVr h¡ &&25&&
`hr H$maU h¡ {H$ gd©k ahVo hþE ^r g_{îQ>OrdmË_H$ {haÊ`J^© H$mo AnZo Ad`dm| H$s ZmBª
ŸyÕ - 18] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1781
^rVa _| hr VrZm| OJV² H$m Xe©Z hmoVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go gMoVZ bm¡{H$H$ ì`{îQ>nwéf AnZo hmW, n¡a Am{X Ad`dm| H$m AnZo ^rVa hr AdbmoH$Z
H$aVm h¡, d¡go hr g_{îQ>OrdmË_H$ {haÊ`J^© ^r AnZo hr ^rVa ì`mßV VrZm| OJV² H$m AdbmoH$Z
H$aVm h¡ &&26&&
naÝVw _m`m Cn{hV B©ída hr Bg Vah XoIVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_Or, g§{dXmË_H$, na_mH$me AZÝV, AO Ed§ A[dZmer B©ída h¡ & Cgr _m`m
Cn{hV na_mH$meê$n B©ída Ho$ Ad`dñdê$n ò g_ñV OJV² h¡ &&27&&
àb`H$mb _| B©ída AnZo AÝVJ©V g_ñV OJV² H$mo H¡$go XoIVm h¡ &Ÿ Bg Ame§H$m na
H$hVo h¢ &
`{X bmoho H$m Jmobm gMoVZ hmo, Vmo dh ^r AnZo AÝXa gyú_ê$n go [ñWV Nyao, gwB©, H¢$Mr
Am{X AnZo ^mdr {dH$ma H$mo O¡go XoI gH$Vm h¡, d¡go hr g_{îQ>OrdmË_H$ B©ída ^r AnZo _| brZ
{H$ò g_ñV g§ñH$mam| go g_[ÝdV hmoH$a VrZm| OJV² Ho$ ^«_ H$mo XoIVm h¡ &&28&& A{YîR>mZ gÐÿn
H$s àYmZVm go {M{V `m Amamo{nV {_Å>r Am{Xê$n Ho$ àmYmÝ` H$s {ddjm go A{M{Vê$n {_Å>r H$m
{nÊS> gH$moam Am{X H$mo O¡go AnZm A§J _mZVm h¡ d¡go hr g¥{îQ>Ordê$n B©ída ^r OJV² H$mo AnZm
A§J _mZVm h¡ &&29&& Cn{hV Ho$ àmYmÝ` go {M{V `m Amamo{nV {_Å>r Am{Xê$n Ho$ àmYmÝ` go
A{M{Vê$n A§Hw$a AnZr Xoh _| O¡go d¥jËd _mZVm h¡, d¡go hr d¥j eãXmW© go a{hV ~«÷ BZ VrZm|
bmoH$m| H$mo AnZo _|§ hr ~m{YV _mZVm h¡ (c) &&30&&
n[aUm_Ñ{îQ> go Ord Am¡a B©ída Ho$ g¥{îQ> Am¡a g¥{îQ> Ho$ A^mdH$mb _| OJV² Ho$ AdbmoH$Z
_| ÑîQ>mÝV H$hH$a {ddV©Ñ{îQ> go ^r H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go {M{V `m A{M{Vê$n Xn©U {~[å~V `m à{V{~[å~V ZJa H$mo AnZo ^rVa OmZVm h¡ d¡go
hr ~«÷ ^r VrZm| OJV² H$mo Ord Am¡a B©ída H$s Cnm{Y go Cn{hV Ñ{îQ> go OmZVm h¡ VWm
AZwn{hV ewÕ Ñ{îQ> go Zht ^r OmZVm h¡ (N) &&31&&
Bg Vah lram_MÝÐOr Ho$ àíZm| H$m g_mYmZ XoH$a àmg§{JH$ g^r ~mV| g_mßVH$a,
ZmhÝËdOJVr {^ÝZo ndZñnÝXZo `Wm' Bg nyd© àñVwV AW© H$m àH$mamÝVa go g_W©Z H$aZo
Ho$ {bE AZwgÝYmZ H$aVo h¢ &
ho lram_Or, Xoe, H$mb, {H«$`m VWm Ðì`ê$n hr ò VrZm| OJV² h¢ Am¡a Ah§H$ma ^r BZ Xoe,
(c) {deofVm `hr h¡ {H$ Ordg§ñH$maCn{hVê$n go d¥jeãXm{Xg{hV ~«÷ AnZo H$mo _mZVm
h¡ VWm Ordg§ñH$ma go AZwn{hV B©ídaê$n go dh AnZo H$mo d¥j eãXm{X Ho$ AW© go a{hV `mZr
AZm{X {gÕ {dÚm go ~m{YV _mZVm h¡ &
(N) Xo{Iò lw{V-"`Ì ZmÝ`Ëní`{V' BË`m{XŸ&
H$mbm{X Ho$ gmW AôX gå~ÝYm{^_mZ aIZo Ho$ H$maU Xoe, H$mbm{X ê$n hr h¡, AV… Xoe-
H$mbm{Xê$n OJV² Am¡a Ah§H$ma BZ XmoZm| _| ôX Zht h¡ &&32&&
BgrH$m AZw^d H$amZo Ho$ {bE lw{V Am¡a _¢Zo {_Å>r Ho$ {nÊS> Am¡a bmoho Ho$ Jmobo Am{X ÑîQ>mÝV
`Ú{n AMoVZ h¡, VWm{n CZ_| MoVZËdH$m Amamon H$aHo$ EH$ Xoe Ho$ gmå` go CZH$m CnÝ`mg
{H$`m h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
H$[ënV OS>mË_H$ bmoho Am{X Ho$ Cn_mZê$n go Omo _¢Zo CnXoe {X`m h¡, dhm± Cn_m Ho$ Ho$db
EH$ A§e go Cn_o`> Ho$ gmW gY_©Vm, g_mZVm h¡ &&33&& Omo Hw$N> `h ñWmda-O§J_ê$n OJV²
{XImB© Xo ahm h¡ dh g~ AnZr dmñV{dH$ ~«÷^mdê$n na_gyú_Vm H$m Ë`mJ Z H$a aho Ord H$m
{ddV©ê$n ñWyb eara hr h¡ &&34&&
`hr H$maU h¡ {H$ A{YîR>mZÑ{îQ> go g_ñV {ddVm] H$m kmZ go ~mY hmoZo na g~ Amoa
ewÕmË_m H$m àgma H$aZodmbo nyU© nX _| {H$gr Vah go V{ZH$ ^r Ord OJV² H$m ôX Zht
h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
gånyU© nXmW© H$m kmZ go ~mY hmoZo na ewÕ g§ñnÝXZ àXmZ H$aZodmbo AmË_nX _| {Z…g§J
nmfmUH$mof H$s ZmBª V{ZH$ ^r ôX Zht h¡ &&35&&
naÝVw kmZ go g_ñV nXmWm] H$m ~mY Z hmoZo na Vmo gd©Xm gd©Ì gånyU© {dH$ënm| Ho$ ê$n go
hr {M{V {dd{V©V hmoVr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
A~mY Xem _| Omo-Omo {dH$ënm§e Ohm±-Vhm± O¡go-O¡go O~-O~ {Og-{Og ê$n go _y‹T>m|
go {X`m OmVm h¡ dh Cgr ê$n go {M{V hr {dd{V©V hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&&36&&
_Z _| ^r {M{V H$m AZwàdoe ahZo go hr {d{MÌ g§H$ënm| H$s gm_Ï`© hmoVr h¢, ñdV… Zht,
Bg{bE `h {Z[íMV h¡ {H$ {M{V _| hr gånyU© {ddV© H$s ñdVÝÌVm {Z{hV h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
AmH$me _| A§Hw$a H$s ZmBª {M{V H$m A^md ahZo na _Z _| {H$gr Vah H$m g§H$ën Zht
CR>Vm & {M{V Ho$ Cg_| A{Y{îR>V ahZo go hr ZmZm àH$ma go g§H$ën _Z _| CR>Vo ahVo h¢, Bg{bE
ho lram_Or, Amn `h OmZ br{Oò {H$ Bg g§gma _| {OVZr H$ënZmE± _Z _| C{XV hmoVr h¢ do
g~H$s g~ {M{V ñdê$n hr h¡ &&37&& AkmZr Ho$ öX` _| Omo-Omo {dH$ënlr C{XV hmoVr h¡ dh
g~ {MXmH$me Ho$ gd©Jm_r Am¡a AZÝV hmoZo go gÐÿn Zht h¡ &&38&& AkmZr _| {Og Vah
{dH$ënlr C{XV hmoVr h¡ Cg Vah à~wÕ _| dh C{XV Zht hmoVr, `h {Z{íMV h¡ & {MXmH$me Ho$
gd©ì`mnH$ VWm Xoe, H$mb Am¡a dñVwH¥$V n[aÀN>oX go eyÝ` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU dh gÐÿn Zht h¡ &&39&&
`{X {dH$ënlr AgÐÿn hr h¡, Vmo {\$a ~mb-Jmonmb VH$ g^r H$mo gË`-gr BgH$s n«Vr{V
H¡$go hmoVr h¡, Bg Ame§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
OmJ«V H$mb H$s H$ënZmE± hr gË` àVrV hmoVr h¢, `h ~mV Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw ñdßZH$mb Am{X
ŸyÕ - 18] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1783
H$s ^r g^r H$ënZmE± gË`ê$n àVrV hmoVr h¢ & `h ~mV ~mbH$ VH$ OmZVo h¢ & naÝVw ho
lram_Or, ñdßZ _| ^«m{ÝV Am{X _| CnbãY hþE JO, aOV Am{X nXmW© {H$gr Ho$ ^r Ûmam AnZo
^rVa gË`ê$n go J¥hrV Zht hmoVo &&40&&
gË`ñdê$n `h g§gma ^bm AgË`ê$n H¡$go hmoJm ? Bg Ame§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
OmJ«V² Am¡a ñdßZ Ho$ g§H$ën, dmgZm_` gwfw{ßV VWm BZ XmoZm| _| à{V{~[å~V {MÐÿn ^moŠVm
Ord-ò XmoZm| nXmW© gË`Hy$Q>ñW {M{V Ho$ Ûmam AnZo ñdê$n _| {MÌ H$s ZmBª {M{ÌV hþE h¢,
Bg{bE {MÌ g§gma Ho$ gX¥e `h g§gma A{YîR>mZgÎmm go gË`ñdê$n AZw^yV hmoVm hþAm ^r
AgË`ê$n Ord H$s hr X¥{îQ> _| gË`ê$n h¢, A{YîR>>mZ gV² H$s Ñ[îQ >_| Zht, Š`m|{H$ CgHo$ gmW
Vmo CgH$m ñne© Zht h¡ & VmËn`© `h {H$ O¡go {MÌ _| à{V{~[å~V `m ñdßZ _| XoIo Jò Kmo‹S>o, {MÌ
`m ñdßZ Ho$ nwéfm| Ho$ hr M‹T>Zo Ho$ H$m_ _| AmVo h¢, BZ XmoZm| Ho$ ~mha ahZodmbo gË` nwéf Ho$ M‹T>Zo
Ho$ H$m_ Zht AmVo d¡go hr AgËnwéf Ho$ {bE hr `h AgÐÿn g§gma ^r h¡, gËnwéf Ho$ {bE Zht
h¡ &&41&& AWdm "~«÷ dm BX_J«² AmgrV²' BË`m{X lw{V go gË`nwéf _| hr `h AgX«yn g§gma,
AnZo A~moY Ho$ H$maU, ^bo hr ~Zm aho, VWm{n dh nwéf Vmo {ZË`_wŠV hr H$hm J`m h¡ Š`m|{H$
{Og Vah VÎdkmZ Ho$ nhbo gË`ñdê$n dh ~«÷ AnZr gË`Vm H$mo OJV² _| g§H«${_VH$a ñd`§
gË`ËdZm_ H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡, d¡go hr VÎdkmZ Ho$ ~mX ^r dh ~m{YV hþE OJV² go AnZr gÎmm
H$mo AnZo hr _| Cng§hma H$aHo$ CgHo$ AgË` Zm_ H$mo ^r ñd`§ àmßV hmoVm h¡ & Bgr{bE `h
{Z{íMV h¡ {H$ A{YîR>mZ_mÌ Ho$ n[aeof go AÝ` Xygar H$moB© àn§M H$s AgË`Vm H$Xm{n Zht H$hr
Om gH$Vr, Š`m|{H$ Am{Vdm{hH$ Xoh Ho$ g{hV AHo$bo EH$_mÌ AnZo kmZ H$m n[aj` hmoZo na
nyU©Vmê$n {dH$mg go `wŠV àË`JmË_m hr {edñdê$n eof ah OmVm h¡ &&42&&
`hr H$maU h¡ {H$ AkmZÑ{îQ> go hr ò OJV² BYa-CYa C‹S>mò Om aho h¡, VÎdÑ{îQ> go Zht
`h Omo nhbo H$hm h¡, CgH$m A~ Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ &
Bg{bE go_b H$s éB© Ho$ g_mZ AmH$me _| ò OJV² BYa-CYa dm`w Ûmam C‹S>mò Om ah| h¢,
`h C{ŠV ^r Akm{Z`m| H$s Ñ{îQ> go hr h¡ & na_mW© _| Vmo H$ënZm_mÌ hmoZo go Z Vmo ò OJV² h¢
Am¡a Z nËWa H$s Vah BYa-CYa dm`w Ûmam C‹S>mò Om ah| h¢ Ÿ&&43&& Bg d{U©V ar{V go A{Ib
nXmW©-g_yhm| H$m ko`^yV AkmV àË`JmË_ê$n, na_mW©V… gd©Ì ì`mßV VWm eyÝ`mH$me Ho$ gÑe
{MXmH$me _| A{dÚm Ûmam AZÝV OJV² [ñWV h¢ & do {H$VZo Vmo H$þN> Ordm| Ho$ ^moOH$ AÑîQ> H$m
gmå` hmoZo na OmJ«VAdñWm _| ~«÷mÊS> H$s EH$Vm go nañna {_bo hþE ahVo h¢ Ed§ AÑîQ> H$m
d¡få` hmoZo na Vmo ~«÷mÊS>ôX Am¡a ñdßZmdñWm _| nañna {_bo hþE Zht ^r ahVo h¢ &&44&&
CÝhtH$mo {deofê$n go H$hVo h¢ &
~«÷ Ho$ gd©e{ŠVgånÝZ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU JwU, dñVw, {H«$`m Am¡a OmË`m{X go AZÝVê$n,
ZmZm{dY H$m`m] H$m Amaå^ {H$ò hþE {XJÝVm| _| g§[ñWV OZm| go n[anyU©, M§Mb Obme` Ho$
^rVa à{V{~[å~V ZJa Ho$ g_mZ jU^§Jwa AVEd AnZo AÝV…H$aU _| [ñWV, gånyU© gm_{J«`m|
go âo Xod, J§Yd© Am{X Ho$ ZJam| Ho$ g_mZ ò g~ g§gma h¢ &&45&& AZwd¥Îm dñVw Ho$ (~«÷ Ho$)
ñdê$n go {ZaÝVa ñW¡`©`wŠV ^r ì`md¥Îm^md{dH$mam| Ho$ H$maU jU^§Jwa Ed§ OmJ«V²AdñWm _|
ì`ŠVmj (B[ÝÐ`m| go àH$Q> hþE) ^r {Z_r{bV (VÎdV… AàH$Q>) VWm AmË_Á`mo{V go àH$me`wŠV
hmoZo na ^r CgHo$ AkmZê$nr V_ go Amd¥V hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Mmam| Amoa AÝYH$ma go Amd¥V hþE ò
g§gma {MÐÿnr g_wÐ Ho$ Va§Jm| Ho$ {ddV©Zê$n h¢ &&46&&
n¥WH²$ê$n go [ñWV hþE BZHo$ EH$Ì {_bH$a ahZo _| VWm EH$Ì {_bo hþE BZHo$ n¥WH²$ê$n go
[ñWV ahZo _| H«$_e… Xmo X«îQ>mÝV H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go ZXrê$nr nmÌ _| n¥WH²$ê$n go [ñWV hþE ^r Ob gmJa _| {~bHw$b {_bo hþE ahVo h¢ VWm
AmH$me _| EH$ hr g_` _| C{XV hþE ^r g~ Vmam| Ho$ àH$me "`h BgH$m n«H$me h¡' Bg Vah go
{ddoMZ H$aZo _| AeŠ` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU EH$ _| gd©Wm {_bo hþE ^r EH$ Ho$ MbZo na Xygao Ho$ Z
MbZo _| n¥WH²$ [ñWV hþE ahVo h¢, d¡go hr n¥WH²$-n¥WH²$ê$n go [ñWV hþE ^r ò g~ g§gma AmË_m
_| EH$ê$n go [ñWV h¢ &&47&&
AR>mahdm± gJ© g_mßV
CÝZrgdm± gJ©
Ord H$m ñdê$n, CgH$m VÎd, g_{îQ>-ì`{îQ> earam| H$s H$ënZm VWm
ñWmZ Ed§ H$maUm| H$s {^ÝZVm go ^moJ ôX - BZ g~H$m dU©Z &
lram_Or Zo H$hm … ho _wZo, Ord H$m Omo ñdê$n h¡ `mZr emór` ì`dhma _| Cn`moJr VWm
O¡gm nma_m{W©H$ CgH$m ê$n h¡, CgH$s ñWyb Xoh H$s O¡gr H$ënZm hmoVr h¡, {Og ar{V go CgH$s
na_mË_ê$nVm h¡ VWm Omo CgH$m ñWmZ hmo, dh g~ h_go H${hE &&1&&
_mojemó _| Omo g_{îQ>Ord à{gÕ h¡, CgH$m n[aemoYZ hmo OmZo na dh ~«÷ Ho$ gmW
A{^ÝZ ~Z OmZo _| `mo½` hmo OmVm h¡, `h nhbo ~VbmVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, AZÝV ì`mnH$ Omo MoVZ ~«÷ h¡, dhr AnZo g§H$ën go
àmU Ûmam "Ord' () `m| ì`döV hmoH$a VWm Mjw Am{X Ûmam Xygam "{MV²' Zm_dmbm hmoH$a
() "hÝVmh{__m[ñVò_mo XodVm AZoZ OrdoZmË_ZmZwà{dí` Zm_ê$no ì`mH$aUdm{U' BË`m{X
lw{V _| àX{e©V {ZOr g§H$ën Ûmam AnZo go àH$m{eV hmoZodmbo gyú_ ^yVê$n Cnm{Y _o§ àdoe
go CgHo$ ñVå^H$ àmUm| Ho$ YmaU go VWm "Ord àmUYmaUo' Bg YmVw Ho$ AW© Ho$ AZwJ_ go
àmU Ho$ Ûmam na~«÷ H$m OrdeãX go ì`dhma {H$`m J`m h¡, `h ^md h¡ &
ŸyÕ - 19] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1785
OrdeãX go H$hm OmVm h¡ &&2&&
CgH$m nma_m{W©H$ ñdê$n ~VbmVo h¢ &
^X«, Omo na_ AUwê$n Zht h¡, Omo ñWyb Zht h¡, Omo Z eyÝ`ñdê$n h¡, Omo eyÝ` AmH$me Ho$
AÝVJ©V h¡, Omo {MÝ_mÌ, AZw^dñdê$n h¡ Am¡a gd©Ì ì`mnH$ h¡, dhr Ord H$hbmVm h¡ Ÿ&&3Ÿ&& Omo
gyú_m{Vgyú_ dñVwAm| go ^r gyú_ h¡, Omo JwéVa dñVwAm| _| g~go ~‹T>-M‹T>H$a JwéVa (ñWybV_)
h¡, Omo VwÀN>ê$n Zht h¡ Am¡a Omo gdm©Ë_H$ h¡, CgrH$mo n{ÊS>V bmoJ Ord H$hVo h¢ &&4&&
Ord H$s gd©ì`mnH$Vm H$mo AZw^d na M‹T>mVo h¢ &
{Og-{Og nXmW© H$m Omo AgmYmaU ñdê$n h¡, Cg-Cg nXmW© _| Cg-Cg ê$n go
[ñWV Cgr Ord H$mo hr Amn Om{ZE, Bg{bE Cg-Cg nXmW© Ho$ ê$n _| Ord hr ^mg_mZ
hmoVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ ~ma-~ma XoIZo na VV²-VV² nXmWm] Ho$ AmH$ma _| hr CgH$m AZw^d hmoVm
h¡, `h AH$mQ>ç {Z`_ h¡ & VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ KQ> Am¡a Mjw H$m gå~ÝY hmoZo na Mjw Ho$ Ûmam
{ZH$bm hþAm AÝV…H$aU ñdd¥{Îm _| gå~Õ KQ>md[ÀN>ÝZ OrdM¡VÝ` H$mo hr "`h KQ> àH$m{eV
hmoVm h¡' Bg ê$n go KQ>ñd^md Ho$ VmXmËå`ê$n go hr AZw^d H$amVm h¡ &&5&& ho lram_Or,
AVEd g_{îQ>Ord Ohm± na {Og ê$n go g§H$ën H$aVm h¡, dhm± na Cg ê$n H$m hmo OmVm
h¡, Š`m|{H$ g_{îQ>Ord Omo g§H$ën H$aVm h¡, dh gË` hr hmoVm h¡ Am¡a ì`{îQ>Ord O¡gm ahVm
h¡, d¡gm hr g§H$ën H$aVm h¡ &&6&&
Eogr [ñW{V _| `h {ZîH$f© {ZH$bm {H$ Omo {MÌ{d{MÌ g_ñV dñVwAm| H$m g_{îQ>Ord H$mo
^mg hmoVm h¡, dh ^mgê$n gJ© ndZ Ho$ ñnÝX H$s ZmBª g_{îQ>Ord H$m ñdmZw^d {gÕ ñd^md h¡,
Z {H$ ~mbH$ H$s `j^«m[ÝV Ho$ gÑe CnXoemä`mg go CËnÝZ h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go ndZ H$s g§MbZ {H«$`m ñd^md {gÕ h¡, d¡go hr g_{îQ>Ord H$m {MÌ{d{MÌ dñVwAm| H$m
AZw^dmË_H$ gJ© (g§gma) ñd^md hr h¡, `h AnZo AZw^d go {ZU©` H$a boZm Mm{hE, ~mbH$ H$s
`j^«m[ÝV Ho$ gÑe BgH$m Bg CnXoe go gmYZ H$aZm Zht MmhVo &&7&&
Bg{bE _w{ŠV, gwfw{ßV Am¡a _hmàb`-H$mb _| ~mø Amä`ÝVa g^r nXmW© MoVZ _|,
Ord^md Ho$ ahVo ^r, emÝV hmo OmVo h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go g§MbZ {H«$`m Ho$ Z hmoZo go AnZm A[ñVËd ahVo ^r dm`w AgÐÿn ~Z OmVm h¡, d¡go hr
{MÌ-{d{MÌ nXmWm] H$m àH$me Z hmoZo go _w{ŠV Am{X AdñWmAm| _| AnZm A[ñVËd ahVo ^r
Ord ~«÷ê$n ~Z OmVm h¡ &&8&&
A~ Ord {H$g-{H$g Vah Ho$ AmH$mam| H$mo J«hU H$aVm h¡, BgH$mo ~VbmZo Ho$ {bE g~go
nhbo AZoH$ àH$ma H$s e{ŠV`m| go gånÝZ hmoH$a CËnÝZ hþE VWm g_ñV H$ënZmAm| Ho$
_ybñVå^ñdê$n g_{îQ> Ah§H$ma Ho$ AÜ`mg H$m {X½Xe©Z H$amVo h¢ &
Omo g_{îQ>Ord h¡, dh Agb _| M¡VÝ`KZ H$m hr ñdê$n^yV h¡ Am¡a "Ah_²' ê$n go
ñ\w$[aV hmoVm h¡, Bgr go Xoe, H$mb, {H«$`m Am¡a X«ì` H$s Agr_ e{ŠV H$m {Z_m©U
(Am{d^m©d) H$a dh Ad[ñWV ahVm h¡ &&9&&
A~ gyú_^yVm| Ho$ g§ñH$mam| H$s CËn{Îmê$n g_{îQ{MÎm H$s H$ënZm ~VbmVo h¢ &
AZÝVa Xoe, H$mb, {H«$`m Am¡a X«ì` go `wŠV (g§ñH$maê$n go Wmo‹S>m-gm Am{d^m©d hmoZo Ho$
H$maU `wŠV) Ed§ CZgo A`wŠV (ñWybê$n go ^br^m±{V Am{d^m©d Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU A`wŠV)
ñd`§ AgË` hmoVr hþB© ^r gË` dñVw Ho$ gÑe ñ\w$[aV hmo ahr, Ho$db AgË` ñdê$ndmbr
g_{îQ>{MÎmê$nVm Ho$ H$maU VWm gyú_V_ Ob H$m gå~ÝY hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {h_ na_mUw Ho$ gÑe,
AgXmH$ma na_mUwê$nVm H$m AmË_m _| AdbmoH$Z H$aVm h¡ `mZr AmË_m H$mo n[a[ÀN>ÝZ g_P
~¡R>Vm h¡ & AnZr AmË_ê$nVm Ho$ {df` _|, ñdßZ _| AnZo _aU Ho$ gÑe VWm ñdßZ _| ~mK Am{X
ê$nVm Ho$ Xe©Z go àVr`_mZ AnZo hmW, n¡a Am{X Ad`dm| H$s AÝ`ê$nVm Ho$ gÑe CgH$s
(g_{îQ> {MÎmê$n {dîUwê$nVm H$s) ^mdZm H$aVm hþAm MoVZ gÎmm H$mo ^ybH$a Cgr H$s H$ënZm
Ho$ nrN>o-nrN>o Xm¡‹S>Vm ahVm h¡ &&10-12&& AZÝVa Bg Vah H$m OmZm J`m CŠV MoVZ AnZo
ñdê$n _| VËH$mb ñWybê$nVm H$m (n§MrH$aU go ñWybVm gånmXZ H$a ñWyb g_{îQ> {damQ²>ê$n
hmoH$a ñWybê$nVm H$m) AZw^d H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Cg_| AnZo g_îQ²>`mË_H$ Ðdñd^md _Z H$mo
MÝÐ{~å~ Ho$ gÑe g_PZo bJ OmVm h¡, `hr CgH$s ~w{Õg_{îQ>ê$n ~«÷ê$nVm h¡ &&13&&
{damQ²> Xoh _| CgHo$ ^moJ H$s Cnn{Îm Ho$ {bE g_{îQ>ê$n _Z go Am{XË`m{X ê$n nm±M B[ÝÐ`m|
Am¡a CZHo$ ñWbôX H$s H$ënZm H$mo H$hVo h¢ &
AZÝVa MÝÐ{~å~ñdê$n AnZo ñdê$n _| H$mH$Vmbr` Ý`m` Ho$ gÑe AH$ñ_mV² CËnÝZ hþB©
{^ÝZ-{^ÝZ nm§M B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ ê$n _| `h ñd`§ àH$m{eV hmoZo bJVm h¡ &&14&& BgHo$ ~mX nm±M
B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ AbJ-AbJ nm§M ñWmZm| Ho$ ê$n _| `h AnZm AZw^d H$aVm h¡ Am¡a CZHo$ ñWmZ^yV
AbJ-AbJ ê$n Am{X Ho$ Cn^moJÛmam| H$m ^r AZw^d H$aVm h¡ &&15&& nrN>o Am{XË`, {Xem,
Ob, dm`w Am¡a n¥{Wdrê$n nm±M B[ÝÐ`-ñWmZê$n Ad`dm| go `wŠV hmoH$a ê$n Am{X nm±M {df`m|
H$m Cn^moJ H$a ahm {damQ> nwéf ~Z OmVm h¡, `h {damQ²> nwéf AZoH$ _mZ{gH$ {dH$ënm| Ho$
H$maU AZÝV AmH$ma H$s H$ënZmAm| Ûmam AZÝV AmH$mam| Ho$ {dkmZ go `wŠV ahVm h¡, BgH$m
ñdê$n Aì`ŠV h¡ VWm g_ñV {dH$mam| go eyÝ` h¡ &&16&&
CZHo$ _Zmo_`ê$n hmoZo na ^r ñdV…{gÕ kmZ¡íd`© go Ed§ g~ e{ŠV`m| go gånÝZ hmoZo Ho$
H$maU dh Ord Am¡a B©ída XmoZm| ê$n h¡, Bg A{^àm` go H$hVo h¢ &
`h _Zmo_`ê$n go C{XV hþAm {haÊ`J^© gd©àW_ na~«÷ go Am{d^y©V h¡, AV… AmH$me
Ho$ g_mZ {deX, emÝV, {ZË`, AmZÝXñdê$n Ed§ àH$me_` h¡ &&17&& g_ñV àm{U`m| H$m
ŸyÕ - 19] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1787
g_{îQ>ê$n AÛ` {damQ²> nwéf na_ na_oídaê$n h¡ Am¡a n§M^yVmË_m Z hmoZo na ^r n§M^yVmË_m
Ho$ gÑe ^mg_mZ h¡ &&18&&
B©ídaê$n hmoZo go dh AnZo Am{d^m©d Am¡a {Vamo^md _| {~bHw$b ñdVÝÌ h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
gd©e{ŠV-gånÝZ hmoZo go dh erK« hr ñd`§ Am{d^y©V hmoVm h¡, ñd`§ {dbrZ hmo OmVm h¡,
ñd`§ {dñVma H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡ VWm ñd`§ hr g§H$moM H$mo ^r àmßV hmo OmVm h¡ &&19&& AnZo
g§H$ën go H$[ënV AZoH$ H$ënm| _| VWm jUâ _| dh AnZr BÀN>m Ho$ AZwgma ñd`§ C{XV hmoVm
h¡ VWm nwZ… nwZ… C{XV hmo hmoH$a dh {\$a-{\$a emÝV ^r hmo OmVm h¡ &&20&& Ho$db
_Zmo_mÌñdê$nmË_H$ `h Ord hr g~Ho$ CnmXmZ^yV B©ídaê$n àH¥${V H$m eara h¡ Am¡a `hr
ì`{îQ>ê$n go g~ Ordm| H$m nw`©îQ>H$ (gyú_) eara ^r H$hm J`m h¡ &&21&& `hr Aì`ŠV AZÝV
AmH$memË_m na_oída {nnr{bH$m{X gyú_ Xohm| _| gyú_, ñWyb nXmWm] _| ñWyb, g~Ho$ ~mha Am¡a
^rVa ì`ŠVAì`ŠV, na_mW© _| qH${MÐÿn Z hmoZo na ^r ì`dhma _o§ qH${MÐÿn `mZr n[a[ÀN>ÝZê$n
h¡ &&22&& ho lram_Or, _yV© Ed§ A_yV©ñdê$n n§MkmZo[ÝX«`, H$_}[ÝX«`g{hV àmU, fîQ>o[ÝÐ` _Z
Am¡a Ah§H$ma ò AmR> Cg nwéf Ho$ A§J h¢ &&23&& CgrZo AnZo Mma _wIm| go eãXmWm]ª H$s H$ënZm
go `wŠV BZ Mmam| doXm| H$m JmZ {H$`m h¡ & CgrZo emór` gXmMma Am{X H$s _`m©Xm Bg T>§J go
ñWm{nV H$s h¡ {H$ AmO ^r Á`m|-H$s-Ë`m| ì`d[ñWVê$n go Mbr Am ahr h¡ &&24&& AZÝV
AmH$me Bg nwéf H$m _ñVH$ h¡, n¥{Wdr BgHo$ n¡a H$m Vbdm h¡, _Ü`mH$me BgH$m CXa (N) h¡
VWm `h ~«÷mÊS> BgH$m eara h¡ &&25&& AZÝV bmoH$ Bg {damQ²> nwéf Ho$ nmíd© Ho$ Ad`d h¢,
Ob aŠV h¢, g_ñV nd©V _m§gno{e`m± h¢ Am¡a {ZaÝVa ~h ahr ò Z{X`m± BgH$s Zm{‹S>`m± h¢ &&26&&
ò g~ g_wÐ aŠVg§M` H$s no{e`m± h¢, g^r Ûrn N>… H$moem| Ho$ doîQ>Z h¢, {XemE± ~mhþ h¢ Am¡a ò
M_H$Vo Vmao () amo_g_yh h¢ &&27&& Amdh, àdh Am{X CZMmg ndZ Bgr àmUdm`w, _mV©ÊS>_ÊS>b
BgH$s H«y$a Am±I| Am¡a ~S>dmZb BgH$m {MÎm h¡ &&28&& MÝÐ_ÊS>b hr Bg {damQ²> nwéf H$m Ord,
íboî_m, dr`©, ~b, M~u Am¡a g§H$ënmË_H$ _Z h¡ VWm ~«÷ hr gmaê$n AmË_m h¡ &&29&&
~rOm{X^md ^r _Z H$m hr hmoVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
MÝÐê$nr _Z hr earaê$nr d¥j H$m _yb, H$_©ê$nr d¥j H$m ~rO VWm gånyU© ^md nXmWm] H$m
CËnmXZ H$aZo Ed§ AÝZm{Xê$n go dY©Z H$aZo go AmZÝX H$m H$maU h¡ &&30&&
dhr {damQ²> eara _| Ord h¡, Š`m|{H$ AÝZê$n Cgr go g_{îQ> àmUm| H$m YmaU hmoVm h¡, Bg
(N) Xo{Iò `h lw{V-"Vñ` h dm EVñ`mË_Zmo d¡ídmZañ` _yY£d gwVoOmíMjw{d©ídê$n… àmU…
n¥WJ²dË_m© gÝXohmo ~hþbmo ~[ñVaod a{`… n¥{Wìòd nmXm¡' &
() `Ú{n N>mÝXmo½` lw{V _| "bmo_m{Z ~{h…' `h H$hm J`m h¡ VWm{n Xygar lw{V Ho$ AZwamoY
go `hm± "VmaH$m' `h C{ŠV h¢ &
Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
Omo `h MÝÐ_ÊS>b h¡ dhr g_«mQ> Ord H$hbmVm h¡ & AÝZ_` ì`{îQ> earam| H$m dh ~rO h¡,
àmUhoVwH$ gånyU© H$_m] H$m _yb h¡ Am¡a ì`{îQ> _Z H$m dhr H$maU () h¡ &&31&&
CgrH$mo {\$a ñnîQ>ê$n go H$hVo h¢ &
Bg MÝÐê$nr {damQ²> Ord go BZ VrZm| bmoH$m| _| g~ Ord H$_©, _Z, {df`^moJ VWm _moj
àd¥Îm hmoVo h¢ &&32&& Bg MÝÐê$nr {damQ>>Ord Ho$ g§H$ënñdê$n hr ò ~«÷m () {dîUw Am¡a
^JdmZ² e§H$a Am{X XodVm h¢ VWm Cgr Ho$ {MÎm Ho$ M_ËH$maê$n ò gwa, Agwa Am¡a njr Am{X
ZmZm àH$ma Ho$ Ord-g_wXm` h¢ &&33&&
{MÎmCn{hV {M{V Ho$ {ddV©ê$n go {MÎm H$s M_ËH$maVm H$mo àH$Q> H$aVo h¢ &
g¥{îQ> Ho$ Am{X _| MÝÐ_m H$s AË`ÝVgyú_ A_¥V H$bmË_Vm H$mo gmjrê$n go OmZ ahm {damQ²>
àOmn{V O~ XodVm{X Ho$ earamH$ma H$m g§H$ën H$aVm h¡, V~ erK« dh MVw_w©Im{X eara^md _|
hr ñd`§ {gÕ H$s ZmBª [ñWV hmo OmVm h¡, VmËn`© `h {H$ dh gË`g§H$ëndmbm hmoZo go erK«
g§H$[ënVê$n _| hr n[aUV hmo OmVm h¡ &&34&& Bg{bE, ho aKwÛh, Bg MÝÐ_ÊS>b H$mo hr Amn
gånyU© Ordg_{îQ>ê$n {damQ²> Ord H$m ñWmZ Am¡a An§MrH¥$V n§M^yVmd`d`wŠV eara g_{Pò
Bgr H$m OmJ«XdñWmê$n go g~H$mo AZw^d hmoVm h¡ &&35&&
MÝÐê$nr {damQ²> Ord go ì`{îQ> Ord H$m àgma Omo nhbo H$hm J`m h¡ CgH$m CnnmXZ
H$aVo h¢ &
MÝÐ_mê$nr {damQ²>Ord go àm{U`m| Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ gmYZ^yV AÝZ Am{X g~ nXmW©, Omo
Am¡f{Y`m| _| MÝÐH$bmAm| Ho$ àgmaê$n h¢, gd©Ì àg¥V hmoVo h¢ &&36&& do hr Or{dV àm{U`m| Ho$
earam| _| Ord hmoH$a OrVo h¢ Am¡a _Z hmo H$aHo$ AZoH$ OÝ_m| Ho$ H$maU^yV H$_© {H$`m H$aVo
h¢ &&37&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bg Vah ZmZm{dY AmMmam| go `wŠV Ag§»` {damQ²> Ho$ eara VWm
Ag§»` _hmH$ën ~rV MwHo$ h¢, AmJo MbH$a hm|Jo Am¡a Bg g_` h¢ ^r &&38&& ho lram_Or, ~«÷
go A{^ÝZ, AVEd Ad{YeyÝ` Ed§ _hmZ² ì`{îQ> Am¡a g_{îQ> Ho$ Xohgå~ÝY go `wŠV Bg AZw^dê$n
A{YîR>mZ-gÎmm go hr "V{ÛdVmo© {damQ²> nwéf…' Bg d{U©V ar{V go g~ Xoe Am¡a g~ H$mbm| _|
na_ {damQ> nwéf Bg _m`md¥V ~«÷ _| Ad[ñWV ahVm h¡ &&39&&
CÝZrgdm± gJ© g_mßV
() Bg_| "MÝÐ_m _Zgmo ^yËdm öX`§ àm{deV²' `h lw{V à_mU h¡ &
() ~«÷m Am{X Ho$ eara ^r MÝÐê$nr A_¥V Ho$ n[aUm_ hr h¢ & Xo{Iò Bg {df` _| lw{V
Š`m H$h ahr h¡ - gmo_… ndVo O{ZVm _VrZm§ O{ZVm {Xdmo O{ZVm n¥{Wì`m… & O{ZVm½ZoO©{ZVm
gy`©ñ` O{ZVoÝX«ñ` O{ZVmoV {dîUmo… &&
ŸyÕ - 20] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1789
~rgdm± gJ©
dmgZm, H$_© Am¡a BÀN>m Ho$ AZwgma g§H$ënm| Ho$ gO©Z go ì`{îQ>Ordm| H$s g_{îQ> Ho$ gmW g_Vm H$m dU©Z &
~«÷ {damQ²> nwéf Ho$ gË`g§H$ën Ho$ AZwgma hr {ddV© YmaU H$aVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, n§M^yVmË_m {damQ²> nwéf ñd`§ {Og-{Og Vah H$s
H$ënZm H$aVm h¡, Cg-Cg Vah go ~«÷ê$n AmH$me ^r {ddV©^md H$mo YmaU H$a boVm
h¡ &&1&& My±{H$ ~«÷ nyd© H$s CnmgZm go {_{lV dmgZm go g¥{îQ> Ho$ Amaå^ _| n§M^yVmË_H$
{damQ²>-ñdê$n ~ZH$a CnmgZm Ho$ \$b^yVn§M_hm^yVmË_H$ {df`-g_{îQ> H$m Cn^moJ H$aZo
_o§ VËna hþAm h¡, AV… {dÛmZ² nwéf g_ñV OJV² H$mo {damQ²> nwéf H$m EH$ g§H$ën hr _mZVo
h¢ &&2&& AV… {_Å>r Am{X hoVwAm| go CËnÝZ $gH$moao Am{X {_Å>r Ho$ ñd^md go hr AmoV-àmoV
ahVo h¢, `h XoIm J`m h¡, AV… g_ñV OJV² Ho$ nXmWm] H$m H$maU {damQ>² hmoZo go OJV² ^r
{damQ²> Ho$ ñd^md go AmoV-àmoV h¡ &&3&& O¡go {damQ²> nwéf (g_{îQ>Ord) g_ñV OJV² H$m
{Z_m©U H$aVm h¡, d¡gm hr ì`{îQ>Ord ^r AnZo _| g_ñV OJV² H$m {Z_m©U H$aVm h¡ Š`m|{H$
_mZ{gH$ d¥{Îm Ho$ AZwgma O~ ì`{îQ> Ord H$mo ~mømH$ma {dkmZ CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡, V~
ì`{îQ>Ord ^r g_{îQ>Ord Ho$ AZwgma VV²-VV² nXmWm] Ho$ ñdê$nkmZ go `wŠV ahVm hr
h¡¡ &&4&& ^Ð, VwÀN> go VwÀN> H$sQ>m{X VH$ Am¡a ~‹S>o go ~‹S>o éÐ VH$ Bg Vah H$m OJV²-ê$nr
^«_ Omo CËnÝZ hþAm h¡, dhr `h g¥{îQ> h¡¡ & O¡go N>moQ>o go ~rO _o§ ~‹S>m d¥j CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡,
d¡go hr N>moQ>o go N>>moQ>o AUwê$n AmË_m _| `h {demb nd©Vê$n ^«_ CËnÝZ hþAm h¡¡ &&5&&
Eogm ^bo hr hmo, Bggo àH¥$V _| Š`m Am`m ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
H$sQ> VH$ Am¡a éÐ VH$ {OVZo ì`{îQ>Ord h¢, do g~ AnZo _| OJV² H$m {Z_m©U H$aVo
h¢ Am¡a ò g~ na_ gyú_ eara Ho$ ahVo ^r AZÝV AmË_ñdê$n H$mo g_PH$a hr, Z {H$ g_Po
{~Zm {Z_m©U H$aVo h¢ &&6&& O¡go {damQ²> AmË_m _| Bg g_ñV OJV² H$m {dñVma H$ënZmde
hþAm h¡, d¡go hr g^r BZ _ÀN>a Am{X gyú_ ^yVm| _| OJV² H$m {dñVma hþAm h¡ &&7&& ^Ð,
na_mW©V… Z ñWyb h¡ Am¡a Z Hw$N> H$ht gyú_ hr h¡, naÝVw ^«m[ÝV go Ohm± H$ht Omo Hw$N> ~Z
OmVm h¡, dhm± dh VËjU hr AZw^yV hmo OmVm h¡ &&8&&
ì`{îQ>_Z Am¡a ì`{îQ>_Z go Cn{hV Ord - BZ XmoZm| H$m Vmo {damQ²> H$maU h¡, AV… CZH$s
g_mZVm H¡$go ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
_Z MÝX«_m go CËnÝZ hþAm h¡ Am¡a _Z go MÝÐ_m CËnÝZ hþAm h¡, g_{îQ> Ord go ì`{îQ>Ord
CËnÝZ hþAm h¡ AWdm g_{îQ>Ord Am¡a ì`{îQ>Ord XmoZm| H$s gÎmm EH$ hr h¡, AV… ôX H$m Adga
hr Zht h¡, Bg{bE Cg_| H$maUËd H$m àg§J H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? &&9&&
Bg Vah Cnm{Yê$n _Z H$s H$maUVm H$m {Zamg H$a A~ Cn{hVOrd Ho$ à{V H$maUVm H$m
{Zamg H$aZo Ho$ {bE Cnm{Y H$m ñdê$n ~VbmVo h¢ &
g~go nhbo {h_H$U Ho$ gÑe VWm ewH«$ (dr`©) ê$n Cnm{Y go `wŠV Ord hmoVm h¡, `h
_w{Z`m| H$m _V h¡ & Bg ewH«$mon{hV Ord go hr _mVm-{nVm Ho$ _¡WwZ H$mb _| AMb nyUm©ZÝX ~«÷
H$m ^moJmH$ma d¥{Îm _| à{V{~å~ n‹S>Zo go a{Vê$n AmZÝX àd¥Îm hmoVm h¡, Bgr AmZÝX H$s EH$ _mÌm
H$mo boH$a Xygao àmUr AnZo-AnZo AmZÝX H$m {Zdm©h H$aVo h¢ & Bg AW© H$s à{VnmXH$ lw{V ^r
Bg {df` _| à_mU h¡ &&10&& Cgr ~«÷ Ho$ Am^mgê$n AmZÝX H$m, Omo ewH«$`wV OrdmË_H$ M¡VÝ`
_| [ñWV² h¡, dr`©ê$n ñd^md Ho$ Ûmam AZw^d H$aVm h¡, Cgr _| VmXmËå`mÜ`mgê$n VÝ_`Vm
YmaU H$a {M{V VÐÿn ~Z OmVr h¡ &&11&& AZÝVa `h Ord {M{V Cg dr`© _| n§M^yVmË_H$
Xohê$nVm H$mo YmaU H$aVr h¡, `hr BgH$s Cn{hVVm h¡, Eogr [ñW{V _| Cg_| Z Vmo H$moB© H$maUVm
h¡ Am¡a Z H$moB© H$m`©ê$nVm hr h¡ &&12&&
`{X Cnm{Y`wŠV ñdê$n _| H$moB© ^r H$maU Zht h¡, Vmo dh Ordm| H$m AZmJÝVwH$ ñdê$n
ñd^mdê$n hr _mZm OmòJm, ñd^md Vmo {H$gr H$m Mbm OmVm Zht, Eogr [ñW{V _| Ordm| H$s
_w{ŠV hr Zht hmoJr, Bg àH$ma H$s Ame§H$m H$a H$hVo h¢ &
Amn Omo Bg Am¡nm{YH$ ê$n Ho$ {df` _| H$hVo h¢ {H$ dh AZmJÝVwH$ Ord H$m ñd^md
hr h¡, dh AmnH$m H$WZ {H$gr AW© go nyU© Zht h¡ `mZr dh H$moB© _yë` hr Zht aIVm, Š`m|{H$
ñd Am¡a ñd^md _| H$moB© à{V`moJr Am¡a ì`dÀN>oX h¡ hr Zht & gmam§e `h h¡ {H$ ñdeãXmW©
go `wŠV Omo ^md h¡, `hr Vmo ñd^mdeãX H$m AW© h¡, `hm± ñdeãX H$m AW© `{X ewÕ>AmË_m
_mZ {b`m Om`, Vmo ewÕ dñVw A{ÛVr` h¡, AV… Z Vmo dh à{V`moJr h¡ Am¡a Z CgH$m H$moB©
ì`dÀN>oX hr h¡, Bg{bE Aì`mdV©H$ ({H$gr go {^ÝZVm Z H$aZodmbo) ñdeãXmW© go {^ÝZ
^mdeãXmW© H$m {Zê$nU Z hmo gH$Zo Ho$ H$maU ñdeãXmW©{d{eîQ> ^mdeãXmW© H$m (ñd^mdmW©
H$m) gmYZ H$aZm hr Zht ~Z gH$Vm &&13&&
`{X ñdeãX H$m AW© Cnm{Y go `wŠV AmË_m _mZ {b`m Om`, Vmo ^r `h ñdeãXmW© go n¥WH²$
^mdeãXmW© Zht nm gH$Vm, {Oggo {H$ ñdeãXmW© go ^mdeãXmW© _| H$moB© {deof ~mV Am Om`,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
Cnm{Y go `wŠV Ord ^r ñd`§ Cn{hV-ñdê$n hr h¡, Š`m|{H$ Cg_| OrdËdê$n Cn{hVê$nVm
hr {damO_mZ h¡ AV… Cn{hVê$n H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Am¡a H$moB© Xygamê$n, Omo {H$ ^mdeãX H$m AW©^yV
VWm ñd{deoî`Vm Ho$ {bE `mo½`Vm aIVm hmo, ^rVa `m ~mha `hm± Ñ{îQ>JmoMa Zht hmoVm & `hr ê$n-
O¡go "dm`w ~hVr h¡' `hm± na {H«$`mê$n hr dm`w H$m {dH$ënd¥{Îm go ôX _mZH$a "~hVr h¡' H$hm OmVm
h¡ d¡go hr "Ordmo OrdËd_²' Am{X Ûmam - Y_©Y{_©^mdê$n ôX _mZH$a H$hm OmVm h¡ &&14&&
ŸyÕ - 21] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1791
`{X {ZË` `m A{ZË` ñd^md^yV Ordñdê$n Zht h¡, V~ dh h¡ Š`m MrO, Omo g§gma
_| \±$g OmVr h¡ ? `{X `h H$moB© àíZ H$ao, Vmo Bg àíZ H$m CÎma `hr h¡ {H$ dh MrO
A{Zd©MZr` AkmZ go Amd¥V ~«÷ hr h¡ `mZr AnZo {dnarV ñdê$n H$m AdbmoH$Z hr CŠV
MrO h¡ Am¡a `hr g§gma _| \±$gVr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go Hw$hao go AmÀN>m{XV dñVw H$m ñdê$nV… kmZ Z hmoH$a {dnarV kmZ hmoVm h¡, d¡go hr Zrhma
Ho$ gÑe ñdê$n-AmÀN>mXZ H$aZodmbo AkmZ go Amd¥V AmË_m H$m ^r ñdê$nV… kmZ Z hmoH$a Omo
{dnarV AdbmoH$Z h¡, dhr Ord H$m ñdê$n h¡, Bgr go {df`mË_H$ dñVwAm| H$s Amoa CgH$s àd¥{Îm
PwH$s hþB© ahVr h¡ & O‹S> B[ÝÐ` Am{Xê$n AnZo H$mo _mZH$a O¡go OÝ_mÝY nwéf _mJ© H$mo Zht XoIVm,
d¡go hr dh AnZo ñdê$n H$mo Zht XoIVm &&15&& OJV² Ho$ ê$n _| d{Y©V A{dÚme{ŠV Ho$ à^md
go {VañH¥$V AVEd AnZr EH$Vm H$s Û¡Vê$n _| (ÐîQ>m-Ðí`ê$n _|) H$ënZm H$a Cgr_| A{^{Zdoe
H$aHo$ OrdmË_m ~¡R>m ahVm h¡ & Bgr{bE ndZ O¡go AnZr ñnÝXZe{ŠV Zht XoIVm, d¡go hr
A{dÚme{ŠV go Amd¥V dh AmË_m AnZo ñdê$n H$mo Zhr§ XoIVm &&16&&
Bgr{bE {dÚm go A{dÚm H$m {dZme gå^d hmoZo Ho$ H$maU A{Z_m}j Xmof Zht Am gH$Vm,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
{_Ï`m {df`ê$n, AgV² VWm "A`_²' ê$n AkmZê$nr g~go ~‹S>r Jm±R> H$m Omo ôXZ h¡, dhr
_moj h¡, `h _w{Z`m| Ûmam H$hm J`m h¡ &&17&& Bg{bE ho lram_Or, g~go nhbo Amn AkmZê$n
KZ_oK go Nw>Q>H$mam nmò hþE M¡VÝ` àH$meê$n ~Z OmBE, {\$a AnZo H$mo Ah§H$ma H$s Cnm{Y go
n[a[ÀN>ÝZ Z g_{PE `mZr emo{YV Ëd§nXmW©ê$n hmo OmBE, {\$a _yV©, A_yV© Am¡a _yb AkmZ Ho$
~mY go `wŠV {ZaÝVa C{XVñd^md hmoH$a Zm_eyÝ`, AmZÝX¡H$agKZ EH$_mÌ MoVZê$n (emo{YV
VËnXmW©ê$n) hmo OmBE Am¡a Bg àH$ma hmoH$a Amn Mmam| Amoa go nyU© ~ZH$a [ñWV a{hE &&18&&
~rgdm± gJ© g_mßV
BŠH$sgdm± gJ©
ew^ Am¡a Aew^ Xmo Vah H$s kmZ~ÝYwVm h¡, BZ_| ew^ J«mø h¡ Am¡a Aew^ ho` h¡, BgH$m `ËZnydH© $ bjUm| Ûmam dU©Z Ÿ&
BZ XmoZm| _| nhbo ho` kmZ~ÝYwVm H$m dU©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE ^y[_H$m aMVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_Or, _Zwî`> H$mo gXm kmZr (c) hr hmoZm Mm{hE,
kmZ~ÝYw () Zht hmoZm Mm{hE & _¢ AkmZr H$mo AÀN>m g_PVm hÿ±, naÝVw kmZ~ÝYwVm H$mo
(c) kmZr H$m bjU AmJo MbH$a ~Vbm`m OmòJm &
() kmZ Ho$ ~hmZo gËH$_m] _| lÕm Ho$ Ë`mJ go ^moJm| _| bånQ> ~ZmH$a Omo AnZo H$mo Am¡a
Xygao H$mo AZWm] Ho$ Ûmam ~m±Y XoVm h¡, dh kmZ~ÝYw H$hm J`m h¡ &
AÀN>m Zht g_PVm &&1&&
lram_Or Zo H$hm … ho _wZo, kmZ~ÝYw {H$go H$hVo h¢ Am¡a kmZr H$m¡Z H$hm OmVm h¡ VWm
kmZ~ÝYw hmoZo _| H$m¡Z \$b {_bVm h¡ Am¡a kmZr hmoZo _| H$m¡Z \$b {_bVm h¡, `h g~ Amn
H¥$nmH$a _wPo ~VbmBE & àíZ H$aZo H$m _oam Ame` `h h¡ {H$ {H$g ñdê$n H$mo àmßV H$aHo$
_Zwî` kmZ~§Yw hmoVm h¡ Am¡a {H$g ñdê$n H$mo àmßV H$aHo$ kmZr H$hm OmVm h¡ VWm BZ XmoZm|
Ho$ \$b Š`m h¢ ? `h g~ ^br^m±{V _wPo ~VbmBò &&2&&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_Or, Omo emóm| H$mo Ho$db AnZo ^moJ Ho$ {bE {eënr H$s
Vah n‹T>Vm Am¡a CgH$s ì`m»`m H$aVm h¡, naÝVw ñd`§ Omo kmZ Ho$ Cnm`^yV gmYZMVwîQ>` Ho$
gånmXZ Am¡a _ZZ Am{X _| à`ËZ Zht H$aVm dh nwéf kmZ~ÝYw H$hm OmVm h¡ &&3&& {OgH$m
emómä`mgO{ZV em[ãXH$ ~moY ^moJ-ì`dhmam| _| d¡am½`mona_ Am{X \$bm| go \${bV Zht XrIVm
dh VÎdH$WmAm| Ûmam Xygam| H$mo R>JZo Ho$ {bE MmVw`©nyU© ~moYê$nr {eënH$mar go AnZm OrdZ-
{Zdm©h H$aZodmbm hmoZo go kmZ~ÝYw H$hm J`m h¡ &&4&& EH$_mÌ ^moOZ, dó Am{X go gÝVwîQ>
hmoH$a ^moOZ Am{X H$s àm{ßV H$mo hr Omo emómÜ``Z H$m \$b _mZVo h¢, Cg emómW© H$Wm H$m
A{^Z` H$aZodmbm| H$mo ZQ>m{X {e[ën`m| Ho$ g_mZ hr g_PZm Mm{hE &&5&&
ew^mZm_H$ Xygar kmZ~ÝYwVm H$mo bjU ~VbmH$a {XIbmVo h¢ &
Omo emñÌmW©kmZ Ho$ C{MV, {H$ò OmZodmbo doXmÝVldU _| {MÎmew{Õ Ûmam AZwHy$b {ZîH$m_
A{¾hmoÌ Am{X Y_m] _| AWdm lw{V~mo{YV AnZo A{YH$ma Am¡a Hw$bmMma Am{X Ho$ C{MV () gËH$_m]
Ho$ AZwîR>mZ _| àd¥Îm hmoVm h¡ dh VÎdkmZ H$m {ZH$Q>dVu hmoZo Ho$ H$maU kmZ~ÝYw H$hm OmVm h¡ &&6&&
AZmË_emóm| Ho$ Aä`mg _| VËna hþE ^r nwéf VV²-VV² AW©kmZm| go gå~Õ hmoVo {XImB©
XoVo h¢, CZHo$ Vwë` ò lram_MÝÐOr Z hm|, Bg{bE AmË_kmZ _| {deofVm Xem©Vo h¢ &
AmË_kmZ H$mo hr kmZ H$hVo h¢, AmË_kmZ go {^ÝZ Omo AÝ` kmZ h¢ do g~ OJV² Am¡a Ord
Ho$ A{YîR>mZ^yV ~«÷ Ho$ ~moYê$n Z hmoZo go kmZmd^mg hr h¢ &&7&&
AVEd Cg Vah Ho$ kmZmd^mg H$s àm{ßV go gÝVwîQ> ahZodmbm| _| Aew^ kmZ~ÝYwVm hr h¡,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
XwîQ> A{^_mZ Am{X Xmof VWm nmabm¡{H$H$ AZW©ê$n \$b Ho$ {bE H$îQ> MoîQ>mnyd©H$ H$_© H$aVo
hþE Omo AmË_kmZ H$mo Z àmßV H$a AÝ` kmZboe H$s àm{ßV go gÝVwîQ> ahVo h¢ do Aew^kmZ~ÝYw
H$ho Jò h¢ &&8&&
Bg{bE O~ VH$ gßV_^y{_H$m H$s [ñWaVm Zht hmo OmVr V~ VH$ _w_wjw H$mo gÝVwîQ> hmoH$a
Zht ~¡R>o ahZm Mm{hE, `h H$hVo h¢ &
() Bg_| "{d{d{Xf[ÝV `koZ XmZoZ Vngm' BË`m{X lw{V à_mU h¡ &
ŸyÕ - 22] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1793
~mø Am¡a Amä`ÝVa {df`m| H$s AZoH$ d¥{Îmê$n AkmZ, BZ d¥{Îm`m| Ho$ H$maU Ed§ Aml`
à_mVm VWm BZHo$ eãXm{X {df` Am¡a BZ {df`m| Ho$ àH$me-BZ g~H$r AmË`[ÝVH$ em[ÝV
go hmoZodmbr nyUm©ZÝX¡H$ag, ñdàH$me, ~«÷mË_¡Š` H$s à{VîR>m Ho$ {~Zm {g\©$ AdmÝVa
^y{_H$mAm| Ho$ bm^ go "'A~ _¢ H¥$VmW© hmo J`m hÿ±' Bg Vah gÝVwîQ>~w{Õ hmoH$a CÎmamoÎma
^y{_H$mAm| _| nhþ±MmZodmbo à`ËZm| go _w_wjw nwéf H$mo `hm± {e{Wb Zht hmo OmZm Mm{hE & ho
lram_MÝÐOr, Amn gånyU© {dÚmAm| _| Hw$eb hmoVo hþE ^r AÜ`mË_emñÌ H$mo N>mo‹S> H$aHo$ AÝ`
emóm| _| MmVw`©nyU© Amg{ŠV go kmZ H$s Cnoojm Ûmam `m AZ{YH$mar nwéfm| _| kmZmonXoe
XoZo Ho$ H$m¡eb Ho$ àXe©Z Ho$ Ûmam kmZ~ÝYwVm H$mo àmßVH$a Cg »`m{Vbm^ Am{X Ho$ Ûmam
^moJê$nr gm§gm[aH$ amoJm| _| a_U Z H$s{Oò &&9&&
V~ _w_wjw H$mo {H$g Vah ahZm Mm{hE, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
Bg g§gma _| _w_wjw nwéf H$mo AnZo Amhma H$s ({hV, {_V Am¡a _oÜ` ^moOZ H$s) àm{ßV
Ho$ {bE lw{V-ñ_¥{V VWm {eîQ> nwéfm| Ûmam AZw_mo{XV A{ZÝÚ H$_© H$aZm Mm{hE VWm dh
Amhma ^r AnZo àmUmo§ Ho$ YmaU Ho$ {bE hr H$aZm Mm{hE Ed§§ àmUm| H$m YmaU VÎd{Okmgm
Ho$ {bE H$aZm Mm{hE Am¡a Eogo VÎd H$s {Okmgm H$aZr Mm{hE, {Oggo {H$ {\$a OÝ_, _aU
Am{X Xw…I H$s àm{ßV Z hmo &&10&&
BŠH$sgdm± gJ© g_mßV
~mB©gdm± gJ©
g~go nhbo AZoH$ `w{ŠV-à`w{ŠV`m| go km{Z`m| Ho$ bjUm| H$m dU©Z VWm
àg§J go Ord, OJV² Am¡a ~«÷ Ho$ ñdê$n H$m dU©Z &
{Z{îH«$`> kmZ Am¡a CgH$m \$b nhbo ~Vbm`m J`m h¡, A~ "kmZr M¡d {H$_wÀ`Vo', "km{ZËdo@{n
M qH$ \$b_²' (kmZr {H$go H$hVo h¢ Am¡a kmZr ~Z OmZo na Š`m \$b hmoVm h¡) BZ àíZm| H$m CÎma
H$hZo Ho$ {bE g~go àW_ kmZr Ho$ bjU H$hVo h¡§ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, H«$_e… EH$-EH$ Ho$ nrN>o Xygar-Vrgar ^y{_H$mAm| Ho$
D$na M‹T>Zo go n[anŠd hþE VÎdkmZ go kmVì` ~«÷_mÌ _| Ñ‹T> {ZîR>m hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU Omo nwéf
àmaãY \$b H$mo ^moJ H$aVo hþE ^r eãX Am{X {df`m| H$mo Am¡a eãXm{X {df`mH$mam| _o Ed§ H$m_-
g§H$ënm{X d¥{Îm`m| _| n[aUV AÝV…H$aU H$mo dñVwgV² Zht g_PVm, (Š`m|{H$ VÎdkmZ go ~m{YV
hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU CZH$s Ho$db AZwd¥{Îm_mÌ hr ahVr h¡) dh kmZr H$hbmVm h¡ &&1&& Omo kmZr
nwéf AÝV…H$aU Ho$ ^mo½` {df`m| _| VWm CgH$s Mjw Am{X Ûmam {ZJ©V kmZmË_H$ d¥{Îm`m| _|
gmjrê$n go [ñWV M¡VÝ`_mÌ H$mo `WmW©ê$n OmZH$a ~m{YV Ñí` H$mo dmgZmË_Zm ^r Zht
XoIVm dh kmZr h¡ AWdm {Og VÎd Ho$ kmV hmoZo go {MÎm H$s g_ñV dmgZmE± {ZH$b OmVr h¢,
Cg VÎd H$mo ^br^m±{V OmZH$a [ñWV hþE {OgH$s g~ àm{U`m| Ho$ `WoîQ> ì`dhmam| _| ^r AZwkm
(gå_{V) hr XoIr OmVr hmo AWm©V² AnZm YZ Am{XH$m AnhaU H$aZodmbo Mmoam| H$s àd¥{Îm H$m
^r Omo AZw_moXZ H$aVm hmo, dh kmZr h¡ &&2&& ñdm^m{dH$ EH$_mÌ ñdmË_bm^ go `wŠV {Og nwéf
H$s ì`dhmam| _| ^rVa go erVbVm ~w{Õ_mZm| Ûmam AZw^yV hmoVr h¡ dh kmZr H$hm OmVm h¡ &&3&&
nwZO©Ý_ H$m H$maU Omo AZm{X AkmZ h¡ CgH$m {ZdV©H$ VÎdkmZ h¡, Xygam Zht, `h
H$hVo h¢ &
Omo ~moY nwZO©Ý_ H$m hoVw Zht h¡ dhr kmZeãX Ho$ {bE `mo½` h¡, BgH$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Xygam
Omo eãXkmZ H$m MmVw`© h¡ dh Ho$db AÝZ-dó àXmZ H$aZodmbm h¡, Bg{bE Bg Vah H$m
kmZ {eënkmZ Ho$ gÑe "Or{dH$m' eãX Ho$ {bE `mo½` h¡, Z {H$ kmZ eãX Ho$ {bE &&4&&
àmaãY Ho$ àdmh _| Omo ^r H$m`© Am Om`, CgHo$ {bE Omo _Zwî` H$m_ Am¡a g§H$ën H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a
VËna ahVm h¡ Am¡a eaËH$mb Ho$ AmH$me Ho$ gÑe {OgH$m öX` AmdaUeyÝ` àH$me_mZ
ahVm h¡ dhr kmZr H$hm OmVm h¡ &&5&&
ò Omo kmZr Ho$ bjU ~Vbmò Jò h¢ CZH$s `w{ŠVnyU©Vm ~VbmZo Ho$ {bE VÎdkmZ gånyU©
Û¡VdmgZmAm| H$s {Zd¥{Îm H$a XoVm h¡, BgH$m g_W©Z H$aVo h¢ Am¡a Bgr g_W©Z Ho$ {bE AgË`
A[dÚmê$nVm hr Am{Ia _| ~M OmZo Ho$ H$maU OJV² _| Z Vmo {H$gr Vah H$s hoVwVm h¡ Am¡a Z
gÎmm hr h¡, `h ~VbmVo h¢ &
ò Omo OJV² Ho$ ZmZm{dY nXmW© h¢ do {H$gr Vah Ho$ H$maU Ho$ {~Zm hr CËnÝZ hmoVo h¢ Am¡a
My±{H$ H$maU Ho$ A^md ahVo ^r CËnÝZ h¢, Bg{bE CZH$m A[ñVËd h¡ hr Zht & ò g~ A{dÚ_mZ
hr {dÚ_mZ H$s ZmBª [ñWV h¢ &&6&&
AmJo Ho$ d¥{Õ Am{X ^md{dH$mam| _| ^r H$maU Ho$ Z ahZo go hr AgÎd g_PZm Mm{hE, Bg
Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
H$maU Ho$ Z ahZo go A{dÚ_mZ ^r do Am{d^m©d, {Vamo^md, gÎmm, AgÎmm, CËn{Îm, Zme
Am{X {dH$mam| go `wŠV hmoH$a {dÚ_mZ-go hþE [ñWV h¢, nrN>o g¥{îQ>H$mb _| H$maU Ho$ ì`mnmam| go
do nañna H$maUVm H$mo àmßV hmoVo h¢ & `h ~mV g¥{îQ> Ho$ àmaå^ _| Zht hmo gH$Vr, Š`m|{H$ àb`
_| ~rO Am¡a A§Hw$a XmoZm| H$m ^r A^md h¡ &&7&&
Bg g_` {XImB© Xo ahm ^r ~rO gÐÿn A§Hw$a H$m H$maU h¡ `m AgÐÿn A§Hw$a H$m H$maU h¡ ?
gÐÿn A§Hw$a H$m H$maU Vmo dh hmo Zht§ gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ gV² H$mo H$maU H$s Anojm hr Zht ahVr,
AgÐÿn H$m ^r H$maU Zhr§§ hmo gH$Vm, `h H$hVo h¢ &
IaJmoe Ho$ gtJ Am{X VWm _¥JV¥îUm Ob Ho$ g_mZ {dMma go Abä` Bg OJV² H$m H$maU
ŸyÕ - 22] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1795
H¡$gm hmoJm ? Omo nwéf AgV² IaJmoe Ho$ gtJ Am{X H$o H$maU H$s ImoO H$aVo h¢, do dÝÜ`mnwÌ Ho$
`m CgHo$ nm¡Ì Ho$ H$ÝYo Ho$ D$na _mZm| AmamohU H$aVo h¢ &&8,9&&
Û¡V H$m {ZîH$maU A[ñVËd _mZZo na A{Z_m}j-àg{ŠV Ed§ _mojemó _| Aà_mÊ` Am
OmòJm, Bg{bE BZ XmoZmo§ Xmofm| H$s {Zd¥{Îm H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$gr H$maU H$r Adí` H$ënZm H$aZr
Mm{hE, `{X `h H${hE, Vmo Bg na `hr g_mYmZ hmo gH$Vm h¡ {H$ EH$_mÌ kmZ go {Zd¥Îm
hmoZodmbm {_Ï`m^yV AkmZ hr H$maU h¡, `hr H$ënZm H$aZm Mm{hE, Xygao {H$gr gÐÿn H$s Zht,
Š`m|{H$ gÐÿn dñVw H$s kmZ go {Zd¥{Îm Z hmo gH$Zo Ho$ H$maU AmnH$m A{Z_m}j-àg§J Á`m|-H$m-
Ë`m| ~Zm ahoJm, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
^X«, {_Ï`m^yV Omo nXmW© h¢ CZH$m `hr EH$_mÌ H$maU h¡, {OgH$m {H$ Zm_ AZmdbmoH$Z
`mZr AkmZ h¡ Am¡a Bg AkmZ H$m kmZ-jU _| VËH$mb hr {dZme hmo OmVm h¡ &&10&&
g§gma AkmZ H$m H$m`© h¡ Am¡a VÎdgmjmËH$ma jU _| hr dh {dZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡, BZ XmoZmo
~mVm| H$m AZw^d H$amVo h¢ &
ho lram_Or, `h Ord-O‹S> Ah§H$ma, Xoh Am{X H$mo ñd{^ÝZ OmZH$a VËH$mb hr VÐÿnËd Ho$
AÜ`mg-g§ñH$mam| Ho$ CX²~moY go CZH$mo AmË_m g_P ~¡R>Vm h¡, dh `hr BgH$m g§gma h¡ Am¡a O~
AnZo H$mo g^r Cnm{Y`m| go {d{Z_w©ŠV M¡VÝ`-ñdê$n g_PVm h¡ V~ `hr Ord gånyU© OJV² Ho$
gma^yV {Za{Ve` AmZÝXê$n hmoH$a ~¡R> OmVm h¡, `hr BgH$m _moj h¡ ()>> Ÿ&&11&&
Cn`w©ŠV íbmoH$ Ho$ nydm©Y© H$m {ddaU H$aVo h¢ &
nydmo©ŠV ar{V go AMoVZ H$mo `mZr Ah§H$mam{X eyÝ`ê$nVm H$mo hr AnZr AmË_m _| OmZ ahm
`h Ord OmJéH$ hmoH$a na_mË_ag Ho$ Amdoe go na_mË_ê$nVm H$mo Eogo àmßV hmo OmVm h¡, O¡go
{H$ ho_ÝV F$Vw _| EH$ Vah go gmo`m hþAm Am_ dgÝV F$Vw _| agmdoe Ho$ H$maU nëb[dV Ed§§
nw[înV hmoZo Ho$ ~mX à~wÕ-gm hmoH$a ghH$maeãXdmÀ`Vm H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡ &&12&&
CÎmamY© H$m ^r {ddaU H$aVo h¢ &
() AWdm AMoVZ `mZr ~w{Õ, ñWyb Xoh Am¡a {MXm^mg BZ VrZm| go a{hV Hy$Q>ñW
A{ÛVr` M¡VÝ_mÌñdê$n AnZo H$mo g_PH$a Ord ~«÷ñdê$n ~ZH$a [ñWV ahVm h¡ Am¡a AnZo
H$mo MoVZê$n `mZr ~w{Õ, ñWyb Xoh Ed§ {MXm^mgê$n g_PH$a Vmo Ord hr ~ZH$a ~¡R>Vm h¡ `mZr
nyU©^md H$mo àmßV Zht H$aVm & MoVZ eãX Ho$ Omo VrZ AW© (~w{Õ, ñWyb Xoh Am¡a {MXm^mg
h¢, do ì`wËn{ÎmôX go {H$ò Jò h¢ - (1) Ord… MoË`Vo AZoZ, (2) Ord… MoË`Vo A[ñ_Z² Am¡a
(3) MoË`Vo B{V MoVZ_² & AWdm `h Ord AMoVZê$n KQ>m{X {df`m| _| Mjw Am{X H$s d¥{Îm`m|
go O{ZV \$bgå~ÝY go eyÝ` hmoH$a AnZo H$mo ñdn«H$meM¡VÝ`ê$n g_PVm hþAm na_mË_m ~Z
OmVm h¡ Am¡a Cggo eyÝ` Z hþAm Ord ~«÷^mdmnÝZ Zht hmoVm &)
naÝVw MoVZ H$mo AnZr AmË_m _| OmZVm hþAm `h Ord Vmo Ord hr ~ZH$a OrdZm| go OrU©
~Z OmZodmbo ZmZm{dY `mo{Z`m| Ho$ OÝ_m| _| OO©a hmoH$a Ad[ñWV ahVm h¡ &&13&&
`hr H$maU h¡ {H$ VÎddoÎmmAm| H$s MoîQ>mE± A{^_mZa{hV hmoZo go AñnÝXê$n hr hþAm H$aVr
h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_Or, `h Amn OmZ br[Oò {H$ Omo namÐ{îQ> H$mo àmßV hmo MwHo$ h¢ CZH$s Ñí`-
Xe©Zm{^_mZeyÝ` MoîQ>mE±, Ob Ho$ ZrMo H$s Amoa ~hZo H$s ZmBª àmaãY H$_© H$m EH$_mÌ AZwgaU
H$aZodmbr, AV… do gXm AñnÝXê$n hr ahVr h¢ &&14&&
O¡go X½Y nQ> H$m Xe©Z nQ>Xe©Zê$n H$^r Zht hmoVm {H$ÝVw ^ñ_Xe©Zê$n hr hmoVm h¡, d¡go hr
~m{YV Ñí` lr H$m Xe©Z Ñí`mVrV ~«÷Xe©Zê$n hr hmoVm h¡, AV… CZH$mo Û¡VdoXZ Zht hmoVm,
Ñí`-gm¢X`© Ho$ nmaXeu Omo namÑ{îQ> H$mo àmßV hmo MwHo$ h¢ CÝh| {dÚ_mZ ^r {dñV¥V Ñí`
àn§M H$m kmZ Zht hmoVm &&15&&
Ñí`Xe©Z Ho$ A^md _| ^r Ob ÑîQ>mÝV {Xò Jò h¢, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_Or, Omo `hm± ~«÷ê$nr gdm}ËH¥$îQ> Ñ{îQ> H$mo àmßV hmo MwHo$ h¢, CZH$m ñnÝXZ ^r,
ObH$s ZmBª, Ñí`àn§M H$m kmZ hmoZo go ñnÝXZeyÝ` hr ahVm h¡ &&16&&
Bgr{bE CÝh| H$_©~ÝYZ Ho$ gå~ÝY H$m A^md ahVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
My±{H$ Ñí`Xe©Z Ho$ A[^_mZ go do{îQ>V do Zht hmoVo, Bgr{bE _wŠV~ÝYZ d¥f^ Ho$ g_mZ do
gm§gm[aH$ H$_©~ÝYZ Ho$ gå~ÝY go eyÝ` ahVo h¢ & VÎdkmZr nwéf àmaãYmZwgma àmßV H$_m] _|
Eogr MoîQ>m {H$`m H$aVo h¢, O¡go d¥jm| Ho$ nÎmm| _| ndZ &&17&&
nmabm¡{H$H$ H$_m] H$s Anojm Vmo CZgo ~hþV Xya hr ahVr h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
Omo Bg g§gma Ho$ nmaXeu _hmZw^md gdm}ËH¥$îQ> ~«÷Ñ{îQ> H$mo àmßV hmo MwHo$ h¢, do H$_m] H$s
Cg Vah àe§gm Zht {H$`m H$aVo, {Og Vah J§JmOr Ho$ VQ> na {Zdmg H$aZodmbm Hy$n H$s n«e§gm
Zht H$aVm &&18&&
Ak nwéfm| Ho$ {bE Vmo EH$_mÌ H$_© hr eaU h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho {Zînmn lram_Or, Omo _yI© gm§gm[aH$ {df`dmgZmAm| _| ~±Yo hþE ahVo h¢, do lw{V Ed§ ñ_¥{V
go à{Vnm{XV C{MV H$_© H$s àe§gm {H$`m H$aVo h¢ VWm VÎdkmZ Ho$ A^md go Cgr H$_© Ho$ Ûmam
\$b H$m ^moJ nmVo h¢ &&19&&
Š`m CZHo$ {bE EH$_mÌ H$_© hr eaU h¡, Bg Ame§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
Akm{Z`m| H$s B[ÝÐ`m± AY…nVZ (c) Ho$ hoVw^yV AWm] Ho$ D$na Bg àH$ma {JaVr h¢, {Og
(c) VmËn`© `h {H$ gËH$_© H$m Adbå~Z Z ahZo go Akm{Z`m| H$m B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ Ûmam
ŸyÕ - 22] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1797
àH$ma ZrMo {Jao hþE _m§g Ho$ D$na JrY {JaVm h¡ & Bg{bE ho lram_Or, {dÛmZ² H$mo Mm{hE
{H$ dh AnZr CZ g^r B[ÝÐ`m| H$m _Z go {ZJ«h H$aHo$ AmË_kmZ Ho$ g_mnZ _| bJ Om`
Am¡a Cgr_| gXm VËna hmo Ad[ñWV aho &&20&&
Obo hþE VWm Z Obo hþE nQ> _| Ad`dgmå` H$s ZmBª ~m{YVA~m{YV OJV² Ho$ Ad`dgmå`
H$m ^mZ Akm{Z`m| H$s Vah `Ú{n VÎdkm{Z`m| H$mo ^r hmoVm aho, VWm{n VÎdkm{Z`m| Ho$ {bE Vmo
dh EH$_mÌ ~«÷ê$n hr h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go H$Q>H$, Ho$`wa Am{X aMZm{deofê$n AWm] go {^ÝZ gwdU© Zht ahVm, d¡go hr g¥{îQ>ê$n
AW© go a{hV ~«÷ ^r Zht ahVm `m| kmZr-AkmZr H$mo _mZ-gmå` h¡ & {H$ÝVw VÎdkmZr H$mo g¥{îQ>
Am{X eãXmW© go a{hV EH$_mÌ {edê$n hr dh ^m{gV hmoVm h¡ &&21&&
g¥{îQ>eãXmW© go a{hV hmoZo _| àb` ÑîQ>mÝV h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{Og Vah H$ën Ho$ AÝV _| EH$_mÌ A§YH$ma Ho$ ahVo ~«÷KZ _| {Z{d©^mJ Am¡a {Zam^mg hr
g¥{îQ> ahVr h¡ Cgr Vah VÎdkm{Z`m| H$mo AgÐÿn ^r `h OJV² gÐÿn ~«÷ hr ^mgVm h¡ &&22&&
àb` _| ñnÝXZ H$s gÎmm Zht h¡, `m| Agå^mdZm H$aZodmbo Ho$ à{V ÑîQ>mÝV H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go AmH$me _| BYa-CYa Mb aho _oKm| Ho$ CXa _| CXa Ho$ Ad`dm| H$s A{d^mJ go CZH$s
AñnÝX_`r VWm {XemAm| Ho$ {d^mJ go ñnÝX_`r-ñdmZw^d M¡VÝ`ê$n hr gÎmm, {déÕ Y_m] H$m
EH$ H$mb _| gå^d hmoZo Ho$ H$maU, _mZr OmVr h¡ d¡go hr àb`H$mb _| ^r ^yVm| H$s B©ída H$s
ñnÝX_`r gÎmm h¡, `h gå^mdZm H$aZm Mm{hE &&23&&
dhm± na {MXm^mg H$m ñnÝXZ h¡, Bg_| ^r ÑîQ>mÝV H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go Vmbm~ Am{X Ho$ ^rVa [ñWV Vab Ob VWm CgHo$ A§em| H$m ñnÝXZ Û¡VmÛ¡V_` h¡,
Š`m|{H$ VabVm Ho$ H$maU ôX Am¡a AôX H$m {Zd©MZ H$aZm AË`ÝV H${R>Z h¡, d¡go hr ~«÷ _|
VV²-VV² Ordê$n Am^mg ^r ~«÷g§{dXmË_H$ hr h¡ &&24&&
{Zad`d ~«÷ _| Ad`d`wŠV OJV² Ho$ gØmd _| ^r ÑîQ>mÝV XoVo h¢ &
O¡go {Zad`d AmH$me _| {XemôXê$n AmH$me Ho$ Ad`dm| H$s A{^ÝZ g¥{îQ> ^mgVr h¡, d¡go
hr Ad`da{hV ~«÷ê$n AmË_m _| `h Û¡VmÛ¡V g¥{îQ> ^r A{^ÝZ ê$n go {dÚ_mZ h¡ &&25&&
Bgr ar{V go nydm}ŠV Ah§H$ma Am¡a OJV²-ò XmoZm| EH$-Xygao Ho$ AÝXa [ñWV h¢, `h g_P
boZm Mm{hE, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Bgr ar{V go OJV² Ho$ AÝVJ©V Ah§H$ma Am¡a Ah§H$ma Ho$ AÝVJ©V OJV² ò XmoZm| nañna EH$
Xygao _|, Ho$bo Ho$ nÎmm| Ho$ ñVa Ho$ g_mZ, do{îQ>V h¢ &&26&&
AY…nVZ hmo hr OmVm h¡ & Xo{Iò lw{V Š`m H$hVr h¡ …
Hw$d©ÝZodoh H$_m©{U {OOr{dfoÀN>V§ g_m… & Ed§ Ëd{` ZmÝ`WoVmo@[ñV Z H$_© {bß`Vo Zao &&
Ah§H$mamË_H$ Ord AnZo ^rVa [ñWV OJV² H$mo ~mha XoIVm h¡, Bg_| ^r ÑîQ>mÝV XoVo h¢ &
O¡go {h_mb` nd©V AnZo {N>Ðm| go {ZH$bo hþE Ob H$mo ~mha _mZgamoda Am{X ê$n _| [ñWV
XoIVm h¡ d¡go hr `h Ord ^r AnZo AÝVJ©V OJV² H$mo B[ÝÐ`m| VWm _mZ{gH$ d¥{Îm`m| go ~mha
[ñWV-gm XoIVm h¡ &&27&& O¡go AmnmVV… ^«m{ÝV go gwdU©{nÊS> _| ^yV Am¡a ^mdr H$Q>H$, Ho$`ya
Am{X AmH$ma {XImB© n‹S>Vo h¢, {H$ÝVw gwdU©_mÌ Ñ{îQ> H$aZo na {XImB© Zht n‹S>Vo, d¡go hr `h
Ord {~Zm H$maU Ho$ `mZr EH$_mÌ ^«m[ÝV go AnZo H$mo OJÐÿn go XoIVm h¡ &&28&&
`hr H$maU h¡ {H$ OrdÝ_wŠV VÎdkm{Z`m| H$s OÝ_-_aUm{Xê$n gm§gm[aH$ [ñW{V`m± AÝ`
Ñ{îQ> go {dÚ_mZ ahVr hþB© ^r Zht hr ahVr h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Bg OJV² Ho$ nmamdmaXeu OrdÝ_wŠV _hmnwéf OrdZ YmaU H$aVo hþE ^r dñVwV… OrdZ
YmaU Zht H$aVo Ed§ _ao hþE Zht ahVo ^r do _ao hþE-O¡go VWm Cn[ñWV ahVo hþE ^r Zht-go
ahVo àVrV hmoVo h¢ &&29&& O¡go Ka Ho$ AÝXa [ñWV ^r nwéf Jmoembm Am{X _| AmgŠV{MÎm hmo
J¥h H$m`m] H$mo Zhr§ XoIVm, d¡go hr ~«÷ _| AmgŠV{MÎm VÎdkmZr nwéf Xoh`mÌm Ho$ {Zdm©h Ho$ {bE
H$_m] H$mo H$aVo hþE ^r CÝh| Zht XoIVm &&30&&
àmg§{JH$ ~mV| g_mßVH$a A~ àñVwV H$m AZwgÝYmZ H$a aho h¢ &
O¡go ~«÷mÊS> Ho$ hX` _| {damQ²>Ord MÝÐ_m [ñWV h¡, d¡go hr àËòH$ ì`{îQ>Xoh _| {h_H$U Ho$
gÑe dr`©ê$n Ord ñWyb _| ñWyb Ed§ bKw _| bKw ê$n go [ñWV h¡ &&31&&
Cg Ord Ho$ XohYmaU H$m àH$ma ~VbmVo h¢ &
{nVm Ho$ öX` _| dr`©ê$n go Ad[ñWV Ah§H$mamË_m Ord _mVm H$s {ÌH$moUmH$ma `mo{Z _|
{nVm Ho$ Ûmam {Z{fŠV hmoH$a {ÌH$moUmH$ma n[a[ÀN>ÝZ H$ënZm H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡ & VXZÝVa
Cg `mo{Z _| [ñWV aŠV go {_b H$aHo$ H$bb~wX²~wX² VWm {nÊS> Am{X AmH$ma-H«$_ go
Am{d^y©V hmo AgX«yn eara _| gX²AmH$ma "Ah_²' BË`mH$maH$ A{^_mZ H$mo MooVZ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
_mZZo bJ OmVm h¡ &&32&& Bg àH$ma {ÌH$moUmH$mamonb{jV _mVm Ho$ J^© _|, EH$_mÌ ewH«$ hr,
{Og_| gV² `mZr A[ñW, ñZm`w Am{X H${R>Zm§eê$n go [ñWV ahVm h¡ Eogo AnZo H$_moª Ûmam
{Z{_©V eara _| H$moemH$ma H¥${_ H$s ZmBª ~Õ hmoH$a "_¢ Ord hÿ±' BË`mH$maH$ A{^_mZ go
`wŠVJV Bg Vah Ad[ñWV ahVm h¡, {Og Vah \$ybm| _| gwJÝY &&33&&
Cg_| ^r, MÝÐH$bmAm| Ho$ MÝÐ{~å~ H$s ZmBª, öX` _| [ñWV dr`©H$Um| Ho$ ^rVa Ah§^md H$s
ñ\w${V©`m| H$s {deofê$n go ì`m{ßV hmoVr h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ Ûmam gmao eara _| gm_mÝ`V… Ah§^md H$m
{dñVma hmoVm h¡, `h g~ AnZo EH$_mÌ AZw^d go hr {gÕ h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
dr`© H$Umo§ Ho$ AÝXa [ñWV g§{dV² n¡a go boH$a _ñVH$ VH$ gmao eara _| Ah§^mdê$n go Bg
àH$ma ì`mßV hmo OmVr h¡, {Og àH$ma gmao ~«÷mÊS>_ÊS>n _| MÝÐ_m H$s {H$aU Ÿ&&34&&
ŸyÕ - 22] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1799
CgHo$ ~mø nXmWm] Ho$ AdbmoH$Z _| Ûma ~VbmVo h¢ Ÿ&
B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ {N>Ðê$nr nZmbo go ~mha {ZH$bm hþAm Am^mgg{hV AÝV…H$aUmË_H$ kmZê$nr
Ob VrZm| bmoH$m| _| [ñWV g{ÝZH¥$îQ> ~mø nXmWm] H$mo Eogo ì`mßV H$a boVm h¡ O¡go Yyy_« _oKê$n go
gmao AmH$me H$mo Ÿ&&35&&
g_ñV Xoh H$s Anojm dr`© _| BgH$m {deofm{^_mZ AZw^d{gÕ h¡, `h ~VbmVo h¢ Ÿ&
`Ú{n g_ñV eara _| ~mha Am¡a ^rVa gd©Ì dh kmZ ahVm h¡, VWm{n Bg dr`© _| BgH$mo
g~go A{YH$ Ah_{^_mZ ahVm h¡ Ÿ&&36&&
`hr H$maU h¡ {H$ hm{X©H$ g§H$ënnyd©H$ hr gånyU© ~mø nXmWm] Ho$ ì`dhma àd¥Îm hmoVo h¢
`h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Bgr hoVw go g§H$ënmË_H$ `h Ord öX` Ho$ AÝXa ahH$a {Og {H$gr dñVw H$m g§H$ën H$aVm
h¡, erK« Cgr ê$n go ~mha ñnîQ> àg¥V hmoZo bJ OmVm h¡ &&37&&&
Am¡a Bgr H$maU go Cg Ord H$m dh Ah§§^md {MÎm H$s ~«÷mH$ma [ñW{V Ho$ {~Zm hOmam| AÝ`
Cnm`m| go ^r em§V Zht hmoVm, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
`Wm[ñWV `mZr ñd^md{gÕ {MÎmd{O©V [ñWa ~«÷¡H$ag[ñW{Vê$nr kmZXem H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a
Am¡a {H$gr ^r Xygar [ñW{V go "Ah_²' BË`mH$maH$ ^«_ em§V Zht hmoVm Ÿ&&38&& Bg{bE ho
lram_MÝÐOr _ZZ, {Z{XÜ`mgZ Am{X Ho$ Ûmam {Za§Va qMVZ H$s Om ahr ^r AnZr ~«÷qMVm
Ah§^md H$s AmË`§{VH$ em§{V Ho$ {bE CÎmamoÎma ^y{_H$mAm| _| {Z{d©H$ën$ g_m{Y Ho$ n[anmH$
H«$_ go Ma_ ^y{_H$m VH$ AmH$me Ho$ g_mZ AmnH$mo ~Zm XoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& AV… BVZo go hr
g§VwîQ> hmoH$a Amn ~¡R> _V OmBò &&39&&
Vmo Š`m Amn O¡go _hmZw^mdm| H$mo ^r dh d¡gr hr gånmXZr` h¡, Bg na Zht `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
~«÷kmZr bmoJ Bg g§gma _| ~mø VWm _mZ{gH$ Ñí`-Xe©Z Ho$ A{^_mZ go ey$Ý` H$_}[ÝÐ`m|
Ho$ ì`mnmam| go a{hV Ed§ ^mì` Am¡a ^mdZ go d{O©V Eogo ì`dhma H$aVo h¡,§ O¡go H$mîR> Ho$
nwéf Ÿ&&40&& {OgHo$ A§Xa VwÀN> àn§M H$s ^mdZm Zht h¡, dh OrVo-Or AmH$me Ho$ g_mZ
{demb, l¥§Ibm Am{X Ho$ ~§YZ go {Z_w©ŠV hþE H$s ZmBª, ñnîQ> ê$n go _wŠV H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&&41&&
ewH«$m§e Ho$ gå~§Y Ho$ de go hr g_ñV eara _| Ah§^md H$m gå~§Y ^r ahVm h¡ `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
dr`©H$Um| Ho$ A§Xa [ñWV g§{dV² n¡a go boH$a _ñVH$ VH$ g_ñV eara _| Ah§^md ê$n go Bg
àH$ma ì`mßV hmo OmVr h¡, {Og àH$ma gmao ~«÷mÊS> _| gy`© H$s à^m Ÿ&&42&&
Mjw Am{X B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ ê$n go VV²-VV² ñWmZm| _| gå~§Y ^r ewH«$mË_^yV hr Ord H$m ahVm h¡,
`h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Mjw B[ÝÐ` Am¡a MjwJmobH$, ñdmXo[ÝÐ` Am¡a {OˆmñWmZ, ldUo[ÝX«` Am¡a ldUñWmZ-
BË`m{X g~ dr`© _| [ñWV dh g§{dV² hr hmoVr h¡, Bgr{bE ór Am{X H$m Xe©Z, ñne©Z, ldU
Am{X hmoZo na nhbo H$s ê$nm{X nm±M dmgZmE± ~m§Y H$a g_ñV B[ÝX«`m| Ho$ Ûmam OZ{ZH$ H$m_moÔrnZ
go CZ_| {Z_½Z hmo OmVr h¡ &&43&& AkmZmd¥V {M{V H$s {dnarV ^mdZm hr g~go nhbo _Z
~ZVr h¡, {\$a dr`© _| Ah§^mdê$n EH$ Xoe Ho$ Ûmam gmao eara _| ì`mßV hmoH$a VV²-VV² B[ÝÐ`^md
go Bg Vah C{XV hmoVr h¡, {Og Vah n¥{Wdr _o§ gd©Jm_r ^r ag A§Hw$a Ho$ ê$n go dgÝV F$Vw _|
C{XV hmoVm h¡ &&44&&
Bgr{bE CgHo$ à{VHy$b `WmW© ^mdZm Ho$ {~Zm Cg Ord Ho$ Xw…Im| H$m Cna_ Zht hmoVm, `h
H$hVo h¢ &
Omo nwéf Bg g§gma _| CËnÝZ _Z, Ah§H$ma, Xohm{X OJV²-nXmWm] _| "dmMmaåÛ§ {dH$mamo
Zm_Ko`_² Zoh ZmZm[ñV qH$MZ, AWmV AmXoemo Zo{V Zo{V' BË`m{X lw{V`m| Ûmam {XIbmB© JB©
A^mdê$n H$s ^mdZm Zht H$aVm, {\$a _moj Ho$ AZwHy$b `ËZ go a{hV Cg nwéfê$nr JXho Ho$
OÝ_m{X AZÝV Xw…Im| H$s em[ÝV H$^r Zht hmoVr &&45&&
gmao gm§gm[aH$ nXmWm] _| ~«÷ê$n H$s ^mdZm H$a aho nwéf H$mo Vmo ~mø gd©ñd H$m Ë`mJ hmoZo
na ^r àmaãY Ho$ H$maU AmH¥$îQ> hþE _Zwî`>m| Ho$ Ûmam ^moOZ, dó Am{X Ho$ {_b OmZo go VWm
AnZo ^rVa ñdmZÝXm_¥V-V¥{ßV ahZo go d¡amOnX VH$ gm_«mÁ` gwI h¡ hr, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{Og {H$grHo$ Ûmam dó Am{X go T>H$ {X`m J`m, {Og {H$gr Ho$ Ûmam {Ibm {X`m J`m VWm
Ohm± H$ht gmo OmZodmbm VÎdkmZr nwéf g_«mQ²> Ho$ g_mZ emo{^V hmoVm h¡ &&46&& g_J« ~«÷mH$ma
dmgZmAm| go AWdm Obo hþE dóm| Ho$ VÝVwAm| Ho$ AmH$ma Ho$ gÑe OmJ{VH$ g_ñV dmgZmAm§o go
`wŠV hþAm ^r VÎdkmZr nwéf dmgZma{hV hr ahVm h¡ VWm AÝV…eyÝ` hmoVm hþAm ^r n[anyUm©Ë_m
dh AmH$me Ho$ gÑe àmUdm`w go g_[ÝdV ahVm h¡ &&47&& fîR> Am{X ^y{_H$mAm| _| à{dîQ> hmoZo
Ho$ H$maU AmgZ, e`Z `m `mZ _| [ñWV, {Zdm©UXem H$mo àmßV AVEd _mZ{gH$ {MÝVmAm| go
gd©Wm AbJ hþAm VÎdkmZr nwéf {ZÐmbw H$s ZmBª, AZoH$ Vah Ho$ `ËZm| go OJmZo na ^r Zht
OmJVm &&48&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, gd©Ì ì`mßV ^r g§{dÝ_mÌ dh nwéf eara Ho$ ñ\w$Q>gma _| (dr`©
_|) Bg Vah Ad[ñWV ahVm h¡, {Og Vah nÙH$moe _| JÝY &&49&&
Bg Vah ì`{îQ> Am¡a g_{îQ> Ord-^mdm{X Ho$ dU©Z H$mo na_ àñVwV {df` _| g§`mo{OV
H$aHo$ AnZo CnXoeê$n gd©ñd H$mo g§{jßV H$aVo hþE _hmamO d{gîR>Or H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, g§[dX²_mÌ hr Ord H$hm J`m h¡ Am¡a Cgr Ho$ {dñVma H$mo VÎdkmZr bmoJ
"OJV²' g_PVo h¢ `mZr `h Omo OJV² h¡, dh EH$_mÌ g§{dÐÿn Ord H$m {dñVma hr h¡ & O~ `h
Ord AmË_{ZîR> hmo OmVm h¡ V~ AOJÐÿn AnZo na_ nX H$mo àmßV hmo OmVm h¡, ~g `hr
gdm}ËH¥$îQ> CnXoe[ñW{V h¡ &&50&&
ŸyÕ - 22] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1801
Ñ‹T> d¡am½` hmoZm hr gmYZ-ahñ` h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_Or, g_ñV gm§gm[aH$ {d^d Am{X ^md nXmWm] _| {daŠV hmo OmBò VWm nmfmU Ho$
g_mZ AnZo öX` H$mo ~Zm H$aHo$ Eoíd`©-àm{ßV Ho$ {bE Amn {Ogê$n go V¡`ma hmo aho h¢ d¡gm hr
gÝZÕ a{hò &&51&&
"nmfmU Ho$ g_mZ AnZo öX` H$mo ~Zm H$aHo$' `h Omo D$na H$hm h¡, Cgo Am¡a gm\$ê$n go
H$h aho h¢ &
ho gmYmo, amKd, O¡go A{MÎdeara nËWa Ho$ öX` H$m nmobmnZ A{MÐÿn hmoZo go hr {M{V Ho$
{Zdoe Ho$ {bE AdH$meA^mdê$n AnmobmnZ à{gÕ h¡ d¡go {MÝ_mÌeara AmnH$m XhamH$meê$n
öX` gm¡{f©` (öX` nmobmnZ) {MÐÿn hmoZo go hr A{M{V Ho$ {Zdoe Ho$ {bE AdH$meA^mdê$n
{M{V go {Z{~{‹S>V (gKZ) AnmobmnZ H$s ZmBª hmo Om` () &&52&&
`hr H$maU h¡ {H$ ñ\${Q>H$ nËWa _| à{V{~[å~V _Zwî`m| Ho$ ì`dhma H$_m] Ho$ gÑe kmZr Am¡a
AkmZr XmoZm| _| àVr{V gmå` ahZo na ^r gË`Ëd dmgZm^mdH¥$V {deof h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_Or, VÎdkmZr Am¡a AkmZr- XmoZmo§ Ho$ gånyU© ^md Am¡a A^md ê$n H$_m] _| EH$_mÌ
dmgZm^md Ho$ {gdm Am¡a H$moB© Xygam {deof Zht ahVm &&53&& Am¡a Bg Vah ñ\${Q>H$ nËWa _|
ÐîQ>mnwéf H$s Ñ{îQ> H$s ZmBª M¡VÝ` H$s Omo gÎmm h¡ dhr dmgZmAm| go Xr{nV hmoH$a OJÐÿn hmo
OmVr h¡ Am¡a dmgZmAm| Ho$ A^md go {Z{_{fV `mZr emÝV hmo H$aHo$ Vmo An[a[ÀN>ÝZ na_VÎd-
_mojê$n hmo OmVr h¡¡, {OgH$m Xygam H$moB© Zm_ hr Zht h¡ &&54&&
Bg{bE EH$_mÌ {M{V H$s gÎmm hr {ZË` h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
`h gmam Ñí` àn§M nhbo ZîQ> hmoVm h¡ Am¡a ZîQ> hmoH$a {\$a nwZ… CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
na§Vw ho lram_MÝÐOr, Omo Z Vmo H$^r ZîQ> hþAm, Z CËnÝZ hr hþAm Am¡a gÐÿn h¡ dhr Amn
h¢ &&55&& ho lram_Or, Bg Vah Ho$ ~moY go _ybAkmZ H$m Zme hmoZo na AÝdofU H$aZo na
^r H$ht OJV²^«m{ÝV A[ñVËd Zht aIVr, Am¡a _¥JV¥îUm O¡go Ob àXmZ Zht H$aVr, d¡go
hr `h g§gma _| A§Hw$a Zht àXmZ H$aVr &&56&& AmË_nXmW© Ho$ gmjmËH$ma go H$mQ>r JB©
Ah§^mdZm {XImB© XoZo na ^r ^rVa _| g§gma H$mo Bg Vah CËnÝZ Zht H$a nmVr, {Og Vah
X½Y H$a {X`m J`m ~rO A§Hw$a CËnÝZ Zht H$a nmVm &&57&&
() AWdm ho gmYmo lram_MÝÐOr, AmO VH$ {MXmË_m Ho$ A{^_mZ go eyÝ` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
A{MÎd eara hþE AmnH$m-A{MÐÿn AkmZ go ñ\${Q>H$ nËWa Ho$ AÝXa H$[ënV AmH$me H$s ZmBª-
H$amo‹S>m| KZm{Xê$n ^moJ gm_{J«`m| Ho$ bm^ go ^r n[anyU© Zht hmo ahm H$m_ê$nr _Z-{N>Ð A~
{ZË`[Za{Ve`mZÝX nyUm©Ë_m Ho$ bm^ go nyU© H$m_ hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU, ~m{YV hþE dmñV{dH$
ñ\${Q>H${N>Ð H$s ZmBª, EH$_mÌ AmZÝXKZ hmo Om`, `h Ame` h¡ &
Bgr{bE {d{hV H$_m] H$m AZwîR>mZ H$aZo `m Z H$aZo na VÎdkm{Z`m| Ho$ {bE H$moB© {deof ~mV
Zht {ZH$bVr, `h H$hVo h¢ &
drVamJ, _mZ{gH$ {dH$mam| go a{hV VÎdkmZr nwéf Mmho H$_© H$ao `m Z H$ao, Bggo Cg_|
H$moB© Z`r ~mV Zht AmVr, dh Vmo gd©Xm hr g§H$ëneyÝ` Ed§ {ZË`_wŠV hmoH$a AnZr AmË_m _| hr
[ñWV ahVm h¡ &&58&&
_Z`wŠV hR>`moJr bmoJ em[ÝV Am{X JwUm| Ho$ H$maU AnZr AmË_m _| Š`m| Zht [ñWV ahVo ?
Bg Ame§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
Omo hR>`moJ go emÝV ~Zo `moJr bmoJ ahVo h¢ do ^r {MÎm H$s Cnem[ÝV hmo OmZo na hr
^br^m±{V emÝV hmo nmVo h¢, AÝ`Wm Zht Š`m|{H$ CZH$s ^moJdmgZmE± {~bHw$b _yb go {N>ÝZ hþB©
Zht ahVt, Bg_| H$maU `h n‹S> OmVm h¡ {H$ gånyU© dmgZmAm| H$m AmYma^yV CZH$m {MÎm Vmo ~Zm
hr ahVm h¡ &&59&&
{MÎm, Xoh Am{Xê$n go Ord H$s Omo EH$ê$nVm h¡, dhr ~«÷ go Ord H$mo {^ÝZ ~ZmZodmbr
Am¡a CgH$mo g§Vmn XoZodmbr h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ A^md _| Vmo `h Ord ~«÷ go A{^ÝZ Ed§
g§VmneyÝ` hr ~Zm ahVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Ord kmZr (emo{YV Ëd§nXmW©), _y{V©eyÝ`, ({MÎm, Xoh Am{X ñdê$n Z hþAm) Ed§ ewÕ
M¡VÝ`àH$meê$n ~ZH$a hr na_mË_m Ho$ gmW EH$Vm àmßV H$aZo Ho$ {bE `mo½` hmo OmVm h¡ & dhr
Ord AÝ` hmoVm hþAm ^r Cg na_mË_m go Eogo AZÝ` h¡, O¡go _Ü`m•H$mb _| gy`© H$m àH$me gy`©
go AZÝ` h¡ &&60&&
AmË_m Ho$ Cgr _y{V©eyÝ` Ho$db {MXmbmoH$ñdê$n H$m AZw^d H$amVo h¢ &
nwéf Ho$ eara go ~hþV Xyar na [ñWV gy`©, MÝÐ Am{X _ÊS>>bVH$ Mjw Am{X Ho$ Ûmam Jò hþE
{MÎm H$s Omo d¥{Îm h¡, CgH$m _Ü` _| {dÀN>oX Z ahZo Ho$ H$maU Xoh go boH$a gy`m©{X_ÊS>b n`©ÝV
A{d[ÀN>ÝZê$n go Anamoj {M{V Cg_| A{^ì`ŠV h¡ hr & `h d¥{Îm XohàXoe VWm MÝÐàXoe _|
`Ú{n {df`g{hV h¡, VWm{n _Ü`^mJ _| CgH$m {Z{d©f`H$ Omo ê$n à{gÕ h¡ Cgr ê$n H$mo
na_mË_m H$m nyU© ê$n g_PZm Mm{hE () &&61&&
{Z{d©f`H$ {M{V H$m hr `h OJV² EH$ _m{`H$ M_ËH$ma h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Agr_ Am¡a AZ{^ì`ŠV gwÝXa {MXmH$meê$n H$nya Omo AnZo ^rVa ñd`§ M_ËH$ma H$aVm
h¡, Cgr H$mo dh OJÐÿn go OmZVm h¡ &&62&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bg Vah go `h g§gma VÎdkmZr
nwéf H$mo gm§gm[aH$ ^«_ Ho$ Xya hmo OmZo go àH$me_`, Cno{jV Xrn H$s ZmBª, {Zdm©U H$mo àmßV
Aj` (n[anyU©) ~«÷ê$n hr ^mgVm h¡ Am¡a AkmZr H$mo Vmo na_mW©V… AmH$me Ho$ CXa _| [ñWV
() Xo{Iò `h lw{V - "V{ÛîUmo… na_§ nX§ gXm ní`[ÝV gya`… & {Xdrd MjwamVV_²'Ÿ&
ŸyÕ - 23] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1803
^r `h g§gma gd©{Z`ÝVm na_oída H$s g_ñV {Z`ÝÌU ì`dñWmAm| go VWm ^moJàr{V`m| go
AZwJV hr ^mgVm h¡ & H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h {H$ `h OJV² {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ Ñ{îQ>ê$n hr h¡ &&63&&
~mB©gdm± gJ© g_mßV
VoB©gdm± gJ©
_é^y{_ Ho$ _hmdZ _| _hmamO d{gîR> Ho$ gmW _§{H$Zm_H$ ~«m÷U H$m g_mJ_ VWm
d¡am½` Am OmZo go VÎd{Okmgw hþE CgH$m CnXoe, `h dU©Z &
"Zragmo ^d ^mdofw gd}fw {d^dm{Xfw' Bggo Omo d¡am½` H$s Ñ‹T>Vm Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$Vm ~VbmB©
JB© h¡ CgH$mo Iy~ [ñWa H$aZo Ho$ {bE _§{H$ ~«m÷U H$m Cnm»`mZ Amaå^ H$aVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, ^br^m±{V Am±Im| Ho$ gm_Zo {XImB© Xo aho
Bg ñdm^m{dH$ AkmZm{Xê$n g§gma go VÎd~moY Ûmam {ZH$bH$a Amn _§{H$ Ho$ gÑe CÎm_
bjUm| go `wŠV Am¡a d¡am½` H$s dmgZm go g_ñV gm§gm[aH$ dmgZmAm| go {Z_w©ŠV hmoH$a
{Zdm©U nX H$mo àmßV hmo OmBò &&1&& ~hþV {XZ nhbo H$s ~mV h¡, àmMrZ H$mb _| EH$
CÎm_d«Vr _§{H$ Zm_H$ ~«m÷U hþE Wo, ho lram_MÝÐOr CÝhm|Zo _oao CnXoe XoZo na H¡$go {Zdm©U
nX H$s àm{ßV H$s, Cgo Amn gw{Zò &&2&& {H$gr g_` nhbo AmnHo$ {nVm_h AO Zo {H$gr
`km{X ê$n H$m`© go _wPo {Z_ÝÌU {X`m Wm, Bg{bE AmH$me_ÊS>b go Bg n¥{Wdr na _¢
Am`m &&3&& AmnHo$ {nVm_h H$s ZJar A`moÜ`m _| Am ahm _¢ n¥{Wdr na {dMaVo hþE _hmZ²
AmVnmo§ go `wŠV {H$gr EH$ ~‹S>o _hmO§Jb _| nhþ±M J`m &&4&&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, dh _hmO§Jb A{d[ÀN>ÝZê$n go Yy{b C‹S>Zo Ho$ H$maU Yyga hmo ahm Wm,
dhm± na VßV hþB© aoV Iy~ M_H$ ahr Wt, CgH$m Am¡a N>moa H$ht Zht {XImB© Xo ahm Wm VWm dh
H$ht-H$ht {ZH¥$îQ> J«m_m| go {M{•V Wm &&5&& Yy{b Am{X Ho$ C‹S>Zo go AjwãY hþE AmH$me,
P§PmdmV, Yyn, _¥JV¥îUm Ho$ Ob Am¡a VßV hþB© n¥{Wdr H$s em[ÝV go emo^m`_mZ, {dñV¥V, eyÝ`
VWm XwJ©_ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU OmZodmbm| Ho$ Ûmam {H$ò Jò _hmZ² à`ËZm| go `wŠV {Z_©b ~«÷ gÎmm H$s
ZmBª dh _hmO§Jb Wm &&6&& _moh n¡Xm H$aZodmbr _¥JV¥îUm-gr A{dÚm Ho$ gÑe, ^«_ Ho$ H$maU
O‹S>Vm H$mo àmßV, ~hþV Xya VH$ \¡$bm hþAm, àm{U`m| Ho$ g§Mma go eyÝ` VWm {X½^«_ê$nr Hw$ham go
dh ì`mßV Wm &&7&& Cg _hmO§Jb _| nhþ±MZo Ho$ ~mX Á`m| hr _¢ BYa-CYa {dhma H$aZo _| àd¥Îm
hmo ahm Wm, Ë`m| hr l_ Ho$ _mao EH$ n{WH$ H$mo Hw$N> H$hVo XoIm &&8&&
dh n{WH$ H$h ahm Wm … Ahmo, O¡go XwO©Z nmnr H$m g_mJ_ n[aVmn Ho$ {bE hr hmoVm h¡ d¡go
hr àMÊS> Vmn`wŠV `h gy`© ^r AË`ÝV IoX nhþ±MmZo Ho$ {bE hr C{XV hþAm h¡ &&9&& g^r A§J
EH$ Vah go JbVo Om aho h¢, Bg Vmn _| _mZm| A{½Z àXrßV hmo ahr h¡ VWm g§Hw${MV hmo aho
nëbdm|dmbr dZam{O`m± gÝVßV hmo ahr h¢ &&10&& Bg{bE N>moQ>o-go Bg AJbo Jm±d _| à{dîQ>
hmoH$a Hw$N> Xoa VH$ ahÿ± & `ht na OëXr WH$mdQ> {_Q>mH$a {\$a erK«Jm_r _¢ AnZm amñVm nH$‹S>
by±Jm &&11&& Eogm {dMmaH$a O~ dh AmJo [ñWV {H$amVm| Ho$ EH$ N>moQ>o-go Jm±d _| àdoe H$aZo H$s
BÀN>m H$a ahm Wm, V~ VH$ _¢Zo Cggo `h ~mV nyN> Xr () &&12&& ho AqH$MZ nwéfm| Ho$
g§Mma`mo½` _mJ© H$m n[akmZ Z aIZodmbo _é_mJ© Ho$, _hmO§Jb Ho$ n{WH$, ho ew^H¥$Vo _oao {_Ì,
(`hm± _oao Xe©Z go g^r Xw…Im| Ho$ _yb H$m j>` hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU) Vwåhmam ñdmJV hmo &&13&& ho
{ZåZ_mJ© Ho$ n{WH$ () nyd© Ho$ Jm±dm| _| AÝZ-nmZ-Aml` Am{X Ho$ bm^ Ûmam Hw$N> {dlm[ÝVgwI
nm OmZo na ^r A{V{W`m| H$m gËH$ma H$aZodmbo nwéfm| go eyÝ` Jm±d _| ahH$a Bg _Zwî`>Xohê$nr
Xoe _| AmJo MbH$a {MaH$mb VH$ {dlm{ÝV Zht àmßV H$a gH$moJo (c) &&14&& nm_aOZm| Ho$
{ZdmgñWmZ Jm±d _| () {dlm[ÝVgwI Zht {_bVm & ho lram_Or, `h {Z[íMV h¡ {H$ Z_H$ H$m
nmZr (N) nrZo go V¥îUm Am¡a ~‹T>Vr OmVr h¡, Cggo ß`mg Zht ~wPVr &&15&& ò g~ nw{bÝX
Om{V Ho$ OÝVw bmoJ O§Jbr EH$ N>moQ>o-go Jm±d _| ahVo h¢, OZnX Ho$ ñnÝX go ~hþV S>aVo h¢ VWm
CQ>nQ>m§J _mJ© _o BYa-CYa _¥Jm| H$s Vah Ky_Vo-{\$aVo h¢ () &&16&& nËWa H$s ~Zr _y{V©`m|
H$s ZmBª do {dMmam| _| ñ\$[waV Zht hmoVo `mZr _y‹T> hmoVo h¢, AZw^y{V`m| _| Iy~ ObVo h¢ VWm
XwamMma go do H$VB© Zht S>aVo () &&17&& H$m_ Am¡a AW© _| hr BZH$m gånyU© nm¡éf n[a{Z{îR>V
ahVm h¡ VWm _w½Y ~w{Õ do AmnmVa_Ur` H$_m] _| hr a_U {H$`m H$aVo h¢ &&18&& XmoZm| Hw$b H$s
() AWm©V² _¢Zo CgH$m ^m½`moX`H$mb OmZH$a CgHo$ gånyU© l_ H$m _ybmoÀN>oX H$aZo Ho$
{bE AmJo H$hr OmZodmbr ~mV| nyN> Xt &
() ho AYam¿dJ, Bg gå~moYZ go Cg g_` _hmamO d{gîR>Or H$m AmH$me_mJ© go J_Z
gy{MV hmoVm h¡ &
(c) `h D$nar AW© h¡ & BgH$m _ZmoJV AW© `h h¡ - ho AYaH$_© Ho$ n{WH$, H$_m}nmgZm
go bãY hmoZodmbo Bg X{jUm`Z-CÎmam`Z _mJ©ê$nr nW_|, ñdJ© Am{X ^y{_`m| _| Hw$N>-Hw$N>
{dlm[ÝV H$mo àmßV H$aVo hþE ^r OÝ_g_yha{hV _moj H$s ZmBª {MaH$mb VH$ {dlm[ÝV Z àmßV
H$a gH$moJo &
() dmñV{dH$ AW© `h h¡ … H$m_Ûof, Am{XH$m| Ho$ {ZdmgñWmZ H$V¥©-H$aU g§KmV Ho$ Amb`
Xod-_Zwî`> Am{X Xoh _| {dlm[ÝVgwI Zht {_bVm &
(N) Z_H$sZ {df`m| Ho$ godZ go {df`m{^bmfm Am¡a ~‹T>Vr OmVr h¡ & gw{Zò ``m{V Zo Š`m
H$hm h¡-"Z OmVwH$m_… H$m_mZm_wn^moJoZ emå`{V & h{dfm H¥$îUdË_}d ^y` Edm{^dÕ©Vo &&'
() dmñV{dH$ AW© `h h¡- ò H$m_ Am{X nëbd H$s ZmBª ñZoh-amJ go `wŠV h¡, {ddoH$
ñnÝX go gXm S>aVo h¢ VWm Aemór` _mJ© _| Iy~ Ky_Vo h¢ &
() {ddoH$kmZ hmoZo na do H$m_ Am{X ñ\w$[aV Zht hmoVo, VÎdkmZ H$m AZw^d hmo OmZo na
ò ObZo bJVo h¢ VWm XwamMma go H$^r V{ZH$ ^r ^` Zht H$aVo &
ŸyÕ - 23] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1805
{dewÕVm go {dñV¥V, erVb, CXma, ~«÷mZÝX¡H$agem{bZr àkm BZ bmoJm| _| Eogo {dídmg Zht
H$aVr, O¡go _éñWb _| _oK _mbm &&19&& AÝYH$mamd¥V Jwhm _| AOJa hmoZm AÀN>m h¡, nËWa
Ho$ ^rVa H$sQ> hmoZm AÀN>m h¡ VWm _éñWb _| n§Jw _¥J hmoZm AÀN>m h¡, naÝVw J«m_rUOZ
H$m () gmW AÀN>m Zht h¡ &&20&& {Z_of_mÌ Ho$ {bE AmñdmX _| _Ywa, jUâ _o§ hr {~Jm‹S>
H$a XoZodmbo VWm àmU boZo _| gXm V¡`ma ahZodmbo ò J«m_rUOZ, _Yw{_{lV {dfH$U Ho$ g_mZ
h¢ &&21&& Yw{bYyga, V¥U, nU© VWm dZ _| ì`J« Jm±d _| hmoZodmbo ò AYm{_©H$ OZê$nr ndZ
OrU©-erU© Kam| _| g§Mma H$aVo h¢ &&22&&
ho AZK lram_Or, Bg Vah _oao H$hZo Ho$ ~mX _oam Ame` OmZH$a "ò _oam Adí` CÕma
H$a|Jo' Bg{bE _oao dmŠ` go ^br^m±{V AmídmgZ nmH$a A_¥Vê$nr Ob go ñZmZ {H$ò hwE Ho$
gÑe Cg _§{H$ Zo _wPgo `h H$hm &&23&&
Cg n{WH$ Zo H$hm … ^JdZ², Amn H$m¡Z h¢ ? Amn nyUm©Ë_m AmË_kmZr H$moB© _hmË_m àVrV
hmo aho h¢, Š`m|{H$ Amn AZmHw$b hmoH$a Bg bmoH$ H$mo Eogo XoI aho h¢, O¡go H$moB© n{WH$ J«m_`mÌm
H$mo XoIVm hmo &&24&&
nyUm©Ë_m H$mo hr hoVwAmo§ Ho$ {dV©H$ Ûmam àH$Q> H$aVo h¢ &
^JdmZ² Š`m AmnZo A_¥V H$m nmZ {H$`m h¡ `m Amn gånyU© bmoH$m| Ho$ B©ída h¡ AWdm {damQ²>
nwéf h¡ ? Amn g~ AWm] go [aŠV hmoVo hþE ^r n[anyU© MÝÐ_m H$s ZmBª emo^Vo h¢ &&25&& gm§gm[aH$
Xmof Xw…Im| go eyÝ` h¢, {Za{Ve`mZÝX hmoZo go Amn OrdÝ_wŠVm| Ho$ JwUm| go n[anyU© h¢, Xoh Am{X
H$m Hw$N> ^r AZwgÝYmZ Z ahZo go Amn _XKy{U©V go _XmoÝ_Îm Ho$ g_mZ h¡, Amn [ñWa-go h¢,
g_{îQ> _| AndmX VWm AÜ`mamon Ñ{îQ> go Amn g~ Hw$N> hmoVo hþE ^r Zht h¡ Ed§ ì`{îQ> _| AndmX
Am¡a AÜ`mamon Ñ{îQ >go Amn g~ Hw$N> Zht hmoVo hþE ^r g~ Hw$N> h¢ hr &&26&&
Bg àH$ma H$m _¢ hÿ±, `h Vw_Zo H¡$go OmZm, `{X `h H${hò, Vmo BgH$m CÎma `h h¡ {H$ "AmnHo$
ê$n Ho$ AdbmoH$Z go hr', `h gy{MV H$aVo hþE H$hVo h¢ &
ho _wZo, emÝV, a_Ur`, àXrßV, à{VKmVa{hV, gd©Wm {Zd¥Îm VWm g_ñV gm_Ï`©`wŠV
Omo ê$n () ahVm h¡ d¡gm `h AmnH$m ê$n Š`m| ^mgVm h¡ ? &&27&& Amn n¥{Wdr na [ñWV
hþE ^r g_ñV bmoH$m| Ho$ D$na AmH$me _| [ñWV-go h¢ & AmñWmeyÝ` ahVo hþE ^r Amn _oao
g_mZ bmoJm| H$m CÕma H$aZo _| gKZ AmñWm go `wŠV-go _wPo àVrV hmo aho h¢ &&28&& MÝÐ_m
H$s ZmBª {dewÕ AmnH$m A_¥V_` _Z MÝÐ_m H$s {H$aUm| H$s Vah nXmWmoª _| n«g¥V Zht h¡
Am¡a Z Am¡f{Y, dZñn{V, gmo_, Kr, XyY, AÝZ Am{X nXmWm] Ho$ ê$n go Cn^moJ Ho$ `mo½`
() AkmZrOZ H$m - `h VmËn`m©W© h¡ Ÿ&
() Bg_| `h lw{V à_mU h¡-"ê$n_odmñ`¡VÝ_{h_mZ§ ì`mMîQ>o'Ÿ&
h¢ {Oggo ZîQ> hmo OmòJm & AV… AmnH$m _Z gXm hr n[anyU© [ñWV h¡ & VmËn`© `h {H$
MÝÐ_m go ^r ~‹T>H$a AmnH$m _Z h¡ &&29&&
Am¡a Xygam ^r MÝÐ_m Ho$ gmW gmå` VWm {deofVm ~VbmVo h¢ &
_wZo, Amn H$bmdmZ², H$b§H$eyÝ`, ^rVa go erVb, àH$me_`, g_ê$n VWm agm`Zàdmh
nyU©$, nyU© MÝÐ_m Ho$ gÑe ^mgVo h¢ (N) &&30&&
Bgr Vah {haÊ`J^© Ho$ gmW AmnH$m gmÑí` VWm Cggo ~‹T>H$a Amn_| {deof JwU h¡,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
A§Hw$a _| H$mÊS> Am{X \$bn`©ÝV [ñWV d¥j Ho$ ê$n H$s ZmBª ho ^JdmZ², gd©kVm VWm
gd©e[ŠV_mZVm Am{X JwUm| go gånÝZ AmnH$s AmË_m _| hr `h g§gma_ÊS>b g¥{îQ> `mo½`ê$n go
[ñWV _¢ XoIVm hÿ± & naÝVw Bg g§gma_ÊS>b H$s g¥{îQ> Ho$ {bE gV² Am¡a AgX²^md H$mo _¢ AmnH$s
BÀN>m _| hr [ñWV OmZVm hÿ±Ÿ& `{X Amn Mmh| Vmo Amn ^r g§gma H$s g¥{îQ> Adí` H$a gH$Vo h¢,
naÝVw Amn MmhVo Zht, ~g `hr Vmo Amn_| {haU`J^© go ~‹T>H$a EH$ {deof JwU h¡ &&31&&
Bg Vah àe§gm Ûmam A{^_wI {H$ò Jò _hmamO d{gîR>Or H$mo AnZr d¡am½` Am{X
gmYZgån{Îm go CnXoe`mo½`Vm Xem©Zo Ho$ {bE AnZo JmoÌ, Zm_ Am{X H$m ~ImZ H$aVm h¡ &
ho _hm^mJ, _¢ em{ÊS>ë` JmoÌ _| CËnÝZ _§{H$ Zm_Ymar ~«m÷U hÿ± & VrW©`mÌm H$aZo H$s
BÀN>m go ~hþV Xya VH$ OmH$a _¢Zo AZoH$ VrWmoª Ho$ Xe©Z {H$ò & AZÝVa A~ _¢ ~hþV Xoa go
AnZo Ka H$mo OmZo Ho$ {bE CÚV hÿ± &&32,33&& ho _wZo, Bg ~«÷mÊS> Ho$ CXa _| {~Obr H$s
M_H$ Ho$ g_mZ jU^§Jwa ^yVm| H$mo XoIH$a {daŠV_Z _wPo K‹a OmZo H$s BÀN>m Zht hmoVr &&34&&
^JdZ², Bg XrZ Ho$ D$na X`m H$aHo$ AnZm Zm_, JmoÌ Am{X H$WZnydH© $ R>rH$-R>rH$ Bgo n[aM`
Xr{Oò () Š`m|{H$ _hmË_mAm| Ho$ {MÎmê$nr gamoda Jå^ra Am¡a {Z_©b ahVo h¢ &&35&& AnZo
Xe©Z go hr {_Ì ~Zm boZodmbo (AmnHo$ gÑe) _hmË_mAm| Ho$ gm_Zo g^r àmUr, H$_bm| H$s
ZmBª, {dH${gV Am¡a Amídm{gV hmo OmVo h¢ &&36&& Hw$N> {ddoH$gånÝZ hþAm ^r _oam `h _Z
AkmZO{ZV à~b gÝXoh ~Zm ahZo go {~Zm JwéCnXoe Ho$ {g\©$ EH$_mÌ AnZo {dMmaH$m¡eb
go g§gma Ho$ ^«_ go CËnÝZ Xw…I H$mo g_yb ZîQ H$aZo _| g_W© Zht h¡, `h _¢Zo ~ma-~ma _ZZ
H$aHo$ {ZíM` H$a {b`m, Bg{bE nydd© {U©V _oam CÕma H$aZo _| gm_Ï`© aIZodmbo Amn ahñ`kmZ
Ho$ AZwHy$b CnXoe H$s AZwH$ånmAm| go _mohO{ZV _oao g§e`m| H$m CÀN>oX H$a Xw…IZme H$aZo
`mo½` Bg _oao _Z H$mo ~Zm Xr{Oò &&37&&
(N) nyU© MÝÐ_m _| ^r H$b§H$ ahVm h¡, naÝVw Amn H$b§H$eyÝ` h¢, `h EH$ Amn_| A{YH$
JwU h¡ &
() H¥$n`m gË` AmË_m H$m _wPo CnXoe Xr{Oò, `h dmñV{dH$ AW© h¡ &
ŸyÕ - 24] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1807
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho _hm~wÕo, _¢ ~«÷bmoH$dmgr d{gîR>_w{Z hÿ± & amO{f© AO Ho$
`mOZm{Xê$n {H$gr H$m_ go Am ahm _¢ Bg _mJ© _| Cn[ñWV hÿ± &&38&& ho n{WH$, {dfmX _V H$amo,
Vw_ _Zr{f`m| Ho$ amñVo na A~ Am Jò hmo, bJ^J Vw_ g§gmagmJa Ho$ Xygao {H$Zmao bJ MwH$o hmo &&39&&
_¢ _Zr{f`m| Ho$ amñVo na Am J`m hÿ±, Bg_| H$m¡Z-gm _oam n[aMm`H$ {M• h¡ ? Bg na
H$hVo h¢ &
kmZm{YH$ma àm{ßV Ho$ ^m½` go hrZ _Zwî`> H$s d¡am½`{d^d go CXma Eogr _{V, C{ŠV VWm
emÝVñdê$n AmH¥${V Zht hmo gH$Vr &&40&& O¡go Yrao-Yrao emUna {KgZo go _{U {Z_©bê$nVm
H$mo àmßV hmoVr h¡ d¡go hr H$mfm`m| Ho$ n[anmH$ go {MÎm {ddoH$Vm H$mo àmßV hmoVo h¢ &&41&& ho {dà,
Vw_ Š`m OmZZm MmhVo hmo Am¡a H¡$go g§gma H$mo N>mo‹S>Zm MmhVo hmo, Š`m|{H$ {eî` Jwé go Cn{XîQ>
AW© H$mo ~ma-~ma n[aerbZ H$aHo$ kmVm§e H$mo {\$a àíZmdYmaU Am{X H$_m] go My±{H$ g\$b
~ZmVm h¡, dh _¢ g_PVm hÿ±, AV… Vwåh| Omo AnZm AkmV Am¡a {Okm{gVm§e hmo, dh H$hmo &&42&&
My±{H$ {eî`> amJm{X_beyÝ` dmgZm go `wŠV ahVm h¡, Bgr{bE dh CÎm_ d¡am½` Am{X VrZ
gmYZm| go gånÝZ _mZg VWm {ZËÀ{ZË` Ed§ gmaAgma Ho$ {ddoH$ _| {ZnwU _{V `wŠV hmoVm h¡ &
dhr JwéOZm| Ho$ CnXoeê$nr VoO go emoH$eyÝ` AmË_VÎd nX àmßV H$aZo Ho$ `mo½` h¡, Xygam Zht &
Bg{bE OÝ_m{X gånyU© Xw…Im| go V¡a OmZo H$s BÀN>m`wŠV ~w{Õdmbo Vw_go gå^mfU Am{X H$aHo$
_¢Zo AÀN>r Vah g_P {b`m h¡ {H$ Vw_ _oao CnXoe Ho$ A{YH$mar Adí` hmo, Bgr{bE _¢ Vw_go
H$hVm hÿ± & AV… Vw_ AnZm nydm}Îma d¥ÎmmÝV _wPgo ~VbmAmo &&43&&
VoB©gdm± gJ© g_mßV
Mm¡~rgdm± gJ©
Xoh, B[ÝÐ`, _Z VWm ~w{Õ Am{X Ho$ Xmofm| Ho$ g{hV gm§gm[aH$ AnZo Xw…Ig_yh H$m _§{H$ Ûmam dU©Z &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_Or, `mo§ _oao H$hZo na Cg ~«m÷U _§{H$ Zo _oao MaUm| na
bmoQ>H$a AmZÝXObn[anyU© Am±Im| go `wŠV hmo _wPo _mJ© _| bo MbVo hþE `h H$hZm Amaå^
{H$`m &&1&& _§{H$ Zo H$hm … ho ^JdZ², g§e` Ho$ CÀN>oX Ho$ {bE CnXoe XoZo _| Hw$eb gmYw nwéf Ho$
AÝdofU _| VËna hmo _¢Zo Xgm| {XemAm| _|, Ñ{îQ>`m| H$s ZmBª, Iy~ ^«_U {H$`m, naÝVw g§e` H$m
{dZmeH$ H$moB© gÁOZ nwéf _wPo Z {_bm &&2&& AmO AmnH$mo nm OmZo go gwa, Agwa, new, njr
Am{X g_ñV Xohm| Ho$ gma^yV ~«m÷UXohm| _| loîR> AnZo Bg ~«m÷U eara H$m \$b kmZm{YH$magån{Îm
go _¢Zo nm {b`m & ho ^JdZ² , XmofàX gm§gm[aH$ XemAm| H$mo XoIVo-XoIVo {IÝZ hmo J`m hÿ± &&3&&
hoVwAm| Ho$ gmW IoX H$m hr {dñVmanyd©H$ dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
~ma-~ma OÝ_ Am¡a ~ma-~ma _aUê$n g§gma gXm Xw…I Ho$ ^«_ go `wŠV h¡ &&4&&
gXm Xw…I^«_`wŠV hr `h g§gma h¡, `h H¡$go ? Š`m|{H$ gwI ^r Vmo g§gma _| AZw^yV hmoVo h¢,
Bg Ame§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
g§gma Ho$ g^r gwI ^r Am{Ia _| Adí` Xw…IXm`r hmoZo go AË`ÝV Xw…gh Xw…Iê$n hr
h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE ho _wZo, _¢ gm§gm[aH$ gwIm| H$s Anojm Xw…Im| H$mo hr AÀN>m g_PVm hÿ± & ObMam|
go Ob H$s erVbVm O¡go {ZaÝVa Aä`mg Ho$ H$maU gh br OmVr h¡ d¡go hr A{d[ÀN>ÝZ
Xw…Inaånam ^r gwI Ho$ A^md Ho$ A{YH$ Aä`mg Ho$ H$maU Xw…Inyd©H$ _Zwî`m| go gh br
OmVr h¡, `h ^md h¡ &&5&&
AWdm AË`ÝV à~bXw…I H$m AZw~ÝYr hmoZo Ho$ H$maU H$moXmo (EH$ àH$ma H$m _moQ>m AÝZ)
ImH$a OrdZ YmaU H$aZo _| _Zwî`m| H$mo Omo Xw…I h¡ CgH$s Anojm {df {_bo hþE {_îR>>mÝZ ^moOZ
Ho$ AmñdmXO{ZV gwImo _| H$_ Xw…I h¡ Ÿ& {df {_bo hþE Cn^moJO{ZV gwIm| _| ~w{Õ_mZ² H$mo A{YH$
Ûof~w{Õ aIZm hr C{MV h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho gm¡å`, Am{Ia _| Ñ‹T> Xw…IXm`r hmoZo go ò gwI hr _wPo Eogo Xw…IXm`r hmo aho h¢, O¡go {H$
_mZm| _oao {bE Xw…I hr gwI hmo J`m hmo & Xm±V, Ho$e Am¡a Zm{‹S>`m| Ho$ gmW A~ _oar AdñWm ^r
OrU© hmo J`r &&6&& CÎmamoÎma ^moJm| Ho$ CËH$f© ñWmZ _| A{^bmfmE± ~m±YH$a ~¡R>r hþB© _oar ~w{Õ na_
nwéfmW© Ho$ gmYZ _| {H$gr Vah H$m A^r CÚmoJ Zht H$a ahr h¡ VWm _oam _Z ^r CÎmamoÎma ~‹T>
aho amJê$nr nëbdm| go nëb{dV VWm AVrVH$mb Ho$ H$amo‹S>m| ~rV MwHo$ ^moJm| Ho$ {bE emoH$, _moh
Am{X Hw$[ËgV g§H$ënm| Ho$ Cn[ñWV ahZo go {ddoH$kmZeyÝ` hmo J`m h¡, `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ dh
AnZo-AnZo Xmofm{X Ho$ gmjr Ho$ {ddoH$ Ûmam àH$m{eV Zht hmoVm &&7&&
Bg_| ÑîQ>mÝV ~VbmVo h¢ &
ho _wZo, _oam `h _Z nrnb Am{X Ho$ C‹S> aho gyIo nÎmm| Am{X Ho$ g§M` go JÝXo Jm±dm| Ho$
_Ü` ^mJ H$s ZmBª hmo J`m h¡ VWm _oar Or{dH$m ^r ZmZm{dY ^moJdmgZmê$nr XwJ©ÝYm| H$mo AnZo
A§J _| YmaU H$aZodmbr JrYVwë` BZ B[ÝX«`m| Ûmam {ZH¥$îQ> JÝXo Jm±d H$s [ñW{V-gr hmo J`r
h¡ &&8&& H$a§O Am{X H$m±Q>oXma d¥jbVm Ho$ g_mZ _oar ~w{Õ _hm^`mZH$ VWm Hw${Q>b h¡ Ed§
Am`mg`wŠV AkmZmÝYH$ma go AmÀN>m[XV {ZaÝVa {df`m| H$s {MÝVm go ~«÷gmjmËH$maê$nr
àH$me Ho$ {~Zm hr _¢Zo AnZr gmar Am`w ì`W© _| Eogo J±dm Xr, O¡go XrnH$ Am{X Ho$ àH$me
H$mo àmßV {H$ò {~Zm AÝYH$ma go Amd¥V amV H$mo Am±I| ì`W© _| J±dm XoVr h¢ & ho _wZo, ewîH$bVm
Ho$ gÑe `h V¥îUm Z \y$bVr h¡, Z \$bVr h¡ Am¡a Z {ddoH$ê$nr ag H$mo hr Hw$N> J«hU H$aVr
h¡, ~ma-~ma ì`W© hmoZo go `h ZîQ> hmoH$a ^r ZîQ> Zht hmoVr &&9,10&&
Vwåhmam H$_m] go hr CÕma Š`m| Zht hmo gH$Vm, Bg Ame§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
Omo Hw$N> _¢Zo {ZË`-Z¡{_ÎmH$ H$_© {H$`m h¡ dh nyd©OÝ_ Ho$ XwîH$_© H$s am{e _| {Z_½Z hmo
ŸyÕ - 24] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1809
J`m VWm ^moJdmgZmê$nr ~rO Vmo CÎmamoÎma AZW© Ho$ hoVw^yV H$må`{Z{fÕ H$_© _| hr _wPo
àd¥Îm H$aVm h¡ &&11&& nwÌ, H$bÌ, ~mÝYd, MmH$a Am{X _| Amg{ŠV aIZo go `h OrdZ ^r
OrU© hmo Mbm, naÝVw ho ^JdZ², _¢ g§gmagmJa Ho$ nma Z nhþ±Mm VWm ^`Xm{`Zr _oar ^moJm|
H$s Amem {XZm|-{XZ ~‹T>Vr hr OmVr h¢ &&12&& J–o _| CËnÝZ hþE H$ÊQ>H$ d¥j H$s ZmBª, nwÌ,
{_Ì, new, YZ Am{X go H$^r nyU© Am¡a H$^r AnyU© ñdê$n Ka _| {MÝVmê$nr Áda go {dH$ma
n¡Xm H$aZodmbr bú_r go g_wËnÝZ _hm{dn{Îm`m± _¢Zo {Z…gÝXoh J±dm Xt &&13&& àMwa YZ Am{X
go gånÝZ VWm eó Am{XH$mo§ Ho$ Ûmam Km`b Z hþE nwéf H$mo ^r `h bú_r ~ma-~ma bw^mH$a
~hþV Xya VH$ ItM OmH$a Ho$ eÌwAm| VWm Mmoam| Am{X Ho$ AYrZ _| nhþ±MmVr hþB© gmar
gån{Îm`m| Ho$ Zme Ed§ Aó-eóm| Ho$ AmYmVm{X Ho$ Ûmam Am{Ia _| Xw…IàX ~ZH$a YmoIm
XoZo _| Eogo g_W© ahVr h¡, O¡go gn© Ho$ _ñVH$_{U go àH$me_` hmo ahm AÝYH$ma`wŠV
J–m, öX` Ho$ ^rVa aËZ boZo H$s ñ\w$[aV hþB© A{^bmfmdmbo VWm AnZo AÝXa [ñWV gn©
H$mo Z XoIZodmbo nwéf H$mo AnZo ^rVa KwgmH$a gm±n Ho$ S>±gZo Am{Xê$n YmoIm XoZo _| g_W©
ahVm h¡ &&14&& `h _oam {MÎm hOmam| Amemê$nr Va§Jm| go AñdÀN>, Mmam| Amoa BYa-CYa
Iy~ Xm¡‹S>-Yyn bJmZo na ^r AW© àm{ßV go eyÝ` h¡, Bgr go gyIo g_wÐ Ho$ gÑe XwîH$a hmoZo
go ^m½`hrZ VWm EH$_mÌ B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ der^yV hþE _wPo {ddoH$s bmoJ AnZo g_rn Zht \$Q>H$Zo
XoVo - _oar Cnojm H$aVo h¢ &&15&&
Bg_| ÑîQ>mÝV XoVo h¢ &
H$ÊQ>H$`wŠV, An{dÌ ñWmZ _| ahZodmbm ^rbmdm Ho$ d¥j Ho$ g_mZ AgV² hmoZo na ^r ~‹S>o -
~‹S>o H$_m] H$m Amaå^ H$aZodmbm, AOw©ZdmV Ho$ g_mZ gXm hr ^«_UH$mar _oam `h _Z _oao AZoH$
~ma _a OmZo na ^r _aU H$mo àmßV Zht hþAm `mZr B{ÀN>VmW© eyÝ` hmo EH$_mÌ Xw…I Ho$ {bE hr
Xm¡‹S>Vm-{\$aVm h¡ &&16&&
emóm| VWm gÁOZm| H$s g§J{V Am{X Cnm`m| go _Z H$mo amoH$ aImo, `{X Eogm H$h|, Vmo Bg na
_oam `h H$hZm h¡ {H$ kmZ\$b{ddoH$ê$nr gy`© Ho$ CX` go AkmZê$nr amV O~ VH$ ~rV Zht
OmVr, V~ VH$ emó VWm gÁOZm| Ho$ gånH©$ê$nr MÝÐ_m Ed§ Vmao AmË`[ÝVH$ _ZH$m ^«_ Xya
H$aZo _| g_W© Zht hmo gH$Vo, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
ho _w{Zda, emó Ed§§ gÁOZ _hmZw^mdm| H$s g§J{Vê$n MÝÐ_m Am¡a Vmam| H$mo YmaU H$aZodmbr,
Ah§H$maê$nr Cëb{gV hmo aho ~mbH$[ënV `j go `wŠV `h _oar AkmZê$nr amV A^r VH$ jrU
Zht hþB© h¡, Š`m|{H$ AkmZmÝYH$maê$nr _Vdmbo hmWr Ho$ {bE qgh VWm H$_©ê$nr V¥U Ho$ {bE
A{½Z Ed§ dmgZmê$nr amV H$m {dZmeH$ {ddoH$ê$nr gy`© H$m AWm©V² dmgZmê$nr amV Ho$ {bE
gy`©ê$n {ddoH$ H$m A^r CX` Zht hmo nm`m h¡ &&17,18&& ho ^JdZ², `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ {MÎmê$nr
_Vdmbo hmWr Zo AdñVw H$mo hr dñVwdV² _mZ {b`m h¡ & ho _wZo, ò B[ÝX«`m± _wPo H$mQ> Im ahr h¢, Z
OmZo _oar Š`m Xem hmoJr ? &&19&& godm{X Ho$ Ûmam de _| bmò Jò àmkm| `m AÝ`mÝ` Cnm`m| go
_¢Zo ^dgmJa V¡a OmZo Ho$ {bE {Og emóÑ{îQ> H$m Aml` Zht {H$`m, dh emóÑ{îQ> ^r dmgZm
_| AmgŠV H$amZodmbr hmoH$a Ñ{îQ>{dKmV H$s ZmBª _wPo AÝYm ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE hr h¡ &&20&& Bg{bE
Bg Vah Mmam| Amoa go AZWm] Ho$ H$maU ^`§H$a ^mar _moh _| \±$go _oao {bE g§gmagmJa go CÕma
nmZo _| H$ë`mUH$maH$ Omo H$V©ì` hmo, gmo H¥$nmH$a H${hò, _¢ Amngo {dZ`nyd©H$ nyN> ahm hÿ± &&21&&
ho ^JdZ² , eaËH$mb Ho$ gÑe {Z_©b, ñdÀN>kmZ, {ddoH$m{X Á`mo{VJ©U_[ÊS>V gmYw Jwé Ho$ àmßV
hmoZo na AmH$meVwë` {eî` Ho$ _mohê$nr Hw$hao emÝV hmo OmVo h¢ VWm gmar {XemE±-O¡go AmemE±
(_ZmoaW) Yy{b Am{X _bm|-O¡go amJm{X-_bm| go a{hV hmo OmVr h¢, `h bmoH$ _| à{gÕ gmYwOZm|
Ho$ Ûmam H$hr J`r dmUr g§gma Ho$ em[ÝVXm`H$ AmnHo$ CnXoe go _oao {bE gË` hmo &&22&&
Mm¡~rgdm± gJ© g_mßV
nMrgdm± gJ©
A{dÚm go CËnÝZ g§doXZ Am{X Mma g§gma Ho$ ~rO h¢ Am¡a
na_mË_m H$m VÎdkmZ hr g§gma Am¡a CZ ~rOm| H$m {dZmeH$ h¡, `h dU©Z &
Bg Vah _§{H$ _w{Z Zo AnZo g§gmaê$nr AZW© H$m dU©Z H$a O~ CgHo$ {Zamg H$m Cnm`
nyN>m V~ "CgHo$ ~rOm| H$mo OmZo {~Zm g§gma {Zamg Ho$ Cnm` àmßV Zht {H$ò Om gH$Vo' Bg
A[^àm` go g§gma Ho$ Mma ~rOm| H$m _hmamO d{gîR>Or CnXoe XoVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho _wZo, g§doXZ, ^mdZ, dmgZm Am¡a H$bZm ò Mma hr Bg
g§gma _| AZW© n¡Xm H$aZodmbo h¢ & ò {OVZo eãXm| Ho$ AW© h¢, do {_Ï`m^yV AWm] H$m hr
Adbå~Z H$aVo h¢ Am¡a ñd`§ ^r {_Ï`m h¢, Bg{bE do g~ EH$_mÌ A{dÚm _| hr ñ\w$[aV
hmoVo h¢ & nhbo nhbo B[ÝÐ`m| go Omo [df`m| H$m Cn^moJ hmoVm h¡, `h Cn^moJ hr g§doXZ
H$hbmVm h¡, {df`m| H$mo OmZZo na CZH$m Omo ~ma-~ma {MÝVZ hmoVm h¡, dh {MÝVZ "^mdZ'
H$hbmVm h¡, ~ma-~ma {MÝVZ H$aZo na {MÎm _| EH$ Vah H$m Omo Ñ‹T> {df`bm§N>Z CËnÝZ
hmo OmVm h¡, dhr {df`bm§N>Z dmgZm H$hbmVr h¡ Am¡a Cg dmgZm go _aUH$mb _| ^mdr eara
Ho$ {bE Omo ñ_aU hmoVm h¡, CgH$mo H$bZm H$hVo h¢ &&1&&
Omo ò Mma g§gma Ho$ ~rO h¢, CZ_o§ Am{X Ho$ Xmo Vmo AË`ÝV AZW©ê$n h¡ Am¡a A[ÝV_ Ho$ Xmo
CZHo$ nrN>o-nrN>o MbZo Ho$ H$maU AZW©ê$n h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
_w{Zda, doXZ Am¡a ^mdZ- ò Xmo Vmo g_ñV Xmofm| Ho$ Aml` h¢ `mZr AË`ÝV hr AZW©ê$n h¢,
VWm{n ^mdZ _| Vmo Cg àH$ma g~ Amn{Îm`m± {dÚ_mZ ahVr h¢, {Og àH$ma nwîn, n„d Am{X go
ŸyÕ - 25] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1811
g_¥Õ bVmE± _Yw_mg Ho$ bVmag _| {dÚ_mZ ahVr h¢ &&2&& `h A{VJhZ Omo g§gma_mJ© h¡, Cg
na dmgZm Ho$ Amdoe go Mb aho Ord Ho$ à{V hr {MÌ-{d{MÌ AWm] Ho$ g_yh go n[anyU© Q>o‹T>o-_o‹T> o
AZoH$ d¥ÎmmÝV AmVo-OmVo ahVo h¢ &&3&&
Bgr{bE {ddoH$s nwéf H$m {df`m| _| Xmof^mdZm Am¡a ~«÷^mdZm go BZ ~rOm| H$m {dZme hmo
OmZo na dmgZm Ho$ gmW-g_ñV g§gma ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ `h H$hVo h¢ &
{ddoH$s nwéf H$m g§gmagå^«_ Vmo, dgÝV Ho$ AÝV _| n¥{Wdr Ho$ ag Ho$ gÑe, Yrao-go dmgZm
Ho$ gmW ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ &&4&&
dmgZm hr AmJo H$m g§gma ^r ~ZmVr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{Og àH$ma dgÝV F$Vw H$s agboIm dZ _| \¡$bZodmbr H$Xbr H$m {dñVma H$aVr h¡, Cgr
àH$ma Bg g§gmaê$nr H$ÊQ>H$nyU© Jwë_ H$m dmgZm hr {dñVma H$aVr h¡ &&5&& O¡go n¥Ïdr _|
_Yw_mg H$m ag dZ ~ZH$a [ñWV ahVm h¡, d¡go hr {M{V _| (AkmZml` Ord-M¡VÝ` _|)
dmgZmê$nr ag g§gmaê$n AÝYH$ma ~ZH$a C{XV hmoVm h¡ &&6&&
na_mW© dñVw H$m Anbmn H$aZodmbo AkmZ H$mo ~VbmZo Ho$ {bE nhbo na_mW© dñVw H$m
H$WZ H$aVo h¢ &
Û¡Va{hV {Z_©b M¡VÝ`_mÌ dñVw H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Xygam Hw$N> ^r nXmW© OJV² _| Zht h¡,
Š`m|{H$ M¡VÝ` H$s gÎmm Am¡a M¡VÝ`àH$me BZ XmoZm| go hr OJV² H$s gÎmm Am¡a OJV² H$m
àH$me hmoVm h¡, `h gdm©Zw^d {gÕ ~mV h¡ & O¡go AmH$me eyÝ`ê$nVm H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Xygar
H$moB© dñVw à{gÕ Zht h¡, d¡go hr Agr_ AmË_m _| ñdV… gÎmm-ñ\y${V© H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Xygar H$moB©
MrO à{gÕ Zht h¡ &&7&& Bg Vah Mmam| Amoa {ZaÝVa àH$m{eV hmo ahm "{MÝ_mÌê$n doXZmË_m
Xoh-B[ÝÐ` Am{X go {^ÝZ Zht h¡, Bg àH$ma CgH$s gÎmm H$m ^mZ Z H$amZodmbr AZm{X
Omo à{V^mê$n ^«m{ÝV h¡, dh ^«m[ÝV hr AmdaUe{ŠV H$s àYmZVm go A{dÚm, {djone{ŠV
H$s àYmZVm go ^«_ Am¡a \$bê$n go dñVwV… g§gmaê$n hþB© h¡ &&8&&
A{dÚm go gm{YV dñVw H$m n[aUm_ {XIbmVo h¢ &
~mbH$ H$mo doVmb H$s Vah, gV² H$s ZmBª ^m{gV hmo ahm AgÐÿn `h g§gma na_mË_VÎd
Ho$ AkmZ go {gÕ h¡ & AV… dh na_mË_VÎd Ho$ kmZê$n àH$me go hr jUâ _| ZîQ> hmo
OmVm h¡ &&9&&
ôX n¡Xm H$aZodmbr Ñí`ê$n Cnm{Y`m| H$m ~mY hmo OmZo na g^r kmZm| _| EH$Vm Am OmVr
h¡, `h {XIbmVo h¢ &
ôX n¡Xm H$aZodmbr Ñí`ê$n Cnm{Y`m| H$m AmË_VÎd Ho$ kmZ go ~mY hmo OmZona gånyU©
Ñí`, nXmWm] Ho$ kmZ ~moYê$n go Eogo EH$Vm H$mo àmßV hmo OmVo h¢, O¡go YamVb Ho$ gånyU© Z{X`m|
Ho$ àdmh gmJa _| OmH$a g_wÐê$n go EH$Vm H$mo àmßV hmo OmVo h¢ &&10&&
"{MÝ_mÌmX_bmÀNy>Ý`mÔVo qH${MÝZ {dÚVo' `h Omo H$hm h¡ BgH$m ÑîQ>m§Vm| go CnnmXZ H$aVo h¢ &
O¡go {_Å>r Ho$ ~V©Z {_Å>r go eyÝ` CnbãY Zht hmo gH$Vo, d¡go hr gV²{MÝ_mÌ_` gm§gm[aH$
{df` ^r {M{V go eyÝ` CnbãY Zht hmo gH$Vo &&11&&
{dMma H$aZo na {MÝ_`ê$n go ñ\w$[aV hmo aho nXmWm] H$s {MX¡H$agVm hr AÝV _| MbH$a
àmßV hmo OmVr h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
Omo dñVw VÎdkmZ go kmV hmoVr h¡ dh kmZñdê$n hr H$hr OmVr h¡, Š`m|{H$ {déÕê$n hmoZo
go kmZ H$m A^md kmZê$n go Zht OmZm OmVm & Bg{bE ko` Am¡a kmZ, ò XmoZm| EH$ê$n h¢ &&12&&
`{X ÐîQ>m Am{X {ÌnwQ>r Ho$ ~moY go AmÜ`m{gH$ AôX H$moB© H$ho, Vmo CgHo$ {_Ï`m^yV hmoZo go
EH$_mÌ A{YîR>mZ kmZ¡H$agVm hr Cg_| {gÕ hmo gH$Vr h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
ÐîQ>m, Ñí` Am¡a Xe©Z BZ VrZm| _| àËòH$ _| EH$_mÌ ~moY (kmZ) hr gma h¡, Bg{bE Cggo
AÝ`, AmH$me _| \y$b H$s ZmBª, Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡ &&13&&
Omo EH$ Om{V Ho$ nXmW© h¢, do hr EH$ Xygao _| {_b OmZo na EH$ê$n hmo OmVo h¢, `h ~mV Ob
Ho$ gmW Ob Ho$ {_b OmZo na XoIr JB© h¡, Bg [ñW{V _| OJV² O~ OJXZw^dê$n h¡ Am¡a g^r
AZw^d O~ EH$ê$n h¢, V~ Vmo AÝV _| M¡VÝ` H$s EH$Vm hr {gÕ hþB©, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Ob Am{X EH$ Om{V Ho$ nXmW© AnZr Om{V Ho$ Xygao Ob Am{X Ho$ gmW {_b OmZo na EH$Vm
H$mo àmßV H$aVo h¢, `h ~mV {gÕ h¡ & Bg{bE AZw^d ^r nañna {_b OmZo go EH$ê$n hmo Om
gH$Vo h¢, AV… {MXoH$Ëd {ZíM` {gÕ h¡ &&14&&
H$mîR> Am{X Ñí` nXmWm] H$m ñ\w$aU Ho$ gmW AôX Z _mZZo na IaJmoe Ho$ gtJ Ho$ g_mZ
CZH$m AË`ÝV AgÎd hr hmo OmòJm, `h H$hVo h¢ &
`{X bH$‹S>r, nËWa Am{X H$mo ~moYê$n Z _mZm Om`, Vmo CZH$m IaJmoe Ho$ gtJ Ho$ gÑe,
H$^r kmZ hr, Zht hmo gHo$Jm &&15&&
AnZo {gÕmÝV _| Vmo Xmof Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
`Ú{n AnZo {gÕmÝV go `h Ñí`àn§M EH$_mÌ ~moYê$n AVEd ~moY go AZÝ` hr {gÕ h¡,
VWm{n AkmZ Ho$ H$maU AÝ` Ho$ gÑe hmoH$a ~moY go àH$m{eV hmoVm h¡ &&16&&
Eogr [ñW{V _| "OJV² ~moYê$>n hr h¡, ~moYmZ{V[aŠV (~moYê$n) àH$medmbm hmoZo go Omo
{Oggo AZ{V[aŠV (A{^ÝZ) àH$medmbm hmoVm h¡, dh VÐÿn hr hmoVm h¡, O¡go dm`w H$m ñn§XZ
dm`wê$n hmoVm h¡' `h AZw_mZ \${bV hþAm, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go dm`w ñnÝXZê$n h¡ Am¡a g_wÐ Obê$n h¡, d¡go hr g_ñV OJV² _| [ñWV `h g_ñV
{dñV¥V Ñí` ^r ~moYê$n hr h¡ &&17&&
ŸyÕ - 25] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1813
`{X `h e§H$m hmo {H$ {H«$`m Am¡a {H«$`mdmZ² Ed§ Ad`d Am¡a Ad`dr BZ XmoZm| H$m Vmo
g_dm`gå~ÝY go Ho$db gå_obZ hr _mÌ hmoVm h¡, Z {H$ CZH$s AmË`[ÝV EH$Vm hmoVr h¡,
Vmo BgH$m g_mYmZ `h h¡ {H$ bmI Am¡a bH$‹S>r H$m ~mha go {_lU H$aZo na ^r ôX Ho$
AZw^d _| {_lU {XImB© Zht XoVm Am¡a Bg ñWb _| {_lU {XImB© n‹S>Vm h¡ Bg{bE XmoZm|
_| {df_Vm h¡ Am¡a g_dm`[gÕ ^r Zht h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
BZ bmI, bH$‹S>r Am{X Ho$ nañna {_{lV hmo OmZo na ^r O¡go ôX H$m AZw^d hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
CZH$s EH$Vm Zht h¡, d¡go `hm± na Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ BZ_| nañna EoŠ`ê$n {_lU {XImB© XoZo go
BZ_| EoŠ` hr _mZZm Mm{hE &&18&& XyY Am¡a Ob H$s ZmBª AÝ`moÝ` EH$ ê$n ~Z OmZm hr EH$Vm
h¡ & ÐîQ>m Am¡a Ñí` nXmWm] H$m ^r AÝ`moÝ` kmZê$n EoŠ` {dÚ_mZ h¡ hr bmI Am¡a H$mR> H$s ZmBª
AÝ`moÝ` g§`moJ_mÌ Zht h¡ &&19&&
Cn`w©ŠV `w{ŠV`mo§ go O~ `h {gÕ hmo MwH$m {H$ g~ Ñí` {MÝ_mÌñdê$n h¢ Am¡a VËnXmW©
{M{V An[a[ÀN>ÝZ (ì`mnH$) hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {ZË` _wŠV h¡, V~ Ëd§nXmW© H$s Ah§ê$n go
n[a[ÀN>ÝZ ~w{Õ hr g§gma H$s H$maU Am¡a n[a[ÀN>ÝZ ~w{Õ H$m n[aË`mJ _w{ŠV H$m H$maU
\${bV hmo OmVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, "Ah_²' ~w{Õ hr ~ÝYê$n g§gma H$mo n¡Xm H$aVr h¡ Am¡a Ahå~w{ÕH$m A^md _w{ŠV
H$mo n¡Xm H$aVm h¡ & O~ BVZo ~ÝYZ H$mo AnZo AYrZ aI gH$Vo h¢, V~ ^bm Ae{ŠV hr
{H$g ~mV H$s ? &&20&&
Bgr {df` H$m CnnmXZ H$aVo h¢ &
EH$ MÝÐ _| Xmo MÝÐ_m H$s ~w{Õ `m _¥JV¥îUm _| Ob~w{Õ Ho$ g_mZ `h AgV² Ah§H$ma Š`m
CËnÝZ hþAm h¡ ? CËnÝZ hþAm hr Zht h¡ &&21&&
AhÝVm Ë`mJ hmoZo na __Vm ñd`§ hr Ë`ŠV hmo OmVr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
"`h _oam h¡' `h __Vm hr ~ÝYZ àXmZ H$aVr h¡ Am¡a "_¢ Zht hÿ±' `h __Vm H$m A^md _w{ŠV
àXmZ H$aVm h¡ & O~ BVZr dñVw AnZo AYrZ hmo Om`, V~ AkmZ hr H$hm± ahm ? &&22&&
Agb _| AgË` Ah§H$ma AÝXa ~¡R> H$a gË` AmË_m H$mo d¡go Zht T>H$ gH$Vm, O¡go {H$
(^rVa ~¡R>H$a ~¡a) Hw$ÊS> H$mo T>H$ gH$Vm h¡ `m d¡go Z n[a[ÀN>ÝZ ~Zm gH$Vm h¡, O¡go {H$ K‹S>m
AmH$me H$mo n[a[ÀN>ÝZ ~Zm gH$Vm h¡, Bgo H$hVo h¢ &
Omo Hw$ÊS>~XaÝ`m` h¡ `mZr O¡gr Hw$ÊS>o (ß`mbo) H$s Am¡a ~¡a H$s [ñW{V h¡ `m O¡gr KQ> Am¡a
AmH$me H$s [ñW{V h¡, VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ {Og gå~ÝY go ~¡a Hw$ÊS>o Ho$ AÝXa à{dîQ> hmoH$a CgH$mo
X~m gH$Vm h¡ `m K‹S>m AmH$me H$mo N>moQ>m ~Zm gH$Vm h¡ dh gå~ÝY ^r AmË_m Ho$ gmW Zht h¡,
Omo {H$ AË`ÝV {^ÝZ Ah§H$maH$ënZm H$s gm_Ï`© aIVm h¡, Eogr [ñW{V _| dmñV{dH$ EoŠ` hr h¡,
dh EoŠ` AÝ`moÝ` doXZê$n h¡ `mZr MÝÐ _| Û¡VnZ H$s ZmBª ôX go A{dÚm Ûmam H$[ënV ôXê$n
AmË_m H$m Omo ñdàH$me Ho$ ~b go ñ\w$aU h¡, dh AÝ`moÝ` doXZ-gm hmo OmVm h¡ &&23&& O‹S> Am¡a
kmZ H$s dmñV{dH$ EH$Vm h¡ Am¡a dhr AmË_ê$n h¡, `m| Omo O¡{_{Z_Vmdbå~r bmoJ _mZVo h¢,
CZHo$ _V _| ^r dh EoŠ` O‹S>dñVwJV O‹S> Am¡a kmZJV AO‹S> hmoJm, `m| {H$gr EH$ ê$n H$mo dh
H$^r N>mo‹S> hr Zht gH$Vm, Eogr [ñW{V _| O‹S> A§e _| CgH$m ñ\w$aU Z hmoVo hþE ^r {MX§e _|
ñ\w$[aV hmo ahm dh AÝ`moÝ`doXZê$n {Z{d©f`H$ EoŠ` Am hr OmVm h¡ &&24&&
Š`m| {H$gr EH$ ê$n H$mo Zht N>mo‹S>Vm ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
Omo AO‹S> dñVw h¡, dh O‹S>Vm H$^r YmaU Zht H$a gH$Vr, Š`m|{H$ Y_© (ñd^md) H$^r ^r
Nw>Q>Zodmbo hmoVo Zht & Omo AmË_VÎd AO‹S> h¡ Cgo AmnZo O‹S>ê$n A§emÝVa go XoIm, na dh Vmo
H$moB© Xygar hr MrO h¡, CgH$s AO‹S> Ho$ gmW EH$Vm h¡ hr Zht, Eogr [ñW{V _| O‹S> Am¡a ~moY H$s
EH$Vm H$¡go hmo gH$Vr h¡ ? &&25&&
O~ Eogr hr [ñW{V h¡¡, V~ AmË_dmXr bmoJ EH$ Xygao Ho$ {déÕ Vah-Vah Ho$ AmË_m Ho$
ñdê$n Š`m| _mZVo h¢, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
g¡H$‹S>m| Hw$[ËgV {dH$mam| go, dmgZmAm| go VWm A{^_mZm| go âo bmoJ ~møÑ{îQ>`m| go hr AmË_VÎd
H$s g_rjm H$aVo-H$aVo Eogo ZrMo-go-ZrMo H$s Amoa Xm¡‹S>Vo hþE OmVo h¢ O¡go nd©V go À`wV hþB© nmfmU
{ebm ZrMo go ZrMo H$s Amoa Xm¡‹S>Vr hþB© OmVr h¡ &&26&& Bgr{bE ñd-ñd dmgZmê$nr dm`wAm| Ûmam
BYa-CYa C‹S>mò Jò Cn{ZfX²Ñ{îQ> go À`wV nwéfê$nr {VZH$m| Ho$ D$na do g~ Xw…I {JaVo h¢, Omo
{H$ bmoH$ _| VWm emóm| _| d{U©V h¢ & {H$VZo {JaVo h¢, Bg {df` _| H$moB© H$h hr Zht gH$Vm &&27&&
CgrH$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ &
AnZr dmgZm Am¡‹a> AnZo-AnZo A{^_mZ Ho$ AZwgma amJ Am{X agm| go a§Jo Jò bmoJ H$aVb
go Vm{‹S>V J|X Ho$ gÑe BYa-CYa Iy~ Ky_-{\$aH$a ZaH$m| _| {JaVo h¢ dhm± na XrK©H$mb VH$
Vah-Vah H$s `mVZmAm| Ho$ Šboem| go g~ Amoa go OO©a hmoH$a H$mbmÝVa _| ñWmda, H¥${_, H$sQ>
Am{X OÝ_ boH$a AÝ`-go hmo OmVo h¢, {\$a _ZwîÒÝ_ CZHo$ {bE Xwb©^ hr ~Zm ahVm h¡ &&28&&
nMrgdm± gJ© g_mßV
N>ã~rgdm± gJ©
^mdZmO{ZV amJm{X Xmofm| go AZWm] H$m AmZm VWm
{ddoH$O{ZV VÎdkmZ go amJm{X Xmofm| Ho$ {dZme Ûmam CZH$m {ZH$b OmZm … `h dU©Z &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, ñWmda Am{X `mo{Zê$n g§gma_mJ© _| {Jao hþE Ord Ho$
D$na, _oK Ho$ AmZo na bmIm| H$sQ>m| Ho$ AmJ_Z Ho$ gÑe, N>oXZ, ôXZ, XhZ, jwYm Am{Xê$n
ŸyÕ - 26] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1815
bmIm| ~mV| AmVr-ahVr h¢ &&1&&
BZ gmao d¥ÎmmÝVm| _| EH$_mÌ ^mdZm hr _yb h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ò {OVZo g§gma Ho$ nXmW© h¢, do g~ EH$ Xygao go gå~ÝY Hw$N> Zht aIVo, O¡go {H$ O§Jb
_| {~Iao hþE nËWa Ho$ Qw>H$‹S>o & naÝVw CZ g~H$mo {_bmZodmbr (Jw±WZo _| hoVw) O§Ora Ho$ gÑe
^mdZm hr h¡ &&2&&
^mdZm _| _yb H$maU amJm{X Xmofm| go Xy{fV, nŠH$s dmgZmAm| go âm {ddoH$ eyÝ` {MÎm h¡,
`h Ame` boH$a H$hVo h¢ &
bmoH$ _| `h {MÎm EH$ Vah go dgÝVH$mb H$m ^`§H$a AaÊ` h¡, AZoH$ Vah Ho$ d¥ÎmmÝVê$nr d¥jm|
H$mo boH$a AÝYH$ma n¡Xm H$aZo Ho$ {bE JhZ-gm ~Z [ñWV h¡, amJ Am{X Xmofê$nr Ob go gtMm ^r
J`m h¡ &&3&& Ahmo, _hmZ² AmíM`© h¡ {H$ dmgZm Ho$ ~b go namYrZ hmoH$a ò AkmZr ^yV g~ {MÌ{d{MÌ
gwI-Xw…Im| H$m OÝ_m| _| AZw^d H$aVo h¢ &&4&& Ahmo, `h dmgZm A{V{df_ h¡,{OgHo$ de go _Zwî`
{_Ï`m^yV ÐîQ>m Am{X {ÌnwQ>rê$n AWm] go AnZo ^rVa `h g§gma^«_ H$m AZw^d H$aZo bJ OmVo h¢Ÿ&&5&&
`hr H$maU h¡ {H$ g§gma-^«_ H$mo V¡a Jò VÎddoÎmm nwéf gwIr ahVo h¢, `m| CZH$s àe§gm
H$aVo h¢ &
^Ð, kmZr Am¡a MÝÐ BZ XmoZm| _| Š`m AÝVa h¡ ? Hw$N> ^r Zht, Š`m|{H$ kmZr nwéf ^r Am‡mX
XoZodmbm h¡, A_¥V go nyU© h¡, ewÕ h¡, kmZê$n àH$me H$aVm h¡ Am¡a g^r AWm] _| emÝV h¡ &&6&&
A{ddoH$s H$s [ZÝXm H$aVo h¢ &
AkmZr (_yI©) Am¡a ~mbH$ _| Š`m AÝVa h¡ ? AWm©V² Hw$N> ^r Zht, Š`m|{H$ Omo AkmZr
h¡, dh nydm©naH$m (AmJo-nrN>o H$m) Hw$N> ^r {dMma {H$ò {~Zm {Og {H$gr H$s ^r BÀN>m H$aZo
bJVm h¡, CgH$s H$moB© _`m©Xm hr Zht h¡ &&7&& ^Ð, H$hmo _N>br Am¡a _yI© (AkmZr) _| Š`m
AÝVa h¡ ? ò XmoZm| _aUn`©ÝV nH$‹S>o hþE A{^bmfmê$nr {df`m| H$mo Zht N>mo‹S>Vo, (_N>br Ho$
nj _| ~§gr _| bJm`m J`m Am{_f Am¡a _yI© Ho$ nj _| amJm{X{df`ê$n Am{_f g_PZm
Mm{hE) Mmho dh ew^ hmo `m Aew^ &&8&& eara, Zmar, YZ, Am{X {OVZo ò nXmW© h¢, do g~
ewîH$ ~mby go ~Zmò Jò H$gmoao Ho$ gÑe OëXr hr ZîQ> hmo OmZodmbo h¢ &&9&&
A~ lmoVm Ho$ {MÎm H$mo bú` H$a H$hVo h¢ &
ho {MÎm, ~«÷m go boH$a Jwë_ (EH$ àH$ma H$m nm¡Ym) VH$ g¡H$‹S>m| `mo{Z`m| _| H$ënn`©ÝV Ky_
aho Vwåh| e_ H$mo àmßV {H$ò {~Zm em[ÝV Zht {_b gH$Vr &&10&& Ho$db {ddoH$_mÌ go g§gma H$s
JÝY Eogo {ZH$b Zht gH$Vr O¡go Ho$db AnZo n¡a aIZo H$s OJh na Ñ{îQ> aIZodmbm J_ZH$Vm©
nwéf _mJ© H$s {df_Vm Zht {ZH$mb gH$Vm &&11&& `{X Vwåhmam {MÎm {ddoH$ Am¡a AdYmZ go `wŠV
Zht h¡, Vmo Cgo H$m_ê$n {nemM AnZo de _| H$a boJm & naÝVw Omo gmdYmZ Am¡a gXm OmJéH$
h¡, CgHo$ {MÎm H$m dh H$m_ê$n {nemM Š`m H$aoJm ? &&12&&
Ah§H$ma`wŠV OJV² Ho$db {ddoH$ Am¡a Aà_mX go eyÝ` kmZ H$m {dñVma_mÌ h¡, Xygam Hw$N>
Zht, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go Mjw H$m àgaUê$n ì`mnma Ho$db ê$nH$m AdbmoH$Z_mÌ hr h¡, Bggo {^ÝZ Xygam Hw$N>
Zht h¡, d¡go hr Ah§H$ma`wŠV OJV A{ddoH$ Am¡a à_mX`wŠV g§{dV H$m àgaUê$n ì`mnma_mÌ hr
h¡, Xygam Hw$N> Zht &&13&& ho H$m_m{X eÌwAm| Ho$ ZmeH$, O¡go Am±I H$m AmdaU g^r én Ho$
àH$me H$s em{ÝV h¡, d¡go hr ~[h_w©I kmZ H$m AmdaU `mZr ~mø kmZm| H$mo AmË_mH$s Amoa
bJmZm g_ñV Ñí`m| H$s em{ÝV h¡Ÿ&&14&& ^Ð, O¡go ndZ erK« ñnÝXZ H$m {dñVma H$aVm h¡, d¡go
hr {dewÕ g§{dV² A{ddoH$O{ZV Hw$N> gmYmaU ñ\w$aUê$n ì`mnma go AkmVñdñdê$n {MXmH$me
_| Ah§H$ma`wº$ AgÐÿn OJV H$m {dñVma H$aVr h¡ &&15&& `h OJV Agb _| AgË` h¡, naÝVw
gË` H$s ZmBª àVrV hmoVm h¡, dmñVd _| ~«÷{M{V AÝ`H$m {Z_m©U Z H$aVr hþB© `m| hr OJV-ê$n
_| ñ\w$[aV hmoVr h¡Ÿ& OJV² AgË` h¡, Bg_| ÑîQ>mÝV `hr h¡ {H$ O¡go {_Å>r `m gmoZo _| H$[ënV K‹S>m
`m H$‹S>m {_Å>r `m gmoZo go AbJ H$aHo$ àmßV Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm, d¡go hr AmË_m _| H$[ënV `h
OJV² AmË_m go AbJ H$aHo$ àmßV Zht {H$`m Om gH$VmŸ& `{X OJV² gË` hmoVm, Vmo AmË_m go
AbJ hmoH$a CnbãY hmoVmŸ&&16&&
Omo AbJ hmo àmßV Zht hmoVm, CgH$s AbJ gÎmm Zht ahVr, `h gmoZo Am{X _| {Z`_
~VmVo h¢Ÿ&
O¡go AmH$me eyÝ`_mÌ h¡, O¡go dm`w ñnÝXZ_mÌ h¡, O¡go Va§J Am{X Ob_mÌ h¢, d¡go hr `h
OJV² ^r g§{dÝ_mÌ h¡ &&17&& O¡go Ob _| à{V{~{å~V nd©V `m nd©VVwë` Va§J Obê$n hr h¡,
d¡go hr AmË_m _| àVrV ò VrZm| OJV² emÝV, AmH$meê$n VWm g^r Vah Ho$ ôXm| go eyÝ`
g§{dËñdê$n (AmË_ñdê$n) hr h¢ &&18&&
Bg àH$ma OJV² Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo OmZ aho kmZr H$mo gm§gm[aH$ gÝVmn H$s àm{ßV H$^r Zht
hmoVr, `h H$hVo h¢ &
g^r Vah Ho$ {dH$mam| go {Z_w©ŠV AVEd na_emÝV kmZr nwéf Ho$ AÝXa Eogr g~go CÎm_
erVbVm CËnÝZ hmo OmVr h¡, {OgH$s VwbZm _| ò AZoH$ MÝÐ_m ^r àXrßV A{½Z Ho$ H$Um| Ho$
gX¥e àVrV hmoZo bJVo h¢ &&19&&
Cg_| Xygao {H$gr AÝ` àH$me H$s àg{ŠV ^r Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O~ `h OJV² AË`ÝV emÝV ì`mnH$ àH$meê$n {edñdê$n eyÝ` hmo J`m, V~ Cg_| Xygam
àH$me hr H$m¡Z ? dh {H$g {H«$`m `m gmYZ go H¡$go CËnÝZ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ ? &&20&&
dhr g~ nXmWmoª H$m {H$gr H$mb _| ~m{YV Z hmoZodmbm ñdê$n h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ŸyÕ - 26] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1817
~«÷eãX go Omo gÎmm H$hr OmVr h¡, dh gÎmm hr g~ nXmWm] H$m {ZOr ñdê$n h¡, Cg_| {H$gr
Vah H$s ~mYm Zht h¡ Am¡a g_ñV OJV² VÝ_` h¡ AVEd dh Aì``ê$n h¡ &&21&&
V~ H$m¡Z ñdê$n ~m{YV hmoVm h¡, Bg e§H$m na H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
Omo ò Zm_-ê$nmË_H$ nXmW© h¢, CZ_| ~mY XoIm OmVm h¡, naÝVw CZH$m ~mY `m CZH$s
CËn{Îm Am{X {dH¥${V`m± Omo {XImB© XoVr h¡, CZHo$ {df` _| {dMma H$aZo na ^r AmH$menwîn Ho$
gÑe h_| Hw$N> Zht {XImB© n‹S>Vm, Š`m|{H$ do VwÀN> h¢Ÿ&&22&&
Agbr ~mV `h h¡ {H$ dh g~ ê$n Ho$db _Z H$s H$ënZm h¡, AV… _ZHo$ emÝV hmo OmZona
dh ñd`§ AnZo-Amn {dbrZ hmo OmVm h¡, Bg{bE Vw_ MwnMmn ~¡R>o ahmo, `h H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
O¡go ~‹S>m nËWa AnZo ñWmZ _| MwnMmn em[ÝVnyd©H$ ~¡R>m ahVm h¡, d¡go hr Vw_ ^r _Z H$mo hQ>mH$a
MwnMmn em{ÝVnyd©H$ AnZo n«_mVmê$n _| [ñWV ahmoŸ& _Z Ho$ Mbo OmZo na à_mVmê$n AmË_m Zht
Mbm OmVm, Š`m|{H$ Cg _Z Ho$ Mbo OmZo na Zm_ê$nmË_H$ _ZZ ({dH$ën) Ed§ Mjw Am{X à_mU
Mbo OmVo h¢, na§Vw à_mVmê$n AmË_m Z _ZZ h¡ Am¡a Z Mjw Am{X à_mUê$n hr h¡, dh Vmo Agr_,
AO Am¡a A{dZmer ~«÷ê$n h¡ &&23&& ^Ð, AmH$me Ho$ gÑe {Z_©b AmË_m Ho$ AÝXa _Z H$mo {dbrZ
H$a {ñWV hþE `moJr H$mo Zm_ Am¡a ê$n H$s àVr{V hr Zht hmoVr, Š`m|{H$ Zm_ê$nH$s àVr{V Vmo AnZo
ñdê$n _| {ñW{V Ho$ {bE Aä`mg O~ Ñ‹T> Zht ahVm, V~ ñdßZ Ho$ gÑe _Z _| CËnÝZ hmoVr h¡Ÿ&&24&&
OJV² Ho$db _Z H$m hr g§H$ën h¡, `h {H$g Vah OmZm Om gH$Vm h¡ ?
^Ð, `h Omo {haÊ`J^© H$m _Z h¡, dhr OJÐÿnr {MÌ H$m {Z_m©U H$aVm h¡, BgHo$ nmg
Z a§J h¡, Z {MÌ{Z_m©U H$s H±y$Mr h¡ Am¡a Z Vmo H$moB© {MÌ H$m AmYma hr h¡ & BVZm hmoZo na
^r Cg {MÌ H$mo AnZo-Amn XoIZo bJ OmVm h¡Ÿ& Š`m H$ht {H$grZo ñdßZ _| _Z Ho$ [gdm
{H$gr Xygao H$mo H$Vm© Am¡a H$m`© XoIm h¡ ? &&25&& _ZmoamÁ` Ho$ gÑe _Z {Og {H$grH$m
{Z_m©U H$aVm h¡, dhm± gd©Ì CZ-CZ dñVwAm| H$s àVr{V ~ZH$a ñd`§ hr {ñWV hmo OmVm
h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma Zm_énmË_H$ àn§M Ho$ … _Z go {^ÝZ H$moB© AÝ` MrO-Z hmoZo go H$m¡Z, H$hm±
{H$g àH$ma OJV² H$m {Z_m©U H$a gH$Vm h¡ ? &&26&&
`m| gwI-Xw…I `m CZHo$ gmYZ^yV nm{W©d Am{X {df` H$ënZm H$m {dZme hmo OmZona
eyÝ`ê$n `m AmË_ê$n hmo OmVo h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
"_¢ gwIr hy±' Bg Vah ^mg_mZ gwI, "_¢ Xw…Ir hÿ±' Bg Vah ^mg_mZ Xw…I `m CZHo$
gmYZ^yV nm{W©d Am{X {df` g~ _ZH$s H$ënZm Ho$ emÝV hmo OmZo na AmË_ê$n hmo OmVo h¢ `m
eyÝ`ê$n ~Z OmVo h¢Ÿ&&27&&
ñdßZnd©V H$s ZmBª nm{W©d {df` ^r nm{W©dê$n Zht h¡, `mZr {_Ï`m h¢ `mo§ ^mdZm H$aZr
{OVZo nXmW© h¢, do g~ `Ú{n na_mW© _| {MXmH$meê$n hr h¢, VWm{n CZ_| ñdßZ Ho$ nXmW©
Ho$ gÑe nm{W©dê$nVm {_Ï`m hr {ñWV h¡Ÿ&&28&&
Eogr {ñW{V _| Omo {ZîH$f© {ZH$bm, Cgo ~VbmVo h¢Ÿ &
AhÝVm H$s bH$sa O~ ~«÷gÎmm _| Am OmVr h¡, V^r g§gma^«_ê$n {dH$ma n¡Xm H$aVr
h¡ Am¡a O~ dh bH$sa hQ> OmVr h¡, V^r dh em{ÝV àXmZ H$aVr h¡ VWm AnZr ñdê$nmdñWm
H$mo àmßV hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ&&29&& O¡go gwdU©{Z{_©V H$Q>H$eãXmW© `mZr H$‹S>m Vwåh| gwdU© go n¥WH²$
^mgVm h¡, na dh gË` Zht h¡, d¡go hr AmË_m go O{ZV AhÝVm emÝVmË_m na_mË_m go n¥WH²$
^bo hr ^mgo, na dh gË` Zht h¡ &&30&& H$Vm©ê$n AmË_m dmñVd _| Mmam| Amoa go O~
n[anyU©^md go b{jV hmo OmVm h¡, V~ emÝV hr ahVm h¡ & Cg_| {H$gr àH$ma H$m CnX«d
Zht h¡ dh eyÝ`, _mojê$n, _Za{hV, _m¡Zr, AH$Vm©ê$n Am¡a erVb h¡ &&31&&& O¡go {H$gr
`ÝÌ go ~ZmB© J`r à{V_m dmgZmeyÝ` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ñnÝXZeyÝ` h¡, `mZr ñnÝXZ Ho$
A{^_mZ go a{hV h¡, d¡go hr AmË_m ^r dmñVd _| dmgZmeyÝ` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ñnÝXZeyÝ`
hr h¡ & AV… ì`dhma H$a ahm ^r kmZr AnZo Agbê$n _| hr [ñWV ahVm h¡ &&32&&
eara H$s Mhb-nhb Xem _| ^r AmË_m _| Mhb-nhb Zht hmoVr, Bg ~mV H$s g§^mdZm _|
Xygam ÑîQ>mÝV XoVo h¢ &
O¡go Py>bo _| gmoò hþE ~mbH$ Ho$ A§J Mhb-nhb H$aVo hr Zht, d¡go hr AmË_VÎdXeu {dÛmZ²
_| AnZo ñdê$nmZw^d Ho$ {gdm Mhb-nhb H$moB© h¡ hr Zht &&33&&
kmZr H$m {ZaÝVa Mb ahm Omo ñd-ñdê$n kmZ h¡, dhr Xoh Am{X H$m kmZ h¡, `h Š`m| Z
_mZm Om`, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, Amem, MoîQ>m, ñZoh Am¡a àmW©Zm Am{X go eyÝ` VWm ~mød¥{Îm`m| go a{hV Omo AIÊS>
ñd-ñdê$n n[akmZ h¡, dh emÝV AZÝV AmË_ñdê$n hr h¡, AV… Cgoo eara Am{X H$m n[akmZ
H$hZm H¡$go g§^d h¡ ? &&34&&
CŠV ñdñdê$nmZwgÝYmZ _| X«îQ>m, Ñí` Am{X {ÌnwQ>r ahVr hr Zht, Bg{bE ^r CgH$mo
eara H$m n[akmZ Zht hmoVm, `h H$hVo h¢ &
g_ñV A{^bmfmAm| go _wŠV kmZr nwéf H$mo, Omo X«îQ>m, Ñí` Am¡a kmZê$n {ÌnwQ>ra{hV
{ZamH$ma dñVw H$mo XoI ahm h¡, eara H$m AZwgÝYmZ H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? &&35&& gdm©[ÝdV
Anojm `mZr g^r {df`m| H$s A{^bmfm hr Ñ‹T> ~ÝYZ h¡ Am¡a g^r Vah H$s BÀN>mAm| H$m
n[aË`mJ hr _w{ŠV h¡ & Eogr [ñW{V _| Omo nyU©H$m_Vm _| {dlmÝV hmo MwH$m h¡, dh Š`m
MmhoJm ? &&36&& Bg eara H$s nm{W©dê$nVm hmoZo na ^r `h AnZo ñdßZ _| earam§Jm| Ho$ gÑe
AgV² Am¡a Ho$db ^«__mÌñdê$n hr h¡, AV… AnZo eara Ho$ {bE ^r {H$g ~w{Õ_mZ² H$mo H$hm±,
ŸyÕ - 27] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1819
{H$ggo, {H$gH$s BÀN>m hmo gH$Vr h¡ ? &&37&&
A~ Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ &
kmZr nwéf Ho$db AnZo ñdê$n _| hr [ñW{V aIVm h¡, Bg [ñW{V _| CgH$s gmar BÀN>mE±
{dbrZ hþB© ahVr h¢, gmar CËH$ÊR>mE± Mbr J`r ahVr h¡ Am¡a eara H$m ^mZ ^r Zht ahVm &&38&&
_w»` A{YH$mar hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {g\$© EH$ ~ma Cn`w©ŠV {df`m| Ho$ ldU go hr _§{H$ H$s
_moh{Zd¥{Îm hmo JB©, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Bg Vah Ho$ _oao CnXoe H$mo gwZVo hr Cg _§{H$ ~«m÷U Zo AnZo Agr_ _hmZ _moh H$mo ^r
Cgr g_`, nyU©ê$n go Eogo N>mo‹S> {X`m, O¡go gn© AnZr H|$Mwb H$mo N>mo‹S> XoVm h¡ &&39&& àmaãYde
go Omo Hw$N> ^r g_`-g_` na H$V©ì` Am OmVm Wm, Cgo dh dmgZm N>mo‹S>H$a H$aVm hþAm gm¡ dfm]
Ho$ ~mX Cgr nd©V na g_m{Y _| [ñWV hmo J`m &&40&& AmO ^r Cg nd©V na nmfmU Ho$ gÑe
{ZíMb hmoH$a dh [ñWV h¡ & CgHo$ Mjw Am{X g_ñV H$aU emÝV hmo MwHo$ h¢ & H$Xm{MV² Xygamo§
Ûmam OJmò OmZo na dh `moJr g_m{Y go ~mha ^r hmo OmVm h¡ &&41&&
ho lram_^Ð, Amn Bg _§{H$ ~«m÷U Ûmam ñdrH¥$V Cnm` H$m Adbå~Z H$a kmZ _| CÝZ{Verb
{ddoH$s _Z go ñdmË_mZÝX _| {dhma H$aZo Ho$ {bE em[ÝV àmßV H$s{OE & AmnH$s ~w{Õ amJ`wŠV
~ZH$a, Oba{hV eaV² Ho$ _oKm| Ho$ gÑe, {ddoH$ a{hV hmo XrZ Z ~Z Om` &&42&&
N>ã~rgdm± gJ© g_mßV
gÎmmB©gdm± gJ©
{MÎm H$m ñnÝXZ hmoZo na AmË_m _| ñnÝXZ H$m ^«_ hmo OmVm h¡,
Bggo OJV² H$s gmar {d^y{V`m± CËnÝZ hmoVr h¡, {MÎm H$s em[ÝV go AmË_m _|
ñnÝXZ^«_ H$s em[ÝV hmoVr h¡ Am¡a Bggo AnZo Agbr ñdê$n _| AdñWmZ hmoVm h¡ - `h dU©Z &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, Amn bm¡{H$H$ nM‹S>m| go nao hmo OmBE, AnZr AmË_m
H$mo emÝV ~ZmBE Am¡a Omo Hw$N> ^r àmßV hmo Om` CgH$m AZwgaU H$aVo M{bE & ho gm¡å`,
O¡go ñ\${Q>H$ nËWa go ~Zm`m J`m Mm±XZr _| [ñWV à{V_mnwéf gV² h¡ Vmo ^r Cg_| Ñ{îQ>
H$m {ZamoY Z hmoZo go AgV² Ho$ Vwë` hr ahVm h¡ d¡go hr Amn gV² hmoVo hþE ^r AmË_m H$s
AÛ¡VÑ{îQ> H$m {ZamoY Z H$aZo Ho$ H$maU AgV² Ho$ gÑe hr ~Zo a{hE &&1&& `h Omo Agr_
AmË_m h¡, dh O~ VH$ kmZ Zht ahVm, V~ VH$ ñd`§ EH$ hmoVm hþAm ^r g~Ho$ ê$n _| `mZr
AZoH$ ê$nm| _| [ñWV h¡, naÝVw kmZ hmo OmZo na Z Vmo dh EH$ h¡ Am¡a Z gdm©Ë_H$ AZoH$
h¡ `mZr Z dh ì`{îQ>ê$n h¡ Am¡a Z g_{îQ>ê$n hr h¡, Š`m|{H$ kmZH$mb _| g^r ~m{YV hmo
OmVo h¢, Eogr [ñW{V _| Cg_| AZoH$ê$nVm H$s H$ënZm hr H$hm± ahr ? &&2&&
àËòH$ eara H$s CËn{Îm Am¡a {dZme VWm gmV {~Îmo Ho$ Zmn go AmË_m H$m Zmn AZw^d
_| AmVm h¡, AV… AmË_m H$s ZmZmê$nVm _mZ br Om`, Bg_| H$m¡Z-gr Amn{Îm h¡ ? Bg na
H$hVo h¢ &
Omo MoVZ AmË_dñVw h¡, dh n[anyU©, Am{X-AÝV go a{hV, ì`mnH$ VWm AmH$me Ho$ Vwë`
{Z_©b h¡, Bg{bE eara H$s CËn{Îm Ed§ Zme hmoZo na CgH$s CËn{Îm `m {dZme H¡$go hmo
gH$Vm h¡ ? CgH$m Š`m ~Z-{~J‹S> gH$Vm h¡ ? &&3&& ^Ð, {M{V Ho$ M_ËH$maê$n Bg M§Mb
_Z H$s EH$_mÌ MnbVm Ho$ H$maU hr ò g~ O‹S> g§gma Ho$ Iob ñ\w$[aV hmoVo h¢ Am¡a CgH$s
M§MbVm Z ahZo go AmË_m _| Eogo {XImB© n‹S>Vo h¢, O¡go Ob _| Va§J &&4&& ^Ð, ew^« _oKm|
_| H$[ënV dóê$nVm dñVwV… O¡go nhZZo Ho$ H$m__| Zht AmVr, d¡go hr Bg Xoh _| H$[ënV
AmË_ê$nVm ^r dñVwV… Hw$N> H$m_ _| Zht AmVr &&5&& lram_Or, Amn AZoH$ Vah Ho$ àn§M
H$mo XoZodmbr AdñVw _| `mZr {_Ï`m nXmWmoª _o§ Sy>{~ò _V & _w»` ^ì` AZÝV dñVw H$s
_w{ŠVê$n AZÝVgwI Ho$ {bE CnmgZm H$s{OE &&6&&
dh H$m¡Z dñVw h¡, {OgH$s ^mdZm H$aZr Mm{hE, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
{MV²ê$nr AZÝV AmH$me hr Agbr dñVw h¡, CgH$m {H$gr Vah Zmn Zht hmo gH$Vm &
{OZH$m AmË_m EH$ê$n ~Z J`m h¡, CZHo$ {bE `hr g~go ~‹T>-M‹T>H$a CÎm_ dñVw h¡ & lram_Or,
Bgr EH$ dñVw _| AmnH$m {MÎm gXm a_U H$ao &&7&&
CgH$m Š`m \$b h¡, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
Bg àH$ma Ho$ {ZíM` go `wŠV hþE Amn hr AkmZê$n ~ÝYZ go {Z_w©ŠV {Za§OZ h¢ & CŠV
{ZíM` Ü`mVm, Ü`mZ Am¡a Üò` go eyÝ` ( {ÌnwQ>reyÝ`) h¡, {ÌH$mb _| ~m{YV hmoZodmbm Zht h¡ &
Ü`mVm, Ü`mZ Am¡a Üò`-BZ_| H$moB© ^r gË` Zht h¡ `mZr {ÌH$mbm~m{YV Zht h¡ &&8&&
Xe©Zm{X {ÌnwQ>r CgH$s ~mYH$ H¡$go ? Š`m|{H$ dh {ÌnwQ>r ^r Ü`mZ-{ÌnwQ>r Ho$ hr g_mZ h¡,
Bg e§H$m na Hw$N> {deof H$hVo h¢ &
ÐîQ>m, Ñí` Am¡a Xe©Z {MÎm H$s hr {d^y{V`m± h¡, VmËn`© `h {H$ Xe©Z à_mU go CËnÝZ
VWm dñVw Ho$ AYrZ h¡, nwéf Ho$ AYrZ Zht, Bg{bE d¥{Îm go A{^ì`ŠV na_mW© {M{V H$s
Cg_| àYmZVm VWm AkmZ H$s ~mYH$Vm ({ZdV©H$Vm) hr {dÚ_mZ h¡, Bg n[a[ñW{V _| ÐîQ>m
Am{X na_mW© ^r M¡VÝ` H$s hr {d^y{V R>har & Ü`mZ Z Vmo à_mUOÝ` h¡ Am¡a Z dñVw Ho$
hr AYrZ h¡, {H$ÝVw nwéf H$s BÀN>m H$m AZwgaU H$aZodmbm h¡ & Bg [ñW{V _| Ü`mZ Am{X
{H«$`m{deofê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU A{dÚm H$s [d^y{Vê$n hr h¢, AV… Ü`mVm Am{X ~m{YV hmo OmVo
h¢ & Xygar ~mV `h h¡ {H$ Omo Omo O‹S> dñVw h¡, dh g~ kmZ go {^ÝZ (n¥WH²$) {XImB© Zht
XoVr AV… {OVZo Ñí` h¢, do g~ Xe©Z H$m hr AZwgaU H$aZodmbo h¢ & Üò` Vmo Ü`mZ Ho$
ŸyÕ - 27] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1821
{~Zm ^r AbJ ahVm h¡, AV… dh Ü`mZmZwgmar Zht hmoVm, `h {deof h¡ &&9&&
g~go {deof Vmo `h h¡ {H$ kmZ {Z{d©H$mar h¡, `h H$hVo h¡ &
O¡go à{VnXm Ho$ MÝÐ_m Ho$ C{XV hmoZo na g_wÐ jwãY hmoVm h¡ Am¡a O¡go àb`H$mb H$s dm`w
~hZo na g_wÐ gyI OmVm h¡, d¡go AmË_VÎd Z jwãY hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Z gyI OmVm h¡, dh gXm
EH$ê$n Am¡a gm¡å` ahVm h¡ &&10&&
V~ {M{V H$s {d^y{V ÐîQ>m Am{X {ÌnwQ>r H¡$go ? Bg àíZ na EH$_mÌ {ddV©^md go `h
CÎma XoVo h¢ &
O¡go Zmd na `mÌm H$a aho nwéf H$mo VrañW [ñWa d¥j, nd©V Am{X H$[ånV hmo aho-go àVrV
hmoVo h¢ AWdm O¡go ew{ŠV _| aOV-~w{Õ hmoVr h¡, d¡go hr {M{V _| `h Xoh Am{X AÝV…H$aU H$mo
àVrV hmoVo h¢ &&11&&
Bg ar{V go XohÑ{îQ> {MÎm H$s H$ënZm H$aVr h¡, Xoh Am¡a {MÎm H$s Ñ{îQ> Ord H$s H$ënZm
H$aVr h¡ Am¡a OrdÑ{îQ> Xoh-{MÎm H$s H$ënZm H$aVr h¡, `m| g^r ewÕ M¡VÝ` _| hr {ddV© h¢, `h
H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go Xoh Am{X {MÎm Ho$ h¢ d¡go hr {MÎm ^r Xohm{X H$m h¡, Bgr Vah Ord ^r h¡, Bg n[a[ñW{V
_| na_ ~«÷nX _| Û¡V hr H$hm± ahm ? &&12&&
~«÷Ñ{îQ> go Vmo g~ EH$ hr h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
AmË_VÎd Ho$ kmZ go Vmo `h g~ Ho$db emÝV ~«÷ñdê$n hr h¡, Xygam OJV² Am{X nXmW©
Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡, Am¡a Z H$moB© Xygar ^«m[ÝV hr h¡ &&13&& ho lram_Or, O¡go AmH$me _| AaÊ` Zht
ahVm AWdm O¡go ~mby _| Vob Zht ahVm `m O¡go MÝÐ{~å~ _| {~Obr Zht ahVr, d¡go hr {MÎm _|
Xoh Am{X Hw$N> Zht ahVo &&14&& ho gË`km{Z`m| _| loîR> lram_Or, `h OJV² H$s ^«m[ÝV A{dÚ_mZ
hr h¡, AV… Bggo Amn ^` _V H$s{Oò & `hr ~mV na_ gË` h¡, `h Amn Om{Zò &&15&& ^Ð,
A^r VH$ Omo AmnH$mo ^«_ ahm {H$ OJV²-dñVw H$s hr gÎmm h¡ Am¡a ~«÷ gÎmm h¡ hr Zht, dh AmO
hr _oao CnXoe go emÝV hmo J`m & A~ Xygam ~ÝYZ XoZodmbm Š`m ahm AWm©V² Hw$N> Zht &&16&&
Wmbr, nwadm, K‹S>m Am{X O¡go Ho$db {_Å>r hr h¡, d¡go hr `h OJV² Ho$db {MÎm hr h¡ & `h {dMma
go Vmo jrU hmo MwH$m h¡ &&17&& ho lram_Or, A~ Amn _oao gm¡å` CnXoe go Ah§H$ma go nhbo AbJ
hmo OmBE, {\$a gån{Îm`m| _| BÀN>m, hf© Am¡a Amn{Îm`m| _| {dfmX go a{hV hmo OmBE, d¡^dm| Ho$
CËH$f© Am¡a AnH$f© _| (~‹T>Zo-KQ>Zo na) ^r EH$-go a{hE & H$^r ^r _oao CnXoe H$m {dñ_aU H$a
`mZr AnZo ñdê$n[ñW{V H$s Ñ‹T>Vm H$m n[aË`mJ H$a [ñWa _V ~¡{R>ò &&18&&
VÎdkmZ Ho$ ~mX `{X à_mX hmo Om` `m à~b àmaãY ah Om`, Vmo Cggo hf©-emoH$ ^r hmoVo
ah|Jo Am¡a CZHo$ H$maU {\$a g§gma ^r hmoJm hr ? Bg na Zht, `h CÎma XoVo h¢ &
ho AnZo Hw$bê$n AmH$me Ho$ MÝÐ_m lram_Or, `{X Amn ~«÷mË_m H$s EH$Vmê$n dñVw
H$mo ^br^m±{V OmZH$a Ad{ñWV h¢, Vmo {MÎm _| gÝVmn nhþ±MmZodmbo hf© emoH$, BÀN>m Am{X
Xmofm| H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a a{hò `m CZH$m AZwgaU H$aVo a{hò, AmnH$mo {\$a g§gma Am hr Zht
gH$Vm &&19&&
gÎmmB©gdm± gJ© g_mßV
AÆ>mB©gdm± gJ©
~rOê$n Am¡a H$m`©ê$n VWm OÝ_ Ho$ hoVw^yV nwéfH$_m] Ho$,
Omo AÑîQ>ê$n {Z{_Îm go gå~Õ h¢, ñdê$n H$m nwZ… dU©ZŸ&
lram_^Ð Zo H$hm … ho {d^mo, ~rOê$n VWm H$m`©ê$n nwéf Ho$ H$_m] H$m, Omo OÝ_ê$n g§gma
AZW© Ho$ CËnmXH$ VWm X¡d go (AÑîQ>) gå~Õ h¢, ñdê$n _wPgo {\$a H${hE `mZr `Ú{n AmnZo
BZ H$_m] H$m VÎd nhbo `Ì-VÌ H$hm h¡ naÝVw {\$a ^r EH$ gmW {_bmH$a H${hE &&1&&
g~go nhbo X¡d H$m VÎd H$_© h¡, H$_© H$m VÎd nwéf h¡, nwéf H$m VÎd _Zmoê$n {M{VñnÝXZ
h¡ Am¡a {M{VñnÝXZ H$m VÎd {MXmË_m h¡ & `hr {MXmË_m àmW{_H$ g§H$ënê$n {M{VñnÝXZ go
g_{îQ>-ì`{îQ> _Zê$n ~Z OmVm h¡, {OgH$m {H$ "~hþñ`m§ àOmò`' Bg lw{V _| CëboI h¡ & BgHo$
~mX bmoH$ _| XohmH$ma Ho$ AÜ`mg go (^«_ go) nwéf hmo OmVm h¡ & {\$a H$_© H$aVo-H$aVo nwÊ` -
nmnê$n AÑîQ>mË_H$ X¡dê$nVm àmßVH$a nwÊ`-nmn H$m ^moJ H$aZo Ho$ {bE KQ> Am{X ê$n Ed§
KQ>m{XJV JwU{H«$`mê$n go KQ>Ëdm{Xgm_mÝ`ê$n ~Z OmVm h¡, Bgr go OJV²-ê$n {ddV© _| Am
OmVm h¡, BZ g~ ~mVm| go gma `h {ZH$bm {H$ X¡d, H$_© Am{X H$maUeãXê$n Am¡a KQ> go boH$a
KQ>ËdY_©n`©ÝV H$m`©ê$n Omo Hw$N> h¡, dh g~ VÎdÑ{îQ> go {M{VñnÝX Ho$ hr AbJ-AbJ Zm_ h¢,
Bg A{^àm` H$mo boH$a ^JdmZ² d{gîR>Or H$hVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, KQ> go boH$a KQ>ËdVH$ H$m`©ê$n Am¡a X¡d, H$_© Am{X
H$maUê$n Omo Hw$N> ^r h¡ dh g~ {M{V H$m ñnÝXZ hr h¡, Am¡a `hr bmoH$ _| nwéfê$n ~Z
J`m h¡ &&2&& ^Ð, g§{dV² Ho$ ({M{V Ho$) ñnÝXZ Ho$ {~Zm nwéf H$m ê$n Am¡a H$_© H¡$go hmo
gH$Vm h¡ ? g§{dV² H$m ñnÝXZ hr KQ>, nQ>, dQ> Am{X H$m ñdê$n h¡ & Bgr Zo g_ñV OJV²
H$mo CËnÝZ {H$`m h¡ ? `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ nwéf Hoo$ H$_© Am{X Am¡a KQ>-nQ>m{X Ho$ A[ñVËd
`m n[akmZ Am{X {M{V Ho$$ A[ñVËd Am¡a àH$me Ho$ hr ~Xm¡bV hmoVo h¢, `h g^r H$mo {d{XV
h¡ & `{X BZ g~H$mo g§{dV² H$m `mZr {M{V H$m {ddV© Z _mZm Om`, Vmo Z CZH$m A[ñVËd
_mby_ n‹S> gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a Z CZH$m àH$me hr hmo gH$Vm h¡, Eogr [ñW{V _| CZH$m ñdê$n
H¡$gm hmoJm ? AWm©V² AgV² hr hmoJm, `h ^md h¡ &&3&&
ŸyÕ - 28] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1823
`Ú{n g^r nXmW© {M{V Ho$ ñnÝXZê$n hr h¢ VWm{n CZHo$ d¡{MÍ` _| Am¡a {dZme _|
H$maU H$hVo h¢ &
gmao OJV² H$s `h {d{MÌ emo^m dmgZm`wŠV g§{dV² Ho$ ñnÝXZ go CËnÝZ hmoVr h¡ Am¡a
dmgZm go {Z_w©ŠV hþE g§{dV² Ho$ ñnÝXZ go {Zd¥Îm hmoVr h¡ &&4&& _hmË_mAm| H$m `h {ZíM` h¡ {H$
g§{d{Îm H$m ({M{VH$m) ñnÝXZ `{X dmgZma{hV h¡, Vmo dh AñnÝXZ hr h¡ & bmoH$ _| ñnÝXZerb
^r Va§J Am{X O~ ^±da Am{X Ho$ Ûmam AnZo AÝXa g_m{dîQ> H$a {bò OmVo h¢, V~ CZ_| ñnÝXZ
H$m n[akmZ Zht hmoVm, \$bV… CZH$s AñnÝXZerbVm hr V{H©$V hmoVr h¡ &&5&&
AVEd {M{V H$m ñnÝXZ hr nwéf Am{X AmH$maê$n h¡ Am¡a {M{V_| ñnÝXZ H$s {Zd¥{Îm hr
{ZamH$maVm h¡, Eogr [ñW{V _| {d_e© H$aZo na ñnÝX Am¡a nwéf _| H$moB© ôX Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
lram_Or, Bg g¥{îQ> _| g§{dV² Am¡a g§{dV²-ñnÝX_` nwéf Ed§ H$_© (ñnÝX) XmoZm| _| H$ënmZm§e
H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a V{ZH$ ^r ôX Zht h¡ &&6&& ^Ð, O¡go g§H$ën go O{ZV Ob Am¡a Va§J H$m ôX
dmñV{dH$ Zht h¡, d¡go hr g§H$ënO{ZV nwéf Am¡a H$_© H$m (g§{dËñnÝXZH$m) ôX Zht h¡ &&7&&
ho lram_Or, H$_© hr nwéf h¡ Am¡a nwéf _| hr H$_©ê$nVm h¡, Amn BZ XmoZm| H$s {h_ Am¡a erVVm
H$s ZmBª A{^ÝZê$nVm hr Om{ZE &&8&& ^Ð, Omo {h_ h¡ dhr O¡go erVVm h¡ Am¡a Omo erVVm h¡,
dhr O¡go {h_ h¡, d¡go hr Omo H$_© h¡ dhr nwéf h¡ Am¡a Omo nwéf h¡ dhr H$_© h¡, Bg{bE {H$ò OmZodmbo
nwÊ`-nmn ^m{d Xoh Am¡a Cg Xoh go Omo ^mo½` hmoZodmbm h¡ BZ XmoZm| H$s nydm©dñWm h¡ &&9&&
Ed§ `h Omo H$hm J`m Wm {H$ X¡d, H$_© Am{X EH$ hr dñVw Ho$ {^ÝZ Zm_ h¢, `h {gÕ hmo J`m,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
X¡d, H$_©, nwéf Am{X g§{dV² Ho$ ñnÝXZê$n ag Ho$ hr n`m©`dmMr eãX h¢, Bg{bE
g§{dËñnÝXZ go n¥WH²$ H$_© Am{X V{ZH$ ^r AnZm n¥WH²$ A[ñVËd Zht aIVo &&10&& ñnÝXZ
Ho$ H$maU hr g§{dV² OJV² H$s ~rO hmo OmVr h¡ Am¡a ñnÝXZ Ho$ à^md go A~rOê$n hmo OmVr
h¡ & CgrHo$ AÝXa gyú_ê$n go A§Hw$a lr ^r [ñWV h¡, AV… dhr ~mha {ZH$bH$a ñWyb
A§Hw$aê$n hmo OmVr h¡ &&11&& Agr_ {MËñd^md hr Eogm h¡ {H$ H$ht na AnZo ñd^mdde Xoe-
H$mb H«$_ _| [ñWV ñnÝXZ go eyÝ` hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a H$ht na ñnÝXZê$n ~Z OmVm h¡ &&12&&
`Ú{n g§{dV² H$m ñnÝXZ dmñVd _| AH$maU h¡, VWm{n `hm± dmgZm go `wŠV hmoH$a Xoh Am{X
A§Hw$am| H$m dh H$maUê$n ~rO ~Z OmVm h¡ &&13&&
AdmÝVa ~rOm| Ho$ ê$n _| [ñWV dhr g§{dV²-ñnÝXZ gd©Ì H$maU h¡, Cgr ñnÝXZ H$s
{deof-{deof H$m`m] H$s ì`dñWm Ho$ {bE AdmÝVa ~rOm| Ho$ ê$nm| _| [ñW{V h¡, Bg Ame` go
H$hVo h¢ &
AÝ`mÝ` AdmÝVa V¥U, dëbr, bVm, Jwë_ Am{X Ho$ ~rOm| H$s Omo ì`d[ñWV A§Hw$a Am{X H$m`©
H$aZo H$s àd¥{Îm h¡, Cg_| ^r dhr g§{dËñnÝX H$maU h¡, CgH$m AÝ` H$moB© ~rO Zht h¡ &&14&&
`{X ~rO Ho$ AÝXa ahZodmbr e{ŠV hr A§Hw$a h¡, `m| _mZ|, Vmo ^r e{ŠV Am¡a e{ŠV_mZ² _|
H$moB© ôX Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
~rO Am¡a A§Hw$a _|, A{½Z Am¡a CîUVm Ho$ gÑe, H$moB© ôX Zht h¡ & ho lram_Or, Amn ~rO
H$mo hr A§Hw$a Om{Zò Am¡a H$_© hr H$mo _mZd Om{Zò &&15&& ñnÝXZerb hmo ahr {M{V hr ^y{_ _|
dQ> Am{X d¥jm| Ho$ A§Hw$a H$mo ñWyb nXmW©, gyú_ nXmW©, H${R>Z nXmW© Ed§ _¥Xw nXmW© Ob _|
~wb~wbm| H$s ZmBª ~ZmVr h¡ &&16&& {M{V Ho$ {~Zm Eogm H$m¡Z e{ŠV_mZ² h¡, Omo Bg n¥ÏdrVb go,
AË`ÝV _¥Xw A§Hw$a go dO« Ho$ gÑe Ñ‹T> àdmb Am{X H$mo${ZH$mb gHo$ &&17&&
`hr Ý`m` aOdr`© go eara gånmXZ _| ^r bJmZm Mm{hE, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go bVm _| [ñWV ag nwîn Am¡a \$b H$m {dñVma H$aVm h¡, d¡go hr `h {M{V àm{U`m| Ho$
dr`©ag _| [ñWV hmoH$a BZ Agr_ O§J_ dñVwAm| H$m {dñVma H$aVr h¡ &&18&& lram_Or, ^bm,
~VbmBò Vmo ghr {H$ `{X gd©Ì[ñWV `h g§{dV² AË`ÝV ~bdVr Z hmoVr Vmo, BZ Xod, Agwa Ed§
amOmAm| Ho$ [Z_m©U _| H$m¡Z e{ŠVembr hmoVm ? &&19&& ^Ð, ñWmda VWm O§J_ nXmWm] H$m `hr
EH$ Am{X_ g§{dËñ\w$aU H$maU h¡ & Am¡a BgH$m H$moB© H$maU Zht h¡ &&20&& ~rO, A§Hw$a Am{X
{dH$ënm| H$m nañna; {H«$`m, nwéf Ed§ X¡d H$m nañna VWm D${_©, dr{M Am¡a Va§Jm| H$m nañna
V{ZH$ ^r ôX Zht h¡ Ed§ A{YîR>mZ _| ^r Hw$N> ôX Zht h¡ &&21&&
Bg Vah Ho$ doXg§_V AôX H$mo Omo nwéf Zht XoIVm, CgH$s {ZÝXm H$aVo h¢ &
^Ð, Eogm hmoZo na ^r nwéf Am¡a H$_© _| VWm ~rO Am¡a A§Hw$a _| {Og nwéf H$mo ôX
dmñV{dH$ ^mgVm hmo, Cg _hmZ² n[ÊS>Vnew H$mo {ZaÝVa Z_ñH$ma hr H$aZm Mm{hE &&22&&
dmgZm Ho$ gå~ÝY go O{ZV g§gma~rOVm dmgZm Ho$ {dZme go ZîQ> hmo OmVr h¡, `h
H$hVo h¢ &
OÝ_ Ho$ H$maU g§{dËñnÝXZ _| Omo ^rVa H$m dmgZmag h¡, dhr ~mha A§Hw$a \|$H$Vm h¡,
Bg{bE Cg dmgZmag H$mo Ag§Jê$n A{½Z go Amn Obm Xr{Oò &&23&& n[ÊS>V bmoJ H$hVo h¢ {H$
nwéf Hw$N> H$ao Mmho Hw$N> ^r Z H$ao, naÝVw CgH$m ew^-Aew^ H$m`m] _| _Z go Omo AmgŠV Z hmoZm
h¡, dhr Ag§J h¡ &&24&&
`{X dmgZm hr g§J h¡ Am¡a dmgZm H$m CÀN>oX hr Ag§J h¡, `h _mZo|, Vmo VÎdkmZ Ho$ Aä`mg
go hr dmgZm H$mo Obm Xr{OE, `h H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, AWdm dmgZm H$m CÀN>oX hr Ag§J h¡, `h ^r n[ÊS>Vm| H$m _V h¡, Bg{bE Amn Cgr
H$m (dmgZmoÀN>oXê$n Ag§J H$m hr) {Og {H$gr `w{ŠV go ^rVa gånmXZ H$s{OE &&25&& dh
`w{ŠV Mmho nhbo H$hr JB© amO-`moJê$nm hmo `m hR>`moJê$nm hmo, naÝVw nwéf à`ËZ go XrK©H$mbVH$
ŸyÕ - 28] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1825
dh Aä`ñV hmoZr Mm{hE & Amn AnZr dmgZm H$m CÀN>oX {Og `w{ŠV go gab g_PVo hm|, Cgr
go CgH$m CÀN>oX H$a S>m{bE Š`m|{H$ `h dmgZm§Hw$a H$m CÀN>oX hr na_ H$ë`mU h¡ &&26&&
g_ñV dmgZmAm| H$m {MX²J«[ÝWê$n Ah§H$ma hr _yb h¡, AV… Cgr H$m Amn {dZme H$s{OE,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
lram_^Ð, nwéf à`ËZ go Amn {Og Vah H$s `w{ŠV OmZVo hm|, Cg Vah H$s Ñ‹T>
A^«mÝV `w{ŠV go Ah§H$maê$nr A§e H$m Ë`mJ H$a Xr{OE, Š`m|{H$ `h Ah§H$mam§e H$m Ë`mJ
hr dmgZm H$m j` h¡ &&27&& dmgZmj`Zm_H$ Bg {Zah§H$maê$n g§gmaVaU _| AnZo nwéfmW©
Ho$ {gdm Xygar H$moB© J{V h¡ hr Zht &&28&&
AZm{X AZÝV àË`JmË_ê$n M¡VÝ` H$s gÎmm go hr ~rO, A§Hw$a Am{X H$s gÎmm h¡, ñdV…
Zht, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Agb _| `hm± g~go _w»` Vmo g§{dV² H$s hr EH$_mÌ gÎmm h¡, dhr A§Hw$a h¡, dhr ~rO h¡, dhr
H$_© h¡, dhr nwéf h¡ Am¡a dhr nwÊ`-nmnê$n X¡d h¡ &&29&& g~go àW_ Z Vmo H$moB© {M{V Ho$ {gdm
Xygam ~rO h¡, Z A§Hw$a h¡, Z nwéf h¡, Z H$_© h¡ Am¡a Z X¡d Am{X hr Hw$N> h¡, Ho$db {M{V H$m hr
`h g~ Hw$N> {dbmg h¡ &&30&&
O~ ~rO Am{X H$s ñdV… gÎmm [ñWa Zht hmoVr, V~ `hr {ZîH$f© {ZH$bVm h¡ {H$ EH$_mÌ
{MXmË_m hr AgË`^yV ~rOm{X Ho$ AmH$mam| _| OJÐÿn ~ZH$a {dbmg H$aVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho gmYmo, Z Vmo H$moB© ~rO h¡ Am¡a Z H$moB© A§Hw$a hr h¡ & Bgr Vah Z Vmo H$moB© H$_© h¡
Am¡a Z H$moB© nwéf hr h¡ & O¡go ZmQ>H$ H$m nmÌ g_`-g_` na Xod, Za, XmZd Am{X Zm_m|
H$s emo^m YmaU H$a Z¥Ë` H$aVm h¢, d¡go hr EH$_mÌ {MËñd^md hr BZ ~rO, A§Hw$a Am{X
Zm_m| H$s emo^m YmaU H$a {dbmg H$aVm h¡ &&31&& ho A{dH$ma lr am_MÝÐOr, CŠV àH$ma
Ho$ {ZíM` H$mo AnZo _Z _| [ñWa H$a nwéf, H$_© Am{X {_Ï`m {dMma-O{ZV e§H$m H$m
{~bHw$b n[aË`mJ H$a dmgZmeyÝ`, g_ñV {dH$ënm| go a{hV Ed§ M¡VÝ`_` ~Z OmBE & [\$a
Amn AnZr A{^_V BÀN>m Ho$ AZwgma g_m{YñW hmoH$a `m ì`dhmaaV hmoH$a [ñWV a{hE &
Bggo AmnH$m Hw$N> ^r {~J‹S>oJm Zht, `h gma h¡ &&32&&
BgrH$m ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aVo hþE Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ &
ho am_^Ð, g~ BÀN>mAm| go {Z_w©ŠV Ed§ Aeof e§H$m go a{hV hmoH$a g~ H$_© H$aVo hþE
^r Amn M¡VÝ`_mÌ _| [ñWV a{hE & EH$_mÌ AnZr AmË_m _| hr a_U H$s{OE & g_ñV
H$m_ZmAm| go n[anyU© hmoH$a Amn {Z^©` hmo OmBE Am¡a na_em[ÝV H$m Adbå~Z H$a g~
Amoa M_H$Zo bJ OmBò &&33&&
AÆ>mB©gdm± gJ© g_mßV
CZVrgdm± gJ©
ì`dhmaH$mb _| Omo ^r Hw$N> H$V©ì` Am Om` Cgo [Z^mVo hþE AnZo ñdê$n _| gXm [ñWa ahZm Mm{hE,
`m| am_Or Ho$ à{V _hmamO d{gîR>Or H$m CnXoe &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … lr am_^Ð, eÌw, {_Ì Am{X g~Ho$ {bE àmaãY go Omo Hw$N>
H$m`© Am Om`, Cgo `Wm`mo½` H$aVo hþE ^r Amn {ZaÝVa AÝV_w©I hr a{hE & amJ N>mo‹S>
Xr{OE, dmgZmAm| go nao hmo OmBE Am¡a gd©Ì {Z_©b emÝV M¡VÝ`_mÌ H$s ^mdZm H$s{OE &&1&&
^Ð, AmH$me Ho$ gÑe {deX hmo OmBE & àmk ~{ZE & EH$ {MÝ_mÌ _| AnZr Ñ‹T> [ñW{V
({ZîR>m) ~ZmBE & g_, gm¡å` Ed§ nyUm©ZÝX go `wŠV hmo OmBE VWm AnZo AÝV…H$aU H$mo
~«÷gÑe AmZÝXag _| gam~moa H$s{OE &&2&& am_Or, àmaãYde àmßV hþE N>moQ>o-~‹S>o emoH$,
Amn{Îm, Kmoa g§H$Q>, AdQ> (JV©) Am{X g^r àg§Jm| _| ^rVa XwIr hmoH$a XoeY_m}§ Ho$ AZwgma
Ed§ H«$_mZwgma éXZ-AlwnmV Am{X n`©ÝV Xw…Im| H$m Am¡a erVmoîU Am{X go `wŠV dóm{X^moJê$n
gwIm| H$m AZw^d H$aVo M{bE &&3,4&&
g§jon go {Og AW© H$mo H$hm, Cgr H$mo {dñVmanyd©H$ H$hVo h¢ &
H$_Zr` (a_Ur`) {df`m| H$s àm{ßV Ho$ Adgam| _|, CËgdm| _| Ed§ CX`H$mb _| Amn gm¡å`
(emÝV) _y{V© hmoH$a Eogo AmZÝX _ZmBE, O¡go {H$ ^moJdmgZmAm| go AmH«$mÝV H$_©R> _yT> nwéf &&5&&
dmgZmAm| go AmH«$mÝV _y‹T> nwéfm| Ho$ gÑe AYm{_©H$ àm{U`m| H$mo _¥Ë`w Ho$ hoVw g§J«m_ Am{X _|
S>mbH$a O¡go V¥U H$mo A{½Z Obm S>mbVr h¡ d¡go Obm Xr{OE &&6&& àmaãY H$_m] Ho$ AZwgma àmßV
hþE Y_©A{damoYr YZ Am{X Ho$ CnmO©Z Am{X H$m`m] H$m ~Jwbo Ho$ gÑe Eogo A{IÝZ hmoH$a {MÝVZ
Am¡a AO©Z H$s{OE, O¡go dmgZm`wŠV H$_©R> nwéf &&7&& ho eÌwZmeH$ lram_Or, dmgZm`wŠV
_y‹T>OZ Ho$ gÑe Amn ~bnyd©H$ g_ñV eÌwAm| H$m Eogo {dZme H$a Xr{OE, O¡go dm`w ObeyÝ`
~mXbm| H$m {dZme H$a XoVr h¡ &&8&& dmgZm go AmH«$mÝV H$_©Hw$eb _Zwî`m| Ho$ gÑe H$éUmnmÌ
OZm| _| CXmaVm H$m Am¡a _hmË_mAm| Ho$ {df` _| {ZÝXm Z H$aZo H$m Adbå~Z H$s{OE VWm AnZr
AmË_m _| _Z H$mo a_Zo Xr{OE &&9&& hf© H$aZo `mo½` ñWmZm| _| h{f©V hmoBE, Xw…I H$aZo`mo½` ñWmZm|
_| Xw…Ir ~{Zò, XrZm| na X`m H$s{OE Am¡a dram| _| dra ~ZH$a a{hE &&10&&
Hw$N> H$aZo na _y‹T>OZm| H$mo Vmo Xmof bJVm h¡, naÝVw kmZr nwéf H$mo Hw$N> H$aZo na Xmof Zht
bJVm, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho AZK, Omo nwéf AnZr d¥{Îm`m| H$mo AmË_m Ho$ AÝXa bJmH$a [ñWV ahVm h¡, gXm AmZÝX
_| _½Z ahVm h¡, AnZr AmË_m _| hr Amam_ H$aVm h¡ VWm Omo em[ÝV Am¡a Am¡Xm`© go `wŠV h¡, dh
H$Vm© Zht hmoVm, Bg{bE nydm}ŠV {df`m| _| Amn H$^r H$Vm© Zht hm|Jo Am¡a Z CZgo AmnH$mo Xmof
hr bJoJm &&11&& ho gmYmo lram_Or, AmË_m H$s ^mdZm go {ZaÝVa AÝV_w©I d¥{Îm ~Zm H$a [ñWV
ŸyÕ - 29] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1827
hþE AmnHo$ D$na `{X BÝÐ H$s ^r dO«Ymam {Ja Om`, Vmo ^r dh ì`W© hmo OmòJr &&12&&
g_ñV g§H$ën-{dH$ënm| go {Z_w©ŠV AnZr g§{dÝ_mÌê$n AÝVamË_m _|, ñdoÀN>m go Omo [ñWV
ahVm h¡, dh AmË_mam_r _hmZ² B©ída hr h¡ &&13&& Eogo nwéf H$mo eó N>oXVo Zht, A{½Z ObmVr
Zht, Ob [^JmVo Zht Am¡a ndZ gwImVm Zht &&14&& {Og_| {MÎm ^br^m±{V àH$m{eV hmoVm h¡,
Eogo {ZË` {Za{Ve`mZÝXê$n, OÝ_eyÝ`, Oam-_aUa{hV, ñdmË_m H$m Ñ‹T> Iåôdmbo _[ÝXa H$s
ZmBª Adbå~Z H$a {ZíMb hmoH$a [ñWV a{hE &&15&& ho am_^Ð, OJÐÿnr d¥j Ho$ nXmW©ê$nr
nwînm| H$s gwJÝYemo^m Ho$ gÑe gma^yV ñdñW ~«÷g§{d{Îm H$m (AmË_kmZH$m) Adbå~Z H$a
g_ñV ~mød¥{Îm`m| H$mo gXm AÝV_w©I ~ZmH$a [ñWV a{hE &&16&& AÝV_w©IVm go {ZaÝVa ~mha
Ho$ H$m`m] H$m gånmXZ H$a aho ^r àm{U`m| _| dmgZm Eogo CËnÝZ Zht hmoVr, O¡go {H$ nËWam| _| Zht
hmoVr &&17&& ^Ð, H$Nw>E Ho$ A§Jm| Ho$ gÑe ^rVa Am¡a ~mha Ho$ g~ d¥{Îm`m| go {daV hmoH$a gmao
H$_© H$aVo hþE ^r Amn AnZo _Z H$mo ^rVa brZ H$a Xr{OE Vm{H$ {\$a dh ~mha Z {ZH$bZo
nmdo &&18&& AÝXa H$s gwI-Xw…Im{Xd¥{Îm go eyÝ`, ~mha H$s KQ>m{Xd¥{Îm go `wŠV-go VWm àm`…
AmYo OJo hþE {MÎm go Amn H$m`© H$aVo M{bE &&19&& O¡go ~mbH$ Ed§ _yH$ Am{X H$m {dkmZ A§Xa
H$s dmgZm go a{hV hmoVm h¡, d¡go hr AÝXa H$s dmgZm go eyÝ` AVEd AmH$me Ho$ gÑe {Z_©b
hþAm {MÎm H$m`© H$a aho AmnH$mo ~ÝYZH$maH$ Zht hmoJm &&20&& ^Ð, Amn g_ñV {MÝVmAm| H$mo
{Vbm§O{b XoH$a Eogo {MÎm go `wŠV a{hE, Omo {H$ {Z{d©H$ën g_m{Y Ho$ Aä`mg go ~m{YV hmo MwH$m
hmo, Hw$N> Hw$N> ~mha H$s Amoa à{V^mgê$n go {ZH$b gH$Vm hmo VWm ^rVa go _a J`m hmo &&21&&
ho {Zînmn am_Or, kmZ go {MÎm H$m {dZme hmo OmZo na ~Mr hþB© g§H$ënê$nr H$b§H$ go {Z_w©ŠV
{dewÕ ~«÷{M{V _| ~¡R>H$a Amn Hw$N> H$s{Oò `m Z H$s{Oò XmoZm| EH$-go h¢ &&22&& OmJVo hþE,
ì`dhma H$aVo hþE `m OmVo hþE ^r Amn gmoò hþE nwéf Ho$ gÑe d¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU Z Vmo A^rîQ> H$m
J«hU H$a| `m Z A{ZîQ> H$m n[ahma hr H$a| &&23&& OmJ«V H$s AdñWm _| ^r `{X Amn g~ àH$ma
H$s Cnm{Y`m| H$m {db`H$a gwfw{ßV AdñWmdmbo hmo OmVo h¢ Vmo gwfw{ßV AdñWm _| ^r Amn OmJ«V
AdñWmdmbo hr h¢ Š`m|[H$ AkmZ AmdaU Cg g_` ahoJm hr Zht & OmJ«V Am¡a gwfw{ßV H$mo AbJ
H$aZodmbo AkmZ Am¡a AkmZH$m`© H$m ~mY hmo OmZo na ò XmoZm| AdñWmE± EH$ hmo OmVr h¢ Am¡a
EH$Vm hmo OmZo na Omo gÝ_mÌê$n ~M OmòJm, dhr {Z{d©H$ma gÝ_mÌ-ñdê$n Amn h¢ &&24&& Bg
Vah Yrao-Yrao Aä`mg Ho$ Ûmam Amn Am{X-AÝV go a{hV Eogm nX àmßV H$s{OE, Omo g_ñV
erV-CîU Am{X ÛÝÛm| go a{hV VWm g~ dñVwAm| go nao h¢ &&25&& Z Vmo Û¡VmË_H$ OJV² h¡ Am¡a
Z EH$mË_H$ hr OJV² h¡, Bg Vah Ho$ {ZíM` go `wŠV hmoH$a Amn AmH$me Ho$ gÑe {deX² Ame`
(_Z) dmbo hmoH$a na_ {dlm[ÝV àmßV H$s{OE &&26&&
g_ñV Û¡V H$m Anbmn hmo OmZo na Vmo AmnH$m ^r Ah§H$ma (d{gîR>Or H$m Ah§^md) ahoJm
Zht, Bg [ñW{V _| AmnHo$ dŠVmnZ Am{X ì`dhma H¡$go, Bgr Ame` go lr am_^Ð nyN>Vo h¢ &
lr am_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ho _w{ZemXy©b Jwéda, `{X Eogr ~mV h¡, Vmo Ahå^mdê$n d{gîR>Zm_
Ho$ Amn hr `hm± [ñWV h¡ Š`m ? `mZr AmnHo$ ì`dhma H¡$go, `h H${hò, Š`m|{H$ Û¡V Ho$ Anbmn
go Amn_| ^r Ahå^md Vmo ahm Zht &&27&&
d{gîR>Or H$mo Vmo Ahå^md Am{X h¢ hr Zht, naÝVw h_mar Am¡a lmoVmAm| H$s AkmZ-Ñ{îQ> Ho$
hr H$maU CÝhm|Zo CgH$m Adbå~Z {H$`m Wm, O~ g~H$mo VÎdkmZ hmo MwH$m V~ Vmo _oao àíZ H$m
_m¡Z hr CÎma h¡, Bg Ame` go d{gîR>Or H$s MwnMmn [ñW{V H$hV| h¢Ÿ&
dmë_r{H$ _w{Z Zo H$hm … O~ lram_Or Zo Eogm àíZ {H$`m, V~ dŠVmAm| _| AJ«Ur _hmamO
d{gîR>Or AmYo _whyV© VH$ MwnMmn [ñWV aho & CZH$s Eogr MoîQ>m ñnîQ> {d{XV hmo ahr Wr &&28&&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Vmo _m¡Z YmaUH$a [ñWV aho Am¡a BYa gä` _hmOZ A~ Š`m hmoJm, Bg
g§e`-gmJa _| n‹S> Jò, `h XoIH$a lram_^Ð {\$a H$hZo bJo &&29&&
A~ JwéOr Ho$ nmg CÎma XoZo H$s `w{ŠV ahr hr Zht, `m| _mZ aho lram_^Ð H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
^JdZ², _oao-O¡go Amn MwnMmn Š`m| [ñWV h¢ ? OJV² _| {eî`m| H$m Eogm H$moB© VH©$ hr Zht h¡,
Omo {dÛmZ JwéAm| Ho$ {bE CÎma`mo½` Z hmo &&30&&
_hmamO d{gîROr Zo H$hm … ho AZK, _wP_| H$hZo H$s e{ŠV Zht h¡, Bg{bE CÎma-`w{ŠV
Z ahr, `h ~mV Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw `h àíZ Ma_ gr_m H$m hmoZo Ho$ H$maU MwnMmn [ñWV ahZm hr
BgH$m CÎma h¡Ÿ &&31&&
àíZ H$s Ma_ gr_m ~VbmZo Ho$ {bE ^y{_H$m ~m±YVo h¡ &
^Ð, àíZH$Vm© Xmo Vah Ho$ hmoVo h¢ EH$ Vmo VÎdk Am¡a Xygao AkmZr & BZ_| AkmZr àíZH$Vm©
H$mo Ak ~ZH$a CÎma XoZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Am¡a kmZr H$mo kmZr ~ZH$a &&32&& ho _hm_Vo, BVZo g_`
VH$ Vmo Amn VËnX H$mo (~«÷mË_m H$mo) OmZVo hr Zht Wo, Bg{bE Amn g{dH$ën CÎmam| Ho$ hr nmÌ
aho &&33&& A~ Vmo Amn VÎdk ~Z Jò Am¡a na_ nX _| [ñW{V ^r AmnZo àmßV H$a br, Bg{bE
ñnîQ> h¡ {H$ {dH$ëndmbo CÎmam| Ho$ `mo½` Zht aho &&34&& ho dŠVmAm| _| loîR> lram_MÝÐOr, `h
{OVZm dmUrê$n ^mfU h¡, dh Mmho gyú_ AW©dmbm hmo, Mmho na_ AW©dmbm hmo, Mmho Wmo‹S>m hmo
AWdm A{YH$ hmo, naÝVw ho gmYmo, dh g~ à{V`moJr, ôX, g§»`m, _w»`^yV AW©, gmYZ, dmMZ
~moY, à_mU Am{X H$s H$ënZmAm| go Eogo {_bm-Owbm ahVm h¡ O¡go Ombm| Ho$ A§Xa gy`©{H$aU|
ÌgaoUwAm| go (gyú_ aOH$Um| go) {_br-Owbr ahVr h¡ Ÿ&&35,36&& ho _Zmoa_, Omo VÎdkmZr
nwéf h¡, CgHo$ {bE H$b§H$nyU© CÎma hmoVm Zht, Š`m|{H$ {OVZr dm{U`m± h¢, do g~ H$b§H$nyU© hr
h¢, Amn Vmo VÎdk ~ZH$a [ñWV h¢ &&37&& ho ^Ð, kmZr {eî` Ho$ gå_wI _wPo Omo `WmdV² gË`
h¡, Cgo hr H$hZm Mm{hE, naÝVw g_ñV H$b§H$m| go {Z_w©ŠV `WmdV² gË` Vmo H$mR> H$s Vah _m¡Z
ŸyÕ - 29] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1829
hr h¡ &&38&& ^Ð, Omo na_nX h¡, dh VÎdkmZ Ho$ nyd© AkmZ go CnXoedmUr Ho$ `mo½` h¡, dh
H$ënZmH$a gg§H$ën ~ZVm h¡ `mZr dmUr Ho$ ì`dhmaê$n g§H$ën H$m {df` hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a
{dMma go kmV hmo OmZo na _m¡Z `mZr dmUr H$m A{df` hmo OmVm h¡, `m| {dÛmZm| H$m {ZíM` h¡,
Bg{bE VÎdkmZr hþE AmnH$mo A~ `h _m¡Z hr _¢Zo gwÝXa CÎma {X`m &&39&& ho {à`, dŠVm nwéf
{Og ê$n H$m hmoVm h¡, Cgr ê$n H$m H$WZ H$aVm h¡, _¢ Vmo VÎdgmjmËH$ma go ~mo{YV hmoZodmbr Omo
dñVw (~«÷ê$n) h¡, VÝ_` ~ZH$a dmUr go nao na_nX _| [ñWV hÿ± &&40&& Omo dmUr go AVrV nX
_| ~¡R>m h¡, dh dmUrê$n _b H$mo H¡$go J«hU H$aoJm ? Bg{bE _¢ AdmÀ` (H$hZo Ho$ A`mo½` dñVw)
Zht H$hVm, Š`m|{H$ dmUr g§H$ënê$n H$b§H$ go `wŠV hr ahVr h¡ &&41&&
lr am_Or Zo H$hm … ^JdZ², dmUr _| Omo-Omo {^ÝZVm, {damo{YVm Am{X go hmoZodmbo Xmof
àd¥Îm hmoVo h¢, CZH$m AZmXaH$a `mZr CZ_| VmËn`© Z aIH$a ^mJË`mJbjUm Ûmam _wPgo H${hE
{H$ Amn H$m¡Z h¢ ? &&42&&
_hmamO d{gîROr Zo H$hm … ho amKd, ho VÎdkmo§ _| loîR>, O~ Amn ^mJË`mJbjUm go Hw$N>
H$hbmZo Ho$ {bE CÚV h¢, V~ Amn `WmW©ê$n go [ñWV Bg {df` H$mo gw{Zò {H$ Amn H$m¡Z h¡,
_¢ H$m¡Z hÿ± Am¡a `h OJV² Š`m h¡ &&43&& ho VmV, Omo 'Ah_²' `h dñVw h¡, dh `h {Zam_`
({dH$maeyÝ` M¡VÝ`mH$me) hr h¡ & dh ~mø Ed§ Amä`ÝVa {df`m| go a{hV h¡ Am¡a g_ñV
H$ënZmAm| go nao h¢ &&44&& _¢ ñdÀN> {MXmH$meê$n hÿ±, Amn {MXmH$meê$n h¢ Am¡a gånyU© `h
OJV² ^r AmH$meê$n hr h¡, A{YH$ Š`m H$h|, g_ñV Ho$db AmH$me hr h¡ &&45&& {dewÕ kmZ_`
AmË_m _| _¢ {dewÕ gmjrê$n AmË_m hr hÿ±, _wP_| ôXkmZ H$s Ñ{îQ> hr Zht h¡ Am¡a Z àË`mJmË_m
go {^ÝZ Hw$N> AUw_mÌ ^r H$hZo H$s BÀN>m aIVm hÿ± &&46&&
V~ Akm{Z`m| H$mo ~moY XoZo Ho$ {bE VWm à{Vdm{X`m| na {dO` nmZo Ho$ {bE {Zah§H$mar
{dÛmZm| H$s àd¥{Îm H¡$go hmoJr, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
{eî`m| H$m gÝXoh Xya H$aZo Ho$ {bE `m à{Vdm{X`m| na {dO` nmZo Ho$ {bE CÚ_erb {dÛmZ
lw{V, `w{ŠV Am{X à_mUm|§ Ho$ Ûmam AnZo nj Ho$ g_W©Z _| VËna hmoH$a ~m{YV H$m ^r Amhm`m©amon
H$a AhÝVmê$n EH$ hr AmË_m H$mo ~‹T>mVo h¢ Am¡a CZH$m AZoH$ emImAm| _| {dñVma H$aVo h¢, naÝVw
AkmZr Ho$ gÑe _mo{hV Zht hmoVo &&47&&
BVZr ~mV go {dÛmZm| H$m nm[ÊS>Ë` ~VbmZm hr na_nX h¡, `h Zht OmZZm Mm{hE, {H$ÝVw
H$moB© Xygam hr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
`Ú{n Or ahm h¡ Am¡a `Ú{n ì`dhma ^r H$a ahm h¡, VWm{n na_ em[ÝVê$n ~«÷ _| {dlmÝV
nwéf H$s _wX} Ho$ gÑe Omo [ñW{V h¡, dhr na_nX H$hbmVr h¡ &&48&&
na_nX H$m hr {deofê$n go dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
^Ð, Omo ~mha Ho$ gmYZm| go {Z_w©ŠV h¡, Omo AÝXa Ho$ gmYZm| go eyÝ` h¡, Omo H$Vm©nZ Ed§§
^moŠVmnZ go a{hV h¡, Omo gwIê$n Zht h¡, Omo Xw…Iê$n Zht h¡, Omo AÝ`ê$n Zht h¡, Omo emÝV
Am¡a g_ h¡ VWm Omo g~H$m Am{X h¡, dhr ñdàH$me-{Za{Ve` AmZÝXê$n {ednX h¡ &&49&&
na_nX H$mo ñdàH$meñdê$n Š`m| _mZZm Mm{hE, Cgo {df`gwI Ho$ gÑe ^mo½` hr Š`m| Z
_mZm Om`, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
`h Omo Ahå^md h¡, dh _w{ŠV H$m A^md h¡ AWm©V² _w{ŠV H$m nyd©H$m{bH$ A^md h¡ & Bg{bE
Ahå^md go _w{ŠV H$s ^mdZm H$hm± hmoJr ? A^md go {H$gr à{V`moJr H$m AZw^d Vmo hmo Zht
gH$Vm & _wŠVê$nVm Ûmam ^r _w{ŠV H$s ^mdZm Zht hmo gH$Vr, Š`m|{H$ _wŠVê$nVm Am¡a _w{ŠV
Vmo EH$ hr h¡, Bg{bE XmoZm| njm| _| OÝ_mÝY nwéf {MÌ XoIVm h¡, `hr Ý`m` Am OmVm h¡ &&50&&
d¥j, _¥J Am{X _| Mhb-nhb hmo `m Z hmo, na nd©V H$s {ebm {ZíMb [ñWV hmoZo go O¡go
O‹S> h¡, d¡go hr Ah§H$ma àmU Am{X _| Mhb-nhb hmo `m Z hmo, na na_nX {ZíMb [ñWV h¡,
AV… Cgo O‹S> Š`m| Z _mZm Om`, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
Ah§H$mam{X H$m ñnÝXZ (Mhb-nhb) `m AñnÝXZ hmoZo na ^r Omo nmfmU Ho$ gÑe {OgH$m
{ZíMb AdñWmZ h¡, dh AO‹S> H$m hr h¡, O‹S> H$m Zht h¡, `h Amn Om{ZE & dhr na_nX, AOa
(jrUVm Am{X Xmofm| go a{hV) _moj h¡ &&51&&
AV… A[ÝV_ [ñW{V _| dh ñdàH$meê$n hr \${bV hmoVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go bm¡{H$H$ AmË_m _| à{gÕ kmVmnZ bmoH¡$fUmd{O©V kmVmnwéf Ho$ Ûmam ñd`§ hr AZw^yV
hmoVm h¡, d¡go hr na_àH$meê$n {Zdm©UnX ñdV… hr AZw^yV hmoVm h¡, Xygao Ho$ Ûmam Zht &&52&&
dhm± na (na_nX _|) Z AhÝVm h¡, Z ËdÎmm h¡, Z AhÝVm H$m A^md h¡, Z AÝ`ê$nVm h¡ & dh
{Zdm©UnX Ho$db {dewÕ {edê$n H¡$dë` hr h¡ &&53&&
CgH$m Xygao go àH$me hmoZm hr g§gma h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Bg MoVZ H$m `mZr {Zdm©Uê$n ñdàH$menX H$m {df`m| H$s Amoa PwH$ OmZm hr naàH$me
({df`gå~ÝYê$n {H«$`m) H$hm J`m h¡ Am¡a `hr g§gma h¡, `h ^`mZH$ _hmZ² H$îQ> H$mo XoZodmbm
~ÝYZ h¡ &&54&&
{df` gå~ÝY Ho$ A^md go àmßV AMoVZVm Vmo _moj _| BîQ> hr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
MoVZ H$s {df`m| H$s Amoa àd¥{Îm Z hmoZm hr AMoVZVm h¡, Bgr H$mo Amn _moj Om{ZE & _moj
hr A{dZmer emÝV na_nX h¡ &&55&&
_moj _| {df`m| H$s [ñW{V H$m {ZdmaU H$aVo h¢ &
^Ð, Xoe, H$mb Am{X go An[a[ÀN>ÝZ, emÝVñdê$n hr O~ _moj [ñWV h¡, Cg emÝVê$n _|
MoË` H$s gå^mdZm hr Zht hmo gH$Vr, Eogr [ñW{V _| H$m¡Z {H$gH$m, {H$g Vah àH$me H$aoJm ? &&56&&
ŸyÕ - 29] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1831
Bg Vah Ho$db AÝV_w©IVm_mÌ go ñdV… {gÕ _w{ŠV H$m CnnmXZ H$a A~ ~{h©_wIVm_mÌ
go hr OJV² H$m {dñVma hmoVm h¡, BgH$m CnnmXZ H$aVo h¢ &
ho lmoVmJU ^yng_yh, O¡go ñdßZ Ho$ g§gma _| MoVZJV VV²-VV² dmgZmZwgmar g§H$ën
MoVZê$n hmoVm hþAm ^r MoVZê$nVmH$m n[aË`mJ H$a MoVZ{^ÝZ àVrV hmoVm h¡, d¡go hr `h
AmË_m O~ ~{h_w©I hmoVm h¡, V~ dhr àn§Mê$n hmoH$a AÝ` O‹S> Ho$ gÑe ^mgZo bJ OmVm
h¡ &&57&& Bgr Vah ò Omo _Z, ~w{Õ, Ah§H$ma Am{X h¢, do g~ AÝV_w©IXem _| MoVZê$n h¢ Am¡a
_Z, ~w{Õ Am{X eãXmWm] _| ^mdZm H$aZo na `mZr ~{h_w©IXem _| MoVZ{^ÝZ O‹S>ê$n h¢ &&58&&
Bgr ar{V go AmÝVa Am¡a ~mø {OVZm OJV² h¡, dh g~ M¡VÝ`¡H$ag hr {gÕ hmo OmVm
h¡, Eogr [ñW{V _| {M{V H$s ~{h_w©IVmê$n Omo ôX~w{Õ h¡, dhr Ho$db ì`W© Am¡a AZW© H$s
hoVw h¡, Bgo H$hVo h¢ &
`h {dñV¥V {OVZm ~mø-Amä`ÝVa OJV² h¡, dh g~ g_, ñdÀN> Ed§§ A{^ÝZ g§{dÐÿn hr
h¡, Bg_| Omo ôX~w{Õ H$s OmVr h¡, dh AZW© Ho$ {bE hr {dH${gV hmoVr h¡ &&59&&
g_ñV Ñí`m| H$m {dZme hmo OmZo na AÝV _| ~M OmZodmbm g§{dÝ_mÌñdê$n Omo AmË_m h¡,
dh eyÝ`ê$n Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw {Za{Ve`mZÝXê$n hr h¡, `h {dÛmZm| H$m AZw^d h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
AÝV _| Ad{eîQ> {dewÕ g§{dÝ_mÌñdê$n AmË_m _| Am¡a eyÝ` _| Š`m AÝVa h¡, `h h_ bmoJ
Zht OmZ gH$Vo & Omo AÝVa h¡, Cgo Vmo {dÛmZ² H$hVo h¢ {H$ dh dmUr H$m {df` Zht h¡,
ñdmZw^ddoÚ h¡ AWm©V² {Za{Ve`mZÝXê$n h¡, CgH$m dU©Z H¡$gm H$a gH$Vo h¢ ? &&60&&
V~ {ddo{H$`m| H$s `m¡{ŠVH$ Ñ{îQ> go OJV² H¡$gm h¡ & Bgo H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go Am±I Ho$ à{UYmZê$n (EH$mJ«Vm) à`ËZ go AÝYH$ma _o§ Hw$N> gX²-AgÐÿn Am^mg
{XImB© XoVm h¡, d¡go hr ~«÷ _| Omo Am^mg {XImB© XoVm h¡ dh Am^mg hr `h OJV² h¡ &&61&& `h
_¢ {MXmH$meñdê$n hr hÿ±, Bg àH$ma {ZíM`H$a dmgZm{Z_w©ŠV hmo CÎm_em[ÝV go gånÝZ hmo J`m
hÿ± & Amn ^r `{X dmgZm H$mo H$ht Z ~m±Y b|, Vmo {MXmH$meê$n hr hmoH$a [ñWV h¢ &&62&& `h
{MXmH$meê$n hr _¢ hÿ±, Bg àH$ma Ho$ {ZíM` go `wŠV Omo ^r Xygam nwéf h¡ dh VÎdk hr h¡ & dh
ì`dhma go AkmZr Ho$ gÑe {dÚ_mZ hmoVm hþAm ^r M¡VÝ`ñdê$n hr h¡ Am¡a Xohm{X H$s [ñW{V
hmoZo na ^r CÝh| AgV²-gm _mZH$a ñd`§ emÝV hr ahVm h¡ &&63&&
Š`m Ordm| H$s A{dÚm H$mo {MXmË_m ZîQ> H$a XoVm h¡ `m O‹S> ? àW_ nj Vmo `wŠV Zht
h¡, Š`m|{H$ {MXmË_m Vmo A{dÚm H$m gmYH$ h¡, Bg{bE Cggo {damoY hr Zht & Xygam nj
^r `wŠV Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ gmam O‹S> A{dÚm H$m H$m`© h¡, Bg{bE A{dÚm H$m O‹S> ^r {damoYr
Zht h¡, Bg Ame§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
"_¢ AkmZr hÿ±', Bg àH$ma H$m gmjr kmZ hr AkmZ H$s {g{Õ H$aVm h¡ & `Ú{n Ordm|
H$s g§gmaê$n A{dÚmË_H$ A{½Z "_¢ g§gmar hÿ±' Bg Vah go gm{jkmZ go a{jV AkmZê$n
dm`w go ObVr ahVr h¡ VWm{n "_¢ ~«÷ñdê$n hÿ±' Bg Vah Ho$ à~wÕ Ordm| H$s A[ÝV_
gmjmËH$ma d¥{Îmê$n _| n[aUV gm{j-a{jV AkmZdm`w go _mZm| ZîQ> hmo OmVr h¡, Vrgao
{H$gr H$s Anojm Zht H$aVr &&64&&
Š`m _wŠV nwéf OJV² H$mo OmZVo h¢§ `m Zht ? `{X OmZVo h¢, Vmo g§gmar Am¡a _wŠV XmoZm| _|
H$moB© {deof Zht ahm & Xygao nj _| `mZr Zht OmZVo h¢, Vmo Bg nj _| EH$ AmË_m Ho$ AkmZ H$m
n[ahma H$aVo hþE AmnZo OJV² Ho$ AZÝV AkmZ ñdrH¥$V H$a {bò & gyIo H$mR >Ho$ O¡go [ñWV CZ
nwéfm| _| _wŠVËd hr H¡$gm ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
AZmd¥V ñdàH$me {Za{Ve`mZÝX AmË_m Ho$ ñdê$n^yV hþE CZ _wŠV nwéfm| H$s gm§gm[aH$
kmZm| go a{hV Xw…Iê$n jmo^ go eyÝ` Omo [ñW{V h¡ dhr _moj h¡ Am¡a dhr A{dZmer nX h¡ & BZ_|
AZÝV AkmZm| H$s Amn{Îm ^r Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ EH$ hr Ho$ {dkmZ go g^r H$m kmZ hmo OmZo Ho$
H$maU CZ_| {H$gr Vah Ho$ AkmZ H$s àm{ßV hr Zht h¡ Am¡a ^«_mË_H$ kmZ H$m A^md ^r
AmË_ê$n hr h¡, Bg{bE Cg_| VÎdkmZ go H$moB© {dbjUVm hr Zht ahr &&65&&
O~ _ybAkmZ ahVm h¡ V^r CgHo$ ~b go ~mø AWm] Ho$ AkmZ _yI©Vm Ho$ gånmXH$
hmoVo h¢ & _ybAkmZ H$m Zme hmo OmZo na Vmo ~mø AWm] Ho$ AkmZ _w{ZËd Ho$ gånmXH$ hmo
OmVo h¢, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
AmË_kmZ Ho$ Ûmam gm§gm[aH$ nXmWm] H$m AkmZ n«mßVH$a nwéf _w{Z ~Z OmVm h¡, naÝVw AmË_m
Ho$ AkmZ Ûmam gm§gm[aH$ nXmWm] H$m AkmZ àmßV H$a nwéf new VWm d¥j ~Z OmVm h¡ &&66&&
~«÷kmZ Am¡a OJX²^«_ g^r AkmZê$n hr h¢, naÝVw AkmZ{Zd¥{Îm Vmo AkmZ Zht h¡,
{Oggo _w{ŠV Z hmo, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
"Ah§ ~«÷m[ñ_' Bg àH$ma H$m ~«÷kmZ VWm `h OJV² g~ A{dÚm_` AgË` ^«_ h¡ & `h
~«÷mH$ma AIÊS>d¥{Îm go, XrnH$ go AÝYH$ma H$s ZmBª, {ZH$b OmVm h¡ &&67&&
V~ OrdÝ_wŠVm| H$s _wŠVVm hr Z ahr, Š`m|{H$ CÝh| Mjw Am{X B[ÝÐ`m| go ~mø nXmWm] H$m
{dkmZ hmoVm h¡, `hr ÑîQ> h¡, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
Omo VÎdk OrdÝ_wŠV nwéf h¡ CgH$s g_ñV B[ÝÐ`m± h¢ na do g§H$ëneyÝ` h¢ Am¡a g{dH$ën
kmZ go a{hV h¢ & Bg{bE emÝV~w{Õ `h _hmË_m ~mø Am¡a AmÝVa {H$grH$m AZw^d Zht
H$aVm &&68&& {Og Vah gwfw{ßV AdñWm _| ñdßZ H$m {db` hmo OmVm h¡ Cgr Vah VÎdkmZ hmoZo
na g_m{Y _| g_ñV Ñí` {dbrZ hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a ^rVa Ho$db AmË_m hr b{jV hmoVm h¡ &&69&&
g_ñV Ñí` Š`m| {dbrZ hmo OmVm h¡ Bg àíZ na do ^«m[ÝVê$n h¡, `h CÎma XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go AmH$me _| Zrbê$n {dbrZ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& d¡go hr n¥{Wdr Am{X ê$n g_ñV Ñí` AmË_m
ŸyÕ - 29] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1833
_| {dbrZ hmo OmVm h¡ & O¡go AmH$me _| Zrbê$n Ho$db ^«m[ÝV N>mo‹S>H$a Xygam Hw$N> Zht h¡ Cgr
Vah AmË_m _| n¥{Wdr Am{Xê$n ^«m[ÝV N>mo‹S>H$a Am¡a Hw$N> Zht h¡, Bg{bE Zrbê$n O¡go AmH$me
h¡ d¡go hr n¥{Wdr Am{Xê$n Ho$ à{V AmË_m h¡ &&70&&
AVEd ~m{YV AW© H$s dmgZm dmgZm hr Zht h¡, Eogr [ñW{V _| kmZr dmgZma{hV hr h¡,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
{Og nwéf H$mo `h ~w{Õ ahVr h¡ {H$ `h g~ AgV² hr h¡ dh dmgZm go `wŠV hmoVm hþAm ^r
g_ñV dmgZmAm| go a{hV hr h¡ &&71&&
{MÌ-{d{MÌ ^wdZ, XodVm, _Zwî`, new, njr, {d{hV, {Z{fÕ AZoH$ H$_© Ed§ {d{hV
{Z{fÕH$_©\$bm| H$s ^moJ[ñW{V VWm B©ída BZ g~H$m Ohm± na A[ñVËd h¡ Eogo Bg AX²^yV OJV²
H$mo Amn H¡$go AgV², AZ¥V Am¡a g§H$ënñdê$n nydm}ŠV `w{ŠV`m| go _mZH$a I[ÊS>V H$aVo h¢ ?
g§H$ën, _ZmoaW Am{X ñWbm| _| Vmo Cg Vah Ho$ nXmW© h¡ Zht, Eogr Ame§H$m H$a dhm± na ^r
(g§H$ën Am{X ñWbm| _| ^r) AX²^yV AW©gÎmm H$m {XJ²Xe©Z H$amVo h¢ &
ho ^ì` lram_Or, g§H$ënO{ZV nXmWm] _| ñdßZ, _m`m, BÝÐOmb O¡go {MÌ{d{MÌ
AX²^wV AW© {dÚ_mZ h¢, d¡go hr ò g~ g§gma AX²^wV hr h¢ & àË`jV… {XImB© XoZodmbo ñdßZ
Am{X AWm] _| Š`m AmñWm ~m±YH$a ~¡R>o ahZm AÀN>m h¡ Ed§ g§gma _| ^r AmñWm ~m±YH$a ~¡R>o
ahZm Š`m AÀN>m h¡ ? &&72&&
O~ AmË_m _| H$V¥©Ëd-^moŠV¥Ëd H$s gÎmm hmo, V~ Vmo g_ñV gwI-Xw…I Ho$ ^moJ Ho$ {bE
nwÊ`>-nmn H$s ì`dñWm hmo gH$Vr h¡ & AmË_m _| O~ H$V¥©Ëd-^moŠV¥Ëd H$m g§^d hr Zht, V~
nwÊ`-nmn H$s ì`dñWm hr Š`m ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
H$V¥©Ëd Am¡a ^moŠV¥Ëd H$m hr O~ AmË_m _| Agå^d h¡ V~ Z Xw…I h¡, Z gwI h¡, Z nwÊ` h¡,
Z nmn h¡ Am¡a Z {H$gr H$m Hw$N> {~J‹S>m hr h¡ &&73&& {Og Ah§H$ma _| h_ bmoJm| H$mo `h __Vm~w{Õ
hmoVr h¡ CgH$m ^r H$ht A[ñVËd Zhr§ h¡ & Bg{bE g_ñV eyÝ`ê$n Adbå~Za{hV Ed§ Xmo MÝÐ_m
`m ñdßZZJa Ho$ gÑe {_Ï`m h¡ &&74&& ^Ð, g_ñV Û¡V go eyÝ` VÎddoÎmm nwéf Mmho ì`dhma _|
aho `m H$mîR>nmfmU Ho$ gÑe {ZíMb hmoH$a g_m{Y _| [ñWV ahVo hþE, Mmho bH$‹S>r Ho$ gÑe _m¡Z
YmaU H$ao & g^r [ñW{V _| dh ~«÷ê$nVm àmßV H$aVm hr h¡ &&75&&
Bg Vah _m{`H$ {ddV©dmX Ho$ {gÕmÝV H$mo boH$a Amamo{nV OJV² Ho$ AndmX go VÎddoÎmm
nwéf H$s na_nwéfmW© _| {ZîR>m ~VbmB©, naÝVw Xygao Vm{H©$H$ Omo OwXo-OwXo {gÕmÝV H$s H$ënZm
H$aVo h¢ CZHo$ nmg OJV² Ho$ CËn{Îm Am{X ì`dhma _| Ed§ na_ nwéfmW©ê$n na_mW© _| H$moB© `w{ŠV
^Ð, `h {edñdê$n Omo AÝVamË_m h¡ dh àmU, ~w{Õ, _Z, Xoh Am{X Ho$ gmW EH$ê$n
~ZH$a AZoH$ê$n {^ÝZ ñd^md VWm g§gma Ho$ AZoH$ AWm] go AmH«$mÝV àË`jV… {XImB© XoVm
h¡, Bg AmË_m _| {XImB© Xo ahr AZoH$ê$nVm, {^ÝZ ñd^mdVm Am{X H$m {ZamH$aU H$a Xw…Ia{hV
{Za{Ve` A{ÛVr` AmË_m _| AmZÝXê$nVm ~MmZr h¡ & Bg_| AÜ`mamon AndmXàUmbr H$mo
N>mo‹S>H$a Xygar H$moB© `w{ŠV h¡ Zht & H$ë`mUê$n AÝVamË_m H$mo gXm emÝVñdê$n _mZm Om`,
Vmo ^r {Z{d©H$ma AÝVamË_m H$m-g§MbZ Ed§ n[a[ÀN>ÝZ ñd^md`wŠV {MÎmñdê$nVm YmaUH$a
Xoh, B[ÝÐ` Am{X AZoH$-AZoH$ Vah Ho$ ^mdm| Ûmam-Omo g§gma _| AmZm h¡, Bg_| AÜ`mamon
AndmXàUmbr H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a {H$gr Ho$ nmg Am¡a H$moB© `w[ŠV Zht h¡ & BZ g~ ~mVm| H$mo {gÕ
H$aZo Ho$ {bE AmË_m H$mo n[a[ÀN>ÝZ, n[aUm_r Ed§ gmd`d _mZ {b`m Om`, Vmo ^r Bg AmË_m
H$mo {OZ Ad`dm| H$mo boH$a gmd`d ñdrH$ma H$a|Jo, Bg_| H$moB© `w{ŠV Zht {_boJr, Š`m|{H$ `{X
Ad`dm| H$mo MoVZê$n _mZ|Jo, Vmo H$^r CZH$m EH$_V Z hmoJm, Eogr [ñW{V _| Ad`dm| H$m
{dÀN>oX hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU Ad`dr H$m {dZme hr àmßV h¡ & `{X Ad`dm| H$mo O‹S> _mZ|Jo, Vmo
Ad`dr ^r O‹S> hmo OmòJm & Eogr [ñW{V _| A{ZË` AmË_m nyd© Ho$ nwÊ`-nmnm| H$m ^moJ H¡$go
H$aoJm ? Bgr Vah AmË_m H$mo OJV² H$m H$maU _mZH$a emÝV Ed§ {Z{d©H$ma H$moB© _mZ bo, Vmo
^r BgH$s OJV² ~ZmZo _| AZwH$yb g§H$ënmË_H$ {MÎmê$nVm Am{X _| AÜ`mamon AndmX H$mo
N>mo‹S>H$a Am¡a H$m¡Z-gr `w{ŠV hmo gH$Vr h¡ ? Bg{bE {ddV©Ñ{îQ> hr EH$_mÌ g~ dm{X`m| Ho$
{bE eaU h¡ &&76&&
`Ú{n ñd^mdV… AmË_m emÝV hr h¡ VWm{n àb` Ho$ ~mX {MÎmËd, EH$Ëd, AZoH$Ëd, gmd`dËd
Am{X {dbjU-{dbjU Y_m] go `wŠV nXmWm] H$m Am{d©^md hmoJm hr, Š`m|{H$ àb` Ho$ g_` ~«÷
_| gmao nXmW© brZ hmoH$a ~¡R>o h¢ & Bg{bE CZ nXmWm] H$m AnZm-AnZm Omo {d{MÌ ñd^md h¡ dh
Vmo ~«÷ _| go H$ht J`m Zht, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
lram_Or, AWm] H$s {d{MÌVm H$m H$maU^yV Omo ñd^md h¡ dh na_mË_m _| AWm] Ho$ H$maU
Am`m h¡ `m ñdV…{gÕ h¡ ? AWm] Ho$ H$maU Am`m h¡, `h Vmo H$h Zht gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ Xygao ñWmZ
go AmZodmbo AÝ`mYrZ Y_© H$mo Xygao H$m ñd^md _mZm Zht Om gH$Vm & Xygar ~mV `h h¡ {H$ Omo
ñd^mdV… Ag§J Am¡a AÛ` h¡, Eogo {Z_©b na_mË_m _| Xygao H$m {d{MÌ ñd^mdê$n _b {H$gr
Vah gå~Õ hmo hr Zht gH$Vm & {OVZo ò nXmW© h¢ do àb`H$mb _| ñdVÝÌê$n go AnZm A[ñVËd
Zht aIVo, {Oggo {H$ àb` Ho$ ~mX AnZo-AnZo ñd^md Ho$ ~b go hr {MÌ-{d{MÌê$n _|
Am[d^y©V hmo gH|$, Bg{bE Bg ñd^md H$mo AZmJÝVwH$ hr H$hZm Mm{hE & naÝVw `h ^r Zht H$h
gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ Bg nj _| ~«÷ Ho$ gd©JV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU g~ nXmW© g^r Vah H$s {d{MÌVmAm| go
n[anyU© hmoZo bJo§Jo ~«÷ Ho$ gd©JV hmoZo na "Bg dñVw H$m `hr ñd^md h¡' BgH$s ì`dñWm
H$aZodmbm H$m¡Z ahoJm ? àËòH$ dñVw _| g^r Vah H$s {d{MÌVmAm| H$mo _mZ b|Jo, Vmo Bg g§gma
ŸyÕ - 30] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1835
go {d{MÌVm H$m Zm_ hr CR> OmòJm & gd©gmYaU Y_© _| Z Vmo {d{MÌVm ahVr h¡ Am¡a Z dh {H$gr
H$m nmW©Š`H$maH$ hr hmoVm h¡ & Eogr [ñW{V _| gånyU© OJV² H$s EH$ê$nVm hmo OmòJr &&77&&
g~Ho$ AZw^d na M‹T>r hþB© OJV²-{d{MÌVm H$m `{X `w{ŠV Ho$ A^md _| Amn IÊS>Z H$aVo
h¢, Vmo kmZ H$m ^r Amn IÊS>Z Š`m| Zht H$aVo, Š`m|{H$ ko` Ho$ {~Zm kmZ Vmo H$ht hmoVm Zht &
Eogr [ñW{V _| eyÝ`dmX hr Am J`m, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
{df`m| Ho$ IÊS>Z Ho$ àg§J _| Omo nwéf `h H$hVm h¡ {H$ kmZ H$m ^r A[ñVËd Zht h¡,
dh AË`ÝV VwÀN> h¡, Š`m|{H$ kmZ Ho$ A[ñVËd H$m IÊS>Z H$aZodmbm Omo nwéf h¡, dh AnZo
AmnH$m kmZ aIVm h¡, Bg{bò kmZ H$s gÎmm Zht h¡, `h H¡$go H$h gH$Vo h¢ ? Am¡a IÊS>Z
H$aZodmbm nwéf AnZo go {^ÝZ kmZ Am¡a {df` H$m IÊS>Z H$aoJm, AnZm Vmo H$aoJm Zht,
O~ g^r kmZ Cgr H$s AmË_m h¡, V~ ñd{^ÝZ {df` H$m IÊS>Z H$aVo hþE dh kmZ H$mo
Am{Ia ~Mm hr boVm h¡ & Omo {ZfoY {H$`m OmVm h¡ dh {H$gr AmYma na hr {H$`m OmVm
h¡, {ZamYma {ZfoY Zht {H$`m OmVm h¡ & Bggo kmZ H$aZodmbm Ed§ OmZZo `mo½` {df` XmoZm|
H$m ñd`§àH$me, kmVm Am¡a ko` go eyÝ` AmYma^yV AmË_m _| hr {ZfoY H$aZm Mm{hE, `hr
CgH$s AmË_m h¡ & Eogr [ñW{V _| A{dZmer ñdmË_m _| hr J«mø-J«mhH$Ñ{îQ> Ho$ Agå^dà{VnmXZ
_| n`©dgmZ go IÊS>ZH$Vm© Ho$ _V _| g_ñV à{VfoYm| Ho$ AmYma^yV H$moB© AO dñVw {gÕ
hmo JB© Am¡a `hr dñVw na~«÷ h¡ &&78&&
ho lram_Or, Amn ~«÷km{Z`m| Ûmam ào_nyd©H$ go{dV VWm N>mo‹S>Zo bm`H$ Zht Omo AO,
A{dZmer, H$ë`mUê$n, na_mW©gË`^yV, {ZË`{gÕ, {Z_©b, emÝV, g_ {ednX h¡, VÐÿn hr
~ZH$a [ñWV hmo OmBò & ì`dhma _| gmYmaUOZm| Ho$ gÑe `Ú{n Amn ImBò, nr{Oò, Io{bò,
Vmo ^r Amn _wŠV hr h¢, Š`m|{H$ AmnH$mo Ñí` àn§Mê$n ~ÝYZ h¡ hr Zht &&79&&
CZVrgdm± gJ© g_mßV
Vrgdm± gJ©
{Og Ñ{îQ> go A{dÚmO{ZV ZmZmËd^«m[ÝV H$s em{ÝV Ûmam
Yra nwéf na_~«÷ _| [ñWa hmo OmVm h¡, Cg Ñ{îQ >H$m dU©ZŸ&
O~ VH$ Ahå^md n[aË`ŠV Zht hmoVm, V~ VH$ ~«÷{dMma ^r Zht hmo gH$Vm, {\$a
~«÷bm^ Vmo Xya hr h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, Ahå^md hr g~ A{dÚmAm| H$s _yb^yV A{dÚm h¡, `hr
_mojñWmZ H$mo Amd¥V H$aZodmbr h¡Ÿ& Omo _y‹T> nwéf h¢, do Cgr A{dÚm go na_nX H$s AÝdofUm
H$aVo h¢, `hr CZH$s CÝ_Îmm| H$s-gr MoîQ>m h¡ &&1&& ^Ð, O¡go Yy_«kmZ A{½ZkmZ H$m hoVw n`m©ßV
h¡, d¡go hr AkmZ go CËnÝZ AhÝVm hr AkmZ H$s gÎmm _| hoVw n`m©ßV h¡, Omo VÎdkmZr
emÝVnwéf h¡, Cgo __Vm `m AhÝVm Zht ahVr &&2&& ho lram_Or, Bg AhÝVmê$nr _b H$m
gd©Wm Ë`mJH$a {Z_©b hmo {MXmH$me H$s ZmBª _mojñdê$n kmZr nwéf gm§gm[aH$ gd©{dY gÝVmnm|
go eyÝ` [ñWV ahVm h¡ & Mmho dh gXoh aho `m {~Zm Xoh H$m &&3&&
AhÝVm Ho$ Xya Mbo OmZo go kmZr nwéf {Z_©b Am¡a {djoneyÝ` n[anyU© hmo OmVm h¡, `h dU©Z
H$aVo h¢ &
O¡gm AhÝVm go a{hV kmZrnwéf gwemo{^V hmoVm h¡ d¡gm Z Vmo eaËH$mb H$m AmH$me, Z
àemÝV gmJa Am¡a Z n[anyU© MÝÐ_m H$m _Ü`^mJ hr emo{^V hmoVm h¡ &&4&& O¡go {MÌ{b{IV `wÕ
_| nañna àhma H$a ahr ^r goZmE± jwãY-gr àVrV hmoZo na ^r AjwãY hr ahVr h¡, d¡go hr
ì`dhma _| {ZaV ^r kmZr nwéf _| g_Vm (AjwãYVm) hr ahVr h¡ &&5&& Omo kmZr nwéf h¡ CgH$s
dmgZm dmgZm hr Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ dh {Zdm©U ñdê$n ~Z J`m h¡ & O¡go Obo hþE dó _| VÝVwAm|
H$s aoImE± àVrV hmoVr h¢, naÝVw Agb _| VÝVwAm| H$s aoImE± h¢ hr Zht, d¡go hr ì`dhma go kmZr
_| AZw{_V dmgZm ~m{YV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU dmgZmê$n Zht h¡ & O¡go g_wÐ Ho$ Va§J Ob go AÝ` Hw$N>
Zht h¢ d¡go hr na_mË_m go BVa Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡ &&6&& O¡go V¡a aho Va§Jm| go `wŠV g_wÐ nyU©ê$n go
Ob hr h¡, d¡go hr Ñí` go d{Õ©V ~«÷mÊS> ^r ~«÷ hr h¡, Xygam Hw$N> Zht &&7&&
kmZr nwéf _| ^rVa-~mha g~H$s dmgZmE± ~m{YV hmo MwH$s h¢, Bg_| Š`m à_mU ? Bg e§H$m
na Ajmo^, e_ Am{X hr à_mU h¢, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
Omo nwéf ^rVa Ho$ _mZ{gH$ Va§Jm| go jwãY Zht hmoVm Am¡a ~mha Ho$ Va§Jm| go ^r jwãY
Zht hmoVm, Omo em[ÝV go emo{^V h¡ Am¡a Omo gXm àgÝZ ahVm h¡, dh _wŠV H$hm OmVm
h¡ &&8&& kmZñdê$n AkmV AmË_m _| AhÝVm H$s g¥{îQ> Ho$ ê$n go kmZê$n AmË_m hr Eogo
^m{gV hmoVm h¡ O¡go Ob _| Ob Va§Jê$n go ^m{gV hmoVm h¡, Bg{bE Bg AZoH$Vm H$m ê$n
hr Š`m ? &&9&& O¡go AmH$me _| ñ\w$[aV hmo aho ZrhmaYy_« Ho$ hmWr, aW Am{X AmH$ma {XImB©
XoVo h¢, naÝVw do AmH$ma ZrhmaYy_« go n¥WH²$ Zht h¢, d¡go hr na_nX _| ò gJ© ^r h¢ AWm©V²
na_nX go {^ÝZ `h g¥{îQ> Zht h¡ &&10&&
A~ _hmamO d{gîR>Or g^r lmoVmAm| H$mo gå~mo{YV H$a H$hVo h¢ &
ho Cn[ñWV {dÛmZm|, Amn bmoJ {H$gr Vah H$m {dfmX Z H$a|, {H$ÝVw _oao H$WZ Ho$ AZwgma
{dfmX Ho$ hoVw gånyU© àn§M g§{dV² H$s EH$_mÌ ^«m[ÝV ({ddV©) h¡, `m| {dMmaH$a ^«m[ÝV Am¡a
CgHo$ {df` H$s VÎdV… narjm H$aZo na {Z…ñdê$n {gÕ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CZH$s {H$gr Vah
àm{ßV Z hmo gH$Zo go VoOñdr hmoVo hþE Amn bmoJ g~Ho$ D$na AnZm ñWmZ O_mBò & Š`m|{H$
_oao CnXoe go gM_wM Amn bmoJ dñVwVÎd H$mo OmZ Jò h¢ & VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ Amn bmoJm|
ŸyÕ - 30] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1837
_| A~ AkVm Zht ahr &&11&&
{H$g Vah H$s dh g§{dX²-^«m[ÝV Akm{Z`m| Ûmam AZw^yV hmoVr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go A§Hw$a AnZr AmË_m _| hr dmgZmË_H$ d¥j, nÌ, \$b Am{X H$m AZw^d H$aVm h¡, d¡go
hr AkmZr nwéf dñVwV… AmË_ñdê$n hmoVm hþAm ^r AmH$me Ho$ gÑe ñdÀN> Am¡a {demb AnZr
AmË_m H$m OJV² Am¡a Ah§H$maê$n go ^br^m±{V AZw^d H$aVm h¡ &&12&&
Cg_| {H$g Vah H$m {dMma hmoVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
~mø ê$nmbmoH$ H$s gÎmm VWm AmÝV[aH$ _Z H$s gÎmm ò g~ A{YîR>mZê$n go gË` hmoVr
hþB© ^r AnZo ñdê$n go Eogo gË` Zht h¢, O¡go ^«_Uerb hmo aho AbmV H$s Ádmbm{M© _|
XÊS>‹MH«$m{Xê$nVm `m {dYwa nwéfm| Ho$ {MÎm _| H$[ënV H$m{_Zr _{hbmE± AnZo ñdê$n go gË`
Zht h¢ &&13&& Bg{bE ho lmoVmAm|, `h gmam g§gma O¡go CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡, O¡go [ñWV h¡,
O¡go AnZo H$m`m] H$m Amaå^ H$aVm h¡, O¡go gwI-Xw…I H$m AZw^d H$aVm h¡, O¡go ZîQ> hmoVm
h¡ Am¡a {Og Vah Ho$ BgHo$ Xoe-H$mb h¢ BZ g~ ~mVm| H$m CËn{Îm-[ñW{V Am{X àH$aUm|
_| H$hr J`r `w{ŠV`m| go {ZíM` H$a `mZr ò g~ {_Ï`m h¢, `h {ZíM` H$a AOa hmoVo hþE
emÝVê$n go Amn bmoJ [ñWV a{hò &&14&& BîQ> Am¡a A{ZîQ> dñVwAm| H$s àm{ßV Ho$ {bE
ì`dhma H$a ahm ^r _wŠV nwéf _wX} Ho$ gÑe AÝ`Vm H$m AZw^d Zht H$aVm, {H$ÝVw AnZr
AmË_m _| {MÎm H$m g_n©U H$a ñdñdê$n H$m hr AZw^d H$aVm h¡ &&15&& Omo OrdÝ_wŠV nwéf
h¢ CZH$s AhÝVm _ZmoO{ZV dmgZm go a{hV hr h¡ & dh AhÝVm XohZme-n`©ÝV Omo OJV²
YmaU H$aVr h¡ Am¡a CgH$m ^moŠVm O~ VH$ OrdZ YmaU H$aVm h¡, dh g~ {MÐÿn Ord
hr h¡ Cg_| V{ZH$ ^r O‹S>Vm Zht h¡, `hr na_nX h¡ &&16&&
BZ g~ ~mVm| go {ZîH$f© `hr {ZH$bm {H$ Ord OJV² H$s O‹S>ê$n go gÎmm _mZ boZm hr AZW©
h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go g_wÐ _| OhmOm| Ho$ ^ma-dhZ Ho$ {bE AmYma^yV ObgÎmm hr Ho$db H$maU h¡ d¡go
hr g§gmaê$nr \$ÝXo go ~±Yo Jò _Zwî`m| H$mo Xw…Iê$nr ^ma T>moZo Ho$ {bE Ord-OJV² H$s
O‹S>ê$ngÎmm hr H$maU h¡ &&17&& Omo _¥V nwéf Ho$ Ûmam àmßV {H$`m OmZodmbm ñdJ© h¡, dh
Š`m Or{dV nwéf Ûmam {H$gr Vah àmßV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ ? AWm©V² _¥V nwéf bä` ñdJ©
O¡go Or{dV nwéf H$m OrdZ AnamY go _mZm| Aml` Zht boVm, d¡go hr _moj gÎmm AkmZr
nwéf H$m AkmZJV O‹S>VmZw^d Ho$ AnamY go _mZm| Aml` Zht boVr &&18&&
_mojê$n na_nwéfmW© _mZZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm Š`m h¡ ? gm§H$[ënH$ ñdJ© Am{X \$bm| _o go
{H$gr EH$ H$mo {ZË` nwéfmW© ê$n _mZ br{Oò, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
Omo-Omo nXmW© g§H$ën go {gÕ hmoVm h¡, dh g~ g§H$ën go hrZ ZîQ> ^r hmoVm h¡ &
Bg{bE Ohm± Bg g§H$ën H$m gå^d Zht h¡, dhr Aj` nX _moj gË` h¡ &&19&& Z Vmo AÝ`
H$moB© h¡ Am¡a Z _¢ hr hÿ±, Bg Vah H$s AZh§^mdZm go Amn {Z^©` hmo OmBò & AkÑ{îQ> `Ú{n
Bg AZh§^mdZm H$mo ^`mdh g_PH$a J«hU Zht H$a gH$Vr, VWm{n na_mW© Ñ{îQ> Cgo gË`
A_¥Vê$n g_PH$a J«hU Eogo H$a gH$Vr h¡, O¡go AkÑ{îQ> go ^`§H$a {df g_PH$a N>mo‹S>o
Jò A_¥V H$mo na_mW© Ñ{îQ> J«hU H$aVr h¡ &&20&&
Bg_| gË`Vm H$m CnnmXZ H$aVo h¢ &
OS>-Xohm{X go boH$a {MÎmn`©ÝV gånyU© eara {dMmaH$a XoIZo go Ah§ê$n CnbãY Zht hmoVm
& AV… O‹S> Xohm{Xê$n "_¢ Zht hÿ±' EH$_mÌ `hr gË`Vm h¡ &&21&&
`hr H$maU h¡ {H$ gånyU© em[ÝV H$s gr_mê$nr _mojVm Ah§H$ma H$s em[ÝV hr h¡ & O¡go O_o
hþE Kr Ho$ {nKb OmZo na Kr H$m Hw$N> Zme Zht hmoVm, d¡go hr AhÝVm H$m Zme hmoZo na AmË_m
H$m AUw_mÌ ^r Hw$N> Zme Zht hmoVm & AhÝVm Ho$ Zme go gd©Zme hmo OmòJm, `m| {dMmaH$a ^`
Zht H$aZm Mm{hE, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
{dMma H$aZo go {OZ nwéfm| Ho$ gånyU© {deof emÝV hmo MwHo$ h¢ CZHo$ {bE AhÝVm H$m
Zme H$aZodmbr Ho$db _wŠVVm C{XV hmoVr h¡ & CZH$m dñVwV… Hw$N> ^r ZîQ> Zht hmoVm &&22&&
Bg _w{ŠV _|, ^moJm| H$m Ë`mJ, {dMma, B[ÝÐ`, VWm _ZH$m {ZJ«hê$n nm¡éf BZ VrZm|§ Ho$ {gdm
Am¡a H$moB© Xygam Cn`moJr Zht h¡, `h {ZíM` H$aHo$ ho Ak, _w_wjwAm|, AmË_{^ÝZ g~H$m
Ë`mJH$a erK« AnZr AmË_m H$s hr eaU _| OmAmo &&23&& Bg àH$ma AhÝVm Ho$ ZmeH$ gånyU©
Û¡VZmenyd©H$ Omo ~«÷^md go _Z H$s [ñW{V h¡, Cgr H$mo lw{V`m± Am¡a {dÛmZ² bmoJ _moj H$hVo
h¢ Am¡a dh _moj VÎdkmZ Ho$ {~Zm H$^r ^r Zht hmoVm & gdm}Îm_ kmZ ^r `hr h¡ {H$ `h
OJX²^«_ na_mW© H$^r Zht hmo gH$Vm, `h _mojemó _| à{gÕ h¡ & VmËn`© `h {H$ `h OJV²
Vmo EH$_mÌ ^«_ h¡, gÐÿn AmË_m hr na_mW© h¡ & My±{H$ Bg kmZ _| "Zoh ZmZm[ñV qH$MZ'
BË`m{X lw{V go H$am`m Om ahm ^r {dídmg nwéf Ho$ à~b amJm{X Xmof Ho$ H$maU VWm OJV²
_| Ñ‹T> gË`Ëd^«_ hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU O_ Zht nmVm, Bgr{bE {MaH$mb VH$ Ord H$mo
g§gma~ÝYZ ~ma-~ma hþAm H$aVm h¡ &&24&& Bg{bE emñÌm| _| Ñ‹T> {dídmg H$aHo$ "OJV² Am¡a
AhÝVm-ò XmoZm| AgV² h¢, BgH$mo' ldU, _ZZ Am{X Ho$ Aä`mg Ûmam ^br^m±{V OmZH$a
AnZo YZ, OZ, ór VWm eara Am{X _| Amg{ŠVeyÝ` hmo na_mW© VÎd H$mo OmZH$a Cnm{Y
go n[a[ÀN>ÝZ {MXmH$me Ord Am¡a OJV² {MÝ_mÌñdê$n hmo OmVm h¡ & dhr Bg Ord H$s _w{ŠV
h¡, `hr BgH$m Cnm` h¡ & Bg kmZ go {^ÝZ {H$gr Xygao kmZ go BgH$s _w{ŠV H$^r Zht
hmo gH$Vr &&25&&
Vrgdm± gJ© g_mßV
ŸyÕ - 31] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1839
BH$Vrgdm± gJ©
A{MÐÿn dñVw AgV² hmo `m gV², g^r {M{V go J«ñV h¡, Bg{bE Hw$N> ^r ZîQ Zht hmoVm,
Bg {df` _| {Zdm©U H$s [ñW{V H$m dU©ZŸ&
{ZË` {Za{Ve`mZÝX go nyU© AÛ` {MXmH$meê$n {Zdm©U[ñW{V H$m AZw^d H$amZo Ho$ {bE
Ñí`mZw^d Ñí`^mdZm Ho$ Aä`mg Ho$ AYrZ h¡, Bg nydm}ŠV H$m ñ_aU H$amVo h¢ &
_hamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_Or, AnZo ^rVa {Og {H$gr AgÐÿn dñVw `m AdñVw
H$s ^mdZm H$s OmVr h¡, VËH$mb CgrH$m gdm©Ë_H$ {MXm^mg _| AZw^d hmoZo bJ OmVm h¡ &&1&&
dhr ~mø nXmWm] Ho$ AZw^dê$n go Ñ‹T> Aä`mg hmoZo Ho$ nhbo ~mha _| OJV² Ho$ ê$n go _mZm|
ñ\w$[aV hmoVm h¡, Bg {df` _| AnZm ñdßZ hr ÑîQ>mÝV h¡ &&2&&
R>rH$ h¡, Eogm hr aho, {H$ÝVw Bggo àH¥$V _| Š`m Am`m ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
`h gmam g§gma {M{V H$m hr ê$n (H$[ënV AmH$ma) h¡ & dh {M{V AmH$me go ^r ñdÀN> h¡ &
My±{H$ K¥V O¡go AnZr AmË_m _| hr H$m{R>Ý` H$mo YmaU H$aVm h¡ d¡go hr {M{V OJV²-ê$n AmH$ma
H$mo YmaU H$aVr h¡, Bg{bE `h g~ {MÐÿn hr h¡ & {M{V go {^ÝZ Am¡a Hw$N> ^r H$ht Zht h¡ &&3&&
Eogm hr ghr, Bggo ^r àH¥$V _| Š`m Am`m ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
Z Vmo Zme h¡, Z A[ñVVm h¡, Z AZW© h¡, Z OÝ_ h¡, Z _aU h¡, Z AmH$me h¡, Z
eyÝ`Vm h¡ Am¡a Z AZoH$Vm hr h¡, {H$ÝVw A{YîR>mZê$n go g~ Hw$N> EH$_mÌ ~«÷ hr h¡, Cggo
{^ÝZ Am¡a Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡ &&4&&
OJV² VWm Ah§H$ma Am{X Ho$ O‹S>m§e H$m VÎdkmZ Ûmam hþAm Zme Vmo g^r H$mo BîQ> h¡ hr,
{\$a CgH$m Anbmn H¡$go {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
Bg OJV² Am¡a AhÝVm Am{X H$m Zme BîQ> hmoZo na ^r dñVwV… Hw$N> ^r Zht {~J‹S>Vm,
Š`m|{H$ AgÐÿn ñdßZm{X H$m ^r Vmo Zme BîQ> h¡, Cggo Š`m {~J‹S> gH$Vm h¡ ? Š`m|{H$ Zme
H$m ñdê$n hr Š`m ahm ? &&5&& {_Ï`m Ad^m{gV hmo aho AgV² g§H$ën ZJa H$m Zme hr
Š`m ({_Ï`m) h¡ ? R>rH$ Bgr Vah AgÐÿn OJV² Am¡a Ah§H$ma Am{X H$m Zme hr Š`m ?
AgV² H$m dñVwV… Zme Zht h¡ &&6&& `{X `h OJV² AgÐÿn h¡, Vmo {\$a AZW©ê$n go BgH$m
dU©Z H$aHo$ BgH$s {ZÝXm VWm ho`ê$n go BgH$m {ZU©` emóm| _| Š`m| {H$`m OmVm h¡ ? `{X
`h Amn Ame§H$m H$a|, Vmo `h AmnH$s Ame§H$m EH$ Vah go R>rH$ hr h¡, Š`m|{H$ AdñVw^yV
nXmWm] Ho$ {df` _| Z Vmo {H$gr àH$ma H$s {ZÝXm H$s Am¡a Z CZHo$ \$b, {dMma `m {H$gr
Vah Ho$ {ZU©` H$s hr gå^mdZm h¡ & H${hò, AmH$me Ho$ \$bm| H$s H$moB© H$^r {ZÝXm `m CgHo$
{df` _| {H$gr Vah H$m {ZU©` H$aVm h¡ ? ~g, R>rH$ Bgr Vah Bgo ^r OmZ br{Oò &&7&&
V~ Š`m do emó g~ ì`W© h¡ ? Bg na "Zht' `h H$hVo h¢ &
ñdm^m{dH$ ñdê$n[ñW{V H$s {g{Õ Ho$ {bE AgÐÿn hmoVo hþE ^r gV² H$s ZmBª H$ënZm
H$aHo$ {ZÝXm Am{X Ho$ Ûmam emóm| _| d¡am½` Ed§ {ddoH$ go boH$a VÎd gmjmËH$ma n`©ÝV Cnm`m|
H$s H$ënZm H$s JB© h¡ - `hr g~ emóm| _| {ZU©` h¡, Bg{bE ho lr am_Or, Omo ò g~
dñVwE± gV²-gr àVrV hmoo ahr h¢, BÝh| gÐÿn go ^mdZm Z H$aVo hþE `mZr BÝh| Amn {_Ï`m
g_PVo hþE emó Am¡a (kmZ) gån«Xm` Ho$ AZwgma ^y{_H$mAm| Ho$ H«$_ H$m Aä`mg H$aHo$
nmfmU Ho$ g_mZ [ñWV a{hò &&8&&
R>rH$ h¡, AmË_VÎd Ho$ {df` _| `h {ZU©` Eogm hr aho, {H$ÝVw ñdJ© Am{X OJV² Ho$ ñdê$n Ho$
{df` _| H$m¡Z-gm g\$b {ZU©` hþAm h¡ ? Cgo H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_Or, nydm}ŠV [ñW{V _| gm§gm[aH$ nwéfmWm©^mg`wŠV AmnH$m EH$_mÌ g§H$ënñdê$n
`h OJV² EH$ jU _| hr nyU©V… ZîQ> hmo Om`, ~g BVZm hr Bg g¥{îQ> Ho$ {dbmg _| g\$b
{ZU©` hþAm h¡ &&9&&
gwfw{ßV Am¡a àb` _| gJ© Vmo AnZo Amn hr ZîQ> hmo OmVo h¡, AV… Cg_| ~«÷ê$nVm Ho$
n[akmZ go H$m¡Z-gm bm^ hþAm ? Bg e§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
OJV² _| ~«÷mË_¡Š`kmZ go CgH$m _ybmoÀN>oXnyd©H$ AWm©V² nwZ… CËnÝZ Z hmoZm, j` h¡ &
BgHo$ {dnarV H$moB© Xygao _mJ© go d¡gm j` Zht hmoVm, Š`m|{H$ n«b` Am¡a gwfw{ßV Am{X _|
Omo j` hmoVm h¡ Cg_| `h g¥{îQ> ~rOê$n go ahVr h¡, H$m`©ê$n go Zht ahVr AWdm EoÝXd
Am»`mZ H$s ar{V go àb` _| ^r H$m`© ~Zo hr ahVo h¢ &&10&&
V~ g¥{îQ> Ho$ ahVo ^bm àb` ì`dhma H¡$go ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
ñdßZnwéf Ho$ Vwë` {OZ AgV² nwéfm| H$s Ñ{îQ> _| `h g¥{îQ> h¡, dh g¥{îQ VWm do nwéf
_¥JV¥îUmOb Ho$ Va§J Ho$ g_mZ h¢ & VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ àb` H$m g§H$ën H$aZodmbo H$s Ñ{îQ>
go CZ g~H$s gÎmm Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AnZo g§H$[ënV gånyU© OJV² Ho$ Zme go hr CgH$m
àb` ì`dhma hmoVm h¡ &&11&&
`hr H$maU h¡ {H$ Ord Am¡a OJÐÿnm| Ho$ {df` _| H$moB© {ZU©` Z hmo gH$Zo go A{Zd©MZr`Vm
H$hr JB© h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Omo bmoJ AgËnXmWm] H$m hr gX²^md-gm _mZVo h¢, dÝÜ`m-nwÌ H$s dmUr H$s Vah h_ bmoJ
CZH$m H$moB© {ZU©` Zht OmZVo & H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ Ord Am¡a OJÐÿn A{Zd©MZr` hr h¡ &&12&&
Bgr{bE Vmo VÎdkmZr nwéf-gmXm hr A{ÛVr` {MXmZÝX go n[anyU© ahVo h¢ `h H$hVo h¢ &
n[anyU© g_wÐ Ho$ g_mZ VÎdkm{Z`m| _| H$moB© Anyd© hr A{ÛVr` {MXmZÝX H$s n[anyU©Vm
ahVr h¡, Š`m|{H$ do ÐîQ>m Am¡a Ñí`m§e H$s Ñ{îQ> _| {JaVo Zht &&13&& do kmZr bmoJ nd©V
Ho$ g_mZ AH$ånZr`, dmVa{hV ñWmZ _| [ñWV XrnH$ H$s ZmBª gXm g_àH$me`wŠV VWm
ŸyÕ - 31] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1841
AmMmaeyÝ` hmoVo hþE ^r AmMma`wŠV ñdñW hr ~Zo ahVo h¢ &&14&& VÎdkmZr nwéf Ho$ öX`
Ho$ ^rVa C{XV hþB© n[anyU© g_wÐ Ho$ g_mZ H$moB© A{Zd©MZr` hr nyU©Vm ahVr h¡ VWm
kmZê$nm ^rVar erVbVm ^r H$moB© Anyd© hr b{jV hmoVr h¡ &&15&&
V~ Aknwéf H$m ñdê$n Š`m h¡, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
Bg g§gma _| AkmZr nwéf Vmo dmgZmê$n hr h¡ & VÎdÑ{îQ> go {dMma H$a XoIZo na Vmo
dh dmgZm Hw$N> h¡ hr Zht & H$moB© ^r {dMma H$a Cgo XoIVm Zht h¡ Am¡a Bgr go `h g§gma
Cn[ñWV hþAm h¡ &&16&& {Og nXmW© H$s àVr{V àH$me H$s Añ\y${V© go {gÕ h¡ `mZr àH$me
Ho$ {~Zm {Og nXmW© H$s àVr{V hmoVr h¡ dh nXmW© àH$me go {dÚ_mZ Zht ahVmŸ& Bg {df`
_| {~bHw$b ñnîQ> ÑîQ>mÝV Vmo n«H$me H$s Cn[ñW{V _| AÝYH$ma Am¡a Cg_| AnZm H$m_
H$aZodmbo Mmoa Am{X H$s Cnb{ãY H$m A^md hr h¡ && 17&&
àH$me Ho$ {~Zm àVrV hmo aho nXmWm] H$s [ñW{V {H$g Vah Ho$ àH$me _| {dÚ_mZ Zht
ahVr ? Bg na dh H$hVo h¢ &
Xoh, _m§g Am{X ñWyb eara n§MrH¥$V ^yV_`, Ag{Û^«_ go `wŠV Ed§ O‹S>ê$n h¡ VWm _Z,
~w{Õ Am{X gyú_ eara ^r n§MrH¥$V ^yVm| Ho$ {dH$ma^yV hr h¢, AÝ` Zht &&18&&
R>rH$ h¡, Eogm hr ghr, naÝVw Bggo àH¥$V _| Š`m Am`m ? Bg na H$hVo h¡ &
Cg ~w{Õ Am{X K{Q>V gyú_ eara _| Ah§^md go à{dîQ> hþAm {MXmË_m CgHo$ Ûmam ñWyb Xoh
H$mo ^r A{dÚm Ho$ H$maU "`h _¢ hr hÿ±' Eogm _mZVm h¡ & {ddoH$ Ûmam ~w{Õ, Ah§H$ma Am¡a {MÎm H$s
^yVm{Xê$nVm H$mo "dmMmaåÛ§ {dH$mamo Zm_Yo`_²' Bg lw{V _| {XIbmò Jò Cnm` go N>mo‹S>H$a
`{X CgH$s ñdàH$me {MÝ_mÌñd^md go [ñW{V hmo Om`, Vmo {\$a _wŠVVm ^r Am{d^y©V hmo hr
JB©, `h g_P boZm Mm{hE & CgrH$mo _¢Zo AmbmoH$ H$hm h¡, `h VmËn`© h¡ &&19&&
Bg àH$ma AmË_àH$me Ho$ àg¥V hmoZo na dmgZm ^r ~m{YV hmo OmVr h¡, Bg{bE Cg dmgZm
go ^r g§gma~ÝY H$s àg{ŠV Zht hmo gH$Vr, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{df`m| H$s Amoa CÝ_wI hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {M{V qbJ earaê$nr Cnm{Y _| `{X {_{bV h¡, Vmo
CgH$s dmgZm ^r Cg qbJ eara Ho$ gÑe hr {_Ï`m h¡, AV… _wŠVVm-AdñWm _| CgH$m ~mY
hmoZo go dh dmgZm H¡$gr, H$hm± go, H$hm± na Am¡a {H$g ñdê$n H$s hmo gH$Vr h¡Ÿ? &&20&&
VÎdkmZ hmoZo na ~Õ Ord H$s hr O~ Cnb{ãY Zht hmoVr, V~ ^bm {H$gHo$ Ûmam {H$gHo$
~§YZ H$s àg{ŠV ? `h H$hVo h¢ &
{Og Ord H$mo Bg g§gma H$m ^«_ h¡, dh AgV² hr h¡ Omo AgV² hmoVm h¡, dh VÎdÑ{îQ> go
XoIZona _¥JV¥îUm Ob H$s ZmBª b{jV hr Zht hmoVm, Bggo {H$gH$mo H$hm± go H$m¡Z-gm
g§gma ? &&21&&
AmË_àH$me Ho$ _ÝX n‹S> OmZo na Vmo {\$a {MÎm H$m CX` hmo OmZo go g§gma hmo hr gH$Vm h¡,
Bg{bE AmË_àH$me H$mo V~ VH$ Ñ‹T> ~Zmò aIZm Mm{hE O~ VH$ {H$ g§gma H$s [~bHw$b
{dñ_¥{V Z hmo Om` `mZr CgH$s nwZ…ñ_¥{V H$m Adga Z AmZo nmò, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Bggo Bg Vah AmË_kmZ Ho$ {bE àd¥Îm hþE nwéf Ho$ {df`m| H$m ñ_aU H$aZo go Omo nwZ… {MÎm
H$m CX` hmoJm, dhr {\$a g§gmaê$n go àd¥Îm hmo OmòJm &&22&& Bg{bE ho lram_Or, g~H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a
AmH$me Ho$ g_mZ {Z_©b AmË_m H$s hr EH$_mÌ Amn CnmgZm H$s{Oò & {df`m| H$m nwZ… ñ_aU Z
hmoZm hr lo` h¡, AV… ^y{_H$mAm| Ho$ Aä`mg Ûmam EH$_mÌ gm§gm[aH$ {df`m| H$s {dñ_¥{V H$mo hr Bg
ì`mdhm[aH$ OJV² _| {gÕ H$aZm _w_wjw nwéfm| H$m na_ H$V©ì` h¡ &&23&&
^y{_H$mAm| Ho$ Aä`mg _| VËna _w_wjw {H$g Vah XoIo, `h ~VbmVo h¢ &
Z ÐîQ>m h¡, Z ^moŠVm h¡, Z A[ñVVm h¡ Am¡a Z Zm[ñVVm h¡, {H$ÝVw gXm g_wÐ Ho$ g_mZ
n[anyU©, àmaãY àmßV ~m{YV ì`dhma Ho$ {Z{_Îm^yV, EH$, emÝVñdê$n `Wm[ñWV `h g~
~«÷ hr h¡Ÿ&&24&& `h gmam Ñí` OJV gÐÿn ~«÷ hr h¡, Eogm ñnîQ> kmZ hmo OmZo na {~å~
Am¡a {~å~r `mZr {MXm^mg Am¡a CgH$s Cnm{Y XmoZm| Ho$ Zme go Ob gyIZo go {~å~ê$nVm
H$s ZmBª, EH$_mÌ {edñdê$nVm hr C{XV hmoVr h¡ &&25&& na_nX _| {dlmÝV g_Xeu
VÎdkmZr H$s g_m{Y `m amJ-Ûof go eyÝ` ì`dhma XmoZm| hr àVrV hmoVo h¢ &&26&&
AWdm {Zdm©Uê$n gßV_ ^y{_H$m _| àmßV Bg kmZr H$s emÝVê$nVm hr Ad{eîQ> ahVr
h¡, Š`m|{H$ dmgZma{hV _w{Z H¡$go ì`dhma H$a gH$Vm h¡ &&27&& O~ VH$ Cg kmZr H$s
gßV_ ^y{_H$m _| {dlm{ÝV n[anmofVm H$mo `mZr Ñ‹T>Vm H$mo àmßV Zht hmo OmVr, V~ VH$
amJ-Ûof Am¡a ^` Ho$ CX` go a{hV hmo dh ì`dhma H$aVm h¡ &&28&& gßV_ ^y{_H$m _| àmßV
kmZr amJ-Ûof ^` Am¡a H«$moY go eyÝ`, {Zdm©Uê$n, emÝV_Z na nËWaê$n Z ~Zm hþAm ^r
nËWa H$s ZmBª {ZË` {ZíMb [ñWV ahVm h¡ &&29&&
Bg Vah ~«÷ _| ñdm^m{dH$ ^mdZm Ho$ AZwgma OJÐÿn h¡ VWm emór` VÎd^mdZm Ho$
AZwgma Vm[ÎdH$ê$n ^r h¡, Bg{bE AnZr BÀN>m Ho$ AZwgma _Zwî` AZW© `m nwéfmW© XmoZm| àmßV
H$a gH$Vm h¡, CgHo$ {bE XmoZm| hr gwb^ h¢, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go H$_b Ho$ ~rO H$mof Ho$ AÝXa hr A{^ÝZê$n go gånyU© H$_{b{Z`m± [ñWV h¡, d¡go AmË_m
_| hr gdßZ^«m[ÝV ê$n `h OJV AZÝ` hmoH$a [ñWV h¡, AmË_m H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a AÝ`Ì Zht &&30&&
"~mha h¡' `h àVr{V AmË_m _| ~møê$nVm H$s ^mdZm go hr h¡, Z {H$ BgH$m Xygam H$moB©
AmYma hmoZo go `h H$hVo h¢ &
AmË_m hr ~møê$nVm H$s ^mdZm go ~møê$n hmo OmVm h¡ VWm AmË_VÎd H$s ^mdZm H$aVo
ahZo go AmË_ê$n hr ahVm h¡, Bg{bE na~«÷VÎd _| VV²-VV² ^mdZm hr ~møËd Am¡a
ŸyÕ - 31] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1843
Amä`mÝVaËd h¡ &&31&&
`hr H$maU h¡ {H$ ñdßZ Am¡a OmJ«XdñWm _| àVr{V go H$moB© ôX Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Omo AÝV…H$aU _| ^rVa ñdßZ H$s {d^«m{ÝV h¡ dhr `h ~mø-OJÐÿn go C{XV hþB© h¡ & Xmo
nmÌm| _| [ñWV XyY Ho$ g_mZ ñdßZ VWm OmJ«XdñWm _| V{ZH$ ^r ôX Zht h¡ &&32&&
OmJ«V Am¡a ñdßZmdñWm Ho$ nXmWmoª _| [ñWaVm Am¡a M§MbVmê$n ôX Vmo àË`j hr CnbãY
hmoVm h¡, CgH$s Š`m Xem hmoJr, `{X `h Ame§H$m H$a|, Vmo Cg na H$hVo h¢ &
Ed§ OmJ«XdñWm Ho$ nXmWm] _| [ñWaVm VWm ñdm{ßZH$ nXmWm] _| Omo A[ñWaVm àVrV hmoVr h¡
dh ^r EH$_mÌ {dñV¥V ^«m[ÝV hr h¡ VWm OmJ«VH$mbrZ eara _| AmYmaVm Am¡a ñdßZ _| AmYo`Vm
H$s Omo àVr{V hmoVr h¡ dh ^r Ob Am¡a Va§J Ho$ Vwë` hr h¡ &&33&&
O¡go ñdßZH$mb Ho$ nXmWm] _| O~ VH$ EH$_mÌ AmË_ê$nVm H$m AZwgÝYmZ Zht hmoVm,
V^r VH$ CZH$m ^mZ hmoVm h¡ & AmË__mÌñdê$nVm H$m AZwgÝYmZ hmoZo na Vmo OmJaUê$n
~moY go AmË_¡Š`Vm hr {gÕ hmoVr h¡ d¡go hr OmJ«XdñWm Ho$ nXmWm] _| ^r g_PZm Mm{hE,
O¡go ñdßZH$mb Ho$ nXmWm] _| AmË_m Ho$ AÝ`ËdkmZ go AÝ`ê$nVm H$m ^mZ hmoVm h¡ &
AmË_¡Š`Vm H$m Ad~moY hmoZo na Vmo Cggo AÝ` Hw$N> ^r Zht ^m{gV hmoVm, d¡go hr
OmJ«XdñWm Ho$ nXmWm] _| ^r O~ VH$ ewÕ AmË_VÎd H$m kmZ Zht hmoVm V^r VH$ nXmWm]
_| AÝ`Ëd ^mgVm h¡ & ewÕ AmË_m H$m kmZ hmo OmZo na Vmo do g~ Ho$ g~ n¥WH²$ Am{d^m©ddmbo
hr Zht hmoVo EH$ê$n hr Ad^m{gV hmoVo h¢ &&34&&
Bgr{bE dmñV{dH$ ^r ~«÷^md AnZr ^mdZm Ho$ AYrZ hr h¡, `h Omo H$hm J`m h¡ dh {gÕ
hmo J`m, `h H$hVo h¢ &
H$ënZmAm| go a{hV, emÝV Omo na_mË_m H$m ê$n h¡ dh VV²-VV² ê$nm| _| n[aUV hmo OmVm h¡
VWm ^mdZm Z H$aZo go VV²-VV² ê$nm| _| n[aUV Zht hmoVm &&35&& ñdßZm{XkmZ Ho$ emÝV hmoZo
na Omo {dewÕ B©ída H$m ê$n Ad{eîQ> ahVm h¡ dh "A[ñVVm' Ho$ {Zê$nH$ H$mb Am¡a Xoe Am{X
Ho$ AmYma H$m A^md ahZo go "dh h¡' `h Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm VWm ñdê$n H$m ~mY Z ahZo go
"dh Zht h¡' `h ^r Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm & Bg{bE dh dmUr H$m [df` H$Xm{n Zht h¡ &&36&&
V~ dmUr Ho$ Ûmam Jwé bmoJ CgH$m CnXoe H¡$go XoVo h¢, Bg Ame§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
^«_ H$m AmË`[ÝVH$ b` hmo OmZo na g_m{Y _| [ñWV `moJr bmoJ hr AnZo EH$_mÌ AZw^d
go CgH$m ñdê$n OmZ nmVo h¢ & H$mÝVmgå^moJgwI H$s ZmBª, Xygao Ho$ à{V dh CnXoe H$m
{df` Zht h¡ & dh {dÛmZm| Ho$ AZw^d H$m hr {df` h¡ & Cg_| lmoVm H$s ~w{Õ H$mo àd¥V H$aZm
hr CnXoe H$m \$b h¡ &&37&&
Bg{bE ho lram_Or, Ah§H$ma N>mS‹o >H$a ^`, _mZ, {dfmX, bmo^, _moh, AmË_m, Xoh, _Z, B[ÝÐ`,
{MÎm, O‹S>Vm go eyÝ`, emÝV, g_ñV ôXm| go a{hV A{dZmer, {Zdm©Uñdê$n EH$_mÌ ~«÷ hmoH$a
gd©Xm hr g_m{Y _| [ñWV ahZm hr `wŠV h¡, ì`dhma {df`m| _| n‹S>Zm C{MV Zht h¡ &&38&&
BH$Vrgdm± gJ© g_mßV
~Îmrgdm± gJ©
gmYwAm| Ho$ g_mJ_ Am¡a gV² emóm| H$m {dMma H$aZodmbo nwéf H$mo _moj Adí` hr hmoVm h¡,
Bg{bE _moj ñdmYrZ h¡, BgH$m `w{ŠV nyd© H$WZ &
`{X _Zwî` Ho$ nmg {dÚm `m A{dÚm h¡, Vmo CgHo$ {bE _moj `m g§gma ñdmYrZ h¡, `h dU©Z
H$aZo H$s BÀN>m aIZodmbo _hmamO d{gîR>Or nhbo A{dÚm go {MÎm H$m {dñVma Am¡a {\$a Cggo
ñdmYrZ g§gma H$mo {XIbmVo h¡ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, O~ `h {M{Ve{ŠV ñn[ÝXV hmoVr h¡, `mZr A{dÚm go
{df`m| H$s Amoa PwH$Zo Ho$ {bE Cg_| hbMb n¡Xm hmoVr h¡, V~ Ahå^mdê$n OJV² H$m ^«_
CËnÝZ-gm hmo OmVm h¡, Omo {H$ AgÐÿn hr h¡ & ñnÝXZ go ^r Vmo dm`wê$nVm CËnÝZ-gr hmo OmVr
h¡, `Ú{n dh Hw$N> {^ÝZ Zht h¡ &&1&& lram_Or, ^bo hr dh OJX²^«_ CËnÝZ-gm hmo Om`,
naÝVw Cg_| ~«÷ê$nVm H$m kmZ `{X H$a {b`m Om`, Vmo {H$gr Vah go ^r dh IoX H$m H$maU
Zht hmoVm & `{X Cg_| OJÐÿnVm H$m hr kmZ H$a {b`m Om`, Vmo Adí` hr dh _hmZ² IoX H$m
H$maU hmoJm &&2&& O¡go Am±I AnZr Mhb-nhb go ê$n H$m AZw^d àmßV H$aVr h¡, d¡go hr {M{V
Mhb-nhb go hr OJV² H$m ^«_ àmßV H$aVr h¡ &&3&&
CËnÝZ hmoVo hþE ^r g§gma^«_ IoX H$m H$maU Zht h¡, `h Omo H$hm J`m h¡, CgH$m CnnmXZ
H$aVo h¢ &
^Ð, Omo `h {M{V e{ŠV h¡, dh Vmo ñdm^dV… hr gË`ê$n h¡, AV… dh {df`m| H$s Amoa Omo
PwH$Vr h¡, dh ì`W© hr h¡, Š`m|{H$ {df`m| H$s gË`ê$nVm Vmo h¡ hr Zht & Eogr [ñW{V _| AgV²
{df`m| H$s Amoa dh PwH$Vr h¡, `h H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? Š`m H$ht dÝÜ`m H$m nwÌ Z¥Ë` H$aVm h¡ ?
{ZîH$f© `h {ZH$bm {H$ {df`m| H$s VrZm| H$mb _| gÎmm Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AkmZ go hr {M{V H$s
{df`m| H$s Amoa àd¥{Îm h¡, dh O~ kmZ go ~m{YV hmo OmVr h¡, V~ {df` IoX Ho$ H$maU hmo hr Zht
gH$Vo &&4&& `h Omo {M{V H$m ~mø nXmWm] H$s Amoa àgaU h¡, dh Vmo AZw^d go hr {gÕ h¡, {dÚm
go O~ CgH$m ~mY hmo OmVm h¡, V~ AgË` AW© H$m nwéf H$mo AZw^d Zht hmoVm, Cg g_` `h
AZw^d H$aVm h¡ {H$ BVZo H$mb VH$ _¢ ì`W© hr, ~mbH$ O¡go AgË` `j H$m AZw^d H$a [ñWV
ahVm h¡ d¡go hr, AgV² AW© H$m AZw^d H$a [ñWV ahm &&5&&
ŸyÕ - 32] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1845
H${WV Ý`m` ^rVa Ho$ Ahå^md _| ^r g_mZ hr h¡, `h {XIbmVo hþE ~ÝY Am¡a _moj _|
ñdmYrZVm {gÕ hmo JB©, `h H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, O~ ^rVa Ahå^md kmZ hmoZo bJ OmVm h¡, V~ Cggo Ahå^md ^r Xw…I H$m hr H$maU
hmoVm h¡ Am¡a O~ Ahå^md H$m n[akmZ Zht hmoVm Vmo dh Xw…I H$m H$maU Zht hmoVm, AV… ~ÝYZ
Am¡a _w{ŠV AnZo hr AYrZ h¡ &&6&&
A~ _moj _| ñdmYrZVm H$m CnnmXZ H$aVo h¢ &
dhr Ü`mZ Am¡a g_m{Y h¡, Omo {H$ {dÚm go _yb^yV O‹S>Vm Ho$ hQ> OmZo Ho$ ~mX {MXmË_m Ho$
gmW EH$ag hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU AO‹S> _Z, ~w{Õ Am{X nXmWm] H$s nËWa Ho$ gÑe {ZíM`
doÚdoXZ {Z_w©ŠV [ñW{V h¡ & g_, emÝV Am¡a {Z{d©H$ma `hr [ñW{V _w{ŠV h¡ &&7&&
`hr {gÕmÝV EH$_mÌ em[ÝV H$m H$maU h¡, Xygar-Xygar H$ënZmAm| _| Vmo Ho$db dm{X`m|
H$m H$bh_mÌ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {_Ï`m H$ÊR>emofU hr h¡, Bg Ame` go CZ dm{X`m| H$mo bú`
H$a H$hVo h¢ &
ho n{ÊS>V_mZr dm{XJU, Amn _yIm] Ho$ gÑe Û¡V, AÛ¡V Am{X AZoH$ Vah Ho$ g§H$ënm| go
Vah-Vah Ho$ H$bhê$n dMZm| H$m {dMma H$a Xw…I Ho$ {bE ì`W© Ho$ H$ÊR>emofU ê$n {dfmX H$mo
_V àmßV H$s{Oò & na_ nwéfmW© Ho$ hoVw^yV Bgr {gÕmÝV H$m Amn Adbå~Z H$s[OEŸ&&8&&
{Og nwéf H$s d¥{Îm ~{h_w©I h¡, dh nwéf Cg Vah AgV² ^r Xw…I H$m {ZdmaU Zht H$a
gH$Vm, {Og Vah AgV² ê$nm{X Ho$ AZw^d H$m {ZdmaU Zht H$a gH$Vm AWm©V² Cg nwéf Ho$
{bE Xw…I Xw{Z©dma hr h¡, naÝVw {Og nwéf H$s AÝV_w©I d¥{Îm h¡, dh nwéf Vmo àmaãY àmßV Xw…I
H$m AZw^d H$aVo hþE ^r AnZo AmË_mZÝX _| hr _ñV ahVm h¡, AV…AmË_mZÝX Ho$ AZw^d go
AmÀN>m{XV hþAm Xw…I ^moJm Om ahm ^r CgHo$ {bE A^wŠV-gm hr ahVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¡ &
^Ð, Ñ‹T> dmgZm go `wŠV nwéf ñdßZ Ho$ gÑe AgV² Xw…I H$m Cg Vah AZw^d H$aVm h¡,
{Og Vah g§H$ën go a{MV AgV² ê$nmbmoH$ VWm _mZ{gH$ Xw…I Am{X H$m `mZr ~mø Ed§
Amä`ÝV[aH$ nXmWm] H$m AZw^d H$aVm h¡ &&9&& {Og nwéf H$s dmgZm hQ> JB© h¡, dh nwéf Vmo
ZtX bo aho nwéf Ho$ gÑe àmaãY àmßV Xw…I H$m ^r AZw^d Cg Vah Zht H$aVm, {Og Vah
g§H$ëneyÝ` ê$nmbmoH$ VWm _mZ{gH$ Xw…I Am{X H$m AZw^d Zht H$aVm &&10&&
Cn`w©ŠV {gÕmÝV go `hr PbH$m {H$ dmgZmAm| H$s d¥{Õ go O¡go g§gma H$m AZw^d hmoVm h¡,
d¡go hr dmgZmAm| Ho$ õmg go hr XoeH$mb Ho$ H«$_ go _w{ŠV H$m AZw^d {gÕ hmoVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
AË`ÝV õmg H$mo àmßV hþB© dmgZm hr Xoe, H$mb Am¡a {H«$`m Ho$ gå~ÝY go _w{ŠV H$mo Eogo
àmßV hmoVr h¡, O¡go nXmW© _| ^mdZm nXmW© ê$nVm H$mo àmßV hmoVr h¡ &&11&& AË`ÝV VZwVm H$mo
(jrUVm H$mo) àmßV dmgZm hr Eogo _w{ŠVê$n ~Z OmVr h¡, O¡go AmH$me _| _oK, Hw$ham Am{X
AË`ÝV gyú_ ~ZH$a AmH$meê$n ~Z OmVo h¢ &&12&&
dmgZm Ho$ CÀN>oX _| H$m¡Z Cnm` h¡ ? Bg àíZ na H$hVo h¡ &
O¡go n[ÊS>Vm| Ho$ g§gJ© go ~‹T>o hþE Aä`mg go _y‹T>Vm jrU hmoH$a {dÛÎmm Ho$ ê$n _| n[aUV hmo
OmVr h¡, d¡go hr "Ah§ ~«÷m[ñ_' H$s ^mdZm go {XZ-na-{XZ AË`ÝV jrUVm H$mo àmßV hþB©
dmgZm hr _w{ŠV$Ho$ ê$n _| n[aUV hmo OmVr h¡ &&13&&
H$hm± VH$ AmË_m Ho$ kmZ H$mo ~‹T>mZm Mm{hE ? Bg àíZ H$m CÎma `hr h¡ {H$ O~ VH$
AmË_m H$m kmZ Ñ‹T> Z ~Z Om`, V~ VH$, Bg A{^àm` H$mo boH$a Ñ‹T> ~moYH$m (Ñ‹T> AmË_kmZ
H$m) bjU H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, _oar `w{ŠV H$m Adbå~ZH$a `mZr "_¢' ~«÷ñdê$n hÿ±' Bg àH$ma H$s Ñ‹T> Aä`ñV
~«÷^mdZm H$m Adbå~ZH$a Bg g§gma _| Or{dV `m nabmoH$JV `moJr Ho$ AÝXa "Ah§eãXmW©
Ord Zht h¡' `h Omo e_mË_H$ {ZíM` CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡, dhr ê$‹T> ~moY H$hm J`m h¡ &&14&&
dm`w _| H$[ënV Ðì` Am¡a {H«$`m H$s ZmBª Bg AmË_m _| `h g~ OJV² Ord Am{X H$[ënV
hr h¡ & dh g~ "_¢ H$m¡Z hÿ± ' `h H¡$go CËnÝZ hþAm Bg {dMma go ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ &&15&&
Ah§H$ma Am{X H$s gÎmm H$m Ì¡H$m{bH$ A^md hr _moj h¡, AV… BVZo H$mo boH$a _y‹T>Vm H$m
Adbå~Z Š`m| {H$`m Om` ? BgH$m n[akmZ gËg§J Am¡a Aä`mg go VËH$mb hr {H$`m Om
gH$Vm h¡ &&16&& O¡go àH$me go AÝYH$ma ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡, O¡go {Xdg go am{Ì ZîQ> hmo OmVr
h¡, d¡go hr VÎdkmZr Ho$ gËg§J go Ahå^mdê$nr ~ÝYZ VËH$mb hr ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ &&17&&
^Ð, _¢ H$m¡Z hÿ± `h àn§M {H$g Vah Am`m, Ord H$m¡Z h¡, àmUYmaUê$n OrdZ H$m Š`m
ñdê$n h¡ BZ g~H$m VÎdk Ho$ g§J go OrdZn`©ÝV {dMma H$aZm Mm{hE &&18&&
dh {dMma JwéOr H$s godm H$aZo go g\$b hmo OmVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
lram_Or, Omo VÎdkê$nr gy`© h¡ CgH$m godZ (g§J) H$aZo go `h gmam hr OJV² kmZ go
àH$me_mZ hmo OmVm h¡, g~ nXmWm] H$m ñdê$n T>±H$ XoZodmbm Ahå^mdê$n AÝYH$ma ZîQ> hmo
OmVm h¡, dñVw H$m Agbr ñdê$n EH$ hr jU _| ^mgZo bJ OmVm h¡, AV… VÎdkê$nr gy`© H$s
Amn godm (g§J{V) H$a| &&19&&
O~ AZoH$ {dÛmZ² Am¡a AZoH$ Vm{H©$H$ nwéfm| H$s _ÊS>br OwQ> Om`, V~ _¢ `h H¡$go OmZ
gH$Vm hÿ± {H$ `h {dÛmZ² h¡ Am¡a `h Vm{H©$H$ h¡ ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
ho ^Ð, Omo-Omo AnZo go A{YH$ kmZdmZ² hm| CZ-g~H$s AbJ-AbJ g§J{V H$s{Oò &
CZH$m g§J_ hmoZo na nañna {déÕ `w{ŠV H$m O~ H$WZ hmoJm, V~ Cggo dmXê$nr {nem{MZr
CËnÝZ hmoJr &&20&&
^bo hr dmXê$n {nem{MZr CËnÝZ hmo, Bg_| Š`m Xmof h¡ ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
ŸyÕ - 32] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1847
O~ dmXê$nr `j CËnÝZ hmoJm, V~ ~mbH$ Ho$ gÑe kmZr lmoVm H$mo ^r VH©$`wŠV `mZr
Vm{H©$H$m| Ho$ Ûmam à{Vnm{XV hmo ahm AmË_m H$m ñdê$n hr _w»` h¡ Am¡a dhr _w»` _oao {bE
n`m©ßV h¡, Eogm ^«_ hmo OmVm h¡, AÝYJmobm§Jyb Ý`m` go CgH$m Adbå~Z H$aZm AZW© H$m
hr H$maU hmoJm &&21&& Bg{bE àËòH$ n{ÊS>V Ho$ nmg OmH$a EH$mÝV _| ~w{Õ_mZ² nwéf H$mo
CgH$s godm H$aZr Mm{hE, àíZ H$aZm Mm{hE Am¡a {\$a CZHo$ Ûmam H${WV$AWm] H$mo {_bmH$a
AnZr ~w{Õ go {dMma H$aZm Mm{hE &&22&& n[ÊS>Vm| H$s C{ŠV`m| Ho$ (dMZm| Ho$) AWm] H$s
AnZr ~w{Õ Ûmam lw{V, `w{ŠV ñdmZw^d Ed§ AÝ` {dÛmZm| Ho$ AZw^dm| H$mo {_bmH$a ~w{Õ H$s
ew{Õ Ho$ {bE Iy~ ~ma-~ma narjm H$aZr Mm{hE & AZÝVa g_ñV g§H$ënm| go {Z_w©ŠV Omo
dñVw àmßV hmo Om`, CgrH$m Adbå~ZH$a VÝ_` ~Z OmZm Mm{hE &&23&&
Bgrgo VÎdkmZ H$m CX` Am¡a Cggo AkmZ H$m CÀN>oX hmo OmVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
VÎdkm{Z`m| Ho$ gå~ÝY go ~w{Õ H$mo AË`ÝV VrúU ~ZmH$a Ho$db Cg AkmZê$nr bVm H$mo
Iy~ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o H$Um| _| ~Zm Xr{OE &&24&&
_oao H$ho Jò dMZm| _| Amn Agå^d H$s e§H$m Z H$a|, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho am_^Ð, _¢Zo Omo Hw$N> AW© H$hm h¡, dh g~ gå^d hr h¡, Agå^d Zht, Bgr{bE _¢Zo Bg
AnZo AZw^yV AW© H$m Amngo dU©Z {H$`m h¡ & `h Amn Ü`mZ a{IE {H$ h_ bmoJ Agå~Õ
H$hZodmbo ~mbH$ Zht h¡ &&25&&
Omo g_ñV H$ënZmAm| go nao h¡, dhr Agbr VÎd h¡, Agbr dñVw H$s VÝ_`Vm ~Z OmZo na
gmao OJV² H$m ì`dhma H$a|, Vmo ^r Cggo kmZr Ho$ {bE {H$gr BîQ> dñVw H$s j{V `m A{ZîQ>dñVw
H$s àm{ßV Zht hmoVr, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho amKd, O¡go AmH$me _| _oK `m Hw$hao Am{X H$m T>oa hmo Om` AWdm Ob _| AZoH$ Vah
Ho$ Va§Jm| H$m Am[d^m©d hmo Om`, Vmo ^r CZgo AmH$me `m Ob _| {H$gr BîQ> H$s j{V `m
A{ZîQ> H$s àm{ßV Zht hmoVr, R>rH$ Bgr Vah gånyU© g§H$ënm| go {Z_w©ŠV hþE kmZr nwéf H$mo
g^r Vah Ho$ ì`dhmam| go, Z Vmo {H$gr BîQ> H$s j{V hmoVr h¡ Am¡a Z {H$gr A{ZîQ> H$s àm{ßV
hr hmoVr h¡ &&26&&
AmH$me Ed§ g_wÐ ñWb _| Û¡VnZ ahVm h¡, Bg{bE CZ_| BîQ> j{V Ed§§ A{ZîQ> àm{ßV H$s
{H$gr Vah e§H$m hmo ^r gH$Vr h¡, naÝVw {dÛmZ² nwéf Vmo Hy$Q>ñW AÛ` na_mË_ê$n hmo J`m h¡,
AV… Cg_| BZ ^«_mË_H$ nXmWm] go BîQ>j{V Ed§ A{ZîQ> àm{ßV H$s e§H$m hr Zht hmo gH$Vr, Bg
Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
g_ñV {dH$mam| go eyÝ` Ed§ n[anyU©ñdê$n AmË_m H$m O~ {dMma H$a {b`m `mZr VÎdkmZ
hmo J`m, V~ `h gmam OJV² Am¡a Ahå^md _¥JV¥îUm Ob Ho$ gÑe A[ñVËd aI hr Zht
gH$Vm, Eogr [ñW{V _| Bg VÎdk nwéf _| _ZZ Am{X ^«m[ÝV H$hm± go Am gH$Vr h¡ `m H$ht
na Š`m| ah gH$Vr h¡ ? &&27&&
~Îmrgdm± gJ© g_mßV
V¢Vrgdm± gJ©
g§{dV² H$s ~mø_wIVm Ho$ dmaU go ^«m[ÝVê$n H$ënZm H$s
à{VH$ënZm (^«m{ÝVH$ënZm Ho$ {ZdV©H$ emór` Cnm`) Am¡a nabmoH$ H$s {M{H$Ëgm H$m dU©Z &
g~go nhbo à{VH$ënZm H$mo ~VbmZo Ho$ {bE CnH«$_ H$aVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … lram_Or, gËg_mJ_ go {dH$mg H$mo àmßV ñd~w{Õ ê$n
AnZm hr nwéfmW© `{X nwéf H$mo VÎdkmZ àmßV H$am Xo, Vmo {\$a {^ÝZVmê$n H$moB© g§gma
H$m H$maU ahVm hr Zht &&1&& ò {OVZo H$ënZm go ~Zo hþE VWm H$ënZm Ho$ H$maU A{dÚm,
dmgZm Am{X Aemór` nXmW© h¢, do g~ AnZr emór` à{VH$ënZm go ~ÝYZ hoVwVm N>mo‹S>H$a
_mojmon`moJr Eogo ~Z OmVo h¢, O¡go {H$ ñd^mdV… _aUhoVw {df` agm`Zemóm| _| X{e©V
Cnm`ê$n à{VH$ënZm go {dfnZo H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a A_¥Vê$n ~Z OmVm h¡ &&2&&
H$~ VH$ à{VH$ënZm H$aZr Mm{hE, Bg na "g_ñV H$ënZmAm| H$s {Zd¥{Îm O~ VH$ Z hmo,
V~ VH$' `h H$hVo h¢ &
AV… AmË_m H$s _wŠVVm H$ënZm go eyÝ` h¡, AV… g~ H$ënZmAm| H$s {Zd¥{Îm O~ VH$ Z hmo
Om`, V~ VH$ à{VH$ënZm H$aZm Mm{hE & `h H$ënZmeyÝ` _wŠVVm nhbo Vmo ^moJË`mJ go `mZr
d¡am½` Am¡a g§Ý`mg go hr {gÕ hmoVr h¡, Xygao {H$gr AÝ` Cnm` go Zht & Bggo d¡am½`ê$n Am¡a
g§Ý`mgê$n àmW{_H$ à{VH$ënZm AË`ÝV Amdí`H$ h¡ &&3&&
AZÝVa ldU, _ZZ go AmË_VÎd H$m {ZíM` H$a dmUr Am¡a _Z H$m {ZamoYê$n à{VH$ënZm
H$aZr Mm{hE, `h H$hVo h¢ &
AZÝVa dmUr Am¡a _Z go eãX Am¡a eãXmWm] H$s ^rVa ^mdZm Z H$aVo hþE Omo [ñWV ahVm
h¡, CgH$s H$ënZm Yrao-Yrao em§V hmoVr OmVr h¡ &&4&&
AZÝVa AZhå^mdê$n à{VH$ënZm H$aZr Mm{hE, `h H$hVo h¢ &
EH$_mÌ Ahå^md H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Xygar H$moB© A{dÚm h¡ hr Zht, Bg{bE g_ñV ^mdZmAm|
H$mo Xya H$a XoZodmbo VÎdgmjmËH$ma go Bg Ahå^md Ho$ ~m{YV hmo OmZo na Xygam H$moB©
_mojZm_H$ nXmW© àmßV H$aZo bm`H$ ahVm hr Zht `mZr Ahå^md H$m Zme hr _moj h¡ &&5&&
^Ð, VÎdgmjmËH$ma hmo OmZo Ho$ ~mX ^r `{X Amn nhbo Ho$ OJV²-Ordê$n g§gma _| é{M
aIH$a ñWybXoh Ho$ {dZmeH$mb VH$ Hw$N> Wmo‹S>o-go Ahå^md H$m Aml` H$a|Jo, Vmo An[a[ÀN>ÝZ
ŸyÕ - 33] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1849
AmË_m Ho$ {dñ_aU go g§gmaVmn go Adí` Vn|Jo Am¡a `{X Ahå^md H$m Ë`mJ H$a X|Jo, Vmo
g_ñV Xw…Im| go Nw>Q>H$mam nm Om`|Jo VWm {ZË` {Za{Ve`mZ§X ñd^md go {gÕ hmo Om`|Jo &&6&&
nËWa Ho$ gÑe AMb {OgH$mo ~{h_w©Id¥{Îm Ho$ AkmZ go `h g~ OJV² AgÐÿn hmoVm hþAm
^r emÝV gV² H$s ZmBª [ñWV h¡, Cg _hmË_m H$mo àUm_ h¡ &&7&& na~«÷ Aeofê$n go
{dbrZ{MÎm H$m - nËWa Ho$ gÑe ~mha H$m n[akmZ Z hmoZo go Am¡a ^rVa {M{Vê$nVm H$s
^mdZm hmoZo go eyÝ`ê$n g§km H$mo àmßV H$a `h g~ Ðí` àn§M emÝV hmo OmVm h¡ &&8&&
gwI Am¡a Xw…I Ho$ {bE {df`m| H$s gÎmm `m AgÎmm Cn`moJr Zht h¡ {H$ÝVw {df`m| H$m Xe©Z `m
AXe©Z Cn`moJr h¡, Bg{bE {df`àH$me Ho$ {bE àd¥{Îm H$aZodmbo {MÎm H$m hr àW_ {ZamoY H$aZm
Mm{hE, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
`h Ñí` aho Mmho Z aho, naÝVw àH$m{eV Ñí` `mZr Ñí`Xe©Z hr Xw…I H$s d¥{Õ H$m H$maU
h¡ & AMo{VV Ñí` `mZr {df` H$m AXe©Z Vmo gwIH$m H$maU h¡ & na {df`m| H$m AXe©Z {MÎm{H«$`m
Ho$ {ZamoY go O~ VH$ ~«÷mH$maVm H$s {g{Õ Z hmo Om`, V~ VH$ H$s à{VH$ënZm go hmoVm h¡ &&9&&
nabmoH$ H$s {M{H$Ëgm H$m dU©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE CnH«$_ H$aVo h¢ &
earaYm[a`m| Ho$ {bE _hm^`§H$a Xmo ì`m{Y`m± h¢ - EH$ Vmo `h bmoH$ Am¡a Xygam nabmoH$Ÿ&
Š`m|{H$ BÝht XmoZm| Ho$ H$maU nr{‹S>V hmoH$a _Zwî` AmÜ`m[Ë_H$ Am{X ^mdm| go AZoH$ Xw…I ^moJVm
h¡Ÿ&&10&& Bg bmoH$ _| AkmZr nwéf jwYm, V¥îUm Am{X ì`m{Y`m| Ho$ {bE AÝZ, nmZ Am{X
^moJê$n {ZH¥$îQ> Am¡f{Y`m| H$m Adbå~ZH$a OrdZn`©ÝV `Wme{ŠV à`ËZ H$aVo h¢, naÝVw
nabmoH$ _| ZaH$ Am{X ì`m{Y`m| Ho$ {bE ^moJm| go Hw$N> ^r {M{H$Ëgm Zht hmoVr &&11&& Omo CÎm_
nwéf h¢, do nabmoH$ H$s _hmì`m{Y H$s {M{H$Ëgm Ho$ {bE em[ÝV, gËg§J{V VWm AmË_{dMmaê$n
A_¥VVwë` Cnm`m| go à`ËZ H$aVo h¢ &&12&& Omo nwéf nabmoH$ H$s {M{H$Ëgm Ho$ {bE gmdYmZ
`mZr AnÏ` ^moJm| Ho$ Ë`mJ Am¡a gËg_mJ_ Am{X Am¡fY Ho$ godZ _| gmdYmZ ahVo h¢, do _moj_mJ©
H$s _hVr BÀN>m _| AnZo e_JwU H$s ~‹S>r e{ŠV Ho$ H$maU gd©Xm {dO`r hmoVo h¢ &&13&&
nabmoH$ H$s {M{H$Ëgm nabmoH$ _| OmH$a hr H$a|Jo, `hm± na CgH$s {MÝVm H$aZo go Š`m \$b ?
Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
Omo nwéf `ht na ZaH$ê$n ì`m{Y H$s {M{H$Ëgm Zht H$aVm, dh ì`m{YJ«ñV nwéf Am¡fYa{hV
ZaH$ Am{X àXoe _| OmH$a Š`m {M{H$Ëgm H$aoJm ? &&14&& ho AkmZrOZm|, Vw_ bmoJ Bg bmoH$ H$s
{M{H$Ëgm _| {ZaV hmoH$a AnZm OrdZ jrU _V H$amo, naÝVw AmË_kmZ Ho$ Am¡fYm| go nabmoH$ H$s
{M{H$Ëgm H$amo &&15&& Am`w Vmo Eogr jU^§Jwa (EH$ jU _| ZîQ> hmo OmZodmbr) h¡ O¡gm {H$ dm`w
go H$[ånV hmo ahm nÎmo H$m N>moQ>m Qw>H$‹S>m Am¡a Ob H$U & Bg{bE ~‹S>o `ËZ go nabmoH$ê$n
_hmì`m{Y H$s erK«m{VerK« {M{H$Ëgm H$aZo _| VËna hmo OmAmo &&16&&
Bg bmoH$ H$s ì`m{Y H$s {M{H$Ëgm Ho$ {bE Xygao `ËZ H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
nabmoH$ê$n ì`m{Y H$s `ËZnyd©H$ VËH$mb hr {M{H$Ëgm H$aZo na Bg bmoH$ H$s ì`m{Y ñd`§
AnZo-Amn hr emÝV hmoZo bJ OmVr h¡ &&17&&
nabmoH$ H$s ì`m{Y Ho$ {bE `Ú{n VníM`m©, VrWm©Q>Z, `k Am{X {M{H$Ëgm ~VbmB© JB© h¡,
VWm{n CZgo CŠV ì`m{Y {Z_y©b ZîQ> Zht hmoVr, {H$ÝVw AmË_kmZ go hr {Z_y©b ZîQ> hmoVr h¡ &
AmË_kmZ Vmo ldUm{Xnyd©H$ g_m{Y Ho$ Aä`mg go `mZr {M{V H$s ~{h_w©IVm Ho$ {ZamoY go hmoVm
h¡, Bg Ame` go AmË_kmZ H$m Cnm` ~VbmZo Ho$ {bE ^y{_H$m ~m±YVo h¢ &
{OVZo OÝVw h¢, do g~ g§{dÝ_mÌê$n (AmË_m Ho$ hr ñdê$n) h¢, Bg g§{dV² H$s ~{h_w©IVm hr
OJV² h¡ & `h gmam OJV² EH$ N>moQ>o go na_mUw Ho$ CXa _| ^r g¡H$‹S>m| nd©Vm| Ho$ {dñVma _| {dÚ_mZ
h¡, Š`m|{H$ dhm± na ^r g§{dV² ~¡R>r hr h¡ &&18&& Omo AmË_{M{V H$m ~{h_w©IVm go {dñVma h¡, dhr
~mø {df` Am¡a ^rVar {df` (H$m_, g§H$ën Am{X) h¢ & ò {MXmH$me _| hr AZw^yV hmoVo h¢,
Bg{bE OJV² H$m ^«_ H$^r gË` Zht hmo gH$Vm &&19&&
OJV² H$m ê$n {_Ï`m hr h¡, Bg{bE hOmam| àb`m| go ^r dh ZîQ> Zht hmoVm `m hOmam|
g¥{îQ>`m| go AnZm A[ñVËd ^r Zht aIVm & `{X ZîQ> hmoVm h¡, Vmo AmË_m Ho$ kmZ go hr,
XoIo Jò àb`m| _| ^r OJV²-^«_ H$m Z {dZme hr hmoVm h¡ `m Z XoIr JB© g¥{îQ>`m| _| CgH$s
CËn{Îm hr hmoVr h¡, Š`m|{H$ CgH$m Agbrê$n EH$_mÌ ^«m{ÝV hr h¡ &&20&&
AmË_kmZ gånmXZ _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z Cnm` h¡ ? Bg àíZ na d¡am½` hr nhbm Cnm` h¡,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
`{X nwéf AnZo nm¡éfê$n M_ËH$ma go ^moJê$n H$sM‹S> _| \±$gr hþB© AnZr AmË_m H$m CÕma
Zht H$aVm, Vmo {\$a Xygam H$moB© ^r Cnm` CgHo$ CÕma H$m ahVm hr Zht &&21&& {OgZo AnZo
_Z Ho$ D$na {dO` nmB© Zht h¡, ^moJê$nr H$sM‹S> _| \±$gm hþAm dh _y‹T> nwéf Amn{Îm`m| H$m Eogo
nmÌ ~Z OmVm h¡, O¡go Obm| H$m g_wÐ &&22&& O¡go Am`w H$s g~go nhbr gr‹‹T>r ~më`mdñWm
{XImB© n‹S>Vr h¡, d¡go hr _moj H$s nhbr gr‹T>r amJm| go em[ÝV XoZodmbm ^moJ Ë`mJ hr h¡ &&23&&
"amJ go em[ÝV XoZodmbm' `h Omo {deofU H$hm J`m h¡, CgH$m VmËn`© kmZr Am¡a AkmZr H$s
Am`wê$n ZXr H$s {dbjUVm dU©Z go {XIbmVo h¢ &
Omo VÎdkmZr nwéf h¡, CgH$s Am`wê$n ZXr H$b-H$b Üd{Z H$aVr hþB© (àmaãY àmßV
AZoH$ àd¥{Îmê$n Va§Jm| go `wŠV hmoVr hþB©) ^r OJË^«_m| go eyÝ` h¡ & AVEd {MÌ _| {M{ÌV
ObeyÝ` ZXr Ho$ gÑe EH$ê$n Ed§ gm¡å` (CnÐda{hV) hmoH$a ~hVr-ahVr h¡ &&24&& Am¡a
Omo AkmZr h¢, CZH$s Am`wê$n Z{X`m± Vmo AZoH$ Vah H$s Xw…I H«$ÝXZm| H$s Üd{Z`m| go AË`ÝV
ŸyÕ - 33] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1851
^`§H$a ahVr h¢ & ~mød¥{Îm`m| go CËnÝZ AZoH$ {djmo^ê$n H$ëbmob hr CZHo$ gmW-gmW
~hZodmbo AmdV© ahVo h¢ &&25&&
Akm{Z`m| H$mo A[dMma go hr g¥{îQ> Ho$ à{V^mgê$n {djon CËnÝZ hmoVo h¢, `hr g§{d{Îm H$s
EH$ ~{h_w©IVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Akm{Z`m| Ho$ {bE {M{V H$s ~{h_w©IVm Ho$ EH$ boe_mÌê$n AZoH$ Vah Ho$ gJ© Eogo {ZH$bVo-
ahVo h¢, O¡go Xmo MÝÐ_m, ~mbdoVmb, _¥JV¥îUm Ho$ Ob VWm ñdßZ_moh - ò AkmZ go {ZH$bVo-
ahVo h¢ &&26&& ^Ð, g§{dV²-ê$nr Ob Ho$ Va§J hr hOmam| g¥{îQ>`m| Ho$ ê$nm| _| ^mgVo h¢ & O~ CZHo$
{df` _| {dMma {H$`m OmVm h¡, V~ do AgË` ~Z OmVo h¢ Am¡a O~ {dMm[aV Zht hmoVo V~
Akm{Z`m| Ho$ AZw^d go gË` ^mgZo bJ OmVo h¢ &&27&& AmË_m H$s ~{h_w©IVm Ho$ ^«_ go hr
AmH$me _| ^r AZoH$ Vah Ho$ JÝYd©ZJa Am{X OJV² gË`-go ^mgZo bJVo h¢, naÝVw {dMma H$aZo
na do gË` Zht R>haVo &&28&& AmË_m H$s ~{h©_wIVmê$n Omo Ob h¡, Cgr H$m `h OJV²^«_ EH$
Vah go ~wX~wX h¡ Am¡a Cg_| Omo ê$n h¡, dh Ah§H$ma Am{X gÐÿn ^md{dH$mam| Ho$ AmYmam| go hr
Am`m h¡ &&29&& AmË_m H$s ~{h_w©IVm Z hmoZm hr g_ñV OJV² H$s {Zd¥{Îm h¡ Am¡a AmË_m H$s
~{h_w©IVm hr gånyU© OJV² h¡ & dmñVd _| Z Hw$N> ^rVa h¡, Z ~mha h¡, Z AgË` h¡, Z gË` h¡ &
Omo Hw$N> h¡, dh gdm©Ë_H$ ~«÷ hr h¡ &&30&& {MÐÿn, AO, Aì`ŠV, EH$, A{dH$ma, B©ída, ñdËd
Am¡a ^mdËd go a{hV ~«÷ hr gd©Ì h¡, dh AmH$me go ^r AË`ÝV emÝV h¡ &&31&&
AmË_m H$s Omo ~{h_w©IVm h¡, dh {_Ï`m^yV A{dÚm H$m hr {dbmg h¡, Z {H$ gË`ê$n ~«÷ Ho$
ñd^md go CËnÝZ h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho ^Ð, {Og_| {H$gr Vah H$m H$moB© ñd^md hr Zht h¡, Cg ~«÷ _| AnZo H$mo g¥{îQ> H$m Omo kmZ
hmoVm h¡, Cg_| ndZ Ho$ ñnÝXZ H$s ZmBª, H$moB© H$maU hr Zht h¡, Ho$db AkmZ hr h¡ &&32&& O¡go
AmË_m _| ñdßZ H$m AZw^d ^«m{ÝV h¡, d¡go hr ~«÷ê$nr g_wÐ _| A{dÚmO{ZV gJ©ê$nVm ~«÷ H$s
Va§J|§ ^r ^«m{ÝVê$n hr h¢ Am¡a Hw$N> Zht & dñVwV… AmË_m _| Z ñdßZ h¡ Ed§ Z gJ©ê$nVm hr h¡ &&33&&
na_mW©Xem _| ~«÷ H$m ñdê$n Š`m h¡ ? Bgo H$hVo h¢ &
~«÷ EH$ hr h¡, Cg_| Z H$moB© Am^mg h¡, Z H$moB© {MÎmñdê$n Xygam Y_© h¡, Z O‹S>Vm h¡, {H$ÝVw
g_Vm h¡ & dh Z gV² h¡, Z AgV² h¡, Z gV²-AgV² C^`ê$n h¡ & Ho$db BVZm hr H$h gH$Vo h¢
{H$ dh A{dH$ma h¡ Am¡a Xygao go a{hV h¡ &&34&&
Bg àH$ma Ho$ ~«÷ê$n H$s àm{ßVH$a [ñWV ahZm hr `mo{J`m| Ho$ {bE ~{h_w©IVm H$m A^md
Am¡a _m¡Z (_Z{ZËd) h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, {Og Vah H$s _¢Zo [ñW{V ~VbmB©, Cg Vah H$s [ñW{V go hr [ñWV aho {Og _hm_{V
H$mo ~mø{df`m| H$m AkmZê$n AmË_e_Z CËnÝZ hmo J`m h¡, CgrH$mo g~ _Zwî`m| _| CÎm_ _w{Z
H$hVo h¢ &&35&& Cgr _hmË_m H$mo CÎm_ _w{Z H$hVo h¢, {_Q²>Q>r H$s _y{V© Ho$ gÑe {OgH$m eara
ahVo ^r {df`doXZmeyÝ`ê$n Ord^md Ho$ gmW OJV² ZîQ> hmo J`m h¡ &&36&&
Ag§H$ën hr O¡go g§H$ënê$n g¥{îQ> H$m {ZdmaU h¡, d¡go hr AÑ{îQ> hr Ñ{îQ>g¥{îQ> H$m {ZdmaU
h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go g§H$ënO{ZV ZJa g¥{îQ> Ag§H$ën go brZ hmo OmVr h¡, d¡go hr {df`doXZ go O{ZV
Ah§H$mê$n g_ñV OJV²g¥{îQ> AdoXZ go {M{V _| brZ hmo OmVr h¡ &&37&& ñd^md H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a
`mZr g~ O‹S> dñVwAm| _| AZwJV O‹S>Vmê$n _yb A{dÚm H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a {OVZo Zm_-ê$nmË_H$
nXmW© h¢, CZ g^r Ho$ à{V dh _yb A{dÚm hr H$maU h¡, naÝVw _yb A{dÚm H$m Omo gmjrê$n go
H$maU h¡, CgH$m AZw^d H$aZm `mZr AnZo _| VÐÿnVm H$m AZwgÝYmZ H$aZm hr _w{ŠV h¡ &&38&&
na_mW© _| Vmo {H$gr nXmW© H$m `hm± H$moB© ñd^md hr Zht h¡, {OVZo ò AZw^d h¢, do g~
_hm{M{Vê$n Ob Ho$ Ðdñdê$n h¢ &&39&& ò g^r AZw^d _hm{M{Vê$nr dm`w Ho$ ñnÝXZ hr h¢,
Bg{bE do g~ AZw^d ~«÷ê$n JJZ H$s eyÝ`ê$nVm H$m hr godZ H$aVo h¢, `h Amn Om{Zò &&40&&
^Ð, O¡go dm`w Am¡a dm`w Ho$ ñnÝXZ _| H$moB© {^ÝZVm {dÚ_mZ Zht h¡, d¡go hr ~«÷ Am¡a ~«÷ H$s
g¥{îQ> _| ^r H$moB© {^ÝZVm Zht h¡ & AnZo ñdê$n H$s ^«m{ÝV hmo OmZo na hr CZ_| {d{^ÝZVm
^mgVr h¡, na dh ñdßZ _| ñd_aU Ho$ gÑe AgË`ê$n h¡ &&41&&
H$~ VH$ dh ^«m{ÝV ahVr h¡, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
O~ VH$ VÎdmW© H$m {dMma {dñnîQ> Zht hmo OmVm, V~ VH$ hr `h ^«m{ÝV ahVr h¡ Am¡a O~
{dMma ñnîQ> hmo OmVm h¡, V~ Vmo `h gmar ^«m{ÝV ~«÷ê$nVm H$mo hr àmßV H$a boVr h¡ &&42&&
^«m{ÝV H¡$go ~«÷ê$nVm H$mo àmßV H$a boVr h¡, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
^«m{ÝV Vmo AgË` Am¡a AdñVwê$n hr h¡, AV… {dMma H$aZo na ^r IaJmoe Ho$ gtJ H$s
ZmBª dh àmßV Zht H$s Om gH$Vr & Eogr [ñW{V _| A{V{Z_©b ~«÷ hr ~M OmVm h¡ & VmËn`©
`h {ZH$bm {H$ ^«m{ÝV _| Omo gÎmm ñ\y${V©ê$n A§e h¡, dhr ~«÷ê$nVm H$mo àmßV H$aVm h¡,
Xygar MrO Vmo H$moB© h¡ Zht, AV… Xygao A§e Ho$ A{^àm` go ^«m{ÝV ~«÷ê$nVm H$mo àmßV H$aVr
h¡, `h Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ &&43&&
g_ñV ^«_m| H$m O~ ~mY hmo MwH$m, V~ Am[Ia _| ~Mo hþE ~«÷ê$n H$mo ~Vbm aho lrd{gîR>Or
lram_Or H$mo ~«÷ê$nVm H$s [ñW{V _o§ ñWm{nV H$aVo h¢ &
ho lram_Or, Xoh Ho$ gå~ÝY go àmßV hwB© g^r Oam, _moh, {dH$ma Am{X ^mañdê$n ^«m{ÝV`m|
H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Amn A~ Cg ~«÷mH$meê$nVm H$mo àmßV H$a br{OE, Omo Am{X, _Ü` Am¡a AÝV go
eyÝ` h¡, AZÝV, ñdÀN>, g_, {ed, {ZË` Ed§ A{ÛVr` hr h¡ &&44&&
V¢Vrgdm± gJ© g_mßV
ŸyÕ - 34] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1853
Mm¢Vrgdm± gJ©
ÑîQ> nXmWm] H$s g¥{îQ> hr OJV² h¡, `h OJV² AXe©Z go hr ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡,
Bg àñVwV {df` _| `w{ŠV`m| H$m dU©ZŸ&
"`h Ah§H$mamË_H$ OJV² Ñ{îQ>ê$n doXZ go CËnÝZ hþAm h¡, AV… AÑ{îQ>ê$n AdoXZ go
~«÷{M{V _| brZ hmo OmVm h¡, `m| Omo nhbo H$hm J`m Wm, Cg_| `w{ŠV`m| H$mo {XIbmZo H$s BÀN>m
go _hmamO d{gîR>Or g~go nhbo {dZmeerb Xw…Im{X {Ìnw{Q>`m| go AbJH$a A{dZmeerb
AmË_m H$mo {XIbmVo hþE "gånyU© emóm| H$s g\$bVm AmË_m Ho$ Xe©Z go hr h¡' `h H$hVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð lram_MÝÐOr, gwI-Xw…Im| Ho$ AmZo na Omo ZîQ> hmo OmVm
h¡ dhr ZîQ> hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Omo ZîQ> Zht hmoVm, dhr `h A{dZmer AmË_m h¡, ~g, Bggo Am¡a
A{YH$ emóm| H$m CnXoe H$aZm ì`W© hr h¡ &&1&&
Omo BÀN>mdmbm h¡, dh {ZË` Xw…Ir h¡ Am¡a Z dh AmË_m hr h¡, {H$ÝVw BÀN>m Ë`mJ Am{X Cnm`m|
H$m Adbå~ZH$a à{VH$ma H$aZo `mo½` g§gmaê$nr amoJ H$s H$mo{Q> _| à{dîQ> H$moB© Xygam hr h¡, Bg
Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
{Og àmUr H$mo BÀN>m Am{X {dÚ_mZ h¢, CgrH$mo gwI Am{X Adí` hmoVo ahVo h¢ & `{X gwI
Am{X amoJm| H$s ^br^m±{V {M{H$Ëgm H$aZm A^rîQ> h¡, Vmo g~go nhbo BÀN>m H$m hr n[aË`mJ H$a
XoZm Mm{hE &&2&&
Omo A{dZmer AmË_m h¡, Cg_| BÀN>m Am{X H$m A{^_mZr Am¡a A{^_mZ H$m {df` OJV²
XmoZm| H$s gå^mdZm Zht H$aZr Mm{hE, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Ah§H$ma Am¡a `h OJV² XmoZm| Vah H$s ^«m{ÝV na_ nX na_mË_m _| h¡ hr Zht, `h Vmo emÝV,
{Zambå~Z (Amlà{hV), gdm©Ë_H$ {dZmeeyÝ` _mojê$n hr h¡ &&3&&
Eogr [ñW{V _| dh "Ah_²²' Am{X eãXm| H$m {df` hr Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
lram_Or, "Ah_²', ~«÷ Am¡a OJV²' `h Omo eãXOmbê$n ^«_ h¡, BgH$s gdm©Ë_H$, emÝV
{MXmH$me _| {H$gZo H$ënZm H$s ? `h ~‹S>m ^mar AmíM`© h¡ &&4&&
O~ eãX H$s J{V hr Zht h¡, V~ H$V©¥Ëd, ^moŠV¥Ëd Am{X H$s Vmo H$Wm hr Š`m ? `h
H$hVo h¢ &
na_mW© _| Vmo, Z Ah_² h¡, Z OJV² h¡ Am¡a Z ~«÷ Am{X eãX hr h¢, Š`m|{H$ Omo emÝV
A{ÛVr` dñVw h¡, dh Vmo gdm©Ë_H$ê$n h¡ & Eogr [ñW{V _| Cg_| H$V¥©Vm Am¡a ^moŠV¥Ëd H¡$gr Am¡a
H$hm± go ah gH$Vo h¢ ? &&5&&
g~ Hw$N> H$m ~mY H$aZo na CnXoe Am{X H$m ^r ~mY hmo hr OmòJm, Bg n[a[ñW{V _| Amn{Îm
`h Am OmòJr {H$ AmË_kmZ H$m H$moB© Cnm` hr Z ~M nmòJm, `h e§H$m `{X hmo, Vmo ^bo hr hmo,
Bggo Hw$N> {~J‹S>oJm Zht, Š`m|{H$ EH$ Vmo {OgH$m h_| CnXoe H$aZm h¡, Cg ~«÷ H$m Vmo ~mY hmoVm
hr Zht, Xygar ~mV `h h¡ {H$ ~«÷ _| ~m{YV hmoZodmbo g_ñV AZWm] H$s Anojm {ÌH$mbm~m{YV
gË` àË`JmË_ê$n A{Ve` h¡ Am¡a Vrgar ~mV `h h¡ {H$ ~mYmonm` go AmË_kmZ hmo OmZo Ho$ ~mX
CnXoe Am{X H$s Amdí`H$Vm hr Zht ahVr, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
CnXoí` ~«÷ _| Xygao AWm] H$s Anojm {ÌH$mbm~m{YËdê$n A{Ve` h¡, Bggo g~H$m ~mY
hmoZo na `h AmË_m gË`ñdê$n hr {H$`m OmVm h¡, Eogr [ñW{V _| ~mY go dhr Vwåhmam `h Ah§ê$n
AmË_m {d{eîQ>ê$n (n[a{eîQ>ê$n) Ed§ gdm©{Vem`r hr {gÕ {H$`m OmVm h¡ &&6&&
`h R>rH$ h¡, naÝVw AXe©Z_mÌ go Ñí` H$s em{ÝV H¡$go hmo gH$Vr h¡ ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go gm_Zo hr ahZodmbo, naÝVw AÝVYm©Ze{ŠV go AÑîQ> ~‹S>o-~‹S>o {gÕ nwéfm| H$m Ed§
{nemMm| H$m ì`dhma Am{X ^`§H$a hmoVm hþAm ^r {XImB© Zht n‹S>Vm AWdm O¡go EH$ hr e`Z na
gmoò hþE Xmo nwéfm| _o EH$ H$mo ñdßZ _| Omoa go hþE _oKJO©Z H mo Xygam nwéf Zht OmZ nmVm `mZr
dh h_ bmoJm| H$s Ñ{îQ> go h¡ hr Zht, d¡go hr `hm± na ^r OmZ br{Oò & AWm©V² My±{H$ AnZr Ñ{îQ>
_| Zht AmVm, Bg{bE nwéf gm_Zo [ñWV {gÕ ì`dhma H$mo Zht XoI nmVm, Š`m|{H$ g^r H$m `h
ñd^md h¡ {H$ AnZr Ñ{îQ> _o§ AmZodmbo nXmW© H$m g~ AZw^d H$aVo h¢ &&7,8&&
Bggo AnZr BZ ~mVm| _| Š`m Am`m, Bg àíZ na H$hVo h¢ &
k{ßV nXmW© ^r AmË_ê$n hr h¡, AV… Omo Hw$N> XrIVm h¡, dh VÐÿn hr XrIVm h¡ & Bggo
Ah§H$ma Ho$ g{hV gånyU© OJV² na_mË_m go A{^ÝZ h¡ &&9&& g§H$ën Am¡a ñdßZ Ho$ gÑe hr k{ßV
OJV² Ho$ ê$n go ^mgVr h¡ & Am¡a dh `Ú{n AZoH$ Ad`dm|dmbr Zht h¡, naÝVw Ob D${_©`m| Ho$
ê$n go O¡go AZoH$ Ad`ddmbm ^mgVm h¡, d¡go hr AZoH$ Ad`dm|dmbr ^mgVr h¡ &&10&& AZoH$ê$n-
gm hmoH$a Am`m hþAm EH$ AmË_m hr Ñ{îQ> Ho$ AkmZ go {ddV©ê$n CX` h¡ `mZr g§gma h¡ & `h
g§gma ñd`§ AdñVwê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU VÎdÑ{îQ> go ^br^m±{V XoIm J`m ^r àmßV Zht {H$`m Om
gH$Vm &&11&& O¡go `h Ord Ad`da{hV hmoVm hþAm ^r hmW, n¡a Am{X AnZo Ad`dm| H$s
H$ënZm H$a ñdßZ_ZmoaW Am{X _| Ad`ddmbm hmo OmVm h¡, d¡go hr gXm go Ad`deyÝ`, ñd^mdV…
emÝV `h ~«÷ hr OJÐÿn Ad`d go Ad`ddmbm ~Z OmVm h¡ &&12&& `h {M{Vê$nr Hw$bmbr O~
ñ_aU H$aVr h¡, V^r OJV² H$mo XoIZo bJVr h¡ Am¡a AnZo ^rVa bmIm| H$s g§»`m _| ~‹S>o-~‹S>o
~V©Z YmaU H$aZo bJ OmVr h¡ &&13&& ^Ð, {M{Vê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU `h ~«÷ hr AnZr gÎmm go
gwÝXa OJV² Ho$ ê$n _| Eogo ^mgVm h¡, O¡go Ðdê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU gmJa Va§Jm| Ho$ ê$n _| ^mgVm
h¡Ÿ&&14&& {Og-{OgH$m AnZo AÜ`mg go àH$me H$aVm h¡, Cg Cg H$mo ~«÷ _mZm| XoIVm h¡ &
`Ú{n ~«÷ Aê$n h¡, VWm{n Cgo AnZm ê$n _mZ ~¡R>Vm h¡ Am¡a AnZo AÝXa {OgH$m AÜ`mg
Zht H$aVm Cgo Zht XoIVm &&15&& ~«÷ _| MoVZVm Am¡a AMoZVm H$mo boH$a Omo Hw$N> dMZ à`moJ
ŸyÕ - 34] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1855
{H$`m OmVm h¡, dh Vmo _m`me~b hmoZo go gd©e{ŠV gånÝZ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ~«÷ Ho$ {df` _| Zht
h¡, {H$ÝVw ñdXoh^yV _m`m Ho$ hr {df` _| h¡ `mZr MoVZËd AMoZËd _m`mJV hr h¡ & dh dMZ Ho$db
CnXoe XoZo Ho$ {bE hr H$hm OmVm h¡, dh dñVwV… na_mW© {df`H$ Zht h¡, ~«÷ H$m Hw$N> ^r ñne©
Zht H$aVm h¡ &&16&& ^Ð, OJV² Z gV² h¡ Am¡a Z AgV² h¡, Ho$db {M{Ve{ŠV _| ~{h_w©Id¥{Îm Ho$
H$maU ^mgVm h¡ & `{X ~{h_w©Id¥{Îm H$m Ë`mJ hmo Om`, Vmo dh ^mgVm hr Zht, Bg{bE h_ bmoJm|
H$mo BZ {df`m| Ho$ {bE AmJ«h hr Š`m ? &&17&&
Eogm ^bo hr hmo, Bggo hþAm Š`m, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
AmË_m H$m MoVZËd Am¡a AMoVZËd ñdmYrZ h¡, Bg_o§ {H$gr `ËZ H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht h¡,
O¡go AnZo ñdê$n _| [ñWV ñ\${Q>H$ nËWa Ho$ g¡H$‹S>m| {~å~-à{V{~å~ê$n ñnÝXZ Am¡a AñnÝXZ
ñdmYrZ h¡, BZ_| {H$gr Xygao à`ËZ `m l_ H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht ahVr, d¡go hr AmË_m Ho$
MoVZAMoVZ Ho$ {df` _| ^r OmZZm Mm{hE &&18&&
g_ñV H$ënZmAm| Ho$ _yb^yV EH$ Ah§H$ma H$s hr narjm H$a boZo go {_Ï`mËd H$m {ZíM` hmo
OmZo na g_ñV OJV² H$m {_Ï`mËd {gÕ hmo OmVm h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
R>rH$-R>rH$ XoIZo na {OgH$s gÎmm Zht {_bVr, {OgH$m AmYma^yV H$moB© Zht Am¡a
{OgH$m H$moB© H$maU Zht h¡, dh "Ah_²' ê$n `j H$hm± go CËnÝZ hþAm, `h OmZm Zht Om
gH$Vm &&19&& {Og Ah§H$maê$n `j H$s dñVwV… gÎmm hr Zht h¡, CgrZo BZ Amn g~ bmoJm|
H$mo namYrZ ~Zm S>mbm h¡, `h ~‹S>m ^mar AmíM`© h¡ &&20&& ~«÷ _| H$mH$Vmbr` Ý`m` go
AH$ñ_mV² hr ^«mÝV `h Ah§H$ma Eogo ^mgVm h¡, O¡go {H$ Ñ{îQ> H$s ^«m{ÝV hmoZo na AmH$me
_| AnZm hr ê$n Ho$emoÊS´>H$ Ho$ ê$n _| ^mgVm h¡ &&21&&
nydm}ŠV dMZmo§ go Omo {ZîH$f© {ZH$bm, Cgo ~VbmVo h¢ &
_¢ Am¡a `h OJV² XmoZm| ~«÷ê$n hr h¢, AV… Bg Xem _| OJV² H$s CËn{Îm Ed§ Zme XmoZm| H$hm±
go ? Bggo hf© Am¡a {dfmX H$m ñWmZ hr Š`m Am¡a {H$g Vah go ? &&22&&
d{U©V Ñ{îQ>g¥{îQ> H$ënZmAm| H$m AZwdmX H$a \${bV H$hVo h¢Ÿ &
gd}ída hmoZo Ho$ H$maU `mZr _m`m e~b hmoZo Ho$ H$maU hr B©e _o§ àMo{VV (ÑîQ>) hþAm
`h g§gma ^mgVm h¡ Am¡a AMo{VV (Ñ{îQ> Z hþAm) Zht ^mgVm h¡ & Bg{bE AmnH$mo `h
OJV² gXm AMo{VV hr aho &&23&& ~VbmB© JB© ar{V go `h OJV² ^r {MÐÿn h¡, AV… ~«÷mH$me
hr Cg ê$n go ñdßZZJa `m g§H$ënZJa Ho$ gÑe AH$ñ_mV² H$mH$Vmbr` H$s ZmBª ^mgVm
h¡ dñVwV… dh OJV² ~«÷ go {H$g Vah AbJ hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? `{X ~«÷ go AbJ _mZ {b`m
Om`, Vmo gÎmm H$m bm^ Z hmoZo go AbrH$ (AË`ÝV AgV²) hr hmo OmòJm &&24&& O¡go emÝV
Ob _| AàH$mí` Va§J Am{X h¢, `m Z ImoXo Jò H$mR> _| AÑí` H$R>nwV{b`m± h¢ AWdm ^y{_
_o§ AÑí` KQ> Am{X h¢, d¡go hr ~«÷ _| `h g¥{îQ> H$m ê$n h¡ &&25&& {OgH$m H$moB© AmH$ma
Zht h¡, Omo Ad`dm| go a{hV h¡ Am¡a ñdÀN> h¡, Cg_| Omo Hw$N> {XImB© XoVm h¡, dh VÐÿn hr
hmoVm h¡, Bg{bE `h CËnÝZ hþAm Ah§H$ma Š`m h¡ Am¡a ò OJV² hr Š`m h¡ ? &&26&&
AbJ gÎmm Z hmoZo go ^r dh dhr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go ndZ H$m ñnÝXd¡{MÍ` ndZgÎmm Ho$ hr AYrZ h¡, d¡go hr A{dÚma{hV ~«÷ Ho$ Ah_² Am{X
Am¡a OJV² Am{X CgH$s gÎmm Ho$ AYrZ h¢ &&27&& O¡go AmH$me _| d¥j, hmWr, Kmo‹S>o Am{XH$m ê$n
{XImB© n‹S>Vm h¡, d¡go hr Ad`d Ed§ AmH$maa{hV ~«÷ _| g¥{îQ> Ed§ Ah§H$ma H$m ê$n {XImB© n‹S>Vm
h¡ &&28&& ho lram_^Ð, na~«÷ _| `h gmam OJV² d¥jemIm Ho$ gÑe ^mgVm h¡ & dQ> Am{X d¥jê$n
H$m`© Ed§ CgHo$ ~rO Am{X H$maU Ho$ gÑe O¡go bmoH$ _| gyú_ AWm] Ho$ {bE gmÑí` à{gÕ h¢ d¡go
hr g§gma Am¡a ~«÷ H$m gmÑí` Om{Zò &&29&& ho lram_Or, Amn ^rVa go emÝV, à`ËZm| go {Z_wŠ© V,
Cnm{Y go a{hV, ^«_ go eyÝ` hmoH$a AmH$me Ho$ g_mZ {Z{d©jon hmo [ñWV a{hò, Š`m|{H$ d{U©V
ar{V go Amngo {^ÝZ H$moB© Xygam OJV² h¡ hr Zht &&30&& Z Amn h¢, Z h_ h¢, Z OJV² h¢, Z AmH$me
Am{X h¢, {H$ÝVw Aeofê$n go n[anyU© gdm}nÐdd{O©V Anamoj ~«÷ hr [ñWV h¡ &&31&&
ho ^Ð, M¡VÝ` go A{V[aŠV {H$gr ^r AÝ` ñdê$n H$m {Zê$nU Z hmo gH$Zo go g^r nXmW©
O~ EH$ê$n hr {gÕ hþE, V~ {deof {d^«_ H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a CŠV na_mW© gË`ñdê$n {M{Ve{ŠV hr
_¢ hÿ±, Eogr _moj Ho$ {bE VËH$mb hr ^mdZm H$aZr Mm{hE &&32&& ^Ð, ~mø nXmWm] Ho$ kmZ H$mo
~ÝYZ Am¡a ~mø nXmWm] Ho$ AkmZ H$mo _moj Om{Zò & Bg{bE Amn ^y{_H$m Ho$ Aä`mgê$n
{dÛmZm| Ho$ AmMaU H$m Cëb§KZ Z H$a `Wm[ñWV emÝV AdoXZê$n hmo OmBò &&33&&
VÎdkmZ H$s Ñ‹T>Vm hmoZo na O‹S> AW© MoVZê$n hr Zht hmoVo, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ÐîQ>m H$^r Ñí` ê$n Zht hmoVm Am¡a {M{Ve{ŠV MoË`ê$n Zht hmoVr MoË` Ho$ A^md go
OJV²-eyÝ` ~«÷ _| H$m¡Z, Š`m Am¡a {H$g àH$ma Mo{VV (àH$m{eV) hmoJm ? &&34&& ho ^Ð,
ÐîQ>m, Ñí` H$s Xem Z ahZo go OmJ«XdñWm _| hr gwfw{ßV Ho$ gÑe VWm eaXmH$me Ho$ gÑe
eyÝ` H$s Vah Amn [ñWV a{hò &&35&& O¡go AkmZ go ndZ Am¡a ñnÝXZ _| ôXàVr{V hmoVr
h¡ d¡go hr A{ÛVr` ~«÷M¡VÝ` _| AkmZ go ôX àVrV hmoVm h¡ & Bggo {ZîH$f© `h {ZH$bm
{H$ {M{V Am¡a A{M{V H$m ôXXe©Z hr g¥{îQ> h¡ VWm ~«÷¡Š`Xe©Z _moj h¡ &&36&& Ohm±
~«÷ê$n dm`w go {M{V H$m ñnÝXZ hmoVm h¡ dht na gJ© Zm_ n‹S> OmVm h¡ AV… `hm± O~ {M{V
H$m ñnÝXZ Zht hmoJm, V^r dh {Zdm©U H$hm OmòJm &&37&&
Û¡VXe©Z hr g¥{îQ>ê$n h¡, `h ÑîQ>mÝVm| go à{VnmXZ H$aVo h¢ &
O¡go ~rO AnZo ^rVa nëbd Am{X ñdê$n H$m n[akmZ H$aVm h¡, d¡go hr _hmM¡VÝ`ê$n ~«÷
AnZo ^rVa g¥{îQ>ê$n ñdê$n H$m AZw^d H$aVm h¡ &&38&&
ŸyÕ - 35] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1857
kmZH$mb _| hr ~«÷^md{ZîR>m hmo OmVr h¡, Bg_| ^r ò hr ÑîQ>mÝV h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go nÌ Am{X Ho$ kmZ go ~rO nÌ Am{Xê$n go [ñWV hmo OmVm h¡, d¡go hr na_M¡VÝ`ê$n
~«÷ g¥{îQ>kmZ go g¥{îQ>ê$n hmo OmVm h¡ &&39&&
d¥j Ho$ N>… ^md{dH$ma ^r `hm± ÑîQ>mÝV h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go M¡VÝ` Ho$ Am{lV ^md{dH$mam| Ho$ H«${_H$ à{V^mg hr g¥{îQ>ê$n h¢, d¡go hr g^r ~rO
ÑîQ>mÝV h¢, AV… ~rO Am{Xê$n go [ñWV M¡VÝ` Ho$ hr {dH$maê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU g¥{îQ>`m± VÝ_`
h¢ &&40&& ho lram_Or, {Z{d©H$ma na~«÷_` hr `h g~ OJV² h¡, AV… {dH$maa{hV, Am{X-AÝV
eyÝ` {Zam_` {M{V hr g~ Hw$N> h¡, `h Amn Om[Zò &&41&& g§H$ënZJa Ho$ gÑe `h Û¡V-
AÛ¡VmË_H$ OJV² Ho$db AnZm g§H$ënê$n hr h¡, AV… AnZm g§H$ën O~ ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡, V~
`h ^r ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ &&42&& ^Ð, eyÝ`Vm Am¡a AmH$me H$m ôX O¡gm AmnZo VwÀN> OmZm, ~«÷
Am¡a OJV² H$m ^r ôX d¡gm hr VwÀN>ê$n Om{Zò &&43&& nyd©{gÕ _hmM¡VÝ`ê$n Omo ~«÷ H$s gÎmm
h¡, dhr AkmZgo "_¢ _Zwî` hÿ±' Bg AmH$ma H$mo YmaU H$a Ah§H$ma Ho$ ê$n go Ed§ OJV² Ho$ ê$n go
{dd{V©V hmo OmVr h¡ &&44&& Bg OJV²-ê$n ~«÷ _| Hw$N> ^r CËnÝZ Zht hmoVm & Ob Va§J Ho$
gÑe CËnÝZ hþAm ^r dmñVd _| CËnÝZ Zht hmoVm h¡ Am¡a ZîQ> hþAm ^r dmñVd _| dh ZîQ> Zht
hmoVm h¡ &&45&& nXmWm] Ho$ ê$n go `m ~«÷ê$n go AnZo ñdê$n _| ~«÷ hr [ñWV h¡ & O¡go {H$ AnZo
Ad`dm| _| Ad`dr (d¥j Am{X), AmH$me _| AmH$me Am¡a Ob _| Ob [ñWV ahVm h¡ &&46&&
{M{V H$s dmñV{dH$ [ñW{V Vmo {Z{d©f`H$ hr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
EH$ {Z_of Ho$ AY©^mJ go EH$ Xoe go XoemÝVa H$s [ñW{V _| Omo _Ü` _| kmZ H$s [ñW{V
h¡, Cg ñd^md H$s hr Amn CnmgZm H$s{OE &&47&& ho lram_Or, emók {dÛmZ² g§{dV² H$m
EH$ê$n Vmo g§jwãY `mZr Akm{Z`m| Ho$ AZw^d go {gÕ {ddV©dmbm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Am¡a Xygam
AjwãY `mZr {ddV©a{hV Hy$Q>ñW nyUm©ZÝX¡H$ag h¡, `m| H$hVo h¢ & BZ XmoZm| ê$nm| _| Amn AnZm
H$ë`mU {Oggo MmhVo hm|, Cg_| EH${ZîR> hmo OmBò & {~Zm narjm {H$ò {H$gr H$m J«hU H$a
A{ddoH$s _V ~Z OmBE &&48&&
Mm¢Vrgdm± gJ© g_mßV
n¢Vrgdm± gJ©
àn§Mg{hV VWm àn§Ma{hV ~«÷VÎd H$s AIÊS> EH$ Ñ{îQ> Ho$ {bE gË` Am¡a
AgË` XmoZm| Vah Ho$ ^mg_mZ ~«÷ Ho$ ñdê$n H$m {dñVmanyd©H$ dU©Z &
{damoYm^mgmo{ŠV`m| go g§jwãY Am¡a AjwãY Xmo ê$nm| go `wŠV ~«÷ H$m {dñVmanyd©H$ dU©Z
H$aZo H$s BÀN>m aIZodmbo _hmamO d{gîR>Or nydm}ŠV Cnm` go n[a{MV AjwãYê$n H$m Cg_|
AnZr Ñ‹T> [ñW{V ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE nhbo ñ_aU H$amVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_Or, jUâ _| hr H«$_e… EH$ Xoe go Xygao AË`ÝV Xya
XoeVH$ àmßV g§{dV² H$m (kmZ H$m) XmoZm| Xoem| Ho$ ~rM _| Omo {Z_©b {Z{d©f`H$ê$n h¡ dhr na~«÷
na_mË_m H$m dh gdm}ËH¥$îQ >AjwãYê$n h¡ &&1&& ho lram_Or, {Zam_` hmoZo Ho$ {bE `mZr {Zdm©UnX
H$s àm{ßV Ho$ {bE MbVo, gwZVo, ñne© H$aVo, gy±KVo, OmJVo VWm h±gVo hþE Amn Bgr {Z{d©f`
{ZË` {MÐÿn _| Adí` VÝ_` hmo OmBò &&2&& OrdÝ_wŠVm| H$s [ñW{V VWm AnZo Hw$b Ho$ AmMma
Ho$ AZwgma g~ ì`dhma H$aVo hþE Cgr {Zam^mg, gË` VWm dmgZm Am¡‹a> BÀN>m{X go eyÝ`
{M{Vñdê$n go gw_oé nd©V Ho$ g_mZ, H$Xm{n Mbm`_mZ Z hmoZm hr AWm©V² Cg_| Ñ‹T> [ñWV
ahZm hr {dÚm h¡ &&3&&
AmJo H$hr OmZodmbr ~mVm| _| Cn`moJr hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Cg {dÚm Ho$ {déÕ A{dÚm H$m
{Zê$nU H$aVo h¢Ÿ &
ho lram_Or, A{dÚm H$m EH$_mÌ `hr ñdê$n h¡ {H$ à_mUm| Ûmam ^br^m±{V {dMmanyd©H$
XoIZo go dh H$ht CnbãY Z hmo Am¡a {dMmanyd©H$ XoIZo go `{X CnbãY hmo, Vmo {\$a dh nam
{dÚm hr h¡ &&4&& A{dÚm Ho$ Z ahZo go {M{V Am¡a MoË` ({df`) Ho$ ôX H$m g§^d H$hm± ? Am¡a ôX
Z ahZo go dh {M{V AnZo ^rVa {H$g H$mo H¡$go àH$m{eV H$ao ? Bg{bE {dMmaH$a XoIZo go `hr
àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ emÝV, {dfèyÝ` {MÝ_mÌ[ñW{V hr ~bmV² C{XV h¡ &&5&&
{dÚm Am¡a A{dÚm XmoZm| go {_bo-Owbo ahZo Ho$ H$maU _Ü` H$s ^y{_H$m _| Amê$T> {ddoH$s
nwéf H$s Ñ{îQ> go {Z`V EH$ ê$ndmbm hmoVo hþE ^r dh ~«÷ A{Z`V-{déÕ ZmZm ñd^md go
`wŠV-gm [ñWV ahVm h¡, Bg Vah Ho$ AZoH$ {damoYm^mgm| VWm à_mU, `w{ŠV Am¡a AZw^d Am{X
go gJ© g_m{ßV n`©ÝV CgH$m {dñV¥V dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
~«÷ Am¡a OJV² na_mW©V… EH$ hr h¡, naÝVw AkmZ Ho$ H$maU AZoH$-gm `mZr {déÕ ê$n go
[ñWV ^mgVm h¡ Ed§ gd©Ìì`mßV, n[anyU© Am¡a ewÕ hmoZo na ^r ~«÷ AnyU© Am¡a AewÕ-gm
AkmZ Ho$ H$maU hr ^mgVm h¡ &&6&& AeyÝ` hmoZo na ^r àb` _| eyÝ` Ho$ g_mZ VWm eyÝ` hmoZo
na ^r g¥{îQ-H$mb _| AeyÝ` Ho$ g_mZ dh ñnîQ> ^mgVm h¡ & Xoe Am¡a H$mb go An[a[ÀN>ÝZ hmoZo
na ^r dh n[a[ÀN>ÝZ Ho$ gÑe VWm A{dñ\$m[aV ({demb Xoe, H$mb Am{X go eyÝ`) hmoZo na ^r
dh {dñ\$m[aV ({demb XoeH$mbm{X) Ho$ g_mZ gÐÿn [ñWV h¡ &&7&& {dH$maeyÝ` hmoZo na ^r dh
{dH$mar Ho$ g_mZ, emÝV Am¡a g_ê$n hmoZo na ^r dh AkmZ Ho$ H$maU AemÝV VWm Ag_ Ho$
g_mZ gm, gV² hmoZo na ^r dh Mjw Am{X go XoIZo Ho$ A`mo½` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AgV² Ho$ gÑe Ed§
VÐÿn hmoZo na ^r dhr ~«÷ AVX²-ê$n-gm C{XV OmZ n‹S>Vm h¡ &&8&& {d^mJeyÝ` hmoZo na ^r dh
^mJg{hV Ho$ Vwë`, OmS>çê$nVm H$mo Z àmßV hmoZo na ^r dh O‹S> Ho$ g_mZ, {df`m| go eyÝ` hmoZo
ŸyÕ - 35] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1859
na ^r dh {df`^md H$mo àmßV hþE Ho$ g_mZ, A§eeyÝ` hmoZo na ^r dh A§e`wŠV Ho$ g_mZ
gwemo{^V XrIVm h¡ &&9&& Ah§H$maa{hV hmoZo na ^r Ah§H$mag{hV Ho$ g_mZ, A{dZmer hmoZo na
^r ZmedmZ² Ho$ gÑe, H$b§H$eyÝ` hmoZo na ^r H$b§H$`wŠV Ho$ g_mZ, {dfà{hV hmoZo na ^r
{df`g{hV Ho$ Vwë` dh ~«÷ ^mgVm h¡ &&10&& ñdàH$me hmoZo na ^r gKZ AÝYH$ma`wŠV Ho$
g_mZ, nwamVZ hmoZo na ^r ZdrZ Ho$ g_mZ, na_mUw go ^r gyú_ VWm AZoH$ OJV² H$mo AnZo
CXa Ho$ ^rVa YmaU {H$ò hþE dh ~«÷ [ñWV h¡ &&11&& gdm©Ë_H$ hmoZo na ^r {OgZo `k, XmZ,
Vn, {MÎmew{Õ, d¡am½`, ldU, _ZZ Am{X _hmZ² H$îQ>ñdê$n AnZo nwéf à`ËZ go gånyU©
Ñ¥í`g_yh H$m Ë`mJ H$a {X`m h¡ VWm gm§gm[aH$ àn§MOmb go eyÝ` hmoZo na ^r Omo gm§gm[aH$
àn§MOmb go ~±Yo hþE Ho$ g_mZ h¡ Ed§ AZoH$ Vah go [ñWV hmoZo na ^r Omo {ÛVr` n[aeofeyÝ`
h¡ &&12&& _m`ma{hV hmoZo na ^r Omo _m`mê$nr {H$aUg_yh H$m {Z_©b gy`© h¡ & Obm| Ho$ ñdm_r
gmJa H$s ZmBª doXZ_mÌñdê$n hmoZo na ^r Omo gånyU© doXZm| H$m _mZm| ñdm_r h¡ gd©k h¡ & ho
lram_Or, Cgr H$mo Amn ~«÷ Om{Zò &&13&& ~«÷mÊS>mË_Zm OJÐÿn aËZm| H$m _hmH$moe AWm©V²
AË`ÝV dOZXma hmoZo na ^r {ddoH$ H$s VamOy na Vm¡bZo go éB© go ^r AË`ÝV bKw (hbH$m)
VWm _m`mê$nr {H$aUOmb H$m MÝÐ_m hmoZo na ^r dh ~«÷ B©jUJmoMa (Ñ{îQ>H$m {df`) Zht
h¡ &&14&& H$mb Am¡a Xoe go AZÝV VWm Anma hmoZo na ^r H$ht EH$ {Z`V ñWmZna [ñWV Z
ahZodmbm Ed§ eyÝ`ñWmZ _| ^r dZ{dÝ`mg VWm nd©V Am{X H$s aMZm _| VËna dh ~«÷ h¡ &&15&&
AË`ÝV gyú_ nXmWm] _| dh AË`ÝV gyú_ h¡, ñWyb nXmWm| _| dh g~go AË`ÝVñWyb h¡, dOZXma
nXmWmo§ _| dh g~go ~‹T>H$a dOZXma h¡ VWm loîR> {OVZo nXmW© h¢ CZ g~_| ^r dh g~go ~‹T>H$a
loîR> h¡ &&16&& H$Vm©, H$_© Am¡a H$aU go a{hV, H$maUeyÝ`, H$maH$ VWm AÝV…eyÝ` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
hr `h ~«÷ {MaH$mb go H$Vm© Am{X go n[anyU© [ñWV h¡ &&17&& OJÐÿnr aËZm| H$s [nQ>mar hmoZo na
^r {ZË` O§Jb Ho$ g_mZ eyÝ` VWm AZÝV nd©Vm| Ho$ Vwë` H${R>Z hmoZo na ^r AmH$me Ho$ boe go
^r ~‹T>H$a H$mo_b dh ~«÷ [ñWV h¡ &&18&& àËòH$ dñVw VWm àËòH$ H$mbñdê$n hmoZo na ^r
àm`… g~go a{hV, nwamU hmoZo na ^r H$mo_b Am¡a ZyVZ, ñd`§àH$meñdê$n hmoZo na ^r AÝYH$ma
Ho$ gÑe VWm OJV² H$m {Vamo^md H$aZodmbm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AÝYH$mañdê$n hmoZo na ^r ñd`§àH$me
gd©Ì ì`mßV dh ~«÷ [ñWV h¡ &&19&& àË`j hmoZo na ^r dh BZ Am±Im| go Xwb©ú` VWm namoj hmoZo
na ^r dh gmjrê$n go gm_Zo [ñWV h¡ & {MÐÿn ^r O‹S> `mZr OJX²-ê$n go {dd{V©V VWm O‹S>
OJV² Am{X Ho$ ê$n go ^m{gV hmo ahm ^r dh ~«÷ dñVwV… ewÕ {MÝ_mÌñdê$n hr [ñWV h¡ &&20&&
AZh§^md (`wî_XW© H$m {df`) hmoZo na ^r Ah§^mdê$n VWm Ah§^mdê$n go ^m{gV hmoZo na ^r
dh AZh§^mdê$n Ed§ BX_W© H$m {df` AÝ`ê$n hmoZo na ^r dh AmË_ê$n hr h¡ VWm Ah§ê$n
(AmË_ê$n) hmoZo na ^r dh ~«÷ AÝ` Ho$ g_mZ [ñWV h¡ &&21&& Bg n[anyU© {MX²-ê$n gmJa Ho$
^rVa ò {Ì^wdZê$nr Va§J| ÐdVmê$n ñd^md go ñ\w$[aV hmo ahr-gr Ad[ñWV h¢ &&22&& O¡go
Vwfma AnZo A§J _| ewŠbVm YmaU H$aVm h¡, d¡go hr `h MoVZ ñWmda-O§J_mË_H$ gmar g¥{îQ> H$mo
AnZo ^rVa YmaU H$aVm h¡ & O¡go Vwfma go ewŠbVm gwemo{^V hmoVr h¡, d¡go hr Bg MoVZ go hr
`h gmar g¥{îQ> emo{^V hmo ahr h¡ &&23&& Xoe-H$mbm{X Ho$ Ad`dm| go a{hV ^r `h {MÐÿn Xod-
amV-{XZ AgÐÿn OJV² H$m Eogo {dñVma H$aVm-ahVm h¡, O¡go {H$ Ob Va§Jm| H$m &&24&& Bg
{dñV¥V AmH$meê$nr O§Jb _| àgma H$mo àmßV hmo aho n§M^yVê$n nÎmm| Ho$ g{hV ò OJÐÿnr nwamZr
_§O[a`m± {dH${gV hmo ahr h¢ &&25&& AË`ÝV {Z_©b AmH$madmbm {MÐÿn `h na_mË_m ñd`§ AnZm
à{V{~å~ (d{U©V OrdOJV² ñdê$n Xygam AmH$ma) XoIZo H$s BÀN>m go Xn©Uê$nVm H$mo àmßV hmo
J`m h¡ &&26&& An[a[ÀN>ÝZ ~«÷g§{dV² _| §AmH$meê$nr Jyba Ho$ d¥j Ho$ \$b Ho$ gÑe Bg ~«÷mÊS>
Ho$ AnZr BÀN>m go H$[ënV VrZm| bmoH$ Ho$ Ad`d _| XoXrß`_mZ gy`©-MÝÐ Am{X AnZo go C{XV
hmo aho Mjw Am{X B[ÝÐ` VWm {H$aUOmb H$mo Ord^yV AmË_m Ho$ ê$nm{XXe©Z _| CnH$aU ~ZH$a
M_ËH¥$V H$aVo h¢ &&27&& dh na_mË_m hr ^rVa [ñWV dmgZm_` àn§M go ~mha [ñWV OJV²ñdê$n
go, OmJ«V²-ñdßZ _| ZmZmê$n go Am¡a gwfw{ßV _| EH$ê$n go ^md Am¡a A^md H$s `mZr Am{d^m©d
Am¡a {Vamo^md H$s ^mdZm H$aHo$ ñd`§ AnZr AmË_m _| hr ~mha Am¡a ^rVa ^mgVm h¡, Bggo {^ÝZ
AUw_mÌ ^r Xygam Hw$N> Zht ^mgVm &&28&&
A~ BgrH$m {dñVmanyd©H$ dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
Bg {M{Vê$n AmË_m _| Bg {M{V H$s hr BÀN>m go {M{Vê$n nXmWm] H$s emo^m AnZo hr
{bE Eogo M_ËH$ma H$a ahr h¡, O¡go Or^ AnZo _wIê$n H$moQ>a _| &&29&& Bg {M{Vê$nr Ob
H$m Omo ÐdËd h¡ dhr `h OJV² h¡, {Og OJV² Ho$ g§{dV² go hr ñdmXnyd©H$ CnbãY hmo aho
ê$n, ag Am{X EH$ A§J h¢ VWm ^wdZê$n AmdV© H$s {Og_| AZoH$ d¥{Îm`m± h¢ &&30&& gy`©,
MÝÐ, A{½ZH$U Am{X g^r àH$mem| H$s ê$nm{X nXmW©emo^m Bgr {M{Vê$nr gy`© _| gwfw{ßV Am¡a
àb` _| emÝV hmo OmVr h¡ VWm OmJ«V² Am¡a ñdßZ _|, gy`© Am{X Ho$ VoO go AnZo à^m_ÊS>b
H$s ZmBª, Bgrgo C{XV hmoVr h¡ &&31&& Vwfma _| ewŠbVm H$s ZmBª `h ~«÷ hr gånyU© OJV²
h¡ Ÿ& AV… Bgr {M{Vê$nr ~«÷ go ò g_ñV nXmWm] H$s emo^mE±, MÝÐ_m go {H$aUm| H$s ZmBª,
àd¥Îm hmoVr h¡ - {dñVma H$mo àmßV hmoVr h¢ Ÿ&&32&& Bgr {Zad`d {M{Vê$n a§J go {M{ÌV `h
gånyU© OJV²ñdê$n {MÌ [ñWV h¡ & Bg{bE ho lram_Or, Bg OJV² H$mo Amn OÝ_m{X
^md{dH$mam| VWm ñdJV {d{MÌVmAm| go eyÝ` Ed§ emÝV {MÝ_` hr Om{Zò &&33&&
Bgr {M{Vê$n O§Jbrd¥j go AmH$meê$n Am±JZ _| CËnÝZ bVm AZoH$ OJÁOmbê$nr JwÀN>m|
go gwemo{^V ò g~ Ñí`àn§Mê$nr emImE± àg¥V hmo ahr h¢ &&34&& Bgr {M{Vê$nr AMb nd©V Ho$
D$na d¥{Õ VWm õmg go `wŠV Ed§ ZmZm àH$ma Ho$ {^ÝZVmê$nr AZÝV \y$bm| go gwemo{^V
ŸyÕ - 36] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1861
Ñí`ê$nr ZXr ~h ahr h¡ & ho lram_Or, Amn Bg_| V{ZH$ ^r gÝXoh Z H$s{Oò &&35&& Bgr
{MXmH$meê$nr a§J^y{_ _| ^wdZ H$s aMZmê$n A{^Z` Ho$ ^«_m| go `wŠV {ZaÝVa H$m`m©aå^ H$a
ahr {Z`{Vê$nr ZV©H$s H$ënôXê$n dmgZmAm| VWm {ZË` _hmoËgd Ho$ {XZm| go Z¥Ë` H$a ahr
h¡ &&36&& {OgHo$ ZoÌm| Ho$ CÝ_of Am¡a {Z_of _| AZoH$ ~«÷mÊS>m| Ho$ _hmàb` Am¡a AdmÝVa àb`
hþAm H$aVo h¢ Eogo H$mbê$nr AnZo ~mbH$ H$mo ~«÷ê$nr a§J^y{_ Ho$ _m`m_ÊS>n Ho$ ^rVa `hr
{Z`{Vê$nr ZV©H$s ~ma-~ma Cng§hma VWm nwZ…-nwZ… CËnÝZ H$a ZmM ahr h¡ &&37&& CËnÝZ hmo
aho AZoH$ ~«÷mÊS>m| Ho$ ahVo hþE ^r `h {MX²-ê$nr na_mË_m BÀN>m{X {dH$mam| go eyÝ` emÝV hr
Eogo [ñWV ahVm h¡, O¡go g¡H$‹S>m| à{V{~å~m| Ho$ C{XV hmoVo hþE ^r Xn©U &&38&& O¡go ^m¡{VH$
g¥{îQ>`m| Ho$ H$maU n§M^yV h¢, d¡go hr ñd`§ H$maUeyÝ` `h {MX²-ê$n na_mË_m ^yV,^{dî` Ed§
dV©_mZ g¥{îQ>`m| H$m H$maU h¡ &&39&& Bg na~«÷ na_mË_m H$m CÝ_of hr OJV² H$m gm¡ÝX`© h¡ VWm
{Z_of hr àb` H$m AmJ_ h¡ & ho lram_Or, gM ny{N>ò Vmo, {OgHo$ CÝ_of Am¡a {Z_of dñVwV…
EH$-go h¢ dh na~«÷ na_mË_m AnZo ñdê$n _| hr Ad[ñWV ahVm h¡ &&40&& n[aUm_V… _hmZ
hmoVo hþE ^r Omo H$mb, Xoe Am¡a d¡^d Am{X go ^r _hmZ² h¢ CZ AZoH$ _hm_hm~«÷mÊS>m| Ho$ VWm
CZHo$ ^rVa AZoH$ Vah Ho$ nXmWm] H$s g¥{îQ>, [ñW{V Am¡a àb` Ed§ CZHo$ ^rVa àm{U`mo§ Ho$ OÝ_
~më`, `m¡dZ Am{X AdñWmE±, OmJ«Vm{X XemE± VWm CËH$f© Am¡a AnH$f© H$s XemE±-ò g~Ho$ g~
Bg {MXmH$me _| C{XV hmoVo-ahVo h¢ & do g^r An[a[ÀN>ÝZñdê$n Bg {MXmH$me Ho$ hr ê$n h¢,
O¡go {H$ dm`w Ho$ g^r ñnÝXZ dm`wê$n hr h¡, dm`w go {^ÝZ {H$gr Xygar dñVw Ho$ ñdê$n Zht h¢ &
ho lram_Or, Eogo g_PH$a Amn emÝV [ñWV a{hò &&41&&
n¢Vrgdm± gJ© g_mßV
N>Îmrgdm± gJ©
BÀN>ma{hV VwÀN> nwéf H$m ^moJ ~ÝYZ Ho$ {bE Zht hmoVm,
EH$_mÌ BÀN>m hr ~ÝYZ h¡ VWm BgH$m Ë`mJ _w{ŠV h¡, BZ g~H$m dU©Z &
Bg g§gma _| {OVZo nXmW© h¢ do g^r EH$ Xygao go {déÕ Am¡a AZoH$ ê$ndmbo h¢, naÝVw
A{déÕ Am¡a EH$ê$n go ^m{gV hmoVo h¢ & BZ_| BZH$m àW_ ê$n Vmo amJ-Ûof Am{X Ho$ CX` go
Xw…I H$m hoVw hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AZW©ê$n h¡ & naÝVw {ÛVr` ê$n amJ-Ûof Am{X Ho$ Cne_ Ûmam _moj
_| AË`§V Cn`moJr h¡, `h {XIbmVo h¢ &
gm§gm[aH$ {OVZo nXmW© h¢, do g~Ho$ g~, Ob _| AmdV© H$s ZmBª, {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ ñdê$n Ho$
hmoH$a nhbo M_ËH$ma n¡Xm H$aVo h¢ `mZr BÀN>mAm| Ho$ CËnmXZ Ûmam {MÎm H$mo ^«_ _| S>mb XoVo h¡ &
CgHo$ ~mX do amJ-Ûof Am{X H$s CËn{Îm hmoZo go ZaH$ Am{X Ho$ ê$n _| n`©d{gV hmo OmVo h¢ & O¡go
g^r Va§J EH$_mÌ Obñdê$n h¢, d¡go hr gånyU© nXmW© dñVwV… EH$ ñd^md Ho$ h¢ Am¡a EH$ê$n Ho$
hmoVo hþE ò Z Vmo {H$gr Vah H$m ^«_ n¡Xm H$aVo h¢ Am¡a Z {H$gr Vah H$m AZW© hr n¡Xm H$aVo h¢ &&1&&
CgH$m dh A{déÕ ê$n Š`m h¡, {Og ê$n go do EH$ ñd^md Ho$ hmoVo h¢, `h {XIbmVo h¢ &
Bg gånyU© {díd H$s gÎmm_mÌê$n na_mH$meVm hr CZH$m ê$n h¡ & Am¡a dh gånyU© {df`ê$n
ko` nXmWm] go {ZMmo‹S>H$a Omo gÝ_mÌ ko` dñVw ahVr h¡ Cgr ê$n H$s h¡ & `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ dh
na_ g_m{Yê$nr Cne_ go hr b{jV hmoVr h¡ &&2&&
à{gÕ AmH$me _| ~mb~w{ÕdoÚ `j, {nemM Am{X H$m ^rfUê$n VWm ~w{Õ_mZ² nwéfm| H$s
~w{Õ go doÚ ewÕ ê$n ÑîQ>mÝVê$n go à{gÕ hr h¡ `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_Or, ~mbH$ Ho$ qMVZ go H$[ënV `j, {nemM Am{X H$m ê$n O¡go gm_Zo AmH$me
_| n«m¡‹T> {dÛmZ² H$s Ñ{îQ> _| Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡ d¡go hr _wP {dÛmZ² H$s Ñ{îQ> _| VÎdV… `h gmam
{díd Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡ & naÝVw `hr g§gma Akm{Z`m| H$s Ñ{îQ> _| gË` n«VrV hmoVm h¡ &&3&&
nËWa _| IwXr JB© {MÌJV goZm H$s ZmBª `h gmam {díd ~mø AmÝVa {df` go a{hV h¡ &
AV… {dÛmZm| H$s Ñ{îQ> go `hm± {dídVm H¡$gr ? naÝVw Akm{Z`m| H$s Ñ{îQ> go Vmo `hm±
ê$nmbmoH$, _ZZ Am{X g~ Hw$N> ^mgVo hr h¢ &&4&&
ê$nmbmoH$ Am¡a _ZZ Am{X H$m `mZr ~mø Am¡a Amä`ÝVa g~H$m VÎdV… {dMma H$aZo
na O~ {MÝ_mÌ go A{V[aŠV ê$n hr Xwb©^ h¡ V~ BZgo {dídVm H$s {g{Õ Vmo ~hþV Xya hr
h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{dMma H$a XoIZo go ê$nmbmoH$ Am¡a _ZñH$ma AWm©V² ~mø Ed§ Amä`ÝVa g~ nXmWm] H$m
gma {MÝ_mÌ hr h¡ & Š`m|{H$ {MÝ_mÌ go A{V[aŠV, {ÛVr` AmH$me H$s ZmBª, dh CnbãY
Zht hmoVm & Bg{bE `hm± {dídVm (g§gmaVm) hr H$hm± ? &&5&& Bg{bE kmVm nwéf H$m OJV²
H$mo OJÐÿn go OmZZm hr OJV² H$s ^«m{ÝV h¡ VWm OJV² H$mo OJÐÿn go Z OmZZm hr gmao
^«_m| H$s em{ÝV h¡ & AV… ho lram_Or, ñ_¥{V Am¡a {dñ_¥{V O¡go AmnHo$ AYrZ h¡, d¡go hr
Bg g§gma H$mo OmZZm Am¡a Z OmZZm ^r AmnHo$ AYrZ h¡ &&6&&
`h Omo D$na H$hm J`m h¡, BgH$mo {deXê$n go H$hVo h¢ &
{dñV¥V AmH$madmbo {MXmH$me Ho$ na_mH$meê$n hmoZo go CgHo$ ñd^md _| {H$gr Vah H$m
H$moB© n[adV©Z H$ht na ^r g§^d Zht h¡ & Bg_| H$maU `h h¡ {H$ {M{V H$Xm{n O‹S> Zht hmo gH$Vr
Am¡a Z AmH$me hr _y{V©_mZ² hmo gH$Vm h¡ &&7&&
My±{H$ `h OJV² ~«÷gmjmËH$ma go ~mÜ` h¡, Bg{bE ^r `h ~«÷ H$m {dH$ma Zht hmo gH$Vm,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
{MÝ_` Bg {díd H$s ñd^md{dH$m[aVm Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ Omo {dH$m[aVm {dMmaÑ{îQ> go
ŸyÕ - 36] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1863
XoIZo na ^r {XImB© Zht n‹S>Vr, dh BgH$s Š`m hmo gH$Vr h¡ ? &&8&&
{Og Ý`m` go A{^_ÝVì` Ho$ {dH$ma H$m {Zamg {H$`m J`m h¡, Cgr Ý`m` go A{^_ÝVm Ho$
{dH$ma H$m ^r {Zamg H$aZm Mm{hE, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Omo Hw$N> "Vw_, _¢' BË`m{Xê$n `h g§gma {XImB© Xo ahm h¡, dh g~ gÐÿn {MXmH$me hr h¡ &
Bg {MXmË_m _| Ah§H$ma Am{X {dH$ma Am¡a ~mY Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡, Bg{bE {M{V go ì`{V[aŠV H$moB©
nXmW© H$ht CnbãY Zht hmo gH$Vm &&9&& ËdÎmm Am¡a AhÝVm{X g~ {d^«_ emÝV, {ed VWm ewÕ
~«÷ê$n hr h¢ AV… AmH$me _| CËnÝZ O§Jb H$s Vah CÝh| _¢ Hw$N> ^r Zht XoIVm &&10&& ho
lram_Or, Bg Vah Omo _oam CnXoe dMZ h¡ Cgo ^r Amn g§{dXmH$meê$n eyÝ` hr g_{Pò,
Š`m|{H$ `h _oam dMZ AmnH$s g§{dXmH$meê$n AmË_m _| hr ñd`§ [ñWV ahVm h¡, O‹S>ñdê$n _|
Zht &&11&& Bg Vah à_mU, à_o` Am¡a à_mVm-BZ VrZm| Ho$ {MÝ_mÌê$n {gÕ hmoZo na, {MÌ, _|
[ñWV nwéf Ho$ VWm nmfmU Ho$ ^rVa IwXo Jò nwéf Ho$ AmgZ H$s Vah, BÀN>m Am¡a {df` Am{X
Ho$ A^md go BÀN>m Ho$ CX` Ho$ {~Zm Omo AdñWmZ h¡ Cgr H$mo ~«÷ê$n na_nX H$hVo h¢ &&12&&
BÀN>m Ho$ A^md _| ^r OrdZ Ho$ hoVw^yV ì`dhma H$s {g{Õ ~VbmVo h¢ &
dhr {dlmÝV{MÎm OrdÝ_wŠV _w{Z h¡, {OgH$s MoîQ>m àmaãY àmßV H$_m] _| BÀN>meyÝ` VWm
{~Zm ì`mHw$bVm Ho$, H$R>nwVbr Ho$ g_mZ hmoVr ahVr h¡ &&13&&
Bg Vah Ho$ ì`dhma go OrdZ-YmaU H$a aho kmZr nwéf H$mo OJV² H$s àVr{V H¡$go hmoVr h¡,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
OrdÝ_wŠV kmZr H$mo ~mha Am¡a ^rVa go eyÝ`, aghrZ, dmgZma{hV; ~m±g H$s Zbr Ho$
gÑe, Bg OJV² H$m OrdZ ^mgVm h¡ &&14&& {Ogo `h Ñí`àn§M Zht éMVm Am¡a {MÝ_mÌ
AÑí` ~«÷ hr AnZo öX` Ho$ ^rVa éMVm h¡ dh ~mø Am¡a Amä`ÝVa go emÝV_w{Z g§gma gmJa
go _mZm| nma hmo J`m &&15&& àñVwV àmaãYeofj` Ho$ AZwn`moJr eãXm| Ho$ CÀMmaU go a{hV,
ì`dhmam| _| VWm CZ ì`dhmam| Ho$ A§J^yV Xohm{X _| AhÝVm, __Vm Ho$ gå~ÝY go a{hV, _mYw`©ag
go n[anyU©, ~m±gwar H$s Üd{Z Ho$ g_mZ, dmgZmË`mJnyd©H$ Amn bmoJ dmUr go eãXm| H$m CÀMmaU
H$aVo ah| &&16&& ZQ>, ^Q>, doí`m Am{XH$m| Ho$ {ZdmgJ¥h Ho$ g_mZ BÀN>ma{hV, _Z Ho$ CX` go
eyÝ`, dmgZma{hV VWm AjwãY hmo Amn bmoJ àmaãYàmßV òH²$, MÝXZ, d{ZVm Am{X ñne©Zr`
{df`m| H$m ñne© H$aVo Mb| &&17&& BÀN>m, ^` Am¡a EfUmAm| go eyÝ` VWm amJ Am¡a A{^bmfmAm|
go a{hV hmo Amn bmoJ Xdu (H$bN>r) Ho$ Vwë` AZoH$ Vah Ho$ àmaãY àmßV agm| H$m AmñdmX boVo
aho &&18&& nwZ… ho lmoVmAm|, Amn bmoJ BÀN>ma{hV, dmgZmAm| go eyÝ` VWm A{^_mZ go a{hV
hmo, dmgZmeyÝ` {MÌJV ZoÌ Ho$ gÑe, àmßV ê$ng_yhm| H$m AdbmoH$Z H$aVo ah| &&19&& BÀN>m
Am¡a dmgZmAm| go a{hV hmoH$a K«mUo[ÝÐ` Ho$ ZOXrH$ bo OmH$a JÝYàMwa nwînm| H$mo, dZdm`w Ho$
gÑe, Ë`mJ Ho$ {bE gy±KVo ah| &&20&& Bg ar{V go Z H$ho Jò ^r H$_}[ÝÐ`m| go àmßV {df`m| _|
nhbo H$s ZmBª {Z…gmaê$n go _Z H$mo ~mo{YV H$aHo$ ^moJê$nr amoJm| H$s `{X {M{H$Ëgm Z H$s JB©, Vmo
{\$a Xw…I-{Zd¥{Îm H$s H$Wm hr Š`m h¡ ? ~{ëH$ AZW© naånam H$s CËn{Îm hmoVr hr ahoJr &&21&&
Omo _Zwî` ^moJê$nr {df H$m AmñdmX boVo hþE àgÝZVm H$mo à{V{XZ àmßV hmoVm h¡ dh àÁd{bV
hmo ahr A{½Z _| AnZr _y{V©ê$nr V¥Unw§O H$mo {ZaÝVa \|$H$Vm ahVm h¡ &&22&&
AV… ^moJoÀN>m H$m Ë`mJ hr _Z H$s em[ÝV _| _w»` hoVw h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
^moJm| H$s BÀN>m Ho$ Ë`mJ H$mo hr AmJ_mb§H$mam| Zo (doXmÝVdoÎmmAm| Zo) g_m{Y H$hr h¡ & BÀN>m
Ho$ Ë`mJ go O¡gm _Z emÝV hmoVm h¡ d¡gm g¡H$‹S>m| CnXoem| go ^r emÝV Zht hmoVm &&23&& BÀN>m Ho$
CX` go O¡gm Xw…I hmoVm h¡ d¡gm Xw…I ZaH$ _| ^r àmUr H$mo Zht hmoVm Am¡a BÀN>m H$s em{ÝV go
O¡gm gwI {_bVm h¡ d¡gm ~«÷bmoH$ _| ^r AZw^yV Zht hmoVm & () &&24&& BÀN>m_mÌ H$mo
Xw…IXm`H$ {MÎm H$hVo h¢ Am¡a BÀN>m H$s em{ÝV hr _moj H$hbmVm h¡ & EH$_mÌ Bgr _| gH$b
emó, Vn, {Z`_ Am¡a `_ n`©d{gV h¢ &&25&& {OVZr-{OVZr Am¡a O¡go-O¡go OÝVw H$mo BÀN>m
C{XV hmoVr h¡, CVZr hr CVZr Xw…Im| H$s ~rO_w{îQ> ~‹T>Vr OmVr h¡ &&26&& O¡go-O¡go {ddoH$kmZ
Ûmam OÝVw H$s BÀN>m gyú_ hmoVr-OmVr h¡, d¡go-d¡go Xw…Im| H$s {MÝVmê$n {dfy{MH$m (h¡Om) ^r
emÝV hmoVr OmVr h¡ &&27&& Am¡a O¡go-O¡go _Zwî` H$s ^moJm| _| BÀN>m amJV… gKZ ~ZVr-OmVr
h¡ d¡go-d¡go Xw…Im| H$s {MÝVmê$nr {df¡br Va§J| ~‹T>Vr hr OmVr h¢ &&28&&
CgH$s {M{H$Ëgm Ho$ {bE Y¡`©ê$nr nwéf à`ËZ hr EH$_mÌ Am¡fY h¡ Am¡a Xygam Hw$N> Zht, `h
H$hVo h¢ &
`{X AnZo nm¡éf à`ËZê$nr AmofY go Y¡`©nyd©H$ BÀN>mê$nr ì`m{Y H$s {M{H$Ëgm Z H$s Om
gH$Vr, Vmo `h _¢ AÀN>r Vah g_PVm hÿ± {H$ ì`m{Y go Nw>Q>H$mam nmZo Ho$ {bE Xygam H$moB© ^r CÎm_
Am¡fY Bg g§gma _| {dÚ_mZ Zht h¡ &&29&& `{X EH$ hr H$mb _| g^r BÀN>mAm| H$m nyU©ê$n go
Ë`mJ Z {H$`m Om gHo$, Vmo {\$a Wmo‹S>m-Wmo‹S>m H$aHo$ CgH$m Yrao-Yrao Ë`mJ H$aZm Mm{hE, Š`m|{H$
gÝ_mJ© H$m n{WH$ H$^r Xw…I Zht nmVm &&30&& Omo ZamY_, AnZr ^moJm| H$s BÀN>m H$mo gyú_
~ZmZo _| `ËZ Zht H$aVm, dh à{V{XZ _mZm| AnZr AmË_m H$mo AÝYHy$n _| \|$H$Vm h¡ &&31&&
^moJ H$s BÀN>m H$m AmË`[ÝVH$ Zme Vmo kmZ Ûmam CgHo$ _yb H$m Zme hmoZo go hr hmo gH$Vm
h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Xw…Iê$nr nwîn Am¡a \y$b Am{X go gwemo{^V g§gmaê$nr bVm H$m ~rO BÀN>m hr h¡ & dh
AmË_kmZê$nr A{½Z go ^br^m±{V X½Y hmo OmZo na {\$a Zht A§Hw$[aV hmoVr &&32&& BÀN>m_mÌ hr
() gw{Zò, Bg {df` _| ``m{V Zo Š`m H$hm h¡ …
`ÀM H$m_gwI§ bmoHo$ `ÀM {Xì`§ _hËgwI_² & V¥îUmj`ñ`¡Vo Zmh©V… fmoS>et H$bm_² &&
ŸyÕ - 36] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1865
`h g§gma h¡ Am¡a BÀN>m H$m AdoXZ AgÎdmnmXZ `mZr A^md hr {Zdm©U h¡ & Bg{bE ^moJm| H$s
BÀN>m CËnÝZ Z hmo, Bg_| Amn bmoJ `ËZ H$a| Am¡a Xygao ZmZm{dY `ËZm| go Š`m ? _Vb~ BYa-
CYa ^Q>H$Vo-{\$aZm ~oH$ma h¡ &&33&&
BÀN>m H$s em{ÝV _| `ËZ Z hmoZo na emóm{X Ho$ CnXoe ^r g~ ì`W© hr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
`{X AmnH$s BÀN>m H$s em{ÝV Zht hþB© h¡, Vmo {\$a emóm| Ho$ CnXoe Am¡a JwéAm| H$s
àVrjm {ZaW©H$ Š`m| H$a aho h¢ ? BÀN>m Ho$ A^mdê$n {MÎm H$mo emÝV H$aZo Ho$ Cnm` H$m
Aml` Amn bmoJ Š`m| Zht H$a aho h¢ ? &&34&& {OgH$mo AnZo {ddoH$ go {g\©$ BÀN>m H$m
AZwgÝYmZ Z H$aZm Xw…gmÜ` hmo ahm h¡, CgHo$ {bE JwéAm| Ho$ CnXoe VWm emó Am{X g~
{ZaW©H$ h¡, Bg_| V{ZH$ ^r gÝXoh Zht h¡ &&35&& O¡go ì`mK« Am{X go âo O§Jb _| h[aUr H$s
_¥Ë`w {Z[íMV h¡ d¡go hr ZmZm{dY Xw…Im| H$m {dñVma H$aZodmbr BÀN>mê$nr {dfHo$ {dH$ma go
`wŠV Bg g§gma _| _Zwî`m| H$s _¥Ë`w {~bHw$b {Z[íMV h¡ &&36&& `{X BÀN>m go `h _Zwî`
b‹S>H$m|-O¡gm M§Mb Z ~Zm {X`m Om`, Vmo Cgo AmË_kmZ Ho$ {bE ~hþV Wmo‹S>m hr à`ËZ H$aZm
n‹S>Vm h¡ & Bg{bE Amn bmoJ ^br^m±{V BÀN>m H$s Cnem{ÝV hr H$a S>mb|, Cgr go dh na_nX
kmZ àmßV hmoVm h¡ &&37&& BÀN>m H$m Z hmoZm hr {Zdm©U h¡ Am¡a BÀN>mg{hV ahZm hr _Zwî` Ho$
{bE ~ÝYZ h¡, Bg{bE `Wme{ŠV BÀN>m Ho$ D$na Amn bmoJ {dO` àmßV H$a| & {g\©$ BVZm
H$aZo _| H$m¡Z-gr H${R>ZmB© h¡ ? &&38&& Oam, _aU, OÝ_m{Xê$n H$a§O Am¡a I¡a H$s n§{ŠV`m|
H$m ~rO BÀN>m hr h¡ & CgH$mo AnZo ^rVa Aä`ñV e_ê$nr A{½Z go Amn bmoJ Obm
S>mb| &&39&& Ohm±-Ohm± BÀN>m H$m A^md h¡ dhm±-dhm± _w{ŠV h¡ hr & O~ VH$ {ddoH$ d¡am½`
Am{X Cnm`m| H$s àm{ßV Zht hmo OmVr, V~ VH$ AnZo _| {OVZm Y¡`© Am¡a ~b hmo, CgHo$
AZwgma CR>r hþB© BÀN>m H$m Zme H$aVo Mb| &&40&& Ohm±-Ohm± BÀN>m h¡ dhm±-dhm± nwÊ`-nmn_`
Xw…Im| H$s am{e VWm {ZaÝVa \¡$b aho H$éU H«$ÝXZ go `wŠV ~ÝYZ Ho$ nme h¢ hr &&41&& `{X
gmYw nwéf H$m EH$ jU ^r ^moJm| H$s BÀN>m Ho$ A^md Ho$ {~Zm ~rV J`m, Vmo Mmoam| go {OgH$m
gd©ñd AnöV hmo J`m h¡ Eogo _Zwî` Ho$ g_mZ, Cgo {MaH$mbVH$ amoVo ahZm R>rH$ hr h¡ &&42&&
O¡go-O¡go Bg nwéf, H$s BÀN>m emÝV hmoVr-OmVr h¡, d¡go-d¡go _moj Ho$ {bE H$ë`mUXm`H$
gmYZ MVwîQ>` CgH$m ~‹T>Vm hr OmVm h¡ &&43&&& {ddoH$eyÝ` AmË_m H$s BÀN>m H$mo ^br^m±{V
^moJm| Ho$ Ûmam Omo nyaU H$aZm h¡ dhr g§gmaê$nr {df¡bo d¥j H$mo gtMZm h¡ &&44&& öX`ê$nr
d¥j go `mZr Aml`^yV bH$‹S>r go CËnÝZ VrúU AJ«^mJdmbr BÀN>mê$n XwîH¥$V A{½Z H$s {eImE±
öX` Ho$ AÝXa [ñWV {MXm^mgñdê$n Ordê$n new H$mo, CZHo$ Aml`^yV öX` _| {H$ò Jò
nwÊ`-nmn go AWm©V² CZHo$ Aml` _| {H$ò Jò XmofAnamY go hr CËnÝZ _mZm| d¡a Ho$ H$maU,
_mohê$nr YwE± go AÝYm ~ZmH$a VWm ñZohnmem| go Iy~ ~m±YH$a ZrMo nQ>H$ H$aHo$ CgHo$ gwI-
Xw…Im| Ho$ Hw$[ËgV ~rOm| Ho$ nmÌ^yV AÊS>H$moem| H$mo Mmam| Amoa go ~¢JZ H$s Vah Iy~ nH$mVr h¢ &
nH$mVo g_` Cggo N>m§`-N>m§` eãX {ZH$bVm h¡ &&45&&
N>Îmrgdm± gJ© g_mßV
g¢Vrgdm± gJ©
^moJm| H$s BÀN>m {Oggo CËnÝZ hr Z hmo `m CËnÝZ hmoZo na dh Ho$db ~«÷ê$n hr g_Pr Om`,
Cg kmZ`moJ H$m `w{ŠV`m| go dU©ZŸ&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_Or, BÀN>mê$nr {df H$m {dH$ma Xya H$aZodmbo ñnîQ>ê$n
go nhbo d{U©V hþE ^r `moJZm_H$ Cnm` H$mo BÀN>m_ybH$ gånyU© AZWm] H$s em{ÝV Ho$ {bE Amn
{\$a gw{Zò &&1&& ho lram_Or, `{X AmË_m go {^ÝZ H$moB© nXmW© `hm± hmo, Vmo Amn CgH$s ~oamoH$-
Q>moH$ BÀN>m H$s{Oò (CgHo$ {bE h_ AmnH$mo Hw$N> Zht H$hVo naÝVw AmË_m go {^ÝZ O~ {H$gr
Xygao nXmW© H$s gÎmm hr Zht h¡, Vmo ^bm ~VbmBò Vmo ghr) Amn AnZr Bg AmË_m go {^ÝZ
{H$gH$s BÀN>m H$a aho h¢ ? H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h {H$ O~ VH$ AmË_VÎd H$m ^br^m±{V kmZ Zht
hmo OmVm, V^r VH$ {ÛVr` dñVw _| gË`Vm H$s ^«m{ÝV go BÀN>m H$m CX` hmoVm h¡, Bg{bE ho
lram_Or AmË_kmZ`moJ hr CgH$s {Zd¥{Îm _| EH$_mÌ Cnm` h¡ &
`h OJV² gË` ~«÷ê$n hr h¡, {_Ï`m Zht h¡, `{X kmZ go Amn Eogm _mZVo hm|, Vmo ^r ~«÷
Am¡a OJV² BZ XmoZm| _| AË`ÝV AôX hmoZo go {ÌnwQ>rK{Q>V BÀN>m H$s H$^r {g{Õ Zht hmo gH$Vr,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
{ÌnwQ>r Ho$ {d^mOH$ Cnm{Y`m| Ho$ ôX VWm {d^ŠV hmoZodmbo Ad`dm| Ho$ ôX go a{hV, gyú_
Am¡‹a> AmH$me go ^r AË`ÝV eyÝ`ê$n Omo {M{V h¡, gË`ñdê$n dhr Ah_mH$ma VWm OJXmH$ma go
[ñWV h¡ & Vmo {\$a Amn Cggo {^ÝZ {H$gH$s BÀN>m H$a aho h¢ &&3&& dh {M{V AmH$meê$n h¡ &
AmH$me hr AmH$meê$n {df` Am¡a CgH$m kmVm h¡ & `h OJV² H$m Am^mg ^r AmH$meê$n hr h¡,
V~ ^bm Bg_| BÀN>m H$m {df` hr H$m¡Z h¡ ?&&4&&
kmZ go {df`m| Ho$ J¥hrV Z hmoZo na BÀN>m H$m CX` Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU, J«mø Am¡a J«mhH$
Ho$ gå~ÝY Ho$ A^md _| J«hU H$s ^r {g{Õ Z hmo gH$Zo go km{Z`m| H$mo BÀN>m hmoVr hr Zht,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
Akm{Z`m| H$s Ñ{îQ> _| à{gÕ J«mø Am¡a J«mhH$ H$m gå~ÝY àemÝV{MÎm h_ bmoJm| H$s Ñ{îQ>
_| {H$gr ^r {Z{_Îm `m à_mU go {dÚ_mZ Zht h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE ^r ho lr am_Or, ~VbmBò Amn
{H$gH$s BÀN>m H$a aho h¢ ? {OZ Akm{Z`m| H$s Ñ[îQ> _| dh h¡, CÝh| ^r _¢ AmË_m go AbJ Zht
OmZVm, VmËn`© `h {H$ gÎdÑ{îQ> go do ^r AË`ÝV Aà{gÕ h¢ &&5&& `{X {H$gr Vah J«mø-
ŸyÕ - 37] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1867
J«mhH$ gå~ÝY H$mo ñd{ZîR>> (AmË_{ZîR>) ^r _mZ {b`m Om`, Vmo ^r dh CnbãY Zht hmoVm,
Š`m|{H$ AgV² H$m bm^ H¡$go hmo ? AmO VH$ {H$gZo MÝÐ_m H$mo H$mbo dU© H$m XoIm h¡ ? &&6&&
Vm[ÎdH$ AmË_m _| Omo A{dlm[ÝV h¡ `mZr AmË_m _| namÙ Z hmoZm h¡, ~g `hr EH$_mÌ J«mø-
J«mhH$ Am{X {Ìnw{Q>`m| H$s gÎmm h¡ & Aemór` Ñ{îQ> H$s Anojm go do J«mø-J«mhH$ A{X gË` hmoVo
hþE ^r emór` VÎdÑ{îQ> H$m CX` hmoZo na Z OmZo H$hm± Mbo OmVoŸh¡ &&7&& Am¡a VÎdkmZ H$m ^r
`hr ñd^md h¡ {H$ AgË`ê$n AhÝVm Am{X AnZm VÎd OmZH$a Cg AmË_m _| hr Mbo OmVo h¢ -
brZ hmo OmVo h¢ & ÐîQ>m Am¡a Ñí` H$m dh gånyU© Zme hr {d{eîQ> {Zdm©U h¡Ÿ&&8&&
Ñí`m{X Am¡a {Zdm©U - BZ XmoZm| H$m nañna Agh^md ^r ñd^mdV… hr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{Zdm©U _| Ñí` Am{X Zht h¢ Am¡a Ñí` Am{X _| {Zdm©U Zht h¡ & N>m`m Am¡a Yyn H$s ZmBª BZ
XmoZm| H$m nañna AZw^d `mZr ghmZw^d Zht h¡Ÿ&&9&&
Š`m| ghmZw^d ^r Zht h¡ ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
`{X ò XmoZm| gmW hmoVo, Vmo nañna Ûmam ~m{YV hmo OmZo go XmoZm| AgË` hmo OmVo & AgË`
_| {Zd¥©{V Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ {dÛmZm| H$mo {Zdm©U AOa, A_a VWm Xw…IeyÝ` AZw^yV hmoVm h¡Ÿ&&10&&
V~ Vmo gd©OZà{gÕ Ñí`m{X _hmH$m¡VwH$ {Zdm©U _| Xwb©^ hr hmoJm, BgH$m n[ahma H$aVo hþE
H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
Ñí` Am{X ^«_^yV h¡ Ed§ `hm± dh H$^r gwIàX Zht h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE ho lram_Or, AgV²
Am¡a AZW©ê$n Ñí`m{X H$s Amn ^mdZm Z H$s{Oò, A~ {Zdm©U _| [ñWV a{hò &&11&&
ew{ŠVH$m _| Mm±Xr Ho$ g_mZ, {dMmaH$a XoIZo go Omo Hw$N> CnbãY Zht hmoVm, dh nwéfmW©
H$m gånmXH$ H$^r Zht h¡ & Bg Vah Ho$ Ñí` _| Anöd goo Š`m hþAm &&12&& Ñí` Ho$ gX²^md
_| _hmXw…I h¡ Am¡a AgX²^md _| _hmZ² gwI h¡ & {Z{XÜ`mgZ go _ZZg{hV A^md eãXkmZH¥$V
~mY Ñ‹T>Vm H$mo àmßV hmo OmVm h¡ &&13&&
A~ na_ H$mé{UH$ ^JdmZ² d{gîR>Or Ñí` H$m¡VwH$ _| AmgŠV AY_ A{YH$m[a`m| H$s, Omo
lmoVm h¢, ~bmV² ^Ëg©Zm H$a CZH$s Ñí`mg{ŠV H$m Ë`mJ H$amZo H$s BÀN>m go H$hVo h¢ &
ho AY_ àm{U`m|, gånyU© {dH$mam| H$s AZml`ê$n na_mW© dñVw Ho$ ñdàH$meñdê$n hmoZo Ho$
H$maU emóm| Ed§ AmMm`m] Ho$ CnXoe go hmW _| [ñWV Am_bH$ Ho$ g_mZ ñnîQ> ñ\w$[aV ahVo
CgH$m AXe©Z Š`m| nmVo hmo, Xe©Z Š`m| Zht H$aVo ? Š`m AnZr AmË_m H$mo ~ÝYZ _| S>mbZo Ho$
{bE hr Cg Ñí`g_yh H$mo ^ñ_r^yV Zht H$aVo ? &&14&& O~ H$m`©H$maU^mdm{X g~ ~«÷ hr h¡,
V^r Vmo Xohm{Xn[a[ÀN>ÝZ nXmWm] Ho$ ~mY go {dñVma H$mo àmßV {MÝ_mÌmË_H$ àË`JmË_m _| ~«÷Vm
{gÕ hmoVr h¡ &&15&& AVEd AmH$meñdê$n gdm©Ë_H$ n[anyU© ~«÷ _| H$m`©-H$maU Am{X Ñí`
gÎmm H$mo ñdrH$ma H$a Omo bmoJ ~«÷kmZ Ho$ {bE AZoH$ gmYZ Ty>±‹T>Vo-{\$aVo h¢ CZ Vm{H©$H$ _¥Jm| `m
{eî` _¥Jm| go h_| H$moB© à`moOZ Zht h¡Ÿ &&16&& VWm H$m`©H$maU go n[anyU© C{ŠV`m| _| hr
gd©ñd^mdñdê$n A{dÚm Ho$ {gdm Am¡a Xygam Š`m hoVw h¡ ? Omo dm`w Ho$ ñnÝXZ _| hoVw h¡ VWm Omo
hoVw Ob Ho$ ñnÝXZ _| VWm AmH$me H$s eyÝ`Vm _| h¡ dhr hoVw, ho gm¡å`, {MXmË_m Ho$ g¥{îQ>
Am{Xê$n hmoZo _| h¡ &&17&&
`hr H$maU h¡ {H$ {dÛmZ² _hmZw^mdm| H$mo, AmJo MbH$a CgH$m ~mY hmo OmZo go, g¥{îQ> Am{X
Ho$ hoVw Ho$ {Zê$nU _| {Zb©ÁO ~ZZm n‹S>Vm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O~ H$m`©H$maU ^mdm{Xê$n g~ ~«÷ hr h¡, Vmo {\$a ~«÷ _| g¥{îQ>`m| H$s H$maUVm H$m
à{VnmXZ H$aZm {Zb©ÁOVm h¡ &&18&& Z Vmo Xw…I h¡ Am¡a Z gwI h¡, {H$ÝVw emÝV {ed_` `h
OJV² h¡Ÿ& O~ {MÝ_mÌVm go {^ÝZ Hw$N> h¡ hr Zht, V~ ^bm BÀN>m H$m CX` H$hm± go ? &&19&& O¡go
{_Å>r H$s Xohdmbr `moÕmAm| H$s goZm _| EH$_mÌ {_Å>r go AÝ` Hw$N> Zht h¡ d¡go hr gXmË_H$ OJV²
Am¡a AhÝVm{Xê$n Ñí` _| gV² ~«÷ go BVa Am¡a Hw$N> Zht h¡ &&20&&
`{X g~ Hw$N> ~«÷ hr h¡, Vmo {\$a CgH$s BÀN>m ^r Vmo ~«÷ hr R>har, CgH$s CËn{Îm _mZZo
_| j{V Š`m h¡, `m| {dÛmZm| H$s Ñ{îQ> go lram_MÝÐOr Ame§H$m H$aVo h¢ &
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ho _wZrída, `{X ~mV Eogr h¡, Vmo {\$a BÀN>m H$m CX` hmo `m Z hmo,
(H$moB© hm{Z Zht h¡,) Š`m|{H$ dh ^r Vmo ~«÷ hr R>har & BgH$s {d{Y Am¡a {ZfoY _| H$m¡Z-gm
_Vb~ {gÕ hmoJm ? (`h H${hò) &&21&&
"BÀN>mZwËnmXZo `ËZ… {H«$`Vm_² qH$ d¥Wm ^«_¡…' (BÀN>m CËnÝZ Z hmo, Bgr _| `ËZ H$s{Oò,
ì`W© ^«_m| go H$m¡Z-gm _Vb~ h¡), Bg nydm}ŠV `ËZ _| {d{Y Am¡a {ZfoY H$m {ZdmaU ahVo hþE ^r
gM_wM VÎddoÎmmAm| H$s BÀN>m H$m CX` hmoZo na ^r H$moB© hm{Z Zht h¡Ÿ& naÝVw {dÚm go ~m{YV Cg
BÀN>m H$m CX` hmoZm hr Xwb©^ h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_Or, AmË_VÎd H$m kmZ hmo OmZo na g§à~wÕ hmo OmZoo
na BÀN>m ~«÷ñdê$n hr R>har h¡, ~«÷ go AÝ` Zht & O¡gm AmnZo g_Pm h¡, dh g~ {~bHw$b
gË` h¡, {H$ÝVw {\$a ^r Amn `h gwZ br{Oò {H$ &&22&& O~-O~ AmË_VÎdkmZ C{XV hmoVm h¡
V~-V~ gm§gm[aH$ {df`mon^moJ H$s BÀN>m emÝV hmo OmVr h¡ &&23&& Š`m|{H$ `hr dñVw H$m ñd^md
h¡ & gy`© Ho$ C{XV hmoZo na O¡go amV {~bHw$b emÝV hmo OmVr h¡, C{XV Zht hmoVr, d¡go hr kmZ
H$m CX` hmoZo na BÀN>m Am{X g~ emÝV hmo OmVo h¡ &&24&& O¡go-O¡go kmZ H$m CX` hmoVm h¡,
d¡g-o d¡go Û¡V H$s em{ÝV Am¡a dmgZm H$m {db` hmoVm h¡, V~ ^bm BÀN>m H$m CX` H¡$go hmoŸ? &&25&&
_yb H$m CÀN>oX hmoZo go ^r VÎddoÎmmAm| H$s BÀN>m Ho$ CX` H$m g§^d Zht h¡, Bg A{^àm` go
H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
gånyU© Ñí` nXmWm] _| d¡am½` Am OmZo go {Og nwéf H$s BÀN>m H$ht C{XV Zht hmoVr,
ŸyÕ - 37] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1869
CgH$s `h gm§gm[aH$ A{dÚm emÝV hmo J`r Am¡a {Z_©b _w{ŠV C{XV hmo J`r &&26&& Cg
nwéf H$mo Z Vmo BZ Ñí` nXmWm] _| d¡am½` CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Z CgH$mo amJ hr C{XV hmoVm
h¡ & Ho$db ñd^md go hr ÐîQ>m Am¡a Ñí` H$s emo^m Cgo Zht éMVr &&27&& H$mH$Vmbr` `moJ
go `mZr AmH$[ñ_H$ KQ>Zm go `m AÝ` {H$gr H$s àoaUm go `{X H$Xm{MV² Hw$N> BÀN>m H$aVm
^r h¡, Vmo {\$a dh Xoh_mÌYmaU _| gmYZ^yV emóm| go A{Z{fÕ AÝZ Am{X H$s Hw$N> BÀN>m
H$aVm h¡ `m Zht ^r H$aVm h¡ &&28&& Eogr n[a[ñW{V _| Cg AmË_VÎdXeu H$s dh BÀN>m
`m A[ZÀN>m XmoZm| ~«÷ñdê$n hr h¡, Bg_| V{ZH$ ^r gÝXoh Zht h¡ & AWdm ~mV `h h¡ {H$
Cg VÎdkmZr H$mo A{^Zd^moJ M_ËH$ma {df`H$ BÀN>m Adí` Zht C{XV hmoVr `m nyd©H$mb
_| Aä`ñV hþE bmoJm| H$m AZwgaU H$aZo Ho$ H$maU CgH$s [ñW{V [Z`V h¡ &&29&& ^Ð, `{X
{H$gr Ord H$mo VÎdkmZ àmßV hmo J`m, Vmo CgH$s BÀN>m VËH$mb hr {Zd¥Îm hmo OmVr h¡,
Š`m|{H$ àH$me Am¡a AÝYH$ma Ho$ gÑe VÎdkmZ Am¡a BÀN>m XmoZm| H$s [ñW{V EH$ OJh hmo
Zht gH$Vr &&30&&
Bgr{bE amJàmßV {d{Y{ZfoY emóm| _| dh BÀN>meyÝ` VÎdkmZr A{YH¥$V Zht hmoVm, `h
H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, VÎdkmZr nwéf H$ht na ^r {d{Y-{ZfoY emóm| H$m A{YH$mar Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ g_ñV
BÀN>mAm| go eyÝ` Cg VÎdXeu H$mo {H$g à`moOZ H$s {g{Õ Ho$ {bò H$m¡Z Š`m CnXoe Xo gH$Vm
h¡ ? Š`m H$ht AÝY nwéf XoIZodmbo H$mo "Hy$n _| Zht {JaZm Mm{hE', Eogm CnXoe Xo gH$Vm
h¡ ? &&31&&
~mø BÀN>m H$s {Zd¥{Îm Am¡a ñdmË_mZÝXmZw^d _| V¥{ßV ò XmoZm| AmË_kmZ H$s àm{ßV Ho$ {M•
h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
g~ BÀN>mAm| H$m gd©Wm {Zamg hmoZm Am¡a g~ bmoJm| H$mo A^`XmZ Ûmam àgÝZ aIZm Ed§
AnZo AmË_mZÝXmZw^d _| [ñWV ahZm VÎdkmZ H$m {M• h¡ &&32&& O~ gmam àn§M Zrag hmo
OmVm h¡ V~ H$ht na ^r VÎdXeu ñdmX Zht boVm, V~ BÀN>m ^r ~‹T>Vr Zht Am¡a V^r CgH$s
_w{ŠV ^r ahVr h¡ &&33&& VÎdkmZ go EH$Vm Am¡a AZoH$Vm Ho$ PJ‹S>o H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Omo nwéf
MwnMmn [ñWV hmo OmVm h¡ Cg nwéf Ho$ BÀN>m, A{ZÀN>m Am{X g^r ^md na~«÷ñdê$n hr hmo
OmVo h¢Ÿ&&34&& VÎdkmZ go {OgH$s Û¡V~w{Õ ZîQ> hmo JB© h¡ Ed§ Û¡VZmeê$n dñVw VWm EH$Ëdg§»`m
go a{hV hmoH$a Omo nwéf ñdÀN>, ì`J«Vma{hV Am¡a emÝV hmoH$a AnZo ñdê$n _| [ñWV ahVm h¡
Cg nwéf H$mo `hm± Z Vmo {H$gr H$V©ì` go à`moOZ h¡ Am¡a Z AH$V©ì` go hr à`moOZ h¡ Ed§ Z Vmo
g~ ^yVm| _| {H$gr à`moOZ H$s àm{ßV hr h¡ &&35,36&& Z Vmo BÀN>m go, Z A{ZÀN>m go, Z gÛñVw
go, Z AgÛñVw go, Z AnZo go, Z Xygao go Am¡a Z BZ OrdZ-_aUm| go VÎdXeu H$mo {H$gr ^r
g_` AW© H$m bm^ hmoVm h¡ &&37&& AnZm _wŠVñdê$n OmZZodmbo VÎdXeu H$mo H$^r BÀN>m hr
CËnÝZ Zht hmoVr & `{X CËnÝZ hmoVr h¡, Vmo CgH$s dh BÀN>m A{dZmer ~«÷ê${nUr hr ahVr
h¡ &&38&& Z Xw…I h¡ Am¡a Z gwI hr h¡, [H$ÝVw `h gmam OJV² AO, AmZÝXñdê$n, emÝV na~«÷
hr h¡, Bg Vah Ho$ {ZíM` go Omo AnZo ^rVa nËWa Ho$ gÑe AQ>b ê$n go ahVm h¡ Cgr H$mo
n[ÊS>V bmoJ VÎdk H$hVo h¢ &&39&& ^Ð, nyd©d{U©V AmË_VÎd H$m {ZíM` H$a Xw…I H$mo
{Za{Ve`mZÝXê$n AmË_m H$s ^mdZm go, {df H$mo A_¥V H$s ZmBª, gwIñdê$n ~Zm ahm YramË_m
`moJr hr à~wÕ H$hm OmVm h¡ &&40&&
VÎd~moY Ho$ AZwgma Omo [ñW{V h¡ dhr g_ñV dñVwAm| H$s A^«mÝV [ñW{V h¡, Eogr [ñW{V
Akm{Z`m| _| à{gÕ Zht h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O~ ~«÷ _| OJV² [ñWV hmo OmVm h¡, V~ AmH$me _| AmH$me, emÝV _| emÝV, {ed _| {ed,
eyÝ` _| eyÝ`, Am¡a gV² _| gV² [ñWV hmo OmVm h¡, {dnarV ê$n go H$moB© nXmW© {H$gr _| [ñWV Zht
ahVm &&41&& CŠV ar{V go OJV² Zht h¡, Bg ^mdZm go O~ ì`mnH$ {dfèyÝ` g§{dX²-ê$n AmH$me
[ñWV hmo OmVm h¡, V~ g~_| EH$ê$n go ahZodmbm gm¡å` emÝV AmZÝX_` AmË_m _| AhÝVm^«_
ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ &&42&& ^Ð, Omo `h Hw$N> ñWmda-O§J_mË_H$ OJV² {XImB© Xo ahm h¡ emÝV
AmH$memË_H$ ~«÷ê$n hr h¡ Am¡a Omo Hw$N> {XImB© Xo ahm h¡ dh Xygao Ho$ _ZmoamÁ` ZJa Ho$ gÑe
VwÀN> h¡ &&43&& AÝ` nwéf Ho$ _ZmoamÁ` Ho$ H$[ënV ZJa _| Vwåh| ^rVa OmZo-AmZo _| O¡go {H$gr
àH$ma H$s éH$mdQ> Zht hmoVr, d¡go hr Bg OJÐÿn ^«_ _| {H$gr àH$ma H$s éH$mdQ> VÎdk H$mo Zht
hmoVr &&44&& My±{H$ g_wÐ, AmH$me, n¥{Wdr, ZXr, nd©V Am{X go eyÝ` AmË_m _| ÐîQ>m H$m AÝV…H$aU
hr g_wÐ Am{X H$s emo^m Ho$ ê$n _| n[aUV hmo OmVm h¡, Bg{bE nydm}ŠV ~mV {gÕ h¡ & (Bg {df`
_| ÑîQ>mÝV h¡-_¥¥JV¥îUm ObVa§J) Š`m|{H$ V¥fmV© Ed§ lmÝV nwéf H$m ZoÌê$n H$aU hr ObeyÝ`
gm_Zo Ho$ àXoe _| _¥JV¥îUm-ObVa§Jê$n _| n[aUV hmo OmVm h¡ &&45&& Omo Hw$N> `h {XImB© Xo ahm
h¡ dh ñdßZ _| ~Zo hþE ZJa Ho$ gÑe Ed§ ~mbH$ Ûmam H$[ënV CÝZV doVmb Ho$ gÑe {_Ï`m hr
h¡ & Eogr [ñW{V _| Cg_| AgË` H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Xygam gË`Ëd hr Š`m h¡ ? &&46&&
^«m{ÝVJ«ñV nwéf ñd`§ {_Ï`m h¡, Bggo ^r ^«m{ÝV _o§ {_Ï`mËd h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
My±{H$ gË`^yV ~«÷ hr "Ah_²' "BX_²' BË`m{Xê$n go AgË` hmoH$a hr ^mgVm h¡, Bg{bE
^«m{ÝVJ«ñV nwéf Ho$ {~Zm hr `h ^«m{ÝV ^mgVr h¡, AV… ^«m{ÝV AgË` ({_Ï`m) h¡ &&47&&
`h Omo OJV² h¡, dh Z gV² h¡ Am¡a Z AgV² VWm Z Vmo gV²-AgV² C^`ê$n h¡, BgH$m VÎd
^r {H$gr B[ÝÐ` go {ZYm©[aV Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm, `h A{Zd©MZr` hr h¡, Bg ê$n H$m hmoZo
na ^r JÝYd©ZJa Am{X go jwãY AmH$me Ho$ gÑe àVrV hmoVm h¡ & gma§e `h h¡ {H$ `{X
OJV² H$mo AË`ÝV hr AgV² _mZ {b`m Om`, Vmo eyÝ`dm{X`m| Ho$ _V _| hr AnZr {JZVr hmoZo
ŸyÕ - 37] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1871
bJoJr, `{X AË`ÝV gV² _mZ {b`m Om`, Vmo lw{V Am¡a VÎddoÎmmAm| Ho$ AZw^d Ho$ gmW {damoY
hmoJm & `{X gV²-AgV² C^`ê$n _mZ b|, Vmo {damoY hmoZo Ho$ H$maU EH$ dñVw _| gÎd Am¡a
AgÎd XmoZm| Y_© H¡$go ah gH$Vo h¢, Bg g~ ~mVm| go AÝV _| `hr {ZîH$f© {ZH$bVm h¡ {H$
OJV² H$m ñdê$n A{Zd©MZr` hr _mZZm hmoJm &&48&& ho lram_^Ð, `Ú{n VÎd~moY Ho$ ~b go
hr ^br^m±{V emÝV hmo aho {df`m| H$s BÀN>m `m A{ZÀN>m XmoZm| VÎdkmZr Ho$ {bE g_mZ h¢
`mZr XmoZm| H$m \$b g_mZ h¡, VWm{n A{ZÀN>m H$m CX` hr {djoneyÝ` gwIm{^ì`{ŠV H$m hoVw
hmoZo go H$ë`mUH$maH$ h¡, `h _oam _ÝVì` h¡ &&49&& ^Ð, AmH$me _| AmH$me H$s ZmBª A{dH¥$V
{MXmH$me _| hr "AmH$memX² dm`w…' (AmH$me go dm`w) BË`m{X lw{V-X{e©V H«$_ Ho$ AZwgma
"Ah§ OJV²' BË`mH$maH$ {MXmË_m H$s H$bZm [ñWV h¡, Bg_o§ dm`w _| ñnÝXZ H$s ZmBª Xygao
{H$gr H$maU H$s ImoO Zht H$aZm Mm{hE &&50&&
BZ g~ ~mVm| go {ZîH$f© `h {ZH$bm {H$ {M{V H$s ~{h_w©IVm hr BÀN>m, {MÎm Am¡a g§gma h¡
VWm AÝV_w©IVm hr _w{ŠV h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, {M{V H$s Omo ~mø{df`m| H$s Amoa CÝ_wIVm h¡, dhr {MÎm h¡, dhr g§gma h¡ Am¡a dhr
BÀN>m h¡ VWm ~mø {df`m| H$s Amoa go CÝ_wIVm H$mo Omo hQ>m XoZm h¡, dhr _w{ŠV h¡, Bg `w{ŠV H$mo
OmZH$a Amn emÝV hmo OmBE &&51&&
Bg [ñW{V _| g¥{îQ> `m àb` XmoZm| AdñWmAm| _| O¡go B©ída H$mo H$moB© hm{Z `m bm^ Zht
hmoVm, d¡go BÀN>m `m A{ZÀN>m XmoZm| AdñWmAm| _| VÎdk H$mo H$moB© hm{Z `m bm^ Zht hmoVm, `h
H$hVo h¢ &
lram_Or, BÀN>m hmo `m A{ZÀN>m hmo, g¥{îQ> hmo `m àb` hmo, Bggo `hm± {H$grH$s Hw$N> ^r Z
j{V h¡ `m Z Hw$N> \$b h¡ &&52&&
Cg_| `w{ŠV ~VbmVo h¢ &
BÀN>m-A{ZÀN>m, gV²-AgV², ^md-A^md VWm gwI-Xw…I ò g~ H$ënZmE± Cg VÎddoÎmm
Ho$ ñdê$n^yV {MXmH$me _| Hw$N> hmo hr Zht gH$Vr &&53&& ^Ð, {Og _hm_{V H$mo {XZ-na-{XZ
g_ñV BÀN>mAm| H$s H$_r hmoVr OmVr h¡, {ddoH$-e_ go gÝVwîQ> Cg _hm_{V H$mo hr VÎdkbmoJ
_moj^mJr H$hVo h¢ &&54&& BÀN>mê$nr Nw>ar go {dÕ hþE öX` _| Eogr doXZm CËnÝZ hmoVr h¡ {H$
{OgHo$ {bE ò à{gÕ _{U-_ÝÌ Am{X _hm¡fY g~ Hw$[ÊR>V hmo OmVo h¢ &&55&& ~«÷mOr Zo
àm{U`m| Ho$ Xw…Im| H$s {M{H$Ëgm H$aZo Ho$ {bE {OZ Am¡fY, _ÝÌ, `ÝÌ Am{X H$m`©-H$aUm| H$m
{Z_m©U {H$`m h¡ CZH$s narjm Ho$ {bE nhbo hr _¢Zo {dMmanyd©H$ à`ËZ {H$`m, naÝVw CZH$mo _¢Zo
{_Ï`m^«m{ÝV Ho$ ^ma go AmH«$mÝV nwéf H$s {M{H$Ëgm H$aZo _| g_W© Zht nm`m &&56&&
`{X e§H$m hmo {H$ ^«_{gÕ {H$gr Cnm` go hr ^«_ H$s {M{H$Ëgm H$a|Jo, Vmo Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
`{X `h H${hò {H$ ^«m{ÝV{gÕ `mZr h_mar ^«m{ÝV go {gÕ AdñVwê$n {H$gr Cnm` go AÝ`
^«m{ÝV{gÕ Xw…I Am{X H$m {ZdmaU Am{X ì`dhma h_ H$a b|Jo, Vmo Bg na h_mam `hr CÎma h¡ {H$
h_ bmoJm| Ho$ _ZmoaW go {gÕ AË`ÝV {dñV¥V _wI go Xygao Ho$ ñdßZ _| {gÕ {dñV¥V nd©V Š`m|
Zht {ZJbm OmVm ? &&57&&
^«m{ÝV{gÕ dñVw Agb _| AgV² hmoZo Ho$ H$maU nma_m{W©H$ Xw…I{ZdmaU _| gm_Ï`© Zht
aIVr, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{OgH$m {dMma_mÌ go {dZme hmo OmVm h¡, Eogo ^«m{ÝV{gÕ AgV² nXmW© go `{X ì`dhma _mZ
b|, Vmo IaJmoe Ho$ gtJ go AmH$me Š`m| Zht AmÀN>m{XV hmoVm, Bggo VÎdkmZm{^ì`ŠV nma_m{W©H$
~«÷ hr gd©{dY ^«_m| Ho$ {ZdmaU H$m Cnm` h¡, Xygam Zht, `h ^md h¡ &&58&&
A_yV© _Z H$s ^«m{ÝV_mÌ `h OJV² _yV© Xohm{X^md H$mo H¡$go àmßV hmo OmVm h¡, Bg na
H$hVo h¢ &
{Og àH$ma OmS>çm{Ve` Ho$ H$maU `mZr AË`ÝV erVbVm Ho$ H$maU Ob nmfmUê$n
(~\© ) H$mo àmßV hmo OmVm h¡ d¡go hr {MXmH$me _Z Ho$ H$maU XohmH$mah§^md go AWm©V² Xohm{X _|
AhÝVm Ho$ A{^_mZ go XohmH$maVm H$mo àmßV hmo OmVm h¡ &&59&& O‹S> Xohê$n hmoZo na ^r dñVwV…
{M{Ve{ŠV AjV hr ahVr h¡, {dZîQ> Zht hmoVr, `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ {MÐÿn hmoZo go Bg AgË` hr
Xo{hVm H$m dh Eogo AZw^d H$aVr h¡, O¡go ñdßZ _| AnZr _¥Ë`w H$m &&60&&
àm{V^m{gH$ O‹S>Vm H$m A[ñVËd à{V^mg Ho$ AYrZ h¡, Bg{bE àm{V^m{gH$ O‹S>Vm
A{Zd©MZr` h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go AmH$me _| ZrbËd AdñVwê$n hmoZo go AgV² h¡, à{V^mg Ho$ H$maU gË`-gm ^mgVm h¡,
naÝVw dñVwV… gË` hr Zht h¡ d¡go hr Bg na_mË_m _| `h g¥{îQ> gË`-gr ^mgVr h¡, dñVwV… dh
Z Vmo gË` h¡ Am¡a Z AgË` hr h¡, {H$ÝVw A{Zd©MZr` h¡ &&61&&
`hr H$maU h¡ {H$ OJV² Am¡a ~«÷gÎmm Ho$ EH$ê$n hmoZo go BZ XmoZm| _| H$moB© ôX Zht h¡,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go AmH$me Am¡a eyÝ`Vm _| Ed§ O¡go ñnÝXZ Am¡a dm`w _| H$moB© ôX Zht h¡ d¡go hr EH$ê$n
~«÷ Am¡a g¥{îQ> _| ^r H$moB© ôX Zht h¡ &&62&&
ñdßZm{XH$ nXmWm] H$s ZmBª à{V^mg go A{V[aŠV àm{V^m{gH$ nXmWm] H$s CËn{Îm Am{X
H$ht ^r à{gÕ Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Bg na_mË_m _| dñVwV… OJV² Am{X Hw$N> ^r Z Vmo CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Z ZîQ> hr hmoVm h¡ &
{H$ÝVw Ho$db {ZÐmJ«ñV àmUr Ho$ ñdßZ Ho$ gÑe ^mgVm h¡ &&63&&
Bg{bE BgHo$ Ë`mJ Am¡a J«hU _| _Zwî` H$mo A{^{Zdoe aIZm `wŠV Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
ŸyÕ - 37] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1873
{MXmH$me _| n¥{Wdr Am{X Ho$ A{dÚ_mZ ahVo VWm g¥{îQ> Ho$ EH$_mÌ à{V^mgñdê$n {gÕ
hmoZo na _Zwî` H$mo CgHo$ Ë`mJ Am¡a J«hU _| ^bm H$m¡Z-gm AmJ«h ?&&64&&
Xoh Ho$ {bE Vmo n¥{Wdr Am{X H$m Ë`mJ Am¡a J«hU hmo gH$Vm h¡, naÝVw O~ do hr XmoZm|
(n¥{Ïì`m{X Am¡a Xoh) EH$_mÌ à{V^mgñdê$n hmoZo go AgV² h¢, V~ Vmo do Ë`mJ Am¡a J«hU ^r
AgV² hr R>hao, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
n¥{Wdr Am{X H$maU g{hV `h Xoh ^r EH$_mÌ à{V^mgñdê$n hmoZo go h¡ hr Zht, Ho$db
{MÝ_mÌ ~«÷ hr AnZr AmË_m _| [ñWV h¡ &&65&& Bgr àH$ma ~w{Õ Am{X _| AnZo à{V^mgH$
M¡VÝ`mË_m H$s Anojm go ôX Am¡a AôX H$m g§^d Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU "Bggo `h {H$`m OmVm h¡' Bg
Vah Ho$ ì`dhma H$s AgV² ^r H$maUVm Am{Ia _| na_mW© dñVw H$mo hr àmßV H$aVr h¡, Š`m|{H$
EH$_mÌ CgrH$m g§^d h¡ &&66&& Bg {M{V _| H$ën, _hmH$ën Ed§ CZ_| hmoZodmbr g~ {H«$`mE±
AhoVwH$ VWm AH«${_H$ h¢ Am¡a do Eogo ^m{gV hmoVo h¢, O¡go ñdßZ _| jUâ _| hr AhoVwH$ VWm
AH«${_H$ OÝ_-_aU Am{X erK« ^m{gV hmoVo h¢ &&67&&
BgH$m \${bVmW© `h hþAm {H$ g~ {MXmH$me hr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
My±{H$ {M{V H$mo g¥{îQ >H$m g§doXZ AnZr hr AmË_m _| hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Xygar OJh Zht, Bg{bE
`h gmar n¥{Wdr {MXmH$meñdê$n hr h¡, ò nd©V g~ {MXmH$meê$n h¢, ò AË`ÝV Ñ‹T> Xrdma| Am¡a
ò g~ bmoH$ {MXmH$meê$n hr h¢ Ed§ ñnÝX ^r {MXmH$me hr h¡ &&68&& {MXmH$meê$n Xrdma _|
OJÐÿnr _hmZ² {MÌ {M{Vê$nr a§J go hr ì`mßV h¡ & Z Vmo `h {MÌ CX` H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡, Z AñV
H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡, Z Vmo emÝV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Z _{bZVm H$mo hr àmßV hmoVm h¡ &&69&& OJÐÿnr
_hmVa§Jm| go `wŠV Ðderb {M{Vê$nr Ob _| H$m¡Z-gm nXmW© H¡$go CËnÝZ hþAm `m H$m¡Z-gm
nXmW© H$~ H¡$go emÝV hr hþAm ?&&70&&
V~ Vmo OJV²-ê$n go {M{V Ho$ hr CX` Am¡a AñV hmoVo ah|, hm{Z Š`m h¡, Bg na "Zht' Eogm
H$hVo h¢ &
O~ {df`m| H$m gd©Wm Ag§^d hmoZo go OJV² hr Zht h¡, Vmo {\$a OJV² H$s eyÝ`Vm go emo{^V,
emÝV, _hm{MXmH$me _| OJÐÿn go {M{V Ho$ CX` Am¡a AñV hr H¡$go {gÕ hmo gH$Vo h¢ ? &&71&&
naÝVw `{X _m`m{dbmg Ñ{îQ> go XoIVo h¢, Vmo {\$a g^r nXmWm] _| gd©ê$nVm H$s `WoÀN>
Cnn{Îm hmo OmVr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
~«÷m Ho$ g¥{îQ>ê$n _| {dd{V©V hmoZo na g§doXZ Ho$ à`moJ go `mZr {d{MÌ dmgZmAm| Ho$ AZwgma
CËnÝZ g§H$ën go Vmo nd©V ^r AmH$meê$n _| n[aUV hmo gH$Vo h¢ Am¡a AmH$me ^r nd©V ~Z
gH$Vo h¢ &&72&& g§{dÐÿn {gÕm¡fYMyU© Ho$ à`moJ go Vmo `moJrOZ AmYo {Z_of _| OJV² H$mo AmH$meê$n
Am¡a AmH$me H$mo VrZm| OJV² Ho$ ê$n _| H$a S>mbVo h¢ &&73&& O¡go Bg à{gÕ AmH$me _| Ag§»`
{gÕ g§H$ënm| go H$[ënV ZJa nañna Ag§b½Z Ed§ AÝV{h©V h¢, d¡go hr {MXmH$me _| (~«÷ _|)
hOmam| do g¥{îQ>`m± h¢ &&74&&
Bg_| ÑîQ>mÝV ~VbmVo h¢ &
O¡go _hmg_wÐ _| AZoH$ AmdV© nañna {_bo hþE ^r n¥WH²$-go Ad[ñWV h¢, dmñVd _|
do Ob go A{V[aŠV Zht h¢, d¡go hr _hm{M{V _| Ag§»` ~‹S>r-~‹S>r g¥{îQ>`m± `mZr ~«÷mÊS>
nañna {_bo hþE ^r n¥WH²$-go Ad[ñWV h¢ & na dmñVd _| do Cggo AbJ Zht h¢ &&75,76&&
nañna {N>no hþE {gÕm| Ho$ {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ bmoH$m| Ho$ AdbmoH$Z Ho$ {bE BÀN>m go à~wÕ `moJr H$s
nhbo AnZr Cnm{Y H$m _yb MoVZ _| à{dbmnZH$a {\$a Xygao Ho$ {MÎm _| àdoe H$a CgHo$
bmoH$ _| Omo AZwàdoeê$n àm{ßV h¡, dhr EH$ g¥{îQ> go Xygar g¥{îQ> Ho$ AdbmoH$Z Ho$ {bE ^r
h¡, `h {dÛmZ² bmoJ (c) ~VbmVo h¢ &&77&&
Bg Vah gånyU© àm{U`m| Ed§ CZHo$ ^mo½` g¥{îQ>`m| H$s {ddV©ê$n [ñW{V emídV ~«÷ _| hr h¡,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
A{dZmer na_ {ed _| ò g^r ^yV [ñWV h¢ & Cgr _| ò gmar g¥{îQ>`m± ~oamoH$-Q>moH$ Eogo
[ñWV h¢, O¡go AmH$me _| eyÝ`Vm Ho$ Cëbmg &&78&& na_mW© {MXmH$me Ho$ AnZo Am_moXê$n
ñdm^m{dH$ ò g¥{îQ> Ho$ {d^«_ h¢Ÿ& ò ñ\${Q>H$_{U Ho$ ^rVa {XImB© Xo ahr aoImAm| H$s ZmBª Z Vmo
CËnÝZ hmoVo h¢ Am¡a Z ZîQ> hr hmoVo h¢ &&79&& nwînm| H$s JÝY Am¡a {gÕm| H$s ^y{_ O¡go nañna
{_br hþB© ahZo na ^r {_br hþB© Zht ahVr, d¡go hr {MXmH$meê$n ò g¥{îQ>`m± ^r h¢ &&80&&
`hr H$maU h¡ {H$ ñWyb g§H$ën Am¡a _mohdmbo nm_aOZm| H$s Ñ{îQ> go Bg àn§M H$s ñWyb
AZw^d Ho$ g_mZ [ñW{V h¡ VWm gyú_, gyú_Va Am¡a gyú_V_ g§H$ën Ed§ _mohdmbo `mo{J`m| H$s
Ñ{îQ> go gyú_m{X^md go Bg àn§M H$s [ñW{V h¡ & Eogr [ñW{V _| g~H$mo AZw^d EH$-gm Z hmoZo
Ho$ H$maU AnZo-AnZo AZw^d Ho$ AZwgma g~H$s C{ŠV`m± gË` hr h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bg àn§M H$s [ñW{V g§H$ënmH$meê$n hmoZo go {OgH$m O¡gm AZw^d h¡
d¡gr hr h¡ & Bg{bE gyú_ g§H$ën Ed§ _mohdmbo `mo{J`m| H$s _ZZnyd©H$ OJV² Ho$ {df` _| Omo Hw$N>
C{ŠV`m± h¢, do {~bHw$b gË` h¢ &&81&&
AVEd {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ dm{X`m| H$s Omo ZmZm àH$ma H$s H$ënZmE± h¢ do ^r VV²-VV² dmgZmAm| go
n[anyU© g§H$ënm| Ho$ AZwgma hr gË` h¢ & g~Ho$ g§H$ënm| Ho$ AZwgma `m na_mW©ê$n go do gË` Zht
h¢, `h {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ dm{X`m| H$mo gå~mo{YV H$a H$hVo h¢ &
Z Vmo {dkmZdmXr ~m¡Õm| H$s AmÝVa {dkmZ_mÌ na_mW©dm{XVm () gË` h¡ Am¡a Z d¡eo{fH$
(c) Bg Vah H$m dU©Z brbmonm»`mZ _| hmo MwH$m h¡ &
() {dkmZdmXr ~m¡Õm| H$m {gÕmÝV h¡ {H$ EH$_mÌ AmÝVa {dkmZ hr na_mW© dñVw h¡ Am¡a Hw$N> Zht &
ŸyÕ - 38] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1875
H$s ~møAZW©dm{XVm () hr gË` h¡, {H$ÝVw Amn bmoJm| Ho$ g§H$ën Ho$ AZwgma ò g^r kmZ
\$br^yV hmoVo h¢ &&82&&
V~ BZ_| H$m¡Z-gm nj àm_m{UH$ h¡, CgH$mo ~VbmVo h¢ &
dñVwV… {M{V _| Omo {MÎd h¡ `mZr {ÌnwQ>r àH$meZ H$s () e{ŠV h¡, dhr ^rVa ^m{dV hmoZo
na "OJV² ê$n go ^mgVr h¡ & Bg{bE {M{V Am¡a OJV² _| ôX Eogo CnnÝZ Zht hmoVm, O¡go Ob
Am¡a ÐdËd _| &&83&&
H$ho hþE H$m AZwdmX H$a àH¥$V _| CgH$s `moOZm H$aVo hþE Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, gdm©YmaH$mb, CgHo$ AÝVJ©V ~«÷mÊS>, CgHo$ AÝVJ©V Mm¡Xh ^wdZ, CZ
^wdZm| Ho$ AÝVJ©V Ah_² VWm Ëd_² Am{X ^moŠVm, ^moŠVmAm| Ho$ ^moJm| Ho$ CnH$aU^yV B[ÝÐ`g_yh,
eãX, ñne© Am{X ^mo½` {df` Am¡a CZ_| {d{MÌ ^moJ `h g~ Hw$N> B©ídamË_H$ `mZr _m{`H$
gd©kVm, gd©e{ŠV Am{X go gånÝZ Am¡a na_mW©V… emÝV, EH$, AO, A{dZmer {MXmH$meê$n
hr h¡ & Eogm {ZíM` hmoZo na amJ Am{X {H$gr H$m ^r gå^d Zht h¡ &&84&&
g¢Vrgdm± gJ© g_mßV
A‹S>Vrgdm± gJ©
{MV² Am¡a MoË` ({df`) XmoZm| Ho$ gå~ÝY^«_ Ho$ {Zamg Ûmam CÎm_ `w{ŠV`m| go MoVZ hr OJV² h¡ `h dU©Z &
MoË`ê$n g_ñV OJV² MoVZñdê$n hr h¡, Bg {df` H$m CnnmXZ H$aZodmbo _hmamO d{gîR>Or
^y{_H$m ~m±YVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, AnZo _| {_Ï`m kmZ go `mZr A~«÷ê$nVm Ho$ ^«_ go
{d{jßV hþB© {M{V OJV² H$mo Cg àH$ma XoIVr h¡, {Og àH$ma _m`mXe©Z hoVw A§OZ go `wŠV
Am±I AmH$me _| nd©Vê$nVm H$mo Am¡a nd©V Ho$ {eIa, dZ, hmWr Am{X H$mo XoIVr h¡ &&1&&
^«m{ÝV go H$ënm J`m `h g§gma {MÌg¥{îQ> Ho$ gÑe Ho$db _Z H$s H$ënZm go hr jwãY-gm
^mgVm h¡, dñVwV… Zht, `h H$hVo h¢ &
lram_Or, ~«÷g¥{îQ> Am¡a {MÎmg¥{îQ> XmoZm| g_mZ hr _mZr OmVr h¢, Š`m|{H$ XmoZm| g¥{îQ>`m±
Agb _| na_mW© ~«÷ go Z {^ÝZ h¢ Am¡a Z CZ_| {H$gr Vah H$m jmo^ hr h¡ &&2&&
d¡gm ^bo hr hmo, Bggo àH¥$V _| Š`m Am`m ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go Xrdma _| ahZodmbm {MÌ dmñVd _| Xrdma go AbJ Zht h¡, naÝVw ^«mÝVnwéfm| Ho$
AZw^d go AbJ-gm ^mgVm h¡, d¡go hr kmZ _| H$ënm J`m g§gma dmñVd _| kmZê$n hmoZo
() d¡eo{fH$m| H$m _V h¡ {H$ Xw…I Ho$ hoVw^yV Ðì`, JwU, H$_© Am{X gmV ~mø hr gË` h¢ &
() kmVm, kmZ Am¡a ko` VWm à_mVm, à_mU Am¡a à_o` Ho$ àH$meZ H$s &
Ho$ H$maU kmZ go AbJ Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw ^«mÝV nwéfm| Ho$ AZw^dê$n go AbJ-gm ^mgVm h¡ &
O~ `hr Agbr [ñW{V h¡, V~ ~møAW©ê$nVm H$mo ^r, kmZ H$s gË`Vm Ho$ H$maU, kmZê$n
go gË`ê$n hr _mZZm Mm{hE, `h Amn Om{Zò &&3&& Eogr [ñW{V _| h_ bmoJm| Ho$ _V go
~mø AW©dmX Am¡a {dkmZdmX _| H$moB© {damoY Zht hmoVm, Š`m|{H$ ~mømW©dmX Am¡a {dkmZdmX
XmoZm| H$s CŠVar{V go EH$Vm hr h¡ & {H$gr ^r g_` MoVZ go {^ÝZ AgV² ~mø àn§M H$s
gÎmm hmo hr Zht gH$Vr, `h AH$mQ>ç {gÕmÝV h¡ &&4&&
O~ gånyU© àn§M {MXoH$ag h¡, {M{V {ZaÝVa hr AjwãY h¡ Am¡a g_ñV {deofUm| go {Z_w©ŠV
h¡, V~ jwãY hþE AmH$me Am{X n§M^yVm| H$s ^r em{ÝV AW©V… {gÕ hmo OmVr h¡, Bggo AÝV _|
nyU©~«÷ê$nVm hr ~M JB©, `h H$hVo h¢ &
jmoêyÝ` VWm AmH$me, dm`w, VoO, Ob Am¡a n¥Ïdr go eyÝ` Ed§ nyU©em{ÝV go {damO_mZ,
~‹S>o-~‹S>o Amaå^m| go `wŠV, dmñVd _| eyÝ`ê$n ~«÷gÎmm hr Mmam| Amoa {dñV¥V h¡ &&5&&
`m| g_ñV {H«$`mH$maH$ \$bê$n ~«÷r^yV OJV² H$mo hr àUm_ H$aVo h¢ &
`h g~ Hw$N> ~«÷ Ho$ {bE hr h¡, Cgrgo g~ Hw$N> CËnÝZ hþAm h¡ & dhr gd©ê$n h¡, dhr
Mmam| Amoa ì`mßV hmoVm h¡, dhr g~_| AmoV-àmoV h¡, {ZË` ^r dhr h¡, Eogo gdm©Ë_H$ ~«÷ H$mo
Z_ñH$ma h¡ &&6&&
ì`dhmaH$mb _| ^r {M{V Ho$ gmW EoŠ`àm{ßV Ho$ ~b go hr {df`m| H$m A[ñVËd Am¡a àH$meZ
hmoVm h¡, {H$gr Xygao VarHo$ go Zht, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{MÝ_` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU hr KQ>m{Xê$n {df` O~ à_mVmê$n M¡VÝ` Ho$ gmW d¥{Îm Ûmam EH$ hmo
OmVo h¢, V^r Ñí`ê$n Xohdmbr Cg {M{V Ho$ ~b go hr BZ KQ> Am{X nXmWm] H$m àH$meZ hmoVm
h¡, AÝ`Wm Zht &&7&& Bg Vah ÐîQ>m, Ñí` Am¡a Xe©Z-ò g^r, {M{V H$s EH$Vm Ho$ ~b go hr
O~ {gÕ hmoVo h¢, V~ ò {MÝ_mÌñdê$n hr h¢, Eogr [ñW{V _| g~ OJV² H$m ñdê$n Ho$db
AZw^d_mÌ hr na_mW© go {gÕ hmoVm h¡, `h AW© {ZH$bVm h¡ &&8&&
ÐîQ>m Am¡a Ñí` H$s EH$Vm _| AZwHy$b VH©$ ~VbmVo h¢ &
ÐîQ>m Am¡a Ñí` `{X {MXmË_H$ gmjr _| EH$Vm àmßV Zht H$aVo, Vmo B©I ImZo _| àd¥Îm nwéf
B©I XoIH$a Am¡a MygH$a ^r nËWa Ho$ gÑe CgHo$ ñdmX `m _mYw`© H$m AZw^d Zht H$aVm,
Š`m|{H$ O‹S> Vmo ag H$m AZw^d H$a Zht gH$Vm Am¡a Z O‹S> ag hr CgHo$ à{V àH$m{eV hmo
gH$Vm h¡ &&9&& O~ Ðí` Am¡a ÐîQ>m H$mo {MÝ_` _mZVo h¢, V~ AZw^d H$aZodmbr {M{V _| hr MoË`
({df` H$m) AZw^d hmoJm & Ob _| {Jam hþAm Ob{~ÝXw O¡go Ob _| àdoeH$a Sy>~ OmVm h¡, d¡go
hr {M{V _| {df` àdoe H$a Sy>~ OmVm h¡, Bgr go "B©I H$m _mYw`© MIVm hÿ±' Bg {ÌnwQ>r H$m MoVZ
_| àdoe hmoH$a hr AZw^d hmoVm h¡ Bg àH$ma H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Xygam àH$ma hmo hr Zht gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$
ŸyÕ - 38] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1877
O‹S> hmoZo na Xmo H$mR> Ho$ gÑe AZw^d Zht hmoJm &&10&&
"Xmo H$mR> Ho$ gÑe' `h Omo ì`{VaoH$ ÑîQ>mÝV {X`m h¡, CgH$s g_mZVm Xmï>m©[ÝVH$ _|
~VbmVo h¢ &
EH$ H$mR> Xygao H$mR> H$mo, AnZm OmVr` hmoZo na ^r, MoVZ H$s EH$Vm Z hmoZo na O¡go Zht
OmZ gH$Vm, d¡go hr ÐîQ>m ^r MoVZ H$s EH$Vm go eyÝ` Ñí` H$mo Zht OmZ gH$Vm &&11&&
ÐîQ>m Am¡a Ñí` H$s O‹S>Vm _mZ boZo na H$moB© ^r Xmo H$mR> H$s Anojm CZ_| Hw$N> A{YH$Vm Zht
OmZ gH$Vo, `h H$hVo h¢ &
H$mR>> H$s O¡gr [ñW{V AnZo gm_Zo h¡, dhr CZH$m O‹S> ê$n h¡, Bggo A{V[aŠV Xygao {H$gr
ê$n H$mo H$moB© Zht OmZVo & AV… H${WV VH©$ Ho$ AmYmana g_ñV Ñí` Am¡a ÐîQ>m {MÐÿn go hr {MX²
A{^ÝZ h¡, `h {gÕ hmo J`m &&12&&
`m| ÐîQ>m Am¡a Ñí` O~ MoVZê$n {gÕ hþE, V~ Ñí`mË_H$ OJV² _| n¥{Wdr, dm`w, Ob Am{X
H$m ôX {ZH$b J`m Am¡a ÐîQ>m _| ñnÝXZ, ~w{Õ Am{X H$m ôX {ZH$b J`m, Bg [ñW{V _| g_ñV
OJV² H$s ~«÷ Ho$ gmW EH$Vm hr {gÕ hmo JB©, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Ñí`m| _| Ob, dm`w, n¥[Wdr, nËWa Am{X VWm ÐîQ>m _| Omo ñnÝXZ, ~w{Õ Am{X Ed§ àmU
Ord Am{X ôX h¢, dh _hmMoVZê$n go h¡ hr Zht, Š`m|{H$ _hmMoVZ _| CZH$m VrZm| H$mb
_| A[ñVËd Zht h¡ &&13&&
^mdZm_mÌ go H$[ënV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU àmU Am{X ôX {_Ï`m h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, àmU, ~w{Õ Am{X Omo Hw$N> AnZm A[ñVËd aIVo h¢, dh Ho$db ^mdZm Ho$ ~b na hr &
^mdZm Vmo EH$ {M{V H$m M_ËH$ma h¡, dh BÀN>m Ho$ AZwgma C{XV hmoVm h¡, AV… ^mdZm_ybH$
àmU Am{X {_Ï`m h¢ &&14&& OJV²-ê$n go Ed§§ gwfw{ßV-àb`ê$n go ~«÷gÎmm hr [ñWV h¡ & AmË_m
hr àgde{ŠV go AmH«$mÝV hmoH$a dr`© Am¡a dQ>~rOê$n _| _mZm| ~Z J`m h¡ AWm©V² g^r ôX ~«÷
Ho$ {ddV©ê$n hr h¢, AV… do {_Ï`m h¢ &&15&&
dQ> Ho$ ~rO _| àgde{ŠV go `wŠV gyú_ A{dH¥$V ~«÷gÎmmdmbm^mJ Am¡a Cg_| dQ>m{X{ddV©
{XIbmVo h¢Ÿ &
g~Ho$ gma^yV AË`ÝV gyú_ ^mJ go gånÝZ ~rO _| Omo-Omo gma^yV A{V gyú_ dñVw h¡, dh
g~ na_mË_m hr h¡ & Bgr gma^yV dñVw go emIm Am{X _| VV²-VV² CÎmamoÎma H$m`© _| AJ«ñWmZr`
~rO hmoVm h¡ Am¡a dh AnZo ñdê$n _| [ñWV ahVm h¡ &&16&&
Omo-Omo {Oggo gyú_ hmoH$a H$maUê$n go à{gÕ h¡, dh g~ Vmo ~«÷H$mo{Q> _| h¡ Am¡a Omo ñWyb
hmoH$a H$m`©ê$n go à{gÕ h¡, dh _m`mH$mo{Q> _| h¡ VWm {_Ï`m h¡, `h OmZZm Mm{hE, `h H$hVo h¢ &
~«÷ hr g~go na_AUwê$n h¡, Bg{bE Omo-Omo {Og-{Og AW© go AË`ÝV AUw h¡, dh g~
VV²-VV² gyú_dñVw h¡, Eogr [ñW{V _| gd©Ì ~«÷dñVw hr [ñWV h¡ &&17&&
O¡go KQ> Am{X EH$-EH$ Ðì` AJb-~Jb go, D$na go ZrMo go `mZr g^r Amoa go Ðì`
ê$n hr h¡, Cggo V{ZH$ ^r {^ÝZ nXmW© Zht h¡, d¡go hr g^r nXmW© `mZr OJV² {Og nwéf
Ho$ Ûmam {Og {H$gr ar{V go narjm Ûmam XoIm J`m dh g~ gÝ_mÌê$n ~«÷ê$n hr XoIm J`m,
Xygao ê$n H$m Zht &&18&&
A{dH$m[aVm _| ÑîQ>mÝV H$hVo h¢ &
g¡H$‹S>m| gwdU© Ho$ ê$nm| _| O¡go gwdU©Ëd hr ahVm h¡, Xygam Zht, d¡go hr emÝV ~«÷ Ho$ g¡H$‹S>m|
OJX²^md Am¡a Ord^mdm| _| emÝV ~«÷ê$nËd hr ahVm h¡ &&19&&
gV² ~«÷ H$m gJ©ê$n {ddVm] go Abmon Zht hmoVm, `h ~VbmVo h¢Ÿ&
g_rnñW nwéf Ho$ ñdßZ Ho$ _oK O¡go AmnHo$ Hw$N> Zht h¢ `mZr CZgo AmnH$m Hw$N> bmon
Zht hmoVm, d¡go hr {MXmH$meê$n _oao g¥{îQ>, àb` Am{X _hmAmaå^ Hw$N> ^r Zht h¢, `mZr
AmË_m _| Hw$N> ^r CZgo Zht hmoVm &&20&& AmH$me _| H$[ënV _{bZVm Am¡a Cgr _| H$[ënV
JÝYd©nwÌm| H$s goZm O¡go AmH$meê$n hr h¡, d¡go hr ~«÷ _| H$[ënV `h gmam OJV² EH$_mÌ
emÝV ~«÷ê$n hr h¡ &&21&& O¡go Ob go ^y{_Vb _| AmÐ© dQ> Am{X H$m ~rO _hmZ² dQ> Am{X
Ho$ d¥jm| Ho$ ê$n _| n[aUV hmo OmVm h¡, d¡go hr öX` Ho$ ^rVa g§H$ënê$n ^«_ hr nhbo nwîn
~ZH$a {\$a ~mha OJV²-ê$n \$b ~ZH$a [ñWV hmo OmVm h¡ &&22&&
`{X na_ gyú_ ~«÷ h¡ Am¡a ~«÷^md _| [ñW{V hr _moj h¡, Vmo A{U_m Am{X {g{Õ`m| Ho$
gÑe hr _moj hþAm, Bg e§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
AhÝVm Am{X à{V~ÝYH$m| Ho$ Xya hmo OmZo na Am{d^y©V hþE {Za{Ve`mZÝXê$n, EH$
ñd^mdmnÝZ, gV² kmZr H$s Ñ{îQ> _| ò g~ A{U_m Am{X {g{Õ`m± OrU©-erU© V¥U Ho$ Qw>H$‹S>o
Ho$ gÑe ^mgVr h¢ Ÿ&&23&& VrZm| bmoH$m| _| XodVm, Agwa Am¡a _Zwî` go `wŠV Eogr {H$gr dñVw
H$mo _¢ Zht XoIVm, Omo EH$ amo_m§e Ho$ gÑe gmao {díd H$mo g_PZodmbo _hmË_m Ho$ bmo^ Ho$
{bE hmo &&24&& {Og {H$gr Vah H$s [ñW{V H$aZodmbo VWm Ohm± H$ht OmZodmbo AmË_VÎddoÎmm
nwéf H$mo {H$gr Vah Ho$ Û¡V g§H$ën hmoVo hr Zht Ÿ&&25&& {Og _hm_{V H$s Ñ{îQ> _| gmam
{díd hr {MXmH$meê$n VWm eyÝ`mË_H$ h¡, Eogo ^moJm{X{Z{_Îm go eyÝ` VÎdk H$mo {H$g {Z{_Îm
go {H$gH$s BÀN>m CËnÝZ hmoJr ? &&26&& {OgH$mo Aeof {deofm| go em{ÝV hmo MwH$s h¡ VWm
Omo BÀN>mAm| go a{hV hmo J`m h¡, Eogo d¡^d Ed§ X[aÐVm XmoZm| H$mo g_mZ XoIZodmbo ~«÷kmZr
H$s _{h_m H$m¡Z OmZ gH$Vm h¡ ? &&27&&
^mB©, nwÌ Am{X Ho$ _aUOrdZ go CgH$mo hf© `m emoH$ Zht hmoVm, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
kmZdmZ Z _aU-gmYZm| go _aVm h¡ Am¡a Z OrdZ-gmYZm| go Hw$N> OrVm h¡ & naÝVw
ŸyÕ - 38] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1879
{dewÕ g§{dËñdê$n, AmË_àH$me gånÝZ VWm {MXmH$meñdê$n hþE Bg _hmË_m Ho$ AgV² ^r
_aU-OZZ AkmZrOZm| H$s hr ^«m{ÝV go _¥JV¥îUm ZXr Ho$ VQ>m| Ho$ gÑe ^«mÝV AmË_m _|
^mgVo h¢ &&28,29&& CÎm_ narjm H$a boZo Ho$ ~mX, Z Vmo ^«m{ÝV ahVr h¡, Z narjH$ ahVo
h¢ Am¡a Z OÝ_-_aU hr ahVo h¢, Ho$db Hw$N> ahVm h¡, Vmo dh A{dZmer àemÝV ~«÷ hr
ahVm h¡Ÿ&&30&&
VÎdkmZr narjH$ Ho$ Cn[ñWV ahVo Amn H¡$go H$hVo h¢ {H$ narjH$ Zht ahVo ? Bg
na H$hVo h¢ &
Omo emÝV AmË_mam_ gånyU© Ñí`àn§M go d¡am½` H$mo àmßV hmoH$a Cne_ H$mo àmßV hmo J`m h¡,
g§gmagmJa go nma hþAm dh ~«÷^md go {dÚ_mZ ^r Xoh B[ÝÐ` Am{X go `wŠV narjH$ê$n go
AgV² Ho$ hr (A{dÚ_mZ Ho$ hr) g_mZ ^mgVm h¡ &&31&& {OgHo$ _Z H$s J{V AñV hmo MwH$s h¡
Am¡a Omo AmË_m _| emÝV h¡ CgHo$ ~«÷ê$n go {dÚ_mZ ahVo hþE ^r {dÛmZ² bmoJ Xrn{Zdm©U H$s
ZmBª CgH$mo {Z_©b {Zdm©U g_PVo h¢ &&32&&
Bgr{bE CgH$mo `h g§gma Zht éMVm, `h H$hVo h¢ &
~w{Õ Am{X go boH$a gånyU© `h OJV² Ñí` {Ogo ñdV… Zht éMVm AmH$me Ho$ gÑe emÝV
Cg nwéf H$mo CÎm_ bmoJ _wŠV H$hVo h¢ &&33&&
`{X Amn VÎdk h¢, Vmo Xrn{Zdm©U Ho$ gÑe Amn {Zdm©Uñdê$n h¡, Amn d{gîR>ê$n go H¡$go
h¢ ? Bg Ame§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
A{dMma go Ah§ h¡, {dMma go Ah§ Zht h¡ & VmËn`© `h {H$ A{dMma go _¢ d{gîR>ê$n go àVrV
hmo ahm hÿ±, {dMma go H$Xm{n Zht & Ah§^md Ho$ AW© H$m A^md hmoZo go H$hm± `h OJV² Am¡a H$hm±
OÝ__aU Am{Xê$n g§g¥{V ? &&34&&
Ah_W© H$m A^md H¡$go ? Bg Ame§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
dñVwV… {MXmH$me hr AnZo ñdê$n Ho$ AÝ`Wm kmZ go hr ~w{Õ Am{X Ho$ AmH$ma go `wŠV hmo
[ñWV h¡ Am¡a dhr ê$nmbmoH$_Zmoê$n (~mø Ed§ Amä`ÝVa) OJV² H$mo OmZVm h¡ &&35&& ho
lram_MÝÐOr, _oao hr g_mZ `WmW©dñVw Ho$ kmZ go ^«m{ÝV H$m Zme hmo OmZo na AmnH$m _Z ^r
O~ gånyU© nXmWm] go eyÝ` hmo OmòJm, V~ gÐÿn gdm©Ë_H$ AmnH$mo ^r `h gånyU© AmMaU
gdm©Ë_H$ {edñdê$n hr ({Zdm©Uê$n hr) Ad^m{gV hmoJm &&36&&
g_ñV AmMaU H$m {dñVmanyd©H$ dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
Omo Hw$N> Amn H$_© H$aVo h¢, Omo Hw$N> ^jU H$aVo h¢, Omo Hw$N> hdZ H$aVo h¢, Omo XmZ
XoVo h¢, Omo Vn H$aVo h¢ Am¡a Omo hZZ-J_Z H$aVo h¢, CZ g~H$mo Amn A{dZmer {edê$n
hr g_{Pò &&37&&
AmMmaJ«hU g_ñV OJV² H$m CnbjU h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Omo _¢ hÿ±, Omo Vw_ hmo, Omo BÀN>mE± Am¡a {XemE± h¢, Omo-Omo H$mb, {H«$`m Am¡a AmH$me
Am{X h¢ VWm Omo bmoH$mbmoH$ Am{X nd©V h¢, do g~ {edñdê$n {MXmH$meê$n hr h¢ &&38&&
Omo Hw$N> ~mø Am¡a AmÝVa {df` h¢, Omo ^yV Am{X VrZ H$mb h¡ VWm Omo Oam, _aU, nr‹S>m
Am{X h¢, do g~ _hmM¡VÝ`ê$n {ed_` AmH$meê$n hr h¢ &&39&& Xw…Iem{ÝV Ho$ Cnm`m| Ho$
AÝdofU go a{hV, ^«_eyÝ`, BÀN>ma{hV, _Z d{O©V, _w{Z Ed§ Ah§^mda{hV hmoH$a {Og
àH$ma go _mojê$n ~ZH$a Amngo [ñWV ahm Om gH$Vm h¡, Cg Vah go [ñWV a{hE &&40&&
ho lram_^Ð, {Og Vah ndZ H$m ñnÝXZ Am¡a AñnÝXZ Ho$ Ûmam ì`dhma `m Aì`dhma hmoVm
h¡, Cgr Vah AmnH$m ^r BÀN>m-_ZZ go a{hV, emÝV, AZÝV ~«÷ _| [ñWV VWm ^mdZma{hV
hr ì`dhma hmo `m Z hmo &&41&& ^Ð, O¡go H$mR> H$s nwéfmo{MV MoîQ>m H$m `ÝÌê$nr Kmo‹S>o go
{Zdm©h hmoVm h¡ Am¡a dh O¡go dmgZmeyÝ`, g§H$ëneyÝ` Ed§ CnÐda{hV hmoVr h¡, Cgr Vah
emóê$nr Kmo‹S>o go AmnH$s d¡gr hr nwéfmo{MV MoîQ>m H$m {Zdm©h hmo &&42&& ho lram_Or, _mVm,
{nVm, ~ÝYwOZ Am{X Ho$ gmW hmoZodmbm AmnH$m ~mø-ì`dhma Z Vmo AË`ÝV ñZoh go nyU©
hmo `m Z EH$X_ ñZoh go a{hV hr hmo, {H$ÝVw dh ì`dhma Eogm hmo {H$ XoIZodmbm| H$mo `h
nVm Z bJo-h¡ `m Zht, `mZr A{Zd©MZr` hmo & Amn {MÌXrn Ho$ gÑe a{hEŸ& {MÌJV Xrn
{MÌJV VoO go nyU© h¡, naÝVw na_mW©V… Vob go nyU© Zht h¡, AV… CgH$m àH$me ñZoh (Vob)
go nyU© h¡ `m Zht, BgH$m {Zd©MZ Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm &&43&&
Cng§hma Xem©Vo h¢ Ÿ&
^Ð, {OgH$s dmgZm {_Q> MwH$s h¡, {OgH$mo dV©_mZ ^moJm| _| Hw$N> ag Zht ahm Am¡a
{Oggo ^mdr ^moJm| H$s V¥îUm ^r {ZH$b JB© - Eogo {dÛmZ² Ho$ {bE CÎm_ emó Ho$ {gdm Xygam
H$m¡Z-gm nXmW© AmË_gwI _| {dlm{ÝV XoZodmbm hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? AWm©V² H$moB© Zht & earaYmaU
VH$ A§VVmoJËdm àmßV hmoZodmbo Amdí`H$ ì`dhma-H$mb _| CÎm_ emóm| H$m AZwgaU hr
{MÎmXmof{ZdmaU VWm {ddoH$m{X Ho$ CX²~moY Ûmam VÎdkmZ _| à{VîR>mH$maH$ h¡ & Bg{bE
BÀN>meyÝ` {Z_©b VÎddoÎmm H$m àmaãYàmßV ì`dhm[aH$ àg§Jm| _| dUm©l_mo{MV AmMaU H$aZm
Ed§ e_-X_m{X gmYZm| _| ^br^m±{V bJm ahZm hr - AgmYmaU {M• h¡, Z {H$
`WoîQ>mMaU &&44&&
A‹S>Vrgdm± gJ© g_mßV
ŸyÕ - 39] ZÙ>$$∫°uZÙ
yb°<Ÿ‹™>
ydu„°∫tF°≤°t°∫d
fit# $$ 1881
N°<ÌJ¡<b ZÙtπ°vtÙ<J¡tF°tC<fi≈®dÙw
ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d
≈≤tFaŸ ZÙtÌg N°fiaÌ f°u@u∏B Ÿ≤_bwÙ ≈®dÙw
"ZÙb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d' (w°Ã≈∫Õ≈®J¡°„°¶∫Δ∫°¶∫°Ÿ<Fw) J¡° <F∏ÌÙ NfiCb°Ì
<fib°Õd-≈®J¡≤d W≤°@Õ
CZVmbrgdm± gJ©
à~wÕ AmË_m _| {dlmÝV VÎdkmZr H$m Omo ñdê$n ahVm h¡ CgH$m VWm OJV² {Og ê$n H$m ahVm h¡, CgH$m dU©ZŸ&
`{X VÎdk Ho$ D$na emómZwgaU H$m {Z`ÝÌU aŠIm Om`, Vmo Cg_| emómZwgaU H$m
g§H$ën ^r CR>Zo bJoJm, Eogr Ame§H$m H$a H$hVo h¢ &
_hmamO d[gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_Or, {Ogo g§gma H$mo jrU H$a XoZodmbm gË` AW© H$m
ñdm^m{dH$ àË`j hmo J`m h¡, dh nwéf emór` ì`dhma _| ^r g§H$ëna{hV hmoH$a hr [ñWV ahVm
h¡, Š`m|{H$ VV²-VV² ì`dhmam| H$mo AnZr AmË_m g_PH$a dh kmZdmZ g§H$ën H$mo n¥WH²$ OmZVm hr
Zht, kmZ Ho$ {~Zm Vmo {H$gr H$m A[ñVËd _mZm Zht Om gH$Vm, AV… g§H$ënm^mg AgV² hr h¡ &&1&&
"kmZdmZ g§H$ën Zht OmZVm' Bg C{ŠV H$m {ddaU H$aZo Ho$ {bE "VÎdÐîQ>m _| g_ñV g§H$ën
H$m ~rO^yV AhÝVmÜ`mg ^r ~m{YV hmo J`m h¡, Bggo ^r CgH$mo g§H$ën Zht CR>Vm', `h H$hVo h¢ &
VÎdkmZ Ho$ nhbo {H$gr A{Zd©MZr` H$maU go (A{dÚm go), Xn©U _| ídmg go CËnÝZ
_{bZVm Ho$ gÑe, AmË_m _| AhÝVm [ñWV Wr, naÝVw dh VÎdkmZr _| {~Zm H$maU hr Zme H$mo
àmßV hmo JB© & ~hþV AÝdofU H$aZo na ^r dh H$ht àmßV Zht hmo ahr h¡ &&2&&
Xygar ~mV `h h¡ {H$ H$m_Zm go g§H$ën CR>Vo-ahVo h¢, dh Vmo VÎdXeu _| h¡ Zht, Š`m|{H$
CgH$s g^r H$m_ZmE± nyU© hmo MwH$s h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{OgHo$ AmdaU H$m ñdê$n jrU hmo MwH$m h¡ VWm {OgH$s g_ñV BÀN>mE± ZîQ> hmo JB© h¢,
{Za{Ve` AmZÝXm_¥V go nyU© ñdê$ndmbm dh VÎddoÎmm nwéf Ho$db {Za{Ve` AmZÝXñdê$n H$s
gÎmm go hr emo{^V hmoVm h¡ &&3&&
O¡go EH$ dñVw Ho$ bm^ go g~ dñVwAm| H$m bm^ hmo OmZo go {\$a bm^`mo½` dñVw Ho$ {bE g§H$ën
Zht hmoVm, d¡go hr EH$ dñVw Ho$ {dkmZ go g~ dñVwAm| H$m {dkmZ hmo OmZo go kmVì` {df` _| ^«_
Am{X Xmof ahVo Zht h¢, Bggo ^r V{ÝZ{_ÎmH$ g§H$ën VÎdk H$mo Zht hmoVm, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go nyU©MÝÐ go AmH$me OJ_JmVm ahVm h¡, d¡go hr gd©{dY AmdaUm| go a{hV àH$me_`
~w{Õdmbo VWm g_ñV gÝXohê$n Hw${Q>b AÝYH$mamË_H$ Amog Ho$ {bE dm`wñdê$n CŠV VÎdk go
gmam Xoe OJ_JmVm ahVm h¡ &&4&& g§gmaeyÝ`, gÝXoh{Z_w©ŠV, AmË_àH$me àmßV H$a boZodmbm,
AmdaUmË_H$ AkmZ go eyÝ` VWm eaXmH$me Ho$ gÑe AË`ÝV {deX VÎdk ko`ê$n AmË_m hr
h¡, `h lw{V`m| _| OmZm OmVm h¡ &&5&& g§H$ën_wŠV, namYrZVm go a{hV, ^rVar erVbVm go
`wŠV emÝV VÎdXeu H$s àUm_, ewlwfm Am{X Ûmam g§J{V H$aZo go dh nwéfm| H$mo Eogo n{dÌ
({Zînmn) H$a XoVm h¡ O¡go ~«÷bmoH$ go Am`m hþAm ndZ &&6&&
"VÎdk g§H$ën Zht OmZVm' Bg nydm}ŠV A§e H$m ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aHo$ A~ "VoZmgXod g…'
Bg ~Mo A§e H$m ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aZo Ho$ {bE AgX²dñVw H$s àm{ßV H$m ñdê$n ~VbmVo h¢ &
àËòH$ nwéf _| Omo gÐÿn dñVw Ho$ AkmZ h¢, CZHo$ ñd^md H$m dmñV{dH$ ñdê$n
ñdßZkmZ Am¡a dÝÜ`mnwÌkmZ H$s Vah AgV² g¥{îQ> Ho$ kmZ H$mo CËnÝZ H$a XoZm hr h¡ &&7&&
`h OJV² Vmo dmñVd _| AgV² hr h¡, naÝVw CgH$s Omo Cnb{ãY hmoVr h¡, `hr gX²
AmË_ñdê$n Ho$ AkmZ H$m Agbr ñd^md h¡ &&8&&
ñdßZkmZ Am¡a d§Ü`mnwÌkmZ H$s Vah `h Omo ÑîQ>m§V {X`m J`m h¡, BgH$s g_mZVm ~VmVo h¢ &
AgË`ê$n hr g§gma _| AW© aho, `{X `h _mZ {b`m Om`, Vmo Bg na àíZ `h h¡ {H$
dh {H$g go CËnÝZ hmoJm ? AWm©V² Š`m gË` dñVw go `m AgË` dñVw go & nhbm nj Vmo
`wŠV Zht, Š`m|{H$ gË` dñVw Hy$Q>ñW h¡, AV… Cggo AW© H$s CËn{Îm hmo Zht gH$Vr & `{X
AgË` dñVw go _mZ {b`m Om`, Vmo AgË` go Omo AgË` H$s CËn{Îm hmoJr, dh ^r AgË`
hr hmoJr & Bg [ñW{V _| CŠV AW© H$m AmYma H$moB© hmo hr Zht gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ gË`Hy$Q>ñW
h¡ Am¡a AgV² Aml` Zht h¡ & Bggo g§gma Ho$ AgË`^yV hmoZo go O~ ~ÝY Am¡a _moj eãX
hr dÝÜ`mnwÌ gÑe h¢, V~ CZHo$ AWm] H$s {g{Õ H$s Vmo H$Wm hr Š`m ? &&9&& ^Ð, `h
OJV² ~«÷ê$n go gË` h¡, dh Z Vmo CËnÝZ hþAm h¡, Z ^mdZm H$m {df` h¡ Am¡a Z {H$gr
AmYma _| [ñWV hr h¡ & OJV² H$mo `{X ~«÷ê$n go gË` Z _mZm Om`, Vmo Z _¢ hr gË`
R>ha gH$Vm hÿ± Am¡a Z XoIm J`m `h OJV² hr gË` R>ha gH$Vm h¡ &&10&&
gV²-ê$n dñVw Ho$ AkmZ H$m ñd^md ~VbmH$a A~ AmË_kmZ _| àmßV {dlm{ÝV H$m Omo
Agbr {M• h¡, Cgo ~VbmVo h¢ &
Ah§^md Am{X, g¥{îQ> Am{X VWm Xw…I Am{X H$m kmZ Z hmoZm hr `mZr Ahå^md Am{X H$s {Z{d©f`
M¡VÝ`_mÌê$nVm hr AmË_m Ho$ ñd^md _| àmßV hþB© {dlm{ÝV H$m Agbr {M• h¡ &&11&& emIm Am{X
àXoe go boH$a MÝÐàXoe VH$ Ho$ bmIm| `moOZn`©ÝV {dñV¥V àXoe _| O~ Mjw Ho$ Ûmam Mmjwf d¥{Îm
H$m M¡VÝ` jUâ _| Mbm OmVm h¡ V~ _mJ© Ho$ ~rM _| ì`mßV {M{V H$m-AZmd¥V, ñnÝXeyÝ` dm`w
H$s Vah {Z[îH«$`, AmH$me H$mo OJ_JmZodmbm, {MÝ_`, emÝV, bVm{dH$mg Ho$ gÑe gwÝXa Omo
g^r àm{U`m| Ho$ AZw^d go {gÕ-{dfèyÝ` ñd^md h¡, Cg ñd^md H$mo, VÎdk bmoJ OmZVo hr
ŸyÕ - 39] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1883
h¡, Cg ñd^md _| [ñWV {ddoH$s H$m g¥{îQ>kmZ Mya-Mya hmo OmVm h¡ &&12-14&&
gwfw{ßV Am¡a ñdßZ _| O¡go EH$ Xygao H$s {df`Vm Zht h¡, d¡go hr Vwar` _| ^r OmJ«V Am{X H$s
{df`Vm Zht h¡, Eogr gå^mdZm H$s Om gH$Vr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
gwfw{ßV _| ñdßZ H$s ~w{Õ Zht h¡ Am¡a ñdßZ _| gwfw{ßV H$s ~w{Õ Zht h¡, `h O¡go g~H$mo kmV h¡,
d¡go hr g¥{îQ> _| _moj~w{Õ Am¡a _moj _| g¥{îQ>~w{Õ Zht h¡ `mZr gwfw{ßV Am¡a ñdßZ H$s ~w{Õ Ho$ gÑe
gJ© Am¡a _moj H$s ~w{Õ h¡ AWm©V² Vwar` _moj _| {M{V H$s gJm©{X{df`Vm ah hr Zht gH$Vr &&15&&
gwfw{ßV Am{X {d^mJ ^r ^«m{ÝV_ybH$ hr h¡, Bg{bE dh na_mW© Zht hmo gH$Vm, `h H$hVo h¢ &
`h ñdßZ, gwf{w ßV Am{X {d^mJ ^r ^«m{ÝV H$m hr EH$ ñd^md h¡, Bg{bE Z Vmo ñdßZ, Z gwf{w ßV,
Z g¥{îQ> Am¡a Z _w{ŠV hr h¡, {H$ÝVw Aeof {d^mJm| go emÝV na~«÷ hr Agbr VÎd h¡ &&16&&
ñdßZm{X Š`m| Zht h¢, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
Omo ^«m{ÝV h¡ CgH$m Agbr ñdê$n AgXmË_H$ hr h¡, {dMma H$aZo na `{X CgH$m grnr _|
Mm±Xr Ho$ gÑe bm^ Zht hmoVm, Vmo ñdßZm{X AgË` nXmW© H¡$go àmßV {H$ò Om gH$Vo h¢ ? &&17&&
^«m{ÝV H$m AW© `Ú{n ^«m{ÝV go ^bo hr Z àmßV {H$`m Om gH$Vm hmo, naÝVw Xygao {H$gr
Cnbå^ go Vmo àmßV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
Omo {H$gr H$mb _| bãY Zht hmoVm dh h¡ hr Zht, Bg{bE ^«m{ÝV H$m VrZm| H$mb _| A[ñVËd
Zht h¡ & ^«m{ÝV H$m AW© ^«m{ÝV{^ÝZ {H$gr AÝ` Cnbå^ (kmZ) go àmßV Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm,
Š`m|{H$ Eogm Cnbå^ à_mê$n hr hmoJm, naÝVw dh {H$gr ^«m{ÝV{df` AW© Ho$ gmjr Ho$ ñd^md H$mo
N>mo‹S>H$a Xygam Zht hmo gH$Vm &&18&&
Eogr [ñW{V _| Iy~ {dMma H$aZo na AHo$bm gm{jñd^md hr AnZo _| {ÌnwQ>r H$s H$ënZm H$a
àH$m{eV hmoVm h¡ Xygam Hw$N> ^r Zht, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ór Ho$ {bE CgH$m ñd^md hr {ZaÝVa CÎm_ ào_ H$m ^mOZ ~ZH$a àH$m{eV hmoVm h¡ & Bgrgo
EH$ hr dñVw dh AZoH$-gr ^mgVr h¡ & Bg{bE AZoH$ dmXm| go g_W©Z hr Š`m {H$`m Om` ? &&19&&
CgH$mo ñd^md{^ÝZ _mZZm hr g§gmaê$n Xw…I h¡ Am¡a H$ënZma{hV AnZr AmË_m _| [ñWV
ahZm _mojê$n gwI h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, gm{jñd^md go A{V[aŠV H$s H$ënZm H$aZo na hr g§gmamË_H$ _hmZ²
Xw…I h¡ Am¡a gm{jñd^md _| {ZaÝVa [ñW{V aIZm _mojê$n gwI h¡ & Bg{bE Amn AnZr ~w{Õ
go AnZr AmË_m _| {dMmaH$a {Ogo AnZm BîQ> g_P|, Cgo J«hU H$a| &&20&&
BîQ> dñVw Ho$ J«hU _| Cnm` Š`m h¡ ? Bg àíZ na AÜ`ñV g§gma _| AmË_ê$nVm H$m AdbmoH$Z
hr Cnm` h¡, Bg Ame` go g¥{îQ> Ho$ Amaå^ go hr g¥{îQ> Am¡a AmË_m H$s A{^ÝZ gÎmm ~VbmVo h¢ &
~mha ~‹S>m Omo d¥j {XImB© n‹S>Vm h¡, dh gyú_^yV ~rO _| h¡, Eogm _mZZo _| O¡go àË`jV…
`w{ŠV h¡, R>rH$ Bgr Vah A_y{V©_mZ² {edê$n AmË_m _| ^r _yV© OJV² h¡, Eogm _mZZo _| doXm{X
emó Am¡a _w{Z`m| H$s C{ŠV h¡ &&21&&
Bg Vah àË`JmË_m _| {dÚ_mZ AmÜ`m[Ë_H$ ^mdm| H$s ^r n¥WH²$ gÎmm Zht h¡, BgH$m AnZo
_| hr g~ AZw^d H$aVo h¢, `m| H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go Ob _| {dÚ_mZ Obê$n X«dËd h¡, d¡go hr na~«÷ _| {dÚ_mZ ~w{Õ AhÝVm Am{X {df`
Omo h¢, do g~ AmË_ê$n VWm {MXmH$meñdê$n hr h¢ &&22&& O¡go Ad`dr (KQ>m{X) AnZo gÑe
`mZr AnZo A[ñVËd go AbJ A[ñVËd Z aIZodmbo Ad`dm| go hr {H«$`m H$aVm h¡, d¡go hr
ñdê$n^yV n¥Ïdr Am{X ^yVm| go hr `mZr AnZr gÎmm go AbJ gÎmm Z aIZodmbo ^yVm| go hr
{MXmH$me `h g~ Hw$N> H$aVm h¡, dmñVd _| Vmo dh gV² Am¡a AH$Vm© hr h¡ &&23&&
AW©ì`dhma Ho$ gÑe eãXà`moJ Am{X ì`dhma ^r AmË_gÎmm go n¥WH²$ gÎmm Z aIH$a hr
MoVZm{Y{îR>V Xoh, dmH²$ Am{X go hmoVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
h_ bmoJm| Ho$ eara, Or^ Am{X O‹S> hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {H$gr Vah H$m ì`dhma H$aZo Ho$ g_W© Zht
hmo gH$Vo, Bg{bE CZgo "Ah_m{X' AWm] H$m àH$meH$ Omo eãX Or^ Am{X Ho$ ì`mnma go hmoJm, dh
MoVZ go A{Y{îR>V Or^ Am{X go hr hmoJm, `h Cg Vah _mZZm Mm{hE, {Og Vah ZV©H$s Ho$ n¡am|
H$m g§MmbZ Ed§ Vmbm| Ho$ Ñ‹T> kmVm dmXH$ nwéf go A{Y{îR>V _¥X§J Am{X _| go eãX hmoVm h¡ &&24&&
CŠV ar{V go gånyU© ì`dhma H$m M¡VÝ` Ho$ gmW A{^ÝZVm go O~ {Zdm©h {H$`m Om
gH$Vm h¡, V~ dh AôX AmË`[ÝVH$ hr _mZZm Mm{hE, A{dMma {gÕ O‹S>Vmê$n ôX _mZZo
go \$m`Xm hr Š`m, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Omo `h AmnmVV… XoIm OmVm h¡, dh {dMma go CËnÝZ VÎdkmZ go {ZaÝVa Ho$ {bE A[ñVËd
hr Imo XoVm h¡ & Bg{bE O‹S>Vmê$n Omo OJV² H$m ê$n h¡, dh ñdê$na{hV h¡, Bg [ñW{V _| ~«÷
AmË_m hr AnZo ñdê$n _| [ñWV h¡, `hr ñdê$nmd[ñW{V h¡ &&25&&
Ag§gmar ~«÷ AnZo ñd^md _| ^bo hr aho, Bggo g§gm[a`m| H$mo Š`m bm^ nhþ±Mm, Bg Vah
H$s Ame§H$m H$a CZH$s nwéfmW© {MÝVm, dÝÜ`m H$mo AnZoo nwÌ Ho$ {bE amÁ`à{ßV H$s {MÝVm H$aZo
Ho$ gÑe {_Ï`m h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
{OZH$s Ñ{îQ> _| OJV²-ê$n ñdßZ ^mgVm h¡, CZ nwéfm| H$m EH$ Xygao H$s ^«m{ÝVnyU© Ñ{îQ> go
^r, OmJ«V Am¡a ñdßZ _| VV²-VV² ñdê$n _| A[ñVËd ahVm hr Zht Am¡a EH$ Xygao Ho$ AmË_ñdê$n
hþE h_ bmoJm| _| Vmo AmH$meHw$gw_ Ho$ gÑe CZH$m gd©Wm A[ñVËd Zht h¡ &&26&&
h_ bmoJm| _| Eogo nwéf Am¡a CZHo$ ì`dhma O‹S> A§e H$mo boH$a Vmo AmH$menwîn Ho$ gÑe h¢
Am¡a g{ÀMX² A§e H$mo boH$a Vmo h_ bmoJm| _| ~«÷ñd^mdVm go {dÚ_mZ h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
dm`w Ho$ ñnÝXZ Ho$ gÑe AnZo go A{^ÝZ CZ-CZ ñdH$s` ì`dhmam| Ho$ gmW do
ŸyÕ - 39] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1885
ñdßZnwéf h__| {dÚ_mZ h¢, Š`m|{H$ Eogo nwéf Am¡a CZHo$ ì`dhma ò XmoZm| emÝV na~«÷¡H$ê$n
hr h¢ Am¡a dh ~«÷ àË`JmË_-ñd^md _wP_| h¡ &&27&&
Xygam {deof ~VbmVo h¢ &
O¡go ñdßZdmbm| H$mo ñdßZ gÝ_` àVrV hmoVm h¡, d¡go hr Akm{Z`m| H$s Ñ{îQ> go _oar Xoh ^r
gÝ_` àVrV hmoVr h¡ & naÝVw km{Z`m| H$s Ñ{îQ> go do Cg àH$ma AgÐÿn h¢, {Og àH$ma gwfw{ßVñW
nwéf, H$s Ñ{îQ> _| ñdßZ &&28&& AZwJ«h, CnXoe Am{X Omo _oam ì`dhma CZHo$ gmW hmoVm h¡, dh
_oar Ñ{îQ> _| ñdñdê$n _| [ñWV na~«÷ñdê$n hr h¢ & do Omo Hw$N> XoIVo h¢, Cgo ^bo hr XoI|, CZgo
h_| {H$gr Vah Ho$ à`moOZ H$s {g{Õ Zht hmoVr &&29&& ^Ð, _¢ d{gîR>m{X^md _| Zht hÿ±, {H$ÝVw
ñdñdê$n go na~«÷ na_mË_m _| hr hÿ± & AmnHo$ {bE `h d{gîR> Am{X Ho$ AmH$ma go ì`mnH$ ~«÷gÎmm
_mZm| C{XV hþB© h¡ & `h _oar dmUr Am{X ^r AmnHo$ {bE ~«÷gÎmm{ddV©ê$n hr h¡, naÝVw _oar Ñ{îQ>
go Vmo {~bHw$b Hw$N> h¡ hr Zht &&30&& g^r dñVwAm| _| AmZÝX¡H$agmË_Vm Ho$ Xe©Z go {déÕ Xw…Im{X
nXmW© ^r {OgH$mo A{déÕ àVrV hmoVo h¢ Eogo ewÕ ~«÷ñdê$n VÎdkmZr Ho$ öX` _| Z Vmo ^moJm|
H$s BÀN>m CR>Vr h¡ Am¡a Z _moj hr ñ\w$[aV hmoVm h¡ &&31&& _Zwî`m| H$m ~ÝYZ go Omo `h _w{ŠVH«$_
h¡ dh Vmo Ho$db AnZo AYrZ h¡, {\$a ^r _moh go (A{déÕ {Za{Ve`mZÝXmË_m Ho$ An[akmZ go
hr) `h g§gma nr‹S>m CËnÝZ hþB© h¡ & AmíM`© h¡ {H$ Jm¡ Ho$ Iwa _| hr g_wÐ H$m ^«_ hmo ahm h¡ &&32&&
AgV² Xw…Im| Ho$ Cne_ê$n VWm gwIê$n AmË_gmYZ^yV _moj _| Z Vmo YZ CnH$ma H$a gH$Vo h¢
Am¡a Z {_Ì Ed§ Z {H«$`mE± hr Hw$N> CnH$ma H$a gH$Vr h¢ &&33&& O¡go Vob H$m {~ÝXw Ob _| {JaH$a
ZmZm dUm] Ho$ MH«$ê$n _| n[aUV hmo OmVm h¡ d¡go hr {df`m| Ho$ g§H$ën _| [ñWV {M{V VËH$mb hr
OJÐÿn _| n[aUV hmo OmVr h¡ &&34&&
kmZ go ~m{YV hþAm g§gma Vmo ñdßZ H$s Vah ñ_¥{V H$s EH$_mÌ bH$sa ~Z OmVm h¡,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
OmJ«V²H$mb _| ñdßZ _| ^m{gV d¥ÎmmÝV H$s [ñW{V {Og Vah H$s ñ_¥{V ahVr h¡, Cgr
Vah H$s [ñW{V {ddoH$s H$mo ^r AkmZH$mb _| ^m{gV Ah§H$ma Ho$ gmW g_ñV OJV² H$s
kmZXem _| hmoVr h¡ &&35&& CŠV ^y{_H$m Ho$ Aä`mgê$n `moJ go dh OJV²-Omb Eogo jrUVm
H$mo àmßV H$aVm h¡, O¡go {H$ {\$a Z Ah§H$ma Am¡a Z g§gma hr CËnÝZ hmo gH$Vm h¡, Ho$db
emÝV ~«÷ hr Ad{eîQ> ah OmVm h¡ &&36&&
VÎdÑ{îQ> go narjm H$aZo na Bg g_` ^r CgH$m {dZme Am¡a ~mY OmZm Om gH$Vm h¡, Bg
Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
O~-O~ AmË_mê$n gy`© AnZo nyU© àH$meê$n _| [ñW{V H$aVm h¡, V~-V~ `h g§gmaê$n
AÝYH$ma ~m{YV hmo OmVm h¡, CgH$m A[ñVËd ahZo na ^r n[akmZ Zht hmoVm &&37&&
^moJmÝYH$ma H$s (g§gmamÝYH$ma H$s) {Zd¥{Îm hmo OmZo na ~w{Õ Am{X H$aUm| H$m Xb AkmZê$n
AmdaU go Ed§ ñWyb AÜ`mg go (^«m{ÝV go) a{hV ~Z OmVm h¡ VWm ~«÷mH$mad¥{Îm go M_Ho$
hþE ~moY go M_{H$bm ~Z OmVm h¡ & `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ Cg g_` ñ\w$aU go, Xrn Ho$ àH$me
Ho$ gÑe, Mmam| Amoa ì`mßV hmoH$a ~«÷^yV hmoH$a ^mgZo bJ OmVm h¡ &&38&&
CZVmbrgdm± gJ© g_mßV
Mmbrgdm± gJ©
Z Vmo g§gmaXem _| ~«÷ H$m ^mZ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Z ~«÷Xem _| g§gma H$m hr ^mZ hmoVm h¡,
naÝVw OrdÝ_w{ŠV _| H«$_e… XmoZm| H$m ^mZ hmoVm h¡, `h dU©Z &
VÎdkm| H$m `h AZw^d h¡ {H$ ñdV… ñdê$n go eyÝ` ~mø Am¡a Amä`ÝVa dñVwAm| H$m
dmñV{dH$ ñdê$n CgH$m gm{jM¡VÝ` hr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, ~mø Am¡a Amä`ÝVa {df` VWm ~w{Õ Am{X
B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ àH$meH$ {Z_©b gmjr M¡VÝ` H$mo hr {dÛmZ² bmoJ ñdê$neyÝ` OJV²-dñVw H$m ñdê$n
g_PVo h¢ &&1&&
Cg_| AÝd`-ì`{VaoH$ê$n `w{ŠV ~VbmVo h¢ &
O~ An[a[ÀN>ÝZ dñVw (~«÷) ñd^md H$s [ñW{V A{dÚmH¥$V n[aÀN>Xo go VWm CgHo$ earaê$n
go C{XV hmo OmVr h¡, V~ (c) `h g¥{îQ> ^«_ Ho$ gÑe à{V^m{gV hmoZo bJ OmVr h¡ &&2&&
A~ ì`{VaoH$ {XIbmVo h¢ &
O~ AmË_ñdê$n Ho$ kmZ go em{ÝVê$n AmË_-{dlm{ÝV AnZr [ñW{V àmßV H$aVr h¡ AWm©V²
~«÷ñdê$n _| O~ em{ÝVê$n {dlm{ÝV àmßV hmo OmVr h¡, V~ `h OJX²-ê$n Ñí` Eogo emÝV hmo
OmVm h¡, O¡go gwfw{ßV _| ñdßZ &&3&&
`hr H$maU h¡ {H$ ~«÷ñdê$n _| {dlm{ÝV Ho$ {damoYr ^moJ Am{X g~Ho$ g~ AZW©ê$n hr h¢,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, ò {OVZo ^moJ h¢ do g~Ho$ g~ g§gmaê$n _hmamoJ h¡, ~ÝYw bmoJ Ñ‹T> ~ÝYZ
h¢ VWm `h gmar AW©gån{Îm Vmo _hmZ² AZW© H$s H$maU h¡ & Bg{bE AnZo-hr go AnZr AmË_m
_| em{ÝV br{Oò &&4&& ~«÷ñdê$n go {déÕ ^mdZm H$aZm g¥{îQ> h¡ VWm ñd^mdmË_H$ ~«÷ê$n
H$s àm{ßV H$ë`mU h¡ & Bg{bE ho lram_MÝÐOr, Amn na_ {MXmH$meê$n hmo OmBò, em{ÝV
àmßV H$s{Oò &&5&&
A~ _hmamO d{gîR>Or AnZo AZw^d H$m A{^Z`H$a nwéf H$s ñdm`ÎmVm {XIbmVo h¢ &
(c) `h AÝd`mo{ŠV h¡ Ÿ&
ŸyÕ - 40] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1887
ho lram_MÝÐOr, _¢ AnZo H$mo `mZr ÐîQ>m Am{X {ÌnwQ>r Ho$ ^rVa gd©àW_ d{gîR>g§kH$
Ord H$mo Zht OmZVm Am¡a Z Ñí` VWm Bg OJV²Ho$ ^«_ H$mo hr OmZVm hÿ± & _¢ emÝV ~«÷
_| à{dîQ> hmo MwH$m hÿ± & ho lram_Or, _¢ {Z{d©H$ma ~«÷ hr hÿ± &&6&& ho lram_Or, "Vw_ d{gîR>
hmo' Bg "Ëd_²' eãX Ho$ AW© go K{Q>V ËdÝVm H$mo hr "Ëd_²' eãXmW©K{Q>V Amn hr XoI aho
h¢, Am¡a _¢ Vmo g~H$mo Ho$db emÝV, na_ {MXmH$meê$n hr XoI ahm hÿ± &&7&& ho lram_MÝÐOr,
dm`w _| ñnÝXZ H$s ZmB©, na_ {MXmH$meê$n hr ~«÷ _| ò eãXmWm©{Xê$n ~mø Ed§ Amä`ÝVa
g~ nXmW© Amn_| ^r {d^«_ñdê$n hr CËnÝZ h¢, na_mW©V… do CËnÝZ Zht hþE h¢, [H$ÝVw
CËnÝZ hþE-go n«VrV hmo aho h¢ &&8&&
Û¡V Ho$ gmW {dÛof hmoZo Ho$ H$maU _wPo Û¡V H$m AXe©Z h¡, Eogr H$moB© ~mV Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw
Û¡VXe©Z Am¡a Û¡V H$m AXe©Z Xmo EH$ gmW Zht hmo gH$Vo, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, ~«÷ñdê$n _| [ñWV nwéf g¥{îQ> H$mo Zht OmZVm Am¡a g¥{îQ> _| [ñWV nwéf
~«÷ñdê$n H$mo Zht OmZVm & O¡go {H$ gwfwßV nwéf ñdßZ H$mo Zht OmZVm VWm ñdßZ _| [ñWV
nwéf gwfw{ßV H$mo Zht OmZVm &&9&&
{OgH$m H$^r Xe©Z Zht hmoVm, Eogo nXmW© Ho$ {df` _| CnXoe H$s à{g{Õ H¡$go ? Bg e§H$m
na H$hVo h¢ &
VÎdkmZr àemÝV{MÎm OrdÝ_wŠV nwéf ~«÷ Am¡a OJV² Ho$ àH$meñdê$n ê$n H$mo H«$_e… Eogo
OmZVm h¡, O¡go OmJ«V² Am¡a ñdßZ Ho$ ÐîQ>m nwéf H«$_e… CZH$m ê$n OmZVo h¢, Bgr{bE dh
CnXoîQ>m hmoVm h¡ &&10&&
dh ^r CÎmamoÎma ^y{_H$mAm| _o§ H«$_e… Û¡V Ho$ AXe©Z go AmJo MbH$a {~bHw$b àemÝV hmo
OmVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
OrdÝ_wŠV kmZr nwéf gånyU© OJV² H$mo `Wm[ñWV hr OmZVm h¡ & VWm eaËH$mb Ho$ _oK Ho$
Vwë` ewÕmË_m hmo {~bHw$b emÝV hmo OmVm h¡ &&11&&
OrdÝ_wŠV kmZr H$s Ñ{îQ> go Û¡V CÎmamoÎma {Z~©b hmoVm OmVm h¡, `h Xmo ÑîQ>mÝVm| go
H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go {H$grHo$ H$hZo na ñ_¥{V `m H$ënZm _| [ñWV `wÕ ^mgVm h¡ d¡go hr {ddoH$s nwéf
H$mo gV² Am¡a AgV² H$s EH$_mÌ ^«m{ÝVê$n AhÝVm Am{X OJX²-^«_ ^mgVm h¡ &&12&& Omo
^br^m±{V {XImB© Xo ahr OJV² H$s _m`m na_mW©gË`ê$n AmË_m _| VWm AË`ÝV AgÐÿn eyÝ`
_| Zht h¡ Ed§ {OgH$m ÐîQ>m H$moB© Ord ^r Zht h¡, Eogr eyÝ` Am¡a AeyÝ` go {dbjU `h
^«m[ÝV A{Zd©MZr` hr ^mgVr h¡ &&13&&
Mmbrgdm± gJ© g_mßV
BH$Vmbrgdm± gJ©
A{dÚm Ho$ ñd^md go {ÌbmoH$sê$nr H$R>nwVbr Ho$ Z¥Ë` VWm EH$_mÌ AmË_Ëd^md go {Zdm©U H$s àm{ßV H$m dU©ZŸ&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, A{dÚm-ñd^md go `wŠV hþAm `h AmË_m hr
gånyU© OJV² H$m ê$n YaH$a Ah§H$ma Am{X H$mo OmZZodmbm ~Z OmVm h¡ & Bg Vah A{Zdm©U-
ñdê$n hþE Bg AmË_m H$mo Amn ñd`§ hr emór` Cnm`m| Ûmam CËnÝZ hþB© {dÚm go Am{d^y©V
A{ÛVr`, ñdàH$me nyUm©ZÝXñdê$n AmË_m Ho$ ñd^md go {Zdm©U-ñdê$n ~Zm Xr{Oò &&1&&
dh {dÚm Vmo VÎdkm| Ho$ gmW {ZaÝVa g_mJ_ aIZo go CËnÝZ {ddoH$kmZ O{ZV d¡am½` go
hr {gÕ hmoVr h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go Ohm± gy`© hm|Jo dhm± àH$me Adí` hmoJm, `h O¡go AH$mQ>ç {gÕmÝV h¡, d¡go hr Ohm±
{df`m| go nyU©V`m d¡am½` hmoJm, dhm± Adí` VÎdkmZê$n àH$me hmoJm &&2&&
d¡am½`{g{Õ Ho$ {bE "A{dÚmñd^md go hr ewÕ ~«÷ _| OJV²-ê$nr {MÌ H$m AÜ`mg hmoVm
h¡', `h dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
H$Vm©, H$_© VWm H$aU Am{X gm_J«r go eyÝ`, ÐîQ>m, Xe©Z Ed§ Ñí` Am{X go a{hV Am¡a
CnmXo` nXmWm] go eyÝ` `h OJV²-ê$n {MÌ {~Zm Xrdma Am{X AmYma Ho$ hr Am{d^y©V h¡ &&3&&
{dÚm-ñd^md go Cg OJV²-ê$nr {MÌ H$m IÊS>Z H$aHo$ A~ {Zdm©U H$m ñdê$n
{XIbmVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr {Og ê$n go [ñWV `h Ñí` {MÌ h¡, dh ~«÷ _| Z Vmo H$^r Hw$N> CËnÝZ
hr hþAm Am¡a Z emÝV ~«÷ _| emÝV hr hþAm & Agb _| dh {Z{d©H$ma gË`, A{dZmer
na~«÷ê$n hr h¡ &&4&&
{ÌOJV²-ê$nr ZmM ahr nwV{b`m| Ho$ ê$n _| _w»` A{dÚm-ñd^md H$m dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
{M{V Ho$ EH$_mÌ M_ËH$mañdê$n Ordm| _| g§H$ënmË_H$ Z¥Ë`_ÊS>nm| _| ûm¥§Jma Am{X ZmZm agm|
go n[anyU© OJV²-{MÌ H$s nwV{b`m± {MXmH$me _| ZmM ahr h¢ & ho lram_Or, BZH$s JUZm H$m¡Z
H$a gH$Vm h¡ ? &&5&& ûm¥§Jma Am{X agm| go a{V Am{X ñWm{`^mdm| VWm H$ån, ñdoX Am{X
g§Mm[a^mdm| go n[anyU© Zò-Zò A{^Z`m| go na_mUw H$s _mÌmAm| Ho$ ^r AÝXa {dÚ_mZ {MXmH$me
_| {MXmH$meê$n nwV{b`m± àm`… Z¥Ë` H$a ahr h¢ &&6&& g^r F$VwE± BZHo$ {ga Ho$ Am^yfU h¢, {OÝh|
ò YmaU {H$ò hþB© h¢, {Xemê$nr ~mhþb{VH$mAm| go do gwemo{^V h¢, nmVmb BZH$s nmXb{VH$m h¢,
~«÷bmoH$ BZH$s H$ÝXamE± h¢, MÝÐ Am¡a gy`© BZH$s M§Mb Am±I| h¢, Vmam| Ho$ g_yh BZHo$ amo_ g_yh
h¢, gmVm| bmoH$ BZH$s A§Jb{VH$m h¡, g^r Amoa go AË`ÝV {Z_©b AmH$me hr Vmo BZH$s g\o$X gm‹S>r
h¡, g^r Ûrn VWm g_wÐ hr BZHo$ hmW Ho$ gwÝXa H§$H$U h¢, bmoH$mbmoH$ nd©V BZH$s H$aYZr h¡,
ŸyÕ - 41] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1889
^m¡{VH$ earam| Ho$ YmaU-nmofU Am{X {Z{_Îm go Mb-{\$a aho Ord hr BZHo$ ~h aho àmU _mê$V
h¢, dZ VWm CndZm| H$s {d{MÌ aMZmê$nr hmam| Am¡a Ho$`yam| go ò Iy~ ^y{fV h¢, nwamU Am¡a doX hr
Vmo BZHo$ dMZ h¢ VWm VV²-VV² {H«$`mAm| Ho$ \$bê$n gwI Am¡a ZmZm{dY Xw…I hr BZHo$ {dbmg
h¢ & ho lram_Or, Bg Vah H$s {ÌbmoH$sê$nr nwV{b`m| H$m Omo Z¥Ë` AmnHo$ gm_Zo {XImB© Xo ahm h¡
dh ~«÷ê$nr Ob H$m ÐdËd `m ~«÷ê$nr dm`w H$m g§MbZ hr h¡ &&7-11&& gwfw{ßV Ho$ Adga _|
gwfw{ßV-ñd^md _| [ñWV Z hþB© {M{V ñdßZ H$s O¡go H$maU ~Z OmVr h¡ d¡go hr Añd^md _|
(A{dÚm _|) [ñWV hþB© `h {M{V hr Bg Z¥Ë` H$s H$maU ~Z J`r h¡ & ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bgr Vah
H$m H$maUmË_H$ ~«÷ lw{V`m| _| à{gÕ h¡ &&12&&
Bg Vah A{dÚm Ho$ ñd^md H$m dU©Z H$aHo$ A~ ~«÷mË_¡Š`ñd^md go {Zdm©Uê$n ~ZmZo _|
Cnm` ~VbmVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, gm§gm[aH$ ì`mHw$bVm N>mo‹S>H$a Amn nma_m{W©H$ ñd^md H$s ^mdZm H$aVo
hþE, OmJ«V²H$mb _| ^r AgwfwßV-gwfwßV nX _| `mZr AkmZ Ho$ Zme go AgwfwßVê$n VWm gånyU©
Û¡V H$m Cng§hma go gwfwßVê$n Omo Vw`©nX h¡ Cg_| [ñWV hmo OmBò, Bg OJÐÿnr ñdßZ H$m Aml`
_V H$s{Oò &&13&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, VÎdkmZ go OmJ«V² H$mb _| Omo amJ VWm dmgZm go eyÝ`
gwfw{ßV-AdñWm àmßV hmoVr h¡, CgrH$mo VÎdkmZr bmoJ ~«÷ñd^md H$hVo h¢ VWm Cgr ñdê$n _|
^br^m±{V n[a{Z{îR>V hmo OmZo H$mo _w{ŠV H$hVo h¢ &&14&&
~«÷ñdê$n _| {ZîR>m hmoZo na ì`dhmaH$mb _| ^r kmZr nwéf H$mo `h gmam OJV² {MXoH$agê$n
hr ^mgVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, ~«÷ê$n _| ^br^m±{V {ZîR>m àmßV hmo OmZo na kmZr nwéf H$mo ì`dhmaH$mb
_| OJV²-ê$n go [ñWV H$Vm©, H$_© Am¡a H$aU go eyÝ` Ñí`, Xe©Z, Am¡a ÐîQ>m go a{hV VWm ~mø
Am¡a Amä`ÝVa {df`m| go a{hV ~«÷ê$n hr h¡ &&15&& Cg AdñWm _| kmZr H$mo àH$me_mZ dñVw
_| [ñWV àH$me_mZ dñVw hr nyU© _| [ñWV nyU© dñVw hr VWm {ÛËd Am¡a EH$Ëd go a{hV (emo{YV)
àË`JmË_m _| {ÛËd-EH$Ëd a{hV (emo{YV) ~«÷ê$n dñVw hr AIÊS> EH$agê$n go hr ^m{gV
hmoVr h¡ &&16&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, dñVwV… g¥{îQ>ê$n _| [ñWV hmoZo na ^r AmH$meH$moe Ho$ gÑe
emÝV Ed§ gË` AmË_m hr AnZo gË`ñdê$n _| nËWa Ho$ CXa Ho$ gÑe ñd`§ [ñWV h¡ &&17&&
nËWa Ho$ CXa Ho$ gÑe, Eogm H$hZo go Cg_| AàH$meñd^mdVm H$s Omo ^«m{ÝV hmo ahr h¡,
CgH$m IÊS>Z H$aVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, dh gwÝXa aËZ{ebm Ho$ CXamH¥${V gÑe àH$me_` h¡, KZ hmoZo na ^r
AmH$me H$s Vah h¡, OJV²-à{V{~å~ H$mo nmH$a jwãY-gm [ñWV hmoZo na ^r dñVwV… dh AjwãY
h¡ VWm OJX²-ê$n go AgV² àVrV hmoZo na ^r dh gËñdê$n hr [ñWV ahVm h¡ &&18&& ^{dî`
_| {Og ZJa H$m ZdrZ {Z_m©U H$aZm hmoVm h¡, CgH$m nhbo {MÎm _| hr H$ënZmê$n go A[ñVËd
ahVm h¡, Bg Vah H$m ZJa O¡go {MÎmñdê$n h¡, d¡go hr gm_Zo [ñWV `h OJV² nyU© àH$memË_H$
AnZo ñdê$n _| ~«÷ê$n hr h¡, {Og_| {H$ _Z H$mo EH$ag ~Zm {X`m J`m h¡ &&19&& O¡go g§H$ën
H$m ZJa g§H$ën go {^ÝZ Zht h¡, d¡go hr `h OJV² H$m Am^mg ^r na_mW©ê$n na~«÷ go {^ÝZ
Zht h¡ &&20&& {Og_| ^{dî` _| hmoZodmbr AZoH$ Vah H$s ZyVZ-ZyVZ aMZmE± {dÚ_mZ h¢ Eogo
Mm¡H$moZ (MVwîH$moU) gwdU©{nÊS> Ho$ g_mZ AZoH$ Vah Ho$ {dñVmam| go n[anyU© {XImB© Xo ahm ^r
`h OJV² emÝV A{dZmer ~«÷ê$n hr h¡ &&21&& `h {ZaÝVa Zme Am¡a CËn{Îm go nyU© ahVo hþE
^r Zme Am¡a CËn{Îm go d{O©V h¡, AZoH$-gm ^m{gV hmo ahm ^r EH$ê$n h¡ `mZr AOa, ^mñda
VWm na~«÷ na_mË_ê$n go [ñWV h¡ &&22&& ho lram_Or, O~ VÎdkmZ hmo OmVm h¡, V~ `h
C{XV g¥{îQ>ê$n dñVw CËn{Îm-{dZme go a{hV hmo OmVr h¡ `mZr VÎdk H$mo Cg g_` `h ^mZ
hmoVm h¡ {H$ g¥{îQ> Z Vmo H$^r CËnÝZ hþB© Am¡a Z ZîQ> hr hþB© & Cg Xem _| Cgo nyU© ñdamÁ` H$s
àm{ßV hmo OmVr h¡ Am¡a AHo$bm AmZÝXKZ ~«÷ hr AnZo AÛ¡Vñd^md Ho$ à^md go ^mgZo bJ
OmVm h¡ & O¡go AmH$me _| ^«_de àVrV hmo aho Ho$emoÊS´>H$, JÝYd©ZJa, Vb_{bZVm Am{X Ho$
ñd^md H$m O~ ~mY hmo OmVm h¡, V~ nwéf H$mo hR>mV² dh eyÝ`ñd^md go ^mgZo bJ OmVm h¡, Eogo
hr `hm± na ^r g_PZm Mm{hE &&23&&
BH$Vmbrgdm± gJ© g_mßV
~`mbrgdm± gJ©
nwZ… {díd Am¡a {dídoída H$s EH$Vm H$m {dñVmanyd©H$ dU©Z VWm
ñdmË_^yV na_oída hr {ddoH$ Ûmam nyOZr` h¢, `h H$WZŸ&
"OJV² ~«÷ñdê$n hr h¡, Bg nydm}ŠV H$m AZw^d H$amZo Ho$ {bE OJV² H$s {^ÝZVm-àVr{V
_| hoVw^yV {MÎm VWm {M{V Ho$ ôX H$m {Zamg H$aVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_Or, emÝV Hy$Q>ñW AmË_m _| Omo {MÎm-gm àH$me hmoVm
h¡ dh Cg àH$meê$n {MXmË_m go {^ÝZ Zht h¡, AV… OJV² Am{X {H$grH$m H$ht g§^d Zht h¡ &
`{X H${hò Š`m| ? Vmo BgH$m CÎma `hr h¡ {H$ dh Aì`mH¥$V Am¡a {Z_©b h¡ & gma `h h¡-Zm_ Am¡a
ê$nm| Ho$ ôX go hr Vmo Bg g§gma _| ôX H$s à{g{Õ h¡ & naÝVw `h ôX Zm_ Am¡a ê$nm| Ho$ {Z_m©U
Ho$ nhbo hr CËnÝZ hþE Ord^md Ho$ Cnm{Y^yV {MÎm _| hmo Zht gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ dh Cg g_` ~Zm
hr Zht h¡ & gyú_ VoO, Ob VWm n¥Ïdrê$n qbJ-g¥{îQ> Ho$ AZÝVa "go`§ XodV¡jV hÝVmh{__m[ñVg«mo
XodVm AZoZ OrdoZmË_ZmZwà{dí` Zm_ê$no ì`mH$adm{U' Bg lw{V _| CgH$m {Z_m©U gwZm OmVm
h¡ & {MÎm Ho$ {Z_©b hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ^r CgH$m {M{Vgo ôX Zht h¡ & {MXmË_m Am¡a {MÎm XmoZm| {Z_©b
ŸyÕ - 42] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1891
h¢ & à^m Am¡a AmH$me _| O¡go H$moB© àmUr ôX Zht {XIm gH$Vm, d¡go hr {Z_©b BZ XmoZm| _| H$moB©
^r àmUr ôX Zht {XIm gH$Vm, Eogr {ñW{V _| {M{V Ed§ {MÎm H$m ôX hr H$hm± ? &&1&&
BgrH$mo ñnîQ>ê$n go H$hVo h¢ &
Hy$Q>ñW àË`JmË_mê$n AmH$me _| Omo ~mø Am¡a Amä`ÝVa {df`m| H$m àH$meZ hmoVm h¡, dh
EH$ Vah go _mZm| Obê$n Ðd H$s bha| h¢, do _¥JV¥îUm Ob H$s ZmBª {_Ï`m hr ^m{gV hmoVr h¢ &
{MÎmê$nr gy`© Ho$ AñV hmo OmZo na do ^r {dbrZ hmo OmVr h¢ &&2&&
OJV² H$mo AnZr gÎmm _| {M{V go A{V[aŠV Xygao {H$gr H$maU H$s Anojm hr Zht h¡, Bggo
^r `h OJV² {M{Vê$n hr h¡, BgH$m ÑîQ>mÝVm| go CnnmXZ H$aVo h¢ &
{H$gr H$maU H$s Anojm {H$ò {~Zm O¡go dm`w _| ñnÝXZ hmoVm h¡ `m O¡go gy`© _| à^m H$m àgma
hmoVm h¡, d¡go hr na~«÷ na_mË_m _| `h OJV² h¡ &&3&& ho lram_Or, O¡go Ob _| ÐdËd, AmH$me
_| eyÝ`Vm Am¡a dm`w _| ñnÝXVm h¡, d¡go hr na~«÷ na_mË_m _| `h H$moB© A{Zd©MZr` AmË_m H$m
{ddV©ê$n OJV² h¡ &&4&&
OmJ«V² Am¡a ñdßZ AdñWm _| O¡go {MÎm Am{X H$m AmË_m _| hþAm àH$me AmË_m go A{^ÝZ h¡,
d¡go ~«÷ _| _m`mYrZ AmH$mem{X H$m hþAm àH$me ^r ~«÷ go A{^ÝZ h¡, Bg Ame` go CÝht
Cn`w©ŠV ÑîQ>mÝVm| Ho$ Ûmam {\$a AôX H$m CnnmXZ H$aVo h¢ &
_hm{MÐÿn _hmH$me _| Omo `h OJV² ^mgVm h¡ dh {MÐÿn hr, _{U_| {Z_©bVm H$s ZmBª,
ñ\w$[aV hmoVm h¡ &&5&& O¡go Ob _| ÐdVm, AmH$me _| eyÝ`Vm, dm`w _| ñnÝXVm h¡, d¡go hr
_hm{M{V _| `h OJV² h¡ &&6&&
ñ\w$aU _| ^r {M{V go A{V[aŠV {H$gr AÝ` H$s Anojm Zht h¡, Bg{bE ^r CgH$m {M{V go
AôX h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go dm`w ñnÝXZ H$mo ñdñdê$n OmZVr h¡ d¡go hr {M{V ^r OJV² H$mo AnZm ñdê$n hr
g_PVr h¡ & Bg{bE Û¡V Am¡a EoŠ` Am{X ôXm| H$m `hm± V{ZH$ ^r Adga Zht h¡ &&7&& ho
lram_Or, `h gmam g§gma A{ddoH$ go M_H$sbm VWm {ddoH$ go Zída h¡ & na_mW© dñVw H$m ~moY
hmo OmZo na Vmo Z `h M_H$sbm XrIVm h¡ Am¡a Z {dZída hr àVrV hmoVm h¡ & Cg g_` Vmo `h
EH$_mÌ gÐÿn na~«÷ hr ~ZH$a Ad{eîQ> ah OmVm h¡ &&8&&
VÎdkmZ go Omo {ZUuV hþAm, CgH$m dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
kmZ_mÌ, ewÕ, Am{X-_Ü` Am¡a AÝV go a{hV _hm{MÝ_mÌê$nr na~«÷ Ho$ {gdm Am¡a Hw$N>
Xygam ahVm hr Zht, `h VÎdkmZ go {ZUuV hþAm h¡ &&9&&
Cg ñdê$n Ho$ {df` _| doXm| H$m AZwgaU H$aZodmbo Am¡a Z H$aZodmbo {dMmaerb dm{X`m| H$s
`WmW© Am¡a A`WmW©ê$nm| go AZoH$ H$ënZmE± h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
dh {H$gr Ho$ _V _| emÝV {ed, {H$gr Ho$ _V _| emídV ~«÷, {H$gr Ho$ _V _| eyÝ`Vmê$n
Am¡a {H$gr Ho$ _V _| dh kmZê$n h¡ &&10&&
Cgr_| AZm{X A{dÚm Am{X Ñí`àn§M H$m AÜ`mg hmoVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
AZÝVñdê$nMoVZmË_H$ dhr AnZo AmnH$mo {df`ñdê$n-gm g_PVm hþAm `mZr ^mdZm
H$aVm hþAm ñdñdê$n _| [ñWV hr {df`ê$n Ed§ AkmZr-gm ~Z OmVm h¡ &&11&& {OVZo nXmW©
AÜ`mg go àVrV hmoVo h¢ CZH$m àH$me A{YîR>mZ^yV M¡VÝ` Ho$ ~b go hr hmoVm h¡, Bg{bE
{df`m| H$s gÎmm A{YîR>mZ^yV MoVZ Ho$ {~Zm Zht hmo gH$Vr Am¡a gÎmm Ho$ {~Zm {df`mË_H$
{MÎmê$nVm Zht hmo gH$Vr, O¡go eyÝ`ñdê$n Hy$Q>ñW AmH$me Ho$ {~Zm Xygam H$moB© dm`w H$m H$maU
Zht h¡ Am¡a dm`w Ho$ {~Zm ñnÝXZm| H$m Xygam H$moB© H$maU Zht h¡, R>rH$ Eogo hr `hm± ^r ~mV
h¡ &&12&& VWm _hmM¡VÝ` Ho$ g§H$ën go Om`_mZ Ed§ {ZaÝVa ~«÷gÎmm Ho$ ~b na AnZr gÎmm
aIZodmbo g¥{îQ>-^«_m| _| _hm{YîR>mZ^yV ~«÷ H$s Anojm go gXm gÎmm h¡ Am¡a ñdê$nV… AgÎmm
h¡ & Bg Vah H$m {Zê$nU "gXod gmoåòX_.' BË`m{X lw{V _| h¡ & Bg {df` _| Xygao {H$gr VH©$ H$s
Anojm Zht h¡Ÿ&&13&& {MV² Am¡a O‹S> H$m Û¡V Ed§ Û¡V H$m H$maU EH$Ëd BZH$m ñdV… A[ñVËd VWm
Bgr A[ñVËd Ho$ AmYma na g¥{îQ>-^«_m| H$m A[ñVËd _mZZm Mm{hE, `h ~mV _mZr Om gH$Vr h¡,
naÝVw Bg_| H$moB© `w{ŠV Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ Hy$Q>ñW A{ÛVr` {MXmH$me _| {ÛËd-EH$Ëd H$m H$moB©
g_W©Z H$aZodmbm Zht h¡ Am¡a O‹S> dñVwAm| _| Vmo d¡gm g_W©Z H$aZodmbm H$moB© hmo hr Zht
gH$Vm & (BZ g~ VH$m] go {ZMmo‹S> `h {ZH$bm {H$ AmH$me Ho$ Û¡V H$s Aà{g{Õ Ho$ gÑe VWm
ñnÝXZ Ed§ dm`w Ho$ ôX H$s Aà{g{Õ Ho$ gÑe {díd Am¡a {dídoída Ho$ ôX H$s ^r Aà{g{Õ h¡,
`h H$hVo h¢ &) gånyU© {díd Agr_, EH$ na_mË_m H$m ñdê$n^yV hr h¡ &&14&& O¡go dm`w Am¡a
ñnÝXZ H$m ôX eãX_mÌ h¡, dmñV{dH$ Zht h¡, d¡go hr {díd Am¡a {dídoída H$m ôX eãX_mÌ h¡,
dmñV{dH$ Zht, Agb _| AgXmË_H$ hr h¡ &&15&& {Og_| Û¡V H$s g§^mdZm Zht h¡, Omo VrZm|
H$mb _| gËñdê$n hr h¡ Am¡a _hmMoVZê$n h¡,dhr {díd Ho$ ê$n _| ^mgVm h¡, Agb _| Z {díd
h¡ Am¡a Z {díd H$m H$moB© ñdê$n hr h¡ &&16&&
AWdm ~«÷Ñ{îQ> go AgË` ^r {díd H$s CgHo$ H$m`©^yV N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o Xoe H$mb H$s Anojm
~‹S>o-~‹S>o Xoe-H$mb Ho$ gå~ÝY go gÎmm h¡, Bg Ame§H$m H$m n[ahma H$aVo h¢ &
H$moB© bmoJ H$hVo h¢ {H$ H$m`©ê$n go {^ÝZ H$Q>H$ê$n H$s Anojm A{YH$ Xoe H$mb Ho$ gå~ÝY
go gwdU© _| O¡go H$mXm{MËH$ (H$^r hmoZodmbr) gË`Vm h¡, d¡go hr H$m`© H$s Anojm A{YH$ XoeH$mb
Ho$ gå~ÝY go {díd _| ^r gË`Vm hmo gH$Vr h¡ &&17&&
naÝVw `h V~ hmoVm, O~ {H$ H$m`© Am¡a H$maU H$m ôX {gÕ hmoVm, bo{H$Z dhr {gÕ
ŸyÕ - 42] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1893
ho lram_MÝÐOr, {ÛËd Am¡a EoŠ` Ho$ hr Agå^d go `hm± Z H$moB© H$m`©ê$n h¡ Am¡a Z H$moB©
H$maUê$n hr h¡ & (`{X H$mën{ZH$ H$m`©H$maUôX _mZ {b`m Om`, Vmo ^r H$mën{ZH$ ôX
go gË`Vm H$m {Zdm©h Zht hmo gH$Vm, `h H$hVo h¢ &) `{X H$mën{ZH$ H$m`©H$maUôX _mZ
b| Vmo ^r na_mË_m go {^ÝZ `h g§gma EH$_mÌ H$mën{ZH$ hr {gÕ hmoJm, Bggo Cg na_mË_m
go {^ÝZ Xygar dñVw {gÕ Zht hmoJr &&18&& O¡go {H$ AmH$me _| eyÝ`Vm h¡ Am¡a O¡go Ob
_| ÐdËd h¡ d¡go hr Bg na~«÷ na_mË_m _| {díd h¡ & (AË`ÝV AôX _| ^r O¡go "AmH$me
_| AmH$me H$s aoIm h¡' Bg Vah H$s ôXH$ënZm XoIr OmVr h¡ d¡go hr Bg OJV² Ho$ {df`
_| ^r hmoJr, `h H$hVo h¢ &) AË`ÝV AôX hmoZo na ^r O¡go AmH$me _| AmH$me H$s aoIm
AkmZÑ{îQ> go XoIr OmVr h¡ d¡go hr Bg na~«÷ na_mË_m _| OJXm{X H$m ê$n Akm{Z`m| H$s
Ñ{îQ> go XoIm OmVm h¡ &&19&& ~«÷ H$m Omo ê$n h¡ dhr ê$n OJV² H$m ^r h¡, Bggo Û¡V Am¡a
EoŠ` H$s `hm± Amn{Îm hr Zht hmo gH$Vr & AmH$me go {^ÝZ-gr H$[ënV eyÝ` AmH$me H$s
aoIm {Og ê$n H$s ahVr h¡ `mZr aoImeãX go dmÀ` AmH$me {Og ê$n H$m ahVm h¡, R>rH$
Cgr ê$n H$m `h gmam OJV² ^r ~«÷ go {^ÝZ-gm H$[ënV h¡, Bg_| V{ZH$ ^r gÝXoh Zht
h¡Ÿ& ho lram_MÝÐOr, Eogr [ñW{V _| EH$mË_m, ì`mnH$, ñdÀN> {MÝ_mÌ, gd©ñdê$n na~«÷
na_mË_m Ho$, nËWa _| IwXr JB© goZm Ho$ gÑe nËWa ê$n go [ñWV ahVo, H$m`©H$maU H$s
{d{MÌVm H$hm± H¡$go g§^d hmo gH$Vr h¡ ? {ÛVr` H$m g§^d Z hmoZo go {MXmH$me _| Cggo
n¥WH²$ {H$gr Xygar dñVw H$s g§^mdZm Zht hmo gH$Vr &&20-22&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, à{V^mê$n
hr `h g¥{îQ> à{V^mê$n go _hmMoVZ _| Eogo ^mgVr h¡, O¡go nmfmU _| IwXr hþB© à{V_m
nmfmUê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU nmfmU_` ^mgVr h¡ & ho gmYmo, `WmW©^yV dmñV{dH$ ~«÷ H$m
VÎdkmZ hmo OmZo go Bg {díd H$m {db` hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a ~mø VWm Amä`ÝVa g~ MoîQ>mAm|
go eyÝ` AdñWm Ho$ Ûmam ñ\w$[aV hmo ahm ~«÷ hr gånyU© g§gma^«_ H$mo ZîQ> H$aHo$ Ad{eîQ>
ah OmVm h¡ &&23,24&&
^mdZm ê$n _Z H$s EH$_mÌ H$ënZm go CËnÝZ g§gma^«_ ^mdZmË`mJ Ed§ H$ënZma{hV
[ñW{V go hr {dZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
`Ú{n Z Vmo Hw$N> dñVw h¡ Am¡a Z H$moB© gm_Zo nXmW© hr h¡, VWm{n EH$_mÌ ^mdZm Ho$
~b na Am±I| ~ÝX H$a n‹S>o hþE nwéf H$mo ñdßZ Ho$ OmJ«V²H$mb _| O¡go ~mø Am¡a Amä`ÝVa
{df`m| H$m ^«_ hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr `Ú{n Z Hw$N> dñVw h¡ Z gm_Zo H$moB© nXmW© hr h¡ VWm{n
^mdZm Ho$ ~b na Am±I| Iwbr aIH$a ~¡R>o hþE nwéf H$mo OmJ«Ðÿn ñdßZ _| ~mø Ed§ Amä`ÝVa
{df`m| H$m ^«_ hmoVm h¡ &&25,26&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, ^mdZm H$mo emÝV H$aHo$ nmfmU Ho$ g_mZ
{ZíMb hmoH$a VWm {MXoH$ag hmoZo go {ebm go {dbjU ^rVa Ho$ A{ebm^yV `Wm[ñWV AmË_
ñd^md H$m Adbå~Z H$aHo$ EH$ê$n go [ñWV a{hò &&27&&
Cg Vah H$s {ñW{V ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE AZwHy$b {ddoH$-d¡am½` Am{X gmYZm| H$m Aä`mg hr
AmË_ê$n na_oída H$s gd©loîR> nyOm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_^Ð, nyU©{ddoH$ê$n Cnhma go nyOZgmYZ àmaãYàmßV AWm] Ho$ Ûmam ~moY Ho$ {bE
~w{Õnyd©H$ AmË_ñd^mdê$n na_oída H$s nyOm H$s{Oò &&28&& {ddoH$ go ny{OV ñdmË_^yV
na_mË_m VwaV hr nyOm H$aZodmbo H$mo {Za{Ve` AmZÝXê$n àXmZ H$aVm h¡ & Bg nyOm _|
éÐ, CnoÝÐ Am{X H$s nyOm Vmo, OrU©-erU© {VZHo$ Ho$ Qw>H$‹S>o Ho$ gÑe, hbH$s n‹S> OmVr
h¡ &&29&& {dMma, e_ Am¡a gËg§Jê$nr ~{bXmZ-nwînm| go ny{OV hþAm na_oída erK« _moj\$b
àXmZ H$aVm h¡ & ho gmYmo, `h ñdmË_m hr na_oída h¡ &&30&& Ho$db `WmW© AdbmoH$Zê$n
AHo$br nyOZ gm_J«r go {OgH$s nyOm H$s JB© hmo, Eogm gdm}Îm_ \$b àXmZ H$aZodmbm `h
B©ídaê$n AmË_m Ohm± Cn[ñWV hmo, dhm± ^bm Eogm H$m¡Z _yI© hmoJm, Omo {H$gr Xygao H$m
(AZmË_^yV VQ>ñW B©ída H$m (N)) Aml` H$aoJm ? &&31&&
nyOZ Ûmam àgÝZ hþAm VQ>ñW B©ída Vmo Bg Ord H$s eó, gn©, A{½Z Am{X go ^br^m±{V
ajm H$a gH$Vm h¡, naÝVw Hy$Q>ñW AmË_m ^bm Š`m H$a gH$Vm h¡ ? Bg Ame§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
gËg§J, e_, gÝVmof Am¡a {ddoH$ Ûmam {OgZo AmË_m H$s nyU© ar{V go nyOm H$s h¡ Eogo nwéf
Ho$ {bE eó, gn©, {df Am¡a A{½Z ò g~ {earU ({gag) Ho$ \y$b ~Z OmVo h¢ &&32&&
A{ddo{H$`m| Ûmam {H$ò Jò XodVmnyOZ Am{X gËH$_m] _| AnamY hmoZo H$s Adí` g§^mdZm h¡,
Eogr [ñW{V _| do {Zî\$b `m AZW© XoZodmbo hmo OmVo h¢ & Xygar ~mV `h h¡ {H$ CZ H$_m] _| Xoe,
H$mb, nmÌ, X«ì`, H$Vm© Am{X H$s {dew{Õ VWm CZHo$ n[akmZ, lÕm, ^{ŠV, em{ÝV Am{X H$s
`{X Amdí`H$Vm n‹S> OmVr h¡, Vmo gd©{dY Šboem| go a{hV _hm\$bdmbo AmË_Xe©Z _| hr CZH$m
Cn`moJ Š`m| Z {H$`m Om` ? `h H$hVo h¢ &
{OZH$mo Xoe, H$mb, nmÌ Am{X H$m {ddoH$ Zht h¡, Eogo XwamË_mAm| Ûmam AË`{YH$ {H$ò Jò
XodnyOZ, Vn, VrWm©Q>Z, XmZ Am{X g~Ho$ g~ VÎdeyÝ` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ^ñ_r^yV hmo OmVo h¢ &
Bg{bE `{X g~ {ddoH$ go g\$b {H$ò Om`, Vmo AnZo AÝV…H$aU _| {ddoH$ H$s hr ñnîQ>ê$n go
gmYZm Š`m| Zht H$s Om` ? &&33,34&&
dh H$m¡Z-gm {ddoH$ h¡, {OgH$s Amn gmYZm ~Vbm aho h¢, Bg na Cgo H$hVo h¢ &
dmñV{dH$ nXmW© Ho$ {dkmZ Ho$ AZÝVa dmgZm Ho$ AmË`[ÝVH$ CÀN>oX _| Omo à`ËZ h¡,
dhr {ddoH$eãX H$m AW© h¡, `h {ZîH$m_ `k VWm XmZ {H$`m J`m Am{X H$_m] go O{ZV {MÎm
Xo{Iò lw{V Š`m H$hVr h¡ …
(N)
AW `mo@Ý`m§ XodVm_wnmñVo@Ý`mo@gmdÝ`mo@h_ñ_r{V Z g doX `Wm newaoY g XodmZm_² &
ŸyÕ - 42] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1895
H$s àgÝZVm go hr hmoVm h¡ & d¡am½` Am{X g~ gmYZ ê$n hr `h `ËZ h¡ &&35&& AnZo ^rVa
e_ê$nr A_¥V go {ddoH$ H$mo Eogo Yrao-Yrao ~‹T>mZm Mm{hE, O¡go {H$ {df`^«m[ÝV`m| go dh {\$a
ZîQ> Z hmoZo nmdo &&36&& _Zwî` Xoh H$s gÎmm H$m AZmXa H$a Cg_| [ñWV Vm[ÎdH$ dñVw H$m
àË`j H$a|, {\$a Cggo hmoZodmbo bÁOm, ^`, {dfmX, B©î`m©, gwI, Xw…I Am{X Ho$ D$na
~am~a {dO` àmßV H$a| &&37&&
Xoh H$s gÎmm Ho$ AZmXa _| Cnm`^yV {dMma {XIbmVo h¢ &
eara H$m H$maU OJV² Am¡a OJV² H$m ^r H$maU nhbo hr Zht ahm, {\$a AmO dh H$hm±
go ahoJm ? `{X H$hmo {H$ "gXod gmoåòX_J« AmgrV²' Bg lw{V _| ~Vbm`m J`m ~«÷mË_H$
H$maU Vmo nhbo go hr h¡, Vmo `h ^r `wŠV Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ Eogm _mZZo na H$m`© `{X H$maU
H$m hr ê$n h¡, Vmo Am{Ia _| dh ~«÷ê$n hr {gÕ hmoVm h¡, AÝ`ê$n Zht &&38&& g_ñV
{dH$ënm| go {Z_w©ŠV {dewÕ à{V^m_mÌ hr ~«÷ H$m ñdê$n h¡ & {dH$ën à{V^m ^r {MXm^mgê$n
kmZê$nm hr h¡, Bg{bE kmZ go n¥WH²$ KQ> Am{X H$m A[ñVËd Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw g_ñV OJV²
kmZê$n hr h¡ &&39&& {Og_| AmË_VÎdê$n lr à{V{~[å~V h¡ Eogr k{ßV `mZr {MXm^mgê$n
kmZ V~ hmoVm h¡, O~ {H$ AmË_m H$m VÎdkmZ nhbo Zht ahVm, Bg{bE CgH$mo
àË`JmË__mÌñdê$n OmZ boZo na dh ñd`§ ZîQ> hmo OmòJr, Š`m|{H$ Cg g_` AmË_VÎd go
AbJ H$aZodmbr H$moB© Cnm{Y^yV dñVw AbJ Zht ahoJr & R>rH$ hr h¡, Xn©U _| XoIr JB©
_wIemo^m Xn©U Ho$ hQ> OmZo na ñd`§ hr emÝV hmo OmVr h¡ & O~ Cnm{Y emÝV hmo OmVr
h¡ V~ k{ßV H$m ñdê$n Zht H$hm OmVm & Cg g_` gXm ñWm`r {edñdê$n EH$_mÌ AmË_m
hr Ad{eîQ> ahVm h¡ & `h {edñdê$n dñVw eara Am{X Ad`dm| go a{hV OJÐÿn go {Z_w©ŠV
nyU©, emÝV, kmZ, ko` Ed§ k{ßVê$n {ÌnwQ>r go eyÝ`, nËWa H$s MÅ>mZm| Ho$ gÑe dmUr Ho$
ì`mnmam| go d{O©V h¡ Am¡a `h gmam àn§M VÐÿn hr h¡ &&40,41&&
Amn g~ bmoJm| H$mo dh {edñdê$n [ñW{V hr àmßV H$aZr Mm{hò, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Bg{bE Amn bmoJ O¡go nmfmU-à{V_mE± emÝV ahVr h¢, d¡go hr AnZo AÝV…H$aU H$mo
emÝV ~ZmH$a ñdñW hmoBE Ed§ gm§gm[aH$ g~ ì`dhmam| H$mo H$aVo VWm H$amVo hþE ^r kmZr
Ho$ ê$n _| hr [ñWV a{hò &&42&& ko` Am¡a kmZ go eyÝ` gÐÿn, gV² Am¡a AgV² Ho$ gma^yV,
AmH$meJmobH$ Ho$ g_mZ {deX VWm g§gma Ho$ AH$maU^yV Amn bmoJ hmo OmBò &&43&& kmZr
nwéf AnZr BÀN>m Ho$ AZwgma Ohm± Mmho [ñWV ahVo h¢ Am¡a Ohm± OmZo H$s BÀN>m hmoVr h¡,
~‹S>o AmZÝX go dhm± Mbo OmVo h¢ & do EH$_mÌ àmaãYàmßV AnZm H$_© H$aVo hþE na~«÷
na_mË_m Ho$ ñdê$n^yV ~Z OmVo h¢ &&44&&
AWdm {ZaÝVa g_m{Y _| hr [ñWV a{hò, `h H$hVo h¢ &
AWdm g_ñV BÀN>mAm| Ho$ CÎm_ Ë`mJ go emÝV hþE AÝV…H$aU go `wŠV hmoH$a Amn bmoJ,
{MÌH$_© _| {b{IV _y{V©`m| Ho$ gÑe, {ZíMbd¥{Îm hmo EH$mÝV ñWmZm| _| hr [ñWV a{hò &&45&&
^Ð, g§H$ën H$s em{ÝV hmo OmZo na O¡go g§H$ënZJa emÝV hmo OmVm h¡ AWdm OmJ«V²-nwéf Ho$
{bE ñdßZ ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ d¡go hr g_m{Y Am¡a ì`dhma Xem _| {ZaÝVa AmË_kmZ go gånÝZ
nwéf Ho$ {bE gånyU© OJV² gXm Ho$ {bE hr {dZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ &&46&&
dhr VÎdkmZ {Zdm©U _| Cn`moJr h¡, Omo ZoÌdmbo nwéf H$mo hþE ê$nmZw^d Ho$ gÑe àË`j Ed§
nyUm©ZÝXmZw^d VH$ [ñWa ah gH$Vm h¡, OÝ_mÝY nwéf H$s ê$nH$ënZm Ho$ gÑe namoj-gm
VÎdkmZ {Zdm©U _| Cn`moJr Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Hw$N> doXmÝVdmŠ`m| Ho$ ldU go hr "_¢ VÎdk hmo J`m' Bg àH$ma Ho$ ^«_ _| n‹S>H$a _moj H$m
dU©Z H$a ahm AkmZr nwéf, XoIZodmbo nwéf H$mo hþE ê$nmZw^d H$m dU©Z H$a aho OÝ_mÝY nwéf
Ho$ gÑe, AnZo ^rVa _mZ-An_mZ Am{X Xw…Im| go gÝVßV ahVm h¡ & VÎdk Ho$ gÑe ^rVa
gwI H$m AZw^d Zht H$aVm &&47&&
AÝYJmobm§Jyb Ý`m` go AgV² CnXoe go R>Jo Jò nwéfm| _| ^r H¥$VmW©Vm H$s ^«m{ÝV hmoVr h¡,
`h bmoH$ _| à{gÕ h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
A{dÚmñdê$n {Og-{H$gr H$mën{ZH$ CnXoe go H$moB© nwéf "_¢ H¥$VmW© hÿ±' `m| `{X _mZVm
h¡, Vmo dh AkmZr hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Agb _| AH¥$VmW© hr h¡ & AnZo _| H¥$VmW©Vm OmZ ahm dh _yI©Vm
go AË`ÝV _mo{hV h¡ & Eogm nwéf Xygao jU _| AZoH${dY `mVZmAm| Ho$ H$maU AnZr AH¥$VmW©Vm
hr OmZ nmòJm &&48,49&&
Bggo H$ënZmË_H$ kmZ _moj H$m Cnm` Zht h¡, VÎdkm| Ho$ Bg AZw^d H$mo boH$a Cng§hma
H$aVo h¢ &
Omo H$mën{ZH$ Cnm` h¡ dh {Z_ofâ _| hr ^md, A^md VWm BÀN>m ^«_m| go Xw…IXm`r hmoZo
Ho$ H$maU _moj H$m Cnm` Zht h¡, `h VÎdkm| H$m _V h¡ &&50&&
Bg{bE nydm}ŠV VÎdkmZ H$mo hr dmgZm{dZmen`©ÝV Ñ‹T> H$aZm Mm{hò & dhr VÎdkmZ
{Zdm©U ê$n ~Z OmVm h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
OJÐÿn ^«_ H$m AÀN>r Vah kmZH$a Omo dmgZmeyÝ` [ñW{V hmoVr h¡ dhr {Zdm©U H$hm OmVm
h¡, {haÊ`J^©ñWmZ VH$ Ho$ g_ñV {df` CgH$s Anojm Zrag h¢ &&51&& Bg{bE ho lram_^Ð,
_¢Zo {Og AW© H$m CnXoe {X`m h¡ Cgo bm¡{H$H$ `m nm¡am{UH$ H$WmW© Ho$ gÑe H$ënZm_mÌê$n
~{h_w©Id¥{Îm go OmZH$a Amn H¥$VmW© _V hm|Jo, {H$ÝVw EH$_mÌ dmgZmAm| H$s ^`§H$a ~m‹T> go Mmam|
Amoa ~h aho OJÐÿnr A{MV² Ob H$mo hr XoI|Jo V^r _moj _| [ñWV ah|Jo `mZr H¥$VmW© hm|Jo &&52&&
CgrH$mo Ñ‹T> H$aVo hþE H$hVo h¢ &
ŸyÕ - 43] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1897
ho ^Ð, CnXoedMZm| go OÝ_mÝY nwéf Ho$ ê$nmZw^d Ho$ gÑe namojê$n `{X AmnZo
OmZm, Vmo dh AmnH$m Z OmZZm hr h¡ `mZr AkmZ hr h¡,Š`m|{H$ Anamoj dñVw Ho$ {df` _|
hþAm namojkmZ Ho$db ^«_mË_H$ hr hmoVm h¡ & Bg{bE Eogo kmZ H$mo {VañH¥$V H$a àË`JmË_ñdê$n
Bg {ZË` Anamoj AmË_kmZ _| n‹S>H$a Amn OÝ_m{XeyÝ` AmË_mZw^dê$n hr ~Z OmBò, `hr
{Zdm©U h¡ &&53&&
~`mbrgdm± gJ© g_mßV
V¢Vmbrgdm± gJ©
AkmZH$[ënV `jZJa O¡go Bg OJV² H$m ewÕ VÎdkmZ go
{dZme hmo OmZo na EH$_mÌ ~«÷ _| hr [ñW{V hmo OmVr h¡ `h dU©Z &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_^Ð, ^moŠVm Am¡a ^mo½`ê$n `h Omo gånyU© AmÝVa
AhÝVm{X Am¡a ~mø OJV² h¡ dh g~ VÎdkmZ go (OJXZw^dê$n ^moJ Ho$ ñdê$nkmZ go) AgË`
~Z OmVm h¡ & Omo ^moJ hmoVm h¡ CgH$m AdgmX {M{V go hr hmoVm h¡ & dh ^moŠVm Am¡a ^mo½` Ho$
gå~ÝY H$m AZw^d h¡ & Cgr AZw^d go _moh Ho$ Ûmam AmË_m Am¡a AZmË_m Ho$ Y_m] H$mo EH$ Xygao
_| g_PZodmbo `mZr ^moŠVm _| hr AmË_~w{Õ aIZodmbo _y‹T>m| H$mo ~mø OJV² H$m ^moJ hmoVm h¡,
ñdV… Zht & Bg{bE na_mW©Xem _| ~mø Am¡a Amä`ÝVa OJV² H$m AZw^d ~«÷ê$n hr h¡ &&1&&
Bgr{bE VÎdkm{Z`m| H$mo ^mo½`dJm] _| é{M Zht hmoVr, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Omo nwéf AkmZ go ^br^m±{V _wŠV hmo J`m h¡ VWm {OgH$s AmË_m ~moY go erVb hmo MwH$s
h¢, Eogo _hmZw^d H$m `hr {M• h¡ {H$ Cgo ^moJOb éMVm Zht &&2&&
Bg àH$ma ^mo½`dñVwAm| go Omo {daŠV hmo Jò h¢ CZHo$ {bE ^moŠVm _| Ah§H$maê$nr A§e H$m
EH$_mÌ Ë`mJ H$a XoZo go {dewÕ {MÝ_mÌê$n go Ad{eîQ> {Zdm©U {gÕ hmo OmVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, Zm_ê$nmË_H$ {df`m| Ho$ ^«_ñdê$n Xygao-Xygao kmZm| H$m gånmXZ H$aZm {ZaW©H$ hr
h¡ & Ho$db Ah§~w{Õ H$m A^md hr _moj h¡, `h Amn Om{Zò &&3&&
^moJOb Zht éMVm, `h Omo H$hm J`m h¡, Cgr H$mo nwZ… {deXê$n go H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go ñdßZ _| Ñ{îQ>JmoMa hþE nXmW© OJo hþE nwéf H$mo {H$gr Vah H$m AmZÝX àXmZ Zht
H$aVo Am¡a Z CgH$s Ñ{îQ> _| do AnZm A[ñVËd hr aIVo h¢ d¡go hr "_¢' "`h OJV²' BË`m{X
^«_ _| XoIo Jò nXmW© Z Vmo VÎdkmZr H$mo AmZÝX àXmZ H$aVo h¢ Am¡a Z CgH$s Ñ{îQ> _|
AnZm A[ñVËd hr aIVo h¢ &&4&&
Bg {df` _| JÝYd©-_m`mH$[ënV ZJa ÑîQ>mÝV h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go `j AnZr ^mdZm go d¥j _| AnZo ñdOZ go `wŠV AgË` ZJa H$mo XoIVm h¡ d¡go hr
Ord AnZr A{dÚm go AgË` hr Bg {demb g§gma H$mo XoIVm h¡ &&5&& `Ú{n ^«m{ÝVH$[ënV
^moŠVmê$n hmoZo go {d^«_ê$n `j VWm ^«m{ÝVH$[ënV ^mo½`ñdê$n hmoZo go CgH$m ZJa ^r Zht
h¡, VWm{n nañna Cn^moJê$n AW©{H«$`mH$mar hmoZo go O¡go do XmoZm| gÐÿn H$s Vah [ñWV h¢ d¡go hr
{_Ï`m AhÝVm Am¡a OJV² H$m ^«_ ^r [ñWV h¡ &&6&&
ÑîQ>mÝV Am¡a Xmï>m©{ÝVH$ XmoZm| _| AgV² Ho$ ^r gË`ê$n go à{V^mg _| AmdaUeyÝ` gmjr H$m
AÜ`mg hr {Z{_Îm h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go O§Jb _| `j Am{X {d^«_ê$n hr ñ\w$[aV hmoVo h¢ d¡go hr AmdaU Z ahZo go ò Mm¡Xh
^wdZ ^r ñ\w$[aV hmoVo h¢ & VmËn`© `h {H$ AmdaUa{hV gmjr _| AÜ`mg Ho$ H$maU hr ò
Mm¡Xh ^wdZ ñ\w$[aV hmoVo h¢ &&7&&
`j Ho$ AnZo H$[ënV Xoh, ZJa Am{X Ho$ Cng§hma H$s Vah OJÐÿn Ho$ ~mY _| ^r Cgo EH$_mÌ
{_Ï`mê$n XoIZm hr hoVw h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go `h g~ Hw$N> EH$_mÌ _oam ^«_ h¡, Am¡a Hw$N> Zht `m| {dMma H$aVm hþAm `j A`j hmo
OmVm h¡ d¡go hr Ah_m{X g~ OJV² {_Ï`m hr h¡ `m| OmZH$a `h {MÎm {MÐÿn Vm[ÎdH$^md H$mo
àmßV hmo OmVm h¡ &&8&& gånyU© H$ënZmAm| VWm Ame§H$mAm| go a{hV, Ë`mJ VWm J«hU go eyÝ`,
~hþV Xya VH$ OmZodmbr g_ñV BÀN>mAm| go a{hV VWm emÝV hmoH$a ho lram_Or, O¡go Amn
[ñWV h¢, [ñWV a{hò &&9&&
{dMmanyd©H$ XoIZo go `h Ñí` EH$_mÌ ÐîQ>mê$n `m VwÀN>ê$n hr n`©d{gV hmoVm h¡, `h
H$hVo h¢ &
`h g~ Ñí` ÐîQ>mê$n hr ì`mßV h¡ AWdm gÎmm H$s CËn{Îm go eyÝ` ÐîQ>mê$n ^r `h Zht h¡,
Š`m|{H$ gV² na_mW© {MÐÿn ÐîQ¥>VÎd Omo AdmÀ` h¡ dh Š`m VwÀN> Ñí`ê$n ñWm{nV hmo gH$Vm h¡ ?
H$Xm{n Zht & H$moB© ^r gV² H$mo AgV²-ê$n Zht ~Zm gH$Vm, `h VmËn`© h¡ &&10&&
ÐîQ>m Ho$ Ñí`ñdê$n Z hmoZo na ^r ì`dhma _| Ñí`gÎmm H$s ñ\y${V© H$m {Zdm©hH$ ÐîQ>m hmo
gH$Vm h¡, `h ÑîQ>mÝV Ûmam {XIbmVo h¢ &
O¡go dgÝV F$Vw Ho$ ag H$m àdmh hr d¥j, Jwë_ Am{Xê$n h¡ d¡go hr EH$_mÌ AnZo ñdê$n go
hr n[anyU© ~Zm XoZodmbr AmË_g§{dV² hr g¥{îQ> h¡ &&11&&
naÝVw na_mW© _| Vmo ÐîQ>m Ho$ gmW EoŠ` H$s gå^mdZm ^r Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Omo `h OJV² H$m Am^mg h¡ dh g~ {dewÕ {MÝ_mÌ doXZê$n hr h¡ & Bg_| Š`m EH$Ëd `m
Š`m {ÛËd hmo gH$Vm h¡ & Bg{bE ho lram_Or, Amn nyUê© $n go {Zdm©Uñdê$n go [ñWV a{hò &&12&&
A~ ^JdmZ² d{gîR>Or g~Ho$ à{V X`m go {hVH$maH$ ~mV| CX²Kmo{fV H$aVo hþE CnXoe
XoVo h¢ &
ŸyÕ - 43] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1899
ho gÁOZm|, Amn g~Ho$ g~ {MÝ_` AmH$me hmo OmBò, na_ ag H$m {Za{Ve`mZÝX H$m nmZ
H$s{Oò VWm {Zdm©Uê$n ZÝXZdZ _| g^r Ame§H$mAm| go eyÝ` hmo [ñWV a{hò &&13&& ho _Zwî`m|,
Amn g~Ho$ g~ {~bHw$b eyÝ` Bg g§gmaê$nr _hmO§Jb H$s _é^y{_`m| _| ^«mÝV{MÎm _¥Jm| H$s ZmBª
Š`m| ^Q>H$Vo-{\$aVo h¢ ? &&14&& ho {ÌbmoH$sê$nr _¥JV¥îUmOb go R>Jo Jò AVEd ZîQ>~w{Õ Ordm|,
Amn bmoJ V¥îUm go M§MböX` hmoH$a ì`J«Vmnyd©H$ BYa-CYa _V Xm¡‹S>Vo {\$a| &&15&& ho ~mø
VWm Am{^_m{ZH$ ^moJê$nr _¥JV¥îUmObH$m nmZ H$aZodmbo _¥Jm|, Vw_ bmoJ ì`W© H$m n[al_
CR>mH$a AnZr Am`w _V J±dmAmo, _V J±dmAmo &&16&& ho gä`nwéfm|, OJX²ê$nr JÝYd©ZJa _|
{ddoH$ H$mo ZîQ> H$a XoZodmbo Jd© go Amn bmoJ ZîQ> Z hmo Om`| & AnZo H$mo ZîQ> H$a XoZo Ho$ {bE hr
[ñWV BZ gwIñdê$n gm§gm[aH$ nXmWm] H$mo Amn bmoJ Xw…Iê$n hr XoI| &&17&& OJX²-ê$nr
Ho$emoÊS´>H$ H$s ^«m{ÝV Ho$ {bE ~«÷mH$me Ho$ _Ü` _| AkmZê$nr Zr{b_m H$m Amn bmoJ AdbmoH$Z
Z H$a|, {H$ÝVw A^«mÝV AnZo ñdê$n _| n[aUV hmo Om`| - {dlm_ H$a| &&18&& ho _Zwî`m|, D±$Mr
emImAm| _| [ñWV nrnb Ho$ nÎmm| na {Jao VWm dm`w Ûmam H$[ånV hþB© Amog H$s ~y±Xm| Ho$ gÑe
jU^§Jaw _Zwî` earam|dmbr BZ g§gmaê$nr AÝYH$manyU© J^©eæ`mAm| na Amn e`Z _V H$a| &&19&&
Am{X Am¡a AÝV go eyÝ` nma_m{W©H$ ~«÷^md _| Amn bmoJ emÝV hmo {ZaÝVa [ñWV ah| & ÐîQ>m
Am¡a Ñí` BË`m{X {déÕ ñd^mdê$nr Xmof go ZîQ> Z hmo Om`| &&20&& AkmZrOZ hr Bg g§gma
H$mo gË` g_PVo h¢ & dñVwV… dh Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡ & Ad{eîQ> Omo gË`dñVw h¡ CgH$m Vmo Zm_ ^r
Zht h¡ &&21&& V¥îUmê$nr bmoho H$s l¥§Ibm go do{îQ>V g§gmaê$nr qnOao H$mo AmË_kmZ Ho$ ~b go
O~X©ñVr VmoS‹ >H$a qgh Ho$ g_mZ g~Ho$ D$na [ñWV a{hò &&22&& "_¢' Am¡a "_oam" Bg A{^_mZê$n
^«m{ÝV H$s EH$_mÌ em{ÝV hr _w{ŠV h¡ & BgHo$ {gdm Am¡a H$moB© Xygar dñVw _w{ŠV Zht h¡ & VWm
{Og {H$gr ê$n go [ñWV `moJr H$s dh AnZr gÎmm hr h¡ &&23&&
Anma g§gma_mJ© _| {ZaÝVa MbVo ahZo Ho$ H$maU {IÝZ hþE n{WH$m| Ho$ {bE dhr {dlm{ÝV
H$m EH$ AbJ ñWmZ h¡, dh {dlm{ÝV H$m ñWmZ h¡, `m| CgrH$s H$ënZmH$a H$hVo h¢ &
Bg g§gmaê$nr _mJ© _| bJmVma ObVo ahZo go {IÝZ hþE n{WH$ Ho$ {bE {Zdm©UVm,
dmgZmeyÝ`Vm Am¡a CËH¥$îQ> {Ì{dYVmneyÝ`Vm ò VrZm| hr emÝV {dlm_ H$s ^y{_H$m h¢ &&24&&
nañna H$WZ Ho$ A`mo½` AWm] go âo ò OJV² Ho$ nXmW© h¢ & BÝh| VÎdk O¡gm g_PVo h¢ d¡gm _yI©
Zht g_PVo Am¡a _yI© O¡gm g_PVo h¢ d¡gm VÎdk Zht g_PVo &&25&& O¡go _hmg_wÐ go do{îQ>V
hmo g_wÐê$n go [ñWV hþB© J§Jm, JmoXmdar Am¡a Z_©Xm Am{X ZXrê$n AmH¥${V g_wÐdm{g`m| H$mo
CnbãY Zht hmoVr, d¡go hr ^«m[ÝV H$s {Zd¥{Îm hmo OmZo na `h g§gma H$s AmH¥${V ^r km{Z`m| H$mo
CnbãY Zht hmoVr &&26&&
{\$a BgrH$mo ñnîQ>ê$n go H$hVo h¢ &
^«_ Ho$ emÝV hmo OmZo na gm§gm[aH$ ñdê$n go [ñWV hr OrdÝ_wŠV kmZr Ho$ {bE `h
g§gmaê$n ^r CnbãY Zht hmoVm & CgHo$ {bE Vmo AnZo ñdê$n _| [ñWV EH$_mÌ na~«÷
na_mË_m hr {dÚ_mZ ahVm h¡ &&27&& O¡go Iy~ Obm {Xò Jò V¥Um| H$s ^ñ_ H$m T>oa dm`w
go C‹S>H$a Z OmZo {H$g OJh na Mbm OmVm h¡, d¡go hr AmË_ñdê$n _| {dlm_ H$aZodmbm|
H$s g§J{V go kmZ àmßVH$a gÁOZ nwéfm| H$m `h OJV² Z OmZo H$hm± Mbm OmVm h¡ &&28&&
~«÷nX H$m Omo ~¥§hUê$n (dÕ©Zerb) AW© h¡ Cgr H$m AmH$ma{deof OJV² h¡ & dh AmH$ma{deof
`{X ~«÷eãX H$m _w»`mW©ê$n AmË_m hr `mZr {Z{d©H$ën-ñdàH$me-{Za{Ve`mZÝX àË`JmË_m
hr h¡, V~ Vmo dh "OJV²' eãX H$m AW© ~hþV CÎm_ h¡ & {H$ÝVw "JÀN>{V-fS²>{dY{dH$ma¢…
n[adV©Vo - B{V OJV²' `mZr N>… Vah Ho$ {dH$mam| go Omo gXm n[ad{V©V hmoVm h¡ Cgo OJV²
H$hVo h¢ & Bg Vah H$s ì`wËn{Îm go "OJV²' eãX H$m AW© `{X {dH$mamË_H$ H$m`m] H$m ^mJr
{H$`m OmVm h¡, Vmo {\$a dh AW© CÎm_ Zht h¡ &&29&&
Bg g§gma Ho$ {Z{d©H$ën H$m AZw^d ~ÀMo H$mo ^r hmoVm h¡, CgH$m gmå` {XIbmVo h¢ &
{Og ~ÀMo H$mo A^r {deof kmZ Zht hþAm h¡ CgH$mo ò g§gma Ho$ nXmW© {Og Vah Ho$ ^mgVo
h¢, R>rH$ Cgr Vah Ho ò g^r g§gma Ho$ nXmW© dmgZmeyÝ` [ñWV {dÛmZ² H$mo ^mgVo h¢ &&30&&
BZ gm§gm[aH$ nXmWm] H$m AZw^d VÎdkm{Z`m| H$mo O¡gm hmoVm h¡ d¡gm _yIm] H$mo Zht Am¡a _yIm]
H$mo O¡gm hmoVm h¡ d¡gm VÎdkm{Z`m| H$mo Zht "`h Omo D$na H$hm J`m h¡, CgH$m JrVm _|
à{Vnm{XV ^JdmZ² lrH¥$îU Ho$ dMZ go _ob {XIbmVo h¢ &
^Ð, AmË_m H$m `WmW© kmZ Akm{Z`m| Ho$ {bE EH$ Vah H$s amV hr h¡, Š`m|{H$ O¡go AÝYoar
amV àH$meê$n Zht ahVr, d¡go hr Akm{Z`m| Ho$ à{V AmË_m H$m kmZ ^r àH$meê$n Zht ahVmŸ&
Bg Vah H$s Omo AmË_{dÚmê$nr amV h¡ Cg_| {OVo[ÝÐ` VÎdk nwéf OmJVm ahVm h¡ `mZr
AmË_{dÚm Ho$ {bE VÎdk nwéf {ZaÝVa Eogo gmdYmZ ahVm h¡ {H$ Cg_| go jUâ Ho$ {bò ^r
À`wV Zht hmoVm & Am¡a {Og Û¡V~w{Õê$n AkmZXem _| àmUr ì`dhma H$aVo h¢ dh VÎdk _w{Z Ho$
{bE amV h¡, Š`m|{H$ kmZr Ho$ à{V CgH$m àH$me hr Zht ahVm &&31&&
BgrH$s ì`m»`m H$aVo h¢ &
My±{H$ AkmZê$n AÝYH$ma go g^r àmUr Amd¥V h¢, Bg{bE gwfwßV H$s Vah [ñWV AmË_VÎd
hr Bg VÎdkmZr nwéf Ho$ {bE A{daV OmJaUê$n h¡, Bgr Ñ{îQ >go `m "{Zem gd©^yVmZm§ Vñ`m§
OmJ{V© g§`_r' `h H$hm J`m h¡ Am¡a My±{H$ _y‹T> OZmo§ _| OmJ«X²ê$n go à{gÕ eãXm{X{df`mñdmX
{MÌ _| XoIo Jò `wÕm{X H$s Vah gm_Zo [ñWV ahVo hþE ^r Bg VÎdkmZr H$s Ñ{îQ> _| Zht ahVo
Bg{bE "`ñ`m§ OmJ{V© ^yVm{Z gm {Zem ní`Vmo _wZo…' `h H$hm J`m h¡ &&32&&
CÎmamY© H$s nwZ… ì`m»`m H$aVo h¢ &
ŸyÕ - 43] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1901
OÝ_mÝY nwéf H$mo hþE ê$nm| Ho$ AZw^d Ho$ gÑe kmZr nwéf H$mo OJV² H$m AZw^d `{X
hmoVm h¡, Vmo dh am{ÌñdßZdV² hmoVm h¡ Am¡a `{X Zht hmoVm, Vmo {ZemgwfwßV Ho$ g_mZ hmoVm
h¡ &&33&& _y‹T> nwéfm| H$mo Xw…Iê$n go à{gÕ ò VrZm| OJV² CÝht Ho$ {bE h¢, VÎdkmZr Ho$ {bE
Zht, Š`m|{H$ ò gV² Zht h¡ & (`{X kmZr Ho$ {bE {df`mon^moJ Zht h¡, Vmo {\$a dh kmZr
{H$ggo V¥ßV hmoH$a Or{dV ahVm h¡, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &) ñdßZê$n go ñdßZ H$m kmZ hmo OmZo na
ñdßZ Ho$ ~mø Am¡a Amä`ÝVa {df` OmJo hþE nwéf H$mo O¡go Zht éMVo, d¡go hr `Ú{n OmJ«V²-
ñdßZ Ho$ ^moJ Zht éMVo, {\$a ^r dh gmao ôXm| go a{hV, g~Ho$ {dídmg Ho$, lÕm Ho$ ^mOZ
na_ EoŠ` H$mo àmßV, {Zdm©Uñdê$n hmoH$a gd©Xm _Z _| nyU© em{ÝV H$m Adbå~Z H$a hr Ad[ñWV
ahVm h¡ & ^moJm| H$s dmgZmAm| Ûmam {MÎm H$m ~mha AmH$f©U Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU kmZr H$s [ñW{V
Ü`mZ Ho$ {MÎm{ZamoY Ho$ {bE {H$ò OmZodmbo à`ËZ Ho$ {~Zm ^r g_mZ hr ahVr h¡ (BgH$m
ÑîQ>mÝV Ûmam CnnmXZ H$aVo h¢ &) R>rH$ hr h¡ Zmbr Am{X {ZåZ_mJ© Ho$ {~Zm Vmbm~ Am{X Ho$
Ob H$s àdmh Am{X {H«$`m Hw$N> hmo Zht gH$Vr &&34-36&&
~mø AWm] H$m ~mY hmoZo na ~mø B[ÝÐ`m| H$m {ZamoY hmo gH$Vm h¡, naÝVw _Z H$m {ZamoY H¡$go
hmo gH$Vm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
AW© ({df`) hr _Z h¡ Am¡a _Z hr AW© h¡ & Omo ~mø Am¡a Amä`ÝVaê$n {df`m^mg h¡, dh
_Z hr h¡ &&37&& O¡go Z{X`m| Ho$ Ob O~ VH$ g_wÐ _| Zht nhþ±MVo V~ VH$ ZXr, àdmh Am{X
ZmZm{dY AmH$mam| _| ^m{gV hmoVo h¢, {H$ÝVw O~ do g_wÐ _| OmH$a {_b OmVo h¢, V~ Vmo EH$_mÌ
Obê$n hr ^mgVo h¢, d¡go hr ~mø Am¡a Amä`ÝVa gånyU AW© VWm AZWm] H$m g_wXm` Omo
ñ\w$[aV hmoVm h¡ dh g~ gd©Ì ì`mßV _Z hr ñ\w$[aV hmoVm h¡, Cgr go AWm] H$m {Z^m©g hmoVm h¡ &
_Z VWm g§gma Ho$ nXmWm] _| ôX Eogo Zht h¡, O¡go Ob Am¡a Va§Jm| _| ôX Zht h¡ & (R>rH$ h¡, Eogm
hr ghr, {H$ÝVw Bggo àH¥$V _| Š`m Am`m ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &) Bg{bE _Z VWm gm§gm[aH$ nXmW©
BZ XmoZm| _| go {H$gr EH$H$m ~mY hmo OmZo na XmoZm| H$m hr ~mY hmo OmVm h¡, O¡go {H$ ndZ VWm
CgHo$ ñnÝXZ H$m & Bg{bE Bg_| V{ZH$ ^r gÝXoh Zht {H$ na_mW©Ñ{îQ> go {Z…gma Bg OJV² _|
EH$ê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AW©k Am¡a _Z XmoZm| hr {H$gr EH$ H$s em§[V go emÝV hmo OmVo h¢ & Bggo
VÎdkmZ go O~ AW© H$m ~mY hmo OmVm h¡ V~ _Z ^r ~m{YV hmo hr OmVm h¡ &&38-41&& g§gma
Ho$ g~ AW© g§H$ënê$n hr h¢, ~w{Õ_mZ² ì`{ŠV H$mo CgH$s H$^r ^r BÀN>m Zht H$aZm Mm{hE, _Z
H$s ^r `hr [ñW{V h¡, Bg{bE VÎdkmZ go AWm] H$s Ed§ _Z H$s {Zd¥{Îm Adí` hmo OmòJr &&42&&
g§gma Ho$ nXmWm] Am¡a _Z H$m Omo `h ~mY h¡ dh ñdßZ _| hþE ì`mK«Zme Ho$ g_mZ AZîQ> H$m
hr Zme h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, kmZr nwéf Ho$ AW© Am¡a _Z AZîQ> hr ZîQ> hmo OmVo h¢ AWm©V² O~ AW© Am¡a _Z H$s
H$^r CËn{Îm hr Zht hþB©, V~ CZH$m Zme hr Š`m ? Bg{bE do AZîQ>> hr h¢ & O¡go {H$ {H$gr EH$
{_Q²>Q>r H$s _y{V© _| ^«m{ÝV go H$moB© EH$ nwéf AnZo eÌw H$s H$ënZm H$a boVm h¡, {H$ÝVw kmZ go O~
CgH$mo {_Å>r H$s _y{V© _mby_ n‹S> OmVr h¡, V~ dh _y{V© Z eÌwê$n hr ahVr h¡ Am¡a Z eÌwO{ZV
^` H$s H$maU hr hmoVr h¡, ~g dhr [ñW{V `hm± na ^r h¡ &&43&& kmZr nwéf H$s Ñ{îQ> _| AW© Am¡a
_Z XmoZm| nma_m{W©H$ ~«÷-ñd^md go hr [ñWV h¢ & do {Og gm§gm[aH$ {_Ï`mê$n go [ñWV Wo Cg
ê$n go {dbjU nyUm©ZÝXmË_H$ nma_m{W©H$ gËñdê$n go hr [ñWV h¢ &&44&& VÎdk H$s Ñ{îQ> go
gwIm{X ^moJ Ed§ OJV² H$mo H$m`©-H$maUê$n go OwQ>m XoZo _| g_W© H$mb, H$mbH¥$V OÝ_m{X{dH$ma,
^moJH$Vm© Ed§ Akm| Ho$ eãXm{X {df`-ò g~ Eogo AgV² h¢, O¡go g_rn _| gmoò hþE nwéf H$m ñdßZ
Amoa AYra ~mbH$ H$mo gm_Zo ^mg ahm `j &&45&& O¡go Yra-dra nwéfH$s Ñ{îQ> _| {nemM~w{Õ
A[ñVËd Zht aIVr, Eogo hr kmZr nwéf H$s Ñ{îQ> _| Akm{Z`m| Ho$ g_ñV OJV² ^r A[ñVËd Zht
aIVo & AkmZr nwéf kmZr H$mo ^r ~hþVH$mb VH$ AkmZr g_PVm h¡ & R>rH$ hr h¡, AkmZr H$s
Ñ{îQ> go Vmo dÝÜ`m ^r nwÌ-nm¡Ì Am{X naånam go ~‹T>Vr-ahVr h¡ &&46&&
V~ VÎdkmZr nwéf OJV² H$m ñd^md H¡$gm _mZVo h¢, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
VÎdkmZr bmoJ Vmo ko`ê$n Z hmoVo hþE ^r ñdàH$meñdê$n hmoZo go hr AWm©^mg H$s Vah
[ñWV `mZr ^mg_mZ (ko`ê$n) VWm Am{X Am¡a AÝV go eyÝ` ~«÷ê$n ~moY H$mo g§gma H$m
Agbr ñd^md H$hVo h¢ &&47&&
~mø AWm] _| H$ho Jò OmZZo Ho$ àH$ma H$mo Amä`ÝVa _mZ{gH$ AWm] _| Am¡a g_PZm Mm{hE,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
Am¡a _Z Ho$ eãXmW© go a{hV (_mZ{gH$ kmZ Ho$ A{df`) H$mbm{X {d^mJH¥$V n[a[ÀN>ÝZVm
go d{O©V ~moYê$nr Ob _Z Ed§ ~w{Õê$nr Va§Jm| go `wŠV-gm àVrV hmoVm h¡, naÝVw dh {Z_©b hr
hr h¡ Am¡a BgrH$mo àn§MJV ñd^md g_PVo h¢ &&48&&
Bg Vah {dñVma Ho$ gmW AkmZr Am¡a VÎdkm{Z`m| Ho$ OJV²-kmZ Ho$ Omo Xmo àH$ma {XIbmò
Jò h¢, CZ_| `WmW©ê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {ÛVr` àH$ma hr CnmXo` h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, ewÕ AmË_m Ho$ ^rVa g§gma Ho$ nXmWm] VWm _Z H$m g§^d H$hm± h¡ AWdm
do h¢ hr Š`m ? Bg _Z VWm OJV² Ho$ {df` _| CËnÝZ hþB© ^«m{ÝV {~bHw$b {ZaW©H$ h¡ & Bg{bE
Amngo `hr H$hZm h¡ {H$ Amn ~«÷ñd^md _| [ñWV a{hò &&49&&
AnZr Agbr [ñW{V O~ gwÑ‹T> hmo OmVr h¡, V~ OmJ«V² Am{X VrZm| AdñWmE± EH$_mÌ Vwar`
~moYê$n ~Z OmVr h¢ VXZÝVa _Z H$mo _ZZ H$aZoH$m H$moB© {df` hr Zht ah OmVm, Bggo _Z ^r
emÝV hmo OmVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
eaV²H$mb Ho$ H$_bm|, Vmam| `m _Zwî`m| H$mo AmH$me H$s ZmBª ewÕkmZñdê$n ~«÷ñd^md _|
ŸyÕ - 43] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1903
[ñWV nwéfm| H$mo OmJ«V,² ñdßZ Am¡a gwf{w ßV BZ VrZm| AdñWmAm| go _Z H$m AZw^d Zht hmoVm &&50&&
{Og_| AZÝV ZmZmËd (ôX) Cn[ñWV h¡, Eogo gånyU© ko` H$m {dYyZZ H$aHo$ ho lram_MÝÐOr,
aÁOy _| AÜ`ñV gn© H$m {dYyZZ H$a AnZo ñdê$n _| [ñWV aÁOy H$s ZmBª Amn ^r AnZo {MX²KZ
ñd^md _| [ñWV hmo OmBò &&51&& ~mø Am¡a Amä`ÝVa nXmWm] Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo k{ßV hr YmaU
H$aVr h¡, O¡go {H$ ~rO emIm VWm \$b Am{X Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo YmaU H$aVm h¡Ÿ & AV… ho lr
am_MÝÐOr, ~VbmBò Vmo ghr, Eogr [ñW{V _| AW© Am¡a _Z H$hm± aho ? &&52&& ko` nXmWm] Ho$
A^md go k{ßV (~w{Õ `m d¥{Îm) ^r A{Zd©MZr` nXH$mo àmßV hmo MwH$s h¡ & Bg{bE ho lram_MÝÐOr,
gånyU© {deofm| go eyÝ` ñd`§àH$me gÐÿn AmË_m hr eof h¡ &&53&&
nXmW© Am¡a _Z XmoZm| H$m {Zê$nU EH$-Xygao Ho$ AYrZ hmoZo go BZ_| H$moB© ôX Z ahZo na
Am{Ia _| EH$_mÌ ^«m{ÝV hr BZ_| {gÕ hmoVr h¡, `h H$hm h¡ &
AW© hr _Z h¡ Am¡a dh A^mdê$n ^«_ h¡ VWm _Z hr OJV² Ho$ nXmW© ê$n go n[aUV hmoVm
h¡ Am¡a dh ^r A^mdê$n ^«_ hr h¡ &&54&&
V~ Eogr Xem _| OJV² Ho$ nXmW© Am¡a _Z do XmoZm| VÎdV… Š`m h¡ & Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
~«÷ Ho$ gånyU© dñVwAm| H$s AmË_m hmoZo go H$maUeyÝ` Bg _Zê$n go dhr ^mgVm h¡ Am¡a
^«_ Ho$ AZw^d go nXmW© ^r {_Ï`m hr ^mgVm h¡ &&55&& ho lram_Or, O¡go H$maUa{hV AWm]
H$m àH$me hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr H$maU a{hV hr _Z ^r ^mgVm h¡ & {~Obr H$s M_H$ Ho$ Vwë`
A[ñWa `h _Z BYa-CYa AnZr M§MbVm àH$Q> H$aVm h¡ &&56&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, EH$_mÌ
_Z H$m ñdê$n hmoH$a Amn ^r Bg g§gma _| ^«mÝV-go hmo aho h¢ & EH$ AmË_ñd^md H$m `{X
Amn n[akmZ H$a boVo h¢, V~ Vmo Amn Z _Zê$n h¢ Am¡a Z ^«mÝV-go hr hmo aho h¢ &&57&& `h
{Z[íMV h¡ {H$ _Z go hr `h g§gma CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a AmË_kmZ go emÝV hmo OmVm h¡ &
grn _| Mm±Xr Ho$ ^«_ Ho$ AmH$ma H$m _Zwî` PyR>-_yR> _| Xw…I CR>mVm h¡ &&58&& naÝVw kmZ hr
na_mË_m H$m Agbr ñdê$n h¡ Am¡a g§gma H$m A^md ^r kmZê$n hr h¡ & {Zdm©U go {^ÝZ
"Ah_²' `h ^«_ê$n gÎmm Vmo EH$_mÌ Xw…I Ho$ {bE hr h¡ &&59&&
V~ {Zdm©U go {^ÝZ "Ah_²' `h ^«_ê$n gÎmm {H$g Cnm` go emÝV hmoVr h¡, dh Cnm`
~VbmVo h¢ &
_¥JV¥îUmOb Ho$ gÑe Bg Ah§H$ma H$m ê$n AgV² Am¡a eyÝ` hr h¡, Bg Vah Ho$ AmË_m Ho$
n[akmZ go `h Ah§H$ma {~bHw$b emÝV hmo OmVm h¡ &&60&&
Eogm H¡$go hmoJm ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
g¥{îQ> Ho$ àmaå^ _| kmZ_` ~«÷m gd©k hmoZo Ho$ H$maU g¥{îQ> H$aZo `mo½` g^r nXmWm] H$mo
AmË_ñdê$n hr OmZH$a ñd`§ Cg Vah Ho$ kmZ`wŠV {haÊ`J^© hmoH$a CgHo$ g§H$ën Ho$ AZwgma
~mø Am¡a Amä`ÝVa nXmW©ê$nVm H$mo AnZo ewÕ AmË_ñdê$n H$m n[aË`mJ Z H$aVo hþE hr Eogo
àmßV hmo Jò, O¡go Va§Jê$nVm H$mo Ob &&61&&
R>rH$ h¡, Eogm hr ghr, {H$ÝVw Bggo àH¥$V _| Š`m Am`m, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
Bggo `h {gÕ hþAm {H$ _yb go boH$a emIm Ho$ AJ«^mJ VH$ d¥j H$s O¡go EH$ hr gÎmm h¡ d¡go
hr kmVm, kmZ Am¡a ko`ê$n OJV² _| ^r AË`ÝV {Z{d©H$ma^md H$mo àmßV ko`n`©ÝV EH$ hr k{ßV
H$s (kmZñdê$n ~«÷ H$s) gÎmm gd©Ì ^mg ahr h¡, Xygar gÎmm Zht h¡ &&62&&
gÎmm H$s EH$Vm _| Xygam ÑîQ>mÝV XoH$a CgH$m CnnmXZ H$aVo h¢ &
O¡go bmIm| `moOZn`©ÝV Xya EH$ hr {Z_©b AmH$me ^mgVm h¡, d¡go hr ko`n`©ÝV EH$ hr
AI[ÊS>V {Z_©b kmZ ^mgVm h¡ &&63&&
kmZ H$s {Z_©bVm _| ^r `hr ÑîQ>mÝV h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go gd©Ì {dÚ_mZ EH$ AmH$me eyÝ`ê$n hmoZo go {Z_©b h¡, d¡go kmZ-ko`Xem _| ^r
{dÚ_mZ ~«÷ {Z_©b h¡, `h OmZH$a [ñWV a{hò &&64&& O¡go KZr^yV hmoH$a Kr AnZo H$mo
nmfmUê$n H$a boVm h¡ Eogo hr MoVZ {df`ê$n hmoH$a AnZo H$mo {MÎmê$n H$aVm h¡ &&65&&&
~moYê$n AmË_m Ho$ AkmZ go hr Xoe, H$mb Am{X gm_J«r Ho$ {~Zm `h AkmZr AmË_m {MÎmê$n
~Z J`m h¡ & dñVwV… CŠV VH$m] go `h AmË_m EH$ hr [ñWV h¡ &&66&& ewÕ {MXmË_m _| `Ú{n
AkmZ Am{X H$m H$moB© g§^d Zht h¡, VWm{n AkmZH$mb _| EH$ Xygam| H$mo ~moY XoZo Ho$ {bE
`h g~ H$ënZm H$s OmVr h¡ &&67&&
My±{H$ A{dÚm Am{X H$m ñdê$n gd©Wm Ag§^d h¡, Bg{bE VÎdkmZ H$m CX` hmo OmZo na
A{dÚm Ho$ gmW g~ nXmW© Jb OmVo h¢ & Bg Vah Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, VÎdkmZ go _ybAkmZ Ho$ emÝV hmo OmZo na _hmZþ^md bmoJ A{^_mZa{hV
hmo Kr H$s Vah AnZo ñdê$n _| hr J{bV hmo OmVo h¢ VWm Jb OmZo go do {Za{Ve`mZÝXnyU©^md
go emÝV hmoVo hþE {djona{hV hmo {ZaÝVa g_m{Yê$nr {dlm{ÝV _| VËna hmoVo h¢ &&68&&
V¢Vmbrgdm± gJ© g_mßV
Mm¡dmbrgdm± gJ©
g_m{Yê$nr H$ënÐw_ H$mo ha Vah go ~moZm Mm{hò, Vm{H$ CgHo$ ZrMo
Ord H$m lmÝV _Zê$nr _¥J AÀN>r Vah {dlm{ÝV nm gHo$, `h dU©ZŸ&
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ho _wZo, g_m{Yê$nr d¥j H$s gÎmm H$m ([ñW{V H$m) H«$_e… dU©Z
H$s{Oò, Omo {ddoH$s nwéfm| Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ Cn`moJr g~ Vah Ho$ \$bm| go gwemo{^V h¡ VWm Omo bVm,
nwîn Am{X go `wŠV _Zê$nr _¥J H$mo {dlm{ÝV àXmZ H$aZodmbr h¡ &&1&& _hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo
ŸyÕ - 44] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1905
H$hm … ho lram_Or, gw{Zò, _¢ Amngo Eogo g_m{Yê$nr d¥j H$m dU©Z H$a ahm hÿ,± Omo {ddoH$sOZê$nr
O§Jb _| n¡Xm hþAm h¡, {OgH$s D±$MmB© A^r ^r ~‹T>Vr hr Om ahr h¡, Omo AnZo nÌ, nwîn Ed§ \$bm|
go Iy~ bXm h¡ Am¡a Omo {ddoH$s nwéfm| H$mo g~ Vah go OrdZ àXmZ H$aZodmbm h¡ &&2&&
eÌwAm| VWm gJo-gå~[ÝY`m| Ûmam hþE An_mZ Am{X go OÝ` Xw…I go `m ^m½`demV² AnZo-
Amn AWdm gmYwAm| `m {_Ìm| Am{X Ho$ CnXoe go `m Am¡a {H$gr Xygao {Z{_Îm go VmËn`© `h {H$
{Og {H$gr Vah go CËnÝZ hþAm Omo g§gmaê$nr dZ _| na_ d¡am½` h¡, CgrH$mo {dÛmZ² bmoJ
g_m{Yê$nr d¥j H$m ~rO H$hVo h¢ &&3&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, {MÎm H$mo hr {dÛmZ bmoJ Bg ~rO H$m
IoV ~VbmVo h¢, Omo ew^H$_©g_yhê$nr hbm| go Iy~ OmoVm J`m h¡, em{ÝV Am{X Ob go amV-{XZ
Iy~ gtMm J`m h¡ VWm {ZaÝVa ~h aho àmUm`m_ê$nr Zha go Omo `wŠV h¡ &&4&& `h g§gma H$m
na_ d¡am½`ê$n g_m{Y H$m ~rO {ddoH$sOZê$nr O§Jb _| {ddoH$kmZ go n[aîH¥$V {MÎmê$nr ^y{_
_| AnZo hr Amn OmH$a [JaVm h¡ &&5&& AnZr {MÎmê$n ^y{_ _| {Jao hþE nydm}ŠV d¡am½`ê$nr
g_m{Y~rO H$mo ~‹T>mZo H$s BÀN>m go Ñ‹T> ~w{Õ aIZodmbo IoXeyÝ` nwéf H$mo {ZåZ{b{IV Obm| go
à`ËZnyd©H$ {ZaÝVa Cgo gtMVo ahZm Mm{hò &&6&&
gd©n«W_ ~w{Õ_mZ nwéf H$mo gÁOZm| H$s g§J{Vê$nr ZdrZ jra go, VX²ZÝVa emóê$nr
A_¥V go Cgo gtMZm Mm{hò, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, ~w{Õ_mZ² nwéf H$mo Mm{hò {H$ dh ewÕ, ñZoh`wŠV, n{dÌ, _Ywa Am¡a
AmË_m Ho$ {bE {hVH$maH$, MÝÐ_m Ho$ A_¥V Ho$ gÑe gËg§Jê$nr ZyVZ jra go g_m{Y Ho$ ~rO H$mo
g~go nhbo gtMo & CgHo$ ~mX "Zo{V Zo{V' BË`m{X lw{V`m| Ûmam gånyU© Û¡V Ho$ {ZfoY go AÝV…H$aU
H$mo gm§gm[aH$ nXmWm] go eyÝ` ~Zm XoZodmbo, nyU©, ñdÀN>, g~ Vah Ho$ Vmnm| H$s em{ÝV hmo OmZo
go A_¥V H$s Vah ñdm{XîQ> Am¡a erVb VWm A_¥V àdmh Ho$ Zha Ho$ Vwë` VÎdkmZ Ho$ Ûma^yV
ldU-_ZZm{Xê$n emómWm] Ho$ {Z_©b Obm| go g_m{Y Ho$ ~rO H$mo gtMo &&7,8&& g§gma H$mo
Ë`mJ XoZo H$s à~b BÀN>mê$n g_m{Y~rO H$mo AnZr {MÎmê$nr ^y{_ _| {Jao OmZH$a ~w{Õ_mZ² nwéf
H$mo CgH$s AZoH$ `ËZm| go ajm H$aZr Mm{hò &&9&&
do `ËZ H$m¡Z h¢, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
H$m{`H$, dm{MH$ VWm _mZ{gH$ Vn Ed§ XmZ go Am¡a A{^_mZ Am{X go eyÝ` nXmWm] Ho$
g§KQ>Z go g_{W©V nwÊ`_` VrW© ñWmZm| _| {Zdmgê$nr d¥{Îm Ho$ {dñVma H$s ZmZm{dY H$ënZmAm|
go Bg ~rO H$s ajm H$aZm Mm{hE &&10&& Bg Vah gtMZo Am{X Ho$ ~mX ~rO _| O~ A§Hw$a n¡Xm
hmo Om`, V~ BgH$s ajm Ho$ {bE AË`ÝV {ZnwU gÝVmofZm_H$ nwéf H$mo CgH$s _w{XVmZm_H$
{à`nËZr Ho$ gmW g§ajH$ ~Zm XoZm Mm{hò &&11&& VXZÝVa nyd©dmgZmAm| _| [ñWV Amemê$nr
{dh§Jm|, AmË_m go {^ÝZ nwÌ, {_Ì, Am{X _| AZwamJê$nr n{j`m| VWm Ü`mZm§Hw$a Ho$ Zme Ho$ {bE
PnQ> aho H$m_, Jd© YZ Am{Xê$n JrY H$mo Bgr gÝVmofZm_H$ ajH$ Ûmam Xya ^Jm XoZm Mm{hE &&12&&
AqhgmàYmZ hmoZo go AË`§V H$mo_b, `_, {Z`_, àmUm`m_, B©ídamonmgZm{X gV²{H«$`mê$nr
Pm‹Sx>Am| go Bg A§Hw$a Ho$ IoV go aO H$mo (aOmoJwU H$mo) Xya \|$H$ XoZm Mm{hò VWm Bgr Vah
A{MÝË` ~«÷bmoH$nX {ddoH$ê$nr Yyn go AkmZê$nr AÝYH$ma H$mo ^r Xya ^Jm XoZm Mm{hò &&13&&
^moJm| Ûmam jU^§Jwa VWm Va§Jm| Ho$ g_mZ M§Mb, XwîH¥$Vê$nr _oKm| go àmßV gån{Îm Am¡a à_Xmê$nr
AZoH$ dO« Bg A§Hw$a Ho$ D$na {JaVo h¢ &&14&& Bg{bE Y¡`©, Am¡Xm`© VWm X`m Am{X `ËZm| go Ed§
On, ñZmZ, Vn Am¡a X_ Am{X Ho$ Ûmam àUd Ho$ AW©ê$n {Ìeyb H$mo YmaU H$aHo$ CZ dO«nmVm|
H$m {ZdmaU H$aZm Mm{hE &&15&& Bg Vah go a{jV Bg Ü`mZ Ho$ ~rO go {ddoH$Zm_H$ ZdrZ
A§Hw$a CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡, Omo AË`ÝV nwîQ> Am¡a gm¡ÝX`© H$s A{YH$Vm go CÝZV Ed§ lrgånÝZ ahVm
h¡ &&16&& O¡go A{^Zd MÝX_m go AmH$me gwÝXa àVrV hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr Cg {ddoH$ Zm_H$ ZdrZ
A§Hw$a go AmË_àH$me`wŠV {dH$mgem{bZr {MÎm^y{_ AmbmoH$ ahZo go gwÝXa àVrV hmoVr h¡ &&17&&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, Cg A§H$w a go Xmo nÎmo AnZo-Amn {ZH$bVo h¢ & {OZ_| EH$ H$m Zm_ Vmo doXmÝVemóm|
H$m {dMma Am¡a Xygao H$m Zm_ gmYwnwéfm| H$m g_mJ_ h¡ &&18&& AmJo MbH$a `h A§Hw$a gÝVmofê$n
ËdMm go do{îQ>V VWm d¡am½`ê$nr aggo a§{OV hmo H$mÊS>, Ñ‹T>_ybVm Am¡a AnZr D±$MmB© H$mo J«hU
H$aVm h¡ &&19&& emómW©ê$nr dfm© H$m Ob nmH$a d¡am½`ê$nr ag go O~ BgH$s AmË_m Iy~ nwîQ>
hmo OmVr h¡ V~ `h A§Hw$a AnZo Wmo‹S>o go hr g_` _| na_ CÝZ{V H$mo àmßV hmo OmVm h¡ &&20&&
doXmÝVemóm| Ho$ {dMma, gmYwAm| H$s g§J{V VWm d¡am½`ê$nr ag go O~ `h Iy~ _moQ>m hmo OmVm
h¡ V~ amJ-Ûofê$nr ~ÝXam| Ho$ {hbmZo-Sw>bmZo go V{ZH$ ^r H$[ånV Zht hmoVm &&21&& VXZÝVa
{dkmZ go Ab§H¥$V AmH$madmbo Cg {ddoH$ go AmË_ag go {dbmg H$aZodmbr Ed§ ~hþV Xya Xoe
VH$ OmZodmbr (c) ò bVmE± àmXw^©yV hmoVr h¢ &&22&& ñdmË_VÎd H$m ñnîQ> Am{d^m©d, EH$_mÌ
CgrH$s gË`Vm, AmË_ñdê$n _| [ñW{V, YraVm, {Z{d©H$ënVm, g_Vm, emÝVVm, _¡Ìr, H$éUm,
H$s{V© Am¡a Am`©Vm ò g~ bVmE± Cgr EH$ {ddoH$ê$nr A§Hw$a go {ZH$bVr h¢ &&23&& èê$nr nwînm|
VWm em{ÝV Am{X JwUê$nr nÎmm| go emo{^V BZ bVmAm| go n[anwîQ> Ü`mZê$n d¥j g§Ý`mgr Ho$ {bE
nm[aOmV-gm ~Z OmVm h¡ H$ënd¥j hmo OmVm h¡ &&24&& ho lram_OÝÐOr, bVm, nëbd VWm
nwînm| go gwemo{^V Bg Vah H$m `h CÎm_ kmZê$nr d¥j (g_m{Yê$nr d¥j) {XZ-na-{XZ
^{dî`V² H$mb _| _ybAkmZ Ho$ CÀN>oXH$ ~«÷gmjmËH$maê$nr kmZ H$m àXmVm hmoVm h¡, {Oggo {H$
gßV_ ^y{_H$m VH$ {dlm[ÝV àmßV hmo Om` &&25&& èê$nr nwînm| Ho$ JwÀN>m| go âm, JwUê$nr nÎmm|
Ho$ {dbmg go ^y{fV, d¡am½`ê$nr aggo {dñVma H$mo àmßV VWm àkmê$nr _§O[a`m| go Ab§H¥$V `h
(c) emIm-àemImAm| Ho$ ê$n _| \$¡bH$a ~hþV Xya XoeVH$ OmZodmbr `h gmYmaU AW© h¡ &
BgH$m {deof AW© "An[a[ÀN>ÝZ AmË_-àXoe _| OmZodmbr' h¡ &
ŸyÕ - 44] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1907
g_m{Yê$nr d¥j gmar {XemAm| H$mo Eogo erVb H$a XoVm h¡ O¡go {H$ dfm© F$Vw _| _oK, Ed§ gm§gm[aH$
Vmn H$mo Eogo emÝV H$a XoVm h¡, O¡go {H$ gy`© Ho$ Vmn H$mo MÝX«_m &&26,27&& O¡go _oK N>m`m H$m
{dñVma H$aVm h¡ d¡go hr `h ^r e_Vmê$nr N>m`m H$m {dñVma H$aVm h¡ Am¡a e_ ^r {MÎm H$s
[ñWaVm H$mo Eogo ~‹T>mVm h¢, O¡go nydu hdm ~mXb H$mo &&28&& AmË_kmZ Ho$ _yb~ÝY H$mo `h AnZo
go hr Eogo ~m±Y XoVm h¡, O¡go Hw$bmMbnd©V {ñWV AnZo _yb H$mo & ho lram_Or, `h d¥j, AnZo
D$na H¡$dë`Zm_H$ \$b XoZodmbo em{ÝV Am{X _m§J{bH$ JwÀN>m| H$s emo^m aMVm h¡ &&29&& nwéf Ho$
Ñí`ê$nr O§Jb _| N>m`m Ho$ {dVmZ go do{îQ>V Bg {ddoH$ê$nr H$ënd¥j Ho$ {XZ-{XZ ~‹T>Zo na ho
lram_MÝÐOr, {MÎmê$nr ^y{_ Ho$ AmÜ`m[Ë_H$, Am{Y^m¡{VH$ VWm Am{YX¡{dH$ Vmnm| H$m haU
H$aZodmbr Cëb{gV hmo ahr ~w{Õê$nr bVm go VwfmaJ^© Ho$ g_mZ EH$ gwÝXa erVbVm àd¥Îm
hmoVr h¡ &&30,31&& AZoH$ OÝ_m| Ho$ ZmZm{dY Xw…Im| go OrU©, X¡dmV² gÝ_mJ© àmßV hmo OmZo na ^r
ZmZm dm{X`m| Ho$ H$mobmhb go ì`J« hmoH$a Cg _mJ© go ^«îQ> Ed§ {d{^ÝZ g§gmaàmÝVm| _| Ky_Vo ahZo
go lmÝV `h _Zê$nr n{WH$ _¥J Bgr d¥j H$s erVb N>m`m _| AmH$a {dlm_ H$aVm h¡ &&32&&
EH$_mÌ gÎmm hr {OgH$s AmË_m h¡ Eogo nwéfê$nr M_‹S>o H$m AnhaU H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$m_, H«$moY
Am{X N>… ì`mY BgHo$ nrN>o n‹S>o h¢ & AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ Agma eara Am{X ê$n H$ÊQ>H$m| Ho$ Hw§$Om| _|
~ma-~ma {N>nH$a `h AnZo H$mo ~MmZo H$s MoîQ>m H$aVm h¡ & `hm± VH$ {H$ CZ Hw§$Om| _| ~ma-~ma
{N>nZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aZo go Bg _¥J H$m _wI Cg eara Ho$ AÝXa dV©_mZ ZmZm àH$ma Ho$ Xmofê$nr
H$m±Q>m| go OO©a hmo J`m h¡ &&33&& dmgZmê$nr ndZ go ào[aV g§gmaê$nr O§Jb _| Xm¡‹S> ahm `h _¥J
AhÝVmê$nr _¥JV¥îUm H$s Amoa gXm Xm¡‹S>Vo ahZo go AÝV…H$aU Ho$ V¥îUmê$nr {dfHo$ Xmh go
AË`ÝV ì`mHw$b hmo J`m h¡ &&34&& `h _Zê$nr _¥J AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ ^moJm| _| AmXa aIZodmbm h¡,
Wmo‹S>o _| H$^r gÝVwîQ> Zht ahVm & `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ Mmho {H$VZm hr Xya Š`m| Z hmo, bo{H$Z dhm±
^r CnOo hþE hao-hao V¥Uê$nr {df`m| _| ~am~a Xm¡‹S>Vo ahZo go BgH$m eara {~bHw$b OO©a hmo
J`m h¡ & (Š`m H$hm Om` ?) `h Vmo nwÌ, nm¡Ì Am{XH$m| Ho$ amV-{XZ n[anmbZ H$s {MÝVm _| hr
ì`ñV ahZo Ho$ H$maU Am{Y^m¡{VH$, Am{YX¡{dH$ Ed§ AmÜ`m[Ë_H$ VrZ Vah Ho$ Vmnm| go AZW©ê$nr
J–o _| Om {Jam h¡ &&35&& gån{Îmê$nr bVmAm| _| n¡a \±$g OmZo go O~ `h CR>H$a ^mJZm MmhVm
h¡ V~ nwZ… b‹S>W‹S>mH$a {Ja n‹S>Vm h¡, Bg{bE ho lram_MÝÐOr, eÌw, Mmoa VWm amOm Am{X Bgo
erK« nH$‹S>H$a ~m±Y bo OmVo h¢, Iy~ nrQ>Vo h¢ VWm ZmZm àH$ma Ho$ XÊS> bJmVo h¡ & BZ g~ g§H$Q>m|
go BgH$m eara AË`ÝV Hw$[ÊR>V hmo J`m h¡ & {H$gr H$m_ H$m Zht ah J`m h¡ & V¥îUmê$nr gwÝXa
ZXr H$m AdJmhZ H$aZodmbm `h, jwYm, {nnmgm, emoH$, _moh Am{Xê$n Va§Jmo§ go Xya \|$H$ {X`m
OmVm h¡ &&36&& AZoH$ ì`m{Yê$nr XwîQ> ì`mYm| Ho$ Xw…Im| go nbm`Z _| VËna `h _¥J X¡d H$s
g§^mdZm go a{hV h¡ & ì`mYm| Ho$ AmJ_Z go _mZm| BgZo AnZo AmH$ma H$mo g§Hw${MV H$a {b`m
h¡ &&37&& ZoÌ Am{X kmZo[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ AmñdmX Ho$ {df` JrVm|, KÊQ>m Ho$ eãXm| VWm Od Am{X A§Hw$am|
Ho$ {Z{_Îm^yV ì`mYm| Ho$ IoV Am{X go CËnÝZ Xw…Iê$nr ~mUm| go e§{H$V, H$m_, H«$moY Am{X eÌwAm|
Ho$ AmH«$_U go ì`J« VWm nËWam| Ho$ àhmam| Ho$ Vwë` nyd©-nyd©H$mb Ho$ Xw…Im| Ho$ AZw^dê$n g§ñH$mam|
go `wŠV `h _Zê$nr _¥J h¡ &&38&& ñdJ©, ZaH$ Am{Xê$n D±$Mo-ZrMo ñWmZm| _| H«$_e… M‹T>Zo-
{JaZo go BgHo$ _ñVH$ _| MŠH$a Am J`m h¡ VWm H$m_, H«$moY Am{Xê$n nËWam| H$s {ZaÝVa MmoQ>
ImZo go `h MyU©-MyU© hmo J`m h¡ &&39&& V¥îUmê$nr gwÝXa bVmAm| _| {N>nVo ahZo go BgH$m eara
Kmd`wŠV hmo J`m h¡ & BgZo AnZr ~w{Õ go AZoH$ Vah Ho$ AmMmam| H$s H$ënZm H$a aŠIr h¡ & ho
lram_MÝÐOr, `h na_mË_m H$s _m`m Ho$ {df` _| A{e{jV h¡ &&40&& `h B[ÝÐ`ê$nr Jm±d _|
AmH$a ^mJZo _| VËna h¡ & {OgH$mo de _| H$a boZm H$moB© b‹S>H$m| H$m Iob Zht h¡ Eogo H$m_ê$nr
JOoÝÐ H$s ^`mZH$ JO©Zm go `h _{X©V hmo MwH$m h¡ &&41&& {df`ê$nr AOJam| Ho$ ^`mZH$
{dfê$nr \w$\$H$ma go `h _y[ÀN>©V hmo J`m h¡ VWm H$m{_Zrê$nr ^y{_ _| H$m_wH$ `h _Zê$nr _¥J
{dfàg go àm`… _{X©V hmo J`m h¡ &&42&& H«$moYê$nr Xmdm{½Z go `h Ob J`m h¡ Ÿ& `hr H$maU h¡
H$s BgH$s nrR> na _mZm| \$mo‹S>m hmo OmZo go Bgo ~mha Xmh hmo ahm h¡ & Am¡a ho lram_Or, {df`m| _|
~ma-~ma ^«_U H$aVo ahZo go AZoH$ Vah Ho$ {MÝVmê$nr Xw…Im| go BgHo$ ^rVa ^r ^mar Xmh CR>
ahm h¡ &&43&& AnZr AmË_m _| g§b½Z AZoH$ A{^bmfmê$nr _ÀN>a Bgo H$mQ>-ImVo h¢ Am¡a `h ^r
CZHo$ ^` go doJnyd©H$ AmJo ^mJ ahm h¡ &&44&& `h Vmo AnZo hr H$_© Am¡a H$V¥©Vm Ho$ \$a _| n‹S>H$a
CX²^«mÝV hmo J`m h¡, {\$a ^r EH$ Xm[aÐ`ê$nr ì`mK« BgHo$ nrN>o bJm h¡ & ór, nwÌ Am{X _|
Amg{ŠV ê$nr ì`m_moh{_{hH$m go AÝYm ~Zm XoZodmbo Hw$hao go AÝYm hmoH$a H$nQ>ê$nr nd©V H$s
Mmo{Q>`m| na M‹T>Vo g_` ZrMH¥$Ë`ê$nr J–m| _| {Ja OmZo go BgH$m eara ^½Z hmo J`m h¡ &&45&&
_mZê$nr qgh Ho$ g_wëbmg go BgHo$ öX` _| CËH$ånZ hmo ahm h¡ BgH$s N>mVr Y‹S>H$ ahr h¡, Am¡a
Cggo `h AmVwa hmo J`m h¡ VWm à{gÕ _¥Ë`wê$nr ì`mK« go àhma H$aVo g_` AJñV d¥j Ho$ nwîn
H$s ZmBª gwInyd©H$ {dXrU© H$aZo `mo½` `h ÑîQ> h¡ &&46&& {ZO©Z O§Jb _| Jd©ê$nr AOJa BgH$mo
erK« {ZJb OmZo Ho$ {bE {MaH$mb go àVrjm H$a ~¡R>m h¡ & ZmZm{dY H$m_ZmAm| H$s {g{Õ Ho$ {bE
Mmam| Amoa AnZr XrZVm àH$Q>H$a ^rI _m±JZo Ho$ {Z{_Îm BgZo Xm±Vm| ê$nr _mZm| Od Ho$ A§Hw$a
\$¡bm aŠIo h¢ &&47&& ór Ho$ {bE ~Zo hþE `wdmdñWmê$nr {à`{_Ì Zo jUâ BgH$m AmqbJZ H$a
Bgo {\$a N>mo‹S> {X`m h¡ & P§PmdmV Ho$ gÑe Hw${nV B[ÝÐ`m| Zo XwJ©_ ZaH$ bmoH$ VWm ñWmda Am{X
`mo{Zê$n AZoH$ O§Jbm| _| bo OmH$a Bgo ~ma-~ma \|$H$ {X`m h¡ &&48&& ho amOZ², Bg Vah H$m `h
_Zê$nr _¥J AZoH$ OÝ_m| Ho$ g§{MV nwÊ` Ho$ CX` go H$^r A{YH$mar eara _| e_ Am{X gmYZm|
go `wŠV hmoZo na Bg nydm}ŠV g_m{Yê$nr d¥j Ho$ ZrMo {dlm{ÝVgwI H$mo Eogo àmßV H$aVm h¡, O¡go
amV _| erV VWm AÝYH$ma go nr{‹S>V àmUr gy`© H$m CX` hmoZo na &&49&&
ŸyÕ - 45] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1909
ho lmoVmAm|, Vmbr, V_mb, ~Hw$b Am{X d¥jm| Ho$ _yb Ho$ ZrMo àmßV hmoZodmbo {dlm_m| Ho$ gÑe
^ybmoH$ go boH$a gË`bmoH$n`©ÝV Ho$ {Zdmgm| _| àMwa \y$bm| Ho$ {dbmgê$nr hmgm| Ho$ gÑe A{ZË`
^moJAm^mgm| Ho$ {Z{_Îm `mZr CZ_| \±$go ahZo Ho$ H$maU {Og {Za{Ve` ^y_mZm_H$ gyI H$m Zm_
^r AmË_kmZ-eyÝ` bmoJ Zht OmZVo, Eogo nwZO©Ý_ go eyÝ` _mojZm_H$ {dlm{ÝVgwI H$mo AmnH$m
AnZm _Zê$nr _¥J Cg Ü`mZê$nr H$ënd¥j Ho$ hr ZrMo AmH$a àmßV H$a gH$Vm h¡, {OgH$m _¢Zo
A^r Amn bmoJm| go dU©Z {H$`m h¡ &&50&&
Mm¡dmbrgdm± gJ© g_mßV
n¢Vmbrgdm± gJ©
Ü`mZê$nr d¥j Ho$ D$na _Z H$mo M‹T>mZo H$m H«$_ VWm CÎmamoÎma ^y{_H$mAm| _| Amê$‹T> hmo aho _Z H$m gwImoËH$f© `h dU©Z &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho eÌwZmeH$ lram_Or, Bg Vah Ü`mZê$nr H$ënd¥j Ho$
D$na {dlm{ÝV bo ahm _Zê$nr h[aU Cgr d¥j na ào_ H$aZo bJ OmVm h¡, Xygao d¥j na
Zht OmVm &&1&& AZÝVa Hw$N> g_` Ho$ ~mX dh {ddoH$nyU© Ü`mZd¥j nm±M H$moem| Ho$ ^rVa
[ñWV nma_m{W©H$ AmË_ñdê$n^yV _moj\$b H$mo Yrao-Yrao nyU©ê$n go àH$Q> H$aVm h¡ `mZr
àË`j H$amVm h¡ &&2&&
MVwW© ^y{_H$m _| Ag§^mdZm Xmof H$m Wmo‹S>m {dZme ahVm h¡ Am¡a _ÝX AÝYH$ma _| KQ>
Am{X H$s O¡gr g§^mdZm hmoVr h¡, d¡gr Cg_| ^r AmË_VÎd H$s g§^mdZm hmoVr h¡, Bggo nhbo
MVwW© ^y{_H$m H$m Ûma ~VbmVo h¢ &
Cg CÎm_ Ü`mZê$n d¥j Ho$ ZrMo {dlm{ÝV bo ahm `h AnZm _Zê$nr _¥J Cg _mojê$n
Ü`mZd¥j\$b H$mo XoIVm h¡, Omo emIm Ho$ AmJo bJm hþAm h¡ &&3&& ~‹S>o ^mar AÜ`dgm` (à`ËZ)
go âm VWm AnZo g~ Y_m] H$mo N>mo‹S> XoZodmbm `mZr na_{daŠV nwéf CŠV \$b H$m ñdmX boZo
Ho$ {bE Cg d¥j na M‹T>Vm h¡ &&4&&
H¡$go M‹T>Vm h¡, Bgo H$hVo h¢ &
Omo AÜ`dgm`r O‹S> ‹Vm h¡, dh g~go nhbo {ddoH$ d¥j Ho$ D$na AnZm n¡a Ñ‹T> O_m boVm h¡,
{\$a nhbo H$s g§gmad¥{Îm`m| H$m EH$X_ Ë`mJ H$a XoVm h¡ & Eogm H$aZo na dh Eogo D±$Mo ñWmZ na
AnZm ñWmZ ~Zm boVm h¡ {H$ {\$a H$^r ZrMo Zht {JaVm &&5&& CŠV CÎm_ \$b H$s BÀN>m go
{ddoH$ê$nr d¥j na M‹T>m hþAm nwéf AnZo nhbo Ho$ g§ñH$mam| H$mo Cg Vah N>mo‹S> XoVm h¡, {Og Vah
gm±n AnZr H|$Mwb H$mo N>mo‹S> XoVm h¡ & g§ñH$mam| H$m Ë`mJ H$a XoZo go nhbo H$m Hw$N> ^r ñ_aU Zht
hmoVm, `h ^md h¡ &&6&& `{X Cgo Hw$N> nhbo H$m ñ_aU hþAm, Vmo ^r dh Omoa go h±gZo bJ OmVm
h¡ Am¡a AnZo H$mo D±$Mo {ddoH$d¥j Ho$ D$na M‹T>m XoIH$a {dMmaVm h¡ {H$ BVZo g_` VH$ _¢ {df`-
gwIm| H$s bmbM go {H$VZm XrZ ~Zm Wm &&7&& gånyU© ^yVm| na H$éUm Am{Xê$n (N) Bg d¥j H$s
emImAm| _| ^«_U H$a ahm `mZr ì`wËWmZH$mb _| {dhma H$a ahm `h _Zê$nr _¥J bmo^ Am{Xê$n
ì`mbm| H$mo ZrMo H$aHo$ nyU©H$m_ g_«mQ²> H$s Vah emo{^V hmoVm h¡ &&8&& gX²~w{Õê$nr MÝÐ_m H$mo
{ZJb OmZodmbr A_mdñ`m H$s n§{ŠV^yV VWm Xw…Iê$nr MÝÐ_m _| AZoH$Ëd H$s ^«m{ÝV n¡Xm H$a
XoZodmbr {V{_aamoJ H$s n§{ŠVê$n bmoho H$s {Z{_©V ûm¥§Ibm-gr àm{U`m| Ho$ ~ÝYZ H$s hoVw V¥îUm
{XZ na {XZ (c) BgH$mo N>mo‹S>Vr OmVr h¡ &&9&& `h Z Vmo àmßV dñVwAm| H$s Cnojm H$aVm h¡ Am¡a
Z AàmßV dñVwAm| H$s A{^bmfm H$aVm h¡, ~[ëH$ gånyU© d¥{Îm`m| _| MÝÐ_m H$s ZmBª gm¡å` VWm
erVb AÝV…H$aU go `wŠV hmoH$a [ñWV ahVm h¡ &&10&& AÜ`mË_emó go A{V[aŠV emóm| Ho$
AZwgma àd¥{V hmoZo na àm{U`m| H$mo ~«÷bmoH$n`©ÝV CÝZV ñWmZ àmßV hmoVo h¢ VWm ñdm^m{dH$
àd¥{Îm hmoZo na ZaH$n`©ÝV {ZåZ loUr Ho$ ñWmZ àmßV hmoVo h¢ Bg Vah g§gma H$s CÝZV Am¡a
AdZV XemAm| H$mo AkmZmdñWm _o§ XoI ahm `h AÜ`mË_emó Ho$ {df` e_, X_, gÝVmof Am{X
ê$n n„dm| _| hr AnZo ñdê$n H$mo {N>nmH$a Ad[ñWV ahVm h¡ &&11&& ^`§H$a {dfd¥jbVmAm| _|
{dH${gV {df_` nwîng_yhê$nr Xm±Vm| go `wŠV AnZr nydmo©ŠV gmVm| AkmZ H$s ^y{_H$mAm| H$mo
^rVa XoI ahm `h, Cg hrZ AdñWm H$mo h±gVm h¡ &&12&& Cg Ü`mZê$nr d¥j Ho$ CZ ñH$ÝYàXoem|
_| `mZr CÎmamoÎma {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ ^y{_H$mAm| _| Amê$‹T> hmo ahr () _Zmohm[aUr {MÎmd¥{Îm go `h amOm
H$s Vah emo^Vm h¡ &&13&& nwÌ, ór, {_Ì VWm YZ Am{X g^r nXmWm] H$mo `h OÝ_mÝVa _| àmßV
{H$ò Jò `m ñdßZ _| n¡Xm hþE Ho$ g_mZ XoIVm h¡ &&14&& Xygam| H$mo Iwe H$aZm hr {Og_| àYmZ
H$m`© h¡ Eogr amJ, Ûof, ^`, CÝ_mX, _mZ VWm _moh H$s _hÎmm go ZQ> Ho$ ì`dhma H$s ZmBª erVb
VWm {Z_©b {MÎm Bg kmZr Ho$ g~ ì`dhma {XImB© XoVo h¢ &&15&& CÝ_Îm Ho$ Mo{îQ>V Ho$ g_mZ
AmH$madmbr, gm_Zo [ñWV ^r Va§J Ho$ g_mZ jU^§Jwa AmYmadmbr g§gmaê$nr _¥JV¥îUm H$s ZXr
H$s J{V H$mo {_Ï`m g_PH$a dh h±gVm h¡ &&16&& Anyd© nX _| {dlmÝV OrdZ YmaU H$a ahm ^r
_¥VH$ Ho$ gÑe dh `moJr ór, nwÌ Am{X gm§gm[aH$ {H$gr nXmW© H$s {MÝVm Zht H$aVm &&17&&
{H$ÝVw Ho$db ewÕ ~moY_`, _hmCÝZV Cg EH$ AmË_kmZ ê$n \$b _| hr EH$_mÌ AnZo {MÎm H$mo
bJmH$a n§M_^y{_H$m{X ñWmZm| _| Amê$‹T> hmoVm h¡ &&18&& AnZr nydm©dñWm H$s Amn{Îm`m| H$m
(N) Am{XnX go `hm± "A^`§ gÎdg§ew{Õkm©Z`moJì`d[ñW{V…' BË`m{X X¡dr gån{Îm`m| H$m
J«hU h¡ &
(c) {Og {XZ ewôÀN>m CËnÝZ hmoVr h¡ Cg {XZ go boH$a à{V{XZ {ZaÝVa jrU hmoVr Om
ahr `h V¥îUm MVwW© ^y{_H$m _| nhþ±MH$a {~ëHw$b gmW N>mo‹S> XoVr h¡ & "agm@ß`ñ` na§ ÑîQ‰>m
{ZdV©Vo' Eogm ^JdmZ² Zo ^r H$hm h¡ &
() AWm©V² {M{‹S>`m| H$s ZmBª EH$ emIm go C‹S>H$a Xygar na Om ~¡R> ahr &
ŸyÕ - 45] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1911
~ma-~ma ñ_aU H$aHo$ gÝVmofê$nr A_¥V go n[anwîQ> hmoH$a AZW©ê$nr AWm] Ho$ (YZm| Ho$) Zme _|
^r gÝVwîQ> hr hmoVm h¡ &&19&& O¡go gmo`m hþAm nwéf {H$gr go OJm {Xò OmZo na {ZÐmgwI Ho$
{dÀN>oX go CÛoJ H$mo àmßV hmo OmVm h¡ d¡go hr ^moJXm`H$ Adí` H$V©ì` ì`dhmam| _| ^r dh `moJr
Xygam| Ho$ Ûmam g_m{Yê$nr {ZÐm go OJm {Xò OmZo na g_m{YgwI Ho$ {dÀN>oX go AË`ÝV CÛoJ H$mo
àmßV hmo OmVm h¡ &&20&& ~hþV Xya H$m amñVm V` H$aZodmbo n{WH$ H$s Vah {MaH$mbVH$ Ho$
_yI©Vm à`wŠV AZoH$ OÝ_-_aU-naånamAm| _| MŠH$a bJmVo ahZo go CËnÝZ l_ Ho$ H$maU
AË`ÝV WH$m hþAm `h nwéf A{V CXma {ZaÝVa ~m{YV AmË_{dlm{ÝV MmhVm h¡ &&21&&
àmUYmaU_mÌ go AÝ` nwéfm| Ho$ g_mZ ^r `h AnZo ^rVa Ah§^md Ho$ A{^_mZ go {~bHw$b
eyÝ` hmo nyU© AmË_m _| Eogo emÝV hmo OmVm h¡, O¡go {Z…ídmg go ~mo{YV hmoZo na ^r {~Zm BÝYZ
H$s A{½Z &&22&& nydm©ä`mg Ho$ ~b go Yrao-Yrao ~mø nXmWm] _| hmo ahr {da{ŠV H$m, `WmàmßV
^moJm| na n‹S>r Ñ{îQ> H$s ZmBª, `h {ZamH$aU Zht H$a gH$Vm &&23&& na_mW©ê$n \$b àXmZ
H$aZodmbr Cg _hmnXdr Ho$ D$na Mb ahm `h kmZr nwéf dmUr Ho$ ^r AJmoMa N>Æ>r ^y{_H$m _|
àmßV hmo OmVm h¡ &&24&& {~Zm à`ËZ {H$ò hr H$ht go `mZr Xygam| Ho$ à`ËZ go X¡ddemV² àmßV hþE
^moJm| _| `h Eogo {daŠV hmo OmVm h¡, O¡go _é^y{_ _| n{WH$ &&25&& g§gma H$s d¥{Îm`m| _| gwßV,
jrU CÝ_Îm H$s Vah AmZÝX`wŠV VWm ^rVa _| nyU© _Zdmbm `h _m¡Zr nwéf {H$gr A{Zd©MZr`
[ñW{V H$mo àmßV hmo OmVm h¡ &&26&& dh kmZr nwéf Cg Vah Ho$ ñdê$n _| nhþ±MH$a H«$_e…
_mojê$n na_mW©\$b Ho$ {ZH$Q> Eogo àmßV hmo OmVm h¡, O¡go {gÕ`moJr _oé Ho$ {eIa na &&27&&
Cg `moJr H$s gßV_^y{_H$m _| H¡$gr [ñW{V ahVr h¡, `h ~VbmVo h¢ &
VXZÝVa gßV_^y{_H$m _| àmßV AmH$me Ho$ gÑe dh `moJr gånyU© ~w{Õ H$m (c) n[aË`mJ
H$a {Za{Ve` ^y_mZÝX ~«÷^mdê$n \$b J«hU H$aVm h¡, CgH$m ñdmX MIVm h¡, CgH$m ^moJ
bJmVm h¡ Am¡a Cgr go V¥ßV hmoVm h¡ () &&28&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, g§H$[ënV nXmWm] Ho$ n[aË`mJ
go {XZ-na-{XZ Omo {dñV¥V ewÕ AmË_ñd^md _| {dlm{ÝV hmoVr h¡ dhr na_mW© H$s àm{ßV H$hr
OmVr h¡ &&29&& {ÌnwQ>rê$nr AnZo AW© H$mo {dbrZ H$a ôX~w{Õ AôXê$n _| hr Omo Ad{eîQ> ah
OmVr h¡ `mZr {ÌnwQ>rôX H$m gmjr MoVZ hr AnZo AWmoª H$m {db` H$a Omo eof ah OmVm h¡,
CgrH$mo {dÛmZ² bmoJ Am{X Am¡a AÝV go a{hV ewÕ EH$ ~«÷ H$hVo h¢ &&30&& ho lram_MÝÐOr
(c) "A{Ibm§ ~w{Õ {dhm`' Bggo Bg `moJr H$s AmË`[ÝVH$ dmgZm H$m j` Am¡a _Z H$m
Zme {XIbm`m J`m h¡ &
() AmdaU H$m ^§J hmoZo go J«hU H$aVm h¡, {djoneyÝ` ñ\w$aU hmoZo go ñdmX MIVm h¡, EH$_mÌ
Cgr _| d¥{Îm Ho$ [ñWV ahZo go CgH$m ^moJ bJmVm h¡ Am¡a nyU©[ñW{V hmoZo go V¥ßV hmoVm h¡ Bg Vah
MVwWu Am{X ^y{_H$mAm| Ho$ \$bm| H$m "J¥øm{X' BË`m{XnXm| go bm^ {XIbm`m J`m h¡ &
bmoH$-EfUm, ór-EfUm Am¡a YZ-EfUm () go eyÝ` Omo nwéf h¡ dhr Cg ~«÷nX _| {dlm_
nmVm h¡ &&31&& Ñí` VÎd Ho$ emoYZ go gÝ_mÌ na_mW© Am¡a X«îQ>m Ho$ VÎd Ho$ emoYZ go {MÝ_mÌ
na_mW© Ho$ AIÊS>¡Š`ê$n {Za{Ve`mZÝXmË_^yV na_gmjmËH$mad¥{Îmê$n n[aUm_ go ôX ~w{Õ
Eogo ZîQ> hmo OmVr h¡, O¡go Vmn go {h_ H$s boIm &&32&&
ItMH$a N>mo‹S> XoZo Ho$ níMmV² YZwf H$s [ñW{V H$s Vah {MÎm H$s AIÊS>mH$ma d¥{Îm H$m Cna_
hmo OmZo na nwZ… CgH$s nydm©dñWm H$s [ñW{V H$Xm{n Zht Am gH$Vr, `h Ame§H$m H$a H$hVo h¢ &
AmË_-gmjmËH$ma H$a MwHo$ `moJr Ho$ {MÎm H$s [ñW{V, ItMH$a N>mo‹S> XoZo Ho$ ~mX YZwf Am{X
H$R>moa dñVwAm| H$s Cn_m go a{hV AË`ÝV H$mo_b \y$bm| H$s _mbm H$s Vah hmoVr h¡, {H$gr Xygar
[ñW{V H$m g§^d Zht h¡ & n¥Ïdr na n‹S>r \y$b H$s _mbm grYr-Q>o‹T>r Mmho {Og {H$gr Vah go
ñWm{nV hmo OmZo na dh d¡gr hr Á`m|-H$s-Ë`m| [ñWV ahVr h¡ & YZwf H$s Vah CgH$s nydm©dñWm
Zht AmVr & YZwf Vmo ItMH$a N>mo‹S> XoZo Ho$ ~mX Á`m|-H$m-Ë`m| hmo OmVm h¡, `h VmËn`© h¡Ÿ&&33&&
O¡go nËWa `m H$mR>> Ho$ ñVå^ _| [ñWV AàH${Q>V A§Jmodmbr _y{V© Z Vmo gÐÿn h¡ Am¡a Z AgÐÿn hr
h¡ d¡go hr na_mË_m _| Bg {díd H$s [ñW{V h¡ &&34&& Bg Vah `h {Z[íMV h¡ {H$ ~moY hmoZo Ho$
nhbo `mZr AkmZXem _| àn§Mg{hV ~«÷ _| {Zîàn§M ~«÷ñd^md H$m AkmZ hmoZo go CgH$m
Ü`mZ Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm & Am¡a `h Cn`wŠV h¡ ^r Zht & ~«÷ H$m gmjmËH$ma hmoZo na Vmo ñd`§
~«÷ñdê$n hmoH$a VËdkmZr nwéf Cg ~«÷ _| hr Ad[ñWV ahVm h¡ (V~ ^bm CgH$m Ü`mZ dh
H¡$go H$a gH$Vm h¡ ?) H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h {H$ gmoVm `m OmJVm hþAm H$moB© ^r nwéf AnZo _| `h
Ü`mZ Zht H$aVm {H$ _¢ gmo ahm hÿ± `m _¢ gwfwßV hÿ± &&35&&
gmoH$a CR>Zo Ho$ ~mX O¡go nwéf H$mo ñdm{ßZV nXmWm] _| VwÀN> ~w{Õ hmoZo go AmË`[ÝVH$ {da{ŠV
ahVr h¡ d¡go hr VÎdkmZr nwéf BZ gm§gm[aH$ àn§Mm| _| AmË`[ÝVH$ {da{ŠV H$a gH$Vm h¡, Bg
Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
Ñí` nXmWm] _| {Og nwéf H$s AmË`[ÝVH$ {da{ŠV XoIr OmVr h¡ dhr VÎdkmZr h¡, Š`m|{H$
Ñí` àn§Mm| Ho$ Ë`mJ _| AkmZr g_W© Zht h¡ &&36&&
`{X Ü`mZ Zht h¡, Vmo {\$a Ü`mZ Ho$ {df` ~«÷ _| g_m{Y H¡$go ? Š`m|{H$ YmaUm, Ü`mZ Am¡a
g_m{Y- BZ VrZm| H$m {df` EH$ hr {Z[íMV h¡ & Xo{Iò ^JdmZ² nV§O{b Ho$ gyÌ- "Xoe~ÝY[íMÎmñ`
() OZVm _| à{g{Õ àmßV H$aZo H$s A{^bmfm H$m Zm_ bmoH¡$fUm h¡, _wPo gwÝXa ór àmßV
hmodo Bg BÀN>m H$m Zm_ Xma¡fUm h¡ VWm _¢ Bg g§gma _| Iy~ YZr hmo OmD±$ Bg A{^bmfm Zm_
YZ¡fUm h¡ & nwÌàm{ßV H$s A{^bmfm óràm{ßV Ho$ AYrZ h¡, AV… CgH$m n¥WH²$ J«hU Zht h¡
& `hm± H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ ór-A{^bmfm Ho$ n[aË`mJ go nwÌn«m{ßV H$s A{^bmfm H$m
Ë`mJ Vmo AW©V… bãY h¡ & BZ VrZ EfUmAm| _| hr g~H$m AÝV^m©d h¡ &
ŸyÕ - 45] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1913
YmaUm", "VÌ àË``¡H$VmZVm Ü`mZ_²', "VXodmW©_mÌ{Z^m©g§ ñdê$neyÝ`{_d g_m{Y…" "Ì`_oH$Ì
g§`_…" & Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
à_mVm, à_o` Am¡a à_mU ñdê$n `m kmVm, ko` Am¡a kmZñdê$n OJV² H$m EH$_mÌ
gm{jñdê$nkmZê$n go Omo ~moY h¡ dhr `WmW© ñd^md _| CÎm_ [ñW{V H$m H$maU hmoZo go "gwîRw>-
gå`J² AmYmZ§ g_m{Y…'- Eogm {dJ«h H$aZo go "g_mYmZ' eãX go H$hm OmVm h¡ & ho lram_MÝX«Or,
Cg Vah Ho$ ~moYñd^md go hr `h gmam àn§M emídV hmoVm h¡ &&37&&
"VXodmW©_mÌ{Z^m©g§ ñdê$neyÝ`§ g_m{Y…' ^JdmZ² nV§O{b Ho$ Bg dMZ H$m ^r ÑîQ>m Am¡a
Ñí` H$mo EH$ ~ZmH$a CgHo$ Ûmam _Z Ho$ {db` _| hr VmËn`© h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
ÐîQ>m Am{X {ÌnwQ>r H$m b` hmoZo go AIÊS> EH$ AmË_mH$ma _| O~ _Z H$s d¥{Îm [ñWV
hmo OmVr h¡, V~ dh kmZr EH$ AmË_g_m{Y _o§ ñd`§ {dlmÝV hmo OmVm h¡ &&38&& Ñí` nXmWm]
_| Omo {da{ŠV^md h¡ `mZr O‹S>Vm Am{X Xw…Im| Ho$ Ë`mJnyd©H$ EH$_mÌ {MXmZÝX¡H$ag H$s
[ñW{V h¡ dhr VÎdkmZr H$m AnZm ~«÷ñd^md h¡ & Ñí` nXmWm] Ho$ ñnÝXZ H$mo hr - Ñí`
nXmWm] H$s Amoa MoîQ>merb ~ZZo H$mo hr kmZr _hmZw^md bmoJ AVÎdkVm (AkmZ) H$hVo
h¢ &&39&& AkmZr H$mo hr g§gma Ho$ nXmW© é{MH$a àVrV hmoVo h¢, VÎdkmZr H$mo Zht & Š`m|{H$
Omo A_¥VnmZ H$a MwH$m h¡, Cg àmUr H$mo H$Qw> _Ú Zht éMVm &&40&&
`{X ~ma-~ma AnZo ñdê$n Ho$ AZwgÝYmZ H$mo (ñ_aU H$mo) hr Amn Ü`mZ g_PVo h¢, Vmo dh
OmJê$H$ nwéf Ho$ OmJ«VmË_m _| hwE ñdê$n AZwgÝYmZ H$s Vah {dÛmZ² _hmZw^mdm| H$mo ghO-
{gÕ h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
V¥îUma{hV, AmË_{ZîR> hmoZo Ho$ H$maU VrZm| EfUmAm| H$m Ë`mJ H$a MwHo$ VÎdkmZr `moJr H$m
Ü`mZ BÀN>m Z ahZo na ^r AnZo-Amn ñd`§ hmoVm ahVm h¡ &&41&&
"{dV¥îUñ`' (V¥îUma{hV) Bg {deofU H$m VmËn`© ImobVo h¢ &
AmË_ñdê$nmZwgÝYmZê$nr Ü`mZ Vmo V¥îUm{X{djon Ho$ H$maU hr ñ\w$[aV hmoVm h¡ `h gd©Ì
à{gÕ h¡, Bg_| V{ZH$ ^r gÝXoh Zht h¡ & {H$ÝVw {Og VÎdkmZr H$mo V¥îUm hr Zht h¡ CgHo$
ñdê$n H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a CgH$m dh H$m¡Z Ü`mZ H¡$go H$hm± ahVm h¡ ? &&42&& AWdm kmZr H$s V¥îUm
^r AZÝV h¡, Š`m|{H$ `h ñd`§ {d^mJa{hV An[a[ÀN>ÝZ AmË_ñdê$n go hr C{XV h¡ &
Bg{bE {MÝVZr` ~mø nXmW© H$m O¡gm ~moY hmo, Cgo dh Mmho g_m{Y _| bJmdo `m ì`dhma
_|, {H$ÝVw CgH$s V¥îUm H$s ny{V© _| dh g_W© Zht h¡ &&43&& n§Ia{hV nd©V H$s [ñW{V H$s
Vah ~mø nXmWm] _| V¥îUma{hV Cg kmZr H$m AZw^dê$n AZÝV Ü`mZ ñd`§ àd¥Îm hmoVm h¡,
{H$gr `ËZ H$s Cgo Anojm Zht hmoVr &&44&& EH$_mÌ `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ O~ VH$ ewÕ
~moYñdê$n AmË_m H$m CX` Zht hmo nmVm, V^r VH$ g_m{Y Ho$ {bE `ËZ H$s Anojm ahVr
h¡ & ewÕ ~moYñdê$n AmË_m Ho$ gmjmV² AZw^yV hmoZo na Vmo kmZr hmo OmZo go g_m{Y Ho$ `ËZ
H$s H$moB© Amdí`H$Vm hr Zht ah OmVr, `h VÎdkmZr _hmZw^mdm| H$s C{ŠV h¡ & R>rH$ hr
h¡, A{½Z Ho$ àÁd{bV hmo OmZo na Cg_| K¥V{~ÝXw H$s [ñW{V H$^r Zht ah gH$Vr &&45&&
{djon n¡Xm H$aZodmbo amJm{X Xmofm| H$m Omo AmË`{ÝVH$ {dZme h¡, CgrH$mo g_m{Y H$hVo
h¢, `h Vmo VÎdk nwéfm| _| hr g§^d h¡, AV… CZ VÎdk _hmZw^mdm| H$mo Z_ñH$ma H$aZm
{df`m| go Omo AmË`{ÝVH$ {da{ŠV h¡, AWm©V² ~mønXmWm] H$s V¥îUm H$m Omo AmË`[ÝVH$
{dZme h¡, dhr g_m{Y H$hr JB© h¡ & {OgH$mo gm§gm[aH$ nXmWm] _| AË`ÝV d¡am½` hmo J`m h¡, Cg
~«÷ê$nr _Zwî`> H$mo Z_ñH$ma h¡ &&46&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bg_| V{ZH$ ^r gÝXoh Zht {H$ {df`m|
go d¡am½` Ho$ AË`ÝV Ñ‹T> hmo OmZo na _Zwî` Ho$ AmË_Ü`mZ H$mo BÝÐ Ho$ g{hV gwa Am¡a Agwa ^r
Zht hQ>m gH$Vo &&47&&
dO« Ho$ g_mZ Ñ‹T> {df`m| go {da{ŠV ^r Ü`mZ hr h¡, AV… CgH$s àe§gm H$aVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝX«Or, {df`m| _| CËnÝZ hþE AË`ÝV Ñ‹T> d¡am½` H$mo hr Amn dO« Ho$ g_mZ Ñ‹T>
Ü`mZê$n ~Zm br{Oò, Š`m|{H$ AmË_kmZ go ôX Ho$ ZîQ> hmo OmZo na V¥U Ho$ Vwë` Xygao nXmWm]
Ho$ Ü`mZ go H$m¡Z-gm _Vb~ {gÕ hmoJm ? &&48&&
`hr H$maU h¡ {H$ VÎdk nwéfm| Ho$ {bE {díd eãX {H$gr AW© H$mo Zht aIVm BgH$m AW©
~m{YV h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
g§gmaeãX H$m AW© _yIm] Ho$ {bE hr h¡, VÎdkm{Z`m| Ho$ {bE Zht & Bg{bE ho n[ÊS>Vm|, {Og
^y_mZÝX ~«÷ _| g§gma Ho$ {deofkmZ Am¡a AkmZ, VÎdkmZr Am¡a _yI© Ed§ g§gma Am¡a g§gma Ho$
à^w na_oída H$m AôXê$n go ^mZ hmoVm h¡ Cgr _| Amn bmoJ {dlm_ H$a| &&49&& Š`m|{H$ _ZZ
Am{X ~moYê$n ^y{_`m| _| Amê$‹T> hmo aho {ddo{H$`m| `m AmË_gmjmËH$mam{X ^y{_`m| _| Amê$‹T> hmo MwHo$
{gÕ _hmZw^mdm| _| go {H$gr Zo ^r nXmWm] _| AmË_m go A{V[aŠV gÎmm `m AgÎmm `m Û¡VVm `m
EH$Vm H$m Bg g§gma _|§ AmO VH$ {ZU©` Zht {H$`m h¡ &&50&&
AmË_ñdê$n _| {dlmÝV hmoZo Ho$ Cnm` ~VbmVo h¢ &
Bg AmË_ñdê$n _| {dlm{ÝV H$m àW_ Cnm` {ZaÝVa AÜ`mË_emó H$m Aä`mg Am¡a
Xygam gmYw nwéfm| H$s g§J{V h¡ VWm Vrgam Cnm` Bg {Zdm©U _| Ü`mZ h¡ & gÁOZm|, BZ_|
CÎmamoÎma Cnm` loîR> h¢ &&51&& {ZË` Anamoj, An[a[ÀN>ÝZ `hr ~«÷{M{V Ord Zm_H$ AnZo
à{V{~å~ Ho$ Xn©Uñdê$n AÝV…H$aU^yV Cnm{Y Ho$ H$maU nañna {^ÝZ-{^ÝZê$n H$mo J«hU
H$aVr h¡ & {n«` VWm A{à` {df`m| H$m g§KQ>Z H$aZodmbo ~«÷m go boH$a V¥Un`©ÝV eof {deof
nXmWm] go gå~ÝY nmH$a AnZo-AnZo H$_m] H$s {d{MÌVm Ho$ H$maU g_ Am¡a {df_ {^ÝZ-
ŸyÕ - 45] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1915
{^ÝZ earam| _| C{XV hmoVr h¡ &&52&& Bg Vah AZm{X H$mb go Bg g§gma _| MŠH$a bJm
aho Ordm| Ho$ ~rM _| ^m½`demV² {H$gr EH$H$mo kmZ àmßV H$aZo `mo½` OÝ_ {_b OmZo na
emóm| Ho$ {ZaÝVa Aä`mg VWm _hmË_mAm| H$s g§J{V go Cnm`àm{ßV Ûmam nydm©na gånyU©
OÝ_^«_Uê$n OJÐÿnr eVa§O IobZo H$s {~gmV H$s (N) OmZH$mar hmo OmZo go Cg nwéfloîR>
H$mo kmZ Am¡a d¡am½`ê$nr Xmo XrnH$m| _| go {H$gr EH$ H$s {g{Õ hmo OmZo na XmoZm| hr {gÕ
hmo OmVo h¢ &&53&& V~ kmZê$nr A{½Z go ^ñ_r^yV hþB© OJV²-ê$nr g~ éB© ~w{Õê$nr
P§PmdmV go erK« C‹S>H$a na_ emÝV {MXmH$me _| Z OmZo H$hm± Mbr OmVr h¡ &&54&&
^«m{ÝV Ho$ {ZdmaU _| g_W© Omo ~moY h¡ dhr _ybAkmZê$n O‹S>Vm Ho$ {dZme _| hoVw h¡, Z {H$
D$nar kmZ, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{Og D$nar kmZ go {Z_y©b ^r OJV² H$s ^«m{ÝV erK« ZîQ> Zht hmo OmVr Cg kmZ go _Zwî`>
H$m AkmZ Eogo emÝV Zht hmoVm, O¡go {H$ {MÌ{b{IV A[½Z go _Zwî`> H$m Om‹S>m (R>§S>) &&55&&
AkmZr Ho$ A{^{Zdoeê$nr AkmZ go O¡go g§gma H$s ^«m{ÝV à{V{XZ H$s A{^d¥{Õ go ~‹T>Vr hr
OmVr h¡ d¡go hr VÎdkmZr Ho$ n[akmZ H$s {XZ-à{V{XZ A{^d¥{Õ go CÎmamoÎma ^y{_H$mAm| _|
AkmZ ^r {ZË`n«{V A{YH$ X½Y hmoVm OmVm h¡ &&56&&
AkmZ Ho$ X½Y hmoVo g_` VÎdkmZr H$mo OJV² H$m ^mZ H¡$gm hmoVm h¡ ? `h H$hVo h¢ &
AkmZr H$mo O¡gm OJV² H$m kmZ [ñWV ahVm h¡ Cg AkmZr Ho$ OJV²-kmZ eãXmW© go
a{hV hr ñdñdê$n _| [ñWV, {MÌ _| {b{IV-O¡gm, gwßV nwéf Ho$ Ûmam {Z{_©V Ho$ gÑe
EH$_mÌ eyÝ`ê$n go {da{MV hr VrZm| OJV² H$m ^mZ VÎdkmZr nwéf H$mo hmoVm h¡ &&57,58&&
kmZr nwéf Ho$ {MÎm _| OJV² H$s k{ßV VWm A{^bmfm Am{X {MV²àH$meñdê$n hr ^mgVm h¡ &
Bg_| gÝXoh Zht {H$ ~moY hmoZo na kmZr H$m Z Vmo Ah§H$ma ahVm h¡ Am¡a Z OJV² H$s [ñW{V
hr ahVr h¡ &&59&& kmZr H$mo Vmo na_àH$meñdê$n Bg g§gma H$s H$moB© Anyd© [ñW{V ^mgVr
h¡ & Am¡a AY©kmZr nwéf H$m {MÎm gyIo VWm Jrbo H$mR> Ho$ Vwë` ~moY Am¡a A~moYê$n go [ñWV
ahVm h¡ &&60&& ~moY hmoZo Ho$ H$maU dh AY©kmZr nwéf, ZmZm{dY ^mdnXmWm] go n[anyU© Bg
OJV² H$mo EH$ AmË_VÎdê$n g_PVm h¡ VWm O‹S>Vm Ho$ {dÚ_mZ ahZo go dh Bg OJV² H$mo
EH$ AmË_ê$n go [ñWV Zht ^r XoIVm h¡ & My±{H$ Cg_| XmoZm| ñd^md Cn[ñWV ahVo h¢, Bg{bE
O~ Cg_| ~moY H$s A{YH$Vm hmoVr h¡ V~ dh g^r àm{U`m| _| AË`ÝV {_ÌVm H$m ~Vm©d H$aZo
bJ OmVm h¡-AnZo hr g_mZ CÝh| ^r gwI-Xw…I go `wŠV g_PZo bJVm h¡ Am¡a O~ Cg_|
AkmZm§e H$s A{YH$Vm hmoVr h¡ V~ dh nañna {ddmX H$aZo bJVm h¡ &&61&& kmZ Am¡a AkmZ
BZ XmoZm| _| Omo ^mJ BgH$m à~b n‹S>Vm h¡ VÐÿn hmoH$a `h ahVm h¡, {H$ÝVw {OgH$m kmZ
(N) eVa§O `m Mm¡n‹S> Am{X IobZo Ho$ H$n‹S>o `m {~N>m¡Zo H$s, {Og na ImZo ~Zo ahVo h¢ &
n[anŠd$hmo MwH$m h¡ dh Vmo OJV² H$s gÎmm Amoa AgÎmm H$s `WmW©Vm {~bHw$b Eogo Zht
OmZVm &&62&& O¡go {H$ gßV_ ^y{_H$m _| Amê$‹T> nwéf OmJ«V², ñdßZ Am¡a gwfw{ßV H$mo Zht
XoIVm & (Ü`mZê$nr d¥j Ho$ ZrMo _Zê$nr h[aU H$mo {dlm{ÝV àmßV hmoVr h¡, Bgr H$mo Xygao
ê$ngo na_nwéfmW©\$b H$s àm{ßV ~VbmZr Mm{hE, bo{H$Z `h Z H$hH$a _ZHo$ Zme H$mo hr
_mojê$nr nwéfmW© H¡$go H$hVo h¢, `{X `h H$moB© Ame§H$m H$ao, Vmo Bg na H$hVo h¢ &) ho
lram_MÝÐOr, dh dmgZm hr _Zê$nr _¥J h¡ Am¡a `h AnZo {dMma go hr ZîQ> hmoVm h¡ &&63&&
Bg _Z Ho$ AdñVwê$n hmoZo go BgHo$ {dÚ_mZ ahVo _moj Zht hmoVm, {H$ÝVw BgHo$ ñdê$n H$m
Zme hmoVo hr dh àmßV hmoVm h¡ (N) &&64&&
BgH$m gmam§e `h {ZH$bm {H$ `h _Z H$m Zme hr _Zê$nr_¥J Ho$ ~hmZo d{U©V hþE AmË_m H$m
_moj h¡ & A~ Bg dU©Z H$m Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ &
ho lram_Or, A§Hw$a, H$mÊS>, emIm, nëbd, nwîn VWm \$bn`©ÝV n[aUm_ê$n n[anmH$ hmoZo
go AnZo g_` go ñd`§ ~‹T> ‹o hþE kmZê$nr \$b H$mo àmßV {H$ò hþE Bg Ü`mZê$nr d¥j go Xygao
gd©n«W_ na_ agm`Z AIÊS>mH$ma d¥{ÎmA{^ì`ŠV na_mZÝXê$nr ~moY\$b H$m _wŠV hmoZo H$s
Mmh H$a ahm `h _Zê$nr _¥J AmñdmX boH$a Bg g§gmaê$nr ~ÝYZ go _wŠV hmo OmVm h¡ &&65&&
n¢Vmbrgdm± gJ© g_mßV
{N>`mbrgdm± gJ©
Ü`mZê$nr H$ënÐw_ Ho$ \$b H$m AmñdmX boZo na _Z H$s O¡gr [ñW{V hmoVr h¡ VWm
{df`m| go O¡gm Ñ‹T> d¡am½` CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡ dh dU©Z &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, na_mW©\$b Ho$ gmjmV² AZw^yV hmoZo VWm _w{ŠV
H$s Ñ‹T> [ñW{V hmoZo na na_ gmjmËH$mad¥{Îmê$n ~moY ^r AnZo CnmXmZ^yV AkmZ Ho$ ~mY go
erK« AgÐÿn hmo OmVm h¡ VWm _Zê$n `h _¥J ^r na_nwéfmW©ê$n AmË_mê$n hr hmo OmVm h¡ &&1&&
>Vb
o a{hV XrnH$ Ho$ Vwë` nydH© $mb H$s BgH$s _¥JVm `mZr {df`ê$nr V¥Um| Ho$ AÝdofU H$s ñd^mdVm
Z OmZo H$hm± Mbr OmVr h¡ & Cg g_` Vmo ho lram_MÝÐOr, AZÝV AmË_ñdê$n H$m àH$me
H$aZodmbr EH$_mÌ na_mW©Xem hr Adeof ah OmVr h¡ &&2&& Ü`mZê$nr d¥j H$mo na_mW©ê$n \$b
H$s àm{ßV hmo OmZo na ~moYê$nVm H$mo àmßV `h _Z dO« Ho$ g_mZ Ñ‹T> [ñW{V Eogo YmaU H$a boVm
h¡, O¡go n§IeyÝ` nd©V &&3&& ~mø nXmWm] Ho$ {df` _| _ZZñd^mdVm Z _mby_ H$hm± Mbr OmVr
h¡ Am¡a {Z~m©Y, {d^mJeyÝ`, n[anyU© gd©Wm {dembê$n gÐÿn EH$_mÌ ñdÀN> {MÝ_mÌVm hr
(N) Bggo {gÕ h¡ {H$ H$[ënV _Zê$nr _¥J Ho$ ~hmZo AmË_m H$s hr AZW©{Zd¥{Îmê$nr {dlm{ÝV
H$m dU©Z `hm± àñVwV h¡Ÿ&
ŸyÕ - 46] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1917
Ad{eîQ> ah OmVr h¡ &&4&& O‹S> Xohm{X Ho$ A{ddoH$ go O‹S> ~Zr hþB©-gr Omo {MÎm H$s nhbo gÎmm
Wr, dhr A~ Xohm{X H$m R>rH$-R>rH$ n[akmZ hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU {Z_©bñdê$n go [ñWV hmo _mZm|
~moYê$n go C{XV hþB© h¡, Š`m|{H$ dh Am{X Am¡a AÝV go eyÝ`, ñdÀN> AmË_àH$meê$nr \$b
n«XmZ H$aZodmbr h¡ &&5&& Cg g_` g_ñV BÀN>mAm| go eyÝ` ahZo Ho$ H$maU H$moB© Xygar J{V Z
hmoZo go dh Am{X-AÝVeyÝ` AmË_-Ü`mZ hr n[aeof _| AJdV hmoVm h¡ &&6&&
H$~ VH$ dh Ü`mZ ê$n go AdJV Zht hmoVm, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O~ VH$ Cgo ~«÷kmZ Zht hmoVm VWm O~ VH$ dh na_ nX _| {dlmÝV Zht hmo OmVm, V~
VH$ {df`m| Ho$ _ZZê$n go dh _Z AmË_Ü`mZê$n go AdJV Zht hmoVm &&7&& na_mW© ñdê$nVm
H$mo àmßV H$aHo$ Vmo dh _Z Z OmZo H$hm± Mbm OmVm h¡ & Cg g_` dmgZm H$hm± ahVr h¡, H$_© H$hm±
ahVo h¢ VWm hf© Am¡a H«$moY Am{X H$s d¥{Îm`m± H$hm± ahVr h¢ BgH$m Hw$N> ^r nVm Zht MbVm &&8&&
Eogr Xem _| `moJr EH$_mÌ Ü`mZ¡H${ZîR> {XImB© XoVm h¡ & dO« Ho$ Vwë` Ñ‹T> g_m{Y _| `h Eogo [ñWa
hmo OmVm h¡, O¡go n§IeyÝ` nd©V &&9&&
Ü`mZ Ho$ g_mZ hr Cg `moJr H$s g_m{Y ^r AZm`mg {gÕ hmo OmVr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
gånyU© ^moJm| go eyÝ`, B[ÝÐ`m| H$s d¥{Îm`m| H$mo emÝV {H$ò hþE, gånyU© Ñí` nXmWm] _|
A{^é{M Z aIZodmbo, EH$_mÌ AnZr AmË_m _| hr a_U H$aZodmbo, H«$_e… AnZr d¥{Îm`m| H$mo
Jbmò hþE VWm {~Zm {H$gr à`mg Ho$ {dlm{ÝV àmßV H$a MwHo$ `moJr H$s g_m{Y AW©V… {gÕ hmo
OmVr h¡, Bg {df` _| O~ dh ~«÷ñdê$n hmo J`m V~ {dMma hr H$aZo H$m¡Z MbVm h¡ ? &&10,11&&
Cg `moJr H$mo na_ d¡am½` ^r AW©V… {gÕ hmo OmVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{Z_©b AÝV…H$aUdmbo `moJr bmoJ {df`m| _| ZragVm H$s AZm`mg hr ^mdZm H$aZo bJ OmVo
h¢ & do CZ g^r gm§gm[aH$ ^m|Jm| H$mo Eogo Zht XoIVo, O¡go {H$ {MÌJV _Zwî` {MÌ _| {b{IV nwéfm|
H$mo &&12&& dmgZmeyÝ` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU gm§gm[aH$ nXmWm] H$mo Z XoI ahm AmË_kmZr `moJr Vmo dO«
Ho$ Vwë` AôÚ g_m{Y _| AÝ` nwéf Ho$ Ûmam _mZm| O~X©ñVr {Z`wŠV {H$`m OmVm h¡ &&13&&
dfm©H$mb _| ZXr Ho$ àdmh Ho$ Vwë` EH$_mÌ AmZÝXag H$m Am{d^m©d H$amZodmbr Omo g_m{Y àW_
d¥{Îm _| Cn[ñWV hmoVr h¡ CgH$s JwS>{nnr{bH$m Ý`m` Ho$ Ûmam () dñVwñd^md~b go hr EH$mJ«Vm
H$mo àmßV hmo, AmñdmX boVm hþAm _Z Cggo {\$a BYa-CYa Mbm`_mZ Zht hmoVm &&14&& gånyU©
AWm] H$s em{ÝV XoZodmbr hR>mV² àmßV hþB© Ü`mZXem _| kmZ~b go O~X©ñVr Omo {df`m| Ho$ ^rVa
d¡am½` Am OmVm h¡ dhr g_m{Y h¡, Xygar Zht & amJm[X Ho$ H$maU Iy~ Ob aho {MÎm _| Vmo H$^r
() {_R>mg Ho$ bmo^ go O~ MtQ>r Jw‹S> _| OmH$a {MnQ> OmVr h¡ V~ {\$a Cggo AbJ Zht
hmoVr & R>rH$ dhr Xem `moJr Ho$ _Z H$s h¡ & AmZÝX¡H$ag H$m Am{d^m©d H$amZodmbr g_m{Y H$m
AmñdmX boH$a `moJr H$m _Z nwZ… Cggo n¥WH²$ Zht hmoVm `h VmËn`© h¡Ÿ&
^r {H$gr H$s g_m{Y Zht XoIr J`r h¡ &&15&&
Bg Vah Ü`mZ H$s Cnn{Îm ^r {df`m| go {da{ŠV hmoZo na hr hmoVr h¡, AÝ`Wm Zht,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
{df`m| go Omo Ñ‹T> d¡am½` h¡ dhr Ü`mZ H$hm J`m h¡ Am¡a Iy~ n[anŠd hmo OmZo go dhr dO« Ho$
Vwë` AË`ÝV Ñ‹T> hmo OmVm h¡ &&16&&
Eogr [ñW{V _| d¡am½`ê$nr ~rO hr O~ A§Hw$[aV AdñWm _| [ñWV ahVm h¡ V~ Ü`mZ Am¡a O~
àê$‹T> hmo OmVm h¡ V~ g_m{YZm_ go H$hm OmVm h¡, `m| ôX _| ^r AôX-ì`dhma hmo gH$Vm h¡,
`h H$WZ \${bV hþAm, `h H$hVo h¢ &
^X«, {df`m| go Omo d¡am½` h¡ dh A§Hw$[aV hmoZo na Ü`mZ H$hm OmVm h¡ Am¡a O~ nrR>
~ÝY go `mZr H$mÊS>OZZ Am{X Ûmam Ñ‹T> ~ÝY go gwÝXa ~Õ hmo OmVm h¡ V~ dhr g_m{Y
Zm_ go H$hm OmVm h¡ &&17&&
gmjmËH$mamË_H$ d¥{Îm go Am{d^y©V ~«÷ hr A{dÚm H$m CÀN>oXH$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU kmZ H$hm
OmVm h¡, dmgZm H$m CÀN>oXH$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {Zdm©U H$hm OmVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
gmjmËH$mamË_H$ d¥{Îm _| à{V{~[å~V ~«÷ hr A{dÚmoÀN>oXê$n hmoZo go, {ZaÝVa n[aË`ŠV
dmgZmê$n hmoZo go VWm AmZÝXnX H$mo àmßV hmoZo go gå`H²$ kmZ, Ü`mZ Amoa {Zdm©U ê$n
H$hm OmVm h¡ &&18&&
`h Omo Hw$N> H$hm dh g~ {df`-d¡am½` go hr hmo gH$Vm h¡, Xygao {H$gr n«H$ma go Zht,
Bg{bE {df`-d¡am½` H$mo Ñ‹T> H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$hVo h¢ &
`{X nwéf _| ^moJm| Ho$ à{V {damJ {dÚ_mZ h¡, Vmo Ü`mZê$n Xw…IgmÜ` ~w{Õ go H$m¡Z-
gm à`moOZ {gÕ hmoJm ? Am¡a `{X {damJ Zht h¡, Vmo ^r Ü`mZmË_H$ Xw…IgmÜ` ~w{Õ go
H$m¡Z-gm à`moOZ {gÕ hmoJm ? &&19&& ^Ð, Omo nwéf {df`m| Ho$ ñdmX go _wŠV h¡ Ed§
{ddoH$kmZ go gånÝZ h¡ Cg _hm_w{Z H$mo {Z{d©H$ën g_m{Y {ZaÝVa bJr ahVr h¡ &&20&&
{OgH$mo {df` Zht éMVm, CgrH$mo VÎdk bmoJ kmZr H$hVo h¢ O~ nwéf H$mo ^moJ Zht éMVo
V^r Cgo gå`H²$ kmZ C{XV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&&21&&
nyU© AÛ` ñd^md go {déÕ ^moJ Cgr g_` _| hmo gH$Vm h¡, {Og g_` _o§ AkmZ Ho$ H$maU
AmË_m H$m Agbr ñdê$n {dnarV àVrV hmoVm h¡ & O~ AkmZ H$m Zme hmo OmVm h¡ V~, `h ~mV
Zht ahVr, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{Og _hm_w{Z H$s AnZo AmË_ñd^md go [ñW{V hmo MwH$s Cgo ^moJ H¡$go ? Š`m|{H$ AmË_{déÕ
ñd^md hr ^moJ h¡, dh {déÕ ñd^md Ho$ jrU hmo OmZo na H¡$go ah gH$Vm h¡ ? &&22&&
Aä`mgH$mb _| g_m{Y go CR>o hþE nwéf H$mo Š`m H$aZm Mm{hE Am¡a H$~ g_m{Y bJmZr
ŸyÕ - 47] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1919
Mm{hE, Bg {df` _| H«$_ ~VbmVo h¢ &
^X«, nhbo Jwé, ghnmR>r Am{X Ho$ gmW doXmÝVldU H$ao, Cn{ZfXm| H$s Amd¥{Îm H$ao, {\$a
àUdOn H$ao, BVZm g~ H$a boZo Ho$ ~mX g_m{Y _| VËna hmo Om`| Am¡a g_m{Y Qy>Q> OmZo na
g_m{YlmÝV dh nwéf {\$a ldU, AmdV©Z Ed§ àUd On H$ao &&23&&
`h g~ hmoZo na ^r g_m{Y H$s Amoa n«YmZ bú` aIZm Mm{hE, Bg Ame` go Cng§hma
H$aVo h¢ &
ho lram_Or, AnZo ^rVa EH$_mÌ {Zdm©Uê$n g_m{Y H$s Amoa bú` aI H$aHo$ [ñWV ahZm
Mm{hE, {H$gr àH$ma H$m IoX Zht H$aZm Mm{hE, gmar e§H$mAm| H$mo {Vbm§O{b Xo XoZr Mm{hE &
`hr g_m{Y A{Va_Ur`, gwfw{ßV Ho$ gÑe na_emÝV, eaËH$mbrZ {dñV¥V ~mXbm| Ho$ gÑe
{Z_©b h¡ & Bgr AdñWm _| {MÎm EH$ê$n Am¡a àemÝV ahVm h¡ &&24&&
{N>`mbrgdm± gJ© g_mßV
g¢Vmbrgdm± gJ©
{dñVma go àñVwV _w{ŠV H$m gmYZm| Ho$ H«$_ _|
Ñ‹T> d¡am½` H$s àm{ßV VH$ Ho$ {OVZo gmYZ h¢, CZ g~H$m nwZ… dU©ZŸ&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð lram_Or, Omo Ord Bg g§gma Ho$ ^ma H$mo T>moVo-T>moVo WH$
J`m h¡ VWm _aU, _yÀN>m© Am{X g§H$Q> g_` H$mo PobH$a {OgH$m eara OO©a hmo J`m h¡, dh
{dlm{ÝV Adí` MmhVm h¡ & naÝVw CgHo$ {bE Omo Img H«$_ h¡ `mZr {dlm{ÝV nmZo Ho$ {bE àmßV
{H$ò OmZodmbo CZ-CZ gmYZm| go CÎm_ JwUm| Ho$ bm^ H$m Omo H«$_ h¡, Cgo Amn gw{Zò &&1&&
g~go nhbo {ddoH$ê$nr A§Hw$a H$m CX` hmoZo na {OZ JwUm| H$s àmßV hmoVr h¡, CÝh|
~VbmVo h¢ &
H$maU {deof go `mZr Eo{hH$ `k, XmZ, Vn Am{X nmnj` Ho$ hoVw^yV gËH$_m] go `m AH$maU
go `mZr nyd©OÝ_m{O©V `k Am{X gËH$_m] go O^r AnZo öX` _| nhbo g§gma go {da{ŠV n¡Xm
H$aZodmbr {ddoH$ H$s _mÌm CËnÝZ hmo OmVr h¡, V^r CÎm_ N>m`m XoZodmbo VWm gmYwVm Ho$ ê$n go
Mmam| Amoa \$¡bo hþE JwUm| H$m g§gma Vmn go VßV nwéf Eogo Aml` boVo h¢, O¡go gy`© Ho$ Vmn go Vno
hþE nwéf _mJ© H$s WH$mdQ> haZodmbo _mJ© Ho$ d¥jm| H$m Aml` boVo h¢ &&2,3&&
Eogm hmoZo na nhbo Akm{Z`m| Ho$ g§gJ© H$m Ë`mJ, `k-XmZ Am{X _o§ VËnaVm VWm XodVm H$s
AmamYZm Am{X JwU CËnÝZ hmoVo h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Eogm nwéf nhbo Vmo Akm{Z`m| H$mo Cg Vah Xya go hr N>mo‹S> XoVm h¡, O¡go n{WH$ `k`yn H$mo
Xya go hr N>mo‹S> XoVm h¡ & ñZmZ, XmZ, Vn, `k Am{X H$m AZwîR>mZ H$aVm h¡ Am¡a {ZaÝVa VÎdkm|
H$m nXmZwgaU H$aVm h¡Ÿ&&4&& {Og Vah MÝÐ_m H$m {~å~ bmoJm| H$mo AmZÝX XoZodmbm A_¥V YmaU
H$aVm h¡, Cgr Vah VÎddoÎmm H$mo_b, AZwê$n, n[aUm_ _| bmoJm| Ho$ {bE {hVH$maH$ VWm AmZÝXXm`r
H¥${Ì_ ì`dhma YmaU H$aVm h¡ &&5&& Eogm VÎddoÎmm AnZo nj _| Z AZwamJ aIVm h¡ Am¡a Z bmo^
`m A{^_mZ hr aIVm h¡, gXm na Ho$ {hV _| {ZaV ahVm h¡, Bgrgo nan«kmZwJ H$hm OmVm h¡ & dh
g^r OZm| H$m {à` hmoVm h¡, n{dÌ emómZwHy$b H$_m] _| a{gH$ ~Zm ahVm h¡ VWm BZ JwUm| Ho$
H$maU g~go D±$Mm hmoH$a dh {dMaU H$aVm ahVm h¡ &&6&& Eogo _hmnwéf H$s nhbr g§J{V hr
nwéf H$mo gwI nhþ±MmVr h¡, CgH$s g§J{V _ŠIZ Ho$ Aml` Xhr Ho$ gÑe ñdÀN> hmoVr h¡ VWm
ñZoh go ânya, H$mo_b, _Zmoha Am¡a ñdmXw ahVr h¡ &&7&& {ddoH$s nwéfm| Ho$ MÝÐ_m H$s {H$aUm| Ho$
gÑe M[aÌ AË`ÝV n{dÌ Am¡a erVb ahVo h¢, Bg{bE àËòH$ nwéf Ho$ ^rVa AË`ÝV R>§S>H$
nhþ±MmVo h¢ &&8&& O¡gr gmYw nwéf Ho$ g_mJ_ go {Z^©` em{ÝV {_bVr h¡, d¡gr em{ÝV _Zmoha nwînm|
Ho$ T>oam| go âo CÚmZIÊS>m| _| ^r Zht {_bVr h¡ &&9&& O¡go ^JdVr ^mJraWr Ho$ {Z_©b Ob nmn
Ymo S>mbVo h¢ Am¡a ewÕVm àXmZ H$aVo h¢, d¡go hr {ddo{H$`m| Ho$ g_mJ_ ^r nwéfm| Ho$ nmn Ymo S>mbVo
h¢ Am¡a ewÕVm àXmZ H$aVo h¢ &&10&& g§gma nma nmZo H$s BÀN>m aIZodmbo {daŠV {ddoH$s nwéfm|
H$m g_mJ_ hmoZo na nwéf Eogr erVbVm àmßV H$aVm h¡, O¡gr {h_ Ed§ nwînhmam| go {Z{_©V Kam|
_| dmg H$aZo na &&11&& ^X«, O¡gr CXma àr{V {ddoH$s nwéf _| ahVr h¡, d¡gr CXma àr{V XodVm,
JÝYd© Am¡a _mZd H$s H$Ý`mAm| _| ^r Zht ahVr &&12&& H«$_ go {H$ò Jò C{MV {ZîH$m_ H$_© go
~w{Õ H$m _b hQ> OmVm h¡, ~w{Õ H$m _b hQ> OmZo na AmË_{Okmgm H$m Am{d^m©d hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a
JwéOr Ho$ _wI go gwZm J`m emó H$m AW© _Zwî` Ho$ öX` Ho$ ^rVa Eogo n¡R> OmVm h¡, O¡go
Xn©UVb Ho$ ^rVa à{V{~å~ n¡R> OmVm h¡ &&13&& {ddoH$ go nyU© öX` _| emómW©ag go nyU© hmoH$a
CÎm_ àkm Eogo ~‹T>Zo bJ OmVr h¡, O¡go _hmdZ _| _ybàamohm{X Ho$ {dñVma go H$Xbr ~‹T>Zo bJ
OmVr h¡ &&14&& Xn©U Ho$ gÑe, {Z_©bVm go emo{^V ~w{Õ AnZo ^rVa à{V{~[å~V g_ñV
dñVwAm| H$m AnZo AÝXa hr _Z Ho$ {dbmg Ho$ ê$n _| nyU© AZw^d H$aVr h¡ &&15&& gmYwAm| Ho$
g_mJ_ go ewÕ~w{Õ hþAm VWm emó Ho$ AWm] go n[a_m{O©V hþAm àmk ({ddoH$s) nwéf A{½Z go
{ZH$mbo Jò {dÚwËnw§O Ho$ gÑe M_H$Xma dñÌ aËZ H$s ZmBª ^mgVm h¡ &&16&& {ddoH$s nwéf
M_H$sbo gwdU© Ho$ gÑe M_H$ aho VWm {Z_©b àH$me H$aZodmbo AnZo AmË_àH$me go gy`© H$s
ZmBª g_ñV ^wdZ H$mo àH$m{eV H$a XoVm h¡ &&17&& {ddoH$gånÝZ VÎdk nwéf Aä`mg Ûmam emó
H$m Am¡a godm Am{Xd¥{Îm go Jwég_mJ_ H$m d¡gm {ZaÝVa AZwgaU H$aVm h¡, {Oggo {H$ Jwé Ho$
Cn{XîQ> AW© _| AË`ÝV Amg{ŠV Ho$ H$maU ñdßZ _| ^r emó Ed§ Jwé Ho$ {MÝVZ VWm godZ _|
{ZaV hmoH$a CÝht XmoZm| H$m (emó Am¡a Jwég_mJ_H$m) AZw^d H$aVm h¡ &&18&& H«$_e… amJ
Am{X Xmofm| H$m {dZme Ed§ _¡Ìr Am{X JwUm| H$m g§M` H$a dh {ZXm}f Am¡a JwUdmZ² ~ZH$a emó _|,
ŸyÕ - 47] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1921
Cn{ZfX² _| H$ho Jò AWm] H$s ^mdZm go nyU© ^mdwH$ ~Z OmVm h¡ & {\$a qnO‹S>o go Nw>Q>H$mam nmò
hþE Ho$ gÑe ñdVÝÌ hmoH$a VWm ^moJm| H$m {VañH$ma H$a àH$meZo bJ OmVm h¡ &&19&& ^Ð,
ì`gZr ~ZH$a {df`m| Ho$ à{V Xm¡‹S>Zm ~‹S>m ^mar Xw^m©½` h¡, Bg Xw^m©½` H$m {XZ na {XZ Ë`mJ H$a
aho Cg {ddoH$erb nwéf Ho$ Ûmam CgH$m d§e Cg Vah M_H$Zo bJ OmVm h¡, {Og Vah MÝÐ_m
Ho$ Ûmam Vmam| H$m g_yh M_H$Zo bJ OmVm h¡ &&20&& Bg {ddoH$s Ho$ _wI _| ^moJbånQ>Vm go
{Z_w©ŠV H$moB© A{Zd©MZr` Anyd© hr H$m{ÝV Eogo OJ_JmZo bJ OmVr h¡, O¡go amhþ go Nw>Q>H$mam nm
OmZo na MÝÐ_m _| H$m{ÝV OJ_JmZo bJ OmVr h¡ &&21&& {OZ bmoJm| Zo VrZm| OJV² H$mo ^r
V¥Uê$n g_P {b`m h¡, CZ _hmZ² AmË_mAm| Ûmam `h Eogo àe§gmnX H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡, O¡go ñdJ©
_| XodVmAm| Ûmam H$ënd¥j &&22&& ^Ð, {ddoH$s H$mo Omo Hw$N> ^moJgmYZ àmßV hmoVo h¢, CZH$m
n[aË`mJ H$a dh gÝVwîQ> Vmo hmoVm h¡, naÝVw Hw$N> bÁOmJ«ñV ~Zm ahVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ CgHo$ _Z _|
Bg ~mV H$s e_© ahVr h¡ {H$ _¢Zo g^r go O~ Ûof N>mo‹S> {X`m V~ ^moJm| Ho$ à{V Ûof Š`m| H$a ahm
hÿ± Am¡a `{X ^moJgmYZ {df` Cgo àmßV hr Zht hþE, Vmo dh AË`ÝV gÝVwîQ> ahVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ Bg
AdñWm _| Cgo Ûof H$aZo H$m _m¡H$m hr Zht {_bVm &&23&& `{X AY_ MmÊS>mb Am{X H$mo
X¡ddemV² AnZr nyd©OÝ_ H$s CÀM Om{V H$m ñ_aU hmo J`m, Vmo dh AnZr Bg OÝ_ H$s Om{V
H$mo O¡go _Z _| {YŠH$maVm h¡, d¡go hr {ddoH$s nwéf ^r nhbo H$s amJ Am{X go àm¡‹T> VWm ^moJ H$s
CËH$ÊR>m go Vab hþB© AnZr {H«$`mAm| H$m ñ_aU H$a IoX go Hw$N> h±g_wI hmoH$a AnZo ^rVa
CZH$mo {YŠH$maVm h¡ &&24&& Bg Vah Ho$ nwéf H$mo EH$ Vah go n¥Ïdr _| CX` H$mo àmßV MÝÐ_m hr
g_PZm Mm{hE, Bgo XoIZo Ho$ {bE Ho$db na_ ào_ go hr {dñ_` go à\w$ëb ZoÌm|dmbo {gÕ nwéf
AmVo h¢ &&25&& gXm hr ^moJm| Ho$ à{V dh AmXa Zht aIVm, Bgr{bE CZ {gÕ _hmË_mAm| Ho$
Ûmam AË`ÝV àgÝZVm go {Xò Jò A{Z{fÕ {g{Õ Am{X {df`m| H$mo ^r loîR> Zht g_PVm CZH$s
Amoa Hw$N> ^r A{YH$ AmñWm Zht aIVm &&26&& CZ ^moJm| Ho$ à{V Cgo Omo A{YH$ AmXa Zht
hmoVm, Bg_| H$maU `h h¡ {H$ Jwé Am¡a emó Ho$ g_mJ_ go ^moJm| Ho$ à{V nhbo go hr CgHo$ _Z
_| ZragVm n¡Xm hmo OmVr h¡ VWm CgH$s O‹S>Vm ^r OrU©-erU© Eogo hmo OmVr h¡, O¡go eaX² F$Vw
H$m nm¡Ym nmH$ go OrU©-erU© hmo OmVm h¡ &&27&& AZÝVa O¡go ñdmñÏ` MmhZodmbm nwéf d¡Ú H$s
eaU boVm h¡, d¡go hr AnZo ^mdr A{YH$ H$ë`mU Ho$ {bE ñd`§ hr dh gÁOZm| H$s eaU boVm
h¡ &&28&& gÁOZm| Ho$ g_mJ_ go CgH$s ~w{Õ ~‹S>r CXma hmo OmVr h¡, CXma~w{Õ hmoH$a dh
Cn{ZfX² Ho$ _hmdmŠ`mWm] Ho$ {dMma _| Eogo Sy>~ OmVm h¡, O¡go AË`ÝV àgÝZ gamodam| _| _hmZ²
hmWr Sy>~ OmVm h¡ &&29&& Š`m|{H$ gÁOZ H$m `h ñd^md h¡ {H$ dh AnZo nmg [ñWV àmUr H$mo
~‹S>r-~‹S>r Amn{Îm`m| go C~ma H$a gån{Îm`m| _| Eogo gå~ÝY H$am XoVm h¡, O¡go gy`© AÝYH$ma go
C~maH$a AnZr àH$me_` Xr{ßV`m| _| gå~ÝY H$am XoVm h¡ &&30&& Omo {ddoH$s h¡ CgH$s ~w{Õ
nhbo go hr Xygao H$m YZ boZo go {daV ~Zr ahVr h¡ Am¡a AnZo hr AWm] go Cgo gÝVmof ~Zm ahVm
h¡ &&31&& Xygao Ho$ YZJ«hU go {daV VWm gÝVmofê$nr A_¥V go {Z^©a {ddoH$s nwéf H«$_ go
CÎmamoÎma AnZo ñdmWm] H$s ^r Cnojm H$aZo H$s BÀN>m H$aVm h¡, Eogr [ñW{V _| dh Xygao H$m YZ
Vmo MmhoJm hr H¡$go ? &&32&& CgHo$ nmg Omo H$moB© `mMH$ Am Om`, Cgo H$U, {nÊ`mH$ ({Vb `m
gagm| H$s Ibr), emH$ Am{X Omo Hw$N> ^r hmo Xo XoVm h¡, Cgr Aä`mg`moJ Ho$ à^md go `mMH$m| H$mo
AnZm _m§g ^r Xo S>mbVm h¡ &&33&&
{ddoH$ Ho$ AZwgaU go {OZH$m {MÎm brZ hmo J`m h¡ CZH$m {XZ na {XZ kmZ ~‹T>Vm hr OmVm
h¡ Am¡a AkmZ jrU hmoVm OmVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{ddoH$ Ho$ nrN>o-nrN>o Xm¡‹S> aho VWm {MÎm H$s {db`Xem H$mo àmßV hþE nwéfm| H$m AkmZ
Eogo VwÀN> hmo OmVm h¡, O¡go Xm¡‹S> aho Kmo‹S>m| Ho$ {bE ~‹S>m ^mar J–m ^r JmonX H$s ZmBª VwÀN>
`mZr AZm`mg Cëb§KZ `mo½` hmo OmVm h¡ &&34&& {ddoH$s H$mo g~go nhbo à`ËZnyd©H$ Xygao
H$m YZ boZo go {Zd¥Îm hmo OmZm Mm{hE Am¡a BgH$m ^br àH$ma Aä`mg H$a {\$a AnZo {ddoH$
go ñdmWm] go ^r {da{ŠV J«hU H$aZr Mm{hE &&35&& BgHo$ ~mX ^moJ{Zd¥{Îm Ho$ gmW-gmW
AnZo ñdmWm] H$mo ^r H«$_e… {Vbm§O{b Xo XoZr Mm{hE, Š`m|{H$ VÎdk bmoJ CÎm_ em{ÝV Ho$
{bE `hr H$m_ {H$`m H$aVo h¢ &&36&& lram_Or, `h ~mV Amn {Z[íMV _m{Zò {H$ OrdZn`©ÝV
O¡gm AWmo©nmO©Z Ho$ {bE Pobm J`m XÊS>ê$n Eo{hH$ nmabm¡{H$H$ Xw…I h¡, d¡gm Xygam Xw…I
Bg OJV² _| H$amo‹S>m| ZaH$m| _| ^r {dÚ_mZ Zht h¡ &&37&&
Omo _y‹T> nwéf h¢, CZH$mo nmabm¡{H$H$ Xw…Im| H$m ñ_aU ^bo hr Z hmo, na Eo{hH$ Xw…Im| H$m Vmo
CÝh| ñ_aU H$aZm hr Mm{hE `h H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, AmgZ Ho$ {bE, e`Z Ho$ {bE,gdmar Ho$ {bE, OmZo Ho$ {bE, AmZÝX _ZmZo Ho$ {bE
VWm AnZo OZ Ho$ {bE nwéfm| H$mo {H$VZr ~‹S>r _mZ{gH$ {MÝVm ~Zr ahVr h¡, Bg{bE Akm{Z`m|
H$mo Cgo Adí` ñ_aU H$aZm Mm{hE {H$ AWmo©nmO©Z Ho$ {bE `hm± {H$VZm Xw…I h¡ &&38&& ^Ð, `{X
{ddoH$ go {dMmam Om`, Vmo ò AW© ~‹S>o ^mar AZW©ê$n, gån{Îm`m± _hmZ² {dn{Îmê$n Am¡a ^moJ
g§gma Ho$ _hmZ² amoJê$n hr {gÕ hmoVo h¢ & naÝVw _moh Ho$ H$maU àmUr CZH$mo d¡gm Zht g_PVm &&39&&
O~ VH$ nwéf {ZÝXZr` Eo{hH$ `m nmabm¡{H$H$ AWm] Ho$ {bE _hmZ Xw…I ê$n AZW© PobZo H$s
BÀN>m Zht H$aVm, V^r VH$ nwéf {M[ÝVV AWm] Ho$ H$maU CËnÝZ gÝVmnm| go Zht gyIVm &&40&&
{Og nwéf H$mo _moj H$m gwI hr gXm Ho$ {bE g~go ~‹T>-M‹T>H$a O±MVm hmo, dh nwéf YZ H$mo `h
g_Po {H$ dh OJV²-ê$nr {VZHo$ Ho$ A{J«_ {hñgo Ho$ gÑe AË`ÝV VwÀN> h¡ Am¡a `h g_PH$a
Cggo em[ÝV J«hU H$ao `mZr Cgo àmßV H$aZo Ho$ {bE AZW© Ho$ \$ÝXo _| Z \±$go &&41&&
YZ _| VwÀN>Vm Ñ‹T> H$aZo Ho$ {bE ~ma-~ma CgH$s {ZÝXm H$aVo h¢ &
ŸyÕ - 47] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1923
^Ð, `h Omo YZ h¡, CgH$mo _w{Z`m| Zo `h H$hH$a `mX {H$`m h¡ {H$ dh {MÝVm, emoH$ Am{X
^md{dH$mam| H$m, Oam, _aU Ho$ OZH$ XwîQ> H$_m] H$m VWm XrZVm, XwîQ>Vm, ObZ Am{X H$m T>ao h¡ &&42&&
gÝVmof hr d¡am½` _| ~¡R>mH$a nwéf H$mo g~ Xw…Im| go Nw>Q>H$mam {XbmVm h¡, Bg{bE A~ gÝVmof
H$s ñVw{V H$aVo h¢ &
Bg OJV² _| ~w‹Tmnm Am¡a _aU go AmH«$mÝV OÝVwAm| H$mo AOa Am¡a A_a ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE
gÝVmof hr EH$ agm`Z (A_¥V) h¡ &&43&&
g^r àH$ma Ho$ gwIm| H$m H$maU ^r dhr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
gwI Ho$ gmYZ EH$ Amoa Vmo dgÝV, ZÝXZdZ, MÝÐ_m Am¡a AßgamE± H$hr JB© h¢ Am¡a EH$
Amoa nyU© gÝVmofê$nr A_¥V H$hm J`m h¡ `mZr AHo$bm gÝVmofê$nr A_¥V gwI XoZo H$s {OVZr
gm_Ï`© aIVm h¡ CVZr dgÝV Am{X g~ {_bH$a ^r Zht aIVo &&44&& O¡go gamoda AnZo ^rVa
H$s n[anyU©Vm d¥{îQ> go H$a gH$Vm h¡, d¡go hr nwéf ^r AnZo ^rVa n[anyU©Vm gÝVmoof go hr H$a
gH$Vm h¡ & gÁOZ nwéf Jå^ra, erVb, _Zmoha, àgÝZ Am¡a agnyU© AmoO[ñdVm H$mo gÝVmof Ho$
hr Ûmam àmßV H$a gwÝXa nwînm| go `wŠV dZ Ho$ gÑe hmoH$a Eogo emo{^V hmoZo bJVm h¡, O¡go dgÝV
go d¥j &&45,46&& Omo nwéf gÝVmof YmaU Zht H$aVm Am¡a AWm] Ho$ {bE bmbm{`V ahVm h¡,
CgH$s àH¥${V R>rH$ Cg H$sQ> H$s Vah XrZ ~Z OmVr h¡, Omo H$sQ> OyVm| go nhbo AmhV hmoH$a
aJ‹S> Im J`m h¡ & Bg Vah H$m AgÝVwîQ> Ord EH$ Xw…I go Xygao Xw…I H$s Amoa OmVm hr h¡, Xw…Im|
go Nw>Q>H$mam Zht nmVm &&47&& YZ Ho$ bmo^r Ordm| H$s AmH¥${V`m± (AmH$ma) {dH¥$V hr ahm H$aVr
h¡ Am¡a do AnZr ñdñW [ñW{V Eogo àmßV Zht H$a gH$Vo, O¡go {H$ jwãY g_wÐ _| {Jao hþE VWm
Va§Jm| go {dH$b hmo CR>o nwéf &&48&& AW©gån{Îm Am¡a à_Xm-ò XmoZm| dñVwE± Va§Jm| Ho$ gÑe Wmo‹S>r
hr Xoa _| ZîQ> hmo OmZodmbr h¢ Am¡a do gn© Ho$ \$Zê$n N>Ì H$s N>m`m hr h¢, AV… H$m¡Z {dÛmZ CZgo
Iob H$aoJm ?Ÿ&&49&& YZ Ho$ CnmO©Z Am¡a ajU _| Omo ^mar `mVZmE± hmoVr h¢, CZH$mo OmZH$a ^r
Omo YZ H$s BÀN>m H$aVm h¡, dh _y‹T> Am¡a Zanew h¡ Cgo Ny>Zm VH$ Zht Mm{hE &&50&& Omo nwéf
gÝVmofê$nr h±[gò go EH$ gmW ~mha H$s B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ ~Vm©d H$mo Am¡a ^rVa Ho$ g§H$ën Am{X H$mo
H$mQ> S>mbVm h¡, CgH$m IoV `mZr kmZ~rO H$s CËn{Îm H$m ñWmZ öX` àH$meZo bJVm h¡ &&51&&
Ñ‹T> d¡am½` H$s àm{ßV VH$ Ho$ {OVZo JwU A^r-A^r nrN>o ~Vbmò Jò h¢ do ^br^m±{V
Aä`ñV hmoZo na hr kmZ H$s [ñW{V ~Zm XoVo h¢, D$na-D$na go Aä`ñV hmoZo na Zht, Bg
Ame` H$mo boH$a Cng§hma H$s BÀN>m go H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, Akm{Z`m| go gå~ÝY aIZodmbr OJV² H$s Omo {d{MÌVm h¡, dh gmjr AmË_m _| gË`Vm
aIVr hr Zht, `m| OmZ ahm ^r kmZr OJV² _| gË` AW© g_PZodmbo Ak Ho$ gÑe Omo
An[anŠd kmZ Ho$ H$maU ì`dhma H$aVm h¡, dh àñVwV d¡am½`m{X Ho$ AZä`mg H$m hr n[aUm_
h¡ &&52&& nwéf H$mo g~go nhbo g§gma _| {damJXem àmßV H$aZr Mm{hE, {\$a gËg_mJ_ Am¡a
emóm| H$m Aä`mg H$aZm Mm{hE, AZÝVa "VÎd_{g' Am{X emóm| Ho$ AWm] H$s Ñ‹T> ^mdZm H$a
^moJm| go {daŠV hmo OmZm Mm{hE, BVZm H$aZo Ho$ AZÝVa A^r H$ho Jò d¡V¥îÊ` H$s `mZr gÝVmof
H$s Ñ‹T>Vm ~Z OmòJr Am¡a {\$a AnZo Agbr ñdê$n H$mo dh Adí` àmßV hmo OmòJm &&53&&
g¢Vmbrgdm± gJ© g_mßV
A‹S>Vmbrgdm± gJ©
CÎm_ d¡am½` Ñ‹T> hmoZo na nwéf H$s {OZ bjUm| go [ñW{V hmoVr h¡ VWm
kmZ _| {ZîR>m hmo OmZo na {OZ bjUm| go [ñW{V hmoVr h¡, CZH$m dU©ZŸ&
g~go nhbo d¡am½` H$s Ñ‹T>Vm hmo OmZo na nwéf Ho$ Omo {M• hmoVo h¢, CÝh| ~VbmVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, O~ nwéf H$mo g§gma go {da{ŠV CËnÝZ hmo OmVr h¡,
O~ gmYw nwéfm| H$m g_mJ_ àmßV hmo OmVm h¡, O~ "VÎd_{g' Am{X _hmdmŠ`m| H$m AW©
~w{Õ Ûmam ^m{dV hmo OmVm h¡, O~ ^moJm| H$s V¥îUm Mbr OmVr h¡, O~ {df` Zrag ~Z OmVo
h¢, O~ gmYwVm H$m CX` hmo OmVm h¡, O~ àH$me_` AmË_m gm_Zo Am OmVm h¡ VWm O~
öX` _| AnZo CX` H$s nyU© ^mdZm hmo OmVr h¡, V~ dh {ddoH$s nwéf YZm| H$mo Eogo Zht
MmhVm, O¡go AÝYH$mam| H$mo Am¡a `{X do nmg _| {dÚ_mZ hm|, Vmo CZH$m Eogo Ë`mJ H$a XoVm
h¡, O¡go Ka _| go EH$X_ gyIo C[ÀN>îQ> nÎmbm| H$m &&1-3&& Cn`moJr ^r ~V©Z Am{X T>mo bo
OmZo _| Agm_Ï`© aIZo Ho$ H$maU O¡go n{WH$m| H$s Ñ{îQ> go do Ho$db ^ma^yV hr XoIo OmVo
h¢, d¡go hr {ddoH$s nwéf H$s Ñ{îQ> go ór, ~ÝYw Am{X ^r ^ma^yV XoIo OmVo h¢ & naÝVw ghgm
CZH$m Ë`mJ dh Zht H$aVm, `Wme{ŠV Am¡a `Wmg_` Yrao-Yrao CZH$m CnMma H$aVm hr
OmVm h¡ `mZr N>mo‹S>Vm OmVm h¡ &&4&& B[ÝÐ`m| _| ~ma-~ma bJo hþE ^r ^moJê$n B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$
{df`m| H$m dh AZw^d Zht H$aVm, Š`m|{H$ CgH$m _Z AË`ÝV emÝV hmo MwH$m ahVm h¡ Ÿ&&5&&
CgrH$m {dñVma H$aVo h¢ &
{ddoH$s Ord, EH$mÝV ñWmZm| _|, {XJÝVm| _|, gamodam| _|, O§Jbm| _|, CÚmZm| _|, n{dÌ Xoem| _|,
AnZo hr Kam| _|, {_Ìm| H$s {dbmgnyU© H«$s‹S>mAm| _|, gwÝXa ~mJ Am{X Ho$ ^moOZm| _|, emóm| Ho$
VH©$nyU© {dMmam| _| AkmZr H$s Vah XrK©H$mb VH$ AmñWm ~m±YH$a Zht ahVm `m Amg{ŠV Z hmoZo
Ho$ H$maU XrK©H$mbVH$ [ñWV Zht ahVm h¡ &&6,7&& AWdm H$Xm{MV² àmaãYde CZ ñWmZm| _| ah
J`m, Vmo ^r dhm± ahH$a VÎddoÎmm nwéf H$s hr ImoO H$aVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ dh nyU©emÝV, XmÝV,
AnZr AmË_m _| a_Zodmbm, _m¡Zr Am¡a EH$_mÌ {dkmZê$n ~«÷ H$s H$Wm _| {ZaV ahVm h¡ &&8&&
`m| {ZaÝVa AÝdofU H$aZo na Adí` AmË_m H$m Xe©Z hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Bggo em{ÝV {_bVr h¡,
ŸyÕ - 48] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1925
`h H$hVo h¢ &
Bg Vah Aä`mg Ho$ ~b go emÝV {ddoH$s nwéf ñd`§ hr Ob _| {ZåZ (ZrMo Ho$) ^mJ Ho$
gÑe na_ nX _| {dlm{ÝV àmßV H$a boVm h¡ &&9&&
dh na_nX H¡$gm h¡ ? Ohm± na {ddoH$s {dlm{ÝV nmVm h¡ Am¡a {H$g Vah H$m {ZíM`
{dlm{ÝVê$n ~Z OmVm h¡ ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
EH$_mÌ AkmZ hr BZ ~mø Am¡a Amä`ÝVa Ñí` nXmWm] Ho$ ê$n _| n[aUV hmo J`m h¡,
AkmZ H$moB© AbJ nXmW© h¡ Zht, Bg{bE AkmZ H$s em{ÝV hr na_nX h¡, `h Amn Om{ZE
AWdm ~mø Am¡a Amä`ÝVa {OVZo AW© {XImB© n‹S>Vo h¢, do AmË_m go A{V[aŠV Hw$N> Zht
h¡, Bg àH$ma H$m A[ÝV_ gmjmËH$mamË_H$ Omo {ZíM` h¡, dh `{X AnZo ñdê$n^yV AmË_m
_| X½Y bH$‹S>r H$s AmJ Ho$ gÑe emÝV hmo J`m, Vmo dhr na_nX h¡ &&10&& ~moYê$n AmË_m
Ho$ {gdm Z Vmo AWm] H$m kmZ hmo gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a Z eyÝ` hr {gÕ hmo gH$Vm h¡, Bg àH$ma
Ho$ ^rVar AZw^d _| {dÚ_mZ gd© ~mYm| H$s Ad{Y^yV Omo dñVw h¡, dhr na_ nX h¡ &&11&&
na_nXê$n Omo dñVw h¡, dh Z ~moYê$n h¡, Z eyÝ`ê$n h¡ Am¡a Z Vmo AW©ê$n hr h¡, `h Amn
OmZ br{OE, Š`m|{H$ g_ñV dñVwE± AÛ` ~moY Ho$ gmW EH$ag hmoH$a hr n[aUV h¢ & VmËn`©
`h {ZH$bm {H$ `{X ~moY Ho$ {df` nXmW© hmoVo, Vmo CZH$mo boH$a ~moYê$nVm H$h gH$Vo, naÝVw
~moY {df` H$moB© nXmW© Vmo {ÌH$mb _| ^r Zht h¡, Bgr Vah AW© Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AW©ê$nVm
^r Zht h¡ & AWm] H$s eyÝ`Vm H$mo boH$a na_nX _| eyÝ`Vm H¡$go hmo gH$Vr h¡ ? &&12&&
na_nX _| {dlm{ÝV nm OmZo na {df`m| H$s {da{ŠV {gÕ hmo OmVr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
_ZeyÝ` (_Z H$s {db`Xem H$mo àmßV) VWm AmË_VÎdgmjmËH$maê$n na_nX _| {dlm_
{H$ò hþE _hmË_mAm| H$mo {df` Eogo AÀN>o Zht bJVo, O¡go _ZeyÝ` nËWam| H$mo XyY &&13&&
{ZamoYnX H$mo àmßV `mZr ~{h_w©I nwéfm| H$mo AmË_{ZîR>m _| éH$mdQ> S>mbZodmbo VWm
AÝV_w©Inwéfm| H$mo ~mø{ZîR>m _| éH$mdQ> S>mbZodmbo na_nX _| àmßV hþAm, _Z go a{hV,
_w{Z Ho$ Y_m] go nyU©, emar[aH$ H$m`m] _| {e{Wb AmË_kmZr _hmË_m AnZo ñd^md _| Eogo
{ZíMb hmoH$a [ñWV ahVm h¡, O¡go {MÌ _| A§{H$V nwéf &&14&&
Cg g_` CgH$m _Z {H$g Vah H$m ahVm h¡ ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, Adí` OmZZo bm`H$ AmË_dñVw H$mo OmZZodmbo Cg _hmË_m H$m _Z AW©a{hV h¡, Am¡a
gånyU© AWm] go nyU© ^r h¡, Š`m|{H$ VÎdV… g^r VÐÿn hmo Jò h¡ & An[a[ÀN>ÝZ ~«÷ê$n hmo OmZo
Ho$ H$maU _hmZ² hr h¡ Am¡a Xwb©ú` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU na_mUwê$n ^r h¡, AeyÝ`ê$n hmoVm hþAm ^r
eyÝ`mË_H$ h¡, H$maU {H$ AhÝVm, OJV² H$s BÀN>m Am{X, {Xem (Xoe) Am¡a H$mb H$s H$ënZm
Am{X VWm kmVm Ho$ kmZ Am{X {OVZo nXmW© h¢, do g~ Cgr go Vmo hþE h¢, AV… VÐÿn hmoZo Ho$
H$maU eyÝ`ê$n Zht hmo gH$Vm Am¡a eyÝ` Am{X ^r Cgr go hþE h¢, AV… AeyÝ`ê$n ^r Zht h¡Ÿ&
Eogr [ñW{V _| VV²-VX«yn go [ñWV hþAm ^r Zht h¡, `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ &&15,16&& gånyU©
_bm| go a{hV AmË_nX _| [ñW{V H$aZodmbm kmZr AnZo öX` _| [ñWV AkmZê$nr AÝYH$ma H$mo
VWm ~mha Ho$ AÝYH$ma H$mo Ed§ amJ, Ûof, ^` Am{X H$mo, XrnH$ H$s Vah {ZH$mb XoVm h¡ &&17&&
^Ð, Eogo nwéfê$nr ^mñH$a H$mo (gy`© H$mo) àUm_ H$aZm Mm{hE, {OgH$m {H$ g_ñV A§e aOmoJwU
go eyÝ` h¡, gÎdJwU Ho$ à^md go Omo AkmZgmJa go nma nm MwH$m h¡ Am¡a {Og_|§ V_moJwU H$m
gd©Wm A^md h¡ &&18&& lram_Or, _¢ Amngo Š`m H$hÿ±, O~ ôX hQ> OmVm h¡, {MÎm AÑí` ~Z
OmVm h¡, V~ kmZr H$s Omo [ñW{V hmo OmVr h¡ CgH$m dmUr go H$WZ hmo hr Zht gH$Vm &&19&&
ho _hm~wÕo, amV-{XZ H$s CÎm_ ^{ŠV go {MaH$mb Ho$ ~mX àgÝZ {H$`m J`m na_mË_m d{U©V
na_nXê$n {Zdm©U XoVm h¡, Xygam Zht & Vn Ho$ à^md go `h B©ída Ho$ àgmX go _moj {_bVm h¡,
Eogr lw{V H$s C{ŠV ^r h¡ &&20&& lram_Or Zo H$hm … ho VÎdkm| _| loîR> _w{Zda, H$m¡Z B©ída h¡ ?
Am¡a dh ^{ŠV go H¡$go àgÝZ {H$`m OmVm h¡, `h ~mV _wPgo Amn R>rH$-R>rH$ H${hEŸ &&21&&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho _hm_Vo, B©ída Z Vmo Xyar na hr h¡ Am¡a Z AË`ÝV Xwb©^ hr h¡,
_hm~moYê$n, EH$ag AnZr AmË_m hr na_oída h¡ &&22&&
B©ída Cgo H$hVo h¢, Omo g~H$m {Z`ÝÌU H$aZo _| ñdVÝÌ hmo, Bg Vah ñdVÝÌ g~Ho$ à{V
g^r àH$ma go AnZr AmË_m hr h¡, Bg {df` _| `w{ŠV H$hVo h¢ &
g~ Hw$N> AmË_m Ho$ {bE hr h¡ & aW, Ka, _hb Am{X {OVZo AMoVZ nXmW© h¢, do g~ MoVZ
Ho$ {bE hr h¢, AmË_m go A{V[aŠV H$moB© MoVZdñVw h¡ Zht, Bg{bE gd©^moŠV¥Vmê$n ñdVÝÌVm
AmË_m _| hr Am JB© & Cgr go g~ Hw$N> hþAm h¡ `mZr g~H$m H$Vm© dhr h¡, dhr g~ Hw$N> h¡ `mZr
AmË_m hr g~H$m CnmXmZ Am¡a A{YîR>mZ h¢, g^r Amoa Ohm± Ñ{îQ> S>mb| dhm± na dhr ZOa _|
AmVm h¡ `mZr gånyU© e{ŠV`m± Cgr _| h¡ & dhr ^rVa h¡ `mZr gyú_ h¡, dhr gd©_` gd©JV h¡,
dhr gZmVZ h¡, Cg AmË_ê$n na_mË_m H$mo Z_ñH$ma hmo &&23&&
Bgr{bE lw{V _| ~VbmB© JB© OÝ_m{XH$maUVm Cg_| h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
`Ú{n dmñVd _| AmË_m H$maU Zht h¡, VWm{n H$maUê$n hþE Cgr AmË_m go, ndZ go ndZ-
J{V`m| H$s ZmBª, ò g¥{îQ>, àb` Am{X {dH$ma CËnÝZ hmoVo h¢ &&24&&
g~H$m AmamÜ` ^r AmË_m hr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ò {OVZo ñWmda-O§J_ nXmW© h¢ Am¡a ò {OVZo àmUr h¢, do g~ AnZr-AnZr BÀN>m Ho$
AZwgma Cnhma gm_J«r àXmZH$a Cgr AmË_m H$m {ZaÝVa nyOZ H$aVo h¢ &&25&& O~ AZoH$ OÝ_m|
VH$ `h AmË_m `Wm{^_V BÀN>m go ny{OV hmoVm h¡, V~ dh Cggo àgÝZ hmo OmVm h¡ &&26&&
O~ AZoH$ gËH$_m] go dh _hmXod, _hoídaê$n AmË_m ñd`§ àgÝZ hmo OmVm h¡, V~ nyOH$ Ho$
ŸyÕ - 48] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1927
nmg ~moY XoZo Ho$ {bE AnZm n{dÌ XyV VËH$mb ôOVm h¡ &&27&&
lram_Or Zo H$hm … ho _wZo, na_oídaê$nr AmË_m H$m¡Z XyV ôOVm h¡, Am¡a dh AmH$a ~moY
H¡$go XoVm h¡, BgH$mo _wPgo H${hE &&28&&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, AmË_Xod Ho$ Ûmam ôOm J`m XyV, {OgH$m Zm_ {ddoH$
h¡ Am¡a gXm AmZÝX XoZodmbm h¡, CŠV nwÊ`dmZ² A{YH$mar H$s öX`Jwhm _| AmH$a, AmH$me
_| MÝÐ_m H$s ZmBª, [ñWa hmo OmVm h¡ &&29&& `hr {ddoH$ Zm_H$ XyV H«$_e… dmgZmê$n àmUr
H$mo ~moY XoVm h¡ Am¡a A{ddoH$s H$mo Bg g§gma-gmJa go nma H$a XoVm h¡ &&30&& g_ñV OJV²
H$m àH$me H$aZodmbm kmZê$n AÝXa H$m AmË_m hr g~go ~‹S>m na_oída h¡, dmgZmê$n AmË_m
Zht & Bgr na_ na_oída H$m ~moYH$ doXgå_V àUd (›) h¡ &&31&& On, hmo_, Vn, XmZ
doXnmR>, `k Am¡a {H«$`mH«$_m| go {ZaÝVa Bgr AmË_m H$mo Za, ZmJ, XodVm Am¡a XmZd àgÝZ
H$aVo h¢ &&32&& Bgr na_{nVm na_mË_m H$m Úm¡ _ñVH$ h¡, n¥Ïdr n¡a h¡, Vmao amo_ h¢, ^yV
A[ñW h¢, AmH$me öX` h¡ Am¡a `hr g~H$m AÝVamË_m h¡ &&33&& M¡VÝ`mË_m hmoZo go `hr
g~ OJh OmVm h¡, OmJVm h¡ Am¡a XoIVm h¡, Bg{bE `hr AmË_m bmIm|, hmW, n¡a, H$U©,
Mjw Am¡a n¡am| H$m Mmam| Amoa go YmaU H$aVm h¡ &&34&& {ddoH$ê$nr XyV H$mo OJmH$a Am¡a
{MÎmê$nr {nemM H$m {dZmeH$a `hr {MXmË_m Ord H$mo AnZr {Xì` A{Zd©MZr` [ñW{V n¡Xm
H$am XoVm h¡ &&35&& ^Ð, g_ñV g§H$ën-{dH$ënm| H$m, {dH$mam| H$m Am¡a AW©g§H$Q>m| H$m
n[aË`mJ H$a AnZo hr nwéfmW© go AnZr AmË_m H$mo ñd`§ hr àgÝZ H$a boZm Mm{hE &&36&&
{Og_| _Zê$nr {nemM Ky_ ahm h¡, H$m_, H«$moYê$nr H$mbo _oKm| go Omo gXm ì`mHw$b ahVm
h¡, Eogo g§gma am{Ì Ho$ KZo AÝYH$ma _| AnZm AmË_m hr nyU© MÝÐ_m h¡ &&37&&
{ddoH$ hr nma H$a XoZodmbm h¡, Bg ~mV H$mo ~VbmZo Ho$ {bE g§gma H$m g_wÐê$n go dU©Z
H$aVo h¢ &
AJmY Ed§ _aUê$n ^±dam| Ho$ H$ëbmobm| go ì`mHw$b H$moQ>am| go `wŠV V¥îUmê$nr Va§Jm| go Vab,
AnZo _Zê$nr P§PmdmVm| go `wŠV ñWmda Am{X ~‹‹S>o-~‹S>o ^yVê$n ObH$Um| go ì`mßV, g§gmaê$nr
~‹S>m {df_ gmJa B[ÝÐ`ê$n _Jam| go A{VJhZ h¡, CgH$mo nma H$aZo Ho$ {bE {ddoH$ hr EH$ ~‹S>m
^mar OhmO h¡ &&38,39&&
H$ho Jò àíZ-CÎmam| H$m g§jon H$a Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ &
nyd© d{U©V emó{d{hV nyOZ go àgÝZ hþAm AmË_m na_ {ddoH$ê$n na_ n{dÌ XyV ôOH$a
gËg§J, emó Am¡a na_mW© dñVw Ho$ CÎm_ CnXoe Ûmam Ord H$mo A{ÛVr`, {Z_©b Am¡a gdm}ÀM
nX àmßV H$amVm h¡ &&40&&
A‹S>Vmbrgdm± gJ© g_mßV
CZMmgdm± gJ©
Ñ‹T> {ddoH$kmZ gånÝZ nwéfm| H$s O¡gr _{h_m hmoVr h¡ VWm O¡gm CZH$mo g§gma ^mgVm h¡, CZ g~H$m dU©Z &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, {OZH$m {ddoH$kmZ n[anwîQ> hmo J`m h¡ Eogo
dmgZmê$nr _b H$m n[aË`mJ H$a aho _hmË_mAm| Ho$ AÝXa H$moB© Anyd© hr _hÎmm CËnÝZ hmoVr
h¡ &&1&&
Cgr _hÎmm H$m {dñVmanyd©H$ dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
Am¡Xm`© H$s gd©loîR> Ad{Y^yV VWm Jmå^r`© JwU go A{V gwÝXa _hmË_mAm| H$s ~w{Õ H$mo
Mm¡Xh ^wdZ VWm CZHo$ g^r àmUr Ed§ dhm± H$s gmar gån{Îm`m± ^r bwãY Zht H$a gH$Vt &&2&&
`h gmam g§gma {MÎm H$s EH$_mÌ ^«m{ÝV h¡, Eogr gÁOZm| H$mo Ñ‹T> àVr{V hmo OmZo na ~mha
eãXm{X {df`m| Ho$ {bE CËnÝZ hmoZodmbm VWm ^rVa g§H$ën {dH$ënm{X ê$nm| go ^«_U
H$aZodmbm AVEd öX` Ho$ ^rVa Am¡a ~mha XmoZm| OJh g§Mma H$aZo _| g_W© _Zg{hV
B[ÝÐ`m| H$m g_yhê$nr EH$ Vah H$m _Ja VWm CgH$m _yb^yV AkmZ Ed§ dmgZm, H$m_, H$_©
Am{X ò g~Ho$ g~ emÝV hmo OmVo h¢ &&3&&
O~ VH$ ^«m[ÝV`m| _| gË`Ëd H$m A{^_mZ ahVm h¡ V^r VH$ ^moJm| H$s dmgZm H$s ~w{Õ ^r
ahVr h¡ & ^«m[ÝV`m| H$m ^«m{ÝVê$n go ñ\w$aU hmoZo na `mZr ò OJV² H$s gmar ^«m{ÝV`m± dñVwV…
^«m{ÝVê$n hr h¢, Eogm kmZ hmo OmZo na Vmo _yb H$m CÀN>oX hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU CZ dmgZmAm| H$m
^r CÀN>oX bmoH$ _| à{gÕ hr h¡, `h ÑîQ>mÝV XoH$a {XIbmVo h¢ &
Xmo MÝÐ_m Ho$ Vwë`, _¥JV¥îUm Ho$ Ob Ho$ g_mZ VWm AmH$me _| Ho$emoÊS´>H$ Ho$ gÑe OJV²
H$s ^«m[ÝV dñVwV… ^«m{ÝV h¡, Eogm VÎd~moY Ûmam ñ\w$[aV hmo OmZo na VÎdkmZr nwéf H$mo dmgZm
H$s àVr{V ^bm H$hm± go hmo gH$Vr h¡ ? &&4&& dmgZm H$s àVr{V (d¥{Îm) H$m Zme hmoZo na eyÝ`
{MXmH$me hr eof ah OmVm h¡ Am¡a dh dmgZm H$s eyÝ`mdñWm ^r _Z Ho$ Z ahZo na hr {gÕ hmoVr
h¡ & AV… dmgZmeyÝ` _Za{hV Omo AdñWm gßV_ ^y{_H$m _| {ddoH$s nwéf go àmßV h¡ CgH$m ^bm
Ë`mJ H¡$go {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ ? BgHo$ Ë`mJ _o| H$moB© hoVw Zht XrIVm, `h ^md h¡ &&5&& OmJ«V²,
ñdßZ Am¡a gwfw{ßV ò Omo VrZ AdñWmE± h¡ ò Vmo g^r H$mo ^br^m±{V kmV h¢ & naÝVw BZ VrZm| go
eyÝ` Omo Mm¡Wr AdñWm h¡ dh Vmo Xe©Z Am{X ì`dhmam| Ho$ _yb H$m ~mY hmo OmZo na gm§gm[aH$
nXmWm] H$mo Z XoIVr hþB© ^r EH$_mÌ OrdZ Ho$ hoVw^yV àmaãY Ho$ eof ah OmZo go XoIVr hþB©-gr
AÝ` H$s Ñ{îQ> _| Ad^mgVr h¡ & VÎdkm{Z`m| H$s Ñ{îQ> _| Vmo dh na_mdñWm hr H$hbmVr h¡ &&6&&
gßV_ ^y{_H$m _| [ñWV VÎdkm{Z`m| H$s Ñ{îQ> _| `h OJV² ì`wËWmZH$mb _| ^r Zht ^mgVm Am¡a
Z AmË_m, Z YZ VWm n¥Ïdr Am{X go K{Q>V H$moB© nXmW© hr ^mgVm h¡, ~[ëH$ {d{MÌ Vah H$m EH$
ŸyÕ - 49] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1929
aËZm| H$m {H$aU-Omb-gm {Z{~{‹S>V à^mnwO § -gm Am^mg_mÌ ^mgVm h¡ &&7&& VÎdkmZr _hmZw^mdm|
H$s Ñ{îQ> _| `h gmam OJV² ê$nm| H$m AmbmoH$_mÌ, AmH$me _| {d{MÌ _{Ug_yh Ho$ {H$aUOmb-
gm C[ËWV, EH$_mÌ eyÝ`ñdê$n hr [ñWV h¡ &&8&& Bg g§gma _| Z Vmo ò g~ ZmZm àH$ma Ho$ Ord
gË` h¢, Z `h OJV²-ê$n gË` h¡ Am¡a Z H$ht eyÝ`Vm hr h¡, {H$ÝVw ~«÷Zm_H$ aËZoe H$m
à^mOmb hr gd©Ì àgm[aV h¡ CgrH$m Mmam| Amoa {dbmg hmo ahm h¡ &&9&& My±{H$ AZoH$Vm Zht h¡,
AV… ~«÷ H$s g¥{îQ>`m± ^r Zht h¢ & My±{H$ {dZm{eVm Zht h¡, AV… àb` ^r Zht h¢, {H$ÝVw
_y{V©eyÝ` H$ënZmê$nr AZoH$ gy`m] H$s hr {H$aU| EH${ÌV hmoH$a `hm± ^m{gV hmo ahr h¢ &&10&&
_ZmoamÁ` Am{X _| g§H$ënH$[ënV _yVm©H$manXmWm] H$s Vmo eyÝ`Vm hr à{gÕ h¡, {nÊS>ê$n go
CZH$m J«hU à{gÕ Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
gM ny{N>ò Vmo Bg àH$ma H$ënZm hr _y{V©_mZ² OJÐÿn go ^mgVr h¡ & dmñVd _| `hm± KZr^yV
H$moB© {nÊS>J«hU Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ O¡go AmH$me _| EH$_mÌ eyÝ`Vm AdJV hmoVr h¡ & d¡go hr
g§H$ën-H${ënV _ZmoamÁ` Am{X _| EH$ _mÌ eyÝ`Vm hr AdJV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&&11&&
eyÝ`Vm àgmYZ H$m \$b H$hVo h¢ &
AdñVw^yV Cg eyÝ`Vm _| {ddoH$s nwéf H$mo AhÝVm, __Vm, amJ-Ûof Am{X ^mdm| H$m ~ÝYZ
^bm H¡$go hmo, Š`m|{H$ ^{dî`V² AmH$meê$nr d¥j _| {H$g njr Zo {dlm{ÝV àmßV H$s h¡ &&12&&
Bg Vah g§gma _| {nÊS>Ëdm{X H$m IÊS>Z hmo OmZo na gmaê$n go gÝ_mÌ hr eof ah OmVm
h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
BZ gm§gm[aH$ Ordm| H$s H$moB© {nÊS>Vm Zht h¡ & dñVwV… H$moB© _y{V© Zht h¡ Am¡a Z eyÝ`Vm hr
{dÚ_mZ h¡ & `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ {MÎm ^r AñV hmo MwH$m h¡ Am¡a EH$_mÌ gÐÿn hr eof ah J`m h¡,
CgH$m {H$gr Vah Anbmn Zht hmo gH$Vm dh gXm [ñWV h¡ &&13&&
`hr H$maU h¡ {H$ VÎdkmZr nwéf OmJ«V AdñWm _| ^r gwfw{ßV _| hr [ñWV ahVm h¡, Š`m|{H$
Cg g_` ^r Cgo ^m{gV hmo aho nXmWm] H$s AZoH$Vm gÝ_mÌ AmË_m _| hr brZ hþB© ahVr h¡, `h
ÑîQ>mÝV XoH$a ~VbmVo h¢ &
OmJ«VAdñWm _| ZmZm àH$ma Ho$ ê$nm| go gånÝZ hmoZo na ^r VÎdkmZr nwéf EH$ê$n hmo
g_mZ^md go gwfw{ßV _| hr [ñWV ahVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ CgH$s AZoH$Vm gÝ_mÌ AmË_m _| Eogo brZ hþB©
ahVr h¡, O¡go ZmZm àH$ma Ho$ gwdU© Ho$ Am^yfU gwdU© Ho$ {nÊS> _| &&14&&
kmZr H$m dh Ad{eîQ> gÝ_mÌ {MÎmê$n hr Š`m| Zht hmoJm, Š`m|{H$ {MÎm Ho$ ahZo na hr
{M{V H$s A{^ì`{ŠV à{gÕ h¡, {MÎm H$m Zme hmoZo na CgH$s [ñW{V Zht ahVr, `h Ame§H$m
H$a H$hVo h¢ &
`{X AÝ`Wm ñd^md OmS>ç _| [ñWV kmZr H$m Ah§H$ma g{hV gmam {díd Am¡a {MÎm {dbrZ
hmo OmVm, V~ Vmo dh kmZr O‹S>gÝ_mÌê$n go Ad{eîQ> ah OmVm {H$ÝVw `h ~mV Zht h¡ & `hm± Vmo
~mV `h h¡ {H$ `Wm^yV {MXoH$ñd^md _| [ñWV kmZr H$m Ah§H$ma g{hV gmam g§gma Am¡a {MÎm
VÎdkmZ go {dbrZ hmo OmVm h¡ Bg{bE dh gËñdê$n go hr Ad{eîQ> ah OmVm h¡ & Cg g_`
kmZr H$m n[a{eîQ> {MXoH$ag A{MÐÿn h¡, `h Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm AV… Cg g_` {MXoH$ag
gÝ_mÌ H$mo n[aeof H$s hr {g{Õ hmo OmVr h¡ &&15&&
`{X gÝ_mÌê$n g~H$m ñdê$n h¡, Vmo {\$a dh g~H$mo gwb^ Š`m| Zht h¡ ? `{X `h Ame§H$m
hmo, Vmo CgH$m CÎma `hr h¡ {H$ D±$M-ZrM {df`m| _| ~w{Õ H$s M§MbVm Ho$ H$maU [ñWaVm H$m
A^md hmoZo go hr dh ñdê$n g~H$mo gwb^ Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
D±$M-ZrM {df`m| H$s Amoa Xm¡‹S>Zo go ~w{Õ Šboe nmVr h¡, Bg{bE dh gÝ_mÌ ñdê$n g~H$mo
gwb^ Zht h¡ & hm±, Yrao-Yrao `w{ŠV H$m Aä`mg H$aZo go gË` AW© AdJV hmo OmVm h¡ &&16&&
dh H$m¡Z-gr `w{ŠV h¡, `h {XIbmVo hþE Cg `w{ŠV H$m \$b kmZ h¡, `h ~VbmVo h¢ &
{Og A{YH$mar nwéf Zo ^yV, ^{dî` Am¡a dV©_mZ Bg OJÐÿnr A§J Ho$ OÝ_ H$mo H$m`©-
H$maUVm Am{X go {dMma H$a dmMmaåÛ lw{V _| {XIbmò Ý`m` Ûmam ñWyb Am¡a gyú_ àn§M go
a{hV n[a{eîQ> gÝ_mÌ AIÊS> ~moYê$n go OmZ {b`m h¡ dhr gM_wM VÎdkmZr h¡ VWm Cg
Û¡VeyÝ` CnemÝV kmZr nwéf H$s Ñ{îQ> _| `h g§gma h¡ hr Zht &&17,18&&
g^r CnXoem| H$m, Omo VV²-VV² Ag§^mdZm§e Ho$ ì`mdV©H$ h¢, Cg Vah Ho$ AZw^d _| hr
n`©dgmZ h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, nydm}ŠV ò g^r _oao {deof ê$n go CnXoe, gmYw nwéfm| H$s H$Wm H$s Vah,
kmZr Ho$ AZw^d _| ñdV… Am OmVo h¢ &&19&&
Xygar `w{ŠV ~VbmVo h¢ &
Mma Vah Ho$ n«m{Ug_yhm| VWm n¥{Wdr Am{X _hm^yVm| H$m EH$-EH$ Ad`d VWm EH$-EH$
JwU go {ddoMZ H$aHo$ XoIZo na BZ Ñí` nXmWm] H$s, na_mUw^md _| {dlm{ÝV Z hmoZo go BZ
g^r Ordm| _| Z Vmo {nÊS>Vm h¡ Am¡a Z àË`jm{X Ho$ Ag§^md go eyÝ`Vm hr h¡ AWm©V² Z Vmo
BZ g~ Ordm| H$s H$moB© _y{V© h¡ Am¡a Z ò g~ eyÝ`ê$n hr h¢ & BZ XmoZmo| Ho$ Z ahZo go gånyU©
{dH$ënm| H$m Zme hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU {dH$ënm| Ho$ AYrZ [ñW{Vdmbm _Z ^r Zht h¡ & Bg{bE
{Z{d©H$ën$gÝ_mÌê$n ñ\w$aU hr Adeof h¡ & ho lram_MÝÐOr, dhr AmnH$m nma_m{W©H$ ê$n
h¡ Am¡a dhr AmnH$s A[ÝV_ [ñW{V h¢ &&20&&
AÝ` `w{ŠV ~VbmVo h¢ &
Bg àË`JmË_m H$m (gmjr MoVZ H$m) {df`m| H$s Amoa CÝ_wI hmoZm hr g§gmaê$n go ~moY h¡ &
`h AZW© Ho$ {bE hr C{XV hmoVm h¡, H$ë`mU Ho$ {bE C{XV Zht hmoVm &&21&&
ŸyÕ - 49] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1931
`h AZW© Ho$ {bE H¡$go C{XV hmoVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
g§gmaê$n go C{XV hþAm dh ~moY ~møê$nVm H$mo àmßV H$aVm h¡ Am¡a ~mX _| ñd`§ g§doXZ Ho$
H$maU dh gmH$ma{nÊS>ê$nVm H$mo Eogo àmßV hmo OmVm h¡, O¡go O‹S>Vm Ho$ H$maU Ob hr O_ H$aHo$
nËWaê$nVm H$mo àmßV hmo OmVm h¡ &&22&& dh {MXmË_m hr AnZo ñdê$n Ho$ kmZ go ñdßZH$mb Ho$
nXmWm] Ho$ g_mZ {nÊS>ê$nVm H$mo `mZr nXmWm] Ho$ _y{V©_mZ² AmH$ma H$mo YmaU H$aVm h¡ VWm CgHo$
J«mhH$ê$n go {MÎm ~ZH$a {\$a eara YmaU H$a boVm h¡ &&23&&
Bg Vah Ho$ hOmam| {ddVm] go ^r {M{V _| AUw_mÌ ^r {dH$ma Zht AmVm, Š`m|{H$ do g^r
Zm__mÌ Ho$ hr ahVo h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, BZ g^r AdñWmAm| _| {MXmË_m AnZo ñdê$n go AÝ`^md H$mo V{ZH$ ^r
àmßV Zht hmoVm & eãX_mÌ H$s Ho$db H$ënZm go hr ôX hr H$ënZm H$s JB© h¡ &&24&& ñdßZ _| _Z
go nXmWm] H$m AdbmoH$Z hmoZo na _Z Ho$ hr ~mha-^rVa gd©Ì {dÚ_mZ ahZo go EH$_mÌ _Z hr
O¡gm {dH¥$Vê$n go ^mgVm h¡, d¡gm {dH¥$Vê$n go `h ~moYmË_m AW©Ñ{îQ>`m| go ~mha-^rVa
^mg_mZ hmoZo na Zht ^mgVm &&25&&
AmË_m {dH¥$V Š`m| Zht hmoVm, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
AmH$me Ho$ gÑe hmoZo go {MXmË_m ^r AmH$me Amoa H$mb Ho$ g_mZ A{dH¥$V hr ahVm h¡ VWm
CgH$m eara ^r H$mb Am¡a AmH$meê$n hr h¡ & g^r nXmW© {MXmH$meñdê$n h¡ & dh {MXmH$meñdßZ
Ho$ g_mZ AWm©H$ma go n[aUV Zht hmoVm &&26&&
O‹S>ñdê$n ~mø nXmWm] Ho$ AmH$ma go {M{V ^bo hr {dH¥$V Z hmo gHo$, {H$ÝVw O‹S> H$m
Vmo {dH$ma hmo gH$Vm h¡ & VÎd~moY Ho$db ^rVa [ñWV {MXmH$maê$n go dh {dH¥$V Š`m| Z
hmo Om`, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go O‹S> ~mø nXmWm] Ho$ AmH$ma go {M{V {dH¥$V Zht hmo gH$Vr d¡go hr O‹S> ~mønXmW©Vm
^r VÎd~moYde ^rVa [ñWV {MXmH$maê$n go {dH¥$V Zht hmo gH$Vr, Š`m|{H$ gd©Wm AgÑe
O‹S> nXmW© H$ht ^r ~moYê$n Zht hmo gH$Vm &&27&& {MXmË_m Ñí`Xem H$mo àmßV Zht hmoVm
AWdm {ddV©de Cg Ñí` [ñW{V H$mo `{X àmßV hmo OmVm h¡, Vmo ^r dh A{dH¥$V hr ~Zm
ahVm h¡ & V{ZH$ ^r AÝ`ê$nVm H$mo Zht àmßV hmoVm &&28&& gd©Wm ewÕ~moYñdê$n EH$ AmË_m
H$m gßV_ ^y{_H$m _| n[aU{Vê$n CX` hmo OmZo na ~moY Am¡a A~moYê$nr AW© Am¡a eãX H$m
^r ldU g_mßV hmo OmVm h¡ &&29&&
{Og _Z H$s ^mdZm go `h gmam Ñí`àn§M Ñ‹T> hmo OmVm h¡ Cgr _Z H$s ^mdZm go `h gmam
Ñí`àn§M {e{Wb ^r hmo OmVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
_Z H$s Ñ‹T> ^mdZm go hr {MÎmñdê$n gyú_ earam| H$s ñWybXem àmßV hmo OmVr h¡ `mZr Ñ‹T>
^mdZm go hr {MÎmê$n qbJ earam| _| Am{Y^m¡{VH$ê$nVm H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡ &&30&& AmH$me Ho$
gÑe {deX BZ gyú_ {MÎmm| Ho$ Ûmam `h [§_Ï`m Am{Y^m¡{VH$ê$nVm Eogo ^m{dV hþB© h¡, O¡go {H$
{nemMdof H$m A{^Z` H$aZo Ho$ {bE ZQ>m| Ûmam {_Ï`m {nemMê$nVm ^m{dV hmoVr h¡ & VmËn`© `h
{H$ {nemMdof H$m A{^Z` H$aZo Ho$ {bE O¡go {_Ï`m {nemMdof H$mo ZQ> YmaU H$aVo h¢ d¡go hr BZ
{MÎmm| Zo `h {_Ï`m ^m¡{VH$ê$n YmaU {H$`m h¡ &&31&& A^«_Vm Ho$ Aä`mg go `mZr gË`ñdê$n
Ho$ Aä`mg go ^br^m±{V ñdê$nV… kmV hþB© `h gm§gm[aH$ ^«m{ÝV Eogo emÝV hmo OmVr h¡, O¡go {H$
"_¢ CÝ_Îm Zht hÿ±' Bg Ñ‹T> kmZ go CÝ_Îm nwéf H$s {Z…gÝXoh CÝ_ÎmVm emÝV hmo OmVr h¡ &&32&&
^«m{ÝV H$m n[akmZ hmoZo go dmgZm ñd`§ {Zd¥Îm hmo OmVr h¡ & R>rH$ hr h¡, ñdßZ H$m ñdßZê$n go
kmZ hmo OmZo na ^bm {H$g nwéf H$mo ñdm{ßZH$ nXmWm] _| gË`Ëd H$s dmgZm hmo gH$Vr h¡ ? &&33&&
EH$_mÌ dmgZm Ho$ j` go hr `h g§gma CnemÝV hmo OmVm h¡ & `h dmgZm hr _hm`{jUr h¡ &
{ddoH$s _hmZw^md bmoJ BgHo$ Zme _| bJo hþE ahVo h¢ &&34&& nwéfm| Ho$ Aä`mg go AkmZà`wŠV
CÝ_ÎmVm O¡go CËnÝZ hþB© ahVr h¡ d¡go hr kmZ hmo OmZo na AnZo Cg kmZ Ho$ Aä`mg go Yrao-
Yrao g_` nmH$a dh ZîQ> ^r hmo OmVr h¡ &&35&& O¡go ^mdZm Ho$ ~b go `h gyú_ eara
ñWybê$nVm H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr {ddoH$s nwéf Aä`mg Ûmam Ñ‹T> H$s JB© [ñW{V Ho$ àgmX go
Bg gyú_ eara H$mo ~«÷h§^md H$s EH$_mÌ dmgZm _| nhþ±Mm XoVo h¢Ÿ&&36&& VWm Bg gyú_ eara H$mo
^r ~«÷h§^md H$s EH$_mÌ dmgZm _| bo Om H$aHo$ dhm± go Ordê$nVm H$mo àmßV H$am XoVo h¢ Am¡a {\$a
Cg Ord H$mo ^r AnZo Ñ‹T>~moY Ho$ Aä`mg go ~«÷ñdê$n _| nhþ±Mm XoVo h¢ &&37&&
kmZr _hmZw^md bmoJ H¡$go Bg gyú_ eara H$mo Ordê$nVm VWm ~«÷ê$nVm àmßV H$am XoVo h¢,
`h H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
CËnÝZ hþE ~mø VWm AmÜ`m[Ë_H$ ^mdm| Ho$ à{V Omo AmË_m H$m A{VdhZ H$aVm h¡ Cg
dmgZmg_yh H$m Zm_ A{Vdmh h¡ VWm Cggo CËnÝZ hþAm Omo qbJ eara h¡ CgH$mo "Am{Vdm{hH$'
H$hVo h¢ & g_ñV ^md nXmWm] Ho$ àW_ {dH$ma H$m Zm_ CËn{Îm h¡ & dh `{X {dMma Ho$ ~mX Hy$Q>ñW
~moY_mÌñdê${nUr kmV hmo Om`, Vmo {\$a dh gyú_ eara {df`H$ ~w{Õ H¡$gr h¡, `h ^r R>rH$-
R>rH$ kmZ hmo Om` (N) &&38&&
(N) naÝVw Hy$Q>ñW ~moYñd^md go AbJ {H$gr ^md nXmW© H$s CËn{Îm H$m {Zê$nU hmo Zht gH$Vm
& Xo{Iò, {dMma H$s{Oò Š`m dh CËn{Îm nhbo ñd`§ CËnÝZ hmoH$a ^mdm| H$mo AnZo go {d{eîQ> ~ZmH$a
[ñWV hmoVr h¡ `m {~Zm ñd`§ CËnÝZ hþE hr Ÿ& Bg_| `{X Amn Xygam nj ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢, Vmo Cg
nj _| h_mam Amngo `h H$hZm h¡ {H$ V~ Vmo gtJ ^r IaJmoe H$mo AnZo go {d{eîQ> ~Zm gH$Vm h¡ &
ah J`m nhbm nj & Bg_| Vmo `h g_P br{Oò {H$ ñd`§ CËn{Îm Am{X go {d{eîQ> hþB© dh ^md
nXmW©ê$n hr hmoJr, Z {H$ ^md{dH$ma & Bgr Vah CgH$s CËn{Îm ^r g_P br{Oò & Bg ar{V go
ŸyÕ - 49] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1933
Bgr ar{V go "VV²' Am¡a "Ëd§' nXmW© H$m emoYZ hmoZo na gånyU© _hmdmŠ` AIÊS> AW©
Ho$ ~moYZ Ûmam gånyU© gÝXohm| Ho$ J«[ÝW ôXZ _| g_W© hmoVo h¢ & AÝ`Wm do ^yV-àoVm| H$mo ^JmVo
g_` n‹T>o Om aho _ÝÌm| Ho$ ^rVa Amò hþE "h§y' "\$Q²>' Am{X nXm| H$s Vah {~bHw$b AZW©H$
{gÕ hm|Jo & do g^r _hmdmŠ` EH$_mÌ ldU Ho$ ~b go àmUr H$mo Bg g§gma go Nw>Q>H$mam {Xbm
XoVo h¢, Eogr h_| H$ënZm H$aZr Mm{hE, `h H$hVo h¢ &
`{X Eogr ~mV Z hmo, Vmo {\$a ~«÷à{VnmXH$ _hmdmŠ`m| Ho$ AW© go g§gma H$s J«[ÝW {Zd¥Îm
hmo OmVr h¡, `h H$hZm ^r d¡go hr {~Zm AW© H$m {gÕ hmoJm, O¡go {H$ ^yV-àoVm{X H$mo Xya
^JmZodmbo _ÝÌm| Ho$ AÝVJ©V "hþ§', "\$Q²>' Am{X nX &&39&& "VV²' nXmW© Ho$ emoYZ Ho$ {bE
nhbo "dmMmaåÛ' Ý`m` go OJV² VWm BgHo$ H$maU^yV B©ída Ho$ ñdê$n H$s EH$Vm OmZ
H$aHo$ CgHo$ ~mX "Ëd§" nXmW© Ho$ emoYZ Ho$ {bE "g n`©JmÀNw>H«$_H$m`_d«U_²' Bg lw{V Ûmam
{XIbmò Jò _mJ© go àË`H²$ M¡VÝ` H$mo ^r Ag§J AÛ` g_PZm Mm{hE & (H$~ VH$ BZ XmoZm|
nXmWm] Ho$ emoYZ _| _Zwî`> H$mo bJo ahZm Mm{hE, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &) O~ VH$ BZ XmoZm| nXmWm]
Ho$ AIÊS>¡H$ag dmŠ`mW©ê$n AË`ÝV n[aUm_ Ûmam dh AIÊS>mH$ma d¥{Îm ^r Zht OmZ br
OmVr, V~ VH$ gmYH$ _Zwî` H$mo BZ XmoZm| nXmWm] Ho$ emoYZ _| VËna ahZm Mm{hE &&40&&
~mø VWm Amä`ÝVa {MÎm Ho$ {~bHw$b emÝV hmo OmZo na AnZr {MËñd^mdVm àH$m{eV hmoVr
h¡, Bg{bE ho lram_MÝÐOr, àËòH$ nwéf H$mo Mm{hE {H$ dh AmH$me H$s ZmBª nyU© ñdÀN>
VWm erVb Cgr {MËñd^mdVm H$m Aml` H$a emÝV hmodo &&41&&
dhr _w»` "{díd{OV²' Zm_H$ kmZ`k h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
kmZr nwéf kmZê$nr `kembm _| Cn[ñWV hmoH$a Ü`mZê$nr AË`ÝV Ñ‹T> Am¡a bå~o `kñVå^
H$mo ZrMo Xya VH$ O_rZ ImoXH$a Jm‹S>Vm h¡ VWm gmao g§gma H$mo OrVH$a gd©Ë`mJê$n _w»`
X{jUm Xo H$aHo$ g~go CËH¥$îQ> ~ZH$a {damOVm h¡ &&42&&
CgHo$ gdm}ËH$f© H$m "g_ñV {dn{Îm`m| _| AH$[ånVê$n go' nhbo dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
Mmho ^bo hr A§Jmam| H$s d¥{îQ> hmo, àb`H$mb H$s dm`w ~ho `m `h ^yVb AmH$me _| C‹S>H$a Mbm
Om`, {H$ÝVw ho lram_MÝÐOr, kmZr nwéf AnZo ñdê$n _| hr g_ê$n go [ñWV ahVm h¡ &&43&&
dO« H$s Vah Ñ‹T> d¡am½` Ed§ em{ÝV gwImoËH$f© H$s [ñWaVm go ^r CgH$m dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
AZdñWmXmof _mZZo na Vmo {Z{d©H$ma ^mdm| H$s AZdñWm hr ~Zr ahoJr, AV… `h {Z[íMV h¡ {H$ {H$gr
Ho$ CËn{Îm Am{X {dH$mam| H$m H$moB© ^r {dÛmZ² {H$gr Vah go {Zê$nU Zht H$a gH$Vm & Bg{bE O~ `m|
kmZ hmo J`m {H$ {OVZo ^md nXmW© h¢ do g~Ho$ g~ Hy$Q>ñW ~moYê$n hr h¢ V~ H${hò, H$m¡Z {H$gHo$
{bE {H$gH$m A{VdhZ H$ao `m dh A{VdhZ ^r {H$g ê$n H$m hmo AWdm H$m¡Z-gr CgH$s AÝ` ~w{Õ
h¡ ? dh ^r VÎdV… kmV hmo hr OmVr h¡, `h VmËn`© h¡Ÿ&
nyU© d¡am½` go gd©Wm emÝV _Z VWm nyU© {ZamoY H$mo àmßV nwéf H$s dO«Vwë`, Ñ‹T> g_m{Y Ho$
A{V[aŠV H$moB© Xygar [ñW{V Zht CnnÝZ hmoVr &&44&&
em{ÝV Am{X gmYZm| _| d¡am½` H$mo hr gdm}ËH¥$îQ> gmYZ ~VbmVo h¢ &
~mø nXmWm] go d¡am½` hmoZo na O¡gm _Z nyU©ê$n go emÝV hmoVm h¡, d¡gm dh emóm| Ho$
{dMma, CnXoe, Vn `m B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ {ZJ«h go ^r Zht hmoVm &&45&& "gmar gån{Îm`m± Amn{Îmê$n h¢'
Bg Vah H$s ^mdZm go _Zê$nr _hmV¥îUm Ho$ ~rM _| gd©Ë`mJê$n ndZ go {d~mo{YV g~ nXmWm]
go CËnÝZ d¡am½`ê$nr A{½Z na_~«÷gmjmËH$ma Ádmbmê$n go àÁd{bV hmoH$a ~mha Am¡a ^rVa
gd©Ì à{gÕ Omo _mohmÝYH$ma VWm _mohmÝYH$maà`wŠV Omo Mmoa, `j Am{X H$s H$ënZm Ho$ Vwë`
~«÷mÊS> H$m ^yV-^m¡{VH$ _yV©ê$nr {nÊS> h¡ `mZr ~«÷mÊS> H$m gmH$ma kmZ h¡ Ed§ Mjw Am{X
B[ÝÐ`m| go ê$n, ag Am{X nXmWm] H$m Omo AZw^d h¡, dhm± g~ {MXmË_m hr h¡ `m| EH$_mÌ AIÊS>-
AÛ` ñd^md g~H$mo ~ZmH$a Eogo XoXrß`_mZ hmoVr h¡, O¡go {H$ dO«m{X_{U AnZo à{V{~[å~V hþB©
dñVwAm| H$mo AnZo ñdê$n _| {~bHw$b {_bmH$a CÝh| àH$m{eV H$aVo hþE ñd`§ XoXrß`_mZ hmoVr
h¢ &&46,47&& _Zwî`, ZmJ VWm Agwa Ed§ CZHo$ ñWmZ nd©V VWm Jw\$m Am{X Ho$ ê$nm| go dh
{M{V hr ZmZm àH$ma Ho$ d¡{MÍ` H$mo d¡go àmßV h¡, O¡go AmH$me _| _oKm| Ho$ ê$n go YyAm±> &&48&&
~«÷mÊS> Ho$ nm>Ì Ho$ AÝVJ©V g^r dñVwAm| _| {MX²ì`m{ßV Ho$ AYrZ ñnÝXZ hmoZo go
{MX²{ddV©_mÌVm h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
{MV²-ê$n ÐdVm Ho$ H$maU ~«÷mÊS>ê$nr OS>nmÌ Ho$ AÝXa Mbr JB© VWm Ordê$n àmUe{ŠV
go gag ~Zr hþB© ò {MX²{ddV©ñdê$n gånyU© àm{U`m| H$s Xohê$nr Z{X`m± {ZaÝVa ~h ahr h¢ &&49&&
BZ Mma àH$ma Ho$ earaê$nr {M{V Ho$ {ddV©ñdê$n Z{X`m| Ho$ AÝXa ahZodmbr Ordê$nr
_N>{b`m± _mohOmb _| \±$g OmZo Ho$ H$maU ñdVÎd H$m ñ_aU Zhr §H$aVr, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{MXmH$meê$nr Ob _| {dhma H$aZodmbr ~oMmar Ordê$nr OrU© _N>br _mohOmb _| \±$g OmZo
Ho$ H$maU AnZr AmË_m _| [ñW{V H$m ñ_aU Zht H$aVr &&50&& AnZo ñdê$n^yV AmH$meê$nr
Am±JZ _| AnZo go hr KZr^yV hþB© `h {M{V _mZm| _oK ~ZH$a [ñWV hmo n¥{Wdr Am{X _yVm©H$ma
ZmZm nXmWm] Ho$ ê$n go ñ\w$[aV hmo ahr h¡ &&51&&
g^r Ordm| H$m ñd^md EH$-gm ahZo na ^r dmgZm H$s {d{MÌVm go CÝh| gm§gm[aH$ Xw…I ^r
{d{MÌ àH$ma Ho$ hr àmßV hmoVo h¢ Am¡a H$moB© Xygam H$maU Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
dmgZm d¡{MÍ` Ho$ {gdm, AÝ` A§e _| g^r Ord g_mZ h¢ & {df` dmgZm ahZo go hr gyIo
nÎmm| H$s ZmBª C‹S>-C‹S>H$a do {d{MÌ Vah H$s ñdJ©, ZaH$ Am{X ^moJ^y{_`m| _o§ Om {JaVo h¢, ñdV…
Zht & Š`m|{H$ dm`w âo ~m±g O¡go A§Jw{b ì`mnma Ho$ {~Zm ^r {d{MÌ Üd{Z n¡Xm H$aZo _| g_W© hmoVo
h¢ d¡go hr g~_| ~am~a OS>monm{Y Ho$ H$maU dmgZm Ho$ {~Zm ^r O‹S> nXmW© n«mU`wŠV ahZo na
ŸyÕ - 50] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1935
{d{MÌ Vah Ho$ eãX H$aZo _| g_W© hmoVo hr h¢ &&52&&
Bg{bE dO«Vwë` dmgZmê$nr qnOS>o H$mo Vmo‹S> XoZo Ho$ {bE _Zwî` H$mo AmbñèyÝ` hmoH$a
AnZo nm¡éfà`ËZ H$mo ~‹T>mZm Mm{hE, Cgrgo na_nwéfmW© H$s {g{Õ hmoVr h¡, Bgr A{^àm` go
A~ Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ &
Bg{bE ho lram_MÝÐOr, gd©àW_ AnZo nm¡éf~b H$m `mZr ldU, _ZZ Am{Xê$n
gmYZMVwîQ>` H$m gånmXZ H$a VXZÝVa Ü`mZ _| {d¿Zñdê$n VÝÐm H$mo AmgZ, àmUm`m_ Am{X
Ho$ Aä`mg Ûmam OrVH$a g§àkmV g_m{Y go CR> H$aHo$ {Z{d©H$ën Ag§àkmV g_m{Y _| àdoe Ho$
~mX AnZo nyd©OÝ_ Ho$ g§{MV dmgZmg_yh^yV g§gmanmeê$nr _O~yV qnO‹S>o H$mo VÎdgmjmËH$ma
Ûmam erK« hr Vmo‹S>H$a Mmam| Amoa go nyUm©ZÝX¡H$ag ~«÷ê$n go AmnH$mo C{XV hmoZm Mm{hE,
AkmZr Ho$ g_mZ g§gma Ho$ ^rVa AmnH$mo n‹S>o Zht ahZm Mm{hE &&53&&
CZMmgdm± gJ© g_mßV
nMmgdm± gJ©
dmgZm H$s Ñ‹T>Vm Am¡a {e{WbVm Ho$ H$maU Ord gmV àH$ma Ho$ hmo OmVo h¢, `h ~moYmW© dU©ZŸ&
"dmgZm `{X Z aho Vmo g~ Ord EH$ hr h¢' Bg C{ŠV go AÝV _o§ Omo EH$_mÌ
{d{MÌdmgZm Ho$ à^md go Ordm| Ho$ gmV àH$ma ~Vbmò Jò h¢, CZH$m bjUm| go {Zê$nU
H$aZo Ho$ {bE à{Vkm H$aVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð lram_MÝÐOr, ò Omo Xgm| {XemAm| _| Za, hmWr, XodVm,
d¥j, BÝÐ, JÝYd© Am{X Zm_ YmaUH$a VV²-VV² {d{MÌ Xoh go Ord {XImB© n‹S>Vo h¢, do H$moB© Vmo
ñdßZOmJ«V² (ñdßZ H$mo OmJ«V² g_PZodmbo), H$moB© g§H$ën H$mo OmJ«V² g_PZodmbo, H$moB© Ho$db
OmJ«V² _| [ñW{V aIZodmbo Am¡a H$moB© XrK©H$m{bH$s OmJ«V _| [ñW{V aIZodmbo h¢ & H$moB© KZr^yV
OmJ«V² _| [ñWV h¢, H$moB© OmJ«V² Amoa ñdßZ _| [ñWV h¢, H$moB© jrU OmJ«V² AdñWm _| [ñWV h¡, `m|
gmV Vah Ho$ {d^mJm| go CZH$m n[aJUZ {H$`m J`m h¡ &&1-3&&
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ho ^JdZ², O¡go jragmJa Am{X gmV g_wÐm| _| jra Am{X Ho$ ag go
`wŠV Ob hr gmV Vah Ho$ h¢, d¡go hr gmV àH$ma Ho$ ê$nm| H$mo YmaU H$a aho BZ Ordm| H$m Omo
ñdê$n h¡, dh OmZZo Ho$ {bE _wPgo H${hE &&4&&
nhbo OrdQ> H$s Am»`m{`H$m _| àX{e©V ar{V H$mo boH$a CZH$m bjU H$hVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð lram_Or, {H$gr EH$ nyd©H$ën _| {H$gr EH$ OJV² _| H$hr§
na H$moB© Ord gwfw{ßV AdñWm _| hr [ñWV Wo, do Ord AnZr-AnZr Xohm| Ho$ H$maU Or{dV hr
aho, _ao hþE Zht Wo &&5&& Jm‹T>r ZtX _| gmoò hþE CZ Ordm| _| Omo Ord ñdßZ XoIVo h¢, CÝhtH$m
ñdßZ `h OJV h¡, `h Amn Om{ZE Ÿ& CÝhtH$m Zm_ ñdßZOmJ«V H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&&6&& H$ht na
gmoò hþE CZ Ordm| H$mo Omo ñdßZ hþAm h¡, dhr O~ g_mZ-H$_©-dmgZm Ho$ H$maU h_ bmoJm| H$m
{df` ~Z OmVm h¡, V~ h_ CZHo$ ñdßZZa ~Z OmVo h¢ &&7&& XrK©H$mb Ho$ à^md go O~ CZH$m
ñdßZ OmJ«V²-ê$n ~Z OmVm h¡, V~ CZHo$ ñdßZ Ho$ do Ord ñdßZ OmJ«V² H$ho OmVo h¢, dmñVd _|
do CÝhtHo$ ñdßZ _o§ hr [ñWV h¢ &&8&&
"CZHo$ h_ ñdßZZa h¢' `h Omo ~mV H$hr JB©, BgH$m CnnmXZ H$aVo h¢ &
h_mam Xohm{X àn§M `{X dmgZmê$n go Cg gmoò hþE Ho$ {MÎm _| hmoVm Vmo h_mam Xohm{Xàn§M
CgHo$ {MÎm _| CËnÝZ hmo OmVm Am¡a h_ bmoJ CgHo$ ñdßZ Ho$ _Zwî` hmoVo, naÝVw `h Vmo g§^d
Zht h¡, Bg Vah H$m H$moB© `{X àíZ H$ao, Vmo CgH$m d¡gm àíZ H$aZm R>rH$ Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ g~H$mo
gÎmm XoZodmbm _m`me~b ~«÷ gd©Ì ahVm h¡ Am¡a dh gd©k h¡, Bgr hoVw go g~ OJh ah gH$Vm
h¡, AV… h_ bmoJ CZHo$ ñdßZZa h¢ `mZr dmgZmê$n go CÝht Ho$ AÝV…H$aU _| [ñWV h¢ Am¡a
dmgZm H$s g_mZVm Ho$ H$maU CZHo$ ñdßZ _| EH$ gmW A{^ì`ŠV hmo Jò h¢ &&9&&
_hmamO, R>rH$ h¡, Xoe H$mo boH$a g~ dñVwAm| H$s gd©Ì [ñW{V ^bo hr hmo Om`, na H$mb H$mo
boH$a Zht hmo gH$Vr, Š`m|{H$ ^yVH$mb H$s dñVw dV©_mZH$mb _| H¡$go ah gH$Vr h¡, `{X {^ÝZ-
{^ÝZH$mb H$s dñVwAm| H$s [ñW{V EH$ H$mb _| _mZr Om`, Vmo g~ H$ën EH$ gmW hr hmoZo bJ
Om`|Jo Am¡a CZH$m nmW©Š` ^r Zht ah OmòJm, Bg Ame` go lram_Or àíZ H$aVo h¢ &
lram_^Ð Zo H$hm … Jwéda, {OZ H$ënm| _| h_ bmoJm| Ho$ àn§Mm| go ñdßZm| Ho$ ÐîQ>m CZ
Ordm| Zo OÝ_ YmaU {H$`m Wm, CZ H$ënm| H$s H$ënZmE± `{X CZHo$ earam| Ho$ gmW Bg g_`
ZîQ> hmo MwH$s¨, Vmo Bg dV©_mZ ñdßZ go OmJo hþE CZ bmoJm| H$s ^yVH$mb Ho$ H$ën _| [ñW{V
Zht hmo gH$Vr & Omo AmO ZtX go OmJm h¡, dh nyd© {XZ H$m OmJaU O~ Zht OmZ gH$Vm,
V~ nyd©H$ën H$s Vmo ~mV hr Š`m ? &&10&&
`{X do Ord àn§MmË_H$ ñdßZ _| X¡dde VÎdkmZ àmßV H$a b|, Vmo do _wŠV hmo hr Om`|Jo,
Eogr [ñW{V _| AmnH$m Xmof Zht hmo gH$Vm & `{X CÝhm|Zo VÎdkmZ àmßV Zht {H$`m, Vmo
CZH$m Ad{eîQ> H$ën Vmo ì`VrV hþAm Zht h¡, Bg{bE Hw$N> g_` Ho$ ~mX VÎdkmZ hmo hr
OmòJm & Omo ì`VrV hmo MwHo$ h¢, do Vmo Xygao H$s H$ënZm go H$[ënV nXmW© h¢ & CZHo$ _Z
_| Vmo àËòH$ H$m H$ëneof EÝXd Am»`mZ H$s nÕ{V go {dÚ_mZ hr h¡, Bg Ame` go _hmamO
d{gîR>Or g_mYmZ H$aVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, Bgr ñdßZ Ho$ àn§M _| `{X kmZ hþAm Vmo do VÎdkmZ àmßV
H$a _wŠV hmo OmVo h¢ & `{X Z hþAm, Vmo {ZÐm n«mßV H$a do g§H$ënmZwgma Cgr àH$ma H$s Xygar hr
Xoh àmßV H$aVo h¢ &&11&& Cgr àH$ma H$m H$[ënV Xygam OJV²-H$ën XoIVo h¢, Š`m|{H$
ŸyÕ - 50] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1937
H$ënZm^mgê$nr AmH$me H$s H$ht {ZadH$meVm Zht ahVr &&12&&
ñdßZOmJ«V Ordm| H$m Cng§hma H$aVo hþE A~ g§H$ënOmJ«Vm| H$m {Zê$nU H$aVo h¢Ÿ&
^Ð, `h Vmo _¢Zo ñdßZOmJ«V Ordm| H$m {Zê$nU Amngo {H$`m, Omo g§H$ënê$n OJXmË_H$
OrU© CXwå~a d¥j Ho$ H$sQ> h¢, A~ Amn g§H$ënOmJ«V Ordm| Ho$ {df` _| gw{Zò & Bg àH$ma Ho$ Ord
{H$gr EH$ nyd©H$ën _| {H$gr EH$ OJV² _| H$ht na AnZo ^rVa V{ZH$ ^r {ZÐm Z boH$a EH$_mÌ
g§H$ën _| VËna hmoH$a [ñWV h¢ &&13,14&& OrdQ> Am»`mZ _| d{U©V {^jw Ho$ g_mZ ò Ord
Ü`mZ go {dM{bV hmoH$a [ñWV h¢ & _ZmoamÁ` Ho$ de _| n‹S>H$a CgHo$ nrN>o Xm¡‹S>Vo h¢ & Ñ‹T> g§H$ën
YmaU H$aVo h¢ Am¡a nydm©dñWm H$s ñ_¥{V go eyÝ` h¢ &&15&& {OZ Ordm| H$m OmJ«VA{^_mZ
XrK©H$mb Ho$ Aä`mg go KZr^yV g§H$ën _| h¡ Am¡a {OZH$s g§H$ënO[ZV AWm] _| hr nydm©nañ_aU
go a{hV _Z H$s MoîQ>m h¡, ò hr ñdßZOmJ«V Ord H$hbmVo h¢ &&16&& do g§H$ën H$m {dZme hmo OmZo
na {\$a nyd© Ho$ ì`dhma H$mo Cggo {dbjU ~ZmH$a H$aZo bJ OmVo h¢ & CZH$s Ñ{îQ> go ò h_
CÝht Ho$ eara _| g§H$ënnwéf hr [ñWV h¢, Š`m|{H$ g_mZg§H$ën go CËnÝZ h¢ &&17&& ^Ð,
g§H$ën Ho$ D$na {Z^©a ahZodmbo ò g§H$ënOmJ«V Ord h_Zo Amngo H$ho & ò Ñí`_mZ Ord
CÝhtHo$ g§H$ënOrdZ _| àdoe H$aVo h¢ Am¡a h_ bmoJm| Ho$ bmoH$ ^r Eogo hr h¢ & `mZr CZH$m `{X
g§H$ën h¡, Vmo Ñí`_mZ Ord h¢ Am¡a h_ bmoJm| Ho$ bmoH$ ^r h¢ & A~ Amn Ho$db OmJ«V Ordm| H$mo
gw{ZE &&18&& g¥{îQ> H$m g§H$ën H$aZo Ho$ H$maU hbMb go `wŠV hþE, AmJo H$ho OmZodmbo ~«÷m Ho$
ê$n go do Ord Bg H$ën _| nhbo go hr earaYmar hmoH$a ahVo h¢ Am¡a Cg OÝ_ _| ñdßZ Z hmoZo
Ho$ H$maU Ho$db OmJ«V H$ho OmVo h¢ My±{H$ do nhbo Ho$ CËn{Îm {dH$mgê$n ñdßZ go a{hV h¢ Am¡a
nhbo H$m OmJ«Ëg§ñH$ma ^r OmJ«V-[ñW{V H$mo CËnÝZ H$a ñd`§ ZîQ> hmo J`m h¡, Bg{bE Bg H$ën
_| dh ñdßZ H$m H$maU hmo ^r Zht gH$Vm &&19&& {\$a ò Ord O~ CÎmamoÎma OÝ_ naånam boVo-
OmVo h¢ Am¡a OmJ«V² , ñdßZ Ed§ gwfw{ßV _| {dMaU H$aVo-ahVo h¢, V~ do hr {MaOmJ«V H$ho OmVo
h¢ &&20&&
nm±Md| àH$ma Ho$ Ordm| H$mo H$hVo h¢ &
nmnê$n XwîH$_m] Ho$ Amdoe go O‹S>-ñWmdaê$n hmoH$a VWm OmJ«V² AdñWmAm| _| ^r KZ
AkmZ go nyU© hmoH$a do {MaOmJ«V Ord hr KZ OmJ«V² H$ho OmVo h¢ & ^md `h h¡ {H$ ñWmda Ordm|
H$mo ^r ñdßZ Am{X _| _Zwî`^md Am{X H$m AnZo _| n[akmZ hmoVm h¡ &&21&&
A~ Ad{eîQ> Omo Xmo àH$ma h¡, do XmoZm| hr OrdÝ_wŠVm| _| h¡, `h ~VbmZo H$s BÀN>m aI aho
_hmamO d{gîR>Or, N>R>o àH$ma Ho$ Ordm| H$m CëboI H$aVo h¢ &
MVwW©, n§M_ Am¡a N>R>r ^y{_H$m _| Ad[ñWV Omo Ord h¢, do emómW© Ed§ gËg§J Ho$ Ûmam
CnXoe J«hUH$a VÎdkmZ H$mo àmßV H$aHo$ OmJ«V² H$mo ñdßZ Ho$ gÑe XoIVo h¢, do OmJ«ËñdßZ
H$hbmVo h¢ &&22&&
gmVdt ^y{_H$m _| Amê$‹T> hþE nwéf hr gmVd| àH$ma Ho$ Ord h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{OZ _hmnwéfm| H$mo kmZ àmßV hmo MwH$m h¡ Am¡a na_nX _| {dlm{ÝV bo aho h¢, do jrU
OmJ«V² Ord H$hbmVo h¢, ò Ord gßV_ ^y{_H$m _| [ñWV h¢ &&23&& ^Ð, g_wÐm| H$s Vah gmV
n«H$ma Ho$ Ordm| H$m ôX _¢Zo Amn go H$hm & Amn BZH$m ^br^m±{V n[akmZ H$aHo$ H$ë`mUê$n
dñVw _| VËna hmo OmBE &&24&& ho lram_Or, Amn ^«_ N>mo‹S> Xr{OE, `hr ^«_ OJV² H$m
Û¡Vm{XdñVw~w{Õ go kmZ H$amVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ A~ Amn kmZê$n AmË_^md go EH$ag ~Z Jò
h¢, Û¡V Am¡a EoŠ` go _wŠV eara hmoH$a Amn eyÝ`Ëd Am¡a AeyÝ`Ëd Y_© go a{hV hmo Jò
h¢ VWm g~ H$ënZmAm| Ho$ nyd©dVu A{YîR>mZ^yV hmo Jò h¢ &&25&&
nMmgdm± gJ© g_mßV
BŠ`mdZdm± gJ©
~«÷Ñ{îQ> _| H$^r ^r CËnÝZ Zht hþAm Am¡a AmË_Ñ{îQ> _|
{_Ï`m CËnÝZ OJV² VÎdkmZ go {Og Vah {Zd¥Îm hmo OmVm h¡, Cg Vah H$m dU©ZŸ&
nhbo Ho$ gJ© _| EH$ `h ~mV H$hr JB© h¡ {H$ ~«÷ go nhbo CËnÝZ Ord Ho$db OmJ«V
Ord h¢ & Bg {df` _| `h e§H$m hmoVr h¡ d¡gm H$hZm `w{ŠV`wŠV Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ Hy$Q>ñW AÛ`
~«÷ nhbo Ord^md YmaU H$a CËnÝZ hmo hr Zht gH$Vm, Eogm H$aZo _| Z Vmo CgH$mo H$moB©
à`moOZ h¡ Am¡a Z H$moB© ~rO h¡ A{nVw H$m_, H$_© Am{X H$s dmgZmE± Ord ñd^md Ho$ ~mX
hr hmoVr h¢, Bg àH$ma H$s Ame§H$m lram_^Ð H$aVo h¢ &
lram_^Ð Zo H$hm … ~«÷Z², Hy$Q>ñW AÛ` na~«÷ go Ho$db OmJ«V Zm_ Ho$ Ord AW© Am¡a ~rO
Ho$ {~Zm, AmH$me go d¥j H$s ZmBª, H¡$go CËnÝZ hmoVo h¢ ? &&1&&
lram_Or, AmnH$s e§H$m Vmo ~hþV hr gmYmaU h¡ {H$ Hy$Q>ñW AÛ` ~«÷ go Ho$dbOmJ«V Ord
Vmo CËnÝZ hmo Zht gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ AÝ` Ordm| H$s Am¡a OJV² H$s ^r CËn{Îm VÝ_ybH$ Zht hmo
gHo$Jr, Bg{bE Hy$Q>ñW ~«÷ _| Ord Am¡a OJX²^md H$m Anbmn {H$ò {~Zm R>rH$-R>rH$ CnXoe
Zht hmo gH$Vm, AV… CnXoemW© hr ~«÷ _| Ord-OJX²^md H$s H$ënZm lw{V, ñ_¥{V Am{X _| H$s
JB© h¡, Eogm CÎma _hmamO d{gîR>Or XoVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … _hm_Vo, H$moB© ^r H$m`© {H$gr H$maU Ho$ {~Zm CnbãY Zht hmo
gH$Vm, `h {Z[íMV h¡, Bg{bE Ho$db OJV² H$m `hm± H$moB© g§^d hr Zht h¡ &&2&& Hy$Q>ñW go
CgH$m `{X g§^d h¡, Vmo Cggo AÝ` Ord gOrd hmo gH$Vo h¢, naÝVw H$maU Ho$ A^md go do g~
{ZañV hmo OmVo h¢ &&3&& ^Ð, `hm± Z Vmo Hw$N> CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Z Hw$N> ZîQ> hr hmoVm h¡, Ho$db
ŸyÕ - 51] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1939
CnXoe Am¡a CnXoe`mo½` dñVw Ho$ {bE eãXmW© H$s EH$_mÌ H$ënZm H$s JB© h¡ &&4&&
`h AmnH$s ~mV h_ _mZVo h¢, na ^moJ Ho$ AmYma earam{X H$m H$_© Am{X Ûmam `m gmjmV²
H$moB© {Z_m©U H$aZodmbm Vmo Adí` _mZZm Mm{hE, Š`m|{H$ àËòH$ H$m`© H$Vm© Ûmam hr ~ZVm h¡ &
AV… Cg Xoh _| Ord H$mo ~¡R>mH$a {df`m| go _mo{hV H$aZodmbm H$moB© Xygam ahZm hr Mm{hE, Š`m|{H$
_mo{hV H$aZodmbo H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a MoVZ _| _moh hmo Zht gH$VmŸ& Eogr [ñW{V _| _mo{hV hmoZodmbm Am¡a
_mo{hV H$aZodmbm `m| Xmo {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ Ord Ed§ B©ídaZm_H$ MoVZ g¥{îQ> Am{X H$s à{VnmXH$
lw{V`m| Ho$ AmYma na _mZZm Mm{hE & Bg àH$ma {\$a am_Or e§H$m H$aVo h¢ &
lram_Or Zo H$hm … ^JdZ², _Z, ~w{Õ MoVZ Am{X go `wŠV BZ earam| H$s aMZm H$aZodmbm
H$m¡Z h¡ Am¡a àm{U`m| H$mo ñZoh, amJ Am{X ~ÝYZm| Ho$ Ûmam H$m¡Z _mo{hV H$aVm h¡ ? `h h_go
H${hE &&5&&
hm±, `h ~mV R>rH$ hmoVr, `{X earam{X H$m H$Vm©, _mo{hV hmoZodmbm, _mohH$ Am{X-ò g~
lw{V Am{X à_mUm| go gË`ê$n R>haVo, naÝVw "dmMmaåÛ_²' Am{X lw{V`m| Ho$ Ûmam do g~ {_Ï`m
hr {gÕ hmoVo h¢, Eogr [ñW{V _| à{V^mg_mÌ ñdê$n CZ g~H$m Hy$Q>ñW ~«÷ Ho$ Ûmam {ddV©_mÌ
go ^r {Zdm©h hmo gH$Vm h¡, Bg{bE CZH$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, H$moB© H$^r ^r eara Am{X H$s aMZm Zht H$aVm Am¡a Z
H$^r H$moB© àm{U`m| H$mo _mo{hV hr H$aVm h¡ &&6&& AZm{X, AZÝV Ad^mgñdê$n Omo ~moYmË_m h¡,
dh AnZo hr ñdê$n _| [ñWV hmoH$a Eogo ZmZm nXmWm] Ho$ ê$n _| ^mgVm h¡, O¡go AnZo ñdê$n _|
[ñWV Ob Va§J Am{X Ho$ ê$nm| _| &&7&&
~mø nXmW© H¡$go ^rVar MoVZ Ho$ {ddV© hmo gH$Vo h¢, Š`m|{H$ XmoZm| Ho$ AmYma AbJ-AbJ
h¢, Bg e§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
lram_MÝÐOr, Agb _| Vmo ~mha Ho$ H$moB© nXmW© hr Zht h¢, kmZê$n AmË_m hr ~mha
Ho$ gÑe ^mgVm h¡, dh ~moYê$n öX` go hr ~mha Eogo CX` H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡, O¡go ~rO
go ~‹S>m d¥j &&8&&
~rO go d¥j ~mha {ZH$bVm h¡, `h ÑîQ>mÝV {df_ h¡, Bg àH$ma H$s Ame§H$m H$a g_mZ
ÑîQ>mÝV ~VbmVo h¢ & AWdm `{X {díd ^rVa hr CËnÝZ hmoVm, Vmo dh ^rVa hr ahVm, na dh Vmo
~mha ahVm h¡, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
aKwloîR> ho lram_Or, ~moYmË_m Ho$ ^rVa [ñWV hr `h {díd ~mha Ho$ ê$n _| Eogo àH$Q> hþAm
h¡, O¡go I§ô Ho$ ^rVa hr [ñWV H$R>nwVbr &&9&&
dñVwV… MoVZ Zm_ H$s dñVw Z ^rVa h¡ Am¡a Z ~mha h¡, {H$ÝVw AZÝV h¡, Cgr Ho$ ^rVa
gwJÝY Am¡a nwîn H$s ZmBª ~mø-Amä`ÝVa H$s EH$_mÌ H$ënZm H$s JB© h¡, `m| H$hVo h¢ &
~mø Am¡a Amä`ÝVa {Og_| {dÚ_mZ h¡ Am¡a Omo Xoe Ed§ H$mb Ho$ n[aÀN>oX go AbJ h¡, Cg
~moYñdê$n AmË_m H$m hr `h OJV² EH$ Vah go gwJÝY-{dñVma h¡, `h Amn Om{ZE &&10&&
`{X e§H$m hmo {H$ g_ñV OJV² H$s H$ënZm `ht na h¡, Vmo ~«÷bmoH$ Am{X nabmoH$, {Og_|
A{M© Am{X _mJm] go J_Z {H$`m OmVm h¡ & Xya Š`m| _mZo OmVo h¢, BgH$m g_mYmZ `h h¡ {H$ d¡go
hr bmoJm| H$s AZm{X H$mb go dmgZm h¡, Bg{bE O~ dmgZm H$m {dZme hmo OmòJm, Vmo g^r bmoJ
EH$_mÌ AnZo AmË_ê$n go AË`ÝV {ZH$Q> hmo Om`|Jo, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
lram_MÝÐOr, dmgZm H$m {dZme hmo OmZo na `h AmË_m hr nabmoH$ h¡, Xygam Zht, `h
Amn Om{Zò & Omo _hmnwéf g~ CnÐdm| go {Z_w©ŠV hmoH$a emÝV hmo aho h¢, CZHo$ nabmoH$ Ho$ ê$n
_| `ht na [ñWV AmË_m H$s Amoa XwaËdm{X dmgZmE± Am hr Zht gH$Vt &&11&&
`{X àË`JmË_m hr nabmoH$ Xoe, H$mb Am{Xê$n h¢, Vmo Xoe, H$mb Am{X H$m ~mY hmo OmZo na
dh eyÝ`ê$n hr Š`m| Z hmo OmòJm ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
My±{H$ Xoe, H$mb, {H«$`m, AmbmoH$, ê$n, {MÎm, AmË_m, gV² BZ g~H$m A{YîR>mZ VWm BZ
eãXm| go ~mo{YV hmoZodmbm ~«÷ Xoe, H$mb Am{X eãXmWm] go a{hV h¡, Bg{bE dh eyÝ`ê$n Zht
hmo gH$Vm &&12&&
`{X dh eyÝ`ê$n Zht h¡, Vmo Xygao bmoJ ^r EH$_mÌ àn§M H$m Anbmn H$a Cg nX _| AnZr
~moYJ{V Š`m| Zht H$a boVo Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
ho amKd, Omo VÎdÑîQ>m h¢ Am¡a Omo {df`m| go _wŠV hmo J`m h¢, Eogo AmË_nX H$mo OmZZodmbo
_w{Z`m| H$mo hr Cg nX _| kmZJ{V hmoJr, Xygam| H$mo Zht $&&13&& ^Ð, Omo nwéf gab Am¡a Jå^ra
AhÝVmê$n J–o _| {Jao hþE h¢, do H$moB© ^r Cg AmË_nXê$n àH$me H$mo H$^r XoI Zht gH$Vo $&&14&&
AmË_àH$me XoIZodmbm| H$mo OJV² H$m kmZ H¡$gm ahVm h¡, Bg na H$hVo h¢ $&
Mm¡Xh àH$ma Ho$ ò Omo ^yVg_yh h¢, CZHo$ Kw§Kw§ eãXm| go n[anyU© OJV²Ñ[îQ> kmZr Ho$ {bE Omo
Xohmd`d-O¡gr h¡, `mZr AnZo go {^ÝZ Cgo ^mgVr hr Zht $&&15&&
kmZr H$mo g_m{hVÑ[îQ> Am¡a ì`dhmaÑ[îQ> go OJV² O¡gm ^mgVm h¡, Cgo ~VbmVo h¢ $&
g¥[îQ> H$m Agb _| Vmo H$moB© H$maU Zht h¡, Bgr{bE Z Vmo g¥[îQ> CËnÝZ hmoVr h¡ Am¡a
Z dh ZîQ> hr hmoVr h¡, `h kmZ kmZr H$mo g_m{hV Ñ[îQ> go h¡ Am¡a ì`dhma Ñ[îQ> go Vmo
O¡gm H$maU H$m ñdê$n hmoJm, d¡gm hr H$m`© ^r hmoJm `mZr O¡gm H$maU H$[ënV AVEd {_Ï`m
h¡, d¡gm Cggo O{ZV H$m`© ^r H$[ënV Am¡a {_Ï`m h¡, Eogm kmZ ì`dhmaÑ[îQ> go ^r Cgo
ahVm h¡ &&16&& `{X H$maU _| H$m`© H$s [ñW{V hmoJr, Vmo CgH$s H$maUVm hr H¡$gr, Š`m|{H$
dh Vmo H$m`©ê$n hr kmZ hmoVm h¡, AV… H$m`© Am¡a H$maU XmoZm| hr AgV² h¢, Š`m|{H$ XmoZm|
H$m hr AbJ-AbJ kmZ Zht hmo gH$Vm &&17&& àemÝV _hmg_wÐ _| O¡go Va§J, ^±da Am{X
ŸyÕ - 51] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1941
[ñWV h¢, d¡go hr jmoêyÝ` na~«÷ _| ò g~ AmnHo$ ~mø OJV Am¡a ^rVa Ho$ {MÎm Am{X
[ñWV h¢ $&&18&& O¡go AnZo ^rVa AZoH$ ~V©Zm| H$mo aIZodmbm EH$ hr {_Å>r H$m [nÊS> ahVm
h¡, R>rH$ d¡go hr AZoH$ ~«÷mÊS>m| H$mo AnZo CXa _| aIZodmbm g~H$m ñdê$n^yV {Z_©b ~«÷
^r EH$ {nÊS> hr h¡ $& O¡go AnZo ^rVa H$Q>H$, Hw$ÊS>b Am{X AmH$mam| go `wŠV VWm ZmZm
~V©Zm| H$m ñdê$n^yV gwdU© [ñWV h¡, d¡go hr gwdU©ê$n ~«÷ [ñWV h¡ $&&19&&
{nÊS>Xem _| KQ> {nÊS>ê$n Am¡a KQ> Xem _| {nÊS> KQ>ê$n h¡, `m| KQ> Ho$ ñdê$ndoÎmmAm|
H$mo O¡go EH$ H$m hr ì`d[ñWV kmZ hmoVm h¡, d¡go hr àn§M _| ^r ñdßZXem _| OmJ«V²
ñdßZm[Xê$n Am¡a OmJ«ËH$mb _| ñdßZ OmJ«Ðyn ì`d[ñWV OJV² Ho$ EH$ê$n H$m hr VÎdkm| H$mo
kmZ hmoVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ $&
ñdßZH$mb _| ñdßZ hr OmJ«X²ê$n km{Z`m| Ûmam OmZm OmVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ dmgZmAm| Ho$ {dñVma
go ì`J« _Z CZHo$ nmg Zht h¡ Am¡a OmJ«V²H$mb _| OmJ«V² H$mo ñdßZê$n OmZVo h¢, Š`m|{H$ CZH$mo
gË`mË_m H$m n[akmZ hmo MwH$m h¡ $&&20&&
OmJ«V²-Xem _| `{X h_ bmoJ `h {dMma H$a| {H$ `h OJV² Ho$db {MÎmê$n hr h¡, Vmo dh
ñdßZVwë` hr ~Z OmòJm $& Bgr dmñV{dH$Vm H$mo boH$a kmZr H$s g¥[îQ> H$mo CgHo$ eara Ho$
Ad`dm| H$s Cn_m Xr JB© h¡, `m| Cng§hma H$aVo hþE VÎdkmZ hmo OmZo na CgH$m ^r g_yb ~mY
hmo OmVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð dmñVd _| _¥JV¥îUm Ho$ Ob Ho$ gÑe AgÐyn go [ñWV VWm {dMma go {dH$b {H$`m J`m
`h OmJ«V² OJV² Ho$db {MÎmê$n `{X g_P {b`m OmVm h¡,Vmo {\$a dh ñdßZê$n ~Z OmVm
h¡ &&21&& gå`H²$ kmZ go `mZr AmË_m Ho$ gË`kmZ go Xohê$n Ho$ gmW ò g~ ^yV kmZr Ho$ {nÊS>
H$mo g_yb Eogo N>mo‹S> XoVo h¢ O¡go dfm©H$mb Ho$ OmZo na _oK &&22&& O¡go {dZme H$s Amoa CÝ_wI hþAm
_oK VËH$mb hr JJZê$n ~Z OmVm h¡, d¡go hr AmË_kmZ go `h Ah§H$mag{hV OJV emÝV hmo
OmVm h¡ `mZr VËH$mb AmË_ê$n ~Z OmVm h¡ &&23&& eaV²H$mb Ho$ _oK Ho$ gÑe Mmam| Amoa go
{N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ hþAm _¥JV¥îUmOb Ho$ gÑe {_Ï`m àVr`_mZ VWm ~ma-~ma ñne© Am{X go OmZm
J`m ^r OJV² AmË_kmZ go VËH$mb Ob OmVm h¡ &&24&& O¡go YYH$ ahr A{½Z _| {dbrZ gmoZm,
Kr Am¡a BÝYZ EH$ê$n ~Z OmVm h¡, d¡go hr {dkmZH$mb _| ^r OJV²-{MÎm ÐîQ>m Am{X g~
EH$ê$n ~Z OmVo h¢ $&&25&& VrZm| OJV² _| Omo EH$ àH$ma H$m ê$n H$[ënV {H$`m J`m h¡, dh
VÎdkmZ go Yrao-Yrao Eogo {dbrZ hmoVm OmVm h¡, O¡go Ka _| g_Pmò Jò ~mbH$ H$m d¥jm{X _|
go {nemMkmZ Yrao-Yrao {dbrZ hmoVm OmVm h¡ &&26&&
A{½Z Am{X H$maU O~ VH$ bmI Ho$ nmg ahVo h¡, V~ VH$ hr Cg_| H${R>ZVm H$m {db`
ahVm h¡ $& `{X A{½Z Am{X nmg _| ahVo, Vmo H${R>ZVm H$m {db` ^r hQ> OmVm h¡, Š`m Bgr Vah
H$m `h OJ{Ûb` VÎdkmZ go hmoVm h¡, `{X Eogm {db` hþAm, Vmo {Z{_Îm Ho$ hQ> OmZo na {\$a
OJV² Á`m| H$m Ë`m| ~Zm ahoJm, Eogr Ame§H$m na H$hVo h¢ {H$ VÎdkmZ AgËnj H$m {damoYr hmoZo
Ho$ H$maU Cggo hþAm {db` {\$a bm¡Q>H$a Zht AmVm, O¡go {H$ ew[ŠV Ho$ VÎdkmZ go ~m{YV
ew[ŠVê$n kmZ {\$a Zht hmoVm, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ $&
Xoe, H$mb Am¡a dñVw H$s n[a[ÀN>ÝZVm (ñdënê$nVm) go a{hV gmjr MoVZ _| {H$gr H$maU
Ho$ {~Zm hr OJV²,g§H$ënH$maH$ {MÎm, AkmZ Am{X ^mgVo h¢, AV… gmjr MoVZ _| ê$nm{X H$m
Adga hr H¡$go ? &&27&&
BZ g~ ~mVm| go {ZîH$f© `h {ZH$bm {H$ {_Ï`m^yV OJV², {MÎm Am{X Ho$ ê$n _| {_Ï`m
AkmZ hr Z¥Ë` H$aVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ $&
gmjr MoVZ Ho$ AkmZ go hr `h OJV² Am¡a {MÎm CËnÝZ hþAm h¡, kmZ go O~ AkmZ ZîQ>
hmo J`m, V~ {Z_©b MoVZ _| OJV² Am{X ñdê$nm| H$m A[ñVËd hr Š`m ahm ? &&28&&
Bggo nhbo H$s ~mV {gÕ hmo JB© {H$ OmJ«V² àn§M hr ñdßZXem _| AnZr ñWybVm N>mo‹S>H$a
gyú_ àn§Mê$n ~Z OmVm h¡ Am¡a ñdßZ^«m[ÝV hr {MaH$mb Ho$ Aä`mg go KZr^yV hmoH$a OmJ«V²-
ê$n ~Z OmVr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ñdßZ Ho$ Ad^mg go OmJ«V²-àn§M AnZr H${R>ZVm N>mo‹S> XoVm h¡ Am¡a Eogo AË`ÝV Za_
(gyú_) hmo OmVm h¡, O¡go {H$ A{½Z go {nKbm hþAm gwdU© &&29&& Xoe-H$mbê$n {Z{_Îm Ho$ {~Zm
OmJ«V²-ñdßZ H$m {Z_m©U H$a `Wm[ñWV ~moYê$n gmjr MoVZ hr KZñdê$n OJXmH$ma-gm
gwdU© Ho$ gÑe ~Z OmVm h¡ &&30&& eaV²H$mb Ho$ jrU hmo OmZo na O¡go Ob ñdën hmo OmVm h¡,
d¡go hr ñdßZ Ho$ gÑe AË`ÝV VwÀN> OmJ«V² dñVw Ho$ CŠV {dMma go jrU hmo OmZo na ^moJ H$m
AZwamJ ^r ñdën hmo OmVm h¡ &&31&& Ñí` dñVwAm| H$s H$m[ÝV O~ AË`ÝV VwÀN>ê$n ^mgZo bJ
OmVr h¡, V~ CZH$s [ñW{V hmoZo na ^r {ddoH$s H$mo do AÀN>r Zht bJVr $& Š`m|{H$ dh ñdßZ Ho$
gÑe CÝh| {_Ï`m hr g_PVm h¡ &&32&&
AmË_gwI go AË`ÝV V¥ßV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU kmZr ^r {df`m| H$m AmXa Zht H$aVm, `h
H$hVo h¢ &
H$hm± AnZr AmË_m _| {dlm[ÝV Am¡a H$hm± `h {df`m| H$m n[akmZ $& `{X kmZr H$mo ^r {df`
^bo àVrV hmoZo bJ|, Vmo gwfwßV Am¡a OmJ«V² H$s EH$Vm Am¡a _y‹T> Am¡a VÎdk H$s EH$Vm hmo OmòJr
`mZr XmoZm| _| H$moB© nmW©Š` hr Zht ah OmòJm &&33&& lram_Or, {MÎm_mÌñdê$n `h OJV² O~
`hm± ^«m[ÝVê$n Am¡a ñdßZ_mÌ ñdê$n ~ZH$a [ñWV hmo OmVm h¡ `mZr O~ nwéf OJV² H$mo ñdßZ
Ho$ gÑe {_Ï`m g_P boVm h¡, V~ nXmWm] go gË`Ëd~w{Õ AnZo Amn hQ> OmVr h¡ $&&34&&
AgË` ^r kmZr H$mo `{X éMVo hm|, Vmo Š`m hm{Z h¡ ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ $&
ŸyÕ - 51] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1943
ho _hm_Vo, g_rn _| [ñWV nwéfm| Ûmam AgË`ê$n go XoIo Jò _¥JV¥îUm-Ob Am{X Š`m
{H$gr H$mo ^r éMVo h¢ ? AWm©V² do {H$gr kmZr H$mo {H$gr Vah ^r AÀN>o Zht bJVo &&35&& OJV²
_| gË`Ëd ~w{Õ Ho$ {dbrZ hmo OmZo na emÝV~w{Õ kmZr OJV² H$mo A{nÊS>mË_H$ AmH$meê$n
XoIVm h¡, Omo {H$ dmVm`Z _| à{dîQ> hþE Xrn{H$aUm| H$s à^m Ho$ gÑe àH$me_mZ ^r h¡ &&36&&
Ho$db {MÎm Ho$ hr {dbmgñdê$n ñdßZmË_H$ \y$b-_mbm, MÝXZ Am{X H$s ^moJ^mdZm OmJ«V²
nwéf H$s {ZH$b OmVr h¡, Š`m|{H$ dñVwV… CgZo CZ nXmWm] H$mo eyÝ`ê$n OmZ {b`m h¡ &&37&& ho
lram_Or, {OgH$mo AdñVwê$n g_P {b`m, {\$a CgH$s J«møVm H¡$gr ? ^bm Eogm H$m¡Z nwéf h¡,
Omo ñdßZ OmZH$a ^r ñdßZ-gwdU© H$mo boZo Ho$ {bE CgH$s Amoa Xm¡‹S>Vm hmo ? &&38&& ^Ð, ñdßZ
Ho$ gÑe Ñí` nXmWm] H$mo O~ OmZ {b`m OmVm h¡, V~ Cggo _Zwî` H$m ào_ {ZH$b OmVm h¡ Am¡a
ÐîQ>m, Ñí` H$s AdñWmAm| Ho$ Xmof go O{ZV ~‹S>r ^mar Jm±R> h¡, dh {d[ÀN>ÝZ hmo OmVr h¡ &&39&&
BgH$s {Zd¥{Îm hmo OmZo na `h H¡$go [ñWV ahVm h¡ ? `h H$hVo h¢ $&
Ñí` nXmW© {OgH$mo Zrag hmo Jò h¢ `m ~ÝYw Am{X _| {OgH$mo ào_ Zht ah J`m h¡, {OgH$s
_ZZe[ŠV emÝV hmo JB© h¡, {OgH$m Ah§H$ma Mbm J`m h¡, Omo VÎd{dÚm go n[anyU© drVamJ,
à`mga{hV Am¡a {Z_©b~w{Õ hmo MwH$m h¡ dh gXm emÝV hr ahVm h¡ $&&40&& XrnH$s {eIm O~
ZîQ> hmo OmVr h¡, V~ CgH$s {H$aU| O¡go ZîQ> hmo OmVr h¡, d¡go hr O~ ag Zragê$n ~Z OmVm
h¡, V~ kmZr H$s dmgZm ZîQ> hmo OmVr h¡ &&41&& kmZ go nyd© JÝYd©ZJa Ho$ gÑe àVrV hmo ahm
gånyU© OJV² VÎdkmZ go XrnH$ H$s {H$aUm| Ho$ gÑe EH$_mÌ àH$meê$n Ed§ gKZ hmoH$a AmH$me
Ho$ gÑe ^mgZo bJVm h¡ &&42&&
V~ gßV_ ^y{_H$m H$s [ñW{V go dh {H$g Vah H$m hmoVm h¡, Bgo ~VbmVo h¢ &
VÎdkmZr nwéf gßV_ ^y{_H$m _| [ñW{V H$a Z AmË_m H$mo, Z AmH$me H$mo, Z eyÝ` H$mo,
Z d¥{Îm H$mo XoIVm h¡, {H$ÝVw Ho$db AmË_nX H$mo hr (~«÷ê$nVm H$mo hr) XoIVm h¡ &&43&& ^Ð,
Omo VËnX dñVw h¡, Cg_| Z AmË_m h¡, Z eyÝ` h¡ Am¡a Z OJV² H$s H$ënZm hr h¡, A{YH$ Š`m
H$h|, Cg_| Z {MÎm h¡, Z Ñí`~w{Õ h¡ Am¡a Z dh `Wm[ñWV g~ Hw$N> hr h¡ &&44&& Akm{Z`m|
Ho$ Ûmam {nÊS>ê$n go OmZm J`m Omo `h n¥Ïdr Am{X H$m ñdê$n h¡, dh kmZr Ho$ à{V Vmo kmZ
go AgV² hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a eyÝ`ê$n ~Z OmVm h¡, AV… {dÚ_mZ ahVo ^r h¡ hr Zht &&45&&
kmZr nwéf EH$_mÌ AmË_g_m{Y _| {MÎm H$mo bJmH$a AmH$me Ho$ gÑe {Z_©b ~Z OmVm h¡,
g~ Amg[ŠV`m| go a{hV hmoH$a hr AnZr [ñW{V ~ZmVm h¡ Am¡a [ñWV ahH$a ^r AgV² Ho$
Vwë` ~Zm ahVm h¡ &&46&& lram_Or, {OgH$m _Z _a J`m h¡ Am¡a Omo gd©~mYmd{Y AmË_nX
H$mo àmßV hþAm h¡, Eogm _ZZerb _m¡Zr g§gmaê$nr g_wÐ H$mo V¡a J`m h¡ Am¡a g~ H$_m] Ho$
AÝV H$mo ^r àmßV hmo J`m h¡, `h Adí` Om{ZE &&47&& amKd, My±{H$ Omo gånyU© eara, earam|
Ho$ AmYma ^wdZ, ^wdZmYma JJZ VWm {dhma ñWmZ nd©V h¡, CZHo$ gmYZ Am¡a H$aUm| H$m
EH$_mÌ H$maU _yb AkmZ hr h¡, Xwgam Zht, Bg{bE kmZ Ûmam AÝV…H$aU go AkmZ H$s
{Zd¥{Îm hmo OmZo na `h eara Am{X OJV², km{Z`m| H$s Ñ[îQ> go {dÚ_mZ ahVo ^r {dZîQ> hmo
OmVm h¡ `mZr AgÐyn ~Z OmVm h¡ $&&48&& kmZdmZ H$m AÝV…H$aU emÝV ahVm h¡, CgHo$
{dH$ën {dZîQ> hþE ahVo h¢, dh AnZo ñdê$n^yV AmË_ag _| VÝ_` ahVm h¡, na_ em[ÝVê$nr
A_¥V go V¥ßV ahVm h¡, CgH$mo AmdaU (AkmZ) ^r Zht ahVm $& Bg àH$ma CgH$s CÎm_
[ñW{V hmoVr h¡ &&49&&
BŠ`mdZdm± gJ© g_mßV
~mdZdm± gJ©
Vm{H©$H$m| Ho$ VH$m] go CËnÝZ hþB© AZoH$ àH$ma H$s H$ënZmAm| H$m IÊS>Z H$a
Hy$Q>ñW na_mË_m Ho$ A{ZdmÀ`© OJX²^md H$m g_W©ZŸ&
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ho _wZo, Hy$Q>ñW {MXmË_m {Og H«$_ go OJV²-gm ^mgVm h¡, dh
H«$_-ôX H$s {Zd¥{Îm Ho$ {bE AÝ` dm{X`m| H$s H$ënZmAm| H$m IÊS>ZH$a AnZo _V Ho$ g_W©Z
go {\$a H${hò $&&1&&
"{MXmË_m H$m `h OJV²^md A{Zd©MZr` hr h¡' Bg AnZo _V H$m g_W©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE
nhbo Ñ[îQ>g¥[îQ>nj H$m Adbå~Z H$aHo$ Ñ[îQ> Ho$ AÝd` Am¡a ì`{VaoH$ Ho$ AZwgma CgH$s
[ñW{V {XIbmVo h¢ $&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, emIm, nÌ, nwîn, nëbd Am{X ZmZm
àH$ma Ho$ AmH$mam|go `wŠV d¥j Ho$ g_mZ Ak AmË_m H$s Ñ[îQ> _| Omo OJX²^md h¡ dhr CgHo$
{MÎm _| ^r h¡ Am¡a Omo CgH$s Ñ[îQ> _| Zht h¡ dh CgHo$ {MÎm _| ^r Zht h¡ $& `hr H$maU
h¡ {H$ XoIr JB© AË`ÝV N>moQ>r dñVw H$m ^r ñ_aU hmoVm h¡ {H$ÝVw Z XoIr hþB© ~‹S>r dñVw H$m
^r ñ_aU Zht hmoVm &&2&&
emó Am¡a Aemó Ho$ AZwgma gånm{XV hþB© {dÛmZ Am¡a A{dÛmZ H$s {H«$`mAm| _| ^r
{dbjUVm {XImB© XoVr hr h¡, AV… OJV² H$s gÎmm ^r {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ Ñ[îQ> Ho$ AZwgma hr ì`d[ñWV
àVrV hmoVr h¡, Bg A{^àm` go H$hVo h¢ $&
Omo {ddoH$s nwéf h¡ dh nydm©na emó Ho$ AZwgma hr XoIVm Am¡a H$aVm h¡ $& Am±Im| Ho$ gm_Zo
n‹S>r ^r emó{Z{fÕ dñVw H$mo ^mo½`ê$n go Zht XoIVm Am¡a Z Vmo CgHo$ {bE Hw$N> H$aVm hr h¡$&&3&&
`h H$maU h¡ {H$ _¢ ^r emór` Ñ[îQ> H$m ì`dñWmnZ H$aVo hþE hr ldU Am{X _| AmnH$mo
{Z`wŠV H$a ahm hÿ±, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ $&
ŸyÕ - 52] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1945
ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bgr{bE Amngo _¢ H$hVm hÿ± {H$ Amn ^r AnZo {MÎm H$s ew{Õ Ho$ AZwHy$b
H$_m] Ho$ AZwîR>mZ _| VËna hmo emómZwHy$b AWm] _| AnZo {MÎm H$mo bJmH$a ldU^yfU _oao Bg
CnXoe H$m ldU H$s{Oò $&&4&& `h Ñí`g_yh H$s ^«m[ÝV hr A{dÚm H$hr OmVr h¡ $& dmñVd _|
Vmo `h A{dÚm ^r Eogo Zht h¡, O¡go _¥JV¥îUm ZXr _| Ob$&&5&&
O~ Eogr ~mV h¡, V~ emóm| Ho$ CnXoe VWm CZH$s \$b {g{Õ H¡$go hmoJr, Bg na H$hVo h¢$&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, CnXoe`mo½` dñVw Ho$ CnXoe Ho$ {Z{_Îm _oao AZwamoY go jU â Ho$ {bE Amn
Bgo gË`-gm _mZH$a `h _oam H$WZ gw{Zò $&&6&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, `h A{dÚmZm_H$ ^«m[ÝV H¡$gr
h¡ Am¡a H$hm± go Am`r-Bg Vah Ho$ {dH$ën Z H$aVo hþE Amn _oao Bg CnXoe H$mo gww{Zò $& {\$a Vmo
nrN>o kmZ hmo OmZo go Amn ñd`§ OmZ Om`|Jo {H$ Z Vmo `h OJV² h¡ Am¡a Z `h A{dÚm hr h¡ &&7&&
AZw^d _| Amé‹T> Bg {ddV© nj H$mo {XIbmH$a AÝ` njm| _| Xmof ~VbmZo H$s A{^bmfm H$a
aho _hmamO d{gîR>Or AgË` àn§M H$m hr ~«÷ Ho$ gmW d¥jemIm Ý`m` go AôX _mZZodmbo
_hmZw^mdm| Ho$ nj _| - ~«÷ H$s A{dZm{eVm ZîQ> hmoJr - `h Xmof {XIbmZo Ho$ {bE OJV² _|
{dZídaËd H$s à{Vkm H$aVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, Omo Hw$N> ñWmda-O§J_mË_H$ `h g~ Vah go n[anyU© OJV² {XImB© XoVm h¡
dh g~ H$ën Ho$ AÝV _| ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ &&8&&
{OgH$s _hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo à{Vkm H$s h¡, CgH$m A~ gmYZ H$hVo h¢ &
{dMma H$a XoIZo go `h {Z[íMV hmoVm h¡ {H$ Bg OJV² H$m {dZme Adí` hmoJm, dh
n¥{Wdr Am{X Ad`dm| H$m {d^mJñdê$n h¡, Š`m|{H$ n¥{Wdr Am{X gmd`d h¡, AV… CZHo$
{dZme H$m H$moB© àVrH$ma Zht H$a gH$Vm $& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ EH$-EH$ ~y±X {ZH$mb boZo go
K‹S>o Ho$ Ob H$m Zme Adí` hmo OmVm h¡ &&9&&
R>rH$ h¡, Zme hmo Om`, Š`m Xmof h¡, Bg na H$hVo h¢ $&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, Eogr [ñW{V _| Vmo Ðì` H$m Zme hmoZo na ~«÷ H$s AZÝVVm Am¡a
A[ñVVm ^r Zht ah gH$Vr, Š`m|{H$ ~«÷ OJÝ_` hr Vmo R>ham Am¡a {MXoH$ag {Zad`d ~«÷
H$m OJV² Ad`d Zht hmo gH$Vm $& VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ O¡go emIm Am{X Ad`dm| H$m Zme
hmoZo na d¥j H$m ^r Zme hmo OmVm h¡, d¡go hr `{X n¥{Wdr Am{X Ðì` H$m Zme hmoZo na ~«÷
Ho$ Zme H$m àg§J _mZm Om`, Vmo lw{V _| H$ho Jò ~«÷ Ho$ AZÝVËd H$s {g{Õ Z hmo gHo$Jr $&
BVZm hr Zht Am¡a ^r gw{Zò-{dMmaH$a XoIZo na Vmo Ad`dm| go n¥WH²$ {H$ò Jò Ad`dr
H$s gÎmm Z ahZo go CgH$m A[ñVËd hr Zht {gÕ hmo gH$Vm Am¡a {MXoH$ag {Zad`d ~«÷
H$m `h OJV² Ad`d ^r Zht ~Z gH$Vm &&10&&
{MXmË_m H$m Ad`d O‹S> OJV² Z hmo, {H$ÝVw _{Xam (eam~) Ho$ Ad`dm| _| [ñWV _Xe[ŠV
H$s Vah eara _| n[aUV n¥{Wdr Am{X n§M^yVê$n O‹S>m| H$m hr Y_© M¡VÝ` Š`m| Z hmo, Bg Mmdm©H$
_V H$mo CR>mH$a Cg_| Xmof {XIbmVo h¢ &
_{Xam H$s e[ŠV Ho$ g_mZ kmZê$n Y_© h_ Am[ñVH$m| _| Zht hmo gH$Vm & n¥{Wdr Am{Xê$n
h_ bmoJm| H$s Xoh _| hr Mmdm©H$ kmZ Zht {gÕ H$a gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ h_ bmoJm| Ho$ _V _| Bg Xoh H$s
{g{Õ {dkmZ Ho$ hr AYrZ hmoZo go `h Xoh ñdßZ Ho$ g_mZ h¡, Vm[ÎdH$ Zht h¡ & VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$
àm_m{UH$ bmoJm| Ho$ _V _| Xoh H$s gÎmm H$m gmYH$ {dkmZ Ho$ {gdm Am¡a H$moB© Xygam Zht h¡ $& `h
Vmo H$moB© Zht H$h gH$Vm {H$, _Xe[ŠV H$s Vah Xoh Z ahZo na ^r {dkmZ CËnÝZ hmo gH$Vm h¡ &&11&&
OJV² Am¡a ~«÷ H$m AôX ñdrH$ma H$aZo go Vmo Ñí`àn§M H$m Zme hmoZo na ~«÷ Ho$ Zme H$s
^r e§H$m hmo gH$Vr h¡ & `{X dh ôX AmÜ`m{gH$ _mZ {b`m Om`, V~ Vmo à{V`moJr H$s Vah
CgHo$ Zme H$m ^r dñVwV… ~«÷ Ho$ gmW gå~ÝY Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU `h Xmof Zht AmVm Am¡a emó
^r g\$b hmo OmVo h¢, Bgr Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
`h Ñí` H$s emo^m ~ma-~ma ZîQ> hmoVr Am¡a CËnÝZ hmoVr hr ahVr h¡ $& AV… `h H$moB©
Zht H$h gH$Vm {H$ `h dhr h¡ `m Xygar $& Bg Vah A{Zd©MZr` A{dÚm_mÌ{gÕ `h Ñí`
lr ZîQ> Adí` hr hmoVr h¡ & Eogr [ñW{V _| A{dÚm Ho$ ~mY Ûmam OJV² H$m ~mY hmoZo na
emó g\$b hmoVo h¢, AÝ`Wm Zht $&&12&&
àb`H$mb _| OJV²-aMZm Ho$ ZîQ> hmo OmZo na CgHo$ ~mX nwZ… CËnÝZ hmo ahr OJV² H$s
emo^m H$m `h H$^r {ZíM` Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm {H$ `h dhr h¡ `m Xygar, Bg Vah ^r Bg_|
A{Zd©MZr`Vm hr {gÕ hmoVr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Bg g¥[îQ> go nhbo g§gma H$s emo^m ZîQ> hmo MwH$s Wr, dhr nwZ… Am{d^©yV hmo ahr h¡, BgH$m
CëboI H$aZm AeŠ` h¡ & hm±, `{X dhr nwZ… Am{d^y©V hmoVr, Vmo dhr `h h¡ `m AÝ`, `h H$hm
Om gH$Vm Wm, {H$ÝVw ZîQ> H$s CËn{Îm Ho$db AZw^d Ho$ AZwJm_r h_ AZw^d{déÕ AUw_mÌ ^r
Zht _mZ gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ ZîQ> H$s CËn{Îm hmo H¡$go gH$Vr h¡ ? &&13&&
`h AZw^d _| Amê$‹T> Zht h¡, BgH$m ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aVo h¢ &
_yV©ê$nm OJV² H$s emo^m àb` _| AmH$meê$nr go -A_yV©ê$n go hr {dÚ_mZ Wr, `h H$hZm
{~bHw$b AgV² h¡, Š`m|{H$ Omo _yV©ê$n hr Wr, dh ^bm A_yV©ê$n H¡$go hmo gH$Vr h¡ $? `{X `h
H${hò {H$ AmH$me _| [ñWV hr dh AnZr nydm©dñWm H$mo àmßV hþB©, Vmo Amngo h_| `hr H$hZm
n‹S>oJm {H$ dh {\$a àb` _| ^r ZîQ> Zht hþB© $& H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ Bg Vah AmnH$m
àb`dmX C[ÀN>ÝZ hmo J`m $&&14&&
Bg Vah Vmo g¥[îQ> _| ^r àbÀdñWm H$s ^r Vwë`Ý`m` go àg[ŠV hmo gH$Vr h¡ $& Eogr
[ñW{V _| Vmo àbÀdñWm _| [ñWV Aì`mH¥$V go H$m`©ê$n g¥[îQ> H$s EH$Vm hmoZo na Hy$Q>ñWdmX Ho$
ŸyÕ - 52] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1947
D$na Amn{Îm AmZo bJoJr, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Am¡a Bg Vah O~ g¥[îQ> _| ^r àbÀdñWm H$s àg[ŠV hmo gH$Vr h¡, V~ Vmo H$m`©ê$n g¥[îQ>
H$s àbÀdñWm _| [ñWV Cg Aì`mH¥$V H$maU Ho$ gmW EH$ê$nVm hr {gÕ hmo J`r, Š`m|{H$ H$m`©
Am¡a H$maU^md go EoŠ` ~VbmZm hr Vmo h_mam {gÕmÝV h¡, gmo Bg Vah {gÕ hmo J`m $&&15&& Omo
dñVw CnbãY hmoH$a ^r eyÝ`Xem H$mo àmßV hmo OmVr h¡ dh ZîQ> hr h¡, Š`m|{H$ Cnb[ãYH$mb _|
^r CgH$s AgÎmm _mZr Om MwH$s h¡ & ho lram_Or, AgËdmn{Îm H$m hr Zm_ Vmo Zme h¡ $& hm±,
AmnHo$ _V _| {H$gr Xygao Vah H$m Zme hmoVm hmo, Vmo {\$a {Z…gÝXoh ~VbmBò dh H¡$gm h¡ ? &&16&&
nwZ… CËn{Îm Ho$ AdbmoH$Z go `{X _Ü` _| ZîQ> hþE H$s gÎmm H$s Omo H$ënZm H$aVo h¢, gmo `h
R>rH$ Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ ôX go ^r Vmo CËn{Îm H$s {g{Õ hmo OmVr h¡ Am¡a àË`{^km Am{X H$m ^r Vmo
AdbmoH$Z Zht hmoVm, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Omo ZîQ> hþAm h¡ dhr nwZ… CËnÝZ hþAm h¡, `h àË`{^km {H$gH$mo hmoVr h¡, Bg{bE ZîQ>
Adí` hmoVm h¡ VWm nwZ… nwZ… Xygam hr àd¥Îm hmoVm h¡ `hr H$hZm C{MV hmoJm &&17&&
O¡go EH$ hr d¥j Ho$ D$na ~rM-~rM _| H$moQ>a, ñH$ÝY, emIm Am{X H$m {d{MÌ ôX ahZo na
^r _yb go boH$a emImn`©ÝV d¥j eara H$s Vmo gÎmm EH$ hr h¡ $& hm±, emIm Am{X Cg d¥j Ho$ H$m`©
h¢ CZ_| ôX Adí` h¡, d¡go hr CËn{Îm Am{X {dH$mam| H$m ôX hmoZo na ^r àb` Ho$ ~mX nwZ… CËnÝZ
hmoZo go Bg Ñí`àn§M H$s ^r gÎmm EH$ hr Š`m| Z hmo, Bg e§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
d¥j Ho$ ~rM-~rM _| ñH$ÝY, emIm, CnemIm, nÌ, nwîn VWm \$bm{Xê$n Omo Ad`d h¢
CZ_| gmao d¥jê$nr eara H$mo ì`mßV H$aHo$ [ñWV ~rOgÎmm AIÊS> EH$ê$n hr h¡ $& AV… O~
gd©Ì EH$ hr gÎmm Ñ[îQ>JmoMa hmo ahr h¡ V~ emIm Am{X H$s n¥WH²$ gÎmm {gÕ Z hmoZo go
H$m`©H$maU ^md H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? &&18&&
ÑîQ>mÝV _| H$ho Jò H$m`©H$maU^mdmoÀN>oX H$mo XmîQ>m©[ÝVH$ _| {XIbmVo h¢ $&
`{X àb`, g¥[îQ> Am{X VWm XoeH$mb Ed§ {H«$`mË_H$ `WmÑîQ> EH$ gÝ_mÌ hr ~rO H$mo
ñdñdê$n _| [ñWV ñdrH$ma H$a|Jo, V~ Vmo dh EH$ ñd`§ hr {H«$`m Am¡a CgH$m \$b hmoVm hþAm
Hw$N> Zht H$a gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ d¡gm H$aZo _| dh Ag_W© h¡-nQ>H$m`© H$aZo _| Ag_W© KQ>
nQ>ê$n H$m`© Zht H$aVm (c) &&19&&
(c) AWdm XoemË_H$, H$mbmË_H$ `m {H«$`mË_H$ VV²-VV² nXmWm] _| AZwJV ~rO H$mo EH$
ñd^md hr ~VbmZm C{MV h¡, `h g§^d Zht h¡ {H$ EH$ dñVw {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ ñd^md H$s hmo $&
`{X ñd^mdôX ñdrH$ma H$a {b`m Om`, Vmo {\$a EH$Ëd H$s Cnn{Îm Zht hmo gH$Vr $& Xo{Iò-
`{X dñVw Xoe¡H$ñd^md h¡, Vmo {\$a dh H$mb H$m H$m`© Zht H$a gH$Vr & `h ^r H$ht Zht XoIm
J`m {H$ KQ>ñd^md dñVw nQ> H$m H$m`© H$aVr hmo &
ZmZm ñd^md H$s EH$ hr dñVw h¡, `h H$hZodmbm Vmo g^r Xe©Zm| Ho$ {gÕmÝV H$m Cb§KZH$mar
hmoZo go {dVÊS>m H$aZodmbm hr hmoJm, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ $&
g^r Xe©Zm| Ho$ {gÕmÝV _| `h {ZíM` {H$`m J`m h¡ {H$ dñVw Ho$ EH$ ahVo hþE H$m`mo] H$m ôX
Zht h¡ VWm na_mW©_` dñVw ñd^md _| ^r ZmZmËd hr h¡ $& Bg{bE g^r Xe©Zm| go {déÕ
~mobZodmbo Ho$ gmW {ddmX H$aZo go h_| _Vb~ hr Š`m ? &&20&&
n[aeofmV² dñVw EH$ ñd^md h¡, `h _mZ boZo na Vmo CnOrì` EH$ {MËñd^md H$m hr eof ah
OmVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ $&
{dMma VWm AnZo AZw^dê$n à_mU go `h g~ emÝV, AZm{X, AZÝV Am¡a AmH$me Ho$
gÑe {Z_©b Ho$db ~moY_mÌ na_mË_m hr Adeof ahVm h¡ $& AZw^dê$n à_mU hr g^r H$ënZmAm|
H$m gma (~b) h¡, AV… Cg ~moY_mÌ na_mË_dñVw Ho$ ñd^md H$m Anbmn Z hmo gH$Zo go
n[aeofmV² O‹S> ñd^md H$s hr hm{Z h¡, `h ^md h¡ &&21&&
A~ EH$ ñd^md Cg na_mË_dñVw Ho$ à{VnmXZ H$s à{Vkm H$aVo h¢ &
`h na_mË_ñdê$n {Og ar{V go AZw^yV Zht hmoVm Am¡a AZw^yV Z hmoVo ^r O¡go AZw^yV
hmoVm h¡ VWm {Og ar{V go _Zwî` H$mo Bg na_mË_ñdê$nmZw^d H$s {g{Õ àmßV hmoVr h¡, ho
lram_MÝÐOr, dh g~ _¢ Amngo H«$_e… H$hVm hÿ± $&&22&&
EH$_mÌ `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ _hmH$ën Ho$ AÝV _| g_ñV ôXm| H$m b` hmo OmZo na b` H$mo àmßV
Z hþAm AZw^dmË_m hr Adeof ah OmVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ $&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, _hmH$ën Ho$ AÝV _| _hmXodn`©ÝV _Z, ~w{Õ Am¡a g_ñV H$_m] Ho$ gmW
O~ `h gånyU© Ñí`_ÊS>b ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡, AmH$me VWm AH${bV [ñW{V H$mb ^r emÝV hmo
OmVm h¡, dm`w Mbr OmVr h¡ VWm VoO H$s [ñW{V {~bHw$b S>m±dmS>mob hmo OmVr h¡ Ed§ VoO ^r O~
ÜdñV hmo OmVm h¡, Ob, n¥{Wdr Am{X H$m ^r XrK©H$mb Ho$ {bE Zme hmo OmVm h¡, O~ {H$ gånyU©
eãXmW© g_yh {~bHw$b AÝVXem H$mo àmßV hmo OmVm h¡, V~ Am{X Am¡a AÝV go a{hV gm¡å`,
A{dZmer, ~mÜèyÝ`, dmUr H$m A{df`, ñdÀN> gÝ_mÌ, Ho$db {Z_©b emÝV ~moYñdê$n H$moB©
A{Zd©MZr` AmË_m hr eof ah OmVm h¡ &&23-26&& dh na_nX dmUr H$m A{df`, AZ{^ì`ŠV,
B[ÝÐ`m| H$m A{df`, Zm_ê$n eyÝ`, gd©^yVñdê$n, eyÝ`ê$n, gV² Ed§ AgV² ^r h¡ &&27&&
_hmH$ën Ho$ AÝV _| Ad{eîQ> dh gÐyn na_mË_ dñVw dm`w Am{X ñdê$n hr Š`m| Z hmo, Bg
na H$hVo h¢ &
gÐyn dh na_mË_dñVw Z dm`wê$n h¡, Z AmH$meê$n h¡, Z _Z, ~w{Õ Am{Xê$n h¡, Z eyÝ`ê$n
h¡, dh Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡, gd©ñdê$n dh A{ZdM©Zr` {MXmH$me h¡ &&28&&
Cg g_` ^r dh {dÛmZm| Ho$ AZw^d go {gÕ h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ŸyÕ - 52] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1949
Cg na_nX _| [ñWV g_ñV H$ënZmAm| go {Z_w©ŠV VÎdkmZr hr Bg na_mË_ dñVw H$m
AZw^d H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Xygao Vmo Ho$db d{U©V AmJ_m| go BgH$m dU©Z _mÌ H$aVo h¢ &&29&&
CZ AmJ_m| _| "H$mb… ñd^mdmo {Z`{V`©ÑÀN>m ^yVm{Z `mo{Z… nwéf B{V {MÝV`_²' BË`m{X
AmJ_ H$m AW©ê$n go AdbmoH$Z H$amVo h¢ &
`h AmË_m Z H$mb h¡, Z _Z h¡, Z Ord h¡, Z gV² h¡, Z AgV² h¡, Z Xoe h¡, Z {Xem h¡ Am¡a
Z H$mb H$m _Ü` h¡, Z AÝV h¡, Z ~moYñdê$n h¡ Am¡a Z ~moYm^mdê$n hr h¡ &&30&&
Ed§ "VX²`WmË_{dXmo {dXw…' Bg AmJ_ H$mo ^r CX²Y¥V H$aVo h¢ &
{H$ÝVw ~moYnma§JV, g§gma{dñVma go eyÝ` VWm n§M_ Ed§ fîR> ^y{_H$mAm| H$mo àmßV hmo MwHo$
_hmZw^md bmoJ Bg A{Zd©MZr` A{VñdÀN> AmË_m H$m ñd`§ AZw^d H$aVo h¢$&&31&&
lw{V Ho$ AZwHy$b AZw^d H$m Aml` H$aHo$ _¢Zo ^r CZ nXmWm] H$m ~ma-~ma {ZfoY {H$`m h¡,
`h H$hVo h¢$&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, _¢Zo AmË_~moY Ho$ {bE Amngo CÝht nXmWm] H$m {ZfoY {H$`m h¡, Omo gd©Ì
lw{V`m| _| à{VfoÜ`ê$n go [ñWV, h_mar ~w{Õ go n[a{ÀN>ÝZ Ed§ emÝV g_wÐ Ho$ Va§Jm| Ho$ gÑe h¢ &&32&&
V~ "gXod gmoåòX_J« AmgrV²' BË`m{X gËH$m`©dmXr lw{V`m| H$m Š`m A{^àm` h¡, Cgo
H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go _hmñVå^ _| (~‹S>o Iåô _|) {~Zm IwXr hþB© AZoH$ Vah H$s à{V_m hr [ñWV h¡ d¡go hr
ho lram_MÝÐOr, ñdñdê$n _| [ñWV na_mË_m _| g^r nXmW© [ñWV h¢ () &&33&&
Bgr{bE "Zoh ZmZm[ñV qH$MZ' BË`m{X VWm "gXod gmoåòX_J« AmgrV² BË`m{X lw{V`m| Ho$
A{damoY go EH$ hr H$m XmoZm| Vah go H$WZ hmoVm h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
Bg Vah g^r nXmW© Cg na_mË_m _| A{YîR>mZ ê$ngo [ñWV h¡ VWm AnZo ñdê$n go Zht
^r [ñWV h¢ $& dh na_mË_m Agdm©Ë_H$ hmoVm hþAm ^r gd©ñdê$n h¡ $& dh na_mW©ê$n ^r h¡ Am¡a
na_mW©ê$n Zht ^r h¡ &&34&&
nËWa _| Z IwXr JB© ZmZm àH$ma H$s à{V_mAm| H$s Vah `mo{J`m| H$mo AnZr BÀN>m Ho$
AZwgma ñdñdê$n _| [ñWV Cg na_nX _| "A[ñV' Am¡a "Zm[ñV' XmoZm| Vah go OJV² H$m
Xe©Z hmoVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ $&
`moJr bmoJ AnZr BÀN>mZwgma gdm©Ë_H$ dh na_ nX O¡go g_ñV AWm] go `wŠV h¡ VWm
O¡go g_ñV AWm] go a{hV h¡, d¡go Cgo XoIVo h¢ &&35&& Cg AmÚ nX H$mo `moJr bmoJ gd©ê$n,
gdm©Ë_H$, gånyU© AWm] go a{hV VWm gånyU© AWm] go n[anyU© ^r XoIVo h¢ $&&36&& ho _hm~wÕo,
nydm}ŠV g_m{YH$mbn`©ÝV gånyU© AWm] H$m Cne_ê$n dh gå`J² kmZ AmnH$mo Zht CËnÝZ
() ~«÷ñd^md[ñW{V hr A{dH$[ënV OJV² H$s ^r gÎmm h¡, `hr CZ lw{V`m| H$m A{^àm` h¡ &
hþAm $& Bg_| gÝXoh hmoZm hr g~go O~X©ñV à_mU h¡ (N)$&&37&& Omo kmZr nwéf g~ Ñí`m|
Ho$ Am^mg go {Z_w©ŠV, na_ àH$meê$n H$mo (na_ gmjmËH$ma H$mo) àmßV h¡ VWm ñdÀN>
AÝV…H$aU Ed§ emÝV h¡, dh Cg àH$meñdê$n emÝVñd^md H$mo XoIVm h¡ $&&38&& O¡go
gwdU©{nÊS> Ho$ ^rVa Am^yfU VWm _wÐm Am{X H$m g_yh H$ënZm go [ñWV h¡, d¡go hr ho
lram_MÝÐOr, A`§, Ëd_², Ah_² BË`m{X Ì¡H$m{bH$ OJV²^«_ ^r Cg na_mË_m _| H$ënZm go
[ñWV h¡ $&&39&&
V~ Š`m Ab§H$mam| H$s Vah ôX go ^r OJV² gV² h¡ ? BgH$m "Zht' `h CÎma XoVo h¢§ $&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, {Og Vah gwdU© Ho$ Am^yfU VWm nmÌ Am{X gwdU©{nÊS> go n¥WH²$-
{^ÝZ gÐyn go CnbãY Zht hmoVm &&40&& AnZo A§Jê$n OJV² go ÐîQ>m na_mË_m {_Ï`m Zm_-
ê$nmË_H$ Û¡V OJV² go gd©Xm Eogo {^ÝZ h¡, O¡go H$[ënV A§JXm{X Am^yfUmË_H$ {_Ï`m Zm_-
ê$ngo gwdU© &&41&& Xoe, H$mb {H«$`m Am{X eãXm| Ho$ AWm] go `mZr àd¥{Îm {Z{_Îm go (Om{V
JwU {H«$`m Am{X go) a{hV VWm Xoe, H$mb Ed§ {H«$`m_` dh AmË_m h¡ $& `Wm[ñWV `h gånyU©
OJV² A{YîR>mZ go Cg_| h¡ Am¡a ñdñdê$n go Zht ^r h¡ $&&42&& O¡go {MÌH$ma emÝV Ob
_| Va§J Am{X ê$n {MÌ ~ZmZo H$s BÀN>m H$aVm h¡ d¡go hr ho lram_MÝÐOr, emÝV~««÷ _| [ñWV
Bg OJV² H$s Amn ^r BÀN>m H$s{Oò $& VWm O¡go {_Å>r Ho$ {nÊS> _| {_Å>r Ho$ ~Zo AZoH$ nmÌm|
H$m g_yh [ñWV h¡ d¡go hr ~«÷ _| `h OJV² [ñWV h¡ $&&43&&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, {_Å>r Ho$ {nÊS> _| O¡go A{^ÝZê$n go ò g~ nmÌ h¢ Am¡a {^ÝZê$n go
Zht ^r h¢, d¡go hr VÎdkmZ go emÝV, {ZË` AmË_m _| VÝ_` emÝV `h OJV A{^ÝZê$n
go h¡ Am¡a {^ÝZê$n go Zht ^r h¡ &&44&& _hmñVå^ _| AZwËH$sU© à{V_m H$s ZmBª, ~«÷ê$nr
H$mR> _| `h {ÌbmoH$s ê$n à{V_m gmjrê$nr {eënr H$s Am±Im| _| àmßV hþB©-gr h¡ $&&45&&
ñVå^ _| [ñWV Omo à{V_mE± CËH$sU© hmoVr h¢ do hr Ñ[îQ>JmoMa hmoVr h¢ {H$ÝVw ~«÷ _| Vmo CgHo$
emÝV jmoâ{hV [ñWV ahZo na hr CgHo$ ^rVa g¥[îQ> Ho$ {ddV©ê$n Va§Jo| Ñ[îQ>JmoMa hmoVr
h¢ &&46&& {ZË` {Za{Ve`mZ§X Obn[anyU© {M{Vê$nr gamoda _| {MÝ_` _oK H$s A_¥V_` d¥[îQ>
Ho$ gÑe ò g¥[îQ> H$s Ñ[îQ>`m± ^m{gV hmo ahr h¢ & ho lram_MÝÐOr, {d^mOH$ Y_m] go eyÝ`
ahZo na ^r Cg {MX²KZ ~«÷ _o| ò g~Ho$ g~ {d^ŠV VWm jmoâ{hV ahZo na ^r jw{^V
Ho$ g_mZ, ^m{gV Z hþB© ^r ò g~ A{dÚm Ho$ H$maU EH$ Vah go ^m{gV hmo ahr h¢ &&47&&
Bg {MX²KZ ~«÷ _| na_mUw-na_mUw _| M_H$sbo g_mamohm| go `wŠV `h g§gma-_ÊS>b ^mgVm
(N) `{X AmnH$mo {Z[íMV VÎdkmZ hmo J`m h¡ Vmo, Vmo AmnHo$ _Z _| {H$gr àH$ma H$m gÝXoh
Zht CR>Vm $& gÝXoh H$m hmoZm hr ~VbmVm h¡ {H$ A^r AmnH$mo {Z[íMV VÎdkmZ Zht hþAm h¡ $&
Xo{Iò, "{N>ÚÝVo $gd©g§e`m…' BË`m{X lw{V`m± Š`m H$hVr h¢ $&
ŸyÕ - 53] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1951
h¡ Am¡a dmñVd _|§ Hw$N> ^r Zht ^mgVm$&&48&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, {Zad`d Bg na_mË_m Ho$
{Og AmH$me, H$mb, ndZ Am{XnXmW© g_yhê$n A§J H$m _¢Zo Amngo dU©Z {H$`m h¡, dh ^r
{_Ï`m VWm A{YîR>mZ_mÌ eof hmoZo go Ad`deyÝ` hr h¡ $& Bg àH$ma `Ú{n gånyU©
^md{dH$mam| go eyÝ` `h AOa, na_mW©^yV AmË_VÎd h¡ VWm{n BgH$mo g^r lw{V`m± gånyU©
nXmWm] Ho$ AÜ`mamon go gd©ñdê$n ~VbmVr h¢ &&49&&
~mdZdm± gJ© g_mßV
{VanZdm± gJ©
AnZr-AnZr AbJ-AbJ {^ÝZVm H$mo {bò hþE ò Omo AmË_m _| Amamo{nV {df` h¡,
Bg gÎmm `mZr Ëd, Vb² Am{X àË``m| H$m AW© gmjmV² ~«÷ê$n hr h¡ - `h dU©ZŸ&
A^r VH$ `h H«$_ ~Vbm`m {H$ ~«÷ hr Amamo{nV A{Zd©MZr` OJV² ê$n _| {dd{V©V
hmoVm h¡, A~ Bg {df` _| am_Or `h OmZZm MmhVo h¢ {H$ Ëd, Vb² Am{X àË``m| go ~mo{YV
hmoZodmbr n¥WH²$-n¥WH²$ Omo KQ>Ëd, _Zwî` Am{X Om{V`m± h¢, CZH$m Vm[ÎdH$ ñdê$n Š`m h¡,
Bg{bE `h àíZ H$aVo h¢ $&
lram_Or Zo H$hm … Jwéda, O¡go ñ_aU Ho$ `mo½` {df`m| _| ñ_aU H$s {df`Vm O¡go H$mb _|
H$mbVm, O¡go AmH$me _| AmH$meVm, O¡go O‹S> _| O‹S>Vm, O¡go dm`w _| dm`wVm, O¡go dV©_mZ _| `m
^{dî`V² _| dV©_mZVm `m ^{dî`Îmm, O¡go ñnÝXmË_m _| ñnÝXmË_Vm (ñnÝX), O¡go _yV© _| _yV©Vm,
O¡go {^ÝZ _| {^ÝZVm, O¡go AZÝV _| AZÝVVm, O¡go Ñí` _| Ñí`Vm Am¡a O¡go gJ© _| gJ©Vm
AgmYaU Y_© h¡, Eogo hr g~ dñVwAm| _| ^mdê$n Y_© h¢ $& AV… BZH$m n[akmZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Omo
~moYH$ Cnm` hm|, CZH$mo H«$_e… _wPgo H${hE, Š`m|{H$ ho CnXoe XoZodmbm| _| loîR>> ~«m÷Z², Omo
Aënk {eî` h¢, CZH$mo Amaå^ go hr à{VnmXZH$a g_PmZm Mm{hEŸ &&1-4&&
AmnZo {OZ dñVwAm| H$m ^md (gÎd) nyN>m h¡, dh {MXmË_m hr h¡, Š`m|{H$ dhr AnZo _|
AÜ`ñV nXmWm] _| AÝ`moÝ` VmXmËåÀÜ`mg hmoZo na VV²-VV² ^mdê$n ~Z OmVm h¡, `m| CÎma
XoZo H$s A{^bmfmH$a CZ ^mdm| H$s {ZË`gÐynVm ~VbmZo Ho$ {bE H$hVo h¢ $&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … lr am_MÝÐOr, Omo MrO AmnZo nyN>r h¡, dh MrO Vmo AZÝV,
_hmH$me, _hmMoVZKZ, AdoÚ {MÐyn_`, emÝV, A{ÛVr` Am¡a EH$ê$n go [ñWV ahZodmbr ~«÷
hr h¡, `hr _w{Z bmoJ H$hVo h¢ $&&5&&
g~H$m {dZme hmo OmZo na Omo dñVw AÝV _| ~M OmVr h¡, dhr g~ dñVwAm| H$s ^mdê$n gÎmm
h¡, Š`m|{H$ ^y YmVw go ~Zm hþAm ^mdeãX Cgr AW© H$m ~moYH$ h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
My±{H$ ~«÷m, {dîUw, _hoída Am{X H$m ^r {Og _| AÝV hmo OmVm h¡, Eogo _hmàb` _|
Zm_ê$nmË_H$ g¥[îQ> H$m {Vamo^md hmo OmZo na dhr EH$_mÌ ewÕ ~M OmVm h¡, Bg{bE dhr
g~H$s gÎmm h¡, Xygar Zht $&&6&&
dh dñVw ^r AnZo H$maU _| brZ hmo OmòJr, Bggo dh ^r Vmo AgV² hr R>haoJr, Bg
na H$hVo h¢ $&
gV² hr {OgH$m ñdê$n h¡, Eogo emÝV _hm{MX²KZ dñVw H$s CËn{Îm H$m H$moB© H$^r H$maU
`w[ŠV go {gÕ Zht hmo gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ _b, AmH$ma, ~rO Am{X VWm _m`m,_moh, ^«_ Am{X
g~H$s {g{Õ Cgr Ho$ AYrZ h¡ &&7&& AV… {Og_| AmH$me ^r ñWyb nËWa Ho$ gÑe h¡ Am¡a
Omo Ho$db, emÝV, {Z_©b Am{X AÝV go eyÝ` h¡, dhr gÎmmW©H$ ^mdeãX H$m AW© hmo gH$Vm
h¡ Xygam Zht, Bg_| V{ZH$ ^r gÝXoh Zht h¡ &&8&& dh O~ MoVZ earaê$n go ^mgZo bJ
OmVm h¡, V~ CgH$s Mmam| Amoa gÎmm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU "Zht h¡' Eogm Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm Am¡a
O~ emÝV_b (AkmZ _bm{X go d{O©V) hmoH$a AZw^d _| AmVm h¡, V~ "dh h¡' `m| ^r
dmÀ`d¥{Îm go Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm &&9&&
Eogo {Z{d©f` {MV²-ñd^md H$s AË`ÝV Aà{g{Õ h¡, Bg e§H$m H$m AZw^d go {ZdmaU
H$aVo h¢ &
Cg {Z{d©f` AmË_nX H$m ñdê$n dhr h¡, Omo {H$ {Z_of_mÌ _| g¡H$‹S>m| `moOZ VH$
à_mV¥kmZ Ho$ nhþ±M OmZo na Cg kmZ Ho$ ~rM H$m ê$n h¡ $& (Bg {df` H$m nhbo ^r AZoH$
ñWmZm| _| {ZénU {H$`m J`m h¡ -emImAm| Ho$ AJ«^mJ _| MÝÐXe©Z Ho$ g_` EH$ {Z{_f_mÌ
_| Mjw H$s d¥{Îm Ho$ Ûmam à_mV¥-M¡VÝ` D$na àXoe _| g¡H$‹S>m| H$moe MÝÐXoe VH$ Xya Mbm
OmVm h¡, dh J`m hþAm à_mV¥-M¡VÝ` ~rM Ho$ àXoe _| `mZr emImJ«àXoe Am¡a D$na H$m
Omo MÝÐXoe h¡ -BZ Xmo àXoem| Ho$ _Ü`àXoe _| EH$X_ {dewÕ ahVm h¡, Cg_| H$moB© ^r {df`
ahVm hr Zht, AV… _Ü`àXoe Ho$ MoVZ H$m Omo ^r ê$n Amn Om{Zò, dhr ê$n {Z{d©f`
AmË_nX H$m ñdê$n h¡) &&10&&
AmYr amV VH$ Jm‹T>r ZtX go _Z H$s {ZÐmH$m{b_m Xya hmo OmVr h¡, Bg H$m{b_m Ho$ {ZH$b
OmZo na g_m{Y _| [ñWV hþE `mo{J`m| H$mo CŠV ê$n H$m AZw^d hmoZo bJ OmVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢$&
~mhar Am¡a ^rVar {OVZo dmgZm Ho$ {df` ^«_ê$n nXmW© h¢, CZH$m {dZme hmo OmZo na
g~ àH$ma H$s {MÝVmAm| go {Z_w©ŠV hþE VWm AmYr amV _| {ZÐm go OJo, gwI-Xw…I H$s d¥{Îm`m|
go VWm em[ÝVnyd©H$ g_m{Y bJmH$a ~¡R>o hþE nwéf H$m Omo ñnÝXeyÝ` ({Z_©b) _Zmoê$n h¡,
dhr ê$n Cg nX H$m ñdê$n h¡ & Bg ê$n H$m g_m{Y{ZîR>> nwéf hr AZw^d H$aVo h¢ &&11,12&&
lram_Or, V¥U, Jwë_, A§Hw$a, d¥j Am{X H$s CËn{Îm hmoZo na gmW-gmW àH$Q> hþAm Omo
EH$ê$n go g~_| ahZodmbm AZwJV gÎmm-gm_mÝ` ê$n h¡ `mZr V¥UËd, Jwë_Ëd Am{X h¡, dhr
ŸyÕ - 53] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1953
Ëd, Vb²Am{X àË``m| H$m AW© h¡ &&13&& Cgr gÎmm-gm_mÝ` Ho$ ñdê$n _| VmXmËå`ê$n go
{_bm hþAm VWm Xygao go {^ÝZ-gm Omo KQ>, nQ> Am{X OJV² H$m ñnîQ> ê$n XrIVm h¡, dh
AmJÝVwH$ hmoZo go gH$maU gm VWm H$å~wJ«rd Am{X {d{MÌ AmH¥${V`m| go H$amb-gm ^mgVm
h¡, naÝVw h¡ dh g~ AZ¥V `mZr {_Ï`m hr $& Bgr{bE dh g~ H$maU Ho$ A^md go Z Vmo
CËnÝZ hþAm h¡ Am¡a Z AnZm A[ñVËd hr aIVm h¡, Bggo `h {gÕ hþAm {H$ dh nX Z
Vmo AmH$ma`wŠV h¡, Z OJV²-ê$n h¡ Am¡a Z Û¡V Ed§ EoŠ` go {_bm hþAm hr h¡ &&14,15&&
Omo H$maU go eyÝ` h¡ `mZr {OgHo$ H$maU H$s gÎmm hr Zht h¡, Cg dñVw H$s gÎmm `hm± H¡$go
`w[ŠV`wŠV _mZr Om gH$Vr h¡ ? Omo ñd`§ gXm AZw^yV hr dñVw h¡, CgH$m Anbmn H$aZo
H$s e[ŠV H$m¡Z aI gH$Vm h¡ ? &&16&&
V~ `h _m{Zò {H$ OJV² H$m eyÝ` hr H$maU h¡ ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
ho amKd, eyÝ` Vmo AZm{X Am¡a AZÝV h¡, dh OJV² H$m H$maU Zht hmo gHo$Jm, Š`m|{H$
Omo Am{X Am¡a AÝV go a{hV hmoVm h¡, dh g~ Vah H$s AënVm go {Z_w©ŠV hr ahVm h¡,
Bg [ñW{V _| g^r g~ OJh g^r g_` _| ahZo bJ Om`|Jo $& ~«÷ Vmo A_yV© h¡ `mZr AmH$ma
go eyÝ` h¡, AV… ~«÷ñd^md go {^ÝZ gmH$ma OJV² H$m dh ~«÷ ^r H$maU Zht hmo
gH$Vm &&17&& Bg{bE ~«÷ _| Omo OJV²-ê$n ^m{gV hmo ahm h¡, dh ~«÷ê$n hr h¡, Xygam
Zht & Eogr [ñW{V _| Ëd, Vb² Am{X àË``m| Ho$ AW© Ho$ ê$n _| ^r Omo ñdê$n ^mgVm h¡,
ñd`§ dh {MXmH$meê$n ~«÷ hr [ñWV h¡ &&18&& Bg Vah `Ú{n Agb _| OJV² {MX²-~«÷ê$n
hr h¡, VWm{n Omo KQ>,nQ> Am{X AmH$ma AmnmVV… (D$na-D$na go) àVrV hmoVo h¢, do g~
^«_ go hr {gÕ hmoVo h¢ & Eogr [ñW{V _| ho lram_MÝÐOr g~ Hw$N> EH$, AO emÝV, Û¡V-
EoŠ` go a{hV {Zam_` ~«÷ê$n hr h¡, `h Amn Om{Zò $&&19&&
^«m[ÝV go Ord Am¡a OJV² Ho$ ê$n _| ~«÷ hr h¡ Am¡a ^«m[ÝV H$m {dZme hmo OmZo na dmñVd
~«÷ñdê$n hr ahVm h¡, Bg_| nyd©X{e©V "nyU©_X…' BË`m{X lw{V H$m AZwdmX H$aVo h¢ $&
nyU©ê$n ~«÷ go nyU©ê$n hr OJV² {dñVma H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡, Cgr nyU© _| nyUm©Ë_ OJV²
{dam{OV h¡, nyU© hr nyU© _| àH$m{eV hmoVm h¡, AV… nyU© _| nyUm©Ë_H$ dñVw hr R>rH$-R>rH$
ê$n go AÝV _| ì`d[ñWV h¢ $&&20&& lram_^Ð, ^mdàË``m| H$m AW© `mZr Ëd, Vb² Am{X
H$m AW© dhr h¡, Omo {Zdm©U eãX go H$hbmZodmbm {dewÕ AmË_m h¡ $& dh emÝV, EH$ê$n,
CX` AñV go a{hV, AmH$mam| go eyÝ`, AO, AmH$medV² ì`mnH$, ñdÀN> Am¡a A{ÛVr` h¡ $&
`h gdm©Ë_H$ h¡, BgH$m ê$n gV² AgV² H$s EH$Vm boH$a hr {ZaÝVa C{XV h¡; g~H$m Am{X
h¡ Am¡a CÎm_ ~moYê$n (AmË_kmZê$n) h¡ $&&21&&
{VanZdm± gJ© g_mßV
Mm¡dZdm± gJ©
g^r dñVwE± AnZo ñd^md _| hr ahVr h¢, ñd^md _| Z Vmo H$moB© {H«$`m h¡ Am¡a Z H$moB© ôX hr h¡,
AV… ñd^md^yV gÝ_mÌdñVw A{dH$mar Ed§ A{ÛVr` h¡ `h dU©ZŸ&
KQ>, nQ> Am{X H$m ñdê$n `m ôX KQ>Ëd, nQ>Ëd Am{X H$m CëboI {H$ò {~Zm hmo Zht
gH$Vm $& KQ> Am¡a KQ>Ëd H$m nañna Omo ôX h¡, CgH$m ^r {Zê$nU {H$gr {deofU H$mo {bò
{~Zm Zht hmo gH$Vm, Bg{bE CZHo$ n¥W¸$aU Ho$ {bE Y_© Am¡a Y_u H$m Omo Hw$N> {d^mJ Amn
_mZ|Jo, dh Ho$db H$ënZmê$n hr hmoJm, Š`m|{H$ {Z{d©H$ënê$n go EH$-gr ^mg_mZ dñVwAm|
_| Agbr {d^mJ Vmo hmoJm hr Zht $& ò {OVZr dñVwE± h¢, do g^r ^mdê$n (gÎmm_mÌ ~«÷ê$n)
hr h¢, `h Vmo AZoH$ `w[ŠV, lw{V Am{X H$m {X½Xe©Z H$amH$a {gÕ H$a {X`m h¡ $& Eogr [ñW{V
_| "KQ>o KQ>Ëd_²' (KQ> _| KQ>Ëd h¡) BË`m{X eãXm| H$m {ZMmo‹S> AW© `hr hmoJm {H$ "~«÷ _|
~«÷ h¢' `m| Omo nhbo ^md àË``m| Ho$ AW© H$m {ZîH$f© {gÕ {H$`m J`m h¡, CZHo$ \$b H$m
CnnmXZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Amaå^ H$aVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, KQ>Ëd, nQ>Ëd Am{X ^mdm| go OJV² H$m ñdê$n `{X
{ZMmo‹S>H$a {gÕ {H$`m Om`, Vmo dh AmH$me Ho$ gÑe ñdÀN> Ed§ ôXê$n H$b§H$ go {Z_w©ŠV hr
{gÕ hmoVm h¡ $& KQ>Ëd Am{X ^md Vmo ~«÷ê$n hr [ñWV h¢, `h nhbo hr ~Vbm MwHo$ h¢, Bg Ñ[îQ>
H$mo boH$a XoIm Om`, Vmo KQ>, nQ> Am{X ^mdm| _| {H$gr _| {H$gr Ho$ à{V H$m`©H$maU^md Zht h¡,
Š`m|{H$ Cg Ñ[îQ> _| `hr kmZ ahVm h¡ {H$ AmH$me hr AmH$me _| ^mgVm h¡, dhr (Z^moê$n ~«÷
hr) OJV²-eãX Am¡a KQ>m{X eãXm| H$m AW© h¡, dh Vmo OÝ_ Am{X {dH$mam| go eyÝ` hr h¡ $&&1&&
Bgr AW© H$m {\$a ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aVo h¢ $&
Ëd_² (Vy), Ah_² (_¢), OJV² BË`m{X Omo eãX h¢, CZH$m AW© ~«÷ hr h¡, emÝV ~«÷ g~_|
EH$ê$n go hr ^mgZodmbm h¡, Bg{bE AbJ [ñWV Z hmoH$a hr dh eãXmW©ê$n ~«÷ AnZo hr
ñdê$n _| [ñWV h¡ $&&2&& g_wÐ, nd©V, _oK, n¥Ïdr, {dñ\$moQ> Am{X nXmWm] go âm OJV² ^r ~«÷
h¡ `mZr g_wÐ Am{X AZoH$ {d^mJm| go `wŠV VWm {d{MÌ H$maH$, {H«$`m, \$b Am{X go ^mg_mZ
VV²-VV² Y_© Am¡a Y{_©`m| H$m Vm[ÎdH$ ñdê$n ^r {ZîH$f© _| ~«÷ê$n hr h¡, AV… `h g_ñV OJV²
H$mîR>_m¡Z Ho$ gÑe {Z[îH«$` ~«÷ê$n hr R>haVm h¡ $&&3&&
A~ dh ÐîQ>m Am{X {d^mJm| go ânya h¡, BgH$m {d{MÌ H$maH$m| _| VV²-VV² ^mdm| H$m {ZîH$f©
{ZH$mbH$a {Zê$nU H$aVo h¢ $&
Ñí`dñVw Ho$ ñd^md go n¥WH²$ {H$`m J`m ÐîQ>m {MÝ_mÌñd^md _| [ñWV hmoH$a ÐîQ>m hmoVm h¡,
Bgr àH$ma H$m H$Vm© ^r h¡ & BgH$m H$moB© dmñVd _| Vmo H$V©ì` hr Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ O~ H$maU hmo
ŸyÕ - 54] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1955
Vmo H$V©ì` {ZYm©aU {H$`m Om`, na H$maU hr H$moB© Zht h¡ $&&4&&
Bgr Ñ[îQ> go gånyU© OJV² H$s {d{MÌVm hQ>mB© Om gH$Vr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ $&
Z Vmo kmVmnZ, Z H$Vm©nZ, Z O‹S>nZ, Z ^moŠVmnZ, Z eyÝ`nZ, Z AW©nZ Am¡a Z
AmH$menZ hr Bg ~«÷ _| ahVm h¡ $&&5&& `{X H$moB© h¡, Vmo dh {ebm Ho$ CXa Ho$ gÑe AË`ÝV
KZ, ~mYd{O©V, A{ÛVr`, OÝ_a{hV, gdm©Ë_H$, emÝV, Am{X AÝV go _wŠV VWm {d{Y Ed§
{ZfoY _| EH$ê$n ~«÷ hr h¡, `hr gd©Ì {dñV¥V h¡ &&6&& OrdZ, _aU, gË`, AgË`, ew^, Aew^
Omo Hw$N> h¡ dh g~ EH$, AO {Z_©b {MXmH$meê$n Eogo h¡, O¡go Va§Jm| H$m g_yh Obê$n $&&7&&
~«÷ H$m Ordê$n go {d^mJ H$[ënV hmoZo na dh EH$ hr dñVw {MX§e H$s àYmZVm go ÐîQ>mnZ Am¡a
gX§e H$s àYmZVm go {MX§e H$mo {Vamo{hV ({N>nm) H$a Ñí`nZ YmaU H$aVr h¡ $& Bg àH$ma H$s
H$ënZm ñdßZ ZJa Am{X _| AZw^yV hmoVr h¡, dhm± na ì`mdhm[aH$ Ord go àm{V^m{gH$ Ord H$m
{d^mJ H$aZo na {ZÐm go {Vamo{hV hþAm ì`mdhm[aH$ Ord ñdßZ H$m Ord, Ñí`, ZJa Am{Xê$n
~Z OmVm h¡ &&8&& Bg Vah OJV² ñdÀN> ~«÷ê$n hr {gÕ hþAm, dhr ñdßZZJa Ho$ gÑe na_
{MXmË_ê$n {Z_©b AmH$me _| ^mgVm h¡, AV… àW_ {Zîàn§M Omo ~«÷ h¡, dhr OrdmË_H$ {d^mJ
go Bg OJÐyn go [ñWV h¡, ho lram_Or, `h Amn Adí` OmZ b| &&9&& ho lram_Or, BZ g~
~mVm| go `h Amn AÀN>r Vah OmZ br{OE {H$ `h gdm©Ë_ OJVñdê$n nhbo O¡gm {Zîàn§M
~«÷ê$n Wm, d¡gm hr gXm ahoJm & Bg Vah {Zîàn§Mñdê$n emIm Am¡a MÝÐ XmoZm| Ho$ Xe©ZH$mb
_| BZHo$ _Ü` _| Xe©Z go A{^ì`ŠV MoVZ à{gÕ hr h¡ $&&10&& emÝVm| _| na_ emÝV MoVZmH$me
H$m _Ü` _| CŠV ar{V go à{gÕ Omo {Z{d©f` ê$n h¡, dhr OJV² Ho$ ê$n go Eogo ^mgVm h¡, O¡go
Va§Jm{X Ho$ ê$n go Ob ^mgVm h¡ &&11&&
gmam OJV² {Z{d©f` M¡VÝ` go A{^ÝZ h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ $&
Omo H$m`©ê$n go C{XV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a H$m`©ê$n go C{XV Zht ^r hmoVm h¡ $& Omo H$maUê$n
go C{XV h¡ Am¡a H$maUê$n go C{XV Zht ^r h¡, dh OJV² à_mV¥ M¡VÝ` Ho$ EH$ Xoe go Xygao
Xoe VH$ OmZo na Omo CgH$m {dfèyÝ` _Ü`_^mJ h¡, Cggo {^ÝZ Zht h¡ &&12&& Bg{bE
Bg g¥[îQ> H$m IaJmoe Ho$ gtJ Ho$ gÑe H$moB© H$maU h¡ hr Zht, à`ËZ go AÝdofU H$aZo na
^r BgH$m H$moB© H$maU Zht {_bVm &&13&& Omo {H$gr H$maU Ho$ {~Zm ^m{gV hmoVm h¡, dh
^m{gV Z hþAm hr ^m{gV hmoVm h¡, dh ^«_mË_H$ h¡, `h g_PZm Mm{hE $& ^«_ Vmo AgË`ê$n
h¡, AV… CgH$s gË`Vm H¡$go H$hr Om gH$Vr h¡ ? &&14&& H$maU Ho$ {~Zm H$m`© hr H¡$go Am¡a
CgH$s gÎmm hr Š`m ? `{X {XImB© n‹S>m Vmo dh ^«_ hr h¡ $& nwÌa{hV d§Ü`mn{V H$mo ñdßZ
_| AnZo AÀN>o nwÌ H$m Omo Xe©Z h¡, dh ^«_ hr h¡ gË` Zht h¡ $&&15&& Omo AH$maU ^mgVm
h¡, dh ÐîQ>mê$n M¡VÝ` hr AnZo ñdê$n H$m Ë`mJH$a g~ ê$n go Cg àH$ma ^mgVm h¡, {Og
àH$ma g§H$ën go JÝYd©ZJa Am{X ^mgVo h¢ &&16&&
ÐîQ>mê$n MoVZ H$hm± AnZo ñdê$n H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a àH$meVm h¡, Bg na H$hVo h¢ $&
jUâ _| emImàXoe go MÝÐ_m Ho$ àXoe VH$ Jò hþE à_mVmê$n MoVZ Ho$ _Ü` H$m Omo
ñdê$n h¡, dhr AnZo {Zîàn§M ñdê$n H$mo Z N>mo‹S>H$a hr àH$meVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ dhm± ~rO _|
na_mW©ê$n Am¡a Am{X AÝV ^mJ _| {ddV©ê$n XmoZm| àH$meVo h¢ $&&17&&
AW©gÎmm Z ahZo na ^r ~moY AWm©H$ma go àH$m{eV hmoVm h¡, Bg {df` _| ÑîQ>mÝV XoVo h¢ $&
~moY hr AW© Ho$ ê$n _| ñ\w$[aV hmoVm h¡, dh AmH$me go ^r A{Vgyú_ h¡, Bg {df` _| ñdßZ
Am¡a g§H$ën H$m nd©V ÑîQ>mÝV h¡, {OgH$m g^r Zo ^rVa AZw^d {H$`m h¡ &&18&&
~moY hr AWm] Ho$ ê$n _| {dH${gV hmoVm h¡, Eogr H$ënZm Š`m| H$aVo h¢, dQ>~rO Ho$ ^rVa
gyú_ê$n go [ñWV d¥j Ho$ gÑe ~moY Ho$ AÝXa [ñWV O‹S>mË_H$ àn§M nhbo go hr ~moY _| ahVm
h¡, Eogr H$ënZm Š`m| Zht H$aVo ? `m| lram_^Ð e§H$m H$aVo h¢ &
lram_^Ð Zo H$hm … ~«÷Z², O¡go dQ>~rO Ho$ ^rVa ^mdr _hmd¥j {dÚ_mZ ahVm h¡, d¡go hr
~moYmË_H$ na_mUw _| ^r `h gmar g¥[îQ> Š`m| Zht ah gHo$Jr ? &&19&&
gmH$ma ~rO _| nhbo ^rVa {ZamH$ma dQ> Wm, Bg{bE dh n¥Ïdr, Ob Am{X ghH$mar
H$maUm| H$s nmg _| [ñW{V hmo OmZo na A§Hw$a Am{X H«$_ go CËnÝZ hþAm, `h ~mV Vmo _mZr
Om gH$Vr h¡, naÝVw OJV² H$m O~ _hmàb` hmo OmVm h¡, V~ Z Vmo H$moB© gmH$ma dñVw ahVr
h¡ Am¡a Z ghH$mar H$maU hr àVrV hmoVo h¢, Bg{bE AmnH$m ÑîQ>mÝV Zht KQ>Vm, `m| _hmamO
d{gîR>Or g_mYmZ H$aVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, Ohm± ~rO h¡, dhm± na Vmo Cggo ~‹S>r-~‹S>r emImE± hmo
gH$Vr h¢, Š`m|{H$ do {dñV¥V emImE± ghH$mar H$maUm| go CËnÝZ hmoVr h¡ &&20&& naÝVw gånyU©
^yVm| H$m O~ àb` hmo OmVm h¡, V~ H$m¡Z-gm gmH$ma ~rO hmoJm Am¡a CgH$m ghH$mar H$maU
H$m¡Z hmoJm, {OgHo$ à^md go OJV² CËnÝZ hmo ? &&21&&
OJV²-e[ŠV go `wŠV ~«÷ hr ~rO hmoJm, Bg na H$hVo h¢ $&
Omo ~«÷dñVw h¡, dh Vmo Agb _| na_emÝV h¡, Cg_| AmH$ma H$s H$ënZm hr H¡$gr ? Cg_|
na_mUwËd H$m ^r O~ `moJ (gå~ÝY) Zht hmo gH$Vm, V~ AmH$ma H$s H$ënZm Vmo Xya hr Mbr JB©,
Bg{bE Eogr dñVw _| ~rOê$nVm Am hr Zht gH$Vr $&&22&&
Bgr{bE H$maU H$m Ag§^d h¡, `h nhbo H$hm J`m h¡, `m| H$hVo h¢ $&
Bg ar{V go gË` Am¡a {_Ï`m H$mo EH$ê$n ~ZmZodmbo ~rOê$n H$maU H$m gd©Wm Ag§^d h¡,
Bggo OJV² H$s gÎmm {H$g àH$ma H$s, {H$ggo, H$hm± Am¡a Š`m hmoJr, Š`m|{H$ CgH$mo H$aZodmbm Vmo
H$moB© h¡ Zht $&&23&&
ŸyÕ - 54] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1957
"AUw… nÝWm… {dVV…' BË`m{X lw{V à_mU go B©ída _| AUwËd H$s H$ënZm `Ú{n hmo gH$Vr
h¡, VWm{n Cg_| OJV² H$s [ñW{V _mZZm AZw{MV h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ $&
na_mUwê$n AmË_m Ho$ AÝXa gyú_ê$n go OJV² h¡, `h H$hZm AZw{MV hr h¡, Š`m|{H$ gagm|
Ho$ H$U Ho$ AÝXa gw_oé nd©V h¡, `h Akm{Z`m| H$s hr H$ënZm h¡ &&24&&
`{X `h H${hE {H$ OJV² ^r {ZamH$ma h¡, V~ Vmo ~rO Am{X H$m A^md hmoZo go AZm`mg
~«÷ê$nVm hr \${bV hmo OmVr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ $&
~rO H$s gÎmm hmoZo na hr H$m`©, H$maU Am{X Ho$ kmZ hmo gH$Vo h¢, naÝVw {ZamH$ma dñVw H$m
H$m¡Z-gm ~rO Am¡a H$hm± Cg_| OÝ`-OZH$ H$m H«$_ ? &&25&& Bg{bE Omo na_ ~«÷VÎd h¡, dhr
`h OJÐyn ~ZH$a [ñWV h¡, `h Am{d^y©V hmoH$a Z Vmo Hw$N> ñdê$n ~VbmVm h¡ Am¡a Z Hw$N> ZîQ>
hr hmoVm h¡ $&&26&&
V~ dh Š`m MrO h¡, Cgo H$hVo h¢ $&
{MXmH$me hr (AmH$medV² {Z_©b {M{V hr) {MXmH$meê$n öX` {M{Vê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
OJX²^«_ H$mo AewÕ _| AewÕ-gm Am¡a ewÕ _| ewÕ-gm XoIVm h¡ $&&27&& dm`w _| ñnÝX H$s ZmBª
{MXmH$me _| CgH$m ñdê$n {MXmH$meê$n hr ^m{gV hmoVm h¡, AV… h_ bmoJm| H$s H$moB© ^r g¥[îQ>-
eãXmW© H$s H$ënZmE± `hm± AnZm A[ñVËd Zht aIVt $&&28&& O¡go AmH$me _| AmH$meê$n
eyÝ`Vm AWdm O¡go Ob _| Obê$n ÐdËd h¡, d¡go hr AmË_m _| AmË__` ñd{ddV©ê$n `h {dewÕ
gJ©Vm (g¥[îQ>ê$n) h¡ &&29&&
V~ A{ddV© H¡$gm h¡, Bgo H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, h_ bmoJm| H$m {dñV¥V `h Omo OJV² h¡, dh àH$me_`, An[a{_V emÝV ~«÷ hr h¡, dh
Am{X Am¡a AÝV go eyÝ` Am¡a {ÌH$mb _| ^r ~m{YV Zht h¡, Z Vmo CgH$m CX` hmoVm Am¡a Z AñV
hr hmoVm h¡ $&&30&&
Eogr àn§Ma{hV dñVw H$s Aà{g{Õ e§H$m Vmo ~hþV ñWmZm| _| {Zd¥Îm H$s h¡, BgH$m ñ_aU
H$amVo h¢ $&
jUâ _| emImXoe go MÝÐàXoe VH$ à_mV¥M¡VÝ` Ho$ OmZo na CgH$m ~rMdmbm Omo
gdm}nÐdeyÝ` {Z{d©f`ñdê$n h¡, dhr `h OJV² gm ~Z J`m h¡ $& Bggo {MXmH$me _| dh
ì`d[ñWV h¡ &&31&& O¡go dm`w _| ñnÝXZ, O¡go Ob _| ÐdËd h¡ Am¡a AmH$me _| eyÝ`Ëd àVrV
hmoVm h¡, d¡go hr `h OJV² AmË_m _| àVrV hmoVm h¡, BgH$m {H$gr AÝ` nXmW© go gå~ÝY
Zht h¡, `h Ag§J AÛ` AmË_ê$n hr h¡ $&&32&&
OJV² {MÝ_mÌñd^md h¡, `h Omo g~ Vah go H$hm J`m h¡, Cgo BH$Æ>m H$aHo$ CnXoe XoVo hþE
Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, AnZo na_mW©ñd^md _| [ñWV hþAm OJV² gV²-ñdê$n h¡ $& {MXmH$me
eyÝ`^mdmnÝZ à{gÕ AmH$meñdê$n hr h¡, `h Vmo {H$gr Vah Zht hmo gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$
gy`©a{hV `mZr gy`© Ho$ CX` Am¡a AñV go {Z_w©ŠV VWm AnZo ñdê$n _| Ad[ñWV AmH$me
H$hm± à{gÕ h¡, g[ÀMËñd^mddmbm `m gy`© Am{X go a{hV AmH$me à{gÕ Zht h¡, ~[ëH$ O‹S>
AmH$me hr à{gÕ h¡ & A{nVw g[ÀMËñd^md^yV Omo VÎd h¡, Cggo gå~Õ hr gånyU© Ñí`m|
H$m ^mZ hmoVm h¡, AV… gånyU© OJV² Cg VÎd H$m hr A§J^yV h¡, eyÝ`mË_H$ AmH$me H$m A§J
Zht h¡, Bg{bE g[ÀMXmË_m go AZÝ` h¡ & BZ g~ ~mVm| go Amn g_ñV H$ënZmAm| H$m
n[aË`mJH$a EH$_mÌ AmH$meñdê$n hmoH$a hr [ñWV a{hE &&33&&
Mm¡dZdm± gJ© g_mßV
nMnZdm± gJ©
AÝ` H$s ^mdZm go AnZo H$mo AÝ`ê$n XoIVr hþB© OJV² Ho$ ê$n _|
[ñWV {M{V ñd^mdZm go Vmo AZÝ`ê$n hr h¡, AV… OJV² dmñVd _| na_mW©_` h¡, `h dU©ZŸ&
nydm}ŠV `w[ŠV`m| go OJV² ~«÷ go O~ AË`ÝV A{^ÝZ h¡, V~ \${bV `h hþAm {H$ CgH$s
H$^r CËn{Îm hþB© hr Zht, `h H$hVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho amKd, CËn{Îm, {dZme, J«hU, Ë`mJ, ñWyb, gyú_, Ma,
AMa Am{X go `wŠV ò OJV² g¥[îQ> Ho$ Am{X _| nhbo hr CËnÝZ Zht hþE h¢, Š`m|{H$ BZH$mo n¡Xm
H$aZodmbm H$moB© H$maU Cg g_` ahVm hr Zht &&1&&
CËn{ÎmdmX _| Vmo Adí` hr ~rO ~VbmZm Mm{hE, naÝVw dh ~Vbm`m Om hr Zht gH$Vm, `m|
Omo ~ma-~ma H$hm J`m h¡, CgrH$m ñ_aU H$amVo h¢ $&
AmH$ma Ho$ {~Zm {M{VVÎd H$ht na ^r H$maUê$n Zht hmo gH$Vm, O¡go gmH$ma d¥jm| H$mo
gmH$ma ~rO CËnÝZ H$aVm h¡, d¡go hr gmH$ma ñdmË_m hr _yV© nXmWm] H$mo CËnÝZ H$a gH$Vm h¡,
naÝVw dh gmH$ma Vmo h¡ Zht $&&2&&
Bgr{bE kmZr nwéf "g~ OJV² {MËñd^md hr h¡' Eogr ^mdZm H$aVm hþAm [ñWV ahVm h¡,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
{OVZo VÎdkmZr h¢ {M{VVÎdê$n do g~ AnZr AmË_m _| hr g~ H$ënZmË_H$ OJV _|
AmË_ê$nVm H$s {Za§Va ^mdZm H$aVo hþE {ñWV ahVo h¢ &&3&&
AVEd AkmZr nwéf Zo ^r ñd^mdH$ënZmê$n hr g§gma H$mo àmßV {H$`m h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{MXmH$meê$n AmË_m {Og ^md H$m ñdmX boVm h¡, dhr Cg àH$ma g¥[îQ> àmßV H$a boVm h¡,
{Og àH$ma eam~ H$s jwãYVm go àbmn Ûmam AnZr AmË_m go hr eam~ nrZodmbm nwéf AnZm
ŸyÕ - 55] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1959
ñdê$nàmßV H$a boVm h¡ $&&4&&
AVEd AZwËnÝZ AÝ` dñVw Ho$ ñd^md H$m gmjmËH$ma hmo OmZo na Cgr Ho$ ê$n _| [ñW{V
hmoVr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O~ `h g~ AZwËnÝZ hr h¡, h¡ hr Zht Am¡a {XImB© ^r XoVm h¡, V~ Bgo Amn emÝV, EH$ê$n
~«÷ hr g_{PE, Omo AkmZXem _| AgV²-gm h¡ &&5&&
V~ CgrZo `h OJV² CËnÝZ {H$`m h¡, `h lw{V`m| H$m H$WZ H¡$go `w[ŠVnyU© hmo gHo$Jm, Bg
na H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go Ob _| Obê$n ÐdËd h¡, d¡go hr {MXmH$me _| {MXmH$meê$n OJV² h¡ $& My±{H$ Cg
{MXmË_m Ho$ H$maU `h AÜ`ñV g_ñV àn§M àH$m{eV hmoVm h¡, Bgr{bE OJV² ~«÷ê$n hr h¡
Am¡a BgH$m {Z_m©U ^r OJXmH$ma Cg ~«÷ Zo hr {H$`m h¡, `h lw{V`m| _| àdmX h¡ $&&6&&
Bg àdmX H$mo "AW aWmZ² aW`moJmZ²' BË`m{X lw{V _| ñdßZÐîQ>m _| aWm{X g¥[îQ>H$V©¥Vm Ho$
àdmX Ho$ gÑe hr g_PZm Mm{hE, `h H$hVo h¢ $&
O¡go ñdßZ _o {d_b MoVZ hr OJV² Ho$ ê$n _| C{XV hmoVm h¡ AWdm O¡go H$m±MXmof go Xy{fV
ZoÌdmbo nwéf Ho$ à{V AmH$me _| Ho$emoÊS—>H$ Am{X àVrV hmoVo h¢, d¡go hr g¥[îQ>ê$n go ^m{dV
{MXmH$me _| Bg Vah H$m {d{MÌ gm{Xê$n OJV² àH$m{eV hmoVm h¡ $&&7&& O¡go ñdßZ _|
OJV²{M{Vê$n H$m±M H$m àH$me hr h¡, d¡go hr OmJ«V AdñWm _| ^r {d{MÌ OJV² ^r {M{Vê$n
H$m±M H$m àH$me "ñ\w$aU' hr h¡, Bg{bE `h OJV² {MXmH$me_mÌê$n [ñWV h¡ $&&8&&
Eogm _mZZo na OmJ«V² Am¡a ñdßZ _| Š`m ôX ahm, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
g~go nhbo àd¥Îm hþE {haÊ`J^© H$s g¥[îQ> _| Omo {M{V H$m ñdßZ h¡ dh OmJ«V²-eãX go H$hm
OmVm h¡ Am¡a à~b am{Ì _| àd¥Îm ñdì`[îQ>-AÝV…H$aU_mÌ Ho$ n[aUm_ê$n g¥[îQ> _| Omo {M{V H$m
ñdßZ h¡ dh ñdßZeãX go H$hm OmVm h¡ $&&9&& àW_ g§H$ën hr _hmàb` VH$ g_ñV nXmWm] Ho$
ñd^md H$s ì`dñWmnH$ {Z`{V h¡ $& CgrHo$ AZwgma AmO ^r gwì`d[ñWV nXmWm] H$s aMZm EH$
Vah go nhbo H$s ZmBª ~h ahr Z{X`m| H$s Va§J aoIm h¡ dhr àË`j {gÕ hmoVr h¡ $&&10&&
Eogr [ñW{V _| O¡go Va§Jm| H$s gÎmm Ob gÎmm go {^ÝZ Xygar Zht h¡, d¡go hr OJV² H$s
gÎmm ^r {M{V H$s gÎmm go {^ÝZ Xygar Zht h¡, Bg Ame` go ~«÷monmXmZH$Ëd H$m àdmX h¡,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go ObVa§Jm| H$s emo^m hr Z{X`m| H$s aMZm H$mo àmßV hþB© h¡ `mZr Z{X`m| H$s gÎmm
ObVa§J emo^m H$s gÎmm go n¥WH²$ Zht h¡, d¡go hr {MXmH$me Ho$ ^rVa {dÚ_mZ {M{Vê$n
~rOgÎmm hr g¥[îQ>ê$nVm H$mo àmßV hmo JB© h¡ `mZr g¥[îQ> H$s gÎmm {M{VgÎmm go A{V[aŠV
Zht h¡, `h VmËn`© h¡ $&&11&&
Bg Vah OJV² H$s AbJ gÎmm Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU OÝ_-_aU H$s ^r{V Am hr Zht gH$Vr,
{H$ÝVw XmoZm| àg§Jm| _| gwI hr gwI h¡, Eogm H$hVo h¢ $&
`{X _¥V ì`[ŠV H$s AmË`[ÝVH$ AgÎmm _mZ br Om`, Vmo ^r ~«÷mZÝX H$s gÎmm Ho$ hr
ì`[ŠV Am¡a ì`[ŠVZme H$s gÎmm Ho$ ê$n go Ad{eîQ> hmoZo go gwfw[ßV AdñWm _| à{gÕ
{Za{Ve`mZÝXê$n gwI hr Cgo àmßV hþAm Am¡a _a OmZo Ho$ ~mX {\$a Omo Xohm{Xê$n g§gma àmßV
hmoVm h¡, dh CgH$m ZdrZ g§gmaê$n gwI ^r ~«÷gwIê$n hr h¡, Bg{bE gwIgÎmm go A{V[aŠV
{H$gr gÎmm Ho$ Z ahZo go ^` H$s àm[ßV hr Zht hmo gH$Vr $&&12&&
_a OmZodmbo ì`[ŠV H$mo Hw$H$_©O{ZV ZaH$àm[ßV H$s g§^mdZm go ^` Š`m| Zht hmoJm ? Bg
Ame§H$m H$mo CR>mH$a H$hVo h¢ $&
Hw$H$_m] Ho$ H$maU ZaH$ Am{X H$m Omo ^` h¡, dh Vmo `hm± OrZodmbo H$mo Am¡a nabmoH$ _|
_aZodmbo H$mo g_mZ hr h¡, ZaH$ Am{X Xw…I Am¡a OrdZ H$s ~«÷gwI gÎmm go A{V[aŠV {^ÝZ
gÎmm Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Xw…I H$s [ñW{V ^r gwIgÎmm go h¡, Bg{bE CZ_| {deof (ôX) Zht h¡ $&
AV… g^r Ho$ _aU Am¡a OÝ_ g_mZ gwIdmbo h¢ $&&13&& ^bo hr _aU hmo `m ^bo hr OrdZ hmo
BZ XmoZm| H$s Omo dmgZmE± h¢ `mZr CZH$s gyú_ê$n go {dÚ_mZ Omo gÎmm h¡, dh ~«÷gwIê$n hr
h¡, AV… do ^r ~«÷gwIê$n hr h¡, Bg{bE ~«÷gwI _| {dlm[ÝV nmZodmbo Omo Yra dra h¡, dh
AÝXa go erVbmË_m h¡, `h H$hm OmVm h¡ $&&14&& {OVZo àH$ma Ho$ {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ kmZ hmoVo h¢,
CZH$m AñV hmo OmZo na nwéf H$mo Omo EH$ê$n kmZ CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡, VÐyn hr dh ~Z OmVm h¡,
Bggo Ñí` nXmWm] H$s n¥WH²$ gÎmm H$m {dZme hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a nwéf _wŠV H$hm OmVm h¡ $&&15&&
Bg Vah nwéf H$mo O~ `h kmZ hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ {df`m| H$s gÎmm {ÌH$mb _| h¡ hr Zht,
V~ CgH$s Ñ[îQ> _| ~«÷ê$n go g¥[îQ> H$s nma_m{W©H$ gÎmm Am¡a ñdV…AgÎmm ~Z OmVr h¡ $&
Cg g_` g~ Ñí` H$m kmZ {Z{d©f`H$ hr C{XV hmoVm h¡, Bg{bE Eogo nwéf _| _wŠVê$nVm
^br^m±{V Am OmVr h¡ $&&16&& Omo ñd`§ MoË`ê$n ({df`ê$n) Zht h¡, Omo {M{V{H«$`mê$n Zht
h¡, Omo {M{V{H«$`m go àH$m{eV ^r Zht hmoVm, Eogo ~«÷ê$nVm Ho$ gmW EH$ê$n ~Z Jò
VÎdkmZr nwéf na_em[ÝV go `wŠV hmoH$a ì`dhma _| {dÚ_mZ ahVo h¢ $&&17&& A{VñdÀN>
{MXmH$me _| Omo {M{V H$m {ZaÝVa àH$meZ hmoVm h¡, dhr Vmo OJV²-eãX go H$hm OmVm h¡,
Bg{bE Cg_| ~ÝYZ Am¡a _w[ŠV H$s Ñ[îQ>`m± hr H¡$go ? &&18&&
^Ð, g§H$ën Ho$ ñdê$n go ~Zm hþAm `h OJV² Ho$db {MXmH$me H$m ñnÝXZñdê$n hr h¡,
AV… dh {ÌH$mbA~m{YV ~«÷_` h¡, Z {H$ H$ht n¥Ïdr Am{X_` h¡ &&19&& `hm± Z Xoe h¡, Z H$mb
h¡, Z Ðì` h¡, Z {H«$`m h¡, Z AmH$me h¡, {H$ÝVw à{V^mgê$n go hr `h g~ CËnÝZ h¡, Bg{bE
gV²-gm àVrV hmoVm h¡ $& à{V^mgê$n go CËnÝZ ^r dmñVd _| `h AZwËnÝZ h¡, AV… AgË` hr
ŸyÕ - 56] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1961
h¡ $&&20&& Bg àH$ma na_mW©KZê$n Ho$db ~«÷ hr Bg OJV² Ho$ ê$n _| ^mgVm h¡, ~«÷ Z
eyÝ`ê$n h¡ Am¡a Z AeyÝ`ê$n h¡, dh AmH$me go ^r AË`ÝV ñdÀN> h¡ &&21&& ñdßZZJa Ho$ gÑe
gmH$ma hmoVm hþAm ^r ~«÷M¡VÝ` dmñVd _| {ZamH$ma h¡, {ZamH$ma hmoVm hþAm hr A{V^mñda `mZr
àH$me_` h¡ Am¡a A{VñdÀN> EH$_mÌ {M{Vñdê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU A{V{dñnîQ> h¡ $&&22&&
ho lram_Or, {MXmH$me Ho$ AÝXa OJXmË_H$ Omo H$bw{fV ñdê$n h¡, dh H$ho Jò _mJ©
go AH$bw{fV hmoH$a ì`mnH$ {Zdm©Uê$n hr ~Z OmVm h¡ $& `h {Zdm©Uê$n AmË_VÎd H$ht na
CnbãY Zht hmoVm, Eogr ~mV Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw gd©Ì CnbãY hmoVm h¡ $& `h OJV² ZmZm ({^ÝZ)
Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw AmH$me _| eyÝ`ê$n Ho$ gÑe VWm g_wÐ _| ÐdËd Ho$ gÑe A{^ÝZ h¡ `mZr
~«÷ê$n hr h¡ &&23&&
nMnZdm± gJ© g_mßV
N>ßnZdm± gJ©
{M{V hr g~ Hw$N> h¡ Am¡a gd©Ì hr gdm©Ë_H$ {M{V h¡,
Bg {ZíM` H$mo Ñ‹T> ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE nmfmUAm»`m{`H$m H$m dU©ZŸ&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_Or, {MÝ_` AmH$me _| gd©Ì Am¡a gXm g~ Hw$N> {H$gr
àH$ma Ho$ g§H$moM Ho$ {~Zm {dÚ_mZ h¡ hr, naÝVw dh h¡ gd©Wm ñdÀN>$& ~«÷ OJV² Ho$ _b go Eogo
Xy{fV Zht hmoVm, O¡go Zrbê$n go ^mg_mZ eyÝ`Vm AnZo _b go AmH$me _| _{bZVm n¡XmH$a
Cgo Xy{fV Zht H$aVr $&&1&&
Bg AW© _| `w{HV {XIbmVo h¢ $&
^Ð, Ohm± {M{V h¡, dhm± na hr OJV² H$s emo^m h¡, Mmho n¥Ïdr Am{X nXmW© hmoo, Mmho AmH$me
hmo gd©Ì {MV² {dÚ_mZ h¡, Š`m|{H$ g^r nXmW© Vmo {M{Vê$n h¢, AV… H$ht na {MV² Zht h¡ `h Zht
hmo gH$Vm &&2&&
g~H$s {MÝ_mÌVm ñdßZ _| à{gÕ h¡, Bg{bE CgH$mo ÑîQ>mÝV ~ZmH$a OmJ«V _| ^r nXmWm]
H$s {MÝ_mÌVm {gÕ H$aVo h¢ $&
O¡go ñdßZ _| nd©V Am{X VWm ZJa Am{X nXmW© Ho$db {MXmË_ê$n h¢, d¡go hr OmJ«V _| ^r
ò n¥Ïdr Am{X VWm ZJa Am{X nXmW© Ho$db {MXmË_ê$n h¢, na_ {MXmË_ê$n hr h¢ &&3&& ho
lram_Or, Bg {df` _| àW_ _wPgo hr ÑîQ> EH$ nmfmUm»`m{`H$m h¡, dh g~ agm| go nyU© Am¡a
^«m[ÝVê$n amoJ H$s Vmo ~‹S>r ^mar Am¡f{Y h¡, ~‹S>r hr {d{MÌ VWm àñVwVmon`moJr h¡, Cgo Amn
gw{Zò $&&4&& lram_^Ð, {H$gr g_` H$s ~mV h¡-_¢Zo kmZ`mo½` dñVw H$m kmZ H$a {b`m Wm Am¡a
_oam _Z ^r nyU© hmo MwH$m Wm, AV… Cg g_` _¢Zo KZo ^«_ go âo Bg bmoH$ì`dhma H$mo N>mo‹S> XoZo
H$s BÀN>m H$s $&&5&& VXZÝVa g_m{Y _| EH${ZîR>m àmßV H$a Yrao-Yrao XrK©H$mb VH$ {dlm[ÝV
nmZo Ho$ {Z{_Îm _¢Zo g~ àH$ma H$s M§MbVm H$m Ë`mJH$a EH$mÝV ñWmZ H$s A{^bmfm H$s Am¡a
em[ÝV H$s Amoa OmZo bJm $&&6&& em[ÝV H$s Amoa J_Z H$a ahm {H$gr XodVm Ho$ ñWmZ _| [ñWV _¢
OJV² H$s {dbjU ^§Jwa J{V`m| H$mo XoIVo hþE `h gmoMZo bJm &&7&& `h Omo bmoH$m| H$s AdñWm h¡,
dh dñVwV… Zrag hr h¡, Ho$db D$na D$na go gwÝXa bJVr h¡, Bg{bE _¢ _mZVm hÿ± {H$ `h {H$gr
H$mo, H$ht, {H$gr hoVw go {H$gr g_` ^r gwIH$maH$ Zht hmo gH$Vr $&&8&&
bmoH$[ñW{V gwIX Zht h¡, BVZr hr ~mV Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw Agr_ Xw…IXm`r ^r h¡, `h
H$hVo h¢ $&
Vrd« Ib~br Am¡a IoX CËnÝZH$a ò BîQ>-A{ZîQ> \$b XoZo dmbr Ñí`Ñ[îQ>`m± ÐîQ>m Ho$
^rVa CÛoJ hr CËnÝZ H$aVr h¢ $&&9&& `h Š`m {XImB© XoVm h¡, H$m¡Z XoIZodmbm h¡ Am¡a _¢
hr H$m¡Z hÿ± AWm©V² ò g~ VwÀN> h¢ $& H$moB© Zht h¡, g~ Hw$N> emÝV, AO {MXmH$meê$n hr
Ho$db {MXmH$me _| Wmo‹S>m-gm a|JZo dmbm {ddV© ~Z J`m h¡ &&10&& lram_MÝÐOr, `h g~
{dMmaH$a AÝV _| CgrHo$ H$maU g_ñV {gÕ, BÝÐ, Xod, X¡Ë` Am{X Ûmam XwJ©_ EH$ AÀN>o
àXoe _| OmH$a AnZr Xoh H$mo AnZo Amn hr AÝVYm©Z Ho$ Cnm`m| go {N>nmH$a (gwa{jV
~ZmH$a) _¢ g~ àm{U`m| H$s Am±Im| go AmoPb hmo OmD±$ Am¡a {Z{d©H$ën g_m{Y bJmH$a
EH$ê$n A{ÛVr` ñdÀN> emÝV nX _| g~ {dH$ënm| go {Z_w©ŠV hmo [ñWV hmo OmD±$ &&11,12&&
_wPo Ohm± g_m{Y bJmZr h¡; dh CÎm_ àXoe H$m¡Z hmo gH$Vm h¡, Š`m|{H$ dh àXoe AË`ÝV
eyÝ`ê$n Am¡a g_m{Y Ho$ {bE Cn`moJr hmoZm hr Mm{hE $& Cg àXoe _| ~mø AWm] Ho$ {dkmZ,
Omo nm±M B[ÝÐ`m| go CËnÝZ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU nm±M àH$ma Ho$ h¢, ahZo ^r Zht Mm{hE$&&13&&
nd©V, {eIa Am{X AZoH$ EH$mÝV àXoe g_m{Y Ho$ {bE h¡ hr, {\$a CZ_| hr dmg Š`m| Z
{H$`m Om`, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
{djon n¡Xm H$aZodmbo eãXm| go AmH«$mÝV AaÊ`, Ob, _oK Ed§ qgh Am{X àm{U`m| go Mmam|
Amoa ì`mHw$b nd©Vm| H$mo _¢ AnZm eÌw hr g_PVm hÿ±, Š`m|{H$ do CZgo ñd`§ hr jwãY hmoH$a Xygam|
H$mo jwãY H$a XoVo h¢, AV… do à{VHy$b h¢ &&14&& ~‹S>o-~‹S>o nd©Vm| Ho$ AZoH$ Vah Ho$ ~rMdmbo àXoe
Vmo ^rb Am{X OZm| go do[îQ>V h¡ Am¡a do g~ {df`ê$n gnm] go Xy{fV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {df_` hr
h¡ &&15&& AZoH$ Vah Ho$ ~‹S>o-~‹S>o g_mamohm| go jwãY ZmJ[aH$ OZm| go `wŠV ZJa O¡go g_m{Y Ho$
à{VHy$b h¢, d¡go hr {d{dY g_maå^m| go nyU© (ì`mßV) ObMam| go ObmYma gmJa ^r g_m{Y Ho$
à{VHy$b h¢ &&16&& nd©VVQ>, ObVQ>, bmoH$nmbm| Ho$ ZJa, {eIa, nmVmbm| Ho$ Hw$ha Am{X g~
AZoH${dY àm{U`m| go ì`mHw$b hr h¢ &&17&&
nd©Vm| H$s Jw\$mAm| H$m V~ godZ H$aZm Mm{hE, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
ŸyÕ - 56] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1963
~‹S>o-~‹S>o nd©Vm| H$s JhZ {N>Ðdmbr Jw\$mE± Vmo dm`wAm| Ho$ ^m±H$maeãXm| go JmZ H$aVr h¢,
b{VH$mê$nr hmWm| go Z¥Ë` H$aVr h¢ Am¡a dZd¥jm| Ho$ \y$bm| go h±gVr h¢, AV… do ^r {djonH$maH$
hr h¢ &&18&&
V~ ~‹S>o-~‹S>o gamoda hr, {OZH$mo X{jUnW _| gagr H$hVo h¢, AnZo VQ> na g_m{Y Ho$
H$maU hm|Jo ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
Xn© Am¡a ^` go ì`mHw$b _m¡Zr _rZ Ed§ _w{Z`m| Ho$ ñne© go `mZr H«$s‹S>m, ñZmZ Am{X Ho$
A{^KmV go H$ånZerb ZmbXÊS>m| Ho$ H$maU M§Mb hþE H$_bm| go `wŠV gamoda Vmo ObmdVm] Ho$
Ûmam eãX (H$ëbmob) H$aVo ahVo h¢, AV… do g_m{Y Ho$ ^§J _| hr H$maU hmo OmVo h¢, Bg{bE _¢
CÝh| ^r Zrag hr g_PVm hÿ± &&19&&
V~ PaZo H$s ^y{_ AmnHo$ g_m{Y _| Cn`moJr hmoJr, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, {Og_| dm`w Ho$ ñne© go jwãY hþE V¥U Am¡a Yy{bê$nr nVmH$mE± {dÚ_mZ h¢, Eogm PaZo
H$m àXoe ^r {djon H$m {ZdmaU Zht H$a gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ dh àXoe dm`w Ho$ ^m±H$ma eãXm| go
{ZaÝVa Pm±`-Pm±` eãX H$m aQ>Z H$aVm ahVm h¡ $&&20&&
BZ g~ ~mVm| go {ZîH$f© `h {ZH$bm {H$ AmH$me hr g~ {djonm| Ho$ CËnmXH$ hoVwAm| go a{hV
h¡, Bg{bE dhr eaU h¡, Eogm H$hVo h¢ $&
Bg{bE _¢Zo gmoMm {H$ `h Mmam| Amoa go {djonH$maUm| go a{hV AmH$me hr _oar g_m{Y Ho$
{bE na_ Cn`moJr h¡, Bg AmH$me Ho$ {H$gr XyadVu H$moZo _| na_ {dewÕ AmZ[ÝXV `moJ`w[ŠV H$m
Adbå~Z H$a _¢ `hm± [ñWV ahÿ± $&&21&& BgHo$ {H$gr EH$ H$moZo _| H$ënZm go EH$ Hw${Q>`m H$m
{Z_m©UH$a CgHo$ ^rVa dmgZma{hV VWm dO« Ho$ CXa Ho$ gÑe Ñ‹T> hmoH$a _¢ ~¡Ry>± &&22&& Cg
àH$ma {dMmaH$a Vbdma H$s Yma Ho$ g_mZ {Z_©b AmH$me H$s Amoa _¢ O~ ~‹T>m, V~ Š`m XoIVm
hÿ± {H$ `h ^r nyU©ê$n go hOmam| {djon Ho$ H$maUm| go ì`mßV noQ>dmbm hr h¡ &&23&& H$ht Vmo {gÕm|
H$m JU Ky_ ahm h¡, H$ht na Vmo ~‹S>r-~‹S>r ^`§H$a JO©ZmAm| go `wŠV _oK_ÊS>b h¡, H$ht na Vmo
{dÚmYam| H$s ~¡R>H$ O_r h¡, H$ht na `jm| Ho$ Ûmam {d{eîQ> ñWmZ n‹S>m h¡ &&24&& H$ht na gwÝXa
ZJam| Ho$ ZJa hr Ky_ aho h¢, H$ht na `wÕ H$m hr Amaå^ hmo J`m h¡, H$ht na _oK hr ~ag aho h¢,
H$ht na Vmo am¡Ðê$n YmaU H$s hþB© `mo{J{Z`m± {dÚ_mZ h¢ &&25&& H$ht-H$ht na AmgÝZ X¡Ë`ZJam|
Ho$ H$maU JÝYd©`wŠV XodZJa C‹S> aho h¢, H$hr na J«h_ÊS>b Ky_ ahm h¡, H$ht na Vmo dh Vmam| go
ì`mHw$b hmo ahm h¡ &&26&& H$ht na Vmo AmH$me _| n{j`m| Ûmam AmH«$mÝV ñWmZ h¡, H$ht na H«w$Õ
^`§H$a P§PmdmV h¡, H$ht na CËnmV`wŠV ñWmZ h¡, H$ht na _oKm{X _ÊS>bm| go ì`mßV h¡ &&27&&
H$ht na Anyd© {MÌ{d{MÌ ^yVm| H$m g_yh ({nemMg§K) n‹S>m h¡, H$ht na ZJam| Ho$ g_yh Ho$ g_yh
n‹S>o h¢, H$ht na gy`© Ho$ aWm| go AmH«$mÝV h¡, H$ht na Vmo MÝÐ Am{X Ho$ aWm| Ho$ H$maU AmH«$mÝV
~Zm h¡ &&28&& H$ht na Vmo gy`© H$s g[ÝZ{Y Ho$ H$maU Xmh go àmUr _a aho h¢, H$ht na Vmo {e{ea
F$Vw H$s erVVm Ho$ H$maU bmoJ AmH«$mÝV h¡, H$ht na ^yV-àoV Am{X Ho$ H$maU ~r^Ëg àVrV hmo
ahm h¡, H$ht na A{½Z H$s CîUVm go XwJ©_ h¡ &&29&& H$ht na ^`§H$a bå~o doVmb h¢, H$ht na
Jé‹S>m| go ^`§H$a h¡, H$ht na àb` {bò _oK ~ag aho h¢, H$ht na àb` {bò ndZ ~h aho
h¢ &&30&& ^Ð, `h g~ V_mem XoIH$a CZ ^yVJUm| H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a _¢ Xyam{VXya EH$mÝV ñWmZ _|
nhþ±Mm, Omo AË`ÝV {dñV¥V VWm eyÝ` Wm &&31&&
lram_Or, Cg àXoe _| AË`ÝV _ÝX ndZ ~h ahm Wm, ñdßZ _| ^r ^yVJU dhm± Zht nhþ±M
gH$Vo Wo, ew^{MÝh Am¡a Aew^ {MÝhm| go a{hV VWm g§gm[a`m| H$mo dh AJå` Wm, `h OmZ
br{Oò &&32&& amKd, Cg eyÝ` àXoe _| _¢Zo AnZo gË` g§H$ën go EH$ Hw$Q>r H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m,
CgH$s H$moR>[a`m± ~‹S>r hr ñdÀN> ~Zr Wr, {N>Ða{hV Xrdmam| Ho$ H$maU {Z{~‹S> VWm H$_b H$s H$br
Ho$ gÑe dh gwÝXa bJVr Wr &&33&& dh _Zmoha Vmo Eogr bJVr Wr _mZm| nyU©MÝÐ{~å~ _| KwZZo
N>oX ~Zm {X`m hmo, Cgo H$‡ma, Hw$ÝX Am¡a _ÝXma Ho$ \y$bm| H$s emo^mAm| go gOm`m &&34&& nhbo Vmo
_¢Zo AnZo AÝV…H$aU go CgH$s g_ñV ^yVm| Ûmam AJå`Vm ~Zm br, {\$a g~ ^yVm| H$s AJå`
Cg Hw${Q>`m _| _¢ à{dîQ> hmo J`m &&35&& VXZÝVa dhm± _¢Zo nÙmgZ ~m±Y {b`m, _Z H$mo emÝV H$a
{b`m Am¡a CÎm_ _m¡Z d«V YmaU {H$`m $& {\$a `h {ZíM` {H$`m {H$ _¢ EH$ gm¡ dfm] Ho$ ~mX AnZr
g_m{Y go CRy>±Jm $& `h {ZíM` H$a {ZÐm H$s _wÐm Ho$ gÑe {Z{d©H$ën g_m{Y _| [ñWV hmo J`m,
Cg g_` _oar d¥{Îm EH$ Wr, {Z_©b AmH$me Ho$ gÑe _¢ AnZo ñdê$n _| Wm Am¡a Eogm àVrV hmo
ahm Wm {H$ _¢ AmH$me go hr do[îQ>V hmo J`m hÿ± &&36,37&&
gm¡ dfm] Ho$ ~mX g_m{Y go ì`wËWmZ H$m H$maU ~VbmVo h¢ $&
^Ð, XrK©H$mb VH$ _Z {OgH$m ñ_aU H$aVm h¡, CgH$mo dh VËH$mb hr XoIVm h¡, Bg
AH$mQ²>` {Z`_ Ho$ AZwgma gm¡ df© Ho$ XrK©©H$mb Ho$ ~mX O~ {MV² Amem ({Xem) Am¡a ndZ ì`[ŠV
Ho$ gÑe {demb hþAm, V~ g_m{Y Qy>Q>Zo _| H$maU ^yV H$_© öX` _| EH$ g_` n¡Xm hmo J`m, Cg
~rOê$n H$_© H$m ^rVar ^mJ T>H$m hþAm Wm $& AZÝVa kmVì` dñVw OmZH$a _oam Ord g_m{Y go
Eogo à~wÕ hmo J`m, O¡go {e{ea _| jrU eara hþE d¥j H$m ag M¡Ì _mg _| (dgÝV _|) à~wÕ hmo
OmVm h¡ $& dhm± na do _oao gm¡ df© EH$ {Z_of_mÌ Ho$ gÑe ì`VrV hmo Jò, Š`m|{H$ EH$mJ«{MVdmbo
nwéf Ho$ {bE ~hþV H$mb H$s J{V`m± ^r AË`ÝV ñdën hmo OmVr h¢ &&38-41&&
CgHo$ ~mX Š`m hþAm, Bgo ~VbmVo h¢ &
O¡go d¥jm| Ho$ _X H$m `mZr nëbd Am{X H$s nw[îQ> Ho$ hoVw^yV hf© H$m H$maU^yV ^rVar
dgÝVH$mb H$m ag nwînê$n go ~mha AmVm h¡, d¡go hr Yrao Yrao {dH$mg àmßVH$a ~w{Õ-B[ÝÐ`m|
H$s naånam ~mha H$s Amoa àd¥Îm hmo JB© $&&42&&
ŸyÕ - 57] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1965
CgHo$ ~mX Š`m hþAm, `h H$hVo h¢ &
VXZÝVa nm±M d¥{Îmdmbo àmUdm`w go VWm B[ÝÐ`m| go nyU© AVEd Am{d^y©V Ordê$n {M{V-
A§e go `wŠV Xohdmbo Aä`mJV _wPH$mo XoIH$a "Ëd_²' "Ah_²' ê$n go à{gÕ Ah§H$maê$n {nemM,
BÀN>mê$nr AnZr nËZr {nemMr Ho$ gmW {H$gr ^r AV{H©$V àXoe go _oar g[ÝZ{Y _| Eogo erK« Am
Y_H$m, O¡go CJ« emë_br Am{X d¥jm| H$s g[ÝZ{Y _| D±$Mo d¥jm| H$mo Z_Z H$amZodmbm àMÊS> ndZ
Am Y_H$Vm h¡ &&43&&
N>ßnZdm± gJ© g_mßV
gÎmmdZdm± gJ©
kmZr Am¡a AkmZr Ho$ Ah§H$ma Ho$ {deof kmZ Ho$ {bE kmZ go ~m{YV hþE Ñí`àn§M H$s {MÝ_mÌVm H$m g_W©ZŸ&
"_m§...Ah{_{V àg¥V… {nemM…' Bg H$WZ VWm "àmoÝZm_gÝZ_Z dm`w[admoJ«d¥j_²' Bg
ÑîQ>mÝVmo[ŠV go _hmamO d{gîR> H$mo ^r Ah§H$maê$nr {nemM Ûmam ~mYm nhþ±Mm`r JB©, Eogm hmo
OmZo go kmZ\$b H$s A{ZË`Vm H$s g§^mdZm H$aVo hþE lram_MÝÐOr nyN>Vo h¢ &
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ho _wZo, {Zdm©U àmßV {H$ò hþE AmnH$mo ^r Š`m Ah§H$maê$nr {nemM
~mYm nhþ±MmVm h¡ ? _oao gÝXoh H$s {Zd¥{Îm Ho$ {bE `h _wPgo H${hò &&1&&
EH$_mÌ àmaãYeof H$m ^moJ hr à`moOZ hmoZo go Obo hþE dó-O¡go XohYmaU Ho$ {Z{_Îm Ho$db
Ah§H$maAm^mg H$s àVr{V hmoZo go Akm{Z`m| H$s Vah km{Z`m| H$mo g§gma~ÝYZ H$s àm[ßV Zht
hmoVr, `h {XIbmZo Ho$ {bE _hmamO d{gîR>Or AkmZr Ho$ Ah§H$ma H$s Anojm VÎdkmZr Ho$
Ah§H$ma _| {ZXm}fVm ~VbmVo hþE CÎma XoVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, Bg g§gma _o Ah§^md Ho$ {~Zm VÎdkmZr Am¡a AkmZr
XmoZm| H$s Xoh-[ñW{V Zht hmo gH$Vr, Š`m|{H$ ho lram_MÝÐOr, AmYo` nXmW© H$s {ZamYma [ñW{V
H$^r Zht CËnÝZ hmo gH$Vr &&2&&& {H$ÝVw Bg_| emÝV {MÎmdmbo kmZr nwéf Ho$ {bE Omo `h {deof
~mV h¡, Cgo Amn gw{Zò, {OgHo$ gwZZo go AmnH$m Ah§^mdê$nr {nemM emÝV hmo OmòJm &&3&&
Bg AkmZê$nr ~mbH$ Zo AnZo AÝV…H$aU _| A{dÚ_mZ hr Ah§^mdê$nr {nemM H$s H$ënZm H$a
aŠIr h¡, AV… Bgrgo `mZr EH$_mÌ AkmZ Ho$ de go hr `h [ñWV h¡ $&&4&&
R>rH$ h¡, Eogm hr ghr, bo{H$Z Bggo àH¥$V _| Š`m Am`m ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ $&
VÎdkmZr `{X {dMmaH$a XoIo Vmo AkmZ ^r Cgo {~bHw$b Eogo CnbãY Zht hmoVm, O¡go
XrnYmar nwéf H$mo AÝYH$ma H$m ñdê$n $&&5&&
VWm kmZdmZm| H$mo Á`m|-Á`m| AnZm AZw^d ~‹T>Vm OmVm h¡ Ë`m|-Ë`m| H«$_e… AkmZ H$m Zme
^r hmoVm OmVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ $&
O¡go-O¡go `h AkVmê$nr {nem{MH$m AZw^d _| Amê$‹T> hmoVr OmVr h¡ d¡go-d¡go {dMm[aV
hmoH$a ZîQ> hmoVr OmVr h¡ $&&6&& Bg_| V{ZH$ ^r gÝXoh Zht {H$ A{dÚm ahZo na Eogo ~ma~ma
AkVm C{XV hmoVr h¡, O¡go amV _| ~w{Õ{d^«_ñdê$n Xoh eyÝ` `jr $&&7&& A{dÚm H$s g¥[îQ> ahZo
na hr CgH$m A[ñVËd ^r h¡, AÝ` {H$gr Xygao H$maU go H$ht Zht h¡ $& {ÛVr` MÝÐ_m Ho$ ahZo
na hr {ÛVr` IaJmoe XrI n‹S>Vm h¡ $&&8&&
Eogm hr ghr, na Bggo àH¥$V _| Š`m Am`m, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
AkmZr Ûmam kmV `h g§gma CËnÝZ Z hmoZo go Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ AmH$me d¥j Ho$ g_mZ H$maU
Z ahZo go `h nhbo go hr CËnÝZ Zht hþAm h¡ &&9&&
H$maU Ho$ A^md H$m CnnmXZ H$aVo h¢ &
O~ {MXmH$me H$moe Ho$ ^rVa [ñWV Am{X g¥[îQ> hr {Z{d©H$ma ~«÷ê$n h¡ V~ n¥{Wdr Am{X
H$s àm[ßV H$m H$m¡Z-gm H$maU hmo gH$Vm h¡ ?&&10&& _Z H$mo boH$a N>… B[ÝÐ`m| go kmV Z
hmoZodmbm {ZamH$ma ~«÷ _Z`wŠV N>… B[ÝÐ`m| go kmV hmoZodmbo gmH$ma OJV² H$m H$maU H¡$go hmo
gH$Vm h¡ ? &&11&& ~rOê$n H$maU go A§Hw$aê$n H$m`© CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡, Bg_| Vmo V{ZH$ ^r gÝXoh
Zht h¡ $& {\$a Ohm± na ~rOê$n H$maU h¡ hr Zht, dhm± na A§Hw$a H¡$go CËnÝZ hmoJm ? &&12&&
H$maU Ho$ {~Zm H$m`© Zht hmoVm, `h Vmo g^r H$mo {d{XV h¡ $& AmH$me _| bhbhm aho àË`j d¥j
H$m {H$gZo H$~ AdbmoH$Z `m J«hU {H$`m h¡ ? &&13&&
`{X dh g¥[îQ> CËnÝZ hr Zht h¡, Vmo {\$a H$m¡Z Cg ê$n go ^mgVm h¡, CgH$mo ÑîQ>mÝVnyd©H$
~VbmVo h¢ &
O¡go g§H$ën Ûmam AmH$me _| d¥j Am{X {XImB© XoVo h¡, d¡go hr g§H$ën_` `h g§gma ^r h¡ &
Bg_| dñVwV… nXmW©Vm Zht h¡ &&14&& Ed§ g¥[îQ> Ho$ Amaå^H$mb _| Omo `h AJ©bmeyÝ` g¥[îQ> H$s
[ñW{V {MXmH$me _| AZw^yV hmoVr h¡, dh ^r AmH$me _| eyÝ`ê$n d¥jm{X Ho$ gÑe hr h¡ $&&15&&
V~ Š`m EH$_mÌ eyÝ` hr g¥[îQ>ê$n go ^m{gV hmoVm h¡, Bg na Zht `h CÎma XoVo h¢ $&
{df`g¥[îQ> Ho$ AmH$ma go a{hV {MXmH$me B©ída hr AnZo ñd^md _| g¥[îQ>ê$n go ñ\w$[aV
hmoVm h¡ $& gJ©Zm_H$ {M{Vñd^md hr {MÐyn hmoZo Ho$ H$maU B©ída M¡VÝ` h¡, Bg{bE {M{V hr
g¥[îQ>ê$n go ^m{gV hmoVr h¡, Z {H$ eyÝ`$&&16&&
A{dH¥$V ~«÷ hr {dH¥$V OJÐyn go Omo ñ\w$[aV hmoVm h¡ Cg_|, ñdßZ H$m ñdmË_m hr ÑîQ>mÝV
h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ $&
à{V{XZ Omo AZw^yV hmoVm h¡ dh ñdßZ-gJ© hr Bg {df` _| ÑîQ>mÝV h¡, Š`m|{H$ ñdßZ Ho$
{df`m| _| ñd`§ AmË_m hr nd©V, ZJa Am{X H$s AmH¥${V`m| _| ñ\w$[aV hmoVm h¡ &&17&& O¡go `hm±
ñdßZ _| Omo g¥[îQ>-gm àVrV hmoVm h¡ dh {MËñd^md g¥[îQ>a{hV ñdmË_m _| hr {dÚ_mZ h¡ d¡go hr
ŸyÕ - 57] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1967
`hm± kmZ go nyd© gJ©-gm Omo àVrV hmoVm h¡ dh gJ©eyÝ` {MËñd^md _hm{MXmH$me _| hr àVrV
hmoVm h¡ $&&18&& g¥[îQ> Ho$ àmaå^ _| {df`kmZeyÝ`, ewÕ, EH$, AO, Aì`` Am{X Am¡a AÝV go
eyÝ` Omo na_mË_m [ñWV h¡ dhr h_mam gJ©ê$n go [ñWV h¡ &&19&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, na~«÷
na_mË_m _| `h g¥[îQ> Zht h¡ Am¡a Z ò n¥{Wdr Am{X bmoH$ hr h¢ $& g~ emÝV, Adbå~ZeyÝ`
EH$_mÌ ~«÷ hr ~«÷ _| [ñWV h¡ $&&20&& gd©e[ŠVgånÝZ dh ~«÷ O¡go {Og Vah H$m ñ\w$[aV
hmoVm h¡, dh AnZo VwÀN>ê$n H$m n[aË`mJ Z H$aVo hþE d¡go Cg Vah H$m hmo OmVm h¡ &&21&& O¡go
ñdßZ H$m ZJa àmUr Ho$ {bE {MÝ_mÌ H$m {dbmg hr h¡ $& d¡go hr g¥[îQ> Ho$ àmaå^ _| `h g¥[îQ> ^r
ewÕ {MÝ_mÌ H$m {dbmg hr h¢ &&22&& ñdÀN> {MÐyn na_mH$me _| Omo {MXmH$me [ñWV h¡ Cgr Zo
AnZo ñd^md H$s g¥[îQ>ê$n _| ^mdZm H$s h¡ dhr `h g¥[îQ> h¡ AWm©V² {MÐyn Omo ~«÷ h¡ CgH$m
ñd^md hr `h g¥[îQ> h¡ &&23&&
^mì`, ^mdH$ Am{X {ÌnwQ>r ^y{_`m| H$s EH$ ag _| CËn{Îm H¡$go, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
^mì`, ^mdH$ Am¡a ^md Am{X ^y{_`m| H$s Omo {ZaÝVa CËn{Îm h¡, dh g~ ñdÀN> {MXmH$me
hr AnZr AmË_m _| [ñWV h¡ $&&24&& Eogm [ñWV hmoZo na H$hm± go g¥[îQ>, H$hm± go A{dÚm, H$hm±
AkVm Am¡a H$hm± Ah§H$ma Am{X [ñWV h¢ g~ emÝV {MX²KZ ~«÷ hr [ñWV h¡ &&25&&
AkmZ ahZo na hr Ah§^md ~mYm nhþ±MmVm h¡, kmZ hmoZo na Zht, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bg Vah _¢Zo Amngo `h Ah§H$ma H$s em[ÝV H$hr & `h Ah§H$ma ^br^m±{V
kmV hmoZo go ~mbH$[ënV {nemM H$s Vah emÝV hmo OmVm h¡ &&26&&
Bggo AmnHo$ àíZ H$m g_mYmZ hmo J`m, `h {XIbmVo h¢ &
Bg Vah O~ Bg Ah§H$ma H$mo _¢ nyU©V`m OmZVm hÿ±, V~ ho lram_MÝÐOr `h ahZona ^r _oao
{bE eaËH$mb Ho$ _oK Ho$ gÑe {Zî\$b hr ahVm h¡ &&27&& {MÌ{b{IV A{½Z _| AÜ`ñV XhZ
{H«$`m O¡go Xmø dñVwAm| _| {Zî\$b hmoVr h¡, d¡go hr Ah§^md H$s g¥[îQ> Am{X ^r nyU©ê$n go kmV
hmoZo na {Zî\$bVm H$mo àmßV hmoVr h¡ &&28&& Bg àH$ma g_m{YH$mb _| Ah§H$ma Ho$ Ë`mJ VWm
ì`dhmaH$mb _| CgHo$ amJ _| O~ _oar g_Vm h¡ V~ g¥[îQ> H$s {dÚ_mZ VWm A{dÚ_mZ Xem _|
_oar [ñW{V Eogr h¡, O¡gr _oK, dm`w VWm Yyn Am{X go AdH$meeyÝ` AmH$me H$s &&29&&
EH$_mÌ gå~ÝYË`mJ go ^r `h Ahå^md nr‹S>m Zht nhþ±MmVm, {\$a kmZ go ~m{YV hmo OmZo
na Vmo nyN>Zm hr Š`m, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
Z Vmo H$moB© _¢ Ah§H$ma H$m hÿ± Am¡a Z `h Ah§H$ma hr _oam Hw$N> bJVm h¡ $& `m| OmZH$a ho
lram_MÝÐOr, Bg gånyU© g§gma H$mo Amn {ZK©Z {MXmH$me hr Om{Zò &&30&& `h Ah§^mdm{X
~moY{d^«_ {Og Vah _oar Ñ[îQ> _| Zht h¡, d¡go hr VÎdkmZr Am¡a _hmZw^mdm| H$s Ñ[îQ> _| `hm± Zht
h¡, O¡go {H$ {MÌJV A{½Z _| Xmh{H«$`m {H$gr ^r {dÛmZ² nwéf H$s Ñ[îQ> _| Zht h¡ &&31&&
Amn ^r _oao g_mZ hr ^rVa go g~H$m ~mY H$aHo$ A{ÛVr` ~Z OmBò, `h H$hVo h¢ &
dmñVd _| Vmo Z _¢ hÿ±, Z H$moB© AÝ` h¡ Am¡a Z `h g~ Ñí` àn§M hr h¡, Eogm {ZíM`
H$aHo$ ho lram_MÝÐOr, Amn ^r àH¥$V ì`dhma H$m gånmXZ H$aVo hþE nËWa Ho$ g_mZ _m¡Z_`
hmo OmBò &&32&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, {MaH$mb Ho$ {bE gånyU© ^mdm| H$m Anöd H$aHo$ AdH$mea{hV
nËWa Ho$ gÑe ~ZH$a AmH$meH$moe H$s Vah {Z_©b-AmH$ma go hr Amn AnZo ñdê$n _|
[ñWV a{hò, Š`m|{H$ Bg Vah {Z[íMV h¡ {H$ Bg g¥[îQ>H$mb _| VWm Bg g¥[îQ> Ho$ nyd©H$mb
_| g~ Hw$N> {MÝ_` {ed hr [ñWV h¡ $& Bg àH$ma go Omo Ñí`àn§M {XImB© Xo ahm h¡ dh
g~ Hw$N> Zht h¡ &&33&&
gÎmmdZdm± gJ© g_mßV
AÆ>mdZdm± gJ©
gånyU© g¥[îQ> H$s emo^m g^r OJh h¡ Am¡a Zht ^r h¡,
Bg àH$ma H$m Omo nmfmUm»`m{`H$m H$m AW© h¡, CgH$m Ñ[îQ> ôX go dU©ZŸ&
àmg§{JH$ Omo OrdÝ_wŠV nwéf Ho$ Ah§H$ma H$s A~mYH$Vm Wr, CgH$m g_W©Z {H$`m J`m,
A~ àH¥$V "gd©Ì gd©Wm gd©_'² (g~ OJh g~ àH$ma go g~ Hw$N> h¡ $&) Bg AW© H$s nmfmUm»`m{`H$m
Ûmam Omo à{Vkm H$s Wr, Cgo nyN>Zo Ho$ {bE ^y_H$m ~m±YVo h¢ &
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ^JdZ², Ahmo, AmnZo _oao CËH$f© Ho$ {bE {\$a EH$ Ñ[îQ> H$m ({dkmZ
H$m) CnXoe {X`m, `h {dkmZ ì`mnH$ Am¡a _hmZ² CXma h¡, {d_b h¡, {dnwb Am¡a AMb h¡ &&1&&
^JdZ², g~ Hw$N> g~ OJh g^r àH$ma go gV² h¡ Am¡a g~ Hw$N> g~ OJh gXm hr gV² h¡-`h Omo
{df` àñVwV hþAm Wm CgH$m AÀN>o AZw^d go `{X {dMma {H$`m Om`, Vmo g_, A{df_ Ed§
EH$ag hr n`©d{gV ({gÕ) hmoVm h¡, AV… gË`ñdê$n hr h¡, Š`m|{H$ {OVZo Y_© `m Y_u h¢,
CZH$m Xoe, H$mb Am¡a dñVwê$n go `{X gdm©Ë_H$Vm ~Z Om`, Vmo ôX Am¡a ôXH$Ëd Am{X H$s
{g{Õ Zht hmo gH$Vr $&&2&& ~«÷Z², A~ Bg {df` _| _wPo Omo `h gÝXoh h¡, BgH$m {ZdmaU
H$s{OE $& ^JdZ², `h nmfmUm»`mZ {H$g A§e H$s g_mZVm boH$a H$hm J`m h¡ $? ì`mdV©H$ `mZr
ôX Ho$ hoVw Y_m] go `wŠV nXmWm] H$m hr gmYmaU Y_© go gmÑí` _mZm OmVm h¡, `h à{g{Õ h¡,
AV… gÝXoh H$m hmoZm ñdm^m{dH$ h¡ &&3&&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … lram_Or, "g~ Hw$N> gd©Xm g^r OJh h¡', `h Omo à{VnmXZ
H$aZm h¡, Bgr AW© _| nmfmUm»`m{`H$m H$m ÑîQ>mÝV {X`m J`m h¡, BgH$m {H$g Vah gmÑí`
KQ>Vm h¡, Bgo _¢ Amngo H$hVm hÿ± $&&4&&
nmfmUm»`m{`H$m H$m _¢Zo Bg{bE Amaå^ Zht {H$`m h¡ {H$ h_H$mo nmfmU H$s g_mZVm
ŸyÕ - 58] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1969
`m g~ Y_m] H$m g§H$a H$hZm h¡, {H$ÝVw nmfmU-CXa Ho$ AÜ`mg H$m A{YîR>mZ^yV Omo ~«÷
h¡, Cg_| Ag§H$sU©ê$n go g~ OJV² H$m AÜ`mg hmo gH$Vm h¡, `m| g§^mdZm ~VbmZo Ho$ {bE
CŠV ÑîQ>mÝV H$m CnÝ`mg h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{N>Ðm| go a{hV, AË`ÝV KZr^yV Ad`dm|dmbo nmfmUmoXa _| (nmfmUmoXamÜ`mg Ho$ A{YîR>mZ
MoVZ _|) ^r hOmam| g¥[îQ>`m± h¢, `h àñVwV nmfmUm»`mZ Ho$ Ûmam ~Vbm`m J`m h¡ &&5&&
AWdm ^mdnXmWm] Ho$ CXam{YîR>mZ^yV MoVZ _| {Og Vah hOmam| g¥[îQ>`m| H$m gå^d h¡,
Cgr Vah eyÝ`mË_H$ AmH$meê$n A^mdm{YîR>mZ MoVZ _| ^r Ag§H$sU© ê$n go g_ñV OJV² H$m
Amamon g§^d h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
AmH$me H$s eyÝ`Vm H$mo Z N>mo‹S>Zodmbo _hmZ² ^yVmH$me _| `mZr A^mdm{YîR>mZ^yV MoVZ _|
^r hOmam| gJm] H$m Amamon hmo gH$Vm h¡, `h ~VbmZo Ho$ {bE àñVwV H$Wm H$hr JB© h¡ &&6&&
Bg Ý`m` H$s gd©Ì `moOZm H$aZr Mm{hE, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
Jwë_, A§Hw$a Am{X VWm àmU, dm`w, Ob, VoO Am{X Ho$ CXa _| (A{YîR>mZ AmË_m _|) hOmam|
gJ© hmo gH$Vo h¢, Bg AW© H$mo ~VbmZo Ho$ {bE nmfmUm»`mZ H$hm J`m h¡ &&7&&
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ho _wZo, Xrdma, nmfmU Am{X Ho$ CXa MoVZ _| AZoH$ gJm] H$m
Amamon h¡, `hr A{^àm` `{X nmfmUm»`m{`H$m go ~Vbm`m OmVm h¡, Vmo _¢ H$hVm hÿ± {H$
BgH$s Anojm `hr A{^àm` Š`m| Zht ~Vbm`m OmVm {H$ ewÕ {MXmH$me _| hOmam| g¥[îQ>`m|
H$m Amamon h¡ $& VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ Xrdma Am{X ^md Am¡a eyÝ`mË_H$ AmH$mem{X A^md nXmWm]
go `wŠV MoVZ _| g^r gJm] H$m Amamon Ag§H$sU©ê$n go hmo gH$Vm h¡, `h `{X AmnH$s
Am»`m{`H$m H$m A^rîQ> AW© h¡, V~ ewÕ {MXmH$me _| g~ OJV² H$m AÜ`mg h¡, `hr nj
Š`m| _mZ Z {b`m Om`, {Oggo {H$ AÜ`ñV OJV² H$m ~mY hmo OmZo na ewÕ hr ~M OmVm
h¡, `h Xygar ~mV ^r AZwHy$b hmo, Bg àH$ma H$s lram_^Ð H$s Ame§H$m h¡ &&8&&
R>rH$ h¡, AmnZo {Og nj H$m e§H$m _| CëboI {H$`m h¡, R>rH$ `hr nj _w»`ê$n go _wPo ^r
A{^àoV h¡, naÝVw {dewÕ {MXmH$me H$m ghgm n[aM` hmo Zht gH$Vm, Bg{bE n[aM`monm`ê$n
go àËòH$ ^mdm{X-Cn{hV MoVZ _| ^r g_ñV OJV² H$m AÜ`mg (Amamon) h¡, `h _¢Zo ~Vbm`m
h¡, Bg Ame` go CÎma XoVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, VV²-VV² nXmWm] go Cn{hV àËòH$ MoVZ _|
g_ñV OJV² H$m Amamon h¡, `m| H$hVo hþE _¢Zo Amngo dñVwV… _w»` MoVZ _| g_ñV OJV² H$m
Amamon h¡, Bgr H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡, Bg{bE Omo `h g¥[îQ> {XImB© n‹S>Vr h¡, dh {MXmH$me _|
{MXmH$memË_H$ hr [ñWV h¡ $&&9&&
`m| O~ ~«÷_mÌVm hr h¡, V~ Ñí` H$s AZwËn{Îm hr \${bV hþB©, `h H$hVo h¢ $&
lram_^Ð, na_mW©Ñ[îQ> go Ñí` nhbo hr CËnÝZ Zht hþAm h¡ Am¡a AmO ^r Zht h¡, naÝVw
Omo BgH$m Ad^mg hmoVm h¡, dh ~«÷ _| [ñWV ~«÷ hr h¡ &&10&&
AmamonÑ[îQ> go ^yVm| Ho$ àËòH$ na_mUw _| g~H$m Amamon H$a g~ Hw$N> XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a
AndmXÑ[îQ> _| Cggo {dnarV ^r XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
Omo n¥Ïdr g¥[îQ>`m| go Jm‹T>^[aV (Iy~ âr hþB©) Z hmo, Eogr AUw_mÌ ^r Zht h¡ `mZr
gmar n¥Ïdr g¥[îQ>`m| go EH$X_ IMmIM âr hþB© hr h¡ Am¡a g¥[îQ> ^r H$ht Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw
Omo h¡, do g~ ~«÷mH$meê$n hr h¡ & AmamonÑ[îQ> go n¥Ïdr Ho$ àËòH$ na_mUw _| gJ© Ho$ gJ©
âo n‹S>o h¢ VWm AndmX Ñ[îQ> _| Z H$moB© na_mUw h¡ Am¡a Z Cg_| gJ© hr âo n‹S>o h¢, Ho$db
~«÷mH$me_mÌ h¡ &&11&& Eogm VoO H$m H$moB© ^r AUw Zht h¡, {Og_| gJm] H$s [ñW{V Z hmo
Am¡a dmñVd _| Vmo H$ht na ^r gJ© Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw gJ©ê$n go ^mg_mZ g~ ~«÷mH$me_mÌ
h¡ $&&12&& Eogm dm`w H$m H$moB© ^r na_mUw Zht h¡,Omo gJm] gmo âm Z hmo Am¡a do gJ© ^r dmñVd
_| Zht h¢, {H$ÝVw do ~«÷mH$me_mÌ hr h¢ &&13&& AUw_mÌ ^r AmH$me g¥[îQ>`m| go a{hV hmo,
Eogm Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw g~ g¥[îQ>`m| go n[anyU© h¡ Am¡a do g¥[îQ>`m± ^r Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw do
~«÷mH$me_mÌê$n hr h¢ $&&14&& Eogo {_bo hþE n§M_hm^yV ^r Zht h¢, Omo gJm] go n[anyU© Z
hm|, {H$ÝVw gJm] go n[anyU© h¢ Am¡a H$ht gJ© ^r Zht h¢, {H$ÝVw do Ho$db {MXmH$me ê$n hr
h¢ $&&15&& nd©Vm| H$m ^r Eogm H$moB© AUw Zht h¡, Omo gJm] go âm n‹S>m Z hmo, {H$ÝVw g^r
na_mUw gJm] go âo n‹S>o h¢ Am¡a CZ_| H$ht ^r gJ© dmñVd _| Zht h¢, Ho$db ~«÷ê$n hr do
h¢ &&16&& gyú_^yVê$n Cnm{Y go `wŠV {haÊ`J^© H$m ^r Eogm H$moB© AUw Zht h¡, Omo g¥[îQ>`m|
go âm hþAm Z hmo, bo{H$Z Cg_| ^r dhr [ñW{V h¡ $& dmñVd _| Vmo CZ_| H$ht ^r gJ© Zht
h¡, {H$ÝVw ~«÷ hr ~«÷ h¡ &&17&& {haÊ`J^© Ho$ {Z{_©V g§gmam| _| Eogm H$moB© gyú_m{Vgyú_ ^mJ
Zht h¢, Omo gXm ~«÷ê$n hr Z hmo, {H$ÝVw gXm go hr do g~ ~«÷ñdê$n h¡, Bg{bE ~«÷
VWm gJ© `h Ho$db dmUr _| hr ôX h¡, dñVw _| ôX Zht h¡ &&18&& O¡go A{½Z Ed§ gy`© H$s
CîUVm _| H$moB© nañna ôX Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw CîUVm Am¡a A{½Z `m gy`© EH$ê$n hr h¢, d¡go
hr Omo gJ© h¢, do na~«÷ hr h¢ Am¡a na~«÷ hr gJ© h¢, BZ_| V{ZH$ ^r ôX Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw
EH$ê$n hr h¢ $&&19&& ^Ð, ò gJ© Am¡a ~«÷ Am{X Omo eãX h¢, CZHo$ {df` _| `{X {dMmam
Om`, Vmoo AW© go eyÝ` hmoH$a AË`ÝV A{Zd©MZr` dñVw H$m ~moY H$amZodmbo Cg Vah {XImB©
XoVo h¢, {Og Vah Hw$R>ma go {Mao OmZodmbo H$mR> _| CgHo$ ~moYH$ Omo {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ eãX h¢,
do n¥WH²$ AW©eyÝ` hmoH$a Ho$db H$mR> dñVw H$mo ~moY H$amVo {XImB© XoVo h¢ $& BgH$m Jå^ra ^md
`h h¡ {H$ nhbo gJ© eãX Am¡a ~«÷eãX Ho$ D$na {dMma H$a boZm Mm{hE {H$ Agb _| CZgo
Š`m AW© {ZH$bVm h¡ & gO©Z {H«$`m Ho$ H$maU gJ© eãX h¡ Am¡a ~¥§hU `mZr dY©Z {H«$`m Ho$
ŸyÕ - 58] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1971
H$maU ~«÷eãX h¡ & gO©Z Am¡a dY©Z _| Vmo H$moB© nañna ôX Zht h¡, AV… ~«÷ Am¡a gJ©
Am{X _| ^r ôX H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡, A~ BZ gJ© Am¡a ~«÷eãX _| ôX H$aZodmbm Omo AmZwnydu
Am{X Y_© h¡, dh ^r Agb _| Vmo H$moB© MrO h¡ Zht, AV… Cggo a{hV gJ© Am¡a ~«÷ Am{X
eãX bjUm go {H$gr A{Zd©MZr` AW© H$m hr ~moY H$amVo h¡ $& A{nVw {H«$`m ^r {H«$`mdmZ²
Ho$ ñdê$n go AbJ Zht h¡, `{X H$h| {H$ {H«$`m Am¡a {H«$`mdmZ² EH$ Zht h¢, {H$ÝVw EH$ AmYma
Am¡a Xygam AmYo` h¡, AV… BgH$m ôX h¡, Vmo `h ^r H$hZm R>rH$ Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ BZHo$
AmYmamYo` ^md H$m {Zê$nU Amn H$a hr Zht gH$Vo $& Eogr n[a[ñW{V _| Hw$R>ma go {dXrU©
hmoZodmbo H$mR> _| Omo-Omo H$mR> Ho$ {bE à{gÕ eãX h¢, do g~ n¥WH²$ AW© go eyÝ` hmoH$a O¡go
EH$ hr AW© Ho$ à{VnmXH$ ^mgVo h¢ AWdm {dXm`© ({dXrU© H$aZo `mo½`) Am¡a Xmé ({dXrU©
hmoZodmbm) ò Xmo eãX O¡go n¥WH²$ AW© go eyÝ` hmoH$a AôXmW© Ho$ hr à{VnmXH$ h¢, d¡go hr
gJ© Am¡a ~«÷ Am{X eãX ^r EH$mW© Ho$ `mZr ~«÷mW© Ho$ hr à{VnmXH$ h¢ &&20&&
na_mW©Xem _| gJ© Am¡a ~«÷ Am{X eãXmWm] H$m ôX ^bo hr Z hmo, Š`m|{H$ Cg Xem _| Û¡V
Am¡a EoŠ` ahVm hr Zht $& naÝVw ì`dhmaXem _| Vmo ~«÷ EH$ h¡ Am¡a gJ© AZoH$ h¢, AV… ~«÷ Am¡a
gJ© eãXm| H$m {^ÝZ AW© hmoZo Ho$ H$maU do {^ÝZmW©H$ Š`m| Zht hm|Jo, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, {Og ì`dhmaXem _| Û¡V Am¡a EH$Ëd {dÚ_mZ h¡, Cg Xem _| ^r gJ© Am¡a ~«÷eãX Ho$
AW© Vmo V{ZH$ ^r Zht ^mgVo, Š`m|{H$ Bg na àíZ `h hmoJm {H$ Š`m Û¡VmË_H$ ÐîQ>m H$mo do AW©
^mgVo h¢, `m AÛ¡VmË_H$ ÐîQ>m H$mo ? àW_nj Vmo A`wŠV h¡, Š`m|{H$ AkmZr Û¡VmË_H$ ÐîQ>m H$mo
do {H$gr hmbV _| ^r Zht XrI n‹S>|Jo $& Xygam nj ^r `wŠV Zht §h¡, Š`m|{H$ Cg nj _|
AÛ¡VmË_H$ dñVw H$mo do {H$gH$s Vah XrI n‹S>|Jo, H$m¡Z {H$g ñd^md Ho$ _mby_ n‹S>|Jo, `h H$hZm
hmoJm, naÝVw `h H$h Zht gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ AÛ¡V [ñW{V _| ^mZ Am¡a ^m{gV hmoZodmbo _| H$moB© ôX
Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm &&21&&
AVEd VÎddoÎmmAm| Ho$ {bE ì`dhmaH$mb _| ^r dh d¡gm hr ahm h¡ `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho {à` lram_Or, ì`dhma H$a aho kmZr Ho$ {bE ^r `h g~ Hw$N> emÝV, EH$, Am{X-
AÝVa{hV, ñdÀN>, {Z{d©H$ma, {ebm Ho$ gÑe A{VKZ, _m¡Z ~«÷ê$n hr ahVm h¡, V{ZH$ ^r
Cggo n¥WH²$ `m {^ÝZ Zht ahVm &&22&&
d{U©V nmfmUm»`m{`H$m H$m Omo VmËn`© h¡, CgH$m Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ $&
ho lram_Or, `h g_ñV Ñí` {Zdm©Uê$n Ed§ {MXmH$meê$n hr h¡ $& Amn, h_, nd©V, gwa,
Agwa Am{X ^r VÐyn hr h¢ $& ^Ð, OJV² ^r Amn d¡gm hr AmË_ê$n g_{PE, O¡gm OmJZo Ho$ ~mX
OÝVw Ho$ _Z _| ñdßZ _| XoIm J`m ì`dhma, ñ_¥{V _| AmZo na ^r, AmË_ê$n h¡ &&23&&
AÆ>mdZdm± gJ© g_mßV
CZgR>dm± gJ©
CŠV EH$mÝVeyÝ` àXoe _| g_m{Y Qy>Q> OmZo na d{gîR>Or H$mo gyú_ Üd{Z H$m ldU Am¡a
Üd{ZldU Ho$ H$maU Ho$ AÝdofU Ho$ {bE Ü`mZ H$aZo na AZÝV H$mo{Q> OJV² H$m kmZ hmoZm- dU©ZŸ&
Bg Vah {nN>bo Xmo gJm] go àmg§{JH$ àíZ{df` H$m {Zê$nU hmo OmZo na A~ lram_Or
Am»`m{`H$m H$m Ad{eîQ> ^mJ gwZZo Ho$ {bE nyN>Vo h¢ &
lram_Or Zo H$hm … ho _wZo, Cg AmH$meH$moe H$s Hw${Q>`m go gm¡ df© Ho$ ~mX AmnH$m Ü`mZ
Qy>Q> OmZo Ho$ AZÝVa H$m¡Z-gr OmZZo bm`H$ ~mV hþB©, `h _wPgo H${hE &&1&& _hmamO
d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð Cg Ü`mZ go O~ _¢ OJ J`m, V~ _¢Zo dhm± EH$ Üd{Z gwZr, dh
AË`ÝV bw^mdZr Wr, CgHo$ eãX AË`ÝV {dñnîQ> Zht Wo, Š`m|{H$ Cg_| Z Vmo H$moB© nXmW©
à{VnmXZ H$s gm_Ï`© Wr Am¡a Z dmŠ`mW© à{VnmXZ H$s hr gm_Ï`© Wr &&2&& {H$gr ór Ho$
H$ÊR> go CËn{Îm O{ZV ñd^md{deof go _mZm| `h Üd{Z _¥Xw, _Ywa Am¡a AZwH$aUZerb àVrV
hmo ahr h¡, D±$Mr ^r Zht h¡, AVEd dh H$ht Xya go Zht gwZmB© XoVr AWm©V² nmg H$s hr
h¡, `m| Cg Üd{Z Ho$ {df` _| _¢Zo AZw_mZ {H$`m &&3&& ^Ð, dh ^«_a H$s Üd{Z Ho$ gÑe
Wr, drUm Ho$ P§H$ma Ho$ gÑe _Zwî` H$mo bw^mZodmbr Wr $& dh eãX Z Vmo H$moB© ~mbH$ H$m
éXZ Wm Am¡a Z H$moB© àm¡‹T> ì`[ŠV H$m nR>Z hr Wm $& hm±, H$_b Ho$ {~gH$moe _| à{gÕ ^«_am|
Ho$ Jw§OZ Ho$ gÑe dh Adí` Wm &&4&& Cgo gwZH$a dhm± _wPo ~‹S>m hr {dñ_` hþAm $& CŠV
eãXH$Vm© Ho$ AÝdofU Ho$ {Z{_Îm go _¢Zo Xgm| {XemE± XoI S>mbt ~mX _| _¢ `h gmoMZo bJm &&5&&
"{OZ _mJm] _| {gÕ nwéf hr g§MaU H$a gH$Vo h¢, CZgo ^r eyÝ` Omo bmIm| `moOZ Xya h¢,
CZH$mo ^r bm±KH$a `h AmH$me H$m D$Üd©V_ ^mJ [ñWV h¡ &&6&& Bg{bE Bg EH$mÝV ñWmZ
_| órdmŠ` Ho$ gÑe Eogo eãX H$m g§^d H¡$go hmoJm Am¡a ~‹S>o `ËZ go XoIVm hÿ±, Vmo ^r _¢
eãX H$aZodmbo H$mo Zht XoI nmVm &&7&& _oao gm_Zo {dÚ_mZ `h Omo {Z_©b AmH$me h¡, dh
Vmo Agr_ Am¡a Mmam| Amoa go eyÝ`ê$n hr h¡ & ~‹S>o `ËZ go _¢ XoI ahm hÿ±, Vmo ^r H$moB© àmUr
{XImB© Zht XoVm &&8&& Cg Vah {dMmaH$a ~ma-~ma Mmam| Amoa Iy~ XoIm, naÝVw O~ eãX
H$aZodmbo H$m Xe©Z Zht hþAm, V~ Bg Vah {dMmaZo bJm &&9&& "_¢ g~go nhbo Cnm{Y H$m
n[aË`mJH$a {MXmH$meê$n hmo OmD±$, VXZÝVa {MXmH$me _| AÜ`ñV Aì`mH¥$V AmH$me Ho$
gmW EH$ê$n ~Z OmD§±$ {\$a Aì`mH¥$V AmH$me Ho$ H$m`© ^yVmH$me Ho$ JwU eãXm| Am¡a CZHo$
AWm] H$m Cgr_| AZw^d H$ê±$ &&10&& A^r _¢ Ü`mZ Ho$ à^md go `hm± na `Wm[ñWV XohmH$me
H$mo `ht AmH$me _| N>mo‹S>H$a {MXmH$meê$nr eara YmaUH$a d¡go Aì`mH¥$V AmH$me Ho$ gmW
EH$ê$n ~Z OmVm hÿ±, O¡go Ob{~ÝXw gmYmaU Ob Ho$ gmW EH$ê$n ~Z OmVm h¡ &&11&& ^Ð,
ŸyÕ - 59] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1973
Cg Vah {dMmaH$a nÙmgZ _| [ñWV hþAm Am¡a eara H$mo N>mo‹S>Zo Ho$ {Z{_Îm g_m{Y bJmZo
Ho$ {bE _¢Zo {\$a AnZr Am±I| _y±X bt $&&12&& AZÝVa B[ÝÐ`m| gå~ÝYr ~mø AWm] H$m ñne©
VWm AÝV…H$aU Ho$ {df`m| H$m ñne© Ë`mJ {X`m, A{YH$ Š`m H$h|, _ÝVì` Am{X H$m ^r
n[aË`mJ H$a {X`m, {\$a _¢ EH$_mÌ g§{dËñnÝXZê$n {MÎmmH$me ~Z J`m $&&13&& BgHo$ ~mX
CZH$m ^r H«$_e… n[aË`mJH$a ~w{ÕVÎd Ho$ ñWmZ _| nhþ±M J`m, {\$a CgH$m ^r Ë`mJH$a
{MXmH$meê$n dmñV{dH$ ñdê$n _| nhþ±M J`m Am¡a dhm± nhþ±MH$a AnZr AmË_m _| AÜ`ñV
g_ñV OJV² Ho$ à{V{~å~m| H$m EH$ Xn©Uê$n ~Z J`m &&14&& ^Ð BgHo$ ~mX Cgr {MËñd^md
go _¢ ^yVmH$me Ho$ gmW EH$ê$n Eogo ~Z J`m, O¡go gm_mÝ` Ob Ho$ gmW g_wÐm{XOb `m
gm_mÝ` gm¡a^ Ho$ gmW H$_bm{X gm¡a^ EH$ê$n ~Z OmVm h¡ $&&15&&
Cg ^yVmH$me _| ^yVmH$me Ho$ H$m`©^yV g_ñV g¥[îQ>`m| H$m AdbmoH$Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE {MXmH$me
Ho$ gmW AôXH$ënZm H$hVo h¢ $&
VXZÝVa _¢ {M{Vê$n _hmH$me Ho$ gmW AôXgå~ÝYr H$ënZm H$a Agr_ Am¡a gd©Jm_r ~Z
J`m $& Ag§J-AÛ`ê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AZmH$ma Am¡a AZmYma hmoVm hþAm ^r gdm©Yma`mo½`
^yVmH$me Ho$ gmW A{^ÝZVm go g~ nXmWm] H$m AmYma^yV ~Z J`m &&16&& ^yVmH$me H$s AdñWm
H$mo àmßV {MXmH$me _| _¢ VrZm| bmoH$m| Ho$ PwÊS>m| H$mo, g¡H$‹S>m| g§gmam| H$mo Am¡a bmIm| AJ{UV
~«÷mÊS>m| H$mo XoIZo bJm &&17&& ò g~ gJ© Aì`mH¥$V {Z_©b AmH$me_mÌê$n Wo, Bg{bE EH$
Xygao H$s Ñ[îQ> go {N>no Wo $& CZ_| AZoH$ Vah Ho$ AmMma Am¡a AZoH$ Vah Ho$ {dMma Wo Ed§ nañna
do eyÝ`ê$n Wo $&&18&&
EH$ g_` gmoò hþE nwéfm| Ho$ {bE do g¥[îQ>`m± ñdßZê$n Wr, EH$ Ñ[îQ> go ~‹S>o-~‹S>o g_mamohm|
go nyU© Wr, Vmo Xygao H$s Ñ[îQ> go CÎmamoÎma {d_{X©V Wr AVEd nañna eyÝ` AeyÝ`ê$n Wr &&19&&
CZ_| Hw$N> Vmo CËnÝZ hmo ahr Wr, Hw$N> ZîQ> hmo ahr Wr, Hw$N> VoOr go ~‹T> ahr Wr, Hw$N> {dÚ_mZ
Wr, Hw$N> AVrV Wr Am¡a ~hþV-gr ^{dî`H$mb Ho$ J^© _| Wr &&20&& lram_Or, CZHo$ {df` _|
Š`m dU©Z H$ê±$, Hw$N> Vmo AZoH$ {MÌm| go emo{^V, Hw$N> ~‹S>r-~‹S>r Xrdmam| go `wŠV, Hw$N> Xrdmam| go
a{hV Am¡a Hw$N> _Zwî`m| Ûmam AnZo _Z go hr CJ« amOm| go AmH«$mÝV ~ZmB© JB© Wr$&&21&&
ñdßZ _| XoIr JB© g¥[îQ>`m| _| Vmo ~«÷mÊS>m| Ho$ AmdaU Am¡a CZH$s g§»`m H$m H$moB© {Z`_ hr
Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ {OgH$mo {OVZr dmgZm hþB©, CgHo$ à{V CVZr hr g¥[îQ> H$[ënV hmoVr h¡, Bg
Ame` go H$hVo h¢ $&
Hw$N> g¥[îQ>`m± Vmo AmdaUmË_H$ nXmWm] go a{hV Wr VWm Hw$N> EH$ AmdaUdmbr hr Wt $&
{H$Ýht _| nm±M AmdaU Wo, {H$Ýht _| gmV AmdaU Wo, {H$Ýht _| Xg AmdaU Wo, {H$Ýht _| gmobh
AmdaU Wo, {H$Ýht _| Mm¡~rg AmdaU Wo, {H$Ýht _| N>Îmrg AmdaU Wo, Hw$N> AmH$meê$n AmdaU
go Amd¥V Wr () &&22,23&& Hw$N> eyÝ`-AmH$meê$n hr Wt, Hw$N> ^yVm| go âr Wt, Hw$N> nm±M
^yVê$n hr Wt, Hw$N> Vmo EH$-EH$ n¥Ïdr Am{X ^yVdmbr Wt, Hw$N> n¥Ïdr Am{X Mma ^yVm|dmbr hr
Wt &&24&& {H$Ýht_| n¥Ïdr, Ob, VoO ò VrZ hr Wo, {H$Ýht _| H$moB© Am¡a hr ^yV Wo, {H$Ýht _| Vmo
n¥Ïdr Am¡a Ob ò Xmo hr Wo, {H$Ýht_| gmV ^yV (H$mb Am¡a {Xem H$mo ^yV _mZH$a) Wo VWm {H$Ýht
_| EH$Om{V Ho$ hr g~ nXmW© Wo &&25&&
{gÕ, {dÚmYa Am{X H$s Omo {MÌ-{d{MÌ H$ënZmE± h¢, CZH$s Vmo _Zwî` ~w{Õ go g§^mdZm ^r
Zht hmo gH$Vr, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, Hw$N> Vmo _¢Zo Eogo gyú_ {MÌ-{d{MÌ n[aUm_dmbo ^yVm| go `wŠV g§gma XoIo {H$ CZ
n[aUm_m| H$s Amn AnZo AZw^d Ho$ {dñVma go g§^mdZm ^r Zht H$a gH$Vo $& Hw$N> Vmo {ZaÝVa
AÝYH$ma go ì`mßV Am¡a gy`© Am{X go a{hV Wo $&&26&& Hw$N> gJ© Vmo gwfw[ßV Am¡a àb`m| go hr
ânya Wo `mZr gwfw[ßV-àb`_` Wo, {H$Ýht _| Ho$db {haÊ`J^© hr {damO_mZ Wo Am¡a Hw$N> _|
àOmn{V Am¡a CZHo$ A§e^yV XodVmAm| H$m {MÌ-{d{MÌ AmMaU XoIVo hr ~ZVm Wm &&27&&
Bgr AW© H$m {dñVma H$aVo h¢ $&
{H$Ýht_| {damJ n¡Xm H$aZodmbo doXm{X emó Wo Am¡a {H$Ýht _| doXm{X emó Zht ^r Wo VWm
{H$Ýht _| CXwå~a Ho$ H$sQ> Ho$ gÑe g_maå^dmbo XodVm hr àmUr Wo $&&28&& H$ht na H${b H$m
Amaå^ hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU doXm{X emóm| H$m CÀN>oX hmo J`m Wm, Bg{bE ~«m÷U Am{X Om{V`m±
AnZr Ho$db naånam go hr Hw$N> g§Ho$Vm| go AnZm AmMaU H$aVr Wt $& Hw$N> {ZaÝVa àH$me_` Wo
Am¡a Hw$N> àÁd{bV A{½Z`m| go nyU© Wo $&&29&& Hw$N> g¥[îQ>`m± Ho$db Ob go hr âr Wt, Hw$N> Ho$db
dm`w go hr ânya Wt, Hw$N> na_mH$me _| {ZíMb Wt, Hw$N> amV-{XZ MbVr-{\$aVr Wt &&30&&
Hw$N> CËnÝZ hmo ahr Wt, Hw$N> d¥{Õ àmßV H$a ahr Wt, Hw$N> Mmam| Amoa go Iy~ nwîQ> hmo ahr Wr, Hw$N>
Q>o‹T>r Om ahr Wt Am¡a Hw$N> AÝ` n[anyU© ^mo½` nXmWm] go âr Wt &&31&& {H$Ýht _| Ho$db XodVmAm|
H$s hr g¥[îQ> Wr, {H$Ýht _| A{YH$ Ho$db _Zwî` hr Wo, {H$Ýht _| A{YH$Vm X¡Ë`m| Ho$ g_yhm| H$s Wr
Am¡a Hw$N> Vmo H$sQ>m| go hr ZraÝY« Wt $&&32&& H$ht na H$XbrñVå^ Ho$ Xb Ho$ gÑe àËòH$ na_mUw
Ho$ ^rVa, CgHo$ ^rVa Ho$ ^r ^rVa H$[ënV AnZo H$moe _| AZoH$ OJV² CËnZ hmo aho Wo Am¡a Hw$N>
CËnÝZ ^r hmo MwHo$ Wo &&33&& g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ ñdßZm| Ho$ gÑe CËnÝZ hþE ~‹S>o ^r Hw$N> gJ© EH$ Xygao
go {N>no Wo Am¡a {H$Ýht H$m nañna AZw^d ^r Zht hmo ahm Wm &&34&& Hw$N> Vmo {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ Vah
H$s g¥[îQ>`m± Wr, Hw$N> Agr_ Wt, Hw$N> ñdÀN> AmH$me Ho$ gÑe {Z_©b Wt, {H$Ýht _| {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ
{H«$`m-H$_© Wo Am¡a Hw$N> {df_ [ñW{Vdmbr Wt &&35&& Hw$N> gJ© Eogo Wo, {OZ_| Xygao go _ob Z
() EH$ nXmW©dmXr Am{X`m| Ho$ _Vm| go H$hm J`m h¡ $&
ŸyÕ - 59] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1975
ImZodmbo {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ emó Wo, Hw$N> nañna AZÝV Ad`d EH$-go Wo, Hw$N> H$m ñ_aU hmoZo na
EH$ Xygao EH$ê$n hr _mby_ hmoVo Wo &&36&& Hw$N> g¥[îQ>`m± Eogr Wt, {OZ_| EH$ Xygar g¥[îQ> Ho$ {bE
nabmoH$ ~Z OmVr Wr `mZr EH$ _| _aH$a nwéf Xygar g¥[îQ> _| OmVm Wm $& Hw$N> g¥[îQ> Eogr Wt,
{OZ_| EH$ g¥[îQ> Ho$ à{V Xygar g¥[îQ> {gÕ ZJaê$n ~Z OmVr Wr $& {H$Ýht g¥[îQ>`m| _| AbJ-
AbJ ñdê$n Ho$ _hm^yV Wo Am¡a H$ht na {XemE± Ed§ nd©V {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ ê$n Ho$ Wo &&37&&
Bgr{bE AÝ`dñVw H$m AÝ`Ì dU©Z H$aZo na An[a{Z[îR>V ~w{Õdmbm| H$s Ñ[îQ> _| ò AJå`Vm
Ho$ H$maU Ag_§Ogê$n ^mgVo h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
AmnHo$-O¡go nwéfm| Ho$ AZw^d Am¡a à`ËZ Ho$ A{df` Omo nXmW© h¢, do `{X gm_Zo Am Om`|
Am¡a _oao-O¡go nwéf CZH$m dU©Z H$a|, Vmo ^r CZH$m ñdê$n Ag_§Og hr bJoJm, `mZr CZHo$
ñdê$n H$m kmZ {~ZAZw^dr nwéf H$mo hmo hr Zht gH$Vm, Eogo ^r nXmW© H$ht na Wo &&38&&
V~ Vmo Eogo nXmW© AmnHo$ gÑe nwéfm| Ho$ CnXoe go kmV hmo Om`|Jo, Bg na H$hVo h¢$&
^Ð, M¡VÝ`ê$nr gy`© Ho$ {H$aU_ÊS>b _| na_mUwAm| Ho$ gÑe AË`ÝV gyú_ê$ndmbo na gJ©
à{g{Õ H$mo àmßV {H$ò hþE Wo () VWm H$ht na Vmo _mojbú_r Ho$ Hw$ÊS>bê$n Aì`mH¥$V AmH$me
Am¡a ^yVmH$me _| {MÌ-{d{MÌ aËZa[í_Omb H$s A{YH$Vm go M_H$sbo gJ© Wo, Bg{bE CnXoe go
^r CZH$m kmZ hmoZm H${R>Z g_{PE &&39&& Hw$N> gJ© Vmo Eogo XoIo {H$ dZ Ho$ nÎmm| Ho$ gÑe do hr
{\$a gÐyn CËnÝZ hmo hmoH$a ZîQ> hmoVo OmVo Wo Am¡a {\$a CËnÝZ hmoVo OmVo Wo Ed§ Hw$N> CÝht Ho$
gÑe hr CËnÝZ hmoVo Wo$&&40&& ^Ð, Hw$N> gJ© Eogo Wo {H$ EH$ hr {M{V _| g~H$m AÜ`mg hmoZo Ho$
H$maU n¥WH²$ A[ñVËd Z aIZo go gÑe hmoVo hþE ^r AgÑe hr Wo Am¡a gÑe ^r hmoVo hþE Hw$N>
g_` VH$ AË`ÝV gÑe Ed§ Hw$N> H$mb Ho$ {bE AË`ÝV {dgÑe ^r ahVo Wo &&41&&
AWdm d¥j Am¡a \$b Ho$ gÑe CZ_| ôX Am¡a AôX H$s H$ënZm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢$&
na_mW© M¡VÝ`ê$n _hmd¥j Ho$ do AZÝV \$b Wo, do AZÝ` hr hmoVo hþE ^r Cggo {^ÝZ-go
Wo $&&42&& {H$Ýht gJm] _| ñdën hr H$ën H$m H$mb Wm, Vmo {H$Ýht gJm] _| ~‹S>m bå~m H$ën H$m
H$mb Wm, Xygao ~hþVm| _| Vmo {Z`_ hr Z Wm `mZr Xoe, H$mb, dñVw Am{X Ho$ ñd^md H$m {Z`_ hr
Zht Wm Am¡a Xygao ~hþVm| _| CZH$m {Z`_ Wm ^r &&43&& gy`© H$m A^md hmoZo go {H$Ýht _| H$mbkmZ
hr Z hmo nmVm Wm, Hw$N> Vmo H$mH$Vmbr` Ý`m` go AH$ñ_mV² hr ñd`§ CËnÝZ, nwîQ> Am¡a gwÑ‹T>
[ñW{V ~ZmH$a [ñWV Wo &&44&&
do Š`m gË` h¢, Bg àíZ H$m "Zht' CÎma XoVo h¢ &
na_{MXmH$me Ho$ H$moe _| do eyÝ`ê$n hr h¢, gË`ê$n Zht $& do H$~go CËnÝZ h¢, `h CZHo$
() H$ht na "eoî`_mZm{Z' `h ^r nmR> {_bVm h¡, CgH$m "n[aeofê$nVm H$mo àmßV {H$ò
hþE Wo' `h AW© hmoJm &
{df` _| Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm & hm±, BVZm H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ do AkmZê$n Xmof go `wŠV
àË`JmË_m _| AZm{XH$mb go hr CËnÝZ hþE h¢ &&45&& {M{V Ho$ M_ËH$maê$n AmH$me _| `mZr
{MXmH$me _| g¡H$‹S>m| g_wÐ, gy`©, AmH$me, _oé Am{X nXmWm] go ^br^m±{V AmH«$mÝV gßVOmb Ho$
gÑe aOmoJwU Ed§ V_moJwU go H$bw{fV hmoH$a do AZoH$ OJV² ^m{gV hmo aho h¢ &&46&& dmñVd _|
H$maUm| Ho$ A^md go H$maUa{hV n¥Ïdr Am{X H$m AZw^d Vmo ^«_mË_H$ h¡, Bg{bE ~«÷ê$n
A{YîR>mZ H$s gÎmm boH$a hr do g~ OJV² {dÚ_mZ h¢, Cgo Z boH$a do AnZo ñdê$n go Vmo h¢ hr
Zht &&47&& _¥JV¥îUmOb Ho$ àdmh Ho$ gÑe AWdm Xmo MÝÐ`wŠV AmH$me Ho$ dU© Ho$ ò OJV²
^«_ê$n AZw^d go hr CËnÝZ hþE h¢, AV… do gË`ê$n A{YîR>mZ H$s gÎmm go gË`ê$n h¢, AnZo
ñdê$n go do gË`ê$n Zht h¢ &&48&& {M{V Ho$ g§H$ënê$n AmH$me _| hr Eogo-Eogo Ag§»` OJV²
^m{gV hmo aho h¢, do g~Ho$ g~ dmgZmê$nr dm`w go C‹S>mò Om aho AnZr MoîQ>mAm| go {dbw[ÊR>V hmo
ah| h¢ & BYa-CYa bw‹T>H$ aho h¢ $&&49&& na~«÷ê$nr CXwå~ad¥j Ho$ AÝXa Ag§»` Xod, XmZd
Am{X Vmo _ÀN>‹a h¢ Am¡a do ~«÷mÊS> ndZm| go Py_ aho h¡, ^moJm{X {d{MÌ agm| go n[anyU© CgHo$ \$b
h¢ AWm©V² ~«÷ê$nr CXwå~ad¥j Ho$ ~«÷mÊS>ê$nr \$b Ho$ ^rVa ò Xod, XmZd Am{Xê$n AZoH$
_ÀN>‹a {dÚ_mZ h¢ &&50&& {MXmH$me _| ò g~ OJV² gwÝXa ñd^mddmbo VWm g¥[îQ>ê$n [Ibdm‹S>
H$aZodmbo {dewÕ {M{VVÎdê$n ~mbH$ Ho$ g§H$ënZJa h¢ &&51&&
ò OJV² g§H$ën ZJa h¢, Bg ~mV H$mo Ñ‹T> H$aZo _| H$m¡Z-gm hoVw h¢, Bgo ~VbmVo h¢ $&
do g~ OJV² "Vw_', "_¢', "`h' Am{X A{^_mZ ~w{Õ~b go, gy`© Ho$ Xr[ßV~b go {_Q²>Q>r
Ho$ {Ibm¡Zm| Ho$ gÑe, AË`ÝV Ñ‹T> ~Zmò Jò h¢ &&52&& {ZaÝVa V¥[ßV go âr hþB© VWm amJê$nr
ag go n[anyU© H$_m] Ho$ \$bm| H$mo Adí` àXmZ H$aZodmbr {Z`{V Zo CZH$s emIm-CnemIm
Ho$ Ûmam Eogo d¥{Õ H$s h¡, O¡go dgÝV F$Vw H$s agaoIm ~‹S>o-~‹S>o \$b bJZodmbo dZm| H$s emIm-
CnemIm Ûmam d¥{Õ H$aVr h¡ &&53&& g¥[îQ> H$mo ~VbmZodmbr lw{V H$s Ñ[îQ> go Vmo CZ g~H$m
H$Vm© ~«÷m hr h¡ Am¡a "Anyd©_Zna_²' BË`m{X lw{V`m| H$s Ñ[îQ> go CZH$m H$Vm© ~«÷m Zht ^r h¡
dmñVd _| Vmo do {H$gr go {Z{_©V h¢ hr Zht, {H$ÝVw AmH$meê$n (eyÝ`ê$n) hr h¢ $& `Ú{n dñVw
[ñW{V Eogr h¡, Vmo ^r _hm{M{Vê$n AmH$me _| ñd`§ hr AnZo ê$n H$mo YmaU H$a do [ñWV h¢,
naÝVw {H$gr Ho$ Ûmam gånm{XV ^r àVrV hmoVo h¢ &&54&& dñVwV… ò OJV² na_mW© {MÐyn hr h¢,
{\$a ^r AÝ` go CËnÝZ _mby_ n‹S>Vo h¢, dñVwV… AàmßV hr h¢, {\$a ^r àmßV-go àVrV hmoVo
h¢, gXm AgÐyn hr h¢, {\$a ^r gÐyn go ^mgVo h¢ &&55&& ^wdZm| H$s g§»`m Mm¡Xh, Ho$db
Xod`mo{Z`m| H$s g§»`m go Xe, _Zwî` Am{X EH$-EH$ Om{V H$mo boH$a EH$, `m| {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ
Vah Ho$ ^yVg_yhm| go `wŠV do AZoH$ hmoVo hþE ^r OJV² {\$a EH$ hr ê$n Ho$ h¢, {H$ÝVw Xygao hr
ê$n Ho$ ^rVa Am¡a ~mha CËnÝZ hmoVo ahVo h¢$&&56&& `Ú{n ò g~ OJV² ZaH$, ñdJ©, nmVmb
ŸyÕ - 60] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1977
~mÝYd Am¡a {_Ìê$n ~‹S>o-~‹S>o g_mamohm| go AmH«$mÝV h¢, {\$a ^r na_mW©Ñ[îQ> go eyÝ`ê$n hr
h¢ &&57&& ò g~ jragmJa Ho$ Ob Ho$ gÑe Mmam| Amoa ñZoh (àr{Vê$n) gma go nyU©, Va§Jm| Ho$
gÑe ^§Jwa VWm ^rVa Am¡a ~mha go n[adV©Zerb h¢ &&58&& AmË_mê$nr gy`© Ho$ VoO Ho$ AÝXa
do Ho$db Am^mgê$n h¢ Am¡a dm`w go ñnÝXZ H$s Vah do g~ ñdV… CËnÝZ hþE h¢ $&&59&& ò
OJV² ~w{Õ Ah§H$ma Am¡a {MÎmê$nr nÎmm| Ho$ {bE EH$ Vah go no‹S> hr h¢ $& VWm O¡go ñdßZ _|
{ZaÝVa AñV ñd{^ÝZ _Zwî`m| Ho$ Ñí` AgË` h¢, d¡go hr ñd{^ÝZê$n go XoIZodmbm| H$mo ^r
gmYmaUê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU do AgË` ê$n hr h¢ &&60&& nwamU, doX Ho$ {gÕmÝVê$n H$ënZmAm|
Ho$ ñdßZm| _| Ñ‹T>{dídmgê$nr Jm‹T> {ZÐm boH$a gmoò hþE ò OJV² VÎdkmZ H$m AË`ÝV hr A^md
hmoZo Ho$ H$maU _mZm| _¥VH$m| H$m ñdê$n YmaU {H$ò hþE h¢ &&61&& ^Ð, na_mW©^yV ~«÷ê$nr
_hmZ² O§Jb _| _m`mCn{hV{M{Vê$n JÝYd© Ho$ Ûmam ~Zmò Jò VWm gy`ê© $nr XrnH$m| go àH$m{eV
do OJV²-ê$nr Ka _hmZ² JhZ h¢ `mZr CZH$m Agbr ñdê$n OmZZm ~‹S>m hr H${R>Z h¢ $&&62&&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, _¢Zo Cg g_` H$s g_m{Y _| AZÝV {MXmH$me _| {H$gr H$maU Ho$ {~Zm
CËnÝZ hþE VWm {H$gr H$maU Ho$ {~Zm hr OrU©-erU© hmo OmZodmbo AZÝV OJV² XoIo Omo
{V{_aamoJ`wŠV Am±Im| go {XImB© n‹S>Zodmbo Ho$emoÊS—>H$ Ho$ gÑe ^«m[ÝV_mÌ go {gÕ Wo &&63&&
CZgR>dm± gJ© g_mßV
gmR>dm± gJ©
d{gîR>Or H$mo g_m{Y _| eãX H$aZodmbr ór H$m AdbmoH$Z VWm
CgH$s Cnojm H$aZo na {\$a AZoH$ {d{MÌ OJV² H$m Xe©ZŸ&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … lr am_^Ð, BVZo Ag§»` g§gma XoIZo Ho$ ~mX _¡|Zo eãX Ho$
H$maU H$mo Ty>±‹T>Vo-Ty>±‹T>Vo Mmam| Amoa ~hþV H$mb VH$ Iy~ ^«_U {H$`m VXZÝVa _¢ AmdaUa{hV
g§{dXmH$meê$n ~Z J`m &&1&& O~ _¢ CŠV AmH$meê$n ~Z J`m, V~ _¢Zo drUm Ho$ eãX Ho$ gÑe
eãX gwZm, H«$_e… CgHo$ nX ^r ñ\w$Q> hmo Jò, {\$a _wPo `h ^r _mby_ hmoZo bJm {H$ ò eãX Am`m©
N>ÝX Ho$ h¢ &&2&& AZÝVa _oar `moJÑ[îQ> nmg _| hr, Ohm± go eãX hmo ahm Wm, Cg Xoe _| n‹S> JB©$&
_¢Zo dhm± EH$ ór XoIr, CgZo AnZr H$ZH$-O¡gr ñnÝXZerb à^m go Mmam| Amoa Ho$ AmH$me_ÊS>b
H$mo àH$m{eV H$a {X`m Wm &&3&& CgHo$ Jbo H$s _mbm Am¡a n{hZo hþE dó Iy~ \$a\$am aho Wo,
CgHo$ bmoMZ H$mZm| Ho$ Ho$em| H$mo ^r ì`mHw$b {H$ò Wo CgHo$ _mWo H$s doUr ~‹S>r hr M§Mb Wr, _mby_
Eogm hmoVm Wm, _mZm| gmjmV² bú_r hr AmB© hþB© h¢ &&4&& CgHo$ A§J H$_Zr` gwdU© Ho$ gÑe
Jm¡adU© Ho$ Wo, _mJ©ñW n{WH$ Ho$ gÑe CgH$m ZdrZ `m¡dZ Yrao-Yrao Om ahm Wm, dZXodr Ho$
gÑe Mmam| Amoa gwJÝY â XoZodmbo gånyU© ZI{eImÝV Ad`dm| Ho$ H$maU dh Am±Imo H$mo ~‹S>r hr
gwÝXa bJ ahr Wr &&5&& CgH$m _wI Vmo nyU©MÝÐ Ho$ gÑe Wm, CgH$m hmñ` \y$b Ho$ T>oa-go
bw^mdZm Wm, `m¡dZ Ho$ H$maU CgH$m AmZZ Hw$N> CÔÊS>-gm bJVm Wm, ~am¡Z (nbH$m| Ho$ AmJo
Ho$ ~mb) Ho$ CÎm_ bjUm| go ({M•m| go) CgH$s emo^m XoIVo hr ~ZVr Wr &&6&& AmH$me H$m H$moe
hr CgHo$ ahZo H$m Ka Wm, dh gwÝXa Vmo BVZr Wr {H$ {OVZr eem§H$ MÝÐ_m H$s {H$aU| & CgZo
_mo{V`m| H$m ~Zm`m J`m AY©MÝÐmH$ma hma nhZm Wm Am¡a CgH$s MoîQ>m _oar Amoa AmZo H$s _mby_
hmoVr Wr $&&7&& ^Ð, Cg dm_m Zo _oao nmg _| AmH$a AË`ÝV _Ywa ñda go _¥Xw EH$ Am`m© n‹T>r, Cg
ór H$m {dbmg Am`m] Ho$ O¡gm hr Wm, Cg g_` CgHo$ _wI _| H$mo_b hmñ` {ZIa ahm Wm &&8&&
Cgr Am`m© N>ÝX H$mo ~VbmVo h¢
ho _wZo, Ib nwéfm| Ho$ {bE hr AnZr `mo½`Vm aIZodmbo H$m_, H«$moY Am{X {OVZo Xmof h¢,
CZgo AmnH$m AÝV…H$aU gd©Wm A{bßV h¢, Amn g§gmaê$nr ZXr _| Sy>~ OmZodmbo Ordm| Ho$ {bE
VrañW Aml`ê$n d¥j h¢, AV… _¢ AmnH$mo hr Mmam| Amoa go àUm_ H$aVr hÿ± &&9&&
dh gwZH$a AmnZo Š`m {H$`m, Bg àíZ na H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, `h gwZH$a Am¡a Cg gwÝXa_wIr Ed§ _YwaeãXdmbr a_Ur H$mo XoIH$a _¢Zo gmoMm • `h
Vmo ór h¡, Bggo _oam Š`m à`moOZ {gÕ hmoJm $& CgHo$ à{V CnojmH$a dhm± go _¢ AmJo ~‹T>m &&10&&
CgHo$ ~mX _¢Zo Ag§»` OJV² go `wŠV _m`m XoIr, Cgo XoIH$a _wPo AË`ÝV AmíM`© hþAm,
CgH$m ^r AZmXa hr H$a AmH$me_ÊS>b _| {dhma H$aZo Ho$ {bE _¢ CÚV hmo J`m &&11&& VXÝVa
_m`mO{ZV Cg {MÝVm H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a eyÝ`ñd^md AmH$me _| [ñWV OJÝ_m`m H$mo {MXmH$meê$n
hmoH$a OmZZo Ho$ {bE _¡oZo Á`mo§ hr àd¥{V H$s, Ë`mo§ hr do g~ OJV² Cg Vah eyÝ`ê$n hmo Jò, {Og
Vah ñdßZ, _ZmoamÁ` Am¡a H$Wm Ho$ AW© Ho$ àH$meZ _| OJV² eyÝ`ê$n hmo OmVo h¢ $&&12,13&&
^Ð, AV… ò g~ eyÝ`ê$n h¢, Bg{bE na_mW© _| ò H$moB© OJV² H$ht {H$gr g_` Z Vmo XoIVo h¢
Am¡a Z gwZVo hr h¢ $& AVEd do g~ H$ën, _hmH$ën Am¡a gJ© _| EH$ê$n hr h¢ `mZr CZ g~
g¥[îQ>`m| H$s CZ H$ënm{X go g_mZê$nVm hr h¡ &&14&& ^Ð, {OZ_| CÝ_Îm nwîH$amdV© Zm_ Ho$
àb`H$mar _oK ~agVo h¢, CÝ_Îm CËnmVH$mar dm`w ~hVr h¢ VWm Vmo‹S>o Jò ~‹S>o-~‹S>o nd©Vm| Ho$
^`§H$a eãXm| go ~«÷mÊS>_§S>n H$mo {OÝhm|Zo ì`mßV H$a {X`m h¡ & Eogo VV²-VV² OJh Ho$ AÝXa
àd¥Îm hþE ^r H$ënmÝVm| H$mo, ò OJV² nañna Zht OmZ nmVo $&&15&& YYH$ ahr àb`m{½Z Ho$
{dñ\$moQ>m| go Hw$~oa Ho$ ^dZ {OZ_| MQ>-MQ> eãX H$a aho h¢, {OZ_| AmH$ma _| J|X Ho$ gÑe ~mah
Am{XË` _ÊS>b AmH$me _| MŠH$a H$mQ>Vo ahVo h¢, Eogo H$ënmÝVm| H$mo do nañna Zht XoI nmVo &&16&&
BYa-CYa bw‹T>H$Vo hþE XodZJam| Ho$ g_yhm| Ho$ ì`mnH$ H«$ÝXZm| Ho$ H$maU KK©a eãX H$a aho g_ñV
nd©Vm| H$s {ZVå~ lo{U`mo| H$mo {ZJb OmZo _| A{VCX²^Q> H$ënmÝV H$mbm| H$mo do OJV² nañna Zht
OmZVo $&&17&& àb`_ÊS>b H$s ^`§H$a A{½Z H$s ÁdmbmAm| Ho$ {dbmgm| go {dñnîQ>ê$n go nQ>-
ŸyÕ - 60] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1979
nQ> eãXH$a aho VWm AmË_m Ho$ Agbr ñd^md Ho$ Üd§g go (AkmZ go) CËnÝZ ~‹S>o jmo^m| Ho$ gÑe
ObMam| Ho$ jmo^ go jwãY hþE AmH$me ê$nr _hmg_wÐ go `wŠV H$ënmÝVm| H$mo do nañna Zht
OmZVo &&18&& XodVm, XmZd Am¡a _Zwî` Ho$ Kam| Ho$ KK©a H«$ÝXZÜd{Z`m|go, Omo A{VH$H©$e h¢ VWm
ÚwbmoH$ VH$ gmV g_wÐm| H$mo ~‹T>mH$a CZH$s _hm~m‹T> go Omo gy`© Ed§ MÝÐ Ho$ _ÊS>bm| H$mo ^r Ob
go â XoVo h¢, CZ H$ënmÝVm| H$mo do OJV² nañna Zht XoIVo $&&19&& ^Ð, CZ d{U©V OJVm| _| EH$
Xwgao Ho$ ^rVa Bg Vah Ho$ H$ënmÝVH$mb àd¥Îm hþE ahVo h¢, naÝVw do g^r OJV² EH$ Xygao _| àd¥Îm
H$ënmÝVm| H$mo Cg Vah Zht OmZ nmVo, {Og Vah EH$ _H$mZ _| gmoò hþE nwéf ñdßZ _| EH$ Xwgao
Ho$ aUeãX H$mo &&20&&
Bg àH$ma OJV² H$s àmg§{JH$ nañna eyÝ`Vm H$m dU©Z H$a A~ àñVwV {df` H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, CZ ~«÷mÊS>m| _| _¢Zo hOmam| éÐ, g¡H$‹S>m|-H$amo‹S> ~«÷m, bmIm| {dîUw
Am¡a Ag§»` H$ën XoIo &&21&& ^Ð, Cg Vah AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ Omo ~«÷m§S> AmnH$mo ~Vbmò,
CZ_| Omo {M{Vê$n dñVw h¡, Cgr _| VH$m] go `mZr g§H$ënm| go CZH$m {dZme Am¡a CX` _¢Zo
XoIm $& {MÛñVw _| Z Vmo Am{XË`_ÊS>b h¡, Z {XZ, amV `m ^yVb h¡ Am¡a Z H$ën, `wJ Am¡a
df© H$s g_m[ßV hr h¡ &&22&&
AñVw, H$ënZm go hr CX` Am¡a AñV h¡, Bggo àH¥$V _| Š`m Am`m, Bg na H$hVo h¢ $&
lram_Or, g~ Hw$N> MoVZ _| hr h¡, g~ Hw$N> MoVZ hr h¡, MoVZ hr g~ Hw$N> h¡, Mmam| Amoa go
MoVZ hr MoVZ h¡, MoVZ hr gV² h¡ , gdm©Ë_H$ ^r MoVZ hr h¡ • `hr _¢Zo AÝd` - ì`{VaoH$ go
narjmH$a dhm± XoIm &&23&&
{H$g àH$ma Ho$ VH©$ go {H$g àH$ma H$m CX` h¡ Am¡a {H$g Vah H$m j` h¡, BgH$m
CXmhaU XoVo h¢ &
ho lram_Or, `{X Amn {H$gr ^r Xem _| {H$gr ê$n H$s H$ënZmH$a Zm_ go `h H$hVo
h¢ {H$ `h KQ> h¡, `h nQ> h¡, Vmo Cg Xem _| AmnHo$ Ûmam à`wŠV VV²-VV² Zm_ê$n go `wŠV
{M{V hr hmo OmVr h¡, `hr CX` h¡ $& `hr {M{V AmH$me go ^r eyÝ`V_ O~ {dd{jV hmoVr
h¡, V~ {H$gr Zm_ `m ê$n go `wŠV Zht hmoVr•`hr CgH$m {dZme h¡ &&24&& `h gmam
Zm_ê$nmË_H$ Omo OJV² h¡, dh Zm_ê$nmË_H$ H$ënZm Ho$ Ûmam AmH$me hr ^mgVm h¡, Š`m|{H$
AmH$me hr dm`w Am{X H«$_ go OJV² Ho$ AmH$ma _| ~Z OmVm h¡, `h ~mV lw{V`m| _| à{gÕ
h¡ Am¡a dhr eãXVÝ_mÌmê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU g~ dñVwAm| Ho$ {bE gmYmaU Zm_mË_H$ ^r ~Z
OmVm h¡ $& AV… "VËd_{g' Am{X eãXê$n go n[aUV AmH$me Ho$ H$maU g~ OJV² na_
{MXmH$meê$n hr h¡, dhr BgH$m AmË`[ÝVH$ j` h¡ &&25&&
`m| {dMma H$aZo na AnZo H$mo Omo AZw^d hþAm, Cgo _hmamO d{gîR>Or ~VbmVo h¢ $&
ho {à` lram_Or, `h Omo Ñí`m| H$m kmZ hmoVm h¡, dh ^«_ h¡, `h AmH$med¥j H$s _§Oar hr
h¡ `mZr AgV² h¡, Bg{bE OJV² _| n[a{eîQ> Omo {MXmH$me h¡, dhr gwI `mZr {Za{Ve`mZÝXê$n
h¡ • BgH$m _¢Zo AZw^d {H$`m &&26&& A[ÝV_ gmjmËH$ma H$s Omo d¥{Îm h¡, VÐyn AmH$me _|
Am{d^m©d hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU EH$ê$n, nyUm©Ë_H$, AZÝV VWm ~moYñdê$n hþE _¢Zo CŠV g_m{Y _|
`h g§H$ëneyÝ`, AZw^d {H$`m &&27&&
`h gånyU© OJV² H$m {~N>m hþAm Omb ~«÷ê$n {Z_©b AmH$me hr h¡ &
OJV² AÝVJ©V Xgm| {XemE±, VXÝVJ©V H$bm, H$mb, Xoe, Ðì`, {H«$`m Am{X g~ Hw$N>
{MXmH$me ~«÷ê$n hr h¡, `h _¢Zo XoIm &&28&& lram_Or, dmgZmZwgma AZoH$ Vah H$s
{^ÝZVm H$mo {bò hþE Omo g§gma _wPo {XImB© {Xò, CZ_| AmH$ma _| _oao gÑe d{gîR> Zm_
Ho$ ~‹S>o CÎm_-CÎm_ ~«÷m Ho$ nwÌ AZoH$ _wZrída XoIo &&29&& ho ~«÷Z², dhm± _¢Zo ~hÎma ÌoVm`wJ
XoIo & do g^r am_mdVma go `wŠV Wo, g¡H$‹S>m| gV`wwJ XoIo Am¡a g¡H$‹S>m| Ûmna XoIo &&30&&
ôXdmgZm H$s à~bVm go VV²-VV² gJm] H$s AdñWmE± AZoH$ Vah H$s _¡Zo XoIt Am¡a VÎdÑ[îQ>
go Vmo CZ g~H$mo ì`mnH$ ~«÷ê$n AmH$me hr XoIm &&31&&
Bg [ñW{V _| Ñ[îQ>ôX go ~«÷ gàn§M Am¡a {Zîàn§M hmo gH$Vm h¡, Bg {df` _| {damoY hmo hr
Zht gH$Vm, `h H$hVo h¢ $&
Z Vmo ~«÷ _| `h OJÐyn Zm_ h¡ Am¡a Z Cg_| OJÐyn dñVw hr h¡, {H$ÝVw dh g~ A[ÝV_ àmß`
VV²nXm{Xê$n, AO, Am{X-AÝVeyÝ` ~«÷ê$n hr h¡ &&32&& Omo ~«÷ê$n nmfmU Ho$ gÑe g~
Vah Ho$ dmUr Ho$ ì`mnmam| go a{hV h¢, g_ñV Zm_ Am¡a ê$nm| go eyÝ` h¡ Am¡a àH$meê$n h¡, dhr
Hw$N> Zm_ê$nmË_H$ ~Z OmVm h¡ Am¡a dhr OJV² Ho$ dof _| ñ_¥V h¡ &&33&& dmñVd _| MoË` Vmo
{MXmH$me _| h¡ Zht, naÝVw {M{V H$s AnZr gÎmm hr OJV² Ho$ ê$n _| ^mgVr h¡ & dh ñdßZ Ho$
AZw^d Ho$ gÑe ^«m[ÝVê$n h¡, AV… {ZamH$ma ~«÷ _| ^mg ahr g¥[îQ> dmñVd _| {ZamH$ma ê$n hr
h¡ &&34&& EH$_mÌ àH$meê$n ~«÷ AnZo AZÝ` (A{^ÝZ) g~ Hw$N> Cg Vah H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Zht
^r H$aVm, {Og Vah AmbmoH$ àH$me H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Zht ^r H$aVm Ÿ& AmbmoH$ AnZo go A{V[aŠV
àH$me Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU àH$me H$mo Zht H$aVm, `h H$hZm dmñVd _| R>rH$ hr h¡ &&35&&
OJV² {MÐyn hr h¡, V~ MÝÐ erVb Am¡a gy`© Ja_ Š`m| ? CbQ>m ^r hmo gH$Vm h¡, `{X `h
H$h|, Vmo `h BîQ> hr h¡, Š`m|{H$ {H$gr ~«÷m§S> _| d¡gm ^r XoIZo _| Am`m h¡, `m| H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, Omo bmImo| OJV² g_m{Y _| AZw^yV hmoVo h¢, CZ_| H$ht na MÝÐ{~å~ Ja_ Am¡a gy`©{~å~
R>Ê‹T>o ^r AZw^yV hmoVo h¢ Am¡a Bgr Vah Ho$ h¢ ^r &&36&& H$ht na AÝYH$ma _| àOmE± XoIVr h¢ Am¡a
H$ht àH$me _| ^r Zht XoIVr $& R>rH$ CëbyAm| Ho$ O¡gm CZH$m ì`dhma h¡ Am¡a CÝht| Ho$ O¡gm do
eãX ^r H$aVr h¢ &&37&& H$ht Vmo àmUr nwÊ` go ZîQ> hmo OmVo h¢ Am¡a H$ht nmnm| go ñdJ© OmVo h¢,
ŸyÕ - 60] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1981
H$ht na {df^moOZ go XrK©H$mbVH$ OrVo h¢, Vmo H$ht na A_¥VnmZ go _a OmVo h¢ $& (`h _Z H$s
A{Z`[ÝÌV H$ënZm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU H$hm J`m h¡, dñVwV… Eogr ~mV Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ Bggo Vmo doX
_| ^r Aàm_mÊ` Am gH$Vm h¡ &) &&38&&
Eogm Š`m|, Bg na H$hVo h¢ $&
^Ð, XrK©H$mb Ho$ Aä`mg go Ñ‹T> {H$ò Jò ~moY _| Omo dñVw O¡gr {hVgmYZ `m A{hVgmYZ
Ho$ ê$n _| _mZr OmVr h¡, dh d¡gr hr ñd`§ AnZo ^moJ hoVw AÑîQ> Ho$ H$maU ~Z OmVr h¡ $& O¡gr
~ZVr h¡ R>rH$ d¡gr hr ^moJH$mb _| {dñnîQ> ~Z OmVr h¡$& dh dñVw Xygar OJh gV² hmo `m AgV²
hmo, Bg {df` _| Hw$N> ^r {deofVm Zht aIVr, Š`m|{H$ dh ^«_ê$n hr h¡ Am¡a dh ~«÷ hr
dmgZmZwgma d¡gm {dd{V©V hmo OmVm h¡ &&39&&
Bg ~«÷mÊS> _| à{gÕ Omo AaÊ` h¡, Cggo {dnarV nÌ, nwîn Am{X go gånÝZ AaÊ` AÝ`
~«÷mÊS> _| à{gÕ h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
lram_Or, H$ht na Vmo {MXmH$me _| emImAm| Ho$ gÑe d¥jm| Ho$ _yb {XImB© XoVo h¢,
Bg{bE dO«_{U Ho$ gÑe AË`ÝV Ñ‹T>, nÌ, nwîn Am{X go gwemo{^V d¥jm| go `wŠV AaÊ`
{dÚ_mZ h¡ &&40&&
Bgr Vah hOmam| Agå^m{dV dñVwAm| H$m AÝ`Ì gå^d h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
lram_Or, H$ht na Vmo H$moëhÿ _| nrgo OmZo na ~mby go ^r ñZohO{ZV ag `mZr Vob
{ZH$bVm h¡ Am¡a H$ht na {ebmAm| Ho$ D$nar {hñgm| _| AZoH$ gwÝXa H$_b CJVo h¢ &&41&& H$ht
bH$‹S>r, nËWa Am¡a Xrdma Ho$ D$na {Z{_©V nwV{b`m± Xodm§JZmAm| Ho$ gmW JmZ Am¡a dmVm© H$aVr
h¢ &&42&& ^Ð, H$ht na bå~o-bå~o àmUr bå~o dóm| Ho$ gÑe _oKm| H$mo ~‹S>o Mmd go n{hZVo h¢
Am¡a H$ht na EH$ hr d¥j Ho$ D$na àËòH$ df© _| {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ Om{V Ho$ \$b bJVo h¢ &&43&& H$ht
na EH$ Om{V Ho$ àm{U`m| Ho$ A§Jm| H$s JR>Z hr AbJ-AbJ àH$ma H$s h¡, H$ht na EH$ Om{V Ho$
àm{U`m| Ho$ A§J OwXo-OwXo AmH$ma Ho$ {XImB© n‹S>Vo h¢, H$ht na {ga D$na H$s Amoa Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw
^y{_Vb na h¡, Bg Vah {MÌ-{d{MÌ àmUr Ky_Vo {XImB© XoVo h¢ &&44&& H$ht na ^y{_ Am{X
bmoH$m| Ho$ ZrMo Ho$ OJV² Ho$db new Am{X àm{U`m| go hr âo h¢ CZ_| _Zwî`m| H$m Zm_ hr Zht h¡,
Z Vmo BZ_| doX Am¡a emó H$m àMma h¡, Z H$moB© Y_© h¡, Z BZH$m H$moB© CÎm_ AmMaU h¡ `mZr
`WoîQ>mMaU H$aZodmbo h¢$&&45&& AV… H$moB© Vmo àmUr H$m_g§{d{Îm go hrZ h¢, AV… dmo ór Ho$ {~Zm
`m| hr H$ht na n¡Xm hmo Jò h¢ $& H$ht na Ho$ OJV² Vmo nËWa_` ewîH$ öX`dmbo àm{U`m| go âo n‹S>o
h¢ $&&46&& H$ht na Vmo Ho$db gn© hr gn© h¢, H$ht na Vmo g^r aËZ hr aËZ h¢ `m Vmoo nËWa hr nËWa
h¢, H$ht na Vmo YZ Am{X H$m ì`dhma hr Zht h¡, AVEd bmoâ{hV h¢ Am¡a H$ht na àm{U`m| _|
Ah§H$ma H$s _mÌm hr Zht h¡ $&&47&&
H$ht na ì`[îQ>-Ah§^md Zht h¡, Ho$db g_[îQ>-Ah§^mdê$n EH$mË_^md go hr g~ earam| _|
ôXì`dhma hmoVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ $&
H$ht na àËòH$ àmUr AnZr g_[îQ> AmË_m H$mo XoIVm h¡ Am¡a Xygao ì`[ŠV H$mo XoIVm `m
nmVm hr Zht $& Eogm hmoZo na ^r dh bmoH$ `mo{ZO Am{X Mma àH$ma Ho$ àm{U`m| go `wŠV h¢ Am¡a
EH$-EH$ Vah Ho$ àm{U`m| go ^r `wŠV h¢ $&&48&&
Xohm| H$m ôX hmoZo na ^r EH$s^yV AmË_m H$s ^mdZm {H$g Vah H$s h¡, Bg àíZ na H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, H$moB© nwéf AnZo ZI, Ho$em{X Ho$ CVmaZo Am¡a CËnÝZ hmoZona AnZm {ZOr N>oXZ Am¡a
OÝ_ XoIVm h¡, Bg{bE dh AnZr AÝ`Ì [ñW{V _mZVm h¡$& naÝVw CgHo$ gm¢ÝX`m©{X gwI ^moJ
_| CgH$s EH$s^yV AmË_^mdZm hr XoIr OmVr h¡ &&49&&
H$ht na g¥[îQ> ôX H$s dmgZm hr Zht ahVr, Bg{bE Aì`mH¥$V AmH$me_mÌê$nVm go hr dhm±
^mdZm hmoVr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
H$ht na Vmo A{YH$Va Mmam| Amoa AZÝV AnmaeyÝ` hr eyÝ` h¡ & H$ht na àmUr `ËZ go
AmË_{M{V àmßV H$aVm h¡, Vmo eyÝ` Ho$ {VañH$ma go {\$a OJV² XoIVm h¡ &&50&& ^Ð, Hw$N> OJV²
{Z{d©eof na~«÷ H$s Ñ[îQ> hmo OmZo na AbrH$ H$s Vah kmV hmoVo h¢, H$ht na {M{V H$m n¥W¸$aU
H$a XoIZo na H$mîR>`ÝÌ_` (hmWr, Kmo‹S>o Am{Xê$n) g~ àmUr XoIo Jò h¢ &&51&& Hw$N> OJV² Vmo
ZjÌMH«$ go hr a{hV h¢, AVEd H$mbJ{V H$m hr dhm± nVm Zht bJVm$& Hw$N> Vmo eãX, lmoÌ Am{X
Ho$ A^md Ho$ H$maU _yH$nwéfm| Ho$ gÑe hmW Am{X Ho$ g§Ho$Vm| Ho$ ~bna hr AnZm gmam ì`dhma
{Z^mVo h¢ &&52&& H$ht na Eogo àmUr XoIo {H$ ZoÌeãX, ZoÌê$n B[ÝÐ` Am¡a ZoÌO{ZV ê$n Am{X
H$m Xe©Z • BZ g~go do d§{MV Wo, AVEd CZHo$ {bE gy`© Am¡a MÝÐ Am{X Ho$ àH$me {ZaW©H$ hr
aho $& ^Ð, Bg àH$ma H$s Omo OJV² H$s aMZm h¡, dh EH$mJ«{MÎm `moJr Ho$ _Z H$s H$ënZm go _¢Zo
Amngo H$hr &&53&& ^Ð, Hw$N> Vmo àmUr K«mUo[ÝÐ` Am¡a Bggo hmoZodmbo JÝYkmZ go a{hV h¢, Hw$N>
{ZaW©H$ hr Am_moX-à_moX H$aZodmbo h¢, Hw$N> eãXo[ÝÐ` H$s e[ŠV go a{hV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU _yH$ h¢
Am¡a Hw$N> lmoÌ[o ÝÐ` go a{hV h¢ &&54&& Hw$N> Xwgao dmŠ`mW©~moY Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU _yH$ h¢, ñne©kmZeyÝ`
hmoZo Ho$ H$maU nËWa Ho$ A§Jm| Ho$ gÑe Ëd{J[ÝÐ` a{hV h¢ &&55&& Hw$N> Vmo _ZmoamÁ` Ho$ gÑe
{d{MÌ hr XoIo Jò, Hw$N> Vmo ì`dhma H$aZodmbo h¢, naÝVw {nemMm| Ho$ gÑe CX²^yV JwUm| goo CZH$m
J«hU hmoVm h¡ $&&56&& Hw$N> OJV² Vmo Ho$db ^y{__` h¡, CZH$s [ñW{V EH$-gr h¡, Hw$N> KZVm go
a{hV h¢, Hw$N> Ho$db Ob go âo h¢ Am¡a Hw$N> A{½Z go nyU© h¢ &&57&& Hw$N> OJV² dm`wAm| go n[anyU©
h¢, `mZr g_ñV H$m`m] _| g_W© g_ñV dñVwAm| go n[anyU© h¢ $& AmíM`© h¡ {H$ Hw$N> Vmo AmH$meê$n
hr h¢, {\$a ^r {MÐyn AmH$me _| do ñ\w$[aV hmoVo h¢ &&58&&
"§Hw$N> OJV² Ho$db n¥Ïdr_` h¢' `h Omo H$hm J`m h¡, Bg {df` _| ^yV Ordm| H$s CËn{Îm Zht
ŸyÕ - 61] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1983
hmo gH$Vr, Bg àH$ma hmoZodmbr e§H$m H$m n[ahma H$aVo h¢ &
Hw$N> Omo Ho$db ^y{_n¥îR>nyU© AÝ` OJV² h¢, CZ_| Ord Cg Vah {Zdmg H$aVo h¢, {Og Vah
{ebmH$moe Ho$ ^rVa _o‹T>H$ `m ^y{_ Ho$ CXa _| H$s‹S>o $&&59&&
Omo Hw$N> Xygao Ho$db Ob go hr n[anyU© n¥Ïdr, dZ, nd©V Am{X h¢, CZ_| ^r àmUr, _Ja Ho$
gÑe, {ZaÝVa hr Ky_m H$aVo h¢ &&60&& Xwgao Omo OJV² Ho$db A{½Z go hr nyU© h¡, CZ_| Ob
Am{Xgo a{hV ^r àmUr, AbmVMH«$ Ho$ gÑe `mZr ^«_U H$a aho Cë_wH$ H$s ZmBª, Ho$db A{½Zê$n
hmoH$a hr Iy~ MbVo {\$aVo h¢ &&61&& AÝ` Omo Ho$db dm`w go nyU© OJV² h¡, CZ_| Omo ^yV h¢ do
Ob, A{½Z Am{X go `Ú{n a{hV h¢, VWm{n Ho$db dm`wê$n hmoH$a hr, AOw©ZZm_H$ dm`w Ho$
(amoJ{deof Ho$) gÑe, Ky_Vo {\$aVo h¢ & (AOw©Zdm`w go J«ñV bmoH$ AmH$me _| Ky_Vo h¢, `h H$ht
na à{gÕ h¡) &&62&& Omo Xygao Ho$db AmH$meê$n AnZr Xoh go `wŠV bmoH$ h¢, CZ_| ^r AmH$meê$n
hr àmUr h¢ Am¡a do g~Ho$ g~ Xe©Zì`dhma H$aZodmbo h¢ &&63&&
Cg {MXmH$me _| ZrMo, D$na Ed§ Mmam| Amoa H$[ënV {XemAm| _| C‹S> aho {MÌ-{d{MÌ g~
OJV² Am¡a CZ_| ahZodmbr AZoH$ Vah H$s dñVwE± _¢Zo XoIt, `m| Cng§hma H$aVo h¢Ÿ&
ho lram_^Ð, H$moB© nmVmb _| {Ja ahr h¡¢, H$moB© AmH$me _| C‹S> ahr h¢, Am¡a H$moB© {XemAm| Ho$
_wI _| [ñWV h¢ -Bg Vah H$s Ho$db {d^«_ Ho$ H$maU kmV hmoZo dmbr AZoH$ Vah H$s g¥{îQ>`m| _|,
Omo {H$ [M{Vê$n g_yÐ Ho$ ~wX²~wXm| Ho$ hr ñdê$n _| h¢, _¢Zo Omo Z XoIr hmo, dh dñVw hr H$m¡Z-gr
h¡, AWm©V² H$moB© Zht Ÿ& g^r Vah H$s Agå^d dñVwE± _¢Zo CZ_| XoIr, `h ^md h¡ &&64&&
gmR>dm± gJ© g_mßV
BH$gR>dm± gJ©
H$ënmÝV _| OJV² H$m Zme hmoZo na ^r AkmV ~«÷H$m öX` OJV² A{dZmer h¡,
~«÷ H$m kmZ hmo OmZona Vmo VrZmo§ H$mb _| OJV H$s gÎmm hr Zht ahVr &
AZm{X A{dÚm Ho$ H$maU AkmV hþAm ~«÷ hr AnZo Agbr Hy$Q>ñW nyUm©ZÝX ñd^md H$mo
^ybH$a `h H$ënZm H$aVm h¡ {H$ _¢ MbZñd^md, ñdënñd^md Am{Xê$n hÿ±, Bg Vah H$r
H$ënZm H$a _Z, àmU Am{X Ho$ H«$_ go ^moŠVmê$n Am¡a ^mo½`ê$n hmoH$a gXm g~ Vah go
CÎmamoÎma g§gmar hr ~ZVm OmVm h¡, Bg{bE O~ VH$ A{dÚm h¡, V~ VH$ g§gma H$s [ñW{V gXm
hr ~Zr ahoJr Ÿ& `{X emó Am¡a AmMm`© Ho$ CnXoe go ~«÷ H$m kmZ hmo OmVm h¡, V~ Vmo dh gXm,
g~ Amoa go VWm g^r àH$ma go nyUm©ZÝX {MXoH$ag_mÌê$n hr ~Z OmVm h¡, Bg{bE {H$gr g_`
H$ht na, H$moB© ^r Am¡a {H$gr ì`[ŠV _| ^r g§gma H$s g§^mdZm Zht H$s Om gH$Vr, AV… ~«÷
{ZË`_wŠV ñd^md hr h¡, `h ~VbmZo Ho$ {bE _hmamO d{gîR>Or ^y{_H$m ~m±YVoo h¢ Ÿ&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, O¡go Ob _| Ob go hr Obê$n doJ-Va§J Am{X ñ\w$[aV
hmoVo h¢ d¡go hr {MXmH$me _| {MXmH$me go hr ò g~-AkmV AmË_m Ho$ ñd^md go àmU Am{X
Cnm{Y`m| go n[a[ÀN>ÝZ-Ord ñ\w$[aV hmoVo h¢, Am¡a do hr Ord CÎmamoÎma hOmam| g§H$ën-{dH$ënm|
Ho$ H$maU g§gma Ho$ ~rOê$n hmoH$a H$maU ~Z OmVo h¢, Am¡a h_ bmoJm| Ho$ _Z H$ho OmVo h¢ &&1&&
do hr _Z AnZo AÝXa ahZo dmbr `mo½` dmgZmAm| H$mo OJV² Ho$ AmH$ma _| {dH${gV H$aZo Ho$
H$maU AZÝV OJÐÿn ~Z Jò h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{deX AmH$meê$n do hr h_ bmoJ&| Ho$ _Z h¢ Am¡a do hr ñd`§ Mmam| Amoa go AZÝV OJV² Ho$ ê$n
_| n[aUV hmo Jò h¢ &&2&&
BZ g~ ~mVm| go {ZîH$f© `hr {ZH$bm {H$ AnZr A{dÚm go AHo$bm ~«÷ hr AZoH$ Ordm| Ho$
AmH$mam| _| Am¡a AZoH$ g¥[îQ> Ho$ ê$nm| _| g§gma YmaU H$aVm h¡ VWm AHo$bm dhr AnZr {dÚm go
Ord^md Ed§ g§gma go _wŠV hmo OmVm h¡ naÝVw `h {ZîH$f© R>rH$ Zht àVrV hmoVm, Š`m|{H$ nhbo
Ho$ àmH¥$V àb` hmo OmZo Ho$ ~mX gånyU© Ordm| H$s g_{îQ> {haÊ`J^© Ho$ VÎdkmZ go AkmZ H$s
{Zd¥{Îm hmo OmZo na CgHo$ {Z{_Îm BZ g~ Ord Am¡a OJV² H$m ~moY Adí` hmo OmòJm, Eogr
[ñW{V _| g^r H$s _w[ŠV Adí` _mZZr Mm{hE, O~ `h ~mV _mZZo H$mo h_ ~m{YV hmo OmVo h¢,
V~ `h e§H$m ah OmVr h¡ {H$ EH$ ~ma Omo ~«÷ _wŠV hmo MwH$m, CgH$m Ordm{Xê$n g§gma {\$a H¡$go
hþAm, Bg Ame` go lram_Or àíZ H$aVo h¢ &
lram_MÝÐ Zo H$hm … ^JdZ², ò {OVZo àmUr h¢, do g~ _hmH$ën Ho$ {dZme _| _moj H$mo àmßV
hmo OmVo h¢, Bg [ñW{V _| {\$a {H$gH$mo {H$g Vah g¥[îQ>kmZ CËnÝZ hmo gH$Vm h¡ ?&&3&&
àíZ H$m AZwdmX H$a JÚ Am¡a nÚm| go CgH$m CÎma XoZo Ho$ {bE _hmamO d{gîR>Or à{Vkm
H$aVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR> Zo H$hm … ^Ð, _hmàb` n`©ÝV n¥Ïdr, Ob, dm`w, A[½Z Am¡a AmH$me-BZ
gånyU© {deof nXmWm] H$m {dZme hmo OmZo na ~«÷m go boH$a ñWmda VH$ g^r Ord OJV² {\$a
{Og ar{V go AZw^yV hmoVm h¡, dh gmZÝX Amn gw{Zò-`Ú{n `h _w{Z bmoJ H$hVo h¢ {H$ AmH$me
VH$ Ho$ g_ñV {deofm| H$m {dZme hmo OmZona OrdOJV² _w[ŠV _| n[aUV hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a Ho$db
{MÝ_mÌ ~«÷ hr Ad{eîQ> ah OmVm h¡, Omo dU©ZmVrV na_mW© MoVZKZ h¡ VWm{n g_PZo H$s
~mV `h h¡ {H$ {MÝ_mÌ ~«÷ Omo ~M OmVm h¡, CgH$m `h OJV² EH$ Vah H$m öX` h¡ Am¡a Cggo
A{^ÝZ h¡ Ÿ& gmam§e `h {ZH$bm {H$-(`Ú{n _wŠV nwéfm| H$s Ñ{îQ> go g^r Ordm| H$s _w[ŠV hr
h¡, {H$gr Ho$ {bE Hw$N> ^r ~mH$s Zht ~MVm, VWm{n Xwgao Omo Ord h¢, CZ_| ha-EH$H$mo Vmo
VÎdkmZ hþAm Zht h¡ Bg{bE CZH$s Ñ[îQ> go AnZr-AnZr A{dÚm Vmo ZîQ> hþB© Zht AV… ~ÝÜZ
H$m AZw^d hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go MÝÐbmoH$ _| Omo _ybV… ahZo dmbo h¢ AWdm A^r-A^r Omo MÝÐbmoH$
ŸyÕ - 61] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1985
_| Om nhþ±Mo h¢, CZH$s Ñ[îQ> _| MÝÐbmoH$ H$s ñdënñdê$nVm AË`ÝV AgV² hr h¡, naÝVw ^y{_na
[ñWV nwéfm| H$s Ñ[îQ> go Vmo MÝÐ ñdënê$n hr h¡, Eogo hr `hm± na ^r OmZZm Mm{hE & Bgr ~mV
H$mo ñnîQ> H$aVo h¢ Ÿ{H$) dhr Xod ~ÕÑ{îQ> go OJV² H$mo AnZm ñd^md Am¡a öX` g_PVm h¡ VWm
_wŠVÑ{îQ> go d¡gm Zht ^r g_PVm Ÿ& AmË_m Ho$ {df` _| Vm[ÎdH$ {dMma H$aHo$ [ñWV _wŠVñd^md
h_ bmoJ Vmo OJV² H$mo {dZmoX go `mZr `h OJV² ~m{YV hmo MwH$m h¡, na CgH$m Ho$db Obo hþE
dó Ho$ gÑe ^mg hmoVm h¡-Bg àH$ma Ho$ H$m¡VwH$ go,Hw$N> h¡, `m| XoIVo h¢, Cgo dmñV{dH$ ê$n go
Zht XoIVo Ÿ& Bggo VrZm| Ñ[îQ>`m| _| OJV² AmË_m go A{^ÝZ hr R>haVm h¡, Bg{bE BgH$m Š`m
{dZme Am¡a Š`m CËn{Îm Ÿ& d¡go BgH$m na_H$maU {dewÕ AmË_m A{dZmer h¡, d¡go hr Cg AmË_m
H$m öX`^yV `h OJV² A{dZmer hr h¡, OJV² A{dZmer h¡, Vmo _hmH$ën, AdmÝVa H$ën Am{X
H$m ì`dhma hmo gH$Vm h¡, Bg àH$ma H$r `{X H$moB© e§H$m CR>mò, Vmo dh ^r `wŠV Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$
_hmH$ën Am{X ^r Vmoo OJV² Ho$ Ad`d h¢ Ÿ& O~ CŠV ar{V go OJV² {ZË` Am¡a ñWm`r h¡ V~
CgHo$ A§J^yV _hmH$ën Am{X A{ZË` Am¡a AñWm`r H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? Am¡a `h Vmo H$hm Zht
Om gH$Vm {H$ H$maU EH$ g_` _| ZîQ> hmoH$a {\$a Xwgao g_` _| Am OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE `hr
_mZZm hmoJm {H$ gË`ñdê$n Omo H$ën, g¥[îQ> Am{X h¢, do hr On_mbm Ho$ A§J^yV _[U`m| Ho$ gÑe
~ma-~ma H$mbMH«$ê$n go Ky_ {\$a H$a AmVo OmVo ahVo h¢ & AVrV, ^{dî`V² Am{X H$ën Am¡a
g¥[îQ> Am{X H$mo boH$a H$ënm{X _| nañna Omo ôX~w{Õ hmo OmVr h¡ CgH$m EH$_mÌ H$maU Bg {df`
H$m ì`mnH$ AkmZ hr h¡, naÝVw Bg AkmZ H$mo `{X h_ XoIVo h¢, Vmo hmW bJVm Zht, AV…
ôX~w{Õ H$ënm{X H$s AñWm{`Vm Am{X _| hoVw Zht§ hmo gH$VrŸ&&4&&
JÚ^mJ go {Og AW© H$s {g{Õ H$s JB© h¡, Cg AW© H$m A~ nÚ go Cng§hma H$aVo h¢Ÿ &
ho lram_Or, Bg{bE {H$gr H$s Z Vmo Hw$N> g¥[îQ> hmoVr h¡, Z {H$gr g_` Hw$N> ZîQ> hmoVm
h¡ Am¡a Z H$^r Hw$N> CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡, `h Omo Hw$N> Ñí` h¡, g~ emÝV, AO, ~«÷ê$n hr
[ñWV h¡ &&5&&
OJV² H$m {dZme Zht hmoVm, Bg_| Xygar `w[ŠV ~VbmVo h¢ Ÿ&
Omo Ag§»` ~‹S>o go ~‹S>o AmH$meVH$ Ho$ Am¡a N>moQ>o go N>moQ>o na_mUw VH$ Ho$ nXmW© h¢, CZ g~_|
^r Omo gÎmm h¡, dh {dewÕ {MÝ_mÌ H$s hr gÎmm h¡ Ÿ&&6&& `h OJV² Cg _hm{M{V H$m eara h¡,
_hm{M{V Vmo ZîQ> hmoVr Zhr|, Bg{bE CgHo$ {dZme Ho$ {~Zm OJV² H¡$go ZîQ> hmo gH$Vm h¡ ?&&7&&
OJV² g§{dV² H$m öX` h¡, `h Vmo ñdßZ _| ^r, {OgH$m gma kmZ^md h¡, à{gÕ h¢, `m|
H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go ñdßZ _| OJV² Ho$ ê$n go g§{dV² H$m (kmZH$m)öX` hr ^mgVm h¡, d¡go hr Am[X gJ© go
boH$a `h g~ Omo Hw$N> ^mgVm h¡, dh kmZê$n AmË_m H$m hr öX` h¡, Am¡a Agb _| `h g~ h¡-
{MXmH$meê$n Ÿ&&8&& ^Ð, `h g¥[îQ> {MXmH$me H$m H$mën{ZH$ Ad`d(A§J) h¡ Am¡a A§J^yV
H$[ënV Bg g¥[îQ> Ho$ CX` VWm j` ^r Eogo hr H$[ënV A§J h¡, AV… Omo Hw$N> h¡ dh MoVZê$n
AmH$me h¡, Eogr [ñW{V _| H$m¡Z ZmedmZ Am¡a AZmedmZ hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ?&&9&& `h Omo na_mW©
kmZê$n AmË_m h¡, dh H$mQ>Zo Ho$ A`mo½` h¡ Ÿ& dh na_mW© {M{V (~«÷) Akm{Z`m| H$mo {XImB© Zht
n‹S>Vr, CgH$m Omo H$[ënV öX` h¡, dh OJV² hr h¡ Ÿ& O¡go Cg na_mW© MoVZ H$s CËn{Îm Am¡a
{dZme Zhr hmoVm , d¡go hr CgHo$ öX`^yV OJV² Ed§ OJV² Ho$ hoVw AkmZ Ho$ AZw^d H$s ^r
CËn{Îm `m {dZme Zht hmoVm Ÿ& Ho$db ñ_aU Am¡a {dñ_aU ñd^mdê$n go AZw^d Am¡a AZw^d dh
H$ënZm H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&&10&&
OJV² H$s AmË_m ^r A{dZmer AmË_m H$mo boH$a hr h¡, Bggo ^r OJV² {dZída Zht h¡, `h
H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, `h Amn OmZ br{OE {H$ Omo Omo nXmW© {Og {Og dñVw Ho$ ñdê$n^yV h¢,
do Cg Cg dñVw Ho$ {dZme Ho$ {~Zm {dZîQ> Zht hmo gH$Vo, Bg {Z`_ Ho$ AmYma na ~«÷ê$n Ñí`
~«÷ Ho$ gÑe A{dZmer hr h¡, Š`m|{H$ ~«÷ñdê$n OJV² H$m {dZme V^r hmoJm O~ ~«÷{dZme
hmoJm, naÝVw ~«÷ Vmo emídV h¡, Bg{bE OJV² ZîQ> Zhr§ hmo gH$Vm &&11&&
`{X e§H$m hmo {H$ ~«÷ê$n {díd h¡, V~ Vmo ~«÷ ^r AZoH$ Vah H$m hmoZm Mm{hE, Š`m|{H$
{díd AZoH$ Vah H$m h¡, Vmo Bg e§H$m na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
_hmàb` Am{X ^r Cg _hmH$mbê$n na_mË_m Ho$ H$[ënV Ad`d hr h¢, Bg{bE {díd H$s
AZoH$Vm go ~«÷ _|, AZoH$Vm Zht§§ Am gH$Vr, O¡go {H$ Va§Jm| H$s AZoH$Vm go Ob _| &&12&&
`{X e§H$m hmo {H$ g¥[îQ>, àb` Am{X Ag§»` AMoVZ Ad`dm| go `wŠV AmË_m {dewÕ {MXoH$ag
H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡, Vmo `h e§H$m `mo½` Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ d¥j ZJa Am{X AZoH$ à{V{~å~m| go `wŠV
ñ\${Q>H${ebm O¡go {dewÕ {MXoH$agê$n hmo gH$Vr h¡, Bg Ame` go CÎma XoVo h¢ &
{MÝ_mÌ na_ ~«÷ê$n AmH$me _| {H$g hoVw go g¥[îQ> Am¡a àb` hmo gH$Vo h¢ VWm {H$g hoVw go
{H$g Vah ^md{dH$ma Am{X Y_© ^r {ZamH$ma {MXmH$me _| hmo gH$Vo h¢ AWm©V² {H$gr Vah ^r Zht
hmo gH$Vo Ÿ&&13&& O¡go ñ\${Q>H$ _| n‹S>o hþE {MÌ-{d{MÌ à{V{~å~ ñ\${Q>H$ ê$n go hr [ñWV h¡, d¡go
hr Bg g§{dXoH$ag ~«÷ _| n‹S>o ò OJV², _hmàb` Am{X {MÌ{d{MÌ à{V{~å~ê$n ^md ^r
~«÷ê$n go hr {ñWV h¡§ Ÿ&&14&&
O¡go _Z Ho$ g§H$ën go O{ZV `jZJa Am{X Ho$db _Zmoê$n h¢, d¡go hr {dewÕ {M{V Ho$
g§H$ën go O{ZV ò ^md ^r {dewÕ {M{Vê$n hr h¢, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
g_ñV AmH$mam| go a{hV ñdÀN> {M{V_mÌñdê$n AmË_m Ñí` H$s H$ënZm H$aHo$ AYrZ hmo
OmVm h¡ Ÿ& R>rH$ hr h¡, Omo ~mbH$ AnZo öX` _| _Z go {Og `j H$s H$ënZm H$aVm h¡, dh CgHo$
ŸyÕ - 61] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1987
AYrZ hmo hr OmVm h¡ Ÿ&&15&&
`h g~ Vmo R>rH$ h¡, na§Vw àíZ `h CR>Vm h¡ {H$ OJV² A{dZmer H¡$go ? BgH$m CÎma
`h h¡ -A{dZmer ~«÷ H$m dh Ad`d h¡, Bggo Bg Ame` H$mo boH$a d¥jemIm Ho$ ÑîQ>mÝV
go dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
^Ð, O¡go Ad`dm| go `wŠV d¥j Ho$ emIm, ñH$ÝY, \$b, nëbd, nwîn Am{X Ad`d (A§J)
h¢ d¡go hr AmH$me go ^r AË`ÝV ñdÀN>, ì`nXoe ({Zê$nU) Ho$ A`mo½`, na_mW©KZ MoVZê$n
AmË_m Ho$ àb`, _hmàb`, Zme, CËn{Îm, ^md, A^md,gwI, Xw…I, OÝ_, _aU, gmH$ma,
{ZamH$ma Am{X Ad`d h¢ & AV… O¡go `h AmË_mê$nr Ad`dr A{dZmer Am¡a dU©ZmVrV h¡ d¡go
hr gJ©, àb` Am{X Ad`d ^r A{dZmer Ed§ dU©ZmVrV h¢ &&16&&
Ñí` Am¡a AÑí` H$m ôX H¡$go h¡ ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
{ZaÝVa hr EH$ñdê$ndmbo Ad`d Am¡a Ad`{d`m| _|, Mmho do Ñí`ê$n hmo `m AÑí`ê$n,
{H$gr g_` ^r ôX Zht ahVm Ÿ&&17&&
Ad`d Am¡a Ad`dr Ho$ AôX H$m, d¥j Am¡a d¥j Ho$ Ad`dm| H$s g_mZVm ~VbmH$a,{Zê$nU
H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go d¥j Ho$ A[ñVËd _| _yb^yV H$maU d¥jkmZ h¡, d¡go hr na_mW©KZ AmË_m Ho$ OJV² Ho$
A[ñVËd _| kmZ hr _yb^yV H$maU h¡, (Bg[bE g_mZVm à{gÕ hr h¡¡ Eogr [ñW{V _| kmZê$n
_yb Ho$ AmYmana hr {H$gr-{H$gr àXoe _| Omo Hw$N> {d[MÌVm h¡, CgH$m d¥j Ho$ gÑe n[akmZ
H$aZm Mm{hE Ÿ& O¡go-) na_mW©KZ na_mË_ d¥j H$m H$ht na g¥[îQ> ê$n _Ü`H$mîR> h¡, H$ht na
bmoH$mÝVaê$n VZo h¢, H$ht na Oå~yÛrn Am{X ì`dñWmË_H$ emImE± h¢, H$ht na nXmW© ê$n nëëd
h¢, H$ht na àH$meê$n \$yb h¢, H$htna AÝYH$maê$n h[aV nÎmm| H$s h[a`mbr h¡, H$ht na
AmH$meê$n H$moQ>a h¢, H$ht na àb`ê$n Jwë_ (Jm±R>o) h¢, H$ht na h[aha Am{X CÎm_ XodVmê$n
JwÀN>o h¢, H$ht na O‹S>Ëdê$n {N>bHo$ h¢ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma {ZamH$ma AmH$meê$n hr AmH$ma{deofm| go
g§{dXmË_H$ ~«÷ _| àVrV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a dh ~«÷ Ho$ gÑe ñdÀN> ñd^md hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Cggo
A{^ÝZ ~ZH$a hr [ñWV h¢ &&18&&
Bgr AW© H$mo H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, {OVZo ^{dî`H$mb Ho$ nXmW© h¢ , {OVZo ^yVH$mb Ho$ nXmW© h¢,{OVZo dV©_mZ H$mb Ho$
nXmW© h¢, {OVZo gJ© h¢, {OVZo àb` h¢, do g~ AZw^d go hr {gÕ hmoVo h¢, AV… AZw^dê$n h¢
Am¡a AZw^d ñdgÎmmË_H$ AmË_m hr h¡, Bg{bE `m| g~ Hw$N> ~«÷ê$n hr AMb {ñWV h¡ &&19&&
V~ Š`m ~«÷ _| H$[ënV g¥[îQ>, àb` Am{X gË` h¢ ? Bg àíZ H$m ZH$mamË_H$ CÎma XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
`Ú{n Eogm (g¥[îQ> H$s ~«÷_`Vm) h¡, VWm{n na_ ~«÷ê$n AmH$me _| g¥[îQ>, _hmàb`
Am{X H$moB© ^r a§J Eogo Zht h¢, O¡go MÝÐ{~å~ _| H$b§H$eyÝ`Vm &&20&& lram_Or, gånyU© _bm| go
a{hV na_ {MXmH$me _| H$hm±§ g¥[îQ>-àb` Ho$ H$b§H$, H$hm± Am{X, _Ü` Am¡a AÝV H$s H$ënZm
VWm H$hm± bmoH$mÝVam| Ho$ {d^«_ ? &&21&&
V~ Cg àH$ma Ho$ {d^«_ _| H$m¡Z hoVw h¡ Am¡a CgH$s em[ÝV H¡$go hmoVr h¡, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
AmË_m Ho$ Vm[ÎdH$ ñdê$n H$m An[akmZ hr Cg_| Xmof-gm ~ZH$a [ñWV hmo J`m h¡, Bg{bE
~møÑ[îQ> H$mo hQ>mH$a Ho$db àË`JmË_m H$r Amoa bJmB© J`r ~w{Õ go `{X {dMma {H$ò OmVo h§¡, Vmo
Cgr {dMma go dh ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&&22&&
Omo AmË_m Ho$ AkmZ H$m gmYH$ h¡. dh O~ Ma_ (A[ÝV_) AmË_gmjmËH$ma d¥{Îm go àH$m{eV
hmo OmVm h¡, V~ dhr AkmZ H$m ~mYH$ ~Z OmVm h¡ & Bg {df` _| `w[ŠV ~VbmVo h¢ Ÿ&
`{X {dMmam Om`, Vmo dh AkmZ {Og kmZê$n AmË_m go {gÕ hþAm h¡, Cgrgo dh Cg àH$ma
ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡, {Og àH$ma ndZ go hr O{ZV A{½Zê$n XrnH$ ndZ go ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&&23&&
kmZ, AkmZ Am¡a AkmZ Ho$ H$m`© H$m {ZdV©H$ h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
AkmZ ^br^m±{V n[akmV hmo OmZona "dh Wm hr Zht' Bg ê$n go OmZm OmVm h¡ VWm ~ÝY
Am¡a _moj go a{hV ~«÷ hr g~ Hw$N> h¡, `m| ~moY hmoVm h¡ &&24&& ho am_Or, _moj Ho$ {bE ò hr d{U©V
~moY Am{X Cnm` _¢Zo Amngo ~Vbmò Ÿ& {Og nw‹é>f H$m gVV à`ËZ AmË_m Ho$ {dMma _| Mmby ahVm
h¡, dhr A{YH$mar nwéf BZ Cnm`m| H$mo àmßV H$aVm h¡, Bg_| H$moB© g§e` Zht h¡ Ÿ&&25&&
lram_Or, `h AZm{X OJV²-ê$nr Omb H$^r CËnÝZ hþAm hr Zht h¡ naÝVw Omo `h Hw$N>
d{U©V Ord Am{Xê$n OJV² ^mgVm h¡, dh Vmo ^moJ Am¡a _moj MmhZo dmbm `mZr AnZo Vm[ÎdH$
ñdê$n H$mo Z OmZZo dmbm ~«÷ hr h¡ Ÿ& d{U©V {dMmaÑ[îQ> go A{U_m Am[X AmR> JwUm| go `wŠV
gd}ída ^r _m`mê$n hmoZo go Agma h¡ Ÿ& Bg n«H$ma Ho$ D±$Mo d¡am½` go B©ídaê$nVm H$mo V¥Uê$n
g_P ahm H$moB© A{YH$mar nwéf AnZo _| {Za{Ve`mZÝXén ~«÷ê$nVm H$m {ZíM` H$a AnZr
AmË_m _| nyU© g§VwîQ> hmo {ñWV ahVm h¡ &&26&&
BH$gR>dm± gJ© g_mßV
~mgR>dm± gJ©
AmH$meê$n _w{Z H$s AZoH$$~«÷mÊS> XoIZo H$s BÀN>m VWm ñdßZ Ho$ gÑe AmH$meê$n ór Ho$ gmW ~mVMrV H$m dU©ZŸ&
^JdZ², n{j`m| H$s ZmBª AmH$me _| C‹S>Vo hþE AmnZo Š`m Cg OJV²-g_yh H$mo n[a{ÀN>ÝZ^md
go [ñWV hmoH$a XoIm `m An[a[ÀN>ÝZ {MXmH$me ^md go `m| gÝXoh H$aVo hþE lram_MÝÐOr
nyN>Vo h¢ Ÿ&
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ^JdZ², n{j`m| H$s ZmBª AmH$me _| C‹S>Vo hþE AmnZo Cg g_` Cg
ŸyÕ - 62] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1989
OJV²-g_yh H$m Omo AdbmoH$Z {H$`m, dh Š`m EH$Xoe _| [ñWV hmoH$a {H$`m `m {MXmH$meê$n
eara go {H$`m (`h H$hZo H$s H¥$nm H$s{Oò)Ÿ&&1&&
BZ_| Xygao {dH$ën H$m AdbmoH$Z H$a _hmamO d{gîR>Or CÎma XoVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, O~ AZÝV AmË_m gd©ì`mnH$ {MXmH$meê$n
hmo J`m, V~ Cg AZÝV AdñWm _| _oao J_Z Am¡a AmJ_Z H¡$go hmo gH$Vo h¢ ? &&2&& Z Vmo Cg
g_` _¢ EH$ ñWmZ _| [ñWV hmo ahm Wm Am¡a Z Vmo _¢ J{V_` hmo ahm Wm, Bg{bE Bg Anamoj
AmË_ñdê$n {MXmH$me _| hr AnZo Bgr An[a{ÀN>ÝZê$n go _¢Zo `h g~ OJV²-g_yh XoIm &&3&&
EH$Xoe[ñW{V Am{X H$s H$ënZm Ho$ {~Zm ñdmË_ê$n go AZmË_Xe©Z H$s Aà{g{Õ H$m ÑîQ>m§V
XoH$a {ZamH$aU H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go Xoh _| AmË_Ëd~w{Õ hmoZo go _o¢ n¡a go boH$a _ñVH$n`©ÝV g^r A§Jmo H$mo XoIVm hÿ±, d¡go hr
_¢Zo Bg M_© Mjw Ho$ {~Zm ^r {MÐþnr Mjw go OJËg_yh XoIm &&4&&
Ag§J, CXmgrZ Am¡a Ad`deyÝ` ~«÷^yV H$m Ad`d OJV² H¡$go hþAm, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
Cg g_m{YH$mb _| AmH¥${VeyÝ` {Zad`d[ñW{V gånÝZ {Z_©b {MXmH$me ê$n hþE ^r _oao do
OJV² _oar gÎmm hr go gÎmmdmZ hmoZo go Ad`dg_yh hmo Jò Wo,{Oggo {H$ _oar dñVwñd^mdVm
ñdV… ZîQ> Z hmo gH$s Wr VWm ñdV… gÎmmeyÝ` hmoZo go CZ_| dñVwVm ^r Z Wr, H$hZo H$m VmËn`©
`h {H$ Cg g_` dmñV{dH$ Ad`dVm Z hþB© Ÿ&&5&&
CŠV AW© _| ñdm[ßZH$ OJV² Ho$ Vah Ho$ ê$n H$mo à_mU ê$n go Cn[ñWV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bg {df` _| AmnH$mo à_mU Vmo ñdßZ _| XoIm J`m ^wdZ{d^«_ hr h¡,
Š`m|{H$ ñdßZ _o§ Omo Ñí` AZw^yV hmoVm h¡ dh {MXmH$me hr h¡, CgHo$ {gdm Am¡a Hw$N> Zht &&6&&
"`Ì Ëdñ` gd©_mË_¡dm^yÎmËHo$Z H§$ níòV²' BË`m{X lw{V Vmo {Z{d©H$ën g_m{Y _| hr OJV²
Ho$ Xe©Z Ho$ A^md H$m dU©Z H$aVr h¡, g[dH$ën g_m{Y _| OJV² Ho$ Xe©Z Ho$ A^md H$m
dU©Z Zht H$aVr, Bg A{^àm` go ZoÌ Am{X B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ {~Zm ^r OJV² Ho$ AdbmoH$Z _| Xygam
ÑîQ>m§V XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go d¥jXohmË_^yV - d¥j H$m A{^_mZr Ord nÌ, nwîn, \$bm{X go gånÝZ AnZo H$mo hr
XoIVm h¡, d¡go hr AnZo kmZê$nr ZoÌ go _¢Zo Bg gmao OJV² H$mo XoIm Ÿ&&7&& AZÝV-g_wX«m{^_mZr
Ord g_ñV ObMam|, Va§Jm|, AmdVm] Ed§ \o$ZH$mo O¡go OmZVm h¡, d¡go hr _¢oZo ZmZm{dY AZoH$
g§gmam| H$mo OmZm Ÿ&&8&& O¡go Ad`dr AnZo Ad`dm| H$mo AnZo ñdê$n Ho$ AÝXa AnZo go AZÝ`
hr g_PVm h¡, d¡go hr BZ g¥[îQ>`m| H$mo _¢Zo g_Pm &&9&& ho, lram_MÝÐOr, ~moYñdê$n AmË_m Ho$
gmW EoŠ` H$mo àmßV hþAm _¢ A~ ^r CZ ZmZm{dY AZoH$ g¥[îQ`m| H$mo d¡go hr Xoh, AmH$me, nd©V,
Ob Am¡a ñWb _| ^r XooI ahm hÿ± Ÿ&&10&& `h gmam {díd h_mao gm_Zo Cn[ñWV h¡ Ÿ& ~moYñdê$n
AmË_m Ho$ gmW EH$Vm H$mo àmßV hþAm _¢ Ka Ho$ ^rVa Am¡a ~mha Ho$ Xoe H$mo BZ ZmZm OJV² g_yhm|
go n[anyU© g_PVm hy± &&11&& O¡go Ob agVm H$mo OmZVm h¡, O¡go {h_ erVbVm H$mo OmZVm h¡,
O¡go ñnÝXZ H$mo hdm OmZVr h¡, d¡go hr ewÕ~w{Õ kmZr nwéf Bg g§gma H$mo ^r OmZVm h¡ &&12&&
Š`m AHo$bo Amn hr OmZVo h¢ ? Bg na "Zht' `h H$hVo h¢ &
Omo-Omo {ddoH$s nwéf ewÕ ~moYmË_m Ho$ gmW EoŠ`H$mo àmßV hmo MwHo$ h¢, do g~Ho$ g~ _oao gmW
EH$ê$n hmo Jò h¢, Bg[bE _¢ CZ g~H$m EH$ AmË_m hmoH$a AnZo AmË_m H$mo Bg Vah XoIVm
hÿ± &&13&& Bg gdm©Ë_ñdê$n Ñ[îQ> H$m n[anmH$ hmo OmZo na doÎmm, doXZ Am¡a d¡Úê$n (kmVm, kmZ
Am¡a ko` ê$n) {ÌnwQ>r~w{Õ ñdmË_m{V[aŠV H$moB© Xygar dñVw Ho$ ê$n _| Zht ah nmVr, Š`m|{H$
{dkmZê$n AmË_m Ho$ gmW g~H$s EH$ê$nVm C{XV hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&&14&&
EH$ hr kmZ go ì`d{hV VWm XyañW nXmWm] H$m Xe©Z AmnH$mo H¡$go hþAm, Bg Ame§H$m na
ÑîQ>m§V Ûmam BgH$m g§^d ~VbmVo h¢ Ÿ&
nd©V na [ñWV nwéf H$s {Xì` Ñ[îQ> O¡go H$amo‹S>m| `moOZ na {ñWV ~mø Am¡a Amä`ÝVa
nXmWm] H$mo XoIVr h¡, d¡go hr _¢Zo ^r ò g~ OJV² XoIo &&15&& O¡go n¥Ïdr_§S>b H$m A{^_mZr Ord
n¥Ïdr na Ho$ {Z{Y, YmVw, ag Am{X g^r nXmWm] H$mo OmZVm h¡, d¡go hr _¢Zo AnZo go A{^ÝZ
gånyU© Ñí` g_yh H$mo OmZm &&16&&
lram_MÝX«Or Zo H$hm … ho H$_bbmoMZ ~«÷Z², O~ Amn Bg Vah AZw^d H$a aho Wo, V~
Am`m© N>ÝX n‹T>Zodmbr Cg H$mÝVm Zo Š`m {H$`m, dh H${hò &&17&&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, Cg Am`m© N>ÝX H$m nmR> H$aVr hwB© Cgr n«H$ma
àe§gm{X àr{VOZH$ ì`mnma go `wŠV, {MXmH$meearaYm[aUr dh H$mÝVm AmH$me _| Xodr H$s
Vah _oao g_rn _| [ñWV hþB© &&18&&
`{X dh AmnHo$ g_rn [ñWV Wr, Vmo {\$a AmnZo {~Zm g_m{Y Ho$ hr nhbo hr Cgo Š`m| Zht
XoIm, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
O¡gm _¢ AmH$me_` eara Wm d¡gr hr dh bbZm ^r AmH$me_` eara Wr, AV… g_m{Y Ho$
nhbo Cg eara go _¢ Cgo Z XoI gH$m &&19&& AmH$meñdê$n _¢ Wm, AmH$me_` earaYm[aUr
dh Wr VWm AmH$me_` dh gmam g§gmag_yh ^r Cg g_` {MXmH$me _| hr [ñWV Wm &&20&&
`{X dh H$mÝVm AmH$meê$n hr Wr, Vmo {\$a Or^, Vmb, AmoR> Ed§ àmUdm`w Ho$ Z ahZo go H¡$go
dh Am`m© H$m nmR> H$a gH$s, `h lram_MÝÐOr nyN>Vo h¢ Ÿ&
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ho _wZo, eara _| [ñWV Or^, Vmbw, AmoR> VWm àmUm| Ho$ à`ËZm|
go CËnÝZ hþE dUm] go Omo dmŠ` CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡ dh AmH$meearaYm[aUr Cg, ór go H¡$go
CËnÝZ hþAm ? &&21&&
ŸyÕ - 62] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1991
Ed§ AmH$meñdê$n AmnHo$ {bE ^r CgHo$ ê$nXe©Z H$m n`m©bmoMZ H$aZm H$moB© gab H$m_
^JdZ², ~møê$n Am{X H$m Xe©Z VWm Amä`ÝVa _Z H$m AZw^d ewÕ {MXmH$meê$n AmË_mAm|
H$mo H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡, Bg{bE Cg g_` AmnZo O¡go OJV² Ho$ Xe©Z VWm gå^mfU Am{X ì`dhma
{H$ò, CgH$m Omo {ZMmo‹S> hmo, dh _wPgo H$hZo H$s H¥$nm H$s{Oò &&22&&
H$ënZm go `h g~ Hw$N> CËnÝZ h¡, Bg_| ñdßZÑîQ>mÝV hr à_mU h¢, `h CÎma XoVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, O¡go ñdßZ _| ~mø Am¡a Amä`ÝVa kmZ,
eãXnmR> VWm dMZ AmH$me _o§ hr {ñWV ahVo h¢ d¡go hr do g^r nXmW© Cg {MXmH$me _|
hr ah aho h¢ Ÿ&&23&& ho lram_Or, O¡go AmnHo$ ñdßZ _| {MXmH$me hr ~mø VWm Amä`ÝVa
nXmWm] Ho$ ê$n go C{XV hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr _oao Cg g_m{YH$mb _| ^r dh gmam Ñí`àn§M
{MXmH$meê$n hr [ñWV Wm Ÿ&&24&&
`h Vmo _¢ ~hþV hr H$_ H$h ahm hÿ± {H$ dh gmam Ñí` àn§M {MXmH$me ê$n hr [ñWV WmŸ&
VÎdV… {dMma H$aZo na Vmo Bg g_` `h gånyU© g§gma ^r {MXmH$me ê$n hr h¡ Ÿ& `hm± ^r
earam{X ^«m[ÝV go hr ì`dhma^«_ hmo ahm h¡, `h _hmamO d{gîR>Or H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
h_mao {bE Ho$db dhr Ñí` {MXmH$meén Wm, Eogr ~mV Zhr§ h¡, {H$ÝVw ò {OVZo nXmW© h_
bmoJm| H$s ~w{Õ Ho$ {df` h¢ do g~Ho$ g~ VWm `h gmam g§gma ^r ñdÀN> {MXmH$me ê$n hr Bg
g_` ^r Eogo {dÚ_mZ h¢, O¡go {H$ h_mao Cg g_m{YH$mb _| {dÚ_mZ Wo Ÿ&&25&& ho lram_MÝÐOr,
OJV² H$s dmgZm go Cn{hV {M{Vñd^md H$m Omo {ZíM` h¡ dh EH$ na_mW© _hmYmVw (na_mW©ê$nr
loîR>_{U) h¡, `h gd©Ì lw{V VWm ~«÷kmZr {dÛmZm| Ho$ AZw^d Am{X go à{gÕ h¡ &&26&& ^X«,
earañWmZ H$aUm| (Or^ Am{X B[ÝÐ`m|§) H$s gÎmm _| AmnH$mo H$m¡Z-gr à^m h¡ ? O¡go CZHo$
Xohm{X {ñWV h¢ d¡go hr h_mam ^r `h [ñWV h¡ &&27&& O¡go ñdßZm{X Xohm| H$s gÎmm h¡, d¡go hr `h
^r h¡, O¡go `h h¡, d¡go hr dh ^r h¡ Ÿ& AgV² `h OJV² gÐÿnVm H$mo _mZm| àmßV h¡ VWm {Z{d©eof
AmË_VÎdê$n Omo gV² h¡ dh ^r Amd¥V hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AgV²-gm - AË`ÝV Aà{gÕ gm-[ñWV
h¡Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht Am¡a gw{Zò -{MXmZÝXñd^md H$m Omo ì`Ë`mg h¡ (CbQ>\o$a h¡) dh ^r Eogm hr
h¡ Ÿ&&28&& O¡go ñdßZ _| n¥Ïdr Ho$ D$na IoVr Am{X, amñVm| na `mVm`mV Am{X VWm _hb Am{X
Ho$ D$na e`Z Am{X H$m Omo ì`dhma hmoVm h¡ dh ^r g~ {MXmH$meê$n hr h¡ & d¡go hr Cg g_`
_¢, Amn, dh ór VWm dh Am¡a `h g~ Hw$N> {MXmH$meê$n hr Wm &&29&& O¡go ñdßZ _| Z ahVo
hþE ^r `wÕ Ho$ H$mobmhb VWm `mVm`mV H$m _Zwî` AZw^d H$aVo h¢, d¡go hr ò OJV² Ho$ g_yh
_Zwî`m| Ûmam AZw^yV hmo aho h¢ Ÿ&&30&&
ñdßZ Ho$ d¡{MÍ` _| ^r {H$gr AÝ` hoVw H$s g§^mdZm H$m Vmo AdH$me hr Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$
AZdñWm Am{X Xmof Am OmZo Ho$ ^` go g^r dm{X`m| Ho$ Mwn hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU "EH$_mÌ
A{dÚmon{hV {MXmË_m H$m hr `h ñd^md h¡ 'Bg _oao nj H$s hr AÝV _| {g{Õ h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, `{X Amn `h H$h| {H$ `h ñdßZÑí`lr H¡$go hþB©, Vmo AmnH$m dh H$hZm
Ag§JV hmoJm Ÿ& `h AdmÀ` h¡, Š`m|{H$ ñdßZmZw^d[ñW{V go AÝ` H$moB© Xygam hoVw hr Zht
h¡ &&31&& ñdßZ H¡$go {XImB© XoVm h¡, `h nyN>Zodmbo H$mo g^r bmoJ `hr CÎma XoVo h¢ {H$-O¡go Vw_
XoIVo hmo Ÿ& VmËn`© `h {H$ CgH$m AZw^d hr CgHo$ àíZ H$m EH$_mÌ CÎma h¡ Ÿ& `hm± na CgH$m
gmYH$ H$moB© Xygam hoVw Zht§ h¡ &&32&&
gwfw[ßVgÑe àb` Ho$ AZÝVa àW_ gJ© go hr ñdßZOÝVw H$s Vah H$ënZm ê$n {damQ>mË_m
{MXmH$me _| {MXmH$me H$m hr {dñVma H$aVm h¡, `h H$hVo h§¡ Ÿ&
gwfw[ßVgÑe àb` Ho$ AZÝVa AmH$me _| ñdßZ Ho$ Ord Ho$ gÑe àW_ gJ© go hr {damQ²>-
ê$n {MXmH$me hr {MXmH$me _| nañna {df`-{df`rê$n go gmnoj hmoH$a ^mgVm h¡ Ÿ&&33&&
V~ Š`m ÐîQ>mÝV^yV ñdßZ-ñd^md hr OJV h¡, "Zht' - Eogm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
ho lram_Or, _¢ AmnHo$ ~moY Ho$ {bE ñdßZ eãX go ì`dhma H$aVm hÿ± & dñVwV… `h Ñí`àn§M
VWm ñdßZ ^r Z Vmo gV² h¡ Am¡a Z AgV² hr h¡, {H$ÝVw Ho$db ~«÷ hr h¡ &&34&&
Bg Vah AdmÝVa àíZ H$m CÎma XoH$a nyd© _| nyN>r J`r H$Wm Ho$ eof A§e H$mo H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
VXZÝVa ho amKd, H$mÝV _| AZwamJdVr Cg Ñí`ê$n H$mÝVm go - CgHo$ A{^àm` H$m {deof
kmZ aIZodmbr g§{dV² H$m g§H$ën H$aHo$-_¢Zo `h nyN>m &&35&&
^JdZ², earaa{hV AmnH$m CgHo$ gmW àíZm{X ì`dhma H¡$go hþAm, Bg na H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
ñdßZ _| ñdßZOZm| Ho$ gmW O¡gm ì`dhma n«d¥Îm hmoVm h¡, d¡gm hr Cg g_` _oam ^r ì`dhma
Cg ór Ho$ gmW àd¥Îm hþAm &&36&&
CgHo$ gmW Cg g_` H$m _oam ì`dhma ^r d¡gm hr Wm, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, O¡go ñdßZgÑe dh ì`dhma AmH$meê$n hr Wm, d¡go hr `h AmË_m, _|
VWm OJV² ^r {MXmH$meê$n hr h¡ `h Amn OmZ br{Oò Ÿ&&37&&
V~ H${hò, OJV² Am¡a ñdßZ, ò Xmo Zm_ Š`m| n‹S>o, Bg na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go ñdßZ H$m OJV² {MXmH$meê$n hr h¡ d¡go hr `h OJV² ^r {MXmH$meê$n hr h¡ AWm©V²
XmoZm| EH$-go h¢, Ho$db ôX BVZm hr h¡ {H$ OmJ«V H$mb Ho$ àmaå^ _| Omo OJV² H$m ^mZ hmoVm h¡
Cgo ñdßZ H$hVo h¢ Am¡a g¥[îQ> Ho$ n«maå^ _| {OgH$m CX²^d hmoVm h¡ Cgo OJV² H$hVo h¢ &&38&& `h
Omo OJV² H$m Am^moJ h¡ dh ñdßZ hr h¡ AWdm Hw$N> Zht h¡, dh EH$_mÌ {MXmH$me hr h¡ & Š`m|{H$
Bg Vah Omo Hw$N> {XImB© XoVm h¡ dh g~ {Z_©b gV² VWm k[ßV_mÌ ~«÷ hr OJV² Ho$ ê$n go
[ñWV h¡ &&39&& AWdm ho lram_MÝÐOr, `h {deof H$h gH$Vo h¢ {H$ Amn bmoJm| H$s dmgZm Ho$
ŸyÕ - 63] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1993
AmH$ma go ñdßZ H$m ÐîQ>m gmH$ma h¡, bo{H$Z g¥[îQ>ê$n ñdßZ H$m ÐîQ>m Vmo ñdV… {MXmH$me hr
h¡ &&40&& O¡go ÐîQ>m Am¡a Ñí` XmoZm| {Z_©b {MXmH$me hr h¢, d¡go hr ÐîQ>m Am¡a Ñí` Ho$ _Ü` _|
n‹S>m Xe©Z ^r {MXmH$meê$n hr h¡ Ÿ& ho lram_MÝÐOr Bg _hmZ² ñdßZê$n OJV² _| OJV²-ê$n go
{Z_©b {MXmH$me hr [ñWV h¡ &&41&& {ZamH$ma {MXmH$me H$m Omo öX` Ho$ ^rVa ñdV… OJÐÿn
ñdßZ ñ\w$[aV hmoVm h¡, Cg ñdßZ H$m OÝ_ H¡$go hmo VWm dÝÜ`mnwÌ Ho$ gÑe Cg OJV² go dh
{MXmH$me gmH$ma H¡$go hmoJm ?&&42&& gmH$ma Amn bmoJm| H$m Omo ñdßZ-OJV² {Z_©b {MXmH$meê$n
h¡ V~ _oam {ZamH$ma ~«÷H$m ñdê$n OJV² {Z_©b {MXmH$meê$n Š`m| Z hmo Ÿ?&&43&& CnmXmZ
Am{X gm_J«r Ho$ {~Zm A{^{Îm _| hr {MXmH$me Bg OJÐÿnr ñdßZ H$mo {~Zm {Z{_©V hþE hr {Z{_©V-
gm XoIVm h¡ Ÿ&&44&& H$mo_b {MXmH$meê$n {_Q²Qr go {haÊ`J^©Zm_H$ ~«m÷U Zo B{ÝÐ`ê$nr
Pam|Im| go `wŠV Xohm{X g¥[îQ>ê$n _ÊS>n H$m `Ú{n {Z_m©U {H$`m h¡, {\ a ^r CgH$m dh {Z_m©U
Zht Ho$ ~am~a h¡ &&45&& Z Vmo H$V©¥Ëd h¡, Z ò OJV² h¢, Z ^moŠV¥Ëd h¡, Z Am[ñVH$Vm h¡ Am¡a Z
Hw$N> Zm[ñH$Vm hr h¡, AV… gånyU© Ñí`m| H$m n[a_mO©Z hmo OmZo go CZH$m EH$_mÌ gmjr hr
na_mW© h¡ & Bg{bE ho lram_MÝÐOr, Amn AnZo ^rVa nmfmUVwë` _m¡ZVm H$m Adbå~Z H$aHo$
~mha `WmàmßV àdmhn{VV ì`dhma H$aVo M[bò & O~ VH$ àmaãY H$_© H$m eof h¡ V~ VH$ `h
eara aho `m BgHo$ ~mX Z aho - Bg_| H$moB© {deofVm Zht h¡ &&46&&
~mgR>dm± gJ© g_mßV
{VagR>dm± gJ©
AkmZr H$s X¥[îQ> _| ^rVa hr ^rVa AZÝV gJ©gån{Îm`m± h¢,
bo{H$Z ~«÷kmZr H$s Ñ[îQ> _| EH$_mÌ {MX²KZ ~«÷ hr g~ Hw$N> h¡, `h dU©ZŸ&
ñdßZ ì`dhma H$m ÑîQ>mÝV XoH$a nyd© _| g_{W©V hþE ^r earaa{hV nwéf Ho$ g§^mfU Am{X
ê$n ì`dhma H$mo _ÝX~w{Õ nwéfm| Ho$ ñnîQ> ~moY Ho$ {bE lram_MÝÐOr nyN>Vo h¢ &
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … "ho _wZo, Cg ór Ho$ gmW _wI, Or^ Am{X Ad`dm| go a{hV EH$_mÌ
dmgZmê$n Xoh go AmnH$m g§^mfU Am{X ì`dhma H¡$go hþAm ? Cg Xem _| AmnZo H$ M Q >V n
Am{X dUm] H$m Or^ Ho$ {~Zm H¡$go CÀMmaU {H$`m ? &&1&&
dUm] H$m Omo CÀMmaU Am{X ì`dhma h¡ Cg_| eara H$s H$maUVm Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ _¥VH$ Ho$
eara Ho$ ahVo hþE ^r d¡gm ì`dhma Zht XrIVm VWm eara Ho$ Z ahZona ^r ñdßZ _| Cg Vah
H$m AZoH$ ì`dhma XrIVm h¡, AV… AÝd`ì`{VaoH$ì`{^Mma h¡ VWm ì`dhma H$mo ghoVwH$ _mZZo
na gË`Vmn{Îm ^r h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE Omo Hw$N> ì`dhma h¡ dh g~ {g\©$ H$ënZm_mÌ h¡ & Cg Vah H$m
ì`dhma Vmo Cg g_` ^r Xwb©^ hr Wm, Bg Ame` go _hmamO d{gîR>Or CÎma XoVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, {MXmH$meê$n VËdkm{Z`m| Ho$ _V _| dUm] Ho$
~rM _| Omo H$ M Q> V n Am{X dU© h¢ CZHo$ {H$gr H$mb _| ^r CÀMmaU Eogo Zht hmoVo, O¡go _¥VH$m|
Ho$ _wI go {H$gr dU© Ho$ CÀMmaU Zht hmoVo, Š`m|{H$ do g^r H$ënZm_mÌê$n hr h¢ &&2&&
CŠV AW© _| AZwHy$b VWm {dnj _| à{VHy$b VH©$ Cn{ñWV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
`{X H$ht ñdßZm| _§o dUm] H$m CÀMmaU na_mW© hmoVm h¡ Vmo {\$a nmg _| [ñWV OmJo hþE nw‹ê$f
H$mo ^r CgH$m AZw^d hmoVm AWm©V² g_rnñW OmJ«V nwéf ^r Cgo gwZ nmVm &&3&& Bg{bE ñdßZ
_o§ CgH$s gË`Vm Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡, dh EH$_mÌ ^«m{§ V hr h¢ & {ZÐmñd^md ~b go H$[ënV {MXmH$me_mÌ
H$m dh ñ\w$aU {MXmH$me _| hr h¡ &&4&& O¡go ZoÌamoJ Ho$ H$maU MÝÐ_m _| H$mbmnZ, AmH$me _§o
gmH$maVm, nËWa H$s _y{V© Am{X_| JrV Am{X ò g~ àm{V^m{gH$ AW©Vm H$mo àmßV {MXmH$meê$n
hr h¡, d¡go hr ñdm[ßZH$ Xoh VWm eãX Am{X ^r VÎmV² kmV dñVw Ho$ g§ñH$mam| go Cn{hV {MXmH$meê$n
hr hmoH$a Ad^mgVo h¢ &&5&& O¡go AmH$me H$m _yV©ê$n go ñ\w$aU AmH$me go {^ÝZ Zht h¡, d¡go hr
dh {MXmH$me H$m ñ\w$aU Am{X ^r, Omo ñdßZkmZ _| OJXmH$ma go à{gÕ h¡, Cg {MXmH$me go
{^ÝZ Zht h¡ Ÿ& ho lram_Or, Cgo Amn {MXmH$meê$n hr g_{Pò &&6&&
Bg Vah ñdßZ Ho$ nXmWm] _| {MXmH$me_mÌVm {gÕ H$aHo$ Cgr Ho$ gmå` go gm_Zo [ñWV VWm
g_m{Y _| ÑîQ> nXmWm] _| ^r {MXmH$me_mÌVm {gÕ hr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go ñdßZH$mbH$m OJV² {MXmH$meê$n h¡, d¡go hr h_ bmoJm| Ho$ gm_Zo [ñWV `h OmJ«V² H$mb
H$m OJV² ^r {MXmH$meê$n ì`d[ñWV h¡ Ÿ& VWm O¡go `h OJV² {MXmH$meê$n hmoVo hþE ^r
{MXmH$meê$n Zht h¡, d¡go hr g_m{YH$mb H$m ^r _oam dh OJV² h¡ Ÿ&&7Ÿ&&
Bggo {gÕ hþAm {H$ Omo Hw$N> XrIVm h¡ dh g~ {M{V H$m hr ñ\w$aUê$n M_ËH$ma h¡, AUw_mÌ
^r A{MÐÿn Hw$N> Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{Og ar{V go `h g~ gm¡ÝX`©nyU© OJV² ñ\w$[aV hmo ahm h¡ Cg ar{V go Vmo dh MVwa ~«÷ hr
ñ\w$[aV hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& O¡gm `h OJV² gË` Am¡a [ñWa-gm ñ\w$[aV hmo ahm h¡ d¡gm Vmo dh MVwa ~«÷
hr [ñWV h¡ &&8&&
à_mUJå` OJËàn§M H$s VwbZm à_mUJå` ñdßZ go H$aZm A`wŠV h¡, `h lr am_MÝÐOr
Ame§H$m H$aVo h¢ &
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ho ^JdZ², ñdßZê$n hr `h OJV² OmJ«Vñdê$n H¡$go Ad[ñWV h¡
VWm AgË` hr `h gË`-gm H¡$go hmo J`m, `h H¡$go g§^d h¡ ?&&9&&
R>rH$ h¡, AmnmVV… `h ^bo hr Am±>Im| H$m {df` hmo Om`, {\$a ^r VÎdV… {d_e© H$mo ghZ Z
H$a gH$Zo go VWm A{ñWa hmoZo go ñdßZ H$m gmå` h¡ hr, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, `h OJV² H¡$go ñdßZ hr h¡, `h Amn AÀN>r
ŸyÕ - 63] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1995
Vah gw{Zò & ñdßZ Ho$ g_mZ hr ò OJV Z Vmo AmË_m go {^ÝZê$n h¡ Am¡a Z Vmo AmË_m Ho$ g_mZ
ò gË`ê$n Am¡a [ñWa hr h¡ Ÿ& ò g~ Ho$ g~ A{Zd©MZr` hr EH$_mÌ AmË_gÎmm go {ñWV h¡ &&10&&
Bg Vah nañna EH$ Xwgao H$m ~rO hmoZo go VWm {déÕ ôX Am¡a AôXê$n Ed§ g_ Am¡a
Ag_ê$n hmoZo go BZH$m ñdßZgmå` h¡ hr, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go ~rO H$s am{e _| AZw^yV hþE ~rO ñdßZ _| H$moB© AÝ`-AÝ` hmoVo h¢ , H$moB© R>rH$ do hr
CËnÝZ hmoVo h¢, H$moB© g_ hmoVo h¢ Am¡a H$moB© {df_ ^r hmoVo h¢ & d¡go hr {MXmH$me _| g~ OJV² H$moB©
{df_ ^r hmoVo h¡§ &&11&&
Ho$bo H$s N>mb H$s aMZm H$s Vah nañna ^rVa-hr-^rVa AZÝVê$n _| BZH$s [ñW{V H$m
AZw^d hmoZo go ^r ò g^r {_Ï`m h¢, Bg{bE ñdßZgmå` h¢ hr, `h H$hVo h¢ &
àËòH$ OJV² Ho$ ^rVa nañna EH$ Xygao go Z XoIo Jò AZoH$ {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ ñdê$n Ho$ ò OJV²²
d¡go hr C{XV hwE h¢, O¡go Hoo$bo H$s N>mb &&12&&
CgrH$m nwZ… CnnmXZ H$aVo h¢ &
do g~ OJV² nañna EH$ Xwgao H$mo H$Xm{n Hw$N> Zht XoI nmVo VWm H$moR>r Ho$ ^rVa aIo Jò
O‹S> ~rOm| H$s EH$ am{e H$s Vah ^rVa hr ^rVa ZîQ> ^r hmo OmVo h¢ &&13&& ZîQ> hmo OmZo na ^r
do MoVZê$n hr ahVo h¢, Vno hþE Ißna ({^jmnmÌ) _| {Jao hþE Ob{~ÝXw Ho$ gÑe eyÝ`ê$nVm
n«mßV H$a eyÝ`ñdê$n hr Zht hmo OmVo & h_ bmoJmo§ H$s Vah do nañna XoIVo ^r Zht, {H$ÝVw
AkmZ go BZH$m MoVZ ê$n T>H$ OmZo H$o H$maU {ZaÝVa gmoò hþE-O¡go ñdßZH$m hr AZw^d H$aVo
h¢ &&14&& gmoò hþE do Ord ñdßZO§Omb H$mo àmßV H$a dht na H$[ënV {XZm| _| AnZm g~ ì`dhma
H$aVo h¢ & ñdßZ-OJV _| {ñWV do Agwa XodVmAm| go {ZhV hmoH$a AnZo AkmZ Ho$ H$maU Z Vmo
_w{ŠV àmßV H$aVo h¢, Z O‹S>Vm Ho$ H$maU O‹S>^md H$mo àmßV hmoVo h¢ Am¡a Z Xohg{hV hr do ahVo
h¢ Ÿ& Eogr Xem _| Bg Vah Ho$ do ñdßZOJ[ËñW{V Ho$ {gdm hmo hr Š`m gH$Vo h¢ ? &&15,16&& Bgr
Vah _Zwî` ^r AnZo ñdßZê$n OJV²-g_yh _| dmgZmAm| Ho$ H$maU AnZm-AnZm AmMma Am¡a
ì`dhma H$aVo h¢ VWm do ñdßZ Ho$ _Zwî` ñdßZ Ho$ AÝ` nwéfm| go _ma {Xò OmZo na nydm}ŠV Agwa
Ordm| Ho$ gÑe ñdßZnaånam _| hr [ñWV ahVo h¢ &&17&& My±{H$ do ^r kmZ Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
_moja{hV Am¡a earaeyÝ` hr ahVo h¢, Bg{bE do OmJ«V _| g_W© Am¡a dmgZmAm| go ì`dhmaerb
Zht hmoVo Ÿ& AV… MoVZm Am¡a dmgZm go `wŠV Eogo _Zwî` ÑîQ>ñdßZê$n OJËg_yh Ho$ {gdm H$hm±
{Zdmg H$a| ? ñdßZ Ho$ {gdm CZH$s H$moB© Xygar J{V Zht h¡, `h VmËn`© h¡ &&18&&
`h Agwa Am¡a _Zwî`mo§ _§o Omo {XIbm`m J`m Ý`m` h¡, Cgo amjg Am{X _| bJmZm Mm{hE, Bg
Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
gmoò hþE ñdßZê$n OJÁOmb H$s ì`dñWm Ho$ AZwgma AmMma H$aZodmbo Omo amjg ñdßZ Ho$
XodVmAm| go _mao Jò, do Agwam| Ho$ gÑe Cgr ñdßZ _| hr ì`d[ñWV h¡ Ÿ&&19&& ho lram_MÝÐOr,
Bg Vah Omo ñdßZ _| _mao Jò H${hò do Š`m H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& AkmZ Ho$ H$maU do _w[ŠV H$mo Zht àmßV
hþE VWm MoVZ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU nËWa Ho$ gÑe ^r do [ñWa Z aho &&20&& nd©V, gmJa, n¥Ïdr VWm
AZoH$ OZm| go âo `Wm[ñWV Bg gånyU© Ñí` àn§M H$mo do bmoJ {MaH$mbVH$ Eogo AZw^d H$aVo
h¢, O¡go ò gË`Ëdm{^_mZr h_ bmoJ AZw^d H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& ho lram_MÝÐOr, CZH$m AnZm-AnZm
ñdßZ {MaH$mb H$s AZwd¥{Îm go h_ bmoJmo§ Ho$ AZw^d H$s Vah OmJ«VAdñWmê$n hr hmo OmVm
h¡ Ÿ&&21&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, CZHo$ H$ën Am¡a OJV² H$s [ñW{V, O¡gr h_ bmoJm| H$s h¡ d¡gr hr h¡
Am¡a h_ bmoJm| Ho$ OJV² H$s [ñW{V ^r d¡gr hr h¡, O¡gr CZ bmoJm| H$s h¡ &&22&& Eogr [ñW{V _|
h_ bmoJm| go AZw^yV hmo ahm `h OJV² VWm BgHo$ ^rVa ahZodmbo h_ bmoJ `{X CZgo XoI {bò
OmVo h¢, V~ Vmo ho lram_Or, BZHo$ ñdßZ Ho$ Omo nwéf h¢ do hr h_ bmoJ ò [ñWV h¢ Am¡a CZHo$ Omo
ñdßZ Ho$ g§gma h¢, CZ_oo§ go H$moB© `h EH$ h_mam g§gma h¡- Eogm do bmoJ Adí` g_PVo hm|Jo &&23&&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, CZHo$ ñdßZ Ho$ do nwéf AnZo VWm AÝ` nwéf Ho$ AZw^d go My±{H$ Vwë` h¢ AV…
do gË` hr h¢, Š`m|{H$ CZH$s gÎmm Ho$ {Z{_Îm^yV A{YîR>mZ {MXmË_m gd©Jm_r hmoZo go Vwë`
h¡Ÿ&&24&& O¡go AmË_m _| do ñdßZ Ho$ nwéf gË` h¢ d¡go hr Xygao ^r nw‹é>f, {OZH$m àËòH$ ñdßZ _|
_wPo AZw^d hmoVm h¡, gË` hr h¢ Ÿ& ho lram_Or Amn ^r CÝh| d¡gm hr g_{Pò &&25&& O¡go AmnZo
Cg AnZo ñdßZ _| AZoH$ ZJa VWm AZoH$ ZmJ[aH$ XoIo, d¡go hr do g~ A~ ^r [ñWV h¢, Š`m|{H$
gd©ì`mnr ~«÷ gdm©Ë_H$ h¡ &&26&& VV²-VV² ñdm{ßZH$ nXmW© OmJ«V²AdñWm _| {derU© hmo OmVo
h¢, `h O¡go AZw^d hmoVm h¡, d¡go hr do ñdßZH$mb _| [ñWV ^r ahVo h¢, `h ^r AZw^d hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
AWdm g~H$s gÎmm ~«÷gÎmmê$n h¡, Bg[bE {H$gr H$s gÎmm H$m H$Xm{n Anbmn Zht [H$`m Om
gH$Vm AV… gdm©Ë_H$ g^r gd©Ì gXm na~«÷ na_mË_m _| hr h¡ Ÿ& AmH$meê$n go [ñWV BgH$m
Hw$N> ^r H$ht Zme Zht hmoVm, d¡go hr CËn{ÎmeyÝ`, {ZaÝVa Am¡a AZÝV na_mH$me ~«÷ _|
AÝVeyÝ`-AZoH$ {MÎmg_yh h¢, CZ_| AÝVeyÝ` (Agr_) AZoH$ OJV² Ho$ JU h¢, CZ_| ^r
àËòH$ g§gma Ho$ AZoH$ AmH$me H$bm H$moe h¢, CZ_| ^r àËòH$ Ho$ AZoH$ g§gma _ÊS>b h¢, CZ_|
^r àËòH$ g§gma _§S>b Ho$ n¥{Wdr Am{X {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ AmH$ma Ho$ AZoH$ bmoH$ h¢, CZ bmoH$m| Ho$
AÝXa AZoH$ Ûrn h¢, CZ_§o ^r àËòH$ Ûrn Ho$ ^rVa AZoH$ nd©V h¢,CZ nd©Vm| _| ^r àËòH$ nd©V
_| AZoH$ _ÊS>bm| H$m {dñVma h¡, CZ_| ^r àËòH$ _ÊS>b Ho$ AZoH$ J«m_ h¢, CZ_| ^r àËòH$ Jm±d
Ho$ AÝXa AZoH$ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o Jm±d h¢, CZ N>moQ>o-N>mo>Q>o Jm±dm| Ho$ ^rVa AZoH$ Ka h¢, CZHo$ ^r àËòH$
Ka Ho$ AÝXa AZoH$ àmUr ahVo h¢ Ÿ& CZ g~ àm{U`m| Ho$ ~rM AZoH$ `wJm{XH$mb h¢ Ÿ& {OVZo Omo
Ord _a MwHo$ h¢ Am¡a Omo _moja{hV [ñWV h¢ CVZo hr CZHo$ AZoH$ Aj` g§gma n¥WH²$-n¥WH²$
[ñWV h¢ &&27-32&&
ŸyÕ - 64] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1997
CVZr g§»`m go ^r g§gma H$s g§»`m g_mßV Zht hmo OmVr, Bg{bE AZdñWm ~am~a ~Zr
hþB© h¡, Omo EH$_mÌ _m`m H$m hr Ab§H$ma h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
VWm CZ Ordm| Ho$ dmgZm Ho AÝXa AZoH$ Ord h¢ Am¡a CZ AZÝV Ordm| Ho$ AZÝV _Z
h¢ Ÿ& CZ_| ^r àËòH$ _Z Ho$ ^rVa Ag§»` g§gma_ÊS>b h¢, nwZ… CZ g§gma_ÊS>bm| Ho$ AZoH$
g§gma h¢, {\$a CZ g§gmam| _| ^r àËòH$ g§gma _| AZoH$ Ord h¢, nwZ… CZ Ordm| Ho$ AZoH$
_Z h¢ Am¡a CZ _Zm| Ho$ AZoH$ g§gma h¡ Ÿ&&33&& Bg Vah Am{X Am¡a AÝV go eyÝ` `h
Ñí`_mZ ^«_ ~am~a Mbm hr Om ahm h¡ & BgH$m H$ht na Amoa-N>moa Zht h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z hm±,
~«÷kmZr Ho$ nj _| `h g~ Hw$N> ~«÷ê$n hr [ñWV h¡ &&34&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, ^rVa _|,
AmH$me _|, nmfmU _|, Ob _| Am¡a ñWb _| gd©Ì VV²-VV² nXmWm] Ho$ AÝXa My±{H$ {MÝ_mÌ
na_mË_m hr {damO_mZ h¡, AV… dhr gånyU© {dídê$n [ñWV h¡, "OJV' Bg Zm_H$s H$moB©
Xygar dñVw h¡ Zhr§§ Ÿ& Eogr [ñW{V _| {MÝ_mÌ na_mË_m Ho$ gd©ì`mnr hmoZo go Ohm±-Vhm± gd©Ì
OJV² h¡ dh gmam {díd VÎdkm{Z`m| H$s Ñ[îQ> _| {Z{d©eof {Za{VeÀmZÝX¡H$ag ~«÷ hr h¡,
naÝVw dhr [díd Akm{Z`m| Ho$ _Z _| Ñí`àn§Mê$n go [ñWV h¡ `mZr AZW©ê$n hr h¡ &&35&&
{VagR>dm± gJ© g_mßV
Mm¡gR>dm± gJ©
d{gîR>Or Ho$ àíZ H$aZo na {dÚmYar Ûmam {dñVma Ho$ gmW d¡am½`n`©ÝV AnZo Ka _| OÝ_ Am{X H$m {Zê$nUŸ &
n«mg§{JH$ {df` H$m {ZénU H$a A~ _hmamO d{gîR>Or àñVwV H$Wm H$m Ad{eîQ> ^mJ
H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, VXZÝVa Cg b{bV bbZm H$mo XoIH$a _¢Zo H$m¡VwH$go
Cggo nyN>m, CgHo$ ZoÌ H$_b Ho$ gÑe Cëbmg go âo Wo Am¡a H$Q>mj_mbmAm| go _mbVr _mbm Ho$
gÑe ^bo bJVo Wo &&1&& H$_b Ho$ J^© Ho$ gÑe H$mo_b VWm gwÝXa ê$ndmbr ho bbZo, Vw_ H$m¡Z
hmo, _oao nmg Š`m| AmB© hmo, Vw_ {H$gH$s b‹S>H$s Am¡a {H$gH$s ^m`m© hmo, Š`m MmhVr hmo, H$hm± Or
ahr hmo, Vw_ H$hm± H$s ahZodmbr hmo ? &&2&&
{dÚmYar Zo H$hm … ho _wZo, Amn gw{Zò, _¢ AnZm d¥ÎmmÝV O¡gm h¡, d¡gm Amngo H$hVr
hÿ± Ÿ& `Ú{n EH$mÝV _| naór go gå^mfU Zht H$aZm Mm{hE, VWm{n Xw…Iem[ÝV Ho$ {bE
àmW©Zm H$aZodmbr _wPgo Vmo Amn EH$mÝV _| X`m go nyN> gH$Vo h¢, Š`m|{H$ Xw…[I`m| H$mo
AmídmgZ XooZm gÁOZm| H$m Y_© h¡ &&3&&
nhbo AnZo Ka H$mo ~VbmZo Ho$ {bE CnH«$_ H$aVr h¡ &
_hmamO àH$meê$n {MXmH$me Ho$ H$moe Ho$ {H$gr EH$ H$moZo _| H$moB© `h AmnH$m OJÐÿnr Ka
[ñWV h¡ &&4&& Bg AmnHo$ OJÐÿnr Ka Ho$ AÝXa nmVmb, ^yVb Am¡a ñdJ©- ò VrZ Ka Ho$
AÝXa Ho$ àH$moîR> h¢, BZ VrZm| àH$moîR>m| _| {haÊ`J^© Ho$ AmH$ma _| [ñWV _m`m Zo {MÌ-{d{MÌ
H$ënZmê$n EH$ Hw$_mar H$m (J¥hñdm{_Zr H$m) H«$s‹S>mW© {Z_m©U {H$`m h¡ &&5&& CZ VrZm| _| Omo
^yVb h¡, dh H§$H$Um| Ho$ gÑe Ûrnm| Am¡a g_wÐm| go d{bV h¡ `mZr Mmam| Amoa go {Kam hþAm h¡,
Bg{bE CZHo$ a§J go nmQ>b dU© H$m ~Zm hþAm CÝZV dh OJV²-bú_r H$m H$a_yb EH$ Vah go
~ZH$a [ñWV h¡ &&6&& gmVm| Ûrn Am¡a g_wÐm| Ho$ AÝV _| Mmam| Amoa go Xg hOma `moOZ VH$
bå~r, Mm¡‹S>r gwdU©_`r n¥Ïdr [ñWV h¡ Ÿ&&7&&
Cgr n¥Ïdr H$m dU©Z H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
_hmamO `h n¥Ïdr ~‹S>r hr {d{MÌ h¡ `h amV _| ^r ñd`§ àH$meVr ahVr h¡ `mZr Bg_| amV
H$mo ^r àH$me Ho$ {bE {H$gr AÝ` dñVw H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht hmoVr, Bg_| g^r Vah H$s BÀN>mE±
g\$b hmo OmVr h¡, AmH$me Ho$ gÑe `h {Z_©b h¡, Bg_| {MÝVm_{U`m| H$s A{YH$Vm H$m\$s h¡,
Yy{b H$m Vmo Bg_| Zm_{ZemZ Zht h¡, AnZr Anyd© N>Q>m go BgZo ñdJm©{X bmoH$m| H$mo ^r VwÀN> ~Zm
{X`m h¡ Ÿ&&8&& `h AßgamAm| H$mo gmW {bò hþE XodVmAm| Ed§ {gÕm| H$s brbm{dhma ^y{_ h¡ & Á`m|
[h Ho$db g§H$ën {H$`m, Ë`m| hr g~ Vah Ho$ ^moJ àmßV hmo Jò, Bg[bE AWm©V² g§H$ën_mÌgo g~
Vah H$m ^moJ {XbmZodmbr hmoZo Ho$ H$maU dh AË`§V gwÝXa h¡ &&9&& Cg _hr Ho$ AÝV _| (~mhar
àmÝV _| ) EH$ bmoH$mbmoH$ Zm_H$m AË`ÝV {d»`mV nd©V h¡ Ÿ& OJV² bú_r H$o CÝZV H$a_yb^yV
Bg ^ynrR> H$mo CgZo H§$H$U Ho$ gÑe Mmam| Amoa go Koa {X`m h¡ &&10&&
A~ Cg nd©V H$m dU©Z H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&
^JdZ² , `h nd©V H$ht na Vmo _y‹T>_{V nwéfm| Ho$ AÝV…H$aU Ho$ gX¥e gXm AÝYH$ma go
ì`mßV h¡ Am¡a H$ht na Vmo gm[ÎdH$ nwéfm| Ho$ AÝV…H$aU Ho$ gÑe gXm àH$me_` h¡ &&11&& O¡go
gÁOZm| H$s g§J{V Am‡mX H$mo n¡Xm H$aVr h¡, d¡go hr `h H$ht na AË`ÝV hr Am‡mX H$mo n¡Xm
H$aVm h¡ VWm O¡go _yIm] Ho$ gmW H$m g_mJ_ CÛoJ n¡Xm H$aVm h¡, d¡go hr `h H$ht na CÛoJ H$mo
^r n¡Xm H$aZodmbm h¡ &&12&& ~w{Õ_mZ nwéfm| Ho$ _Z _| O¡go g^r AW© {dñnîQ> ahVo h¢, d¡go hr
Bg_| H$htna Vmo g^r AW© {dñnîQ> h¢ Am¡a H$ht na Vmo `h BVZm A{VJhZ h¡, O¡go _yI© lmo{Ì`
nwéf H$m {MÎm h¡ Ÿ&&13&& H$ht na Vmo Bg_| MÝÐ_m H$s [H$aU| hr OmZo Zht nmVr, H$ht na gy`©
H$s hr {H$aU| Zht OmZo nmVr, H$ht na Vmo Bg_| _Zwî` hr _Zwî` âo n‹S>o h¢ Am¡a H$htna BgH$s
{XímmE± OZm| go EH$X_ eyÝ` h¢ &&14&& H$ht na Vmo XodVmAm| Ho$ ZJa Ho$ ZJa h¢, H$ht na X¡Ë`m| Ho$
~‹S>o-~‹S>o ZJa {dÚ_mZ h¢, H$ht na nmVmb Ho$ gÑe Jham h¡ `mZr dhm± àdoe hr hmoZm H${R>Z h¡,
Vmo H$ht na AnZo {eIam| go CÝZV H$ÝYm {H$ò hþE h¡ &&15&& H$ht na Vmo CgHo$ JS²>‹T>m| _| JrY Ky_
aho h¢, H$htna Vmo g_mZ ^y^mJ Ho$ H$maU ~‹S>m hr bw^mdZm bJVm h¡, H$ht na Vmo CgHo$ ^rVar
ŸyÕ - 64] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 1999
^mJna {eIa H$s MmoQ>r go AmH«$m§V ~«÷mOr H$m ZJa ~gm h¡ Ÿ&&16&& H$ht na Vmo Cg_| OZm| go
eyyÝ` ~‹S>o-~‹S>o O§Jb h¢, H$ht na H$ënmÝV H$s dm`w ~h ahr h¡, H$ht na \w$bdm[a`m| _| {dÚmY[a`m|
Ho$ JmZ hmo aho h¢ Ÿ&&17&& H$ht na nmVmb Ho$ gÑe AË`ÝV Jhar Jw\$mAm| _| Hw$å^mÊS> {nemMm| H$m
dmg hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ~‹S>m ^`§H$a h¡, H$ht na ZÝXZdZ Ho$ Xwgao ^mB© Ho$ gÑe gwÝXa _w{Z Ho$
Aml_m| go ~‹S>m bw^mdZm bJVm h¡ &&18&& H$ht na {ZaÝVa hr [ñWV ahZo dmbo _Vdmbm| H$s ZmBª
JO©Z _| {ZaV _oK_ÊS>b h¢, Vmo H$ht na _oKm| H$m Xe©Z hr Xwb©^ h¡, H$ht na CgH$s gr_m Ho$
g_rnñW _ÊS>b ^rVar Jwhm[ÀN>Ð Ho$ H$maU A{VJhZ h¢ &&19&& H$ht na OZnX Ho$ {djwãY hmo
OmZo Ho$ H$maU {dM{bV hþE _Zwî`m| Am{X Ho$ àhmam| go amjg-{nemM Am{X H$m {Zdmg ({nßnb
Am{X) C[ÀN>ÝZ hmo J`m h¡ Am¡a H$ht na ahZodmbo _Zwî`m| H$s gÁOZVm Ho$ H$maU CgZo ñdJ© na
^r {dO` nm br h¡ &&20&& H$ht na Vmo {ZaÝVa ~h ahr dm`wAm| Ho$ Ûmam hr ñWmda Am¡a O§J_ ^yV
CËnÝZ hr Zht hþE h¢, Vmo H$ht na {dfm{X amoJm| Ho$ Z ahZo Ho$ H$maU gd©{dZme go {Z_w©ŠV
ñWmdaO§J_ ^yV [ñWa h¢ &&21&& H$ht na _éñWbr Ho$ ~‹S>o-~‹S>o P§PmdmVm| Ho$ Ûmam CËnÝZ
P§H$maÜd{Z go _hmZ² ^`§H$a bJVm h¡, Vmo H$ht na dh H$_b`wŠV Vmbm~m| _| H$b-H$b Üd{Z
H$a aho gmagm| Ho$ H$maU _Zmoa_ h¢ &&22&& H$ht na Obm| H$m gwÝXa {dbmg h¡, H$ht na _oKm| Ho$
JO©Z go KK©aÜd[Z `wŠV h¡ Am¡a H$ht na à_Îm AßgamAm| Ho$ Xmobm{dbmgm| go H$m_ n¡Xm H$aZodmbm
h¡ &&23&& H$ht na CgHo$ {XemVQ> {nemMm| Ed§ Hw$å^mÊS>m| go do[îQ>V hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ñVãY h¢ Am¡a
H$ht na Vmo CgHo$ ZXrVQ> na {dÚmYar Am¡a {gÕ Z¥Ë` H$a aho h¢ JrV Jm aho h¢ Ÿ&&24&& H$ht na
~ag aho _oKm| H$s ZXrê$n ~mhþAm| go CgH$m Hw$N> VQ>^mJ Vmo‹S> {Xò OmZo Ho$ H$maU ^`mdh bJVm
h¡, Vmo H$ht na {ZaÝVa MbZodmbr dm`w Ho$ Ûmam bmò Jò AZoH$ _oKê$n gwÝXa dóm| Ho$ H$maU
^bm ^r bJVm h¡ &&25&& H$ht na AnZo H$moeê$nr _wIna [ñWV ^«_a^yV ZoÌm| go Ü`mZ H$a ahr
H$_{b{Z`m| H$m g_yh âm n‹S>m h¡, Vmo H$htna AßgamAm| Am¡a {gÕm| H$s a_{U`m| H$s Xm±Vm| H$mo
gwemo{^V H$aZodmbo Vmå~ybm| H$m dZ A{Va_Ur` bJVm h¡ &&26&& H$ht na Vn aho gy`© Am¡a
OZVm Ho$ AmMaU go gwÝXa h¡ Vmo H$ht na amV Ho$ AÝYH$maê$n Ka _| _Îm {ZemMa Z¥Ë` H$a aho
h¢ & AVEd ~r^Ëg ^r h¢ &&27&& H$ht na CËnÝZ hmo aho ~‹S>o-~‹S>o CËnmVm| Ho$ H$maU CgH$s ^y{_
_Zwî`m| Ho$ {dZme go ^`àX h¡, Vmo H$ht na CÎm_ amÁ`-gån{Îm go ~gmò Om aho ZJam| Ho$ H$maU
hf©n«X ^r h¡ &&28&& H$ht na AË`ÝV eyÝ` hr h¡, H$ht na OZnXm| go AmH«$mÝV h¢ & H$ht na
ObnyU© _hmÛÝÛm| Ho$ H$maU Jå^ra h¢, Vmo H$htna ewîH$ nmVmbm| Ho$ H$maU ^rfU h¡ &&29&& H$ht
na Cg_| ~‹S>o-~‹S>o H$ënVé d¥j h¢, H$ht na dh Oba{hV h¢, H$htna MbZo-{\$aZodmbo àmUr
âo n‹S>o h¢, H$ht na ~‹S>o-~‹S>o hm{W`m| Ho$ PwÊS> Ho$ PwÊS> h¢, H$ht na à_Îm qgh, dmZa Am{X h¢
&&30&& H$ht na Vmo àm{U`m| go eyÝ` hmoH$a hr ì`W© H$m CÞV ~Zm h¡, H$ht na bå~r _é^y{_ hr
n‹S>r h¡, H$ht na H$a§O d¥jm| Ho$ H$maU dh A{VJhZ h¡, H$ht na Vmb Ho$ hr ~‹S>o-~‹S>o dZ Cg_|
{dÚ_mZ h¢ &&31&& H$ht na Cg_| AmH$me Ho$ gÑe {Z_©b Am¡a {dñV¥V ~‹S>o-~‹S>o gamoda h¢ &
H$ht na _hm_éñWb h¢ Vmo H$ht na {ZaÝVa C‹S> ahr Yy{b go dh nyU© h¡, H$ht na Vmo Cg_| Eogo
AaÊ` h¢ {H$ CZ_| ~mahm| _mgm| H$s F$Vw ahVr h¢ `mZr EH$ gmW g^r F$VwAm| H$m CZ_| AmZÝX
{_bVm h¡ &&32&&& A{YH$ Š`m H$h±ÿ, _hmamO, CgHo$ {eIam| na Eogr aËZ_`r ~‹S>r-~‹S>r {ebmE±
h¢, Omo {H$ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o nd©Vm| Ho$ g_mZ `mZr gø, _b` Am{X nd©Vm| Ho$ gÑe bJVr h¢, CZH$mo
XoIH$a gw[ñWa _oK H$m hr ñ_aU hmo CR>Vm h¡ Am¡a do EH$X_ AmH$me Ho$ gÑe {Z_©b h¢ &&33&&
ho _wZo, jragmJa Am¡a gy`© Ho$ gÑe Jm¡adU© CZ {eIañW {ebmAm| Ho$ D$na nwÌ, nm¡Ì Am{X
n[adma Ho$ gmW qgh, dmZa Am{X Eogo amV-{XZ {dlm_ H$aVo h¢, O¡go O§Jb Ho$ ~‹S>o d¥jm| H$s
emImAm| na &&34&& ^JdZ², CZ {ebmAm| Ho$ _Ü` _| Cg nd©V Ho$ CÎma {Xem Ho$ ^mJ _| nyd©
{Xem H$s Amoa [ñWV {eIa H$s Omo {ebm h¡, CgHo$ AÝXa _¢ {Zdmg H$aVr hÿ±, {dZîQ> Z hmoZodmbo
dO«gma_{U Ho$ gÑe CgH$m A{dZmer ËdMm^mJ h¡ &&35&& ho _wZo, h_H$mo {Z`{V Zo hr ~m±Y
{X`m h¡, {Oggo {H$ _¢ Cg nËWa Ho$ `ÝÌ _| ~g ahr hÿ± & _¢ _mZVr hÿ± {H$ Bg àH$ma Cg _| ahVo-
ahVo _oao Ag§»` `wJg_yh ~rV MwH$o &&36&&
A~ "{H$gH$s ór hmo' BË`m{X àíZm| H$m CÎma XoZo Ho$ {bE CnH«$_ H$aVr h¡ &
Z Ho$db _¢ hr Eogr hÿ±, {H$ÝVw g~ Vah go âUnmofU H$aZodmbm _oam n{V ^r Cg_| Cg
àH$ma ~Õ hmo J`m h¡, {Og n«H$ma ^«_a H$_b H$s H$br _| Ÿ&&37&& Cg {ebm Ho$ H$moQ>a Ho$ g§H$Q>
_| \±$gH$a _¢Zo Cg AnZo n{V Ho$ gmW XrK©H$mb VH$ AZw^d {H$`m Am¡a AZoH$ df© ì`VrV
{H$ò &&38&& AmO ^r h_ XmoZm| AnZo EH$_mÌ H$m_ê$n Xmof go _moj àmá Zht H$a aho h¢ Am¡a Cgr
Vah EH$ Xwgao _| gagVm ~m±Yo hþE XrK©H$mb go ~g aho h¢Ÿ&&39&& _hmamO, Cg nmfmU Ho$ g§H$Q>
_| h_ XmoZm| hr ~Õ Zht h¢, {H$ÝVw h_ bmoJm| H$m nwÌ, nm¡Ì, Am{X n[adma ^r Cg_| nyU©ê$n go ~±Ym
hþAm h¡ Ÿ&&40&& ^JdZ², Cg_| ~±Ym hþAm _oam n{V {ÛOHw$bmoËnÝZ Am¡a ~‹S>m hr àmMrZ nwéf h¡ Ÿ&
dh `Ú{n g¡H$‹S>m| dfm] go Or ahm h¡, VWm{n AnZo AmgZ go CR>Vm hr Zht Ÿ&&41&& _oao n{V
~më`H$mb go hr ~«÷Mmar h¢, AnZo doXmÜ``Z _| namÙ ahVo h¢, AÝ` H$mo n‹T>mVo h¢, Ambgr h¢,
CZH$m ì`dhma ~‹S>m hr H$mo_b h¡, CZ_| B[ÝÐ`m| H$s M§MbVm H$m Zm_ {ZemZ Zht h¡, EH$mÝV _|
hr gXm ahVo h¢ &&42&& ho doXdoÎmmAm| _| loîR>, Eogo nwéf H$s _¢ nËZr ~‹S>r hr ì`g{ZZr hÿ±, EH$
jU_mÌ ^r CZHo$ {~Zm XohYmaU _| e[ŠV Zht aIVr &&43&& ~«÷Z² , Amn gw{Zò-CÝhm|Zo
_wPH$mo ^m`m©ê$n _| H¡$go àmá {H$`m Am¡a h_ bmoJm| H$m `h ñdm^m{dH$ ào_ H¡$go ~‹T>m Ÿ&&44&&
^JdZ² , nhbo H$s ~mV h¡ {Og g_` CËnÝZ hþE _oao ñdm_r H$s A^r ~më`mdñWm hr Wr, Hw$N>
kmZ ^r CZH$mo Wm, do gÁOZ Wo, AnZo {Z_©b ñWmZ _| AHo$bo hr ahVo Wo, Cg g_` CÝhm|Zo
ŸyÕ - 64] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2001
{dMma {H$`m - _¢ O¡go ñdmÜ`m`{ZîR> hÿ±, d¡gr hr AZwê$n _oar ^m`m© H¡$go CËnÝZ hmo gH$Vr h¡ &
`mo§ XrK©H$mbVH$ {dMma H$aHo$ CÝhm|Zo Hw$N> {ZíM` {H$`m, {\$a ho H$_b Ho$ gÑe ZoÌm|dmbo _wZo,
Cg _oao n{V Zo ñd`§ hr A{Z[ÝXV A§Jm|dmbr _oam Eogo {Z_m©U {H$`m, O¡go {Z_©b Á`moËñZm H$m
MÝÐ_m H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&&45-47&& AZÝVa, AnZo n{V Ho$ Ûmam _Z go {Z{_©V AVEd _mZgr ^m`m© _¢
_ÝXmad¥j H$s bVm Ho$ g_mZ, CÎm_ gm¢X`© go nyU© Eogo d¥{Õ H$mo àmßV hmoZo bJr, O¡go ~gÝV _|
nwîn_§OarŸ&&48&& _¡Z| gmW-gmW CËnÝZ hþE CÎm_moÎm_ dó YmaU {H$ò Ÿ& g^r àm{U`m| Ho$ {MÎm
_oar Amoa AmH¥$ï> hmoZo bJo Ÿ& _oam ~XZ nyU©MÝÐ{~å~ Ho$ gÑe AË`ÝV hr _Zmoa_ hmo J`m & _¢
{Z_©b Vmam| go `wŠV AmH$me Ho$ gÑe M_H$Xma H«$_e… ~Z JB© &&49&& \y$bm| Ho$ _wHw$bm| Ho$ gÑe
CÝZV ñVZm|dmbr _¢ g_J« JwUm| go Yrao-Yrao Eogo gwemo{^V hmoZo bJr, O¡go nëbdê$n H$a go
`wŠV bVm da-loîR> dZ go gwemo{^V hmoZo bJVr h¡ &&50&& _¢ gXm hr g^r Vah Ho$ OÝVwAm| Ho$
öX`m| H$m AnhaU H$aZodmbr hmo JB©, {haZ Ho$ O¡go ~‹S>o-~‹S>o ZoÌm|dmbr _wPo XoIH$a H$m_Xod H$mo
^r _wPgo CÝ_mX hmoZo bJ J`m &&51&& _¢ {ZaÝVa Ho$db brbm{dbmgm| _| hr {ZaV ahZo bJr,
H$m¡VwH$go {VaN>o H$Q>mj _oao hmoZo bJo, _¢ gXm JmZ Am¡a dmÚ _| ào_ H$aZo bJr, ^moJm| go H$^r V¥ßV
Z hþB©, _oam {XZna {XZ ^moJm| _| AZwamJ ~‹T>Vm hr J`m &&52&& _¢ AnZo CÎm_ ^m½` H$mo hr _w»`
^moJ g_PZo bJr, g_Xeu AnZo n{V Ho$ _Z go CËnm{XV (_Z H$s H$ënZmê$n) _¢ bú_r,
Abú_r-XmoZm| H$s _mZm| {à` gIr ~Z JB© `mZr _¢ ^r gån{Îm Am¡a {dn{Îm _| EH$ê$n ahVr
hÿ± &&53&& {à` _wZo, _¢ Ho$db AnZo ~«m÷U n{V Ho$ Ka H$mo hr YmaU Zht H$aVr , naÝVw n{V Ho$
_Zmo_`ê$n _¢ CZHo$ _Z go H$[ënV g_ñV {ÌbmoH$s H$mo YmaU H$aVr hÿ± &&54&& _w{Zda, _¢ nwÌ,
nm¡Ì Am{X go Hw$bH$mo ~‹T>mZo dmbr ^m`m© hÿ±, _¢ nmoî`dJ© H$m nmbZ H$aVr hÿ± Am¡a _wP_| {ÌbmoH$sê$n
Ka H$s gd©{dY gm_J«r Ho$ ^ma H$mo T>moZo H$s nyU© gm_Ï`© h¡ &&55&& VXZÝVa _¢ nyU© `wdVr hmo JB©,
_oao dj…ñWbna _hmZ² CÝZV ñVZ hmo Amò Ÿ& A~ _¢ AnZo {dbmgê$n ag go Eogo emo{^V hÿ±,
O¡go {H$ Cëb[gV hmo aho \$b-nwînm| Ho$ JwÀN>m|§ go bVm &&56&& _oao n{VXod Vmo XrK©gyÌr (Ambgr),
ñdmÜ`m` _| {ZaV Am¡a ~‹S>o Vnñdr h¢, {H$gr AkmV Anojm go AmO VH$ ^r Bg JwUgånÝZ
a_Ur Ho$ gmW CÝhm|Zo {ddmh Zht {H$`m &&57&& _hmamO, _¢ A{YH$ Š`m H$hÿ±, n{V Ho$ gmW _¢
`m¡dZ go àmßV hþE ^moJ{dbmg H$s BÀN>m aIVr hÿ± `mZr AnZo _ZmoaW go hr CÝh| n{V _mZ MwH$s
hÿ± Ÿ& Bg{bE CZH$mo ^moJm| Ho$ ì`gZ go a{hV XoIH$a _¢ Eogo Ob ahr hÿ,± O¡go A[½Z _| H$_{b{Z &&58&&
_¢ erVndZ Ho$ H$maU M§Mb hþB© H$_{b{Z`m| _| ^r amV-{XZ Eogo A§JXmh H$m AZw^d H$aVr hÿ±,
O¡go {H$ amI Am{X H$mo hQ>mH$a VoO {H$ò Jò A§Jmam| Ho$ ñWmZm| _| &&59&& Hw$gw_m| H$s d¥[îQ>`m| go
nyU© g_ñV CÚmZ^y{_ ^r _wPo Vnr hþB© ~mby go `wŠV eyÝ` _é^y{_ hr àVrV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&&60&&
_hmamO, ObH$ëbmob, H$h²bma Am¡a H$_bm| Ho$ T>oa go H$mo_b ñne©`wŠV Ed§ gmagn{j`m| H$s
_Ywa Üd{Z go gag Vmbm~ ^r _wPo Zrag bJ aho h¢ &&61&& _oao eara Ho$ Xmh H$s em[ÝV Ho$ {bE
g{I`m± _wPo nwîH$a, _ÝXma, Hw$Bª Am{X \y$bm| H$s eæ`mna gwbm XoVr h¢, naÝVw _¢ Bgna ^r Iy~
Xmh H$m AZw^d H$aVr hþÿ±, {Og Vah H$m±Q>m|na bw‹T>H$Vr hþB© a_Ur &&62&& Hw$Bª, ZrbaŠV,
H$hÿbma, H$Xbr Am{X H$s eæ`mE± _oao A§J Ho$ ñne©_mÌ go O{ZV Vmn go - J_u go nhbo Vmo gyI
OmVr h¡, {\$a __©a hmoH$a ^ñ_ hmo OmVr h¢ Ÿ&&63&& ~«÷Z², Omo nXmW© gwÝXa, C{MV, ñdmXw,
{d{MÌ Am¡a _Zmoha h¡, CÝh| XoIH$a _¢ AnZo ^rVa go AlwnyU©ZoÌ hmo OmVr hy±-_oar do ~‹S>r-~‹S>r
Am±I| Am±gwAm| go â OmVr h¢ &&64&& _w{Zda, H$m_ê$nr A{½Z go gÝVßV, _oao Z`Zmlw N>_-N>_
eãXnyd©H$ H$_bmoËnbm| H$s n§[ŠV`m| Ho$ D$na {JaH$a CZHo$ ^rVa à{dîQ> hmo OmVo h¢ Am¡a AnZo
Vmn go CÝh| gyImH$a ñd`§ ^r gyI OmVo h¢ &&65&&& CÚmZ^mJm| _| g{I`m| Ûmam H$Xbr, H$ÝXbr
Am{X Ho$ H$ÝYm|na {da{MV qh‹S>m|bm| na XmobZbrbm go O~ _¢ PwbmB© OmVr hþ±, V~ _¢ bÁOm go
_wI {N>nmH$a amoVr hÿ± Ÿ&&66&& {h_H$Um| Ho$ {ZH$a go g§H$sU© H$obo Ho$ nÎmm| go ~Zmò Jò _ÊS>n H$mo
_¢ J_v CJbZo dmbo I¡a Ho$ A§Jma Ho$ gÑe ^rfU hr XoIVr hÿ± Ÿ&&67&& H$_{b{Z Ho$ Zmbê$n
qhS>mobo na O~ _¢ gmag Ho$ gmW gmagr H$mo XoIVr hÿ±, V~ _¢ XrZdXZ hmoH$a AnZo `m¡dZ H$s
{ZÝXm H$aVr hÿ± &&68&& _¢ aå` nXmW© _| amoVr hÿ±, _Ü`dVu (Z aå` Am¡a Z Aaå` Eogo ~rM Ho$)
nXmW© _| gm¡å` hmo OmVr hÿ±, Aaå` àg§J _| `mZr _yN>m©, O‹S>Vm Am{X AdñWm _| àgÝZ ahVr hÿ±,
Š`m|{H$ Cg g_` XrZ hþB© _¢ Š`m hÿ±, `h Zht OmZVr, Cg [ñW{V _| Ah§H$ma H$m {db` hmo OmZo
go CgH$m Xw…I OmZm Zht Om gH$Vm Ÿ&&69&& ho _wZo, àËòH$ {Xem _| Hw$ÝX, _ÝXma, Hw$_wX Am¡a
{h_ _¢Zo H$m_m[½Z go X½Y hþE Ordm| Ho$ amI Ho$ gÑe hr XoIo Ÿ&&70&& ^JdZ², AË`ÝV ZrbdU©
V_mb Ho$ H$mo_b nëbd, {~gVÝVwAm| H$s bVm, Zrb-aŠV H$_b, H$‡ma, Hw$ÝX, H$XbrnÌ Am¡a
_mbVr Ho$ \y$bm| H$s ~Zm`r J`r eæ`mAm| H$mo A§Jmo Ho$ g§MmbZ go gwIm ahr _¢Zo AnZo `m¡dZ Ho$
AZoH$ {XZ {ZaW©H$ hr J±dm {Xò &&71&&
Mm¡gR>dm± gJ© g_mßV
n¢gR>dm± gJ©
YmaUm Ho$ Aä`mg go àmUm| na {dO` nmH$a {gÕ hþB© Cg {dÚmYar Ho$ Ûmam
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Ho$ à{V "g_` go _oam dh {df`mZwamJ d¡am½` _| n[aUV hmo J`mŸ&
{dÚmYar Zo H$hm … _hmamO, VXZÝVa XrK© g_` ~rV OmZona _oam dh {df` ào_ Cg àH$ma
d¡am½` _| n[aUV hmo J`m, {Og àH$ma ho_ÝV F$Vw Ho$ àmaå^ _| nëbd aga{hV hmoH$a {damJ^md
_| n[aUV hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&&1&&
H¡$gr {dMmaYmam go AZwamJ {damJ^md _| n[ad{V©V hmo J`m ? Bgo H$hVr h¡ Ÿ&
ŸyÕ - 65] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2003
nhbo Vmo _¢Zo `h {dMmam-_oam ñdm_r A~ ~y‹T>m hmo J`m, EH$mÝV_| hr Cgo gXm ào_ h¡,
Zrag h¡, _oar Amoa CgH$mo V{ZH$ ^r ñZoh Zht, _m¡Zd«VYmar h¡, CgH$m {MÎm A{V H$mo_b
h¡, AV… A~ _¢ AnZo OrdZ go Š`m \$b _mZ±y Ÿ&&2&& ~më`H$mb go hr `{X d¡Yì` hmo J`m
hmo, Vmo dh ^r AÀN>m, `m _aU ^r AÀN>m, ì`m{Y ^r AÀN>r, Amn{Îm ^r AÀN>r, naÝVw AnZo
_Z Ho$ AZwHy$b `{X n{V Z hmo, Vmo dh H$^r ^r AÀN>m Zht h¡ &&3&& {ó`m| H$m g\$b OÝ_
Am¡a A{dI[ÊS>V gm¡^m½` `hr h¡ {H$ VéU, a{gH$ Am¡a H$mo_b ~Vm©d H$aZodmbm n{V
hmo &&4&& {OgH$m n{V Zrag hmo, dh ór {dZîQ> hr g_PZr Mm{hE, Omo ~w{Õ g§ñH$ma`wŠV
Z hmo, dh ZîQ> hr g_PZr Mm{hE, Omo lr (bú_r) XwO©Zm| go CÝ_wŠV `mZr XwO©Zm| Ho$ nmg
hmo dh ZîQ> hr g_PZr Mm{hE &&5&& dhr ór ñÌr h¡, Omo AnZo n{V go AZwJV hmo, dhr
lr lr h¡, Omo gÁOZm| go AZwJV hmo VWm dhr ~w{Õ, dhr gmYwVm gmYwVm Am¡a dhr
g_Ñ[îQ>Vm g_Ñ{îQ>Vm h¡, Omo em[ÝV Am{X JwUm| go _Ywa Am¡a CXma hmo Ÿ&&6&& _hmamO, `{X
n{V Am¡a nËZr {ZaÝVa EH$ Xygao Ho$ n«{V ào_ H$aVo hm|, Vmo Z _mZ{gH$ nr‹S>m, Z emar[aH$
nr‹S>m, Z AmnXm Am¡a Z XwîQ> B©{V`m± (CËnmV hoVw A{Vd¥[îQ>, AZmd¥[îQ>, {Q>{È>`m±, _ygo, njr
VWm AmgÝZ amOo) hr ~mYm nhþ±MmVr h¢ &&7&& {dH${gV \y$bm| Ho$ ñWmZ VWm ZÝXZ dZH$s
CÚmZ ^y{_`m± CZ {ó`m| H$mo _é^y{_ Ho$ gÑe g§Vmn nhþ±MmVr h¢, {OZ {ó`m| H$m n{V
à{VHy$b h¡ AWdm h¡ hr Zhr§ &&8&&
Bg{bE {ó`m| Ho$ {bE g^r dñVwAm| H$m Ë`mJ gwH$a (gab) h¡, naÝVw EH$ n{V H$m Ë`mJ
XwîH$a h¡, `h H$hVr h¡ &
^JdZ², Bg OJV² _| {OVZo ^r nXmW© h¢, CZ g^r H$mo AnZr BÀN>m Ho$ AZwgma JwU H$s
AënVm go `m à_mX go ór N>mo‹S> gH$Vr h¡, naÝVw n{V H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a, `mZr ór n{V H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a
g^r dñVwAm| H$m n[aË`mJ AZm`mg H$a gH$Vr h¡ &&9&& ho _w{ZloîR>, [ñWa `m¡dZ`wŠV _¢Zo AZoH$
dfm] VH$ ò Xw…I ^moJo, _oao Xw^m©½` H$m {dñVma Vmo Oam Xo{IE &&10&&
AWdm _oam `h ^m½`moX` hr h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVr h¡ Ÿ&
AZÝVa, Cgr n[aVmn Ho$ H$maU _oao n{V H$s Amoa Omo _oam AZwamJ Wm, dh H«$_ go Zrag
hmoH$a {damJ Ho$ ê$n _| Cg àH$ma n[ad{V©V hmo J`m, {Og àH$ma {h_ go X½Y H$_{bZr H$m
amJ H«$_e… Zrag hmoH$a {damJ Ho$ ê$n _| n{ad{V©V hmo OmVm h¡ &&11&& ho _wZo, CŠV H«$_
go {damJ H$s dmgZmE± àmßV H$a g^r nXmWm] _| CÝht H$mo bJm ahr hÿ±, A~ _¢ AmnHo$ CnXoe
go AnZr _w[ŠV MmhVr hÿ± &&12&&
Bg g_` _§o ^r, O~ {H$ Amn-O¡go CnXoeH$Vm© H$m _wPo bm^ ^r hmo J`m h¡ V~, _¢ `{X
{dlm[ÝV H$s BÀN>m Z H$ê±$, Vmo _aU hmoZm hr AÀN>m h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVr h¡ Ÿ&
_hmamO, {OÝhm|Zo AnZo A^rîQ> AW© àmßV Zht {H$ò h¢ Am¡a na_ AmË_nX _| {OZH$s
~w{Õ {dlmÝV Zht hþB© h¡, Eogo _aUVwë` Xw…Im| Ho$ àdmh _| ~h aho _Zwî` H$m OrZo H$s Anojm
_aU hr AÀN>m h¡ &&13&&
ghY_©Mm[aUr {ó`m| H$m n{V Ho$ g_mZ hr ñd^md ahZm C{MV h¡Ÿ & Bg{bE n{V Ho$ gmW
_| hr h_H$mo CnXoe XoZm Mm{hE, Eogm H$hVr h¡ &
AmO ^r _w[ŠV H$s BÀN>m H$a aho dh _oao n{V amV-{XZ _Z go _Z na {dO` nmZo Ho$ {bE
Cg àH$ma V¡`ma h¢, {Og àH$ma amOm amOm H$s ghm`Vm go Xygao amOm Ho$ D$na {dO` nmZo Ho$
{bE V¡`ma ahVm h¡ &&14&& ho ~«÷Z², Cg _ooao n{V H$m Am¡a _oam Omo AkmZ h¡, CgH$m {dZme
H$aZo Ho$ {bE Amn Ý`m``wŠV CnXoedmUr go, {dñ_¥V H$ÊR>hma Ho$ gÑe, AmË_m H$m ~moYZ
H$s{OE Ÿ&&15&& O~ _oar nadmh hr Z H$a _oao n{V AnZr AmË_m _| Ad[ñWV hþE, V^r OJV²
[ñW{V _| d¡am½` Zo _wPo ZragVm n¡Xm H$a Xr Ÿ&&16&&
A~ YmaUm Ho$ Aä`mg _| XrK© H$mb go [ñW{V hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CnXoeJ«hU Ho$ {bE _¢ nmÌ hÿ±,
`h H$hVr h¡ &
OJV²[ñW{V _| ZragVm hmo OmZo go A~ _¢ A^rîQ>, Vrd«, AmH$me _| g§MaU H$aZo H$s
gm_Ï`© XoZodmbr IoMar _wÐmê$n YmaUm H$mo ~m±YH$a g_ñV g§gma H$s dmgZmAm| go a{hV
hmoH$a {ñWV hÿ± &&17&& Cg àH$ma YmaUm go _¢Zo AmH$me _| J_Z H$aZo H$s gm_Ï©` àmßV
H$a {\$a _¢Zo {gÕm| Ho$ gmW g§dmX\$b XoZodmbr YmaUm H$m Aä`mg {H$`m Ÿ& Bgrgo {gÕm|
Ho$ EH$mÝV ñWmZ _§| AmH$a AmnHo$ gmW g§dmX H$a ahr hy± Ÿ&&18&& CgHo$ ~mX _¢Zo AnZo
dmgñWmZ^yV ~«÷mÊS> Ho$ nydm©na K{Q>V AmH$ma H$mo emó Am¡a `moJÑ{îQ> go XoIZo Ho$ {Z{_Îm
VXmH$ma (AnZo dmgñWmZ^yV ~«÷mÊS>mH$ma) ^mdZmê$n YmaUm ~m±YH$a [ñWV hþB© Am¡a dh
YmaUm ^r _wPo {gÕ hmo JB© Ÿ&&19&& ~«÷Z², VXZÝVa AnZo dmgñWmZ^yV ~«÷mÊS> Ho$ AÝXa
H$s g^r dñVwAm| H$mo XoIH$a ~mha {ZH$br Am¡a {ZH$bH$a _¢Zo nyd©d{U©V AnZo hr OJV² Ho$
AÝXa H$s Bg ~«÷mÊS> Ho$ bmoH$mbmoH$ nd©V Ho$ D$na [ñWV EH$ ñWyb {ebm XoIr Ÿ&&20&&
Bggo nhbo H$^r ^r Bg ~«÷mÊS> H$mo _¢Zo `m _oao n{V Zo Zht| XoIm Wm ,Š`m|{H$ Cgo XoIZo H$s
H$^r BÀN>m hr Zht hþB©, `h H$hVr h¡ &
ho _wZo, BVZm g_` ~rV OmZo na ^r nhbo h_ XmoZm| n{V-nËZr H$mo Bgo XoIZo H$s H$^r Hw$N>
BÀN>m hr Zht§ hþB© &&21&& _oao ñdm_r Vmo Ho$db doXm| Ho$ AW© Ho$ {dMma _| hr gXm _½Z ahVo h¢, Bggo
do `h OmZVo hr Zht {H$ {H$VZm g_` ~rV J`m, {H$VZm dV©_mZ h¡, {H$VZm ^{dî`V² h¡, Š`m
~«÷VÎd h¡ Ÿ& Ahmo, do {H$VZo {Zñn¥h h¢ &&22&& Bgr[bE _oao n{V {dÛmZ hmoVo hþE ^r AmË_nX H$mo
àmßV Zht H$a gHo$, AmO do Am¡a h_ - XmoZm| hr à`ËZnyd©H$ (AmnHo$ CnXoe-ldU, _ZZ Am{X
ŸyÕ - 66] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2005
à`ËZnyd©H$) AmË_dñVw H$s Mmh H$a aho h¢ &&23&& AV… ho ~«÷Z², Amn h_ bmoJm| H$s àmW©Zm H$mo
g\$b H$aZo Ho$ {bE gd©Wm g_W© h¢, ~‹S>o bmoJm| Ho$ gå_wI Amò hþE H$moB© ^r àmWu H$^r {Zî\$b
hmoH$a Zht OmVoŸ&&24&&
Bg AW© Ho$ {Z{_Îm Vw_Zo Xygao {gÕm| go àmW©Zm Š`m| Zht H$s, Bg na H$hVr h¢ &
ho _mZX, AmH$me_ÊS>b _| {gÕg_yhm| _| {ZaÝVa Ky_-{\$a ahr _¢ AmnHo$ {gdm Xygao {H$gr
H$mo ^r AkmZê$nr dZH$m XmdmZb Zht XoIVrŸ&&25&&
Bg àH$ma AnZo gånyU© d¥VmÝV H$mo ~VbmH$a "eaUmJV _oar Cnojm Zht H$aZr Mm{hE, `m|
_hmamO d{gîR>Or go àmW©Zm H$aVr h¡ &
ho ~«÷Z², ho H$ê$Um Ho$ gmJa, My±{H$ gÁOZ nwéf {H$gr H$maU Ho$ {~Zm hr AWu OZm| H$s
A{^bmfmE± nyar H$a XoVo h¢, Bg[bE AmnH$s eaU _| AmB© hþB© _wP A~bmH$m {VañH$ma (Cnojm)
Amn Zht H$a gH$Vo & Cnojm hr àmWuOZm| H$m {VañH$ma h¡ &&26&&
n¢gR>dm± gJ© g_mßV
N>mgR>dm± gJ©
AnZr [ñW{V Am¡a AnZm Ka Vw_Zo AdH$mea{hV {ebm Ho$ noQ> _| H¡$go {H$`m,
Bg àH$ma nyN>r JB© [dÚmYar Ûmam OJV² Ho$ {dñVma H$m dU©ZŸ&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð lram_MÝÐOr, dh ~«÷mÊS> Ho$ nyd©d{U©V CÜd© AmH$me _|
[ñWV VWm H${ënV AmgZ na ~¡R>r hþB© Wr, {OgZo AnZm d{U©V d¥VmÝV H$hm, {\$a àíZ
{H$`m &&1&& _¢Zo nyN>m {H$ ho ~mbo, {~ëHw$b AdH$me go a{hV {ebmnoQ> _| Vwåhmao O¡go earaYm[a`m|
H$s [ñW{V H¡$go hmoJr, Cg_| {hbZm-S>mobZm H¡$go hmoJm Am¡a Cg_| Ka go ^r Vwåho§ bm^ Š`m
hmoJm ? gmam§e `h {H$ Ohm± àdoe hr Agå^d h¡ dhm± ò g~ ~mV| hmo hr Zht gH$Vr &&2&&
AmnZo {OVZo H$s Ag§^mdZm H$s h¡, CVZm hr Cg_| h¡, `h ~mV Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw Eogm Xygam
^r OJV² Cg_| h¡, `m| {dÚmYar àíZ H$m CÎma XoVr h¡ &
{dÚmYar Zo H$hm … ho _wZo, O¡go AmnH$m `h OJV² {dñnîQ>ê$n go {damO_mZ h¡, d¡go hr
h_mam ^r OJV² Cg {ebmnoQ> _| {damO_mZ h¡, dh ^r g¥[îQ>ê$n g§gma go `wŠV$ h¡ &&3&& dhm± ^r
nmVmb _| ZmJ ahVo h¢ Ÿ& n¥Ïdr na nd©V [ñWV h¡, Ob ^r b~mb~ âo§ h¢ Am¡a AmH$me _| hdm ^r
MbVr h¡ &&4&& CgHo$ ^rVa `hm± Ho$ O¡go hr - Ob go g_wÐ gwemo{^V h¡, àOmdJ© ^r Yrao-Yrao
J_Z Am{X ì`dhma H$aVo h¢ , {ZaÝVa ^yV CËnÝZ hmoVo h¢ Am¡a {ZaÝVa _aVo h¢ Ÿ&&5&& `hm± Ho$
g_mZ hr dhm± na ^r dm`w MbVr h¡, Ob ~hVo h¢, AmH$me _| ZjÌ Am{X Ho$ ê$nm| _| VWm AnZo-
AnZo eara Am{X Ho$ ê$n _| XodVm ^mgVo h¢ Ÿ& nd©V [ñWV h¢, JwUm| H$m CX` hmoVm h¡ Am¡a n¥Ïdr
_| amOo ^r MbVo-{\$aVo h¢ Ÿ&&6&& dhm± XodVm, Agwa Am¡a _Zwî`m| H$s M§Mb ì`dhmana§nam `hm± Ho$
gÑe H$ënVH$ Cg Vah {dÚ_mZ ahVr h¡, {Og Vah g_wÐVH$ ZXrYmam {dÚ_mZ ahVr
h¡ &&7&& ^ybmoH$ê$nr VmbVb _§o H$ënn`©ÝV Am¡a AmH$me VH$ ahZodmbo {XZê$nr H$_b ^r `hm±
hþE h¡|, {XZê$n H$_bm| _| bmob(M§Mb)^_« hr ^«_a h¢, do {dH${gV Am¡a {Z_r{bV ^r hmoVo
h¢ Ÿ&&8&& O¡gm {H$ Bg OJV² _| h¡, R>rH$ d¡gm hr Cg OJV² _| ^r MÝÐ_m AnZr Á`moËgZmê$nr
MÝXZ go Mmam| {XemAm| _| bonZH$a am{Ì _| amo{hUr H$m ^rVar Am¡a ~mhar AÝYH$ma {Zd¥Îm H$a
XoVm h¡ &&9&& dhm± ^r gy`© Zm_ H$s Xr{nH$m, Omo {H$ Xgm| {Xemê$nr d¥{Îm`m| H$m ñdmX booZo _| (`mZr
ÐdmË_H$ ñZoh H$m ^moJ H$aZo Ho$ {bE) aV Am¡a dmV ê$nr `ÝÌ go Mm{bV h¡Ÿ & dh AÝV[aj Ed§
n¥Ïdrê$n Ka Ho$ AÝXa OJ_JmVr h¡ &&10&&
Úmdmn¥Ïdr H$m A~ Ky_ aho ZjÌ_ÊS>b Ho$ H$maU KaQ²²>Q> Ho$ ñdê$n go dU©Z H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&
AmH$me_ÊS>b _| dhm± na ^r ZjÌm| H$m MH«$ê$n KaQ²>Q> (MŠH$s) Ky_Vm h¡ Ÿ& Am¡a AÊS>O
Am{X Mma àH$ma Ho$ ^yVm| H$mo, Omo EH$ Vah go Mmdbê$n h¡, g¥[îQ> Ho$ Amaå^ go boH$a ~am~a
nrgVr ahVr h¡, `h KaQ²Q> `ÝÌ ~«÷m Zo AnZo g§H$ën go ~Zm`m h¡, dm`wg§MmaMm[a`m| go `mZr
dmVa[í_`m| go `h AdîQ>ãY h¡, Yw«dê$n Iy±Q>o go D$na W_m hwAm h¡ VWm AÝV[aj Ed§ n¥Ïdr _|
H$nmQ> Ho$ gÑe ~ÝX H$aZo Am¡a ImobZo H$m ñd^md aIZodmbo _oKm| go KK©a Üd{Z H$aVm ahVm
h¡, `h {Z`{V go g§Mm{bV h¡ &&11,12&&
dhm± na ^r `hm± Ho$ gÑe hr n¥Ïdr Am{X bmoH$ Ûrn, nd©V Am{X go âo h¢, `h H$hVr h¡ &
dhm± na ^r `hm± Ho$ gÑe ^y{_, Ûrn, gmJa Am¡a nd©Vm| go AmH$me {d_mZm| Ho$ g§{Zdoe
O¡go a{MV ZJam| go VWm nmVmb_ÊS>b X¡Ë`, XmZd Ed§ ZmJm| Ho$ g_yhm| go nyU© h¡ &&13&&
dhm± na ^r Zrbm ^yVb_ÊS>b [ñWV h¡ Ÿ& dh R>rH$ AmMaUm| go M§Mb {ÌOJ{Vê$n bú_r
H$m M_H$ aho _{U`m| go `wŠV M§Mb Hw$ÊS>b-gm bJVm h¡¡ &&14&& dhm± na ñWmda O§J_mË_H$
àm{U`m| H$m Xb-~w{Õ Am{X go eyÝ` ~mø dm`w H$s {H«$`m Ho$ gÑe-^rVar gyú_ àmUZm_
H$s ñnÝXg§{dV² H$mo boH$a OÝ_ Am{X {dH$ma àmßV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&&15&& dhm± na ^r `hm± Ho$ gÑe
_w{Z bmoJm| H$m _w{Z{H«$`mAm| Zo, n¥Ïdr H$m g_wÐ Am{X Obm|Zo, dm`wAm| Zo ~ÝXa Ho$ gÑe
MnbVm H$m, AmH$me Zo AdH$menZ H$m Am¡a gy`m©{X àH$mem| Zo àH$meZ H$m Adbå~Z {H$`m
h¡ `mZr g~ dñVwAm| Ho$ ñd^md `hm± Ho$ gÑe hr h¢ &&16&& dhm± na ^r OZ_ Am¡a _aU
Ho$ ^mJr ~ÝXa Am{X d¥jMa, _Zwî` Am{X ^yMa, _Ëñ` Am{X ObMa, _¥J Am{X nd©VMa,
njr, XodVm Am{X AmH$meMa, H$sQ>, gwa, Agwa Am¡a Ob{Zdmgr ~rM-~rM _| Iy~ Ky_Vo
{\$aVo h¢ &&17&& `hm± H$o gÑe dhm± ^r XodVm, Agwa Am¡a JÝYdm] Ho$ g{hV g_ñV àOm H$mo
H$mb H$ën, `wJ Ed§ df©ê$nr AnZo hmWm| go Cg àH$ma nmbZ Am{X go ^moJVm h¡, {Og àH$ma
ŸyÕ - 67] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2007
newnmbH$ AnZo newAm| H$mo &&18&& AZÝV, AJmY, nwîH$b Ed§ Jå^ra H$mbê$nr _hmgmJa
_|o AmdV© Am¡a {ddV©ê$n H$mbJ{V go do gwamgwa Am{X ObOÝVw CËnÝZ hmo hmoH$a brZ hmo
OmVoo h¢ &&19&& {Og_| g^r dñVwAm| H$m {dZme hmo OmVm h¡, Eogo Aì`mH¥$V AmH$me _| dm`w
go C‹S>mò Jò Mm¡Xh àH$ma Ho$ àmUr Ho$ àmUê$nr aOH$U, eaV²H$mb Ho$ _oKm| Ho$ gÑe, {dbrZ
hmo OmVo h¢o &&20&& `hm± Ho$ gÑe dhm± na ^r Úw ew^« AmH$meê$n dó YmaUH$a VWm _ñVH$
_| H$ënn`©ÝV Vmam| H$m g_yh YmaU H$a MÝÐgy`©ê$nr Xmo Mm_am| H$mo _mZm| Sw>bmVr hþB© gmVm|
^wdZm| H$mo OmJ¥V H$aVr h¡ &&21&& dhm± na ^r `hm± H$s ZmBª ñWmda àm{U`m| Ho$ gÑe ndZ,
^yH$ån, d¥[îQ> Am¡a Yyn ghZodmbr {XemE± [ñWV h¢ Ÿ&&22&& Á`mo{V{f`m| Ûmam Am¡a AÝ`m| Ûmam
AkmV CËnmV Ho$ hoVw _oK, {dÚwËnVZ, ^yH$ån VWm J«h Am{X go àm{U`m| H$s BîQ>-A{ZîQ>ê$n
J{V dhm± na ^r hmoVr h¡ &&23&& O¡go Mm¡Xh ^wdZm| Ho$ àm{U`m| H$mo H$mb H$ën VH$ nrVm h¡,
d¡go hr dhm± ^r gmV g_wÐm| H$m Ob ObVr hþB© Am¡dm©{½Z (~‹S>dmZb) nrVr h¢ &&24&&
H${WV g~ dmVm© H$m g§jon go Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ &
dhm± na ^r nmVmb`mo½` àmUr nmVmb _| àdoe H$aVm h¡, AmH$me{~b _| {dbmg H$aZo
`mo½` àmUr AmH$me _| OmVm h¡, {XímmAm§o _| ^«_U H$aZo `mo½` àmUr {XemAm| _| ^«_U H$aVm
h¡ Ÿ& g§jon go Mmam| Amoa àmUr g_yh dm`w H$o g§Mma Ho$ gÑe, nd©V, _hmg_wÐ _Ê‹S>b VWm
AÝ`mÝ` ÛrnmÝVam| _| ^«_U H$aVo h¢, Bg{bE `hm± {OVZm ì`dhma h¡, dh g~ dhm± nmfmU
H$s {ebm _| ^r h¡, `h Amn Om{Zò &&25&&
N>mg>R>dm± gJ© g_mßV
g‹S>gR>dm± gJ©
H$m¡VwH$ go _hmamO d{gîR>Or H$m {ebm Ho$ nmg OmZm, dhm± OJV² Z XoIZm Am¡a
CZHo$ nyN>Zo na {dÚmYar H$m Aä`mg H$s _{h_m H$hZmŸ&
{dÚmYar Zo H$hm … ho _wZo, `{X Amn _oar ~mV H$mo Ag§^d _mZVo hm|, Vmo ñd`§ hr Cg gånyU©
{ebmoXa g¥[îQ> H$mo XoIZo Ho$ {bE H¥$nm H$s{OE Am¡a dhm± M{bE, Š`m|{H$ ~‹S>o bmoJm| H$mo àmßV
AmíM`©H$maH$ KQ>ZmAm| _| ~‹S>m hr H$m¡VwH$ hmoVm h¡ &&1&& ^Ð, lram_Or, Cg Vah CgHo$ H$hZo
na _¢Zo "VWmñVw' H$hH$a CgH$s ~mV ñdrH$ma H$a br Am¡a AmH$meê${nUr Cg a_Ur Ho$ gmW
eyÝ`mË_H$ AmH$me_ÊS>b _| OmZo Ho$ {bE eyÝ`ê$n _¢ Eogo CÚV hþAm, O¡go P§PmdmV Ho$ gmW
MånH$m{X nwînm| H$s gwJÝY &&2&& VXÝVa CgHo$ gmW _| Xya Ho$ eyÝ`ê$n AmH$me_mJ© H$mo bm±KH$a
AmH$me_ÊS>b _| [ñWV XodVm Am{X àm{U`m| Ho$ g_rn Om nhþ±Mm &&3&& Hw$N> g_` ~mX Bgr
AmH$me _| Cg Xoem{X àm{U`m| Ho$ g§MaU _mJ© H$mo ^r nmaH$a _¢ CgHo$ gmW ídoV _oK gÑe
A{V{Z_©b bmoH$mbmoH$ nd©V Ho$ {eIa Ho$ AmH$me^mJ _| nhþ±M J`mŸ&&4&& CÎma {Xem Ho$ nyd©^mJna
[ñWV MÝÐgÑe A{VYdb AmH$me nrR> go ZrMo AmH$a _¢ CgHo$ Ûma Cg {ebm Ho$ nmg bo Om`m
J`m Ÿ& dh {ebm ~‹S>r hr D±$Mr Am¡a én-a§J _| Vno gmoZo Ho$ gÑe H$[ënV Wr Ÿ&&5&& gwdU©_`r
gw_oéVQ>r Ho$ gÑe dh ~hþV ~‹S>r D±$Mr ew^« {ebm _¢Zo Mmam| Amoa go Iy~ XoIr, naÝVw Cg_|
OJV² Zht XrI n‹S>m Ÿ&&6&& lram_Or OJV² H$mo Z XoIH$a _¢Zo Cg gwÝXar ~mbm go nyN>m {H$ `hm±
H$hm± na do OJV² h¢, {OZH$m Vw_Zo _wPgo dU©Z {H$`m Wm, H$hm± éÐ, gy`©, A[½Z, Vmam Am{X h¢
VWm H$hm± `hm± gmV Xygao-Xygao bmoH$ h¢§ &&7&& ho a_{U, `hm± H$hm± na g_wÐ, AmH$me Ed§ {XemE±
h¢, H$hm± àm{U`m| Ho$ OÝ_ Am¡a {dZme hmo aho h¢, H$hm± ~‹S>o-~‹S>o _oK_ÊS>b h¢ Am¡a H$hm± Vmam| go
`wŠV M_{H$bo AmH$me_ÊS>b H$m AmS>å~a h¡ ? &&8&& H$hm± nd©Vm| Ho$ {eIam| H$s lo{U`m± h¢, H$hm±
~‹S>o-~‹S>o bdU-g_wÐm| H$s n§[ŠV`m± h¢, H$hm± gmV Ûrnê$nr H§$H$U h¢ Am¡a H$hm± Vno gmoZo Ho$ gÑe
^y{_ h¡ ? &&9&& H$hm± {H«$`m, H$mb Am¡a H$ënZmE± h¢, H$hm± ^yVm| Ho$ (XodVm Am{X Ho$) {ZdmgñWmZ
^«_ h¢, H$hm± {dÚmYa Ed§ JÝYd© h¢ VWm H$hm± _Zwî`, Xod Am¡a XmZd h¢ ? &&10&& H$hm± F${f Am¡a
amOm h¢, H$hm± CZ_| _w{Z h¢, H$hm± Zr{V-AZr{V H$s ar{V h¡, H$hm± ho_ÝV H$s am{Ì`m± h¢ Am¡a H$hm±
h¡-ñdJ©-ZaH$ Ho$ {d^«_ ? &&11&& H$hm± nwÊ`-nmn H$s J{V`m± h¢, H$hm± H$mb H$s H$bmAm| H$m
{dbmg h¡, H$hm± gwa Am¡a Agwam| H$m `wÕ h¡ Am¡a `hm± H$hm± h¢ -Ûof Ed§ ñZoh H$s nÕ{V`m± ? &&12&&
lram_Or, Á`m|hr _¢ Bg Vah go Cggo àíZ H$a ahm Wm Ë`m|hr AmíM`© go ì`mHw$b _wPH$mo
XoIH$a {ebm Ho$ gÑe {Z_©b ZoÌdmbr Ed§ gwÝXa ê$ndmbr Cg a_Ur Zo H$hZm Amaå^ {H$`m &&13&&
{dÚmYar Zo H$hm … ^JdZ², _¢ ^r A~ nhbo Ho$ gÑe AnZm g~ Hw$N> Bg nËWa H$s
{ebm _| Zht XoI ahr hÿ± Ÿ& na _¢Zo {OZ _Zwî`, JÝYd© Am{X H$m nyd© _| dU©Z {H$`m h¡,
CZ g~H$mo _¢ Xn©U _| à{V{~[å~ê$n go [ñWV Omo à{gÕ ZJa go Xygam ZJa h¡, CgHo$ gÑe
à{V{~å~ê$n go [ñWV XoIVr hÿ± Ÿ&&14&& ho _wZo, h_H$mo Omo CZ bmoJm| H$m Xe©Z hmo ahm h¡,
Cg_| H$maU {ZË` H$m AZw^d hr h¡, dh {ZË` H$m AZw^d AmnH$mo h¡ Zht, Bg{bE CgH$m
A^md hr OJV² Ho$ Z ahZo _| H$maU h¡ Ÿ&&15&&
g_ñV gyú_m{Vgyú_ nXmWmo]§ Ho$ AdbmoH$Z _| g_W© {dewÕ _Zmoê$n Xoh Ho$ {dñ_aU go ^r
AmnH$mo dh OJV² Zht XrIVm Am¡a h_H$mo XrIVm h¡, na Añ\w$Q> `h H$hVr h¡ Ÿ&
Xygar ~mV `h {H$ _¢Zo {MaH$mb VH$ AnZo bmoJm| H$s `h Omo EH$ Û¡V {df` H$s H$Wm Mbr,
Cggo {dewÕ gyú_ _Zmo_mÌê$n Xoh H$m h_ bmoJm| H$mo {dñ_aU hmo J`m h¡, Bg{bE AmnH$mo OJV²
Zht XrIVm Am¡a h_H$mo Añ\w$Q> XrIVm h¡ &&16&& _oam ^r `hm± Omo OJV Wm dh àm`… ZîQ> hr hmo
MwH$m h¡, Š`m|{H$ `Ú{n CgH$m _¢Zo {MaH$mb VH$ Aä`mg {H$`m h¡, {\$a ^r A~ AmH$mebVm Ho$
gÑe ñnîQ> Zht XrIVm &&17&& Omo OJV² _oao {bE nhbo AË`ÝV {dñnîQ> Wm, CgH$mo _¢ A~
ŸyÕ - 67] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2009
Xn©U _| à{V{~å~ Ho$ gÑe AñnîQ> XoIVr hÿ± &&18&& ho ZmW, h_ bmoJm| H$m nañna Omo XrK©H$mb
VH$ {ZaW©H$ g§^mfU hþAm, Cggo CËnÞ ì`Wm go AnZm AË`ÝV {dewÕ Ed§ ì`mnH$ ñdmñÏ`
(YmaUm Hoo$ Aä`mg go O{ZV AnZr _Zmoê$n Xohê$nVm) {dñ_¥¥V hmo J`m &&19&& ^JdZ², Omo ^r
Aä`mgO{ZV g§ñH$ma ewÕ {MXmH$me Ho$ ag go CX²~wÕ hmoH$a à«H$Q> hmoVm h¡, Cgr ê$nH$m ^rVar
AÝV…H$aU _mZm| hmo hr OmVm h¡, `hr ~më`mdñWm go boH$a dñVw[ñW{V h¡ &&20&&
AVEd Aä`mg Ho$ {~Zm nwê$f Ho$ ldU-_ZZ {Zî\$b h¢, `h H$hVr h¡ Ÿ&
^Ð, dh H$bm Z CÎm_ emóm| go {gÕ hmoVr h¡, Z CÎm_ Ý`m` go {gÕ hmoVr h¡, {H$ÝVw
An[a{_V CÚmoJ go `wŠV Aä`mg go hr {gÕ hmoVr h¡ & Aä`mg go dh {gÕ Zht hmoVr, `h ~mV
Zht, {H$ÝVw Adí` {gÕ hmoVr h¡, `h Amn Om{ZE &&21&&
gVV Aä`mg Ho$ {bE H$moB© AgmÜ` dñVw h¡ hr Zht, `h H$hVr h¡ &
^JdZ², `h Omo AmnHo$ gmW g§dmXmË_H$ H$Wm^«_ hþAm, CgZo AnZo OJV² Ho$ {ZaÝVa
Aä`mg Ho$ de go nyd©OJV² Ho$ ^«_ go J«ñV _wPH$mo de _| H$a {X`m, Bg[bE dh g§ñH$ma {Vamo{hV
hmo J`m, Š`m|{H$ ^yVH$mb H$m ^««_ Am¡a dV©_mZH$mb H$m ^«_- BZ XmoZm| _| dV©_mZH$mb H$m ^«_
~bdmZ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {dO`r hþAm &&22&&
AVEd bm¡{H$H$ `m X¡{dH$ {eën{dÚm Am{X \$bm| H$s BÀN>m H$a aho nwéfm|H$mo JwéOr Ûmam
Cn{Xï nÕ{V go ~ma-~ma {H$`m J`m ŸCgH$m Aä`mg hr eaU h¡, Xygam Zhr§o, `h H$hVr h¡ &
ho _wZo, AnZr-AnZr _ZngÝX dñVw MmhZo dmbm| Ho$ {bE JwéAm| Ûmam CÎm_ ar{V go
Cn{XîQ> $H$_© H$aZo H$s nÕ{V go ~ma-~ma Omo {H$`m OmVm h¡, Cgr go A^rîQ> dñVw CÝh| {_bVr
h¡, Xygao {H$gr àH$ma go Zht -AÝ` eaU h¡ Zht &&23&&
O~ AZm{X AZÝV g§gmaén AZW© ^r kmZ Ho$ Aä`mg go ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ V~ Eogm H$m¡Z
AZW© ~MZo nmVm h¡, Omo Aä`mg go CgH$s {M{H$Ëgm Z hmo gHo$, `h H$hVr h¡ &
ho _wZo, `h Bg àH$ma H$m àm¡‹T> Ah§ê$n Omo ~‹S>m AkmZ^«_ {dÚ_mZ h¡, dh kmZ H$s MMm©
`mZr ldUm{X Ho$ Aä`mg go hr {Zd¥V hmo OmVm h¡, ^bm Xo{Iò Vmo ghr Aä`mg H$m \$b &&24&&
Aä`mg _| CÎm_Vm hmoZo na ~mbH$m| _| ^r àm¡‹T>Vm XoIr OmVr h¡ Am¡a Aä`mg Ho$ Ny>Q> OmZona
~‹S>o bmoJm| H$mo ^r ì`m_moh hmoZo bJVm h¡, Bg {df` _o h_ XmoZm| hr ÑîQ>m§V h¢, `h H$hVr h¡ Ÿ&
_¢ EH$ {ebm H$s A~bm hÿ±, Cg_| ^r ~mbm Am¡a AmnH$s {eî`m hÿ±, {\$a {ebm H$s g¥[îQ> H$mo
XoIVr hÿ±, Amn gd©k Am¡a Jwé h¢ Vmo ^r Zht XoIVo, `h ~‹S>m AmíM`© h¡, Xo{IE Vmo `h Aä`mg
H$m M_ËH$ma &&25&& Aä`mg go Yrao-Yrao AkmZr ^r kmZr ~Z OmVm h¡, nd©V ^r MyU© hmo OmVm
h¡, AMoVZ ~mU ^r gyú_V_ bú` H$mo àmßV H$aVm h¡, Xo{IE Aä`mg H$s {H$VZr _hÎmm h¡ &&26&&
Bg Vah {_Ï`m^yV Omo Mmam| Amoa go àm¡‹T> AkmZê$nr _hm_mar h¡, dh {dMmaê$n Aä`mg go hr
emÝV hmo OmVr h¡, Xo{IE Aä`mg H$m _mhmËå` &&27&& _wZo, Aä`mg go hr H$Qw> nXmW© A^rîQ> hmo
OmVm h¡, Aä`mg go hr {H$grH$mo Zr_ AÀN>m bJVm h¡ Am¡a {H$grH$mo _Yw AÀN>m bJVm h¡ &&28&&
g_rn Ho$ H$maU Aä`mg`moJ go hr A~ÝYw-~ÝYwê$n ~Z OmVm h¡ Am¡a Xyar Ho$ H$maU AZä`mg go
~ÝYwAm| _| ^r ñZoh Wmo‹S>m hmo OmVm h¡ &&29&&
Xoh _o§ ^m¡{VH$Vm H$s ^«m[ÝV ^r ñdm^m{dH$ ^m¡{VH$Vm Ho$ Aä`mg go hr hmoVr h¡, `h
H$hVr h¡ &
^mdZmä`mg `moJ go hr Ho$db {dewÕ {MXmH$me ê$n `h Am{Vdm{hH$ Xoh Am{Y^m¡{VH$
ê$n ~Z OmVr h¡ &&30&& `h Am{Y^m¡{VH$ Xoh YmaUm Ho$ Aä`mg H$s ^mdZm go hr n{j`m|
Ho$ gÑe AmH$me _| C‹S>Zo H$s {g{Õ n«mßV H$aVr h¡, Xo{IE `h ^r Aä`mg H$m hr à^md
h¡ Ÿ&&31&& H$Xm{MV² íbmKmê$n Wmo‹S>o go AnamY go nwÊ` ^r {d\$b ~Z OmVo h¢, _mVmE± {d\$b
~Z OmVr h¢¢ Am¡a YZ ^r {d\$b ~Z OmVm h¡, naÝVw H$^r Aä`mg {d\$b Zht hmoVm &&32&&
{ZaÝVa Ho$ Aä`mg go Xw…gmÜ` nXmW© {gÕ hmo OmVo h¢, eÌw {_Ì ~Z OmVo h¢ VWm Am¡fY
Ho$ {Z{_Îm Aä`mg go {df ^r A_¥V ~Z OmVo h¢ &&33&&
AVEd emór` ew^mä`mg H$Xm{n Zht N>mo‹S>Zm Mm{hE, `h H$hVr h¡ &
BîQ> dñVw Ho$ {df` _| {OgZo AnZm Aä`mg N>mo‹S> {X`m, dh _Zwî`m| _| AY_ h¡, dh Cg
dñVw H$mo Eogo àmßV Zht H$a gH$Vm, O¡go dÝÜ`m AnZo nwÌ H$mo &&34&&
V~ Š`m emó{d{hV hmoZo go ór, nwÌ, YZ, gËH$_©mZwîR>mZ Am{X A{^_V dñVw H$m n[aË`mJ
H$^r Zht H$aZm Mm{hE ? Bg àíZ H$m ZH$mamË_H$ CÎma XoVr h¡ Ÿ&
ór, nwÌ Am{X Omo A{^_V dñVwE± h¢, CZH$m CnmO©Z hOmam| `ËZm| go {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bggo
CZH$m ^r n[aË`mJ ghgm Zht H$aZm Mm{hE, {H$ÝVw d¡am½` Ho$ Aä`mg Ûmam Eogo `w[ŠV go n[aË`mJ
H$aZm Mm{hE, O¡go `moJr _¥Ë`wn`©ÝV AË`ÝV A^rîQ> dñVw OrdZ H$m `w[ŠVnydH© $ Ë`mJ H$aVm h¡ &&35&&
VÎdkmZmW© Omo Aä`mg h¡, CgH$m H$^r Ë`mJ Zht H$aZm Mm{hE, Š`m|[H$ CgHo$ Ë`mJ go Vmo
Xoh Am{X _| Ah§^mdm{XH$m Aä`mg Adí` hmoZo bJ OmòJm & {\$a BgH$m {ZdmaU Ag§^d hmo
OmZona A{Z_m}j H$s Amn{Îm hmo OmòJr & Bg Ame` go H$hVr h¡ &
Omo ZamY_ AnZr BîQ> dñVw Ho$ {bE (_mojhoVw VÎdkmZ Ho$ {bE) Aä`mg Zht H$aVm,
dh AZrîQ> _| `mZr Xoh Am{X_| Ah§^mdê$n AZW© _| hr aV ahoJm, Bg [ñW{V _| AnZo
Aä`mgñd^md go A{ZîQ> hr àmßV H$aVm ahoJmŸAm¡a VXZÝVa EH$ Xw…I go Xygao Xw…I H$mo
àmßV hmoVm ahoJm, Cggo CgH$m Nw>Q>H$mam H$^r Zht hmoJm &&36&& {Oggo g§gma Agma ~Z
OmVm h¡, Eogo {ddoH$ H$s godm _| gXm {ZaV ahZodmbo Omo CÎm_ nwéf AmË_{dMmaê$n Aä`mg
H$mo Zht N>mo‹S>Vo, do hr Bg _hm{dñV¥V _m`mê$nr ZXr H$mo V¡a OmVo h¢ &&37&& ho _wZo O¡go
ŸyÕ - 68] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2011
K‹S>m MmhZodmbo nwéf Ho$ {bE XrnH$ H$s à^mE± K‹S>o H$mo àH$m{eV H$aVr h¡ Am¡a {Z[d©¿Z Cgo
àmßV H$am XoVr h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| ldU-_ZZ H$m Aä`mg Ag§^mdZmê$n AÝYH$ma hQ>mH$a dñVw
H$mo àH$m{eV H$a XoVm h¡ Am¡a {Z{XÜ`mgZ H$m Aä`mg {dnarV ^mdZmê$n {d¿Z H$m
{dZmeH$a A^rîQ> dñVw àmßV H$am XoVm h¡,Ÿ`h VmËn`© h¡ Ÿ&&38&& O¡go H$ënd¥j H$s bVm,
O¡go CÎm_ {MÝVm_{U AWdm O¡go eaX² F$Vw VV²-VV² A{^_V \$b àXmZ H$aVr h¡, d¡go
hr ò ldU Am{X Ho$ Aä`mg H$s ^y{_H$m ^r A{^_V _mojdñVw àXmZ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&&39&&
Xohê$nr n¥Ïdr na {MaH$m{bH$ AmË_{dMmamä`mgê$nr gy`© AnZr A^rîQ> dñVw H$mo (na_ àoo_
Ho$ {df` AmË_m H$mo) Cg VarHo$ go {XIbmVm h¡, {Og VarHo$ go {H$ CÎm_ OÝ_ boZodmbo
A{YH$mar OZ amJ, Ûof, OÝ_, _aU Am{X hOmam| AZWmoª H$mo n¡Xm H$aZodmbr B[ÝÐ`ê$n am{Ì
H$mo Z XoI nm`| &&40&& {OVZo àmUr h¢, CZ g~Ho$ {bE gXm hr g~ dñVwAm| H$m àH$me
H$aZodmbm EH$ Aä`mgê$nr gy`© gdm}ÀM h¡ Ÿ&&41&& Mm¡Xh ^wdZm| _| [ñWV Mm¡Xh àH$ma H$s
Omo àm{U`m| H$s Om{V`m± h¢,CZ_| {H$gr ^r àmUr H$s ñdm^m{dH$ A^rîQ> dñVw Aä`mg Ho$
{~Zm {gÕ Zht hmoVr &&42&&
A~ Aä`mg H$m ñdê$n ~VbmVr h¡ &
_hmamO, {H$gr EH$ ({H«$`m) H$m ~ma-~ma H$aZm hr Aä`mg H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CgrH$m
Bg emó _| nwê$fmW© eãX go nhbo AZoH$ ~ma dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡, nwéfà`ËZ Am¡a
na_nwéfmW© ê$n \$b ^r dmñVd _| dhr h¡, Bg[bE Aä`mg Ho$ {~Zm `hm± {H$gr H$s J{V
hmo hr Zht gH$Vr &&43&& Ñ‹‹T> Aä`mg eãX go H$hm OmZodmbm à`ËZZm_H$ Omo AnZm H$_©
h¡, Cgr go {g{Õ {_bVr h¡, Xygao go Zht, `hr gËH$_© AnZo {ddoH$ Ho$ H$maU _mZm| CËnÝZ
hmoVm h¡ &&44&& B[ÝÐ`mo| na {dO` nmZo _| g_W© dra nwéf Ho$ {bE Aä`mg ê$nr gy`© Ho$ VnVo
ahZo na ^y{_ _|, Ob _| `m AmH$me _| Eogr H$moB© B[ÀN>V dñVw Zht h¡, Omo {gÕ Zht hmo
gH$Vr Ÿ& ^y_ÊS>b na VWm g_ñV {ZO©Z nd©V H$s JwhmAm| _| A^` hoVw ~Z OmVo h¢ `mZr
Aä`mgr H$mo CZgo V{ZH$ ^r ^` Zht hmoVm & do A^`ê$n ~Z OmVo h¢ &&45&&
g‹S>gR>dm± gJ© g_mßV
A‹S>gR>dm± gJ©
Am{Y^m¡{VH$ ^«m[ÝV H$m {Zamg H$aHo$ g_m{Y go Omo Am{Vdm{hH$ ^md H$s [ñW{V hmoVr h¡, dh gË` h¡ &
{dÚmYar Zo H$hm … ho ^JdZ², My±{H$ Ñ‹T>mä`mg Zm_H$ g_m{Yê$n `ËZ Ho$ {~Zm Xohm{X _|
Am{Y^m¡{VH$Vm H$s (ñWybVm H$s) ^«m[ÝV {Zd¥Îm Zhr§ hmo gH$Vr Am¡a Am{Vdm{hH$ ^mdH$m ^r
(gyú_^mdH$m ^r) Am{d^m©d Zht hmo gH$Vm Ÿ& Am{Vdm{hH$ ^md Ho$ {~Zm Xygao gJ© H$s [ñW{V ^r
g§{jßV àË`j go Zht XoIr Om gH$Vr, Bg[bE {Z_©b na_mË_m _| gd©~moYmZwHy$b g_m{Yê$n
YmaUm go AnZm h_ àmMrZ Am{Vdm{hH$ ^md H$m Aä`mg nwZ… H$a|, Cgr Cnm` go {ebm Ho$
AÝVJ©V OJV² àH$Q> hmoJm, {OgH$m _¢Zo Amngo dU©Z {H$`m h¡ &&1&&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … Bg Vah Cg nd©V Ho$ D$na Cg {dÚmYar Ho$ `w[ŠV`wŠV dMZ
H$hZo na _¢ nÙmgZ bJmH$a g_m[Y Ho$ {bE CÚV hmo J`m Ÿ&&2&& Am¡a Cg g_m{Y _o§ gånyU© ~mø
nXmWm] H$s H$ënZm H$m Ë`mJ hmo OmZo na {MÝ_mÌ EH$ê$n hmoH$a _¢Zo Cg nyd-© H$WmW© H$s Am{Y^m¡{VH$
Xohm{X H$s ^mdZm Am¡a CgHo$ g§ñH$ma_b H$m ^r {~ëHw$b Ë`mJ H$a {X`m &&3&& BgHo$ AZÝVa
{MXmH$meê$nVm H$mo àmßV hmoH$a _¢ {Xì` Ñ[îQ> H$mo Eogo àmßV hþAm, O¡go eaËH$mb _| AmH$me
{Z_©bVm H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡ &&4&& BgHo$ AZÝVa gË` na_mË_m Ho$ Ñ‹T> Aä`mg go Xoh _| _oar
Am{Y^m¡{VH$Vm ^«m[ÝV {Z[íMVê$n go AñV hmo JB© Ÿ&&5&& Am¡a Cg g_` CX` Ed§ AñV go
a{hV, {ZË` AZmd¥V ñdàH$meê$nm, A{V{Z_©b, _hm{MXmH$meê$nVm EH$ Vah go àH$Q> hmo
JB©Ÿ&&6&& BgHo$ ~mX O~ _¢ gmjrê$n AnZo hr {Z_©b VoO go XoIZo bJm, Vmo _wPo dñVwV… Z Vmo
dh AmH$me XrI n‹S>m Am¡a Z dh nËWa hr dhm± XrI n‹S>m & Cg g_` g~ Hw$N> _wPo na_mW© hr
XrI n‹S>m &&7&& Cg Vah H$m dh na_mW©KZ ñdÀN> na_VÎd hr ^m{gV hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& VWm dh
na_VÎd hr _oam AmË_m-ñdê$n h¡ Ÿ& CgrZo nËWa H$s ^mdZm go dh nËWa XoIm &&8&& O¡go ñdßZ
_| AnZo Ka Ho$ ^rVa EH$ nËWa Ho$ ê$n go XoIr JB© {demb {ebm Ho$db {MXmH$meê$n hr h¡, d¡go
hr {dewÕ Ho$db {MXmH$me hr dhm± nËWa {ebm Ho$ ê$n go ñ\w$[aV hmo ahm Wm Ÿ&&9&&
`{X `h ì`dhma ñdßZê$n hr h¡, Vmo {\$a dhm± AnZr `m Xygao {H$gr H$s OmJ«VAdñWmê$nVm
H$m à{V^mg H¡$go hmoVm h¡ ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go ñdßZ _| hr, AkmZde "_¢ ñdßZ go OJ J`m' Eogm OmZ aho {H$gr AÝ` nwéf Ho$
ñdßZÑí` nwéfê$nVm H$mo àmßV hþAm ñdßZ`wŠV nwéf ñd`§ AnZo H$mo ñdê$nV… O¡gm "_¢ à~wÕ
hÿ±', Eogm à{V^m{gV hmoVm h¡, R>rH$ d¡gm hr dh ì`dhma h¡ Ÿ&&10&& ñdßZ _| [ñWV {OZ nwéfm| H$m
{ga H$Q> MwH$m h¡ do ñdßZ-g§gma _| [ñWV hmoH$a kmZ Ho$ {~Zm Š`m H$a gH$Vo h¢, Eogo hr g§gma
_| [ñWV Ord H$mbde kmZàm[ßV Ho$ {~Zm Š`m H$a gH$Vo h¢ ? AWm©V² kmZàm[ßV Ho$ nhbo Š`m
H$a gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& Bg[bE ñdßZ _| AmhV hþE nwéfm| H$m OmJaU Ho$ Cnm`^yV Xoh Ho$ Z ahZo go
AJË`m `hr H$hZm n‹S>Vm h¡ {H$ ñdßZ _| hr CZH$s OmJaUVm h¡ &&11&&
Bg[bE _ybAkmZê$nr {ZÐm Ho$ CÀN>oX go ñdê$n H$m à{V~moY hr Bg OrdH$m _w»`
à{V~moY h¡ & BgHo$ {dnarV Vmo `hr H$hZm n‹S>oJm {H$ ñdßZ _| hr ì`W© OmJaU H$m A{^_mZ
h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Bg{bE ho lram_MÝÐOr, _hm_mohímmbr (AkmZê$nr {ZÐm`wŠV) nwéfm| H$mo Omo g_`
ŸyÕ - 68] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2013
nmH$a ~moY hmoVm h¡ `mZr kmZê$n OmJaU hmoVm h¡ dhr CZH$m _w»` à~moY h¡ - OmJaU h¡,
Š`m|{H$ ~«÷VÎd Ho$ {gdm H$moB© Xygam Aj` nXmW© OmJaU `m ñdßZ _| Zht h¡ &&12&& `hr
H$maU h¡ {H$ _¢Zo ñdê$n~moY Ho$ nhbo {OgH$s AmH¥${V {ebm_` XoIr Wr, Cg ñdÀN> {MX²KZ
~«÷mH$me H$mo _¢Zo MoVZKZ gÐÿn XoIm, n¥Ïdr Am{X Ho$ {dH$ma Ho$ ê$n go H$ht Zht
XoIm Ÿ&&13&& ^yVm| H$s Am{X g¥[îQ> _| [ñWV Omo ewÕ Am¡a Omo nma_m{W©H$ ~«÷ê$n h¡ dhr
VÎdkm{Z`m| Ho$ Ü`mZ go bä` BZ g^r àm{U`m| H$m eara [ñWV h¡Ÿ&&14&& Omo ~«÷ H$m
AmË_r` nwamVZê$n h¡ dhr ^yVm| H$m AnZm nma_m{W©H$ê$n h¡ dh _ZmoamÁ` `m g§H$ën Vwë`
hr h¡ Ÿ& CgrH$mo Bg g_` _y‹T> bmoJ OJV Ho$ Zm_ go H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&&15&&
R>rH$ h¡, Eogm hr ghr, bo{H$Z dh Am{Vdm{hH$ Xoh H$m¡Z h¡, {OgHo$ gX²^md _| gånyU© OJV²
H$m Xe©Z Am¡a {MËñd^md H$m ñ\w$aU hmoVm h¡, CgH$mo H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
dh _m`me~b ~«÷ hr gV² H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| {M{V H$s Omo OJV Ho$ g§ñH$ma go `wŠV$
A§e H$s gÎmm h¡, Cgr H$mo Am{Vdm{hH$ (gyú_) eara H$hVo h¢ ŸAm¡a CgH$m Omo dh {ZË` Anamoj
ewÕ {MX§e h¡ dhr CgH$m ñdê$n ñ\w$aU h¡Ÿ&&16&&
V~ AmnZo `h nhbo H¡$go H$hm h¡ {H$ _Z Ord H$m Am{Vdm{hH$ eara h¡, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
g¥[îQ> Ho$ AmH$ma go C{XV hmo ahm dhr {MËgÎmmê$n àW_ àË`j {MXm^mgmË_H$ OrdH$m
{haÊ`J^©g§kH$ g_[îQ>ê$n Am{Vdm{hH$ eara hmoVm h¡ Am¡a dhr {\$a g_{îQ>^md H$mo AnZr
Xw~w©{Õ go ^ybH$a erK« hr O~ ì`{îQ>^md H$mo à««mßV H$a boVm h¡ V~ gd©OZàË`j _Z, Bg Zm_
go H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bgr{bE Vmo h_Zo Amngo nhbo `h H$hm h¡ {H$ Ord H$m Am{Vdm{hH$ eara _Z
h¡ &&17&& Bg àH$ma ñd`§ dhr {M{V H$m ê$n AkmZ Ho$ H$maU ì`W© hr AÝ`ê$nVm H$mo àmßV hmo
J`m h¡ Ÿ& g_[îQ>ê$ngo dh `mo{J`m| H$mo àË`j h¡, Bg{bE dh `mo{JàË`j Am¡a ì`{îQ>ê$n go
gd©OZgmYmaU H$mo àË`j h¡, Bg[bE _Z…àË`j ^r H$hm J`m h¡ &&18&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bg
g_` Omo `h _Z…àË`j h¡ dh Am{Y^m¡{VH$ Xoh Am{X H$s H$ënZm Ûmam AË`ÝV AgÐÿn go hr
C{XV hþAm h¡, AV… Bgo Amn AgV² àË`j hr g_{Pò & Am¡a Cg `mo{JàË`j H$mo Amn gV² `mZr
`WmËå` H$s ñ\y${V© hmoZo go _w»` àË`j Om{Zò &&19&&
V~ g^r bmoJm| H$mo Cg àË`j _| namojVm H$m AZw^d VWm AÝ`Ì àË`jVm H$m AZw^d H¡$go
hmoVm h¡, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
Ahmo, na_oída H$s `h _m`m {d{MÌ h¡, àmH²$ àË`j _| (gmjr MoVZ H$s g_[îQ> _Z H$s
àË`jVm _|) namojVm hmo ahr h¡ Am¡a Bg AZÜ`j (AàË`j)_Z _| àË`j H$s H$ënZm Am
JB© &&20&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, {MV² _| gd©àW_ ñ\w$[aV hmoZogo gyú_ hr àË`j hmoVm h¡ Cgr H$mo
Amn gË` Am¡a gd©JV g_{Pò Ÿ& `h Am{Y^m¡{VH$ ñWyb eara Vmo _m`m hr ({_Ï`m hr)
h¡ Ÿ&&21&& O¡go AZw^d H$aZo na gwdU© _| H$Q>H$Vm {~bHw$b Zht h¡, d¡go hr gyú_ eara _|
Am{Y^m¡{VH$Vm (ñWyb earaVm) ^r dñVwV… Zht h¡ Ÿ&&22&& ho lram_Or, {dMma Z ahZo Ho$
H$maU `h Ord ^«_ _| A^«_ê$nVm Am¡a A^«_ _| ^«_ê$nVm àmßV h¡, `h g_PVm h¡ Ÿ& Ahmo, `h
H¡$gr _y‹T>Vm h¡ &&23&& ~hþV {dMma H$a XoIZo go `h Am{Y^m¡{VH$ ñWyb eara CnbãY Zht hmoVm
Am¡a Am{Vdm{hH$ -gyú_ eara Vmo _mojn`©ÝV Bg bmoH$ Am¡a nabmoH$ _| ^r g_ñV ì`dhma H$m
{Zdm©hH$ hmoZo go Aj` h¡ &&24&& gyú_ earaCn{hV {M{V _§o Am{Y^m¡{VH$Vm H$s àWm `mZr ñWyb
earaénVm H$s ~w{Õ {_Ï`m hr Eogo àmXw^©yV hwB© h¡ O¡go _ê$^y{_ H$s _¥JV¥îUm _| Ob~w{Õ ì`W© hr
àmXw^©yV hmoVr h¡ &&25&& gyú_earaCn{hV {M{V H«$_ _| CËnÝZ hþB© Am{Y^m¡{VH$s ~w{Õ `mZr
ñWyb~w{Õ ñWybeara H$s Ñ[îQ> H$s de go Eogo àm¡‹T> hmo JB© h¡, O¡go ñWmUw (Rw±R>) _| nwéf
~w{Õ &&26&& O¡go ew[ŠV _| aOV, O¡go _¥JV¥îUm _| Ob Am¡a O¡go MÝÐ_m _| Xmo MÝÐ H$s ~w{Õ
{_Ï`m h¡, d¡go hr gyú_ eara _| ñWyb~w{Õ ^r _m`m hr {_Ï`m h¡ Ÿ&&27&& Ahmo, Bg Ord Ho$
A{dMma go CËnÝZ hþE _moh Ho$ _mhmËå` H$mo Vmo Oam Xo{Iò, CgZo Omo AgV² h¡ Cgo gË` Am¡a Omo
gË` nXmW© h¡ Cgo AgV² ~Zm {X`m h¡ &&28&& dmñVd _| Vmo `mo{J`m| H$s àË`j-^yV {M{V-ñ\y${V©
hr gË` h¡ Am¡a _mZg ñnÝX Vmo Hw$N> (c) h¡, Š`m|{H$ XmoZm| bmoH$m| H$m gmam ì`dhma BÝht XmoZm| go
(ñ\y${V© Am¡a ñnÝXZ go) {gÕ hmoVm h¡ &&29&&
Omo gd©gmYmaU H$mo àË`j h¡, EH$_mÌ Cgr_| g~ Hw$N> N>mo‹S>H$a `moJ go [ñWaVm gånmXZ H$aZr
Mm{hE Ÿ& Ho$db nm_aOZm| Ho$ à{gÕ Eo{hH$ ñWybm{X Ho$ àË`j _| Zht, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Omo _Zwî` Bg AmÚ gyú_ eara àË`j H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Bg ñWyb eara àË`j _| gË` ~w{Õ
H$aHo$ [ñWV h¡ dh _mZm| _¥JV¥îUm H$m Ob nrH$a gwI go [ñWV h¡ &&30&&
Bgr Vah `mo{J`m| Ho$ AZw^d{gÕ gd©gmYmaU Omo gwI h¡ Cgr _| na_nwéfmW©ê$nVm OmZZr
Mm{hE, nm_aOZà{gÕ _| Zht, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
jUâ _| hr Zme Ho$ AZw^d go VÎdkmZr _hmZw^md bmoJ Omo {df`gwI h¡ CgH$mo Xw…Iê$n
hr H$hVo h¢ ŸVWm AH¥${Ì_, AZm{X,AZÝV Omo gwI h¡ Cgr H$mo dmñV{dH$ gwI ~VbmVo h¢ Ÿ&&31&&
nydm}ŠV H$mo hr Ñ‹T> H$aZo H$s BÀN>m H$aVo hwE {\$a H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bg Vah gmjr MoVZ Ûmam Amn àË`j {dMma H$s{Oò VWm ñd`§ AnZo
AZw^d go Xo{Iò, Omo g~H$m Am{X gmjr {MV² H$m àË`j h¡ dhr dmñV{dH$ gwI h¡ Ÿ&&32&& VrZm|
bmoH$ Ho$ AZw^d XoZodmbo gyú_m{Vgyú_ àË`j H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Omo Eo{hH$ ñWyb àË`j H$mo J«hU
H$aVm h¡, Cggo ~‹T>H$a Am¡a H$moB© Xygam ~‹S>m _yI© Zht h¡ &&33&& gånyU© ^yVm| H$m Omo gyú_ eara
(c)àË`j {M{V Ho$ AYrZ BgH$s {g{Õ hmoZo go dh _mZg ñn§X Hw$N> h¡, AV… CgH$s
àË`j{M{Vg_gÎmm Zht h¡, Bg{bE dñVwV… dh ^r {_Ï`m hr h¡ `h VmËn`© h¡ &
ŸyÕ - 68] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2015
h¡ dhr dmñVd _| gV² h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| Omo ñWybeara H$s àm[ßV h¡ dh AgË` {nem{MH$m hr h¡ Ÿ&&34&&
Ohm± {_Ï`m g§H$ën_` H$m OÝ_ hr Xwb©^ h¡ dhm± CgH$s gÎmm Vmo AË`ÝV Xwb©^ h¡ hr, {\$a
Cg AgV² nXmW© _| AW©{H«$`m H$s gm_Ï`© Vmo Cggo ^r Am¡a ~hþV Xya h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Omo AZwËnÝZ Am¡a g§H$ën_` h¡ dh àË`j H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡ VWm Omo ñd`§ hr gV² Zht h¡ dh
H$m`©H$mar H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? &&35&&
ZoÌ Am{X à_mU go {gÕ hþE n«n§M (OJV²) H$m Amn H¡$go Anbmn H$aVo h¢, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
O~{H$ àË`j gmYH$ Mjw Am{X B[ÝÐ`m± hr `mo{J`m| H$s Ñ[îQ> _| AgV² h¢ V~ {\$a CZgo {gÕ
AÝ` nXmW© Š`m gV² hmo gH$Vo h¢ ? Š`m|{H$ {Og dñVw H$s {g{Õ AgV² go H$s OmVr h¡ dh H$hm±
VH$ gV² hmoVr h¡ ? H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ AgV² go {gÕ hþE nXmW© H$s gÎmm H$ht na ^r
XoIZo _§o Zht AmVr &&36&&
O~ gmjmV² AWm] H$s gmYH$ Mjw Am{X B[ÝÐ`m| H$s Eogr Xem h¡, V~ ^bm VÝ_ybH$ AZw_mZ
Am{X à_mUm| Ho$ {df` _§o Š`m nyN>Zm Ÿ? `h H$hVo h¢ &
O~ àË`j _| hr ^mdËd ZîQ> h¢ `mZr O~ àË`j H$s hr gÎmm {gÕ Zht h¡ V~ CgHo$ AYrZ
AZw_mZ Am{X à_mUm| H$s H$hm± J{V h¡ ? Ohm± ~‹S>o-~‹S>o hmWr ~h OmVo h¢ dhm± ô‹S>m| H$s Š`m H$Wm
h¡ ? &&37&& Bg{bE Omo Hw$N> h_Zo H$hm h¡ CgH$m ñ\y$[aV `hr h¡ {H$ àåmmU{gÕ Ñí` àn§M H$ht
^r Zht h¡ Ÿ& Omo `h gÐÿn EH$ "AñVrd' (h¡-O¡gm) ^m{gV hmo ahm h¡ dh g¢Yd (Z_H$) Ho$ Qw>H$‹S>o
Ho$ g_mZ {MX²KZ ~«÷ hr h¡Ÿ &&38&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, O¡go ñdßZ _| nd©V XoIZodmbo H$m à{gÕ
ñdßZ Cg g_` ^r eyÝ`ê$n hr h¡, Š`m|{H$ Cgr Ka Am¡a Cgr g_` _| OmJ aho `m gmo aho {H$gr
AÝ` nwéf H$mo dh nd©V Zht h¡, d¡go hr {ebm H$s ^mdZm go `wŠV h_ XmoZm| H$mo `h Ñí` ^r {ebm
{MÐÿn hr h¡ &&39&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, `h nd©V, `h AmH$me, `h OJV² Am¡a `h _¢-BË`m{X g~
Hw$N> {MÝ_` AmË_m hr {MXmH$meê$n go ñd`§ AnZo ñdê$n _| ^mgVm h¡ &&40&& Bg Vah g~ Hw$N>
{MÝ_` AmË_m hr ^mgVm h¡, H$moB© Xygam Zht, `h à~wÕmË_m hr XoIVm h¡, Aà~wÕmË_m H$^r Zht
XoIVm Ÿ& ho lram_Or, _hm^maV Am{X H$Wm H$m AW©kmZ gwZZodmbo H$mo hr hmoVm h¡, Omo H$Wm Zht
gwZVm CgH$mo CgH$m AW©kmZ ^r H$^r Zht hmoVmŸ&&41&& Aà~wÕ H$mo (AkmZr H$mo) hr `h OJV²
H$s ^«m[ÝV gË`ñdê$nVm H$mo n«mßV h¡ & ho lram_Or, _{Xam nrH$a _Vdmbo ~Zo hþE nwéf H$mo hr
gw{ñWa ò d¥j VWm nd©V Am{X ZmMVo {XImB© XoVo h¢ &&42&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, Omo bmoJ `mo{JàË`j
gd©Ì Aà{VhV, EH$~moYê$n, nyUm©ZÝX¡H$ag {MËñdê$n H$m ~moY H$aHo$ ^r ~m{YV hþE Cg Mjw…
Am{X AÝ` àË`j H$m-VwÀN> hmoVo hÿþE ^r à_mUê$n go Aml` boVo h¢ do _y‹T> AmË_d§MH$ V¥U Ho$
g_mZ ZJÊ` h¢, CZgo _oam Hw$N> ^r à`moOZ Zht h¡ &&43&&
A‹S>gR>dm± gJ© g_mßV
CZhÎmadm± gJ©
{ebm H$s g¥[îQ> Ho$ AÝXa àdoe Am¡a dhm± Ho$ ~«÷m H$m Xe©Z VWm
gËH$manyd©H$ ~¡R>mò Jò d{gîR>_w{Z go ~«÷mOr H$m gå^mfUŸ&
{ebm Ho$ noQ> _| OJV² H$s g§^mdZmW© CgH$s gÎmm Ed§ ñ\y${V© XoZo dmbo A{YîR>mZ^yV ~«÷ H$mo
{XIbmVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, {OgHo$ g_ñV OJV² EH$ Vah Ho$ Ad`d-go h¢, Eogo gy`©
Am{X Á`mo{V`m| go AJå` VWm Mjw Am{X B[ÝÐ`m| H$m A{df` na~«÷ hr Ñí`-gm ~ZH$a [ñWV
h¡, dh {Zam_` na~«÷ g_m{Y H$s {Xì`Ñ[îQ> go XrI n‹S>Vm h¡ (`h OJV² na~«÷ H$s Á`mo{V go
hr àH$m{eV hmo ahm h¡,AV… OJV² ^r dmñVd _| {Z{d©H$ma ~«÷ñdê$n hr h¡ &) &&1&& nd©V,
Z{X`m±>, PaZo VWm bmoH$bmoH$mÝVa Am{X Ho$ {OVZo ^«_ h¢ do g~ Cgr ~«÷ _| XrI n‹S>Vo h¢ Ÿ& ò
_hmH$meê$nr CËH¥$îQ> Xn©U _| à{V{~[å~V h¢ &&2&& lram_Or, VXZÝVa A~mY J{Vdmbr dh
{dÚmYar Cg {ebm Ho$ noQ> _| [ñWV OJV² _| à{dîQ> hmo JB©, g§H$ënê$n _¢ ^r CgHo$ gmW CgHo$
^rVa à{dîQ> hmo J`m &&3&& ho lram_Or, VXZÝVa CÚ_erb VWm na_ emo^mdmbr dh {dÚmYar
dhm±Ho$ ~«÷bmoH$ _o| OmH$a ~«÷mOr Ho$ gå_wwI ~¡R> JB© Am¡a ~¡R>H$a _wPgo H$hZo bJr-"ho _w{ZloîR>,
ò _oao n{V h¢, ò _oar ajm H$aVo h¢, {ddmh Ho$ {bE BÝhm|Zo hr _Zgo _oam CËnmXZ {H$`m Wm, `Ú{n
A~ ò nwéf ~y‹T>o hmo Jò h¢ Am¡a _¢ ^r ~y‹T>r hmo JB© hÿ±, VWm{n AmOVH$ _oao gmW {ddmh Zht {H$`m,
Bgrgo A~ _wPo d¡am½` hmo J`m h¡, BÝh| ^r d¡am½` Am J`m h¡, ò Cg na_ nX _| OmZo H$s BÀN>m
aIVo h¢, Ohm± Z Vmo H$moB© ÐîQ>Vm h¡, Z Ñí`Ëd h¡ Am¡a Z eyÝ`Ëd hr h¡ Ÿ&' lram_Or, dh {dÚmYar
O~ VH$ `h _wPgo H$h ahr Wr, V~ VH$ Bg OJV² _| _hmàb`H$mb g_rn Am ahm Wm Ÿ& {\$a
Cg {dÚmYar Zo H$hZm Amaå^ {H$`m-^JdZ², A^r ^r ò AnZo Ü`mZ go {dM{bV Zht hmoVo,
nd©V Ho$ gÑe AnZr _w{Zd¥{Îm go _mZm| ò AMb nd©V hr bJVo h¢ &&4-8&& ho _wZrída, Bg{bE
_wPo Am¡a BÝh| ^r ~moY XoH$a Cg na~«÷ Ho$ _mJ© _| bJmZo H$s H$¥nm H$s{Oò, Omo d¡km{ZH$
àb`VH$ Ho$ gmao g§gmam| H$m _yb^yV H$maU h¡ Ÿ&&9&& ho lram_Or, Cg {dÚmYar Zo _wPgo d¡gm
H$hH$a {\$a Cg ~«÷mOr H$mo OJmZo Ho$ {bE H$hZo bJr … ho ñdm{_Z², AmO AnZo Bg Ka _| ò g~
_w{Z`m| Ho$ loîR> _hmamO d{gîR>Or nYmao h¢, ò _w{Z Xygao OJÐÿn Ka _| ahZodmbo ~«÷mOr Ho$ nwÌ
h¢ Ÿ& ho ZmW, J¥hñW nwéfm| Ho$ Ka _| hmoZodmbr g_w{MV nyOm go AnZo Ka na nYmao hþE BZH$m
gËH$ma H$s{OE Ÿ&&10,11&& ho ñdm{_Z², Amn `h Om{Zò {H$ ò _w{ZloîR> nyÁ` h¢, Bg{bE A¿`©,
nmÚ Am{X go BZH$s nyOm H$s{Oò & Omo ~‹S>o-~‹S>o AmnHo$ gÑe _hmË_m h¡, CÝh| CÎm_ nyOm go
àmßV hmoZodmbm _hm\$b hr éMVm h¡ &&12&& lram_Or, O~ Cg {dÚmYar Zo d¡gm H$hm, V~
ŸyÕ - 69] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2017
_hm_oYmdr dh _w{Z g_m{Y go g_wÐ _| AmdV© Ho$ g_mZ CR>o, do AnZr AmË_m H$mo nhMmZZo Ho$
{Z{_Îm Ðdr^yV hmo Jò Ÿ&&13&& VXZÝVa Yrao go Cg Zr{Vk {dÛmZ Zo AnZo ZoÌ Cg Vah Imobo,
O¡go _Yw_mg (dgÝV) {e{ea _| emÝV ^y{_na nwînê$nr AnZr Am±I| ImobVm h¡ &&14&& ~mX _|
Yrao-Yrao CgHo$ do g_ñV hmW, n¡a Am{X A§J-AnZo-AnZo kmZ H$mo Eogo àH$Q> H$aZo bJo `mZr
AnZr-AnZr MoVZm go `wŠV Eogo hmoZo bJo, O¡go dgÝV gå~ÝYr nëbd ZdrZ ag H$mo àH$Q>
H$aVo h¢ `mZr ZdrZ ag go `wŠV hmoZo bJVo h¢ Ÿ&&15&& AZÝVa, Xod, {gÕ Am¡a AßgamE± Mmam|
Va\$ go Eogo Am Y_H$s, O¡go àmV…H$mb _| {Ibo hþE H$_bm| go `wŠV gamoda _| M§Mb
h§gn§[ŠV`m± &&16&& lram_Or, Cg ~«÷m Zo gm_Zo Cn[ñWV h_H$mo Am¡a {dbm{gZr Cg a_Ur
H$mo XoImŸ& XoIZo Ho$ ~mX CÝhm|Zo `h dMZ H$hm & CZH$m dMZ ›H$ma nyd©H$ ñdamoÀMma Ho$ H$maU
~‹S>m hr aå` bJVm Wm Ÿ&&17&& {ebmoXa OJV² Ho$ ~«÷mOr Zo H$hm … ho hmW _| Am±dbo Ho$ gÑe
Agma g§gma Ho$ VÎd H$mo OmZZodmbo, ho kmZê$nr A_¥V ~agmZo dmbo _hm_oK, ho _wZo AmnH$m
ñdmJV hmo &&18&& ho _wZo, Amn Bg A{VXyam{VXyadVu ñWmZ _| nYmao h¢, AV… bå~o _mJ© Ho$ H$maU
Iy~ WH$ Jò hm|Jo, Amn Bg AmgZ na {~am{OE &&19&& lram_Or, Cg OJV² Ho$ ~«÷mOr Ho$ d¡gm
H$hZo na "ho ^JdZ², AmnH$m A{^dmXZ H$aVm hÿ±' `m| H$hVo hþE _¢ ZoÌ Ho$ Bemao go X{e©V _{U_`
AmgZ na ~¡R> J`m Ÿ&&20&& AZÝVa XodVm, F${f, JÝYd©, _w{Z, {dÚmYa Am{X Ûmam Jm`r JB©
CZH$s ñVw{V`m± Amaå^ hwB©, {\$a nyOm hþB© Am¡a {\$a Z_ñH$ma hþE Ÿ& AZÝVa `Wm`mo½` nañna
ì`dhma H$s Zr{V gånÝZ hþB© Ÿ&&21&& AZÝVa EH$ _whyV©_mÌ _| Xod, JÝYd© Am{X ^yVJUm| Ho$ Ûmam
dmUr go {H$`m J`m àUm_ g_mamoh O~ emÝV hmo J`m, V~ _¢Zo CZ ~«÷mOr go H$hm &&22&& ho
^yV^ì` Ho$ ñdm{_Z², `h {dÚmYar `ËZnyd©H$ _oao nmg AmH$a H$hVr h¡ {H$ Vw_ h_ bm|Jm| H$mo ~moY
dMZm| go CnXoe Xmo & Š`m CgH$m `h H$hZm C{MV h¡ `m AZw{MV ? &&23&& ho Xod, Amn g~
àm{U`m| Ho$ ñdm_r h¢ g_ñV kmZm| Ho$ nma§JV h¢, AV… `h H$m__w½Ym ór Š`m H$h ahr h¡ ? Bgo
ho OJËnVo H${hE Ÿ&&24&& ho Xod, AmnZo AnZr ^m`m© ~ZmZo Ho$ {Z{_Îm Bgo Š`m| CËnÝZ {H$`m ?
CËnÝZ H$aHo$ Š`m| AnZr nËZr Zht ~Zm`r, {\$a `hm± CgH$mo d¡am½` H$s Amoa Š`m| bo Jò ? &&25&&
AmnH$m Ame` R>rH$ h¡ {H$ `Ú{n _¢ Am¡a `h XmoZm| CnXoe Ho$ {bE `mo½` Zht h¡, VWm{n
BgZo AnZr hr dmgZm go _wPo AkmZr Am¡a AnZm CnXoem{YH$ma g_PH$a Amngo CnXoemW©
àmW©Zm H$s h¡, VWm `Ú{n _¢Zo BgHo$ OÝ__mÌ H$m gånmXZ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& VWm{n "nËZr ~ZmZo
Ho$ {bE _¢ CËnm{XV H$s JB© hÿ±, _¢ BZH$s ^m`m© hÿ±" BË`m{X ^r AnZr dmgZm go hr BgZo
g_P aŠIm h¡, Bg{bE dmgZm_mÌê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU A~ _¢ O~ {dXoh H¡$dë` H$mo àmßV
H$ê±$Jm, V~ CgHo$ gmW-gmW ñdH$[ënV àn§M H$m ^r VËH$mb hr àb` hmo OmòJm, `m|
{dñVma Ho$ gmW CÎma XoZo H$s BÀN>m go H$hVo h¡¢ &
AÝ` OJV² Ho$ ~«÷mOr Zo H$hm … ho _wZo, Amn gw{Zò, _¢ O¡gm d¥ÎmmÝV h¡, d¡gm hr Amngo
H$hVm hy±, Š`m|{H$ gÁOZm| Ho$ gå_wI O¡gr KQ>Zm KQ>r hmo, Cgo Adí` nyar Vah H$hZr hr
Mm{hE Ÿ&&26&&
g~go nhbo CnmoX²KmVg§J{V go "Aà[VhV kmZ, d¡am½`, Eoíd`© Am¡a Y_©-ò Mmam| OJXrída
Ho$ gmW-gmW hr {gÕ h¡' Bg nwamUà{g{Õ Ho$ AZwgma AnZr CËn{Îm Ho$ gå~ÝY _| Vm[ÎdH$
n[akmZ ~VbmZo Ho$ {bE VWm AnZr CËn{Îm H$m ñdê$n ~VbmZo Ho$ {bE H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or, Eogr EH$ H$moB© _w»` dñVw h¡, Omo AO, emÝV, AOa VWm {ÌH$mb _|
~m{YV Zht hmoZo dmbr h¡ Ÿ& Bgr H$m Zm_ {M{V h¡ Ÿ& Bg {M{V Ho$ EH$ _mÌ àH$meZñdê$n go _¢
CËnÝZ (Am{d^©yV) hþAm hÿ± Ÿ&&27&&
CŠV VÎdkmZ go ~m{YV AnZr CËn{Îm Am¡a AnZm Zm_ AmnHo$ {bE H¡$go {gÕ hmo gH$Vm
h¡, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, _¢ {MXmH$meê$n hr hÿ±, gXm AnZo hr ñdê$n _| [ñWV hÿ±, Am¡a ì`dhma H$aZodmbr àOm
Ho$ gJ© Ho$ CËnÝZ hmoH$a [ñWV hmo OmZona CZH$s Ñ[îQ> go _oam Zm_ ñd`§^y hmoVm h¡ &&28&&
Vm[ÎdH$ Ñ[îQ> go Vmo Z _¢ CËnÝZ hþAm hÿ± Am¡a Z Hw$N> XoIVm hr hÿ± Ÿ& g^r àH$ma Ho$ AmdaUm| go
{Z_w©ŠV hmoH$a {MXmH$meñdê$n _¢ {MXmH$me _§o hr [ñWV hÿ± Ÿ&&29&&
V~ h_ XmoZm| VÎdkm{Z`m| H$m nañna Omo àíZmoÎmam{X ì`dhma hmo ahm h¡, dh H¡$gm h¡, Bg
na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
^Ð, Omo `h Vw_, _oao AmJo hmo Am¡a Vwåhmao AmJo _¢ hÿÿ±, VWm `h Omo AnZm nañna àíZmoÎmaê$n
g§^mfU h¡, dh Vmo Cg Vah H$m h¡, {Og Vah H$m {H$ EH$ hr g_wÐ _| EH$ Va§J Ho$ AmJo Xygam
Va§J hmo Am¡a dhr EH$ g_wÐ Va§Jm| Ûmam nañna AmKmVm| go Üd{Z H$aVm hmo, `h _oam {gÕmÝV
h¡ &&30&& ^Ð, Bg àH$ma g_wÐ go O{ZV Va§Jm| Ho$ gÑe Wmo‹S>r _mÌm _| H${ënV AnZr Am¡a Xygao
H$s Ñ[îQ> go XoIo OmZodmbo ôXê$n VWm g_`de AnZo ñdê$n Ho$ Wmo‹S>o go {dñ_aU Ho$ H$maU
AñdÀN>ñdê$n hþE {MXm^mgê$nr _wP_| Omo ñd^md go "_¢ Am¡a _oar' dh dmgZm hr Bg Hw$_mar
H$mo Am¡a Vwåh| AÝ`-gr ^mgVr h¡, naÝVw _wPH$mo Vmo AZÝ` hr ^mgVr h¡, dh dmgZm h_ XmoZm|
nwéfm| H$r Ñ[îQ> go C{XV h¡ Am¡a C{XV Zht ^r h¡ &&31,32&&
AnZr Ñ{îQ> go Amn H¡$go h¢, Bg na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
^Ð, _¢ Vmo A{dZmer gÎmmdmbm hÿ±, Š`m|{H$ _¢ H$^r CËnÝZ Zht hþAm hÿ±, AmË_ê$n _¢ AnZo
ñdê$n _| [ñWV hÿ± Ÿ& ñd^md go hr _oam AmH$ma A{dZmer h¡, _¢ ñdmË_mam_ VWm ñd`§ à^w hÿ± &&33&&
O~ Amn Eogo {dewÕ h¢, V~ `h H¡$go CËnÝZ hwB© Am¡a Agb _| `h h¡ Š`m Ÿ? Bg na
H$hVoo h¢ Ÿ&
ŸyÕ - 70] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2019
ho d{gîR>Or, CŠV {dewÕñdê$n _wPH$mo nyd©nyd© Ho$ Ah§H$ma Ho$ g§ñH ma go CËnÝZ ñ_¥{V-
O¡gr Omo Ah§^«m{ÝV, OJ[ËñW{V Am¡a dmgZm hþB©, CgH$s A{YîR>mÌr XodVm hr `h earaê$n
hmoH$a [ñWV h¡ Ÿ&&34&& ^Ð, `h dmgZm H$s A{YîR>mÌr Xodr hr ~¡R>r h¡, Z Vmo `h _oar J¥{hUr h¡
Am¡a Z J¥{hUr Ho$ {Z{_Îm go BgH$m _¢Zo CËnmXZ hr {H$`m h¡ &&35&&
V~ `h AmnH$mo AnZm n{V Š`m| H$hVr h¡, Bgna H$hVo h¢ &
My±{H$ `hr ^rVa H$r g_ñV OJV² H$s dmgZm h¡, Bg[bE AnZr dmgZm Ho$ Amdoede go `h
"_¢ ~«÷m H$s nËZr hÿ±' Bg Vah H$s ^mdZm H$mo AnZo hr _Z H$s BÀN>m go àmßV hþB© h¡ Am¡a Cgo
àmßV H$a {ZaW©H$ hr AË`ÝV Xw…I H$mo àmßV hmo JB© h¡ &&36&&
CZhÎmadm± gJ© g_mßV
gÎmadm± gJ©
dmgZm Xodr Ho$ d¡am½` Ho$ H$maU H$m Am¡a OJV² Ho$ àb` Ed§ {_Ï`m {d^«_ê$nËd$ H$m dU©ZŸ&
AmnZo BgH$m nËZr Ho$ {Z{_Îm {Z_m©U Š`m| {H$`m, Bg àíZ H$m CÎma XoH$a A~ BgH$mo d¡am½`
H$s Amoa Š`m| bo Jò, Bg àíZ H$m CÎma XoZo Ho$ {bE Amaå^ H$aVo h¢ &
AÝ` OJV² Ho$ ~«÷mOr Zo H$hm … ho d{gîR>Or, _¢Zo AnZo g§H$ën go H$[ënV Xmo namY© df©
Am`w Ho$ {~Vm {Xò, A~ {MÎmmH$meê$n _¢ g~go D±$Mr {Za{Ve`mZÝXmË_H$ ~«÷mH$meê$n
H¡$dë`[ñW{V boZo H$s BÀN>m H$a ahm hÿ±, Bg H$maU go _oar dmgZm go ~Zo Bg OJV² _| {ZË`,
Z¡{_{ÎmH$, X¡Z§{XZ Am¡a AmË`[ÝVH$-òo Mmam| Vah Ho$ àb` ^r Cn[ñWV hmo Jò h¡§ &&1&& ho
_wZrÝÐ, Bg _hmàb` H$mb _| A~ BgH$m _ybmoÀN>oX H$a AnZr gÎmm go {JamZo Ho$ {bE _¢Zo
Amaå^ {H$`m h¡, Bg[bE Bgo d¡am½` hmo J`m h¡ `mZr `h {dZmemoÝ_wI hmo JB© h¡ &&2&&
Cg_| `w[ŠV ~VbmVo h¢ &
`h _¢ O~ {H$ {MÎmmH$meñdê$n H$m Ë`mJ H$a AmÚ {MXmH$meê$n hmo ahm hÿ±>, V~ _hmàb`
H$m ñdê$n Am¡a dmgZm H$m {dZme {Z[íMV h¡ &&3&& Bgr{bE `h {daŠV hmoH$a _oao _mJ© H$s Amoa
Xm¡‹S> ahr h¡, Eogm CXma~w{Õ H$m¡Z Ord h¡, Omo AnZo OZH$ Ho$ nrN>o Xm¡‹S>Vm Z hmo &&4&& ^Ð, AmO
hr `hm± H${bH$m g_m[ßVH$mb Am¡a MVw`w©Jr H$m {dZme Cn[ñWV h¡ Ed§ _Zw, BÝÐ, Xod Am{X àOm
H$m ^r `h {dZme Am J`m h¡ &&5&&
Mmamo§ àH$ma Ho$ àb` AmO EH$ hr gmW àmßV h¢ - `h H$hVo h¢ &
AmO hr _oao H$ën H$m {dZme h¡, _hmH$ën H$m ^r {dZme AmO hr h¡, dmgZm{dZme AmO
hr h¡ Am¡a AmO hr XohmH$me H$m {dZme h¡ Ÿ&&6&& ho ~«÷Z², Bgr{bE AmË_Xe©Z Am{X H$maUm| H$mo
boH$a hr `h {dÚmYarê$n dmgZm {dZme H$s Amoa OmZo Ho$ {bE CÚV hwB© h¡ Ÿ& Vmbm~ Ho$ gyI
OmZo na JÝYboIm H$hm± [ñWV ah gH$Vr h¡ ? &&7&&
AnZo {dZme Ho$ H$maU AmË_Xe©Z _| BgH$s BÀN>m Š`m| hþB©, Bg àíZ H$m CÎma - CgH$m
d¡gm ñd^md hr h¡, `h-`w[ŠVnyd©H$ H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, O¡go O‹S> g_wÐboIm go M§Mb bhar CËnÝZ hmoVr h¡, d¡go hr dmgZm go ^r AnZo {dZme
H$s hoVw AmË_Xe©Z H$s BÀN>m `m| hr ñd^mdde CËnÝZ hmoVr h¡, Cg_| Xygam H$moB© ^r ~mhar
H$maU Zht h¡ &&8&& Ho$db A{^_mZ hr {OgH$m eara h¡, Eogr Bg dmgZm H$mo ñd^md go ñd`§ hr
AmË_Xe©Z H$s BÀN>m CËnÝZ hmoVr h¡ &&9&&
V~ BgZo h_ bmoJm| H$m Omo ~«÷mÊS> XoIm, Cg_| Š`m H$maU h¡, Bg na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
AmË_m Ho$ Xe©Z Ho$ {bE {H$ò Jò YmaUmä`mgê$n `moJ H$m \$b AÝ`mÝ` ~«÷mÊS> _| J_Z
Am{X {g{Õ h¡ hr, Bg{bE CgH$s narjm H$aZo H$s BÀN>m hr dhm± OmZo _| H$maU hþB© Ÿ& dhm± OmH$a
BgZo AmnH$m dh gJ© XoIm, {Og_| Y_m©{X Ho$ AZwîR>mZ _| ì`J« Ed§ {ZaJ©b àOm ahVr h¡ &&10&&
nydm}ŠV {ebm H$m Xe©Z ^r BgH$mo Cgr {g{Õ Ho$ ~b go hþAm, `h H$hVo h¢ &
AmH$me _| {dMaU H$aZo _| VËna Bg {dÚmYar Zo AnZo OJV² H$s AmYma^yV nd©V Ho$
{eIa H$s {ebm ^r Cgr {g{Õ H$s gm_Ï`© go XoIr, Omo {H$ h_ bmoJm| H$s Ñ[îQ> go Ho$db
AmH$meê$n hr h¡ &&11&& h_ bmoJm| Ho$ AZoH$ OJÐÿn nXmWm] Ho$ AÝXa- {Og OJÐÿn nd©V Ho$
D$na `h OJV² h¡ Am¡a {Og_| CŠV nËWa H$s {ebmê$nVm h¡-Eogo-Eogo AZoH$ Xygao ^r OJV²
h¢ &&12&& naÝVw h_ bmoJ My±{H$ ôXÑ{îQ> _| `mZr ì`wËWmZXem _| ~¡R>o h¢, Bg{bE CZH$mo Zht
XoIVo, naÝVw g_m{Y go ~moY Ho$ gmW EH$ê$n hmoH$a `moJÑ[îQ> go XooIZo go XoI gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ&&13&&
^Ð, KQ> _|, nQ >_,| Xrdma _|, AmH$me _|, dm`w _|, Ob _|, VoO _|, gd©Ì-g^r OJh, {ebmoXa
Ho$ gÑe, AZoH$ OJV² {dÚ_mZ h¢ &&14&& OJV² Zm_ H$s Vmo EH$ {ZaW©H$ ^«m[ÝV hr h¡¡, Am¡a
dh h¡ R>rH$ ñdßZZJa Ho$ O¡gr Ÿ& `h OJV² H$s _m`m ^r {_Ï`m h¡, Bg{bE {_Ï`m ^«_H$m
A[ñVËd hr H$hm± ahm ? `{X CgH$m A[ñVËd h¡, Vmo dh A{YîR>mZ {M{Vê$n hmoH$a Hw$N>> Am¡a
hr h¡, Z {H$ àVr`_mZ O‹S>ê$n &&15&& `h _m`m ^«m[ÝVê$n n[akmV hmoH$a {OZH$s Ñ[îQ> _|
{MXmH$meê$n ~Z OmVr h¡, CZHo$ {bE Vmo dh gXm Ho$ {bE Mbr hr JB© g_PZr Mm{hE Am¡a
~mH$s Omo bmooJ ~M Jò, CZH$mo Vmo ^«_ Ho$ hr nmÌ g_P br{OE Ÿ&&16&&
AW "{H${_X§ ^yV^ìòe0' BË`m{X go AnZo nmg AmZo H$s gm_Ï`© _| Omo hoVw nyN>m, CgH$m
CÎma H$hVo h¢ &
ho _wZo, A~ Amn `h gw{Zò {H$ AmnHo$ nmg `h {H$g H$maU go Am`r & ~mV Eoogr h¡-
nydm}ŠV d¡am½`àm[ßV Ho$ AZÝVa AnZo {damJde go BgH$mo AmË_r` `mZr A^rîQ> AmË_kmZ
H$s AZwHy$b Jwê$ngXZ, ldU, _ZZ Am{X H$r BÀN>m CËnÝZ hwB© Ÿ& Am¡a Cgo AmnHo$ CnXoe go
ŸyÕ - 70] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2021
{gÕ H$aZo H$s BÀN>m aIH$a BgZo Xygao (nydmo©ŠV OJËg¥{îQ> Ho$ Xe©Z _| hoVw^yV YmaUm go
{^ÝZ) IoMa{g{Õ, ~«÷mÊS>mÝVa _| J_Z Am{X {g{Õ`m| H$s hoVw^yV MyS>mbm»`m{`H$m _| d{U©V
YmaUmAm| Ho$ Aä`mg go AmnHo$ g§H$ën go H$[ënV AmnH$m g_m{YñWmZ OmZH$a dhm± `h
nhþ±M JB© Am¡a nhþ±MH$a AÑí` hmoVo hþE ^r AmnH$mo BgZo XoI {b`m Ÿ&&17&& ho _wZo, d{U©V
ar{V go Ord{M{V H$s e{ŠVê$n A{dÚm EoÝÐOm{bH$ _m`m Ho$ gÑe Mmam| Amoa \¡$br hþB© h¡
Am¡a ~«m÷r _m`me[ŠV, Omo Am{X Ed§ AÝV go ewÝ` h¡, Bgr àH$ma Mmam| Amoa \¡$br hþB© h¡, dh
{dÚmê$n h¡, Š`m|{H$ Cg_| AmdaUe[ŠV Z ahZo Ho$ H$maU dh {Zam_` h¡ Ÿ&&18&& ho _w{Zda,
`hm± H$moB© ^r H$m`© H$^r Z Vmo CËnÝZ hmoVo h¢ Am¡a Z ZîQ> hr hmoVo h¢, Ho$db {M{V hr Ñí`-
gr, H$mb-gr Ed§ {H«$`m-gr àH$m{eV hmoH$a VnVr h¡ &&19&& ^Ð, ò Omo Xoe, H$mb, {H«$`m,
Ðì`, _Z, ~w{Õ Am{X h¢, do g~Ho$-g~ Ho$db {M{Vê$nr {ebm H$r à{VH¥${V`m± h¢, AV… CZH$m
Z CX` h¡ Am¡a Z AñV hr h¡, `h Amn Om{Zò &&20&& [ebm H$s AmH¥${V YmaU H$a ahr `h
{M{V hr [ñWV h¡, Bgr {M{V Ho$ g_ñV OJV² Eogo A§J h¢, O¡go dm`w Ho$ ñnÝXZ Ÿ&&21&&
{M{V H$m `h Omo CbQ>m kmZ hmoVm h¡, Cg_| {M{Vñd^mdH$m n[akmZ Z hmoZm hr H$maU h¡,
`h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
{dkmZKZ AmË_m H$mo OJV² g_PZm {M{V H$m hr H$m`© h¡ Ÿ& ñd`§ AZm{X Ed§ AZÝV hmoVr hþB©
^r Agbr {MV²ñd^md Ho$ An[akmZ go Xoe-dñVw go O{ZV n[a{ÀN>ÝZ ^md H$mo ^r àmßV {M{V
hr hmo OmVr h¡ &&22&& `h Omo {M{Vê$nm {ebm h¡, dh dmñVd _| Am{X-AÝV go a{hV hmoVr hþB©
^r ^«_ go Am{X-AÝV go `wŠV ~Z OmVr h¡ Am¡a {ZamH$ma hmoVr hþB© ^r gmH$ma hmoH$a OJV²-ê$n
A§Jm| go `wŠV ~ZH$a [ñWV hmo OmVr h¡ &&23&& O¡go ñdßZ _| {M{V AnZo hr AmH$medV² {Z_©b
ñdê$n H$mo ZJaê$n g_P boVr h¡, d¡go hr Bg OmJ«V-H$mb _| ^r {M{V nmfmU H$mo AnZm
OJV²-ê$n A§J g_P boVr h¡ &&24&&
OmJ«V _| ^r ñdßZ Ho$ Vwë` ~mY H$s g_mZVm {XIbmVo h¢ Ÿ&
^Ð, `hm± Z Z{X`m± ~hVr h¢, Z ZjÌMH«$ Ky_Vm h¡, Z AWm] H$m n[aUm_ hmo ahm h¡, {H$ÝVw
AnZo ^rVa Ho$db {M{Vê$n AmH$me hr àH$m{eV hmo ahm h¡ &&25&& O¡go Ob _| {dÚ_mZ Xygam
Ob `mZr g_wÐ _| {dÚ_mZ Va§J Am{X n¥WH²$ ñdê$n H$m Zht hmoVm, d¡go hr g§{dXmH$me _| àVrV
_hmH$ën Am¡a H$ën Ho$ AÝV H$s g§{dV² ^r n¥WH²$ ñdê$n H$s Zht hmo gH$Vr Ÿ&&26&&
Eogr n[a[ñW{V _| AÜ`mamonÑ[îQ> go XoIZo na AZÝV OJV² gXm gd©Ì {M{V gÎmm go
{dÚ_mZ h¢, Wmo‹S>m-gm ^r BZH$m Anbmn Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm Am¡a AndmXÑ[îQ> go XoIZo
na Vmo {M{V Ho$ ñdê$n go {^ÝZ H$moB© dñVw H$ht na ^r g_{W©V Zht hmo gH$Vr, `h ~mV
hþB©, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go _hmH$me Ho$ ^rVa Xygao-Xygao KQ>m{X AmH$me _hmH$me H$s gÎmm go {dÚ_mZ h¢ Am¡a ñdV…
AbJ {dÚ_mZ Zht h¢ d¡go hr ò OJV ñdV… eyÝ` ê$n hmoVo hþE ^r {M{V H$s gÎmm go {dÚ_mZ h¡
Am¡a AnZr gÎmm go A{dÚ_mZ ^r h¢ &&27&& ho d{gîR>>_wZo, A~ Amn AnZo ^wdZ _| Mbo OmBE,
Am¡a dhm± EH$mÝV _| H$[ënV AnZo nyd© Ho$ AmgZ na g_m{Y bJmH$a {djon-a{hV gwI H$m AZw^d
H$s{Oò, ò _oao H$[ënV ~w{Õ Am{X OJV² Ho$ nXmW© ^r àb` àmßV H$a na_ Aì`ŠV H$s Amoa Mbo
Om`| Ÿ& h_ bmoJ ^r {haÊ`J^©© H$s Cnm{Y^yV _yb AkmZ H$m ~mYH$a H¡$dë`nX _| Om aho h¢ &&28&&
gÎmadm± gJ© g_mßV
BH$hÎmadm± gJ©
H$ënZm Ho$ H$maU^yV ~«÷mOr Ho$ g§H$ën H$m Á`m|-Á`m| {dZme hmoVm J`m,
Ë`m|-Ë`m| CZHo$ H$[ënV g_ñV nXmWm] H$m n«b` ^r hmo J`m, `h dU©Z &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … lram_^Ð, Eogm _wPgo H$hH$a ^JdmZ² ~«÷mOr, ~«÷bmoH$ _|
ahZodmbo g_ñV OZm| Ho$ gmW, nhbo nÙmgZ bJmH$a ~¡R> Jò Am¡a {\$a H$^r Z Qy>Q>Zodmbr
g_m{Y _| VËna hmo Jò &&1&& ^Ð, Am|H$ma H$s CÎmamY©^yV Omo AmYr _mÌm h¡, Cg_| {dÚ_mZ
ZmX, {~ÝXw Am{X ^mJm| _| H«$_e… CÝhm|Zo AnZo {MÎm H$m b` {H$`m, Bggo CZH$s {OVZr dmgZmE±
Wt, do g~ {dbrZ hmo JB©, O~{H$ CZH$s g_ñV dmgZmE± {dZîQ> hmo JB©, V~ do Eogo _mby_ n‹S>Zo
bJo, O¡go {MÌ _| CZH$m AmH$ma {M{ÌV {H$`m J`m hmo `mZr Cg g_` CZHo$ AmH$ma _| V{ZH$ ^r
M§MbVm Zht Wr &&2&& `h {dÚmYar ^r ~«÷mOr H$m AZwgaUH$a Ü`mZ_½Z hmo JB© Am¡a {\$a
ñ_aUhoVw g_ñV ~rO^yV g§ñH$mam| go a{hV hmoH$a emÝVñd^md hmo AmH$meê${nUr hmo JB© Ÿ&&3&&
`h CZH$m ^rVar ahñ` AmnZo H¡$go OmZm, Bg àíZ na H$hVo h¢ &
lram_Or, ñWyb, gyú_ H$maUê$n AWm] Ho$ gmW àUd H$s _mÌmAm| Ho$ {db` H«$_ go dmgZm-
g§H$ëneyÝ` hmoH$a O~ ~«÷mOr CÎmamoÎma gyú_^md H$mo àmßV hmoZo bJo, V~ _¢ ^r g_m{Y go gd©Ì
ì`mnH$ Agr_ {MXmH$meê$n ~Z J`m Am¡a ~«÷mOr H$s Cg Vah H$s [ñW{V gmjmV² XoIZo
bJm Ÿ&&4&& ~«÷mOr H$m g§H$ën Yrao-Yrao Á`m|-Á`m| Cg jU go boH$a Zrag hmoVm J`m, Ë`m|-
Ë`m| VËjU _| hr nd©V, Ûrn Ed§ g_wÐm| go `wŠV n¥Ïdr H$s V¥U, Jwë_, bVm, YmZ Am{X H$s
CËnmXZ-gm_Ï`© Ed§ g^r Ob Am{X H$s AnZr AnZr gm_Ï`© {dZme H$s Amoa OmZo bJr Ÿ&&5,6&&
g_ñV eara _| {OgH$mo doXZm h¡, Eoogo _aUmgÝZ {dÛmZ H$mo g§H$ën Ho$ Cng§hma _| O¡go
A§Jm| _| ZragVm hmo OmVr h¡, d¡go hr {damQ²> nwéf Ho$ g§H$ën Ho$ Cng§hma _| {damQ²> eara Ho$
Ad`d n¥Ïdr Am{X _| ^r ZragVm hmo OmVr h¡, `h OmZZm Mm{hE, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
n¥Ïdr {damQ²> AmË_m Ho$ ñdê$n H$s EH$XoeVm hr YmaU H$aVr h¡, `mZr n¥Ïdr {damQ²> AmË_m H$s
ŸyÕ - 71] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2023
A§J h¡, Bg{bE O~ {damQ²> AmË_m Ho$ g§doXZ H$m Cng§hma hmo J`m, V~ n¥Ïdr AMoVZ VWm Zrag
hmoH$a Mmam| Amoa go Eogo OO©a hmo JB©, O¡go _mJ©erf© Ho$ AÝV _| ~obr Oam go A{dYwa-^md H$mo
(OO©a^md H$mo) àmßV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&&7,8&&
Ame`ñW ÑîQ>mÝV H$mo àH$Q> H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go h_ bmoJm| Ho$ A§J g§doXZm Ho$ Cng§hma _| Zrag hmo OmVo h¢, d¡go hr ~«÷mOr H$s A§J^yV
n¥Ïdr g§doXZ Ho$ Cng§hma _| Zrag hmo JB© &&9&&
{H$g-{H$g àH$ma go n¥Ïdr OO©a hwB©, Bgo ~VbmVo h¢ &
nhbo Vmo dh n¥Ïdr EH$ gmW AZoH$ ~‹S>o-~‹S>o CËnmVm| Ho$ ^ma go AmH«$mÝV hmo JB©, {\$a Cg_|
nmnê$nr A§Jmam| go n[aVßV ZaH$m| H$s Amoa àd¥{Îmerb _Zwî` hmoZo bJoo Ÿ&&10&& AmH$me Ho$
AH$mÊS>VmÊS>d, amOmAm| Ed§ Mmoam| Ho$ CnÐdm| go O{ZV XrZVm VWm X[aÐVm go CgH$m gmam d¡^d
{_Q²>Q>r _| {_b J`mŸ& Cg_| g_ñV {ó`m± AnZo gVrËd go ^«îQ> hmo JB© Am¡a _Zwî`m| H$s gmar _`m©Xm
ZîQ> hmo JB© &&11&& Cg g_` Cg n¥Ïdr _| Yy[b Ho$ gÑe _ÝX Zrhma Eb§ Yy{b go gy`© ^r Yw±Ybm
hmo J`m Ÿ& erV-CîU Am{X ÛÝÛm| H$m {ZamH$aU H$aZo _| _hm_yI© AVEd _hmXw…Ir ì`gZr Ed§ ì`m{Y`m|
go nr{‹S>VOZm| go dh AmH«$mÝV hmo JB© &&12&& Cg_| A[½ZXmh, Ob Ho$ nwa Ed§ `wÕm| go _ÊS>b Ho$
_ÊS>b {N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ hmo Jò Ÿ& VWm dh A{Vd¥[îQ> d AZmd¥[îQ> go H$îQ>nyd©H$ OrdZ`mnZ Ho$ ì`mnmam|
go nm_a hþE _Zwî`m| go â JB© &&13&& Ae§{H$V _hmZ² CËnmVm| go Cg g_` dhm± nd©V, ZJa AnZo-
Amn {JaZo bJo, ~ÀMm| Ho$, lmo{Ì` ~«m÷Um| Ho$, _w{Z`m| Ho$, Am`m] Ho$ Ed§ JwUrOZm| Ho$ {dZme go bmoJ
éXZ H$aZo bJo Ÿ&&14&& Ob H$s Xwb©^Vm Ho$ H$maU ñW{b`m| Ho$ ~rM _| {Z…e§H$ dhm± Ohm± Vhm± AJmY
Hy$n bm|Jmo Zo IZ {Xò Wo Ÿ& dU©g§H$am| Ho$ {Z{_Îm Zm[a`m| _| dhm± gmYmaUOZ, Ed§ amOm Am{X g~
JmoÌm{X H$m {dMma {H$ò {~Zm hr {ddmh _| AmgŠV hmoZo bJ Jò Ÿ&&15&& ^Ð, Cg g_` dhm± gånyU©
_Zwî` YmZ Am{X Ho$ H«$`-{dH«$` Am{X ì`dhma go hr AnZm {Zdm©h H$aZo bJ Jò, Mm¡_whm{Z`m|
na ewëH$ hr OrdZ-gmYZ ~Z J`m, {ó`m| H$m OrdZ-gmYZ Ho$e (OZZo[ÝÐ`) hr hmo Jò, Am¡a
H$a hr amOmAm| H$m CnOrì` (OrdZ-gmYZ) ~Z J`m AWdm AnZo AnZo dU© Am¡a Aml_ Ho$
C{MV ì`dhmam| H$m A{VH«$_U hr g^r _Zwî`m| H$m ì`gZ ~Z J`m Mm¡amhm| na {g`ma hr H«$ÝXZ
H$aZo bJo, {ó`m| H$m Ho$e{dÝ`mg hr ì`gZ ~Z J`m, g_ñV amOo doí`m, ZV©H$s Am{X _| hr AnZm
g_` {ZH$mbZo bJo Ÿ&&16&& OZm| Ho$ AmMaU Xw…Iê$n eybamoJ go AmH«$mÝV hmo Jò, g_ñV àOm
erV-CîU Am{X ÛÝÛm| go AmH«$mÝV hmo JB©, AY_©ê$n eybamoJdmbr {ó`m± ~Z JB© Am¡a amOdJ©
_Ú Am{X Ho$ nmZ _| hr [ZaV hmo J`m &&17&& gmar n¥Ïdr AY_©ê$nr eybamoJ go ÌñV OZm| go Mmam|
Amoa ì`mßV VWm g¡H$‹S>m| Hw$emóm| go `mZr doX~mø {dMmam| go amoJnr{‹S>V hmoH$a H«$ÝXZ H$aZoo bJ
JB© Ÿ& Cg g_` dhm± Mmoa Am{X XwO©Z hr YZm| go nyU© hmo Jò Am¡a gÁOZ AZoH${dY {dn{Îm`m| go
{Ka Jò &&18&& Cg g_` AZm`© hr g_ñV n¥Ïdr Ho$ ajH$ ~Z Jò, n[ÊS>VJU AZm`m] Ûmam {dVm{S>V
hmoZo bJo, gmar ^y{_ _| bmo^, _moh, ^`, Ûof, amJ Am¡a amoJê$n Yy{b C‹S>Zo bJr &&19&& lram_Or,
Š`m H$hm Om`, gmar n¥Ïdr naY_© _| àd¥Îm nwéfm| go ì`mßV hmo JB©, Cg_| Y_m}nXoeH$ ~«m÷U H«$moY
go AmH«$mÝV hmo Jò Am¡a {ZaÝVa Xygam| H$mo Xw…I XoZo _| (ébmZo _|) VËna Agr_ XwîQ>OZm| H$m CËWmZ
hmo J`m AWm©V² Cg g_` n¥Ïdr _| g^r nwéf AnZm AnZm Y_©-H$_© N>mo‹S>H$a Xygam| Ho$ Y_©-H$_m]
_| àd¥Îm hmo Jò, ñdY_© H$m CnXoe XoZodmbo gÁOZ nwéf H«$moY go AmH«$mÝV hmo Jò VWm gmYmaU
nm_a nwéf {ZaÝVa Xygam| H$mo ébmZo _| hr VËna hmo Jò &&20&& ZJa, Jm±d VWm XodVm Am¡a ~«m÷Um|
Ho$ _[ÝXam| H$mo Xñ`wAm| Zo {N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ H$a {X`m Ed§ AÝ`m`monm{O©V YZ go AnZm Hw$Qw>å~nmofU
H$aZo _| AmnmVV… _Ywa Am¡a n[aUm_ _| (nabmoH$ _|) Xw…IX CXadmbo Aënm`w nwéf {XIbmB© n‹S>Zo
bJ Jò &&21&& Ambñ`Xmof go g~ Ym{_©H$ nw‹éfm| Zo AnZm-AnZm {Z`{_V gÝÜ`mdÝXZ Am{X
H$m`© N>mo‹S> {X`m Ÿ& n[aUm_ _| g~ AZoH${dY AmnXmAm| Ed§ amoJm| go {Ka Jò VWm H«$_ go {XemAm|
Ho$ _ÊS>b Ho$ _ÊS>b {N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ hmoZo bJ Jò Ÿ&&22&& ZJa Am¡a Jm±d Ho$db ^ñ_mdeof ah Jò,
gånyU© _ÊS>b ({Obo) CO‹S> Jò Am¡a eãX H$aZodmbo ^ñ_ Ed§ _oKm| Ho$ ~dÝS>am| go AmH$me _| ^`§H$a
hbMb n¡Xm hmo JB© &&23&& gmar n¥Ïdr H$m noQ> A^mJr àOmAm| Ho$ ~‹S>o-~‹S>o g_mamoh Ed§ amoZo Ho$
eãX goo `wŠV ~Z J`m, gmar OZVm Mmoar H$aZo _| àdrU ~Z JB© VWm g^r _Zwî`m| H$mo à{VjU
gÝVmnm| H$m hr gm_Zm hmoZo bJm &&24&& ^Ð, Cg g_` n¥Ïdr _| F$VwAm| Zo AnZm-AnZm JwU-
ñd^md N>mo‹S> {X`m Am¡a CgHo$ g^r àXoem| H$s gr_mE± Zrag hmo J`t & Bg Vah ~«÷mOr Ho$ {damQ²>
eara H$mo ~ZmZo dmbm nm{W©d ^mJ O~ M¡VÝ` _| {_b J`m, V~ n¥Ïdr H$s {dembVm g_rndVu
àb` Ho$ H$maU {dbrZ hmo JB©, VXÝVa MoVZê$n g§{dV²go {Z_w©ŠV Ob ^r {dZme H$s Amoa CÝ_wI
hmo J`m &&25,26&& O~ ObYmVw H$m ñdén Hw${nV hmo J`m, V~ CgZo ^r AnZm {Z`_ Vmo‹S> {X`m
Am¡a {Z`_ Vmo‹S>Zo Ho$ H$maU g_wÐ AnZr àmMrZ Am`©_`m©Xm H$mo {Vbm§O[b XoH$a AÝYmYw§Y {dñV¥V
Ob go b~mb~ â Jò &&27&& {\$a CÝ_Îmm| Ho$ gÑe eãX H$a aho g_wÐ {dH¥$V^md YmaU H$aZo
bJ Jò Am¡a AnZr ~‹S>r-~‹S>r Va§Jm| Ho$ ZmZm àH$ma Ho$ {djmo^m| go VQ>ñW O§Jbm| H$m CÀN>oX H$aZo
bJ Jò &&28&& g_wÐm| _| ~‹S>r-~‹S>r CÝZV Va§J| CR>Zo bJ J`t, _Îm Am¡a ^`§H$a _hmZ AmdV©
^r hmoZo bJo-Bggo Cg_| ahZo dmbo ObMam| _| hbMb n¡Xm hmo JB© Ÿ& gmao AmH$me_ÊS>b _| Ed§
Xgm| {XemE± D±$Mo-D±$Mo Ky_ aho ObVa§Jê$n dVw©bmH$ma _hm_oKm| go ì`mßV hmo JB© &&29&& ~‹S>o-
~‹S>o JwS>-JwS> eãX H$aZodmbo AmdVm] Ûmam {H$ò Jò _hmZ² JO©Z go CZH$s nd©V-H$ÝXamE± ^`§H$a
eãX H$aZo bJt Am¡a ObH$Um| H$mo (ObYmamAm| H$mo) ~agmZo dmbo _hm_oKm| go nd©V ^r Sy>~Zo bJ
Jò &&30&& g^r g_wÐm| H$m ^rVar ^mJ AnZm-AnZm CÎm_ doJ ~VbmH$a Xygam| na {dO` nmZo
Ho$ {Z{_Îm AmJo-AmJo Xm¡‹S> aho dra _Jam| go Ky{U©V ({djwãY) hmo J`m VWm Cëbgr _Jam| Ho$ Ûmam
ŸyÕ - 71] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2025
AmH«$mÝV d¥jm| go _hmAaÊ`-gm ~Zm {X`m J`m &&31&& Jw\$mAm| H$mo Vmo‹S>-\$mo‹S> XoZo Ho$ H$maU CZ_|
go qgh {ZH$b ^mJo Am¡a ^mJH$a CÝhm|Zo g_wÐ _§§o [ñWV ObMam| H$mo hVmhV H$a {X`m VWm AnZr
Va§Jm| Ûmam \|$Ho$ Jò _hmaËZg_yhm| go g_wÐm| Zo AmH$me_ÊS>b H$mo Vmam| go `wŠV ~Zm {X`m &&32&&
g_wÐm| go CN>bo hþE _Jam| Zo AmH$meJm_r Ordm| Am¡a ~‹S>o-~‹S>o _oK_ÊS>bm| H$mo AmÀN>m{XV H$a {X`m
Am¡a Va§Jm| Ho$ nañna AmKmVm| go g_wÐm| _| H$R>moa ^`§H$a eãX hmoZo bJm &&33&& D±$Mo hm{W`m| Ho$
gÑe VWm A{VMnb _Jam| Ho$ \y$ËH$ma go gy`© H$m _ÊS>b ^r Ywb OmZo bJm Am¡a nañna H$w{Q>b
J{V H$s ì`J«Vm go g_wÐ Va§Jm| Zo ~‹S>r-~‹S>r nd©V {^{Îm`m| H$mo ^r Vmo‹S>-\$mo‹S> {X`m &&34&& g_wÐm|
Zo AnZr {demb Va§Jmo go VrañW nd©Vm| H$mo My{U©V H$a {X`m, JO©Zm H$aVo hþE nd©Vm| Ho$ Jw\$mê$nr
Kam| na CÝhm|Zo AnZm A{YH$ma O_m {b`m VWm CZH$m Ob CÝ_Îm-gm ~Z J`m Ÿ&&35&& gånyU©
g_yÐm| H$s J{V`m± Hw$N> {d{MÌ hr hmo JB©, do eÌwAm| Ho$ ZJam| na AmH«$_U H$aZodmbo ZîQ>eÌw amOmAm|
Ho$ gÑe _mby_ n‹S>Zo bJ Jò, Š`m|{H$ BÝhm|Zo ^r AnZr CÝZV Va§Jm| go {damoYr Xmdm[½Z H$mo AmhVH$a
D±$Mo ñda go AnZo-AnZo Kam| go XodVmAm| H$mo ^Jm {X`m Am¡a CZHo$ ZJam| na _mZm| AnZm A{YH$ma
H$a {b`m &&36&& nhbo Vmo BÝhm|Zo dZg_yhm| H$mo CIm‹S> \|$H$m, {\$a CZH$mo D$na CR>m`m, Bggo
AmH$me_ÊS>b Eogm àVrV hmoZo bJm, _mZm| CgH$m O§Jb H$mQ> {X`m J`m hmoŸ & VWm Cgo n§I`wŠV
nd©V_mbmAm| Ho$ gÑe AnZr Va§J_mbmAm| go R>gmR>g â {X`m Ÿ&&37&& ^`§H$a eãX H$aZodmbo
àMÊS> dm`wAm| Zo Va§Jmo H$mo {d^ŠV H$a XoZo Ho$ H$maU nd©Vm| Ho$ gÑe g_ñV g_wÐm| H$mo {dM{bV
H$a {X`m Wm VWm aËZm| Ho$ àH$me go M_H$sbo VrañW nd©Vm| Ho$ {JaZo Ho$ H$maU {Ja aho VQ>m| go
CZH$m Ob ^rfU Üd{Z H$a ahm Wm &&38&& Cëbmg`wŠV AZoH$ ~‹S>o-~‹S>o AmdVm] Ho$ Ûmam g_wÐ
_Ja Am{X ObMam| H$mo D$na H$s Amoa \$|H$ aho Wo VWm AJmY AmdVm] go AZoH$ nd©V Am¡a CZH$s
Jw\$mAm| H$mo AnZo CXa _| {ZJb Om aho Wo &&39&& g_wÐm| Zo ~‹S>r-~‹S>r Jw\$mAm| H$m {dXbZ H$a
{X`m Wm, Bggo CZ_| go {ZH$bo hwE ñ\${Q>H$ Am{X nËWam| Ho$ Xm±Vm| go do XÝVwa `mZr h±gVo hþE-
go àVrV hmo aho Wo Am¡a {eIam| Ho$ D$na {dÚ_mZ bå~r-bå~r Jw\$mAm| Ho$ àmÝVm| _| g_wÐm| Ho$ Va§J
Am¡a ObMa àmUr Kwg Jò Wo &&40&& M§Mb dV©b w mH$ma Va§Jm| Ho$ Ûmam AmH«$mÝV d¥jm| Ho$ D$na emImAm|
_| g_wÐm| Ho$ H$Nw>E± EH$ Vah go J±wW-go Jò Wo VWm BÝhm|Zo `_, BÝÐ Am¡a n¥Ïdr Ho$ dmhZ _{hf,
EoamdV Ed§ {X½JOm§o H$mo ^`{dˆb ~ZmH$a CZHo$ H$mZ I‹S>o H$a {Xò Wm `mZr CZH$mo ^r M{H$V H$a
{X`m Wm &&41&& Cg g_` CZ_| {Ja aho nd©VVQ>m| Ho$ H$Q>H$Q> eãX gwZmB© n‹S>Zo bJo & VWm CZ_|
~‹S>o-~‹S>o _Ëñ`m| Ho$ nwÀN>m| H$s N>mQ> go hr [N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ hmoH$a nd©V erK« ZrMo-D$na Sy>~Zo-CVamZo
bJo &&42&& brbm go H$mQ>o Jò AaÊ`g_yhm| _| g_wÐm| H$s H$ht Vmo erVb ObYmamE± ~hZo bJt Am¡a
H$ht Ob ahr ~‹S>dm{½Z H$s Ádmbmn§[ŠV`m| go {_{lV hmoH$a AË`ÝV hr Ja_ ~hZo bJt Ÿ&&43&&
^Ð, g^r g_wÐm| _| EH$ AOr~-gm Ñí` Cn[ñWV hmo J`m, g_wÐOb go AnZo Aml`^yV BÝYZm|
Ho$ {dZme H$s Ame§H$m go _hmZb (~‹S>Zmdm[½Z) ^`J«ñV hmoH$a {N>n OmZo bJo Am¡a nd©V_mbmAm|
Ho$ D$na Ob_mV§J ñWb_mV§Jm| Ho$ gmW {^‹S>H$a `wÕ H$aZo _| ì`ñV hmo Jò &&44&& AnZo Obm|
Ho$ Ûmam nd©Vm| H$mo EH$-Xygao nd©Vm| Ho$ gmW Q>H$am XoZo _| g_wÐ ~‹S>o hr Hw$eb hmo Jò Am¡a Bg Vah
H$s Hw$ebVm àmßVH$a Obm| Ho$ ZmZm{dY Kw_md Ho$ Ûmam do _mZm| Z¥Ë` H$a aho Wo, Eogr àVr{V hmo
ahr Wr &&45&& g_wÐm| _| H$moB© AZmoIr hr emo^m Cg g_` _mby_ hmoZo bJr Wr, CZ_| ~‹S>o-~‹S>o
nd©V, dZm| Ho$ g_yh VWm AZoH$ àmUr Sy>~ aho Wo, `mZr BZ g~H$m g_wÐm| _| O_KQ> hmo OmZo go
Hw$N> Anyd© hr emo^m _mby_ n‹S> ahr Wr VWm C‹S> aho CÎm_ _¥V hm{W`m| Ho$ \y$bo hþE eara ê$nr ZJmao
g_wÐ AnZr Va§Jm| go ~Om aho Wo Ÿ&&46&& Agwam| go nmVmbm| Ho$ gÑe gmao g_wÐ àb`H$mar Va§Jm|
go ì`mHw$b hmo CR>o-`m| gmJam| Ho$ {djmo^ Ho$ AZÝVa CZ g_wÐm| _| V¡a aho _¥VH$ {X½JOm| H$s gy±‹S>
Ho$ AmJo Ho$ ^mJ go EH$ {dbjU Üd{Z gwZmB© n‹S>Zo bJr &&47&& dh Üd{Z {dbjU ^r, nmVmbVbê$n
Vmbw Ho$ ^rVa {dXmaU hmo OmZo go dh Üd{Z {_bH$a Omoa nH$‹S> ahr Wr `mZr KZ Wr, {\$a n¥Ïdr
H$mo ~am~a OH$‹S> aIZo Ho$ {bE ñWm{nV hþE _hmnd©V Am{X H$sb| {hb J`r Am¡a EH$ jU _| AnZo
ñWmZ go À`wV hmo JB© Ÿ& AZÝVa jU â _o M§Mb g_wÐVa§Jm| go {hbm`r JB© dh n¥Ïdr Eogo àVrV
hmoZo bJr, O¡go M§Mb e¡dmb H$s bVm hmo &&48&& BgHo$ ~mX àb`H$mar _oKmo| Ho$ eãXm| go {dbjU
AmS>å~am| go `wŠV hmoH$a AÝV[aj _mZm| {JaZo bJm Am¡a {XemAm| H$mo à{VÜd{Z Ho$ eãXm| go Vmo‹S>Zo-
\$mo‹S>Zo bJm &&49&& AmH$me_ÊS>b go AmdVm] H$s JmobmB© Ho$ gÑe dVw©bmH$ma CËnmVOZH$ Yy_Ho$Vw
{JaZo bJo, CZH$m dU© gwdU©, aËZ, _moVr Ed§ {gÝXwa dU© Ho$ gm±nm| Ho$ gÑe Wm &&50&& {XemVQ>m|
H$mo X½Y H$a XoZodmbr VWm M§Mb Ádmbmê$n OQ>mAm| Ho$ Amamon go `wŠV AZoH$ àH$ma H$s CËnmVm|
H$s n§[ŠV`m± {XemAmo§ go, AmH$me go Ed§ n¥Ïdr go AmZo bJt &&51&& ^Ð, _¢Zo nhbo {OZ ~«÷mOr
H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡, CÝhm|Zo O~ AnZm {dYmaUg§H$ën g_oQ> {b`m, V~ Cno{jV Agwa Am{X Ed§
n¥Ïdr Am{X XmoZm| Vah Ho$ ^r _hm^yV g~ Amoa {djwãY hmo CR>o &&52&& MÝÐ, gy`©, dm`w, BÝÐ, A[½Z
Ed§ `_-ò g~ ~‹S>o H$mobmhb go J«ñV hmo Jò, CZH$m A{YH$ma à^md ~«÷bmoH$ _| {_b J`m, do
AnZo-AnZo ñWmZ go À`wV hmoZo bJ Jò &&53&& ^y-H$ånZm| go H$Q>H$Q> eãX Ho$ gmW d¥jm| Ho$ g_yh
{JaZo bJo Am¡a AZoH$ Vah Ho$ Pybm| Ho$ gÑe AmÝXmobZ H$s J{V`m± nd©Vm| H$mo AZw^Vy hmoZo bJt Ÿ&&54&&
^yH$ån Ho$ H$maU H¡$bmg, gw_oé Am¡a _ÝXa H$s H$ÝXamAm| _| ^mar M§MbVm n¡Xm hmo JB© Am¡a H$ënVé
d¥j go aŠVê$n nwînJwÀN>m| H$s d¥[îQ> hmoZo bJr &&55&& ho lram_Or, bmoH$mÝVa nd©V, ZJa, g_wÐ,
AaÊ`-`h OJV² nyU© g_wÐ _o§ CËnmV`wŠV H$ënndZ Ho$ ~hZo go EH$ Xygao go Q>ŠH$a Im aho _Zwî`m|
Ho$ H$mobmhb go erU©-{derU© hmo J`m, O¡go éÐ~mU H$s A{½Z Ho$ Xmh go Mmam| Amoa go {Ja ahm
{ÌnwaZJa (X¡Ë`g_yh) {N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ hmo J`m Wm &&56&&
BH$hÎmadm± gJ© g_mßV
ŸyÕ - 72] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2027
~hÎmadm± gJ©
~«÷mOr Ho$ àmU{ZamoY go dm`w Ho$ j` H$m Am¡a àg§Jde nyN>r JB© {damQ²> [ñW{V H$m dU©ZŸ&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, VXZÝVa O~ {damQ²>ñdê$n ~«÷mOr Zo AnZr àmUdm`wAm|
H$m {ZamoY {H$`m, V~ dmVñH$ÝYZm_ go [ñWV AmH$me _| CËnÝZ dm`w Zo AnZr J«h, ZjÌ
Am{X H$mo YmaU H$aZo H$s _`m©Xm N>mo‹S> Xr &&1&& do dmVñH$ÝY Zm_ go [ñWV dm`w hr {damQ²>
~«÷m Ho$ n«mU h¢, Bg{bE O~ CZH$m CÝhm|Zo Cng§hma hr H$a {b`m, V~ CÝh| N>mo‹S>H$a gyú_
^yVm| H$mo YmaU H$aZodmbr _`m©Xm H$mo J«h_ÊS>b _| H$m¡Z aI gH$Vm h¡ ? &&2&& Bgr hoVw go
~«÷mOr Zo O~ àmUdm`w ê$n dmVñH$ÝY H$m AnZo _| Cng§hma H$aZm Amaå^ {H$`m, V^r
gmW-gmW Cng§hma go EH$ ~Z OmZo Ho$ {bE nydm}ŠV _`m©Xm H$m Ë`mJH$a J«h Am{X _| jmo^
CËnÝZ hmo J`m, Am¡a jmo^ Ho$ H$maU-O¡go dm`w ~hZo Ho$ g_` A[½ZXmh hmoZo na A§Jmao {JaVo
h¢, d¡go hr-{ZamYma hmoH$a AmH$me-_ÊS>b go Vmao ^y{_ na Qy>Q>H$a {JaZo bJ Jò, BZH$s
emo^m d¥j go {Jao \y$bm| H$s-gr àVrV hmo ahr Wr Ÿ&&3,4&& Bg ^yIÊS> _| Omo nwÊ`\$b H$_m`m
OmVm h¡, CgH$mo ^moJZo Ho$ {bE ñWmZ EH$ {d_mZ h¢ & BZ {d_mZm| H$m Cn^moJ H$aZo _|
H$maU^yV H$_©ê$n _yb H$mb{dnmH$ go H$Q> J`m Am¡a AmYma^yV ndZ Ho$ emÝV hmo OmZo go
do Qyy>Q>H$a AmH$me go {Ja OmZo bJo &&5&& ~«÷mOr H$m g§H$ënê$n BÝYZ O~ àb`moÝ_wI hmo
J`m, V~ XrßV Á`mo{V`m| Ho$ gÑe {gÕm| H$s J{V`m± ({g{Õ`m±) ^r emÝV hmo JB© &&6&&
IoMa Am{X {g{Õ`m± {dZmer Ed§ VwÀN> h¢, BgH$mo gy{MV H$aVo hwE H$hVo h¢ &
O~ AnZr e[ŠV H$m {dZme hmo J`m, V~ àb` Ho$ ndZm| go N>moQ>o VwbHo$ gÑe AmH$me_ÊS>b
_| C‹S>Vr hþB©, eãXmoÀMmaU _| ^r Ag_W© {gÕm| H$s n§[ŠV`m| H$s n§[ŠV`m± AmH$me go {JaZo
bJt &&7&& H$ënd¥jm| Ho$ g_yh, BÝÐ Am{X Ho$ gmW CZHo$ ZJa Am¡a ^yH$ån go M§Mb hþE gw_oé
nd©V Ho$ {eIa {JaZo bJoŸ&&8&&
~«÷mOr H$s ñWyb Xoh Vmo ~«÷mÊS>ê$n {damQ²> h¡, Bg {damQ²> eara Ho$ ^rVa gË`bmoH$ {Zdmgr
MVw_w©I Xoh Vmo Cg-Cg {damQ²> Ho$ _Z go H${ënV EH$ àm{V^m{gH$ ê$n h¢, `h Mma _wIdmbr Xoh
~«÷mOr H$r ñWyb Xoh Zht _mZr Om gH$Vr, Š`m|{H$ Eogm _mZZona Vmo CgH$s [ñW{V {damQ²>Xoh Ho$
^rVa hmo Zht gH$Vr, AmO VH$ {H$gr H$s ^r ñWyb Xoh _| Xygar ñWyb Xoh XoIr `m gwZr Zht JB©
h¡ Ÿ& Bg [ñW{V _| àm{V^m{gH$ _mZ{gH$ MVw_©wI Xoh _|, Omo EH$ Vah go ñdßZ gr h¡, àmUm| Ho$
Cng§hma go {damQ²> Xoh Ho$ ñVå^H$ àmUñWmZr` dm`w Am{X H$m {dZme H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡, Š`m|{H$
ñdßZXoh _| àmUCng§hma go _aU XrIZo na OmJ«V-eara _§o àmU H$m Cng§hma hmoH$a {H$gr ^r
_Zwî` H$s ñWybXoh H$m {dZme Zht XoIm OmVm, Bg Ame` go lram_Or e§H$m H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
lram_Or Zo H$hm … Jwéda, MVw_w©I ~«÷mOr Vmo {M{V Ho$ g§H$ënñdê$n _Z h¢ Am¡a do {damQ²>
Ed§ ~«÷mÊS>eara h¢, `h ~mV à{gÕ h¡, Bg g§H$ënñdê$n MVw_w©I Ho$ ^ybmoH$ Am{X Ad`d hr
Zht hmo gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ A_yV© ({ZamH$ma) _Z Ho$ gmH$ma A§J Zht hmoVo Ÿ& `{X hmoVo h¢, Vmo ^ybm}H$
H$m¡Z-gm A§J h¡ ? ñdJ© H$m¡Z-gm A§J h¡ ? &&9&& ho ~«÷Z², `{X `h _mZm Om` {H$ MVw_w©I
gmH$ma h¢, Vmo Aën Zmndmbo ~«÷mOr Ho$ ò A{V{dñV¥V n¥Ïdr Am{X A§J ~ZH$a H¡$go [ñWV hmo
gH$Vo h¢ ? `{X H$h| {H$ ~«÷m ^r A{V{dñV¥V h¡§, V~ do AnZo hr earaê$n Bg ~«÷mÊS> Ho$ AÝXa
gË`bmoH$ _| H¡$go ah gH$Vo h¢ ? &&10&& ho ^JdZ², _oam ì`[ŠVJV {ZíM` Vmo `h h¡ {H$ `h
g§H$ën_mÌñdê$n ~«÷mOr {ZamH$ma h¢ Am¡a `h OJV² gmH$ma h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE `{X Bg {df` _| Bg_|
AÝ` H$moB© Xygam VarH$m hmo, Vmo _wPgo H${hE &&11&&
A~ nhbo Omo àíZ {H$`m J`m h¡ {H$ ñWybXoh _Zmo_`Xohê$n Am¡a n¥Ïdr Am{X CgHo$ Ad`d
H¡$go h¢ ? BgH$m AZw^d H$amZo Ho$ {bE _ybdñVw Ho$ {X½Xe©Z Ûmam ^y{_H$m ~m±YVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð lram_Or, nhbo Vmo Z H$moB© AgV² dñVw Wr Am¡a Z gV²
dñVw hr Wr, {H$ÝVw g^r Vah Ho$ gXm{X {dH$mam| go a{hV {MÝ_mÌ na_AmH$me hr Wm, dhr g~
Vah H$s A{^bmfmAm| Am¡a {XemAm| H$mo EH$_mÌ nyU© H$aZoodmbm Wm &&12&& Bgr na_mH$me Zo
AnZo Agbr ñdê$n H$m An[aË`mJ H$a `mZr ñd`§ {dH$ma H$mo Z àmßV hmoH$a hr AnZr
AdH$meê$nVm H$s Eogo H$ënZm H$s, O¡go MÝÐ Zo {ÛVr` MÝÐê$n H$s Ÿ& Bgr go CgZo MoË` H$mo
AnZo go {^ÝZ dñVw g_Pr Am¡a {MÐÿn hmoZo go dh MoVZ ^r hþAm &&13&& ho lram_Or, ~moÜ`,
~moY Am¡a ~moÕê$n (ko`, kmZ Am¡a kmVmê$n) {ÌnwQ>r Ho$ _ZZ go KZr^yV ~Z OmZo Ho$ H$maU _Z
H$m dof YmaUH$a [ñWV hþAm dh MoVZ Ord hr h¡, `h Amn Om{Zòo Ÿ& {ÌnwQ>r VH$ H$m {OVZm
Aä`mg go CËnÝZ hwAm [ñW{V Omb h¡, CVZo Ho$ hmo OmZo na ^r CZ_| Hw$N> ^r nañna AbJ-
AbJ hmo OmZodmbm gmH$maê$n Zht h¢, {H$ÝVw {dewÕ {MXmH$me hr h¡ Ÿ& `h {MXmH$me hr nhbo
H$s ZmBª AnZo ñdê$n _| hr {dÚ_mZ h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE `h Omo {XImB© n‹S>Zodmbm OJV² h¡, dh
{edñdê$n na_mË_m go AbJ Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡ Ÿ&&14,15&& VXZÝVa {dímmb dh _Z Ah§H$ma H$s
^mdZm H$a O~ ñ\w$[aV hmoVm h¡, V~ "Ah_²' ê$n YmaU H$aVm h¡, naÝVw g§H$ënmË_H$ ^r {ZíMb
Am¡a A{dZmer {MXmH$me hr h¡ &&16&&
Ah§H$ma H$s H$ënZm Ho$ ~mX ñWyb Xoh H$s H$ënZm ^r CgH$s AdñVw^yV hr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
g§H$ënmË_H$ {MXm^mgê$n AmH$me, Omo {H$ Ah§ê$n ^mdZm go ^m{dV {H$`m J`m h¡, CŠV
ñWybXoh Ho$ ê$n H$m AZw^d H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dmñVd _| `h AgV² hr h¡, Bg{bE BgHo$ Ad`d ^r AmH$me
_| AmH$meê$n Ho$ gÑe hr h¢ Ÿ&&17&& `hr {Og AmH$ma H$s ^mdZm H$aVm h¡, Cgo OmZVm h¡, XoIVm
h¡ Am¡a AZw^d ^r H$aVm h¡, dmñVd _| g§H$ënmË_H$ eyÝ` hr Xoh Ho$ ê$n _§o [ñWV h¡ Ÿ&&18&&
ŸyÕ - 72] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2029
`{X Xoh eyÝ` h¡, Vmo dh gmH$ma H¡$go AZw^yV hmoJr, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, O¡go Amn eyÝ`ñdê$n g§H$ënZJa H$mo gmH$ma XoIVo h¢, d¡go hr ~«÷m ^r eyÝ` _|
eyÝ`ê$n AmH$me H$mo Xohê$n hr XoIVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ CgZo Eogm hr AZw^d {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&&19&&
àb` Am¡a _moj Am{X H$s H$ënZm ^r Eogr hr AgV² h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
g§{dV² AmË_m ñd`§ Vmo {Z_©b h¡, Bg[bE Bg àH$ma Ho$ OJV² H$m O~ VH$ AZw^d H$aZo
H$s BÀN>m aIVm h¡, V~ VH$ Cg àH$ma H$m AZw^d H$a {\$a Cgo AnZr BÀN>m go ñd`§ hr
emÝV H$a XoVm h¡ &&20&&
H$~ emÝV hmo OmVm h¡, Cgo H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
O~ h_ bmoJm| H$mo VÎdkmZ hmo OmVm h¡, V~ {dñV¥V `h àn§M Omo eyÝ`ê$n hmoVo hþE
^r gË`-gm ~ZH$a [ñWV h¡, Cng§öV (emÝV) hmo OmVm h¡ &&21&& Agb _| Omo gË`ê$n
~«÷ dñVw h¡, CgH$m R>rH$ R>rH$ n[akmZ hmo OmZo na Bgr OÝ_ _| {_Ï`m dmgZm ZîQ> hmo
OmVr h¡ Ÿ& {\$a AÛ¡V^md H$s àm[ßV Am¡a Ah§H$ma H$m {db` hmo OmVm h¡, BgHo$ ~mX Ho$db
_moj hr _moj ~M OmVm h¡ Ÿ&&22&&
R>rH$ `hr ~mV aho, naÝVw Bggo Š`m _oao àíZ H$m CÎma hmo J`m, Bg na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
^Ð lram_Or, Bg ar{V go Omo `h ~«÷m h§¡, dhr `h [ñWV OJV² h¡ Ÿ& gmam§e `h {H$ {damQ²>
~«÷m H$m Omo Xoh h¡, dhr `h OJV² h¡ &&23&& g§H$ënmH$meê$nr ~«÷mOr H$r Omo ^«m[ÝV CR>r h¡,
dhr `h OJV² ^mgVm h¡ Am¡a dhr ~«÷mÊ‹S> H$hm OmVm h¡, Bg{bE ^«m[ÝV go hr ~«÷mÊS> _|
ñWyb-XohVm h¡ & {dMma go Vmo CgH$s _Zmo_`Vm hr h¡, Bg{bE CgHo$ A§Jm| Ho$ Cng§hma go
Cng§hma hmo J`m, `h nydm}ŠV ~mV {gÕ hmo JB© &&24&&
AWdm OmJ«XwÝ_wIVm _| ñdßZ Ho$ Xohm§Jm| Ho$ Cng§hma go H¡$go ñdßZ Ho$ ^y{_ Am{X bmoH$m| H$m
Cng§hma hmo OmVm h¡, d¡go hr CZ n¥Ïdr Am{X H$m Cng§hma hþAm, Š`m|{H$ XmoZm| hr g§H$ënmH$meê$n
h¢, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
g^r H$ënZmË_H$ `h OJV² g§H$ënmH$meñdê$n hr h¡, AV… dñVwV… H$ht Z OJV² H$s gÎmm
h¡ Am¡a Z H$ht ËdÎmm-_Îmm H$s `mZr AhÝVm Am¡a __Vm H$s hr gÎmm h¡ &&25&&
OJV² AdmñVd h¡, `h H¡$go AmnZo OmZm, Bg àíZ na CgH$s Ag§^mì`Vm h¡, Bg{bE, `m|
CÎma XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
M¡VÝ`ê$n Omo {Z_©b AmH$medñVw h¡, Cg_| H$hm±, H¡$go Am¡a {H$g hoVw go OJV² H$s gÎmm hmo
gH$Vr h¡, Cg_| CgH$s CËn{Îm H¡$go hmo gH$Vr h¡ Am¡a Cg CËn{Îm _| ghH$mar H$maU H$m¡Z hmo
gH$Vo h¢ `mZr ~«÷M¡VÝ` _| {dMmaZo na OJV² H$s gd©Wm hr Ag§^mdZm h¡ &&26&& Bg{bE `h
AgV² hr CËnÝZ hþAm h¡, AgV² hr XoIm OmVm h¡ Am¡a AgÐÿn hr OJV² {à`-A{à`ê$ngo
àH$meVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg Vah {Zînj ~«÷ hr ^«m[ÝV go OJV²-a{hV AmH$me H$mo AgV² OJV Ho$ ê$n
_| XoIVm h¡ &&27&&
BgrH$mo {dñnîQ> ê$n _| H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
{MÝ_mÌ ~«÷ hr Y_u OJV² Ed§ CËn{Îm Am{X Y_m] Ho$ ^mg go ñd`§ ñdV… {à`m{à`ê$n
go àH$m{eV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go dm`w go ñnÝXZ hmoVm h¡, d¡go hr AnZo go hr AÛ¡V {MXmH$me
_| OJV² Ho$ ê$n _§o ñn[ÝXV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&&28&& `h Z Û¡Va{hV h¡, Z AÛ¡Va{hV h¡ Am¡a Z
Û¡VmÛ¡V go hr a{hV h¡ Ÿ& Cg {MXmH$me H$mo hr Amn OJV² Om{Zò, Omo ñd`§ ñdÀN> Ed§
{dH$maeyÝ` h¡ Ÿ&&29&& ho amKd, Bg H$maU _¢ g^r Vah Ho$ {deofUm| go {Z_w©ŠV hmoH$a [ñWV
hÿ± Ÿ& _¢ na_mW©V… gV² hÿ± Am¡a ì`dhma _| AgV² Xohm{Xê$n ^r hÿ± , Amn ^r _oao O¡go na_mW©
gÐÿn Am¡a ì`dhma _| AgV² Xohm{Xê$n ~ZH$a __Vm eyÝ` hmo [ñWV hmo OmBE &&30&&
lram_MÝÐOr, Amn g_ñV dmgZmAm| H$mo N>mo‹S> Xr[Oò, _ZH$m gÝVmn N>mo{‹S>ò, ì`W© Ho$
dmJ²Omb _| _V \±${gò, A~ AnZr gmar MnbVmAm| H$mo {Vbm§O[b Xo Xr{Oò, `h g~ H$aHo$
Amn Omo Hw$N> àmaãYde `m emóde àmßV hmo Om`, Cgo H$s{Oò `m Z H$s{Oò, Bg_| {H$gr
Vah H$m H$moB© AmJ«h Zht h¡ AWm©V² BgHo$ ~mX g_m{Y go CR>H$a OmJ«V-Xem _| `WmàmßV
ì`dhmam| H$mo H$s{Oò `m g_m{Y _| {ñWV hmo Hw$N> Z H$s{Oò, Bg_| H$moB© AmJ«h Zht h¡ Ÿ&&31&&
Bg{bE g_ñV Ñí` ~«÷ê$n hr h¡, ^«m[ÝV Ho$ AmH$ma _| n[aUV hþE CgHo$ ZmZm{dY AkmZ
hr Ñí`m| Ho$ AZw^d h¢, `h {ZMmo‹S> A~ VH$ Ho$ dMZm| go hmW bJm, `m| Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
ho lram_Or, Omo A{ÛVr`, AZm{X, A{dZmer AZw^dê$n gmjrMoVZ h¡,dhr `h Ñí` h¡,
Bggo {^ÝZ Xygam H$moB© ^r Ñí`Zm_ H$m nXmW© Zht h¡ Ÿ& AZw^d¡H$agê$n ~«÷ _| Omo AZoH$ Vah
Ho$ AkmZ h¢, do hr {MÌ-{d{MÌ ^«m[ÝV`m| H$mo n¡Xm H$a {dñV¥V Ñí`mZw^dê$n ~Z OmVo h¢ &&32&&
~hÎmadm± gJ© g_mßV
{VhÎmadm± gJ©
kmZ H$mo Ñ‹T> ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE ewÕ ~«÷ _| OJV² Ho$ Amamon-H«$_ H$m Am¡a
~«÷mOr Ho$ n¥Ïdr Am{X H$m¡Z A§J h¢ - Bg àíZ Ho$ CÎma H$m nwZ… dU©ZŸ&
"^ybm}H$ ~«÷mOr H$m H$m¡Z-gm A§J h¡, ^ybm}H$ Am{X CgHo$ A§J H¡$go hmo gH$Vo h¢, gË`bmoH$
_| CgH$m {Zdmg H¡$go … ò Omo VrZ àíZ {H$ò Jò h¢, CZHo$ CÎma Ho$ {bE CnmoX²KmVê$ngo
d{U©V - ewÕ ~«÷ _| OJV² Ho$ AÜ`mamon àH$ma H$mo -{\$a H«$_e… Am¡a VmËn`© go R>rH$ R>rH$
OmZZo H$s BÀN>m go lram_Or VmËn`©V… AnZm kmV A§e ~VbmZo Ho$ {bE qghmdbmoH$Z Ý`m` go
AmJo Ho$ dMZm| go {ZH$bo {ZMmo‹S> H$m ñ_aU {XbmVo h¡§ &
ŸyÕ - 73] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2031
lram_Or Zo H$hm … ho nyÁ`da, ~ÝY~w{Õ, _moj~w{Õ Am¡a OJX²~w{Õ Z Vmo ewÝ` h¡ Am¡a
Z gÝ_` hr h¡ `mZr Z gË` AW©dmbr hr h¡ Ÿ& {OgH$m AñV Zht hmoVm Am¡a {OgH$m CX`
^r Zht hmoVm , Eogm H$moB© ^r `h AmÚ nXmW© h¡ `h _¢Zo OmZm Ÿ& Omo AmÚ nXmW© h¡, dh
g~H$m gmjr h¡, AV… CgH$m Z Vmo CX` hmo gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a Z AñV hr hmo gH$Vm h¡. Bg{bE
`h gd©gmjrê$nm ~w{Õ hr {df`m| H$m n[a_mO©Z H$aZo na H$moB© ^r dmUr Ed§ _Z go AJå`
AmÚ (~«÷) h¡, `hr AmnZo VmËn`©d¥{Îm go CnXoe {X`m h¡ Am¡a `h _¢Zo AÀN>r Vah g_P
^r {b`m h¡ (V~ Š`m A~ CnXoe {daV hmo OmD±$ ? Zht `h H$hVo h¢) ^JdZ², Bg {df`
_| Amn {\$a _wPH$mo CnXoe Xr{Oò, Š`m|[H$ A_¥V gwZ aho _wPo V¥[ßV Zht hmo ahr h¡ Ÿ&&1,2&&
ho à^mo, g¥[îQ> Am{X Ho$ n{akmZ VWm eyÝ`Vm Am{X Ho$ n[akmZ Z Vmo H$moB© gË` h¢ Am¡a Z
H$moB© AgË` hr h¡ `mZr Z CZHo$ {df` A~m{YV h¡ Am¡a Z ~m{YV hr h¡, Š`m|[H$ VV²-VV²
ì`dhma H$aZodmbo nwéfm| H$s Ñ[îQ> go ~«÷ hr Cg Vah go [ñWV ahVm h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s AW©{H«$`m
Ho$ {df` _| ^r {H$gr H$mo {ddmX Zht h¡ Ÿ& AgV² H$m`©nj _mZm Zht Om gH$Vm, gd©e[ŠV_mZ²
~«÷ _| gd©eyÝ`Vm ~ZmZo H$s e[ŠV ^r hmo gH$Vr h¡ VWm _m`m go g~ Vah Ho$ {damoYm| H$m
n[a_mO©Z ^r hmo gH$Vm h¡ &&3&&
_m`me~b (`wŠV) ~«÷ H$s _{h_m Ho$ gÑe _¢Zo _m`m Ho$ A{YîR>mZ^yV {Z{d©eof, {ZË`_wŠV
~«÷VÎd ^r OmZ {b`m h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
ho _hmamO, `Ú{n dñVw[ñW{V Eogr h¡ Am¡a Omo Hw$N> gË` dñVw h¡ Cgo nyar Vah go _¢Zo OmZ
^r {b`m h¡, VWm{n {dnwb ~moYmW© {\$a _wPgo g¥[îQ> H$m AZw^d (AÜ`mamon) H¡$go hmoVm h¡, `h Amn
H${hEŸ&&4&& _hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, `h Omo Hw$N> ñWmda-O§J_ê$n, ZmZm àH$ma Ho$ Y_m]
go nyU© Ed§ Xoe, H$mb, {H«$`m Am{X go `wŠV nyam OJV² {XImB© XoVm h¡, CgH$m _hmàb` eãX go
H$ho OmZodmbo _hmZme _| `mZr àmH¥$V àb` _| (O~ {H$ ñWyb ^yVm| H$m gyú_^yVm| _| Zme hmo OmZo
na ^yVgyú_m| Ho$ gmW Aì`mH¥$V _| àdoe hmo OmVm h¡, V~) {Og_| {H$ ~«÷m, CnoÝÐ, _éV², éÐ,
_hoÝÐ,Am{X Ho$ earam| H$m A[ÝV_ ^md{dH$ma hmo OmVm h¡-emÝV, A{VñdÀN>, AO, AZm{X Ed§
gÐÿn H$moB© dñVw ~M OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Cggo g^r dmUr ^r {Zd¥Îm hmo OmVr h¡ `mZr {H$gr Vah H$s dmUr
Cgo H$h Zht gH$Vr , Bgo N>mo‹S>H$a Xygam H$moB© ^r AnZo bm`H$ nXmW© Zht h¡ Ÿ&&5-7&& ^Ð, O¡go
gagm| H$s Anojm {demb AmH$madmbm gw_oé nd©V A{V ñWyb h¡, d¡go hr AÝ` H$s Anojm na_gyú_
gÐÿn AmH$me ^r CgH$s Anojm A{VñWyb h¡ &&8&& nd©VamO gw_oé H$s Anojm ò ÌgaoUw O¡go gyú_
h¢, d¡go hr AÝ` H$s Anojm A{VñWyb `h {dembV_ ~«÷mÊS> _§S>b CgH$s (~«÷ H$s) Anojm
A{Vgyú_ (AUwVa) h¡ &&9&& H$mb_mZ H$mo ~VbmZodmbr gy`©ñnÝXZ Am{X Cnm{Y`m| H$m {dZme
hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU àb`H$mb _mZH$bZm go a{hV hmo OmVm h¡, Bg Vah H$m àb`H$mb ~«÷mOr
H$s Omo Xmo namY© Am`w {Z[íMV h¡, CgrHo$ g_mZ CVZo g_` VH$ ahVm h¡ Ÿ& BVZo bå~o g_` VH$
àb` ahH$a O~ Mbm OmVm h¡, V~ gmjrê$n na_emÝV, g~Ho$ Am{X Cg _hm {MXmH$me _|
_m`mê$n AmdaU go `wŠV, ^rVa gwfwßV-àm` {MXmH$me ñdßZmoÝ_wI Ho$ gÑe AnZo ^rVa
na_mUwê$nVm H$m (AnZo ^rVa {dbrZ OJËg§ñH$maê$n na_mUwê$nVm H$m) _mZm| AZw^d H$aVm
h¡ AWm©V² n`m©bmoMZ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Agb _| `h Vmo g§H$ëneyÝ`, _hmemÝV h¡ & BgH$r AmH¥${V {Xem
Ed§ H$mb Am{X go Zmnr Zht Om gH$Vr Ÿ&&10,11&& dh na_mUwê$nVm AgË` hr h¡, {\$a ^r CgH$s
AnZo AÝXa ñdßZ Ho$ g_mZ nhbo ^mdZm H$aVm h¡, {\$a AnZo _| ~«÷eãXmW© H$s ^mdZm H$aVm
h¡ `mZr _¢ hr g~H$mo ~‹T>mZodmbm hÿ±, `m| ^mdZm H$aVm h¡ Am¡a gmW-gmW _| AnZr Agr_ {MÐÿnVm
H$s ^r ^mdZm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&&12&&
AnZo ~«÷eãXmW© H$s Omo ^mdZm H$aVm h¡, Cg_| H$maU CgH$s {MËñd^mdVm hr h¡, `h
H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
{M{Vñdê$n AmË_m AnZo ^rVa {dbrZ hþE AnZo gyú_ OJËg§ñH$ma H$m Omo AZw^d H$aVm
h¡, Bg_| H$maU CgH$s {M{Vê$nVm hr h¡, Bgr go Cgo _mZm| XoIVm h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX ñd`§ dh
ÐîQ>m-gm ~ZH$a [ñWV hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&&13&&
EH$ dñVw _| {déÕ Ñí`-ÐîQ>m Ho$ Y_© Zhr§ hmo gH$Vo, `{X `h e§H$m hmo, Vmo BgH$m g_mYmZ
`h h¡ {H$ ñdßZ Ho$ gÑe {damoY H$m n`m©bmoMZ Z hmoZo go d¡gm hmo gH$Vm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go EH$ hr nwéf ñdßZ _| AnZo Amn AnZr AmË_m _| AnZo H$mo _¥V XoIVm h¡, Bggo `h
~mV Am JB© {H$ _¥V hr _aU H$m ÐîQ>m h¡ ŸR>rH$ d¡go hr AUw{M[V AnZr AmË_m _| CŠV AUwVm
XoIVr h¡ `mZr ñd`§ Ñí` Am¡a ÐîQ>m hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&&14&&
Eogr H$ënZm H$aZo na ^r dmñVd _| EoŠ` H$s j{V Zht hmoVr, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
VXÝVa `h {MXmH$me ñdê$nV… EH$ hmoVo hþE ^r AnZo ^rVa Û¡V-gm XoIVm h¡ Am¡a `m|
XoIVm hþAm ÐîQ>m Ed§ Ñí`-gm ~ZH$a AnZo ñdê$n _| hr [ñWV ahVm h¡ Ÿ&&15&& `Ú{n `h
{M{Vê$n AmH$me eyÝ`ê$n h¡ `mZr AmH$ma go EH$X_ hr a{hV h¡, {\$a ^r AnZr AUwê$n VZwVm
(jrUVm) O~ XoIVm h¡, V~ Ñí`-gm Ed§ ÐîQ>m-gm ~ZH$a Û¡V^md YmaU H$aVm h¡ &&16&& `h
ÐîQ>mê$n AmË_m _m`m Ho$ ~b go AnZo H$mo àH$meñd^md Cº$ na_mUw ê$n (n[a{ÀN>ÝZñdê$n)
XoIVm hþAm CgH$m AZw^d H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Cgr H$s gm_Ï`© go AnZr CnM`ê$nVm H$m Eogo
g§H$ën H$aVm h¡, O¡go ~rO AnZr A§Hw$aVm H$m &&17&&
Cgr g_` `Ú{n Cg_| Amdí`H$ Xoe, H$mb Am{X Ho$ {d^mJm| H$s H$ënZm ^r hmo OmVr
h¡ & naÝVw dmJ² Am{X H$s A{^ì`[ŠV Z hmoZo go CgH$s A{^Yme[ŠVH$m A{d^m©d Zht hmoVm,
`h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
ŸyÕ - 73] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2033
Cgr g_` Xoe, H$mb, {H«$`m, Ðì`, ÐîQ>m, Xe©Z, kmZ-gmYZ Ed§ kmZê$n Mjw Am{X AÝ`
AWm] Ho$ ñd^md go [ñWV hmoVo h¢, naÝVw A{^Yme[ŠV H$m CX` Zht ahVm &&18&&
CgH$s Omo {d^mJH$ënZm hwB©, Cg_| àH$ma ~VbmVo h¢ Ÿ&
Ohm± `h {M{Vê$n AUw àVrV hþAm, dhm± Xoe H$m ^r ^mZ hmo hr J`m VWm O~ CgH$m ^mZ
hþAm, V~ H$mb ^r Cg_| Am J`m Am¡a Omo kmZ hþAm, Vmo dh {H«$`m hmo JB© &&19&&
Cgr g_` {ÌnwQ>r H$m {d^mJ H$aZodmbr Cnm{Y`m| H$s, gmjr H$s Ed§ CgHo$ àH$me _| hoVw^yV
nXmW© H$s H$ënZm ^r hmo OmVr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
{OgH$m kmZ hmoVm h¡, dh Ðì` H$hm OmVm h¡, Omo ÑîQ>Vm h¡, dh CnbãYVm ^r h¡, AmbmoH$Z
hr Xe©Z h¡ Am¡a AmbmoH$Z _§o (XoIZo _|) Omo H$maU h¡, dh ÑJ h¡ Ÿ&&20&&
Bgr Vah H$Vm©, H$m`©, H$maU, ^moŠVm, ^mo½` Am{X {ÌnwQ>r-{deof, CZH$o gmjr Am¡a {Z{_Îmm|
H$s ^r H$ënZm gd©Ì OmZ boZr Mm{hò, Bgo H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Bgr Vah CgH$s {dnwbVm {XImB© n‹S>Vr h¡, Agr_ê$nVm `m g§»`m go B`Îmm (gr_m)
^r H«$_ go Cg_| Xoem{X n[aÀN>oXm| go OmZr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dmñVd _| Vmo {dnwbVm `m Agr_Vm
Am{X AgË`ê$n hr h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| H$moB© H«$_ Zht h¡ Ÿ& VWm{n Bgo AmH$me _| AmH$meê$nVm Ho$
gÑe OmZ boZm Mm{hE Ÿ&&21&&
A~ Bg_| ê$nm{X{ÌnwQ>r Ho$ {gÕ hmo OmZo na Mjw Am{X H$aUm| Ho$ {d^mJ H$s ^r H$ënZm
AJË`m {gÕ hmo OmVr h¡, `h g§jon go ~VbmVo h¢ &
{M{Vê$n AUw H$mo `mZr Ord H$mo gy`© Am{X Ho$ àH$me H$m {Og JmobH${ÀN>Ð go ^mZ hmoVm h¡
`m {Og AVr[ÝÐ`-H$aU go dh XoIVm h¡, do XmoZm| hr XohJV Mjw h¢, `hr Ý`m` lmoÌ Am{X g~
B{ÝÐ`Ñ[îQ>`m| _| bmJy h¡, `h g§jon go OmZ boZm Mm{hò &&22&&
lmoÌ (H$mZ) Am{X Omo nm±M B[ÝÐ`m± h¢, CÝht Ho$ {df`m| _| Zm_ê$n ôX H$ënZm Ho$ nhbo H$s
Omo AdñWm h¡, dh VÝ_mÌeãX go H$hr OmVr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
{M{Vê$n AUw H$m à{V^mg hmoZo na ^rVa gd©àW_ (nydH© $s) Omo BZ lmoÌ Am{X nm±Mm| Ho$ eãXm{X
{df`m| H$s Zm_ê$neyÝ` AdñWm h¡, dh VÝ_mÌ eãX go H$hr OmVr h¡, CgH$m ñdê$n A{Vgyú_
h¡ &&23&& Cg H«$_ go {M{Vê$n AUwH$m à{V^mê$n Omo AmH$me h¡, dhr KZ[ñW{V hmoH$a ñWyb Xohê$n
~Z OmVm h¡, {\$a Cg_| ê$n Am{X Ho$ AZwgÝYmZ de go nm±M B[ÝÐ`m± àH$me H$aVr h¢ &&24&&
A~ Mma AÝV…H$aUm| H$s H$ënZm H$m àH$ma {XIbmVo h¢ &
Bg Vah AUwê$n {M{V H$m kmZ Ñí` nXmWm] Ho$ ~ma-~ma AZw^d go Iy~ nwîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
{\$a BgrH$m Zm_ kmZ Ed§ ~w{Õ n‹S> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& B[ÝÐ`m| go AZw^yV {df`m| H$m ñ_¥{V-g_` _§o Omo
kmZ hmoVm h¡ dh {MÎm H$hm OmVm h¡ Am¡a AÜ`dgm` g_` _| Omo kmZ hmoVm h¡ dh ~w{Õ H$hr OmVr
h¡ &&25&& VXZÝVa g§H$ën{dH$ën Xem _| dh _Z ~Z OmVm h¡, A{^_mZ go-Ah§^md Ed§
__^md go - A{^_mZr hmoH$a Ah§H$ma nX H$mo àmßV hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg ar{V go AmË_m Zo XoeH$mb
H$m ^r {d^mJ {H$`m h¡ &&26&&
H$mb Am¡a Xoe _| nyd©dV² Omo H$ënZm hmoVr h¡, dh CÎmaH$mb H$s H$ënZm H$mo boH$a hr àd¥Îm
hmoVr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
BZ à{gÕ eãX Am{X {df`m| H$m {Og Xoe `m H$mbê$n AmYma _| Omo gd©àW_ {dkmZ hmoVm
h¡ `mZr {Og {MXUwê$n Ord H$mo {Og Xoe `m H$mbê$n AmYma _| eãXm{X {df`m| H$m {dkmZ
hmoVm h¡, dhr Ord Xoe `m H$mbê$n AmYma H$m CÎmaH$mb go {^ÝZ nyd©Xoe `m nyd©H$mb-`m|
Zm_H$aU H$a XoJm, `hr {Z`_ àËòH$ dñVw Am¡a àËòH$ Ord Ho$ {bE bmJy h¡Ÿ&&27&& dhr
{M{Vê$n Ord Xygao Xoe-H$mb _| kmZ hmoZo na CZH$m "CÜd©' Zm_ aI boJm, Bgr àH$ma {Xem
_| nyd©, n[íM_, CÎma Am{X Zm_m| H$s dh H«$_e… H$ënZm H$a boJm &&28&&
Bg Vah Xoe, H$mb Am¡a dñVwAmo| H$s Ed§ CZHo$ Zm_m| H$s H$ënZm ~VbmB© JB©, A~ {OÝh|
eãXe[ŠV H$m kmZ h¡, Eoogo nwéfmo| H$mo eãXldU hmoZo na VV²-VV² AWm] H$m Omo {dkmZ hmoJm,
Cg {dkmZ Ho$ ê$n _| ^r dh AmË_m hr hmo OmòJm, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
^Ð, VXZÝVa `Ú{n AmH$me Ho$ gÑe A{V{Z_©b hr `h AmË_m h¡, VWm{n g§H$ënde `h
AmË_m hr ñd`§ Xoe, H$mb, {H«$`m, Ðì` Am{X eãXm| Ho$ AWm] Ho$ kmZ Ho$ ê$n _| hmo OmòJm &&29&&
Bgr ar{V go AnZo hr g§H$ën Ho$ à^md go `h AmH$me Ho$ gÑe {Z_©bê$n YmaU H$aZodmbm
{MXmH$me AnZo Amn hr {M{V Ho$ AÝXa gd©àW_ Am{Vdm{hH$ eara {\$a Xoho[ÝÐ`m{X {d^mJ,
{\$a Zm_, `m| g_ñV OJV Ho$ ñdê$n _| {dd{V©V hmo OmVm h¡ &&30&&
`m| g_ñV OJV² Ho$db _mZ{gH$ H$ënZmñdê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Am{Vdm{hH$ eara H$m Ad`d
hr {gÕ hmoVm h¡, {\$a ^r Cg_| Am{Y^m¡{VH$Vm H$s àVr{V H¡$go hmoVr h¡ ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
`hr {MXUw Ord XrK©H$mb H$s CŠV ^mdZm go AnZo| _| nyU©ê$n go Am{Y^m¡{VH$ H$m
{ZíM` H$a booVm h¡ &&31&& {Z_©b {MXmH$me Zo {MXmH$me _| hr AnZo AgËg§H$ën go CŠV
àH$ma Ho$ {d^«_ H$s aMZm H$s h¡, `h gV² Ho$ gÑe hmoH$a Eogo Mmam| Amoa \¡$bm h¡, O¡go
(_¥JV¥îUm H$s) Vmn-ZXr H$m Ob &&32&& dh JJZê$n {MXUw-O~ AnZr Xoh H$s H$ënZm
H$aZr hmoVr h¡, V~ Bg Vah H$s H$ënZm H$aVm h¡-H$ht H$moB© H$ënZmE± {ga eãX Ho$ AW©
H$mo XoZodmbr, H$moB© n¡a eãX Ho$ AW© H$mo XoZodmbr, H$moB© N>mVr, ngbr Am{X eãXmo§ Ho$ AWm]
H$mo XooZodmbr h¡ Ÿ& dh H$ht {Z_©b H$ënZm, H$ht ^md, A^md, J«hU, Ë`mJ Am{X eãXm| Ho$
AWm] H$s H$ënZm, H$ht {Z`V H$mb H$r H$ënZm, H$ht XoeH$mb go {Z`[ÝÌV H$ënZm
(XoeH$mb Am{X {Z`{_V {df` H$s Amoa A{^_wI VWm B{ÝÐ`m| Ho$ g_yh go do{YV H$ënZm
ŸyÕ - 73] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2035
H$mo Ord YmaU H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&), H$ht {df`moÝ_wI H$ënZm Am¡a H$ht B[ÝÐ`m| go `wŠV H$ënZm
H$aVm h¡ & `m| earam| Ho$ Ad`dm| H$s Ed§ ~mø AWm] Ho$ hmZm{X ì`dhmam| H$s H$ënZm H$aVm
ahVm h¡ & (Am¡a `h Ord ñd`§ H${ënV hmW, n¡a g{hV VWm {MÎm Am{X H$s H$ënZmg{hV
AnZo AmH$mam| H$mo XoIVm h¡ &) &&33-35&& VXZÝVa dh {MXUw AnZr H$ënZm go hr H$[ënV
AnZo hmW, n¡a Am{X go `wŠV VWm {MÎm Am{X H$s H$ënZm go `wŠV _Zwî` Am{X H$m AmH$ma
XoIVm h¡ &&36&&
O~ B©ídam| H$s Xohm| H$s ^r H$ënZm CgHo$ g§H$ën go hmoVr h¡, V~ {\$a Xygam| H$s Vmo ~mV hr
Š`m, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Bgr Vah AnZr hr H$ënZm go {MXUw - Ord ~«÷m ~Z OmVm h¡, ZmamÙ ~Z OmVm h¡, éÐ
~Z OmVm h¡ VWm H$sQ> ^r ~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ&&37&&
g^r Vah H$s `h H$ënZm {_Ï`m hr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
dmñVd _| Vmo `h Hw$N> ~Zm Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw `h AnZo Agbr ñdê$n _| hr [ñWV h¡, eyÝ` _|
eyÝ` H$m hr {dbmg h¡ Am¡a {M{V {M{V _| hr ~‹T>r h¡ Ÿ&&38&&
ì`[îQ>`m| Ho$ gÑe g_[îQ>ê$n {haÊ`J^© ^r Cgr Vah AnZr H$ënZm go hr ~Zm h¡, `h
H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
^Ð, ì`[îQ> earam| H$m Omo {Z`V H$ÝX (_yb) h¡, Ì¡bmoŠ`ê$n ~[ëb`m| H$m Omo ~rO h¡, dh ^r
dhr h¡ Ÿ& _w[ŠV Ho$ Ûma H$s à{V~ÝYH$ {df`-g¥[îQ>ê$n AJ©bm (l¥§Ibm) XoZodmbm VWm g§gmaê$n
_ygbmYma d¥[îQ> H$aZodmbm _oK ^r dhr h¡ &&39&& g~ H$m`m] H$m H$maU, H$mb, {H«$`m Am{X H$m
{Z`m_H$, g~H$m Am{X^yV {haÊ`J^© ^r AnZr BÀN>m go dhr ~Z ~¡R>m h¡ C[ËWV Z ahVo hþE ^r
dh C{ËWV h¡ Ÿ&&40&& Z Vmo BgH$m ^m¡{VH$ eara h¡ Am¡a Z BgHo$ eara _| h{‹S²>S>`m± hr h¢, AV…
Bgo H$moB© _wQ²>R>r go Zht nH$‹S> gH$Vm Ÿ&&41&& O¡go ñdßZ _§o _oK, g§J«m_ Am¡a qghm| H$s ^rfU
JO©Zm go `wŠVñdê$n ahZo na ^r gwßV nwéf dñVwV… MwnMmn hr [ñWV ahVm h¡, d¡go hr {damQ²>
nwéf ^r àn§MeyÝ` AnZo ñdê$n _| [ñWV h¡ &&42&& O¡go ñdßZ _| XoIo Jò `moÕmAm| Ho$ H$mobmhb
H$m kmZ OmJ«V²AdñWm _| ñ_¥{VnW _| Am`m hþAm Z Vmo AË`ÝV AgV² h¡ Am¡a Z gV² hr h¡, d¡go
hr OJV² H$m `h àn§M [ñWV h¡ Ÿ&&43&&
EH$_mÌ _m`m go CZ hOmam| dñVwAm| H$s, {OZH$r h_ H$^r g§^mdZm Zht H$a gH$Vo, Bg
g§gma _| CËn[Îm XrIVr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
AZoH$ bmIm| $`moOZ Ho$ g_yhm| VH$ {demb à_mUdmbm, ~¥hV-eara ^r `h Ì¡bmoŠ` amo_ Ho$
gyú_ ^mJ Ho$ AÝV _| [ñWV {g\©$ EH$_mÌ _m`m go hr na_mUw Ho$ AÝXa ^r ^mgVm h¡ &&44&& gmV
_hmHw$b nd©Vm| VWm JUm| Ho$ g_yhm| H$m Aml` Ed§ ~«÷mÊS>m| H$m g_yh_` hmoH$a ^r ~«÷Xod dQ> Ho$
~rO_mÌ {N>Ð H$mo ^r nyU© Zht H$a gH$Voo &&45&& g¡H$‹S>m| H$amo‹S> bå~o OJV² Ho$ [dñVma go {dñV¥V
AmH$madmZ² hmoVo hwE ^r ~«÷Xod AUw_mÌñdê$n h¢ Ÿ& ñdßZ Ho$ nd©Vm| Ho$ g_mZ dñVwV… BÝhm|Zo Xoe
H$mo ì`mßV Zhr§ H$a aIm h¡ &&46&& `hr ~«÷mÊS>mË_m ñd`§^y H$ho Jò h¢ VWm OJV²-eara {damQ²>
^r `hr H$ho OmVo h¢ Ÿ& bo{H$Z ho lram_MÝÐOr dñVwV… ò {MXmH$meê$n hr h¢ &&47&& gZmVZ
nwéf ^r `hr H$ho Jò h¢, BÝht H$s éÐ g§km n‹S>r h¡ VWm ho lram_MÝÐOr, BÝÐ, CnooÝÐ, ndZ,
_oK VWm nd©Vg_yhm| H$s Xoh ^r `hr h¡ &&48&&
A~ nydm}ŠV H$mo g§{jßV H$a H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, na_ gyú_ {M{V nhbo g~H$mo Mo{VV H$aZo go {MÎm eara hþB© Am¡a dhr
{MÎmmË_m d{U©V H«$_ go {dñnîQ> {M{V hmoH$a `mZr _hmkmZgånÝZ hmoH$a "_¢ _hmZ² ~«÷mÊS>mË_m
hÿ±', Bg Vah OJV² Ho$ earaê$n go [ñWV hmo J`m &&49&& ñnÝX H$s g§{dV² go do ñnÝX H$m AZw^d
H$aVo h¢ & CZHo$ Omo àmU h¢ CÝhtH$s g§km ndZ n‹S>r hþB© h¡$& do dmVñH$ÝYê$n go [ñWV h¢ &&50&&
ñn§X H$s g§{dV² go do ñn§X H$m AZw^d H$aVo h¢, `h Omo D$na H$hm J`m h¡ CgH$m gdm©Zw^d
à{g{Õ Ûmam g_W©Z H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
ñnÝX H$s g§{dV² go Omo do àmU Am¡a AnmZ Ho$ ñnÝX H$m AZw^d H$aVo h¢ Cgr CZHo$ àmU Ho$
ñnÝX H$mo CZHo$ ~«÷mÊS>mH$me _| h_Zo dmVñH$ÝY Ho$ Zm_ go nhbo H$hm h¡ &&51&& {damQ²> Zo AnZo
{MÎm go {OZH$s H$ënZm H$s do hr ò VoO Ho$ H$U, MmbH$ Ûmam AnZo [MÎm go H$[ënV {nemM H$s
ZmBª, AgÐÿn hmoVo hþE ^r gy`©, MÝÐ, J«h, Am¡a ZjÌ Am{X H$s ñWmZVm H$mo àmßV hþE h¢ `mZr
VX«ynVm H$mo àmßV hþE h¢ Ÿ&&52&& CgHo$ CXa _| O{ZV Omo àmU VWm AnmZ Ho$ AmdV©ê$nr Pybm
h¡, dhr CgH$s CXaVm dmVñH$ÝY g§km H$mo YmaU H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& _hmZ² OJV² Cgr H$m öX`
(öX`JV² A[ñW Am{X) h¡ &&53&& OJV² Ho$ AÝXa H$ënn`©ÝV ì`dhma H$aZodmbo g_ñV Ordm| _|
àËòH$ Ord ôX H$s BÀN>m go H$[ënV ì`[îQ>earam| Ho$ àW_ ~rO `hr ~«÷Xod h¢ &&54&& BZgo
CËnÝZ àËòH$ Ord H$s BÀN>m go àH${Q>V hþE Omo OJÐÿn go AZoH$ Xoh h¢ CZHo$ H$^r ~mha Am¡a
^rVa ò R>rH$ d¡go hr [ñWV h¢ &&55&& O¡go AmÚ ~rO {haÊ`J^© H$s BÀN>mê$n {M{V nhbo hr
CËnÝZ hmo JB©, d¡go hr AmO ^r CgH$s B{ÀN>V {M{V hr àËòH$ Ord Ho$ ^rVa C{XV hmo ahr h¡Ÿ &
H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ O¡go EH$ àW_ ~rO go AZoH$ d¥j VWm ~rOm| H$s naånam C{XV hmoVr
h¡ d¡go hr {haÊ`J^©ê$n MoVZ H$s BÀN>m go àËòH$ Ord go ~«÷mÊS>naånam C{XV hmoVr h¡ &&56&&
MÝÐ, gy`© Am¡a ndZ - ò VrZmo| Cg {haÊ`J^© Ho$ H$\$, {nÎm Am¡a dm`wê$n h¢ Am¡a Xygao Omo J«h
VWm ZjÌ g_yh h¢ do CgHo$ àmUîR>rdZ Ho$ grH$a h¢ `mZr àmU Ûmam ~mha {ZH$bo hþE WyH$ Ho$
H$\${~ÝXw h¢ &&57&& nd©Vg_yh CgHo$ A[ñW h¢, gmao _oK CgH$s M~u H$s Om{V-O¡go h¢, CgHo$
{ga, n¡a Am¡a ËdMmê$n Xohmd`dm| H$mo D$na-ZrMo Ho$ H$nmbm| VWm ~«÷mÊS>m| Ho$ AmdaUm| H$mo Xyar
ŸyÕ - 74] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2037
Ho$ H$maU h_ bmoJ Zht XoI nmVo Ÿ&&58&&
ho lram_MÝX«Or, Bg g§gma H$mo Amn {damQ²> nwéf H$m eara g_{Pò Ÿ& dh ^r H$ënZmË_H$
Cg {damQ²> H$s EH$_mÌ H$ënZmê$n hr h¡ Ÿ& dh Z Vmo H$moB© ~møgmYZ go gmÜ` h¡ Am¡a Z dñVwV…
_Z H$s H$ënZmê$n Hw$N> h¡ Ÿ& Bg[bE AmH$me VWm nd©V, n¥[Wdr VWm gmJa Am{X g~Ho$ g~
àemÝV {MXmH$me ê$n hr h¡ Ÿ&&59&&
{VhÎmadm± gJ© g_mßV
Mm¡hÎmadm± gJ©
Omo bmoH$ Cg ~«÷m Ho$ A§J^yV h¢ Omo CgHo$ n¥WH²$-n¥WH²$ Ad`d h¢ VWm
{Og Vah ò g~ BgHo$ AÝXa [ñWV h¢-BZ g~H$m dU©©ZŸ&
Cg ~«÷m H$m H$m¡Z A§J `h ^ybmoH$ h¡ Am¡a H$m¡Z A§J ñdJ© AWdm nmVmb h¡ ?Ÿ Bg
{d^mJàíZ H$m, "H$W§ dmgmo@ÝVao Vñ`' Bg àíZ H$m VWm 'H$W§ dm VÝ_Zmo_mÌ§ {ZamH¥${V[aX§
[ñWV_²' Bg àíZ H$m ^r {dñVma Ho$ gmW CÎma XoZo Ho$ {bE A~ _hmamO d{gîR>Or lmoVm
H$mo gmdYmZ H$a aho h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, Cg {ebm Ho$ CXa _| XoIo Jò ~«÷H$ënê$nmË_H$
Cg {damQ²> Ho$ g§H$ën _| Omo ~«÷mÊS>mË_H$ eara [ñWV h¡ CgH$s {d{MÌ AmMmam| go {MÎm H$mo ha
boZodmbr Omo `h OÝ_, H$_©, Ad`d Am{X H$s ì`dñWm h¡, dh Amn gw{Zò &&1&&
Cg {damQ²> H$m ~«÷ hr dmñV{dH$ ñdê$n àmW{_H$ Am¡a AH$[ënV h¡ & Cg {damQ²> H$m eara
Vmo CgH$s Ñ{îQ> go AË`ÝV hr bKwVa h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Am{X, AÝV Am¡a _Ü` go a{hV Omo na_ {MXmH$me h¡, dhr {damQ>mË_m H$m àW_ H$ënZma{hV
eara h¡ VWm CgH$m H$[ënV `h OJÐÿn eara Vmo AË`ÝV hr bKw h¡Ÿ&&2&&
Am{X, _Ü` Am¡a AÝV go a{hV {MXmH$me hr CgH$m ñdê$n h¡, `h Amn H¡$go OmZVo h¢, Bg
na H$hVo h¢ &
My±{H$ dh ~«÷m AnZo g§H$[ënV ~«÷mÊ‹S>-eara go ~mha g§H$[ënV hmoH$a `mZr g§H$ën-eyÝ`
gmjr {MXmH$me_mÌ hmoH$a g§H$ënZmË_H$ AnZo AÊS> H$mo Mmam| Va\$ XoIVm h¡ & dmñVd _| Vmo dh
~«÷mÊS> ^r àH$me_` {MXmH$meê$n hr h¡ &&3&&
Cg {damQ>mË_m H$m {ga, n¡a Am¡a {ZVå~ ~VbmZo Ho$ {bE gd©àW_ ~«÷mÊS> Ho$ D$na VWm
ZrMo Ho$ ^mJ H$mo CgH$m H$nmb (Imon‹S>r) VWm n¡a ~VbmVo h¢ &
qbJg_[îQ> Ho$ A{^_mZr {MXmH$ma nwîQ> Cg ~«÷mË_m Zo AnZo g§H$ënê$n gwdU©_` AÊS>
H$m Eogo Xmo ^mJ {H$`m, O¡go AnZo nwîQ> AÊS> H$m njr Xmo ^mJ H$aVm h¡ &&4&&& Cg AUw
Ho$ D$na Ho$ EH$ ^mJ H$mo CgZo D$Üd©JV AmH$me g_P {b`m VWm ZrMo H$m ^mJ Omo [ñWV
Wm Cgo CgZo ^ybmoH$ _mZ {b`m & AWm©V² Cg AUw Ho$ XmoZm| ^mJ _| Omo D$na H$m ^mJ Wm
dhr AmH$me VWm ZrMo H$m Omo ^mJ Wm dh n¥Ïdr Am{X bmoH$ H$[ënV hþAm & `Ú{n Cg {damQ²>
nwéf Zo CZ XmoZm| _| AmH$me VWm ^ybmoH$ Am{X H$s H$ënZm H$s, bo{H$Z {\$a ^r AnZo go
A{V[aŠV Z Vmo CgZo AmH$me H$s H$ënZm H$s Am¡a Z Bg ^ybmoH$ H$s hr H$ënZm H$s Ÿ&
~«÷mÊS> Ho$ g~go D$na H$m Omo {hñgm h¡ dh Cg {damQ²> nwéf H$m {ga H$hbmVm h¡ VWm
ZrMo H$m Omo {hñgm h¡ dh CgH$m n¡a H$hm OmVm h¡ Ed§ BZ XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM H$m Omo AÝV[aj-
AmH$me h¡, dh Cg {damQ²> nwéf H$m {ZVå~ H$hbmVm h¡ &&5,6&& ~hþV Xya {d^ŠV hþE CZ
H$nmbIÊSm| H$s A{V {dñV¥V Omo _Ü` g[ÝY h¡ dh AZÝV-eyÝ` í`m_dU© AmH$me H$s aoIm
Ho$ ê$n _| bmoJm| H$mo {XImB© XoVr h¡ &&7&& AÝV[aj Cg {damQ²> nwéf H$m {demb Vmbw h¡,
VmamJU ê${Ya Ho$ {~ÝXw h¢ VWm Xoh _| gwa, Agwa Am¡a Za Am{X ~w{Õ VWm àmU H$s d¥{Îm`m|
Ho$ ôX h¢ &&8&& ^yV, n«oV, {nemM Am{X CgHo$ eara Ho$ ^rVa ahZodmbo aŠV _m±g Am{X
An{dÌ nXmWm] Ho$ bmobwn ò H$s‹S>o h¢, gy`© Am¡a MÝÐ Am{X bmoH$ CgHo$ eara Ho$ {N>Ð h¢ VWm
`_bmoH$ Am{X ZaH$ Ho$ bmoH$mÝVa CgHo$ Mjw Am{X eara Ho$ ZrMo Ho$ gyamI h¢ &&9&& Bg
^y_ÊS>b Ho$ ZrMo H$m ~«÷mÊS>IÊS> CgHo$ n¡a H$m {dñV¥V Vbdm h¡ Am¡a ZrMo Omo nmVmb JV©
h¡ do CgHo$ OmZw_ÊS>b Ho$ {N>Ð h¢ &&10&& Obm| go Mbm`_mZ gyamIm| go nyU©, AZoH$
{N>Ðm|dmbr, H$m_, amoJ, Oam, _aU Am{X go ì`mHw$b VWm gmVm| g_wÐ Ed§ g^r Ûrn {OgHo$
doîQ>Z h¢-H$aYZr Ed§ H${Q>gyÌ H$s OJh na h¢, Eogr n¥Ïdr Cg {damQ²> nwéf H$s _Ü`ñW
~[ñV, Om±K Ed§ {ZVå~_ÊS>br h¡ &&11&& Obm| go Jw‹S>-Jw‹S> eãX H$aZodmbr Z{X`m± CgH$s
Zm‹S>r`m±> h¢ VWm Z{X`m| H$m Ob CgHo$ eara H$m ag h¡ Am¡a ho_m{ÐH${U©H$mg{hV Oå~yÛrn
CgH$m öX`H$_b h¢ Ÿ&&12&& eyÝ` {XemE± CgHo$ Hy${j^mJ h¢, g^r nd©V CgHo$ `H¥$V-
ßbrhm{X h¢ Am¡a _oKg_yh CgHo$ H$mo_b VWm {MH$Zo nQ>mH$ma M~u Ho$ g_yh h¢ &&13&& MÝÐ_m
Am¡a gy`© CgHo$ ZoÌ h¢, ~«÷bmoH$ CgH$m _wI H$hm J`m h¡, gmo_ CgH$m dr`© VWm {h_mb`nd©V
íboî_m (H$\$) H$hm J`m h¡ &&14&& A[½ZbmoH$ VWm n¥[Wdr Ho$ AÝXa H$s A{½Z BgH$m
A{VXw…gh {nÎm h¡ Ÿ& dmVñH$ÝYm| _| à{gÕ Omo Amdh, {Zdh, àdh Am{X _hmdmV h¢ do BgHo$
öX` _| [ñWV àmU Am¡a AnmZ h¢ &&15&& H$ënd¥jm| Ho$ dZ, nmVmb Am{X _| à{gÕ gm±nm|
Ho$ PwÊS> VWm dZ Ed§ CndZ Bg {damQ²> nwéf Ho$ AZ§V amo_ h¢ &&16&& ~«÷mÊS> Ho$ IÊS> H$m
gånyU© D$Üd©^mJ BgH$m {demb _ñVH$ h¡ Ÿ& ~«÷mÊS> Ho$ D$Üd©àmÝV Ho$ {N>Ð à{gÕ Xrá
Á`mo{V hr BgH$s àXrßV {eIm I‹S>r h¡Ÿ(c) &&17&&
(c) Xo{Iò `h lw{V … "AW `XV… namo {Xdmo Á`mo{VXuß`Vo {dídV… n¥îQ>ofw gd©V…
ŸyÕ - 74] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2039
Bg àH$ma AnZo {damQ²> eara H$s H$ënZm H$aZodmbo Cg {damQ²> nwéf H$m H$m¡Z _Z Am¡a H$m¡Z
B[ÝÐ`m± h¡, Bg na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
My±{H$ g_ñV g_[îQ> _Z Ho$ AmË_m ò {dYmVm ñd`§ _Zê$n hr h¢, Bg[bE BZH$s g^r
H$ënZmAm| _| [H$gr Xygao _Z H$m BÝh| Cn`moJ Zht H$aZm n‹S>Vm & _Zê$n {dYmVm H$mo ^r {H$gr
Xygao _Z H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoZo na AZdñWm hmo OmòJrŸ& O~ `h {Z{íMV h¡ {H$ EH$_mÌ AmË_m
hr ^moŠV¥Vm H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡ V~ ^bm {H$gH$m () H$hm± go H¡$go g§^d hmo ? &&18&& Bgr Vah
BÝh| B[ÝÐ`m| H$s A[ñVVm BZgo AÝ`m| _| - h_ bmoJm| _| H${ënV h¡ Ÿ& Am¡a do g~ B[ÝÐ`m± dñVwV…
EH$_mÌ H$ënZmê$n hr h¡, Bg_| V{ZH$ ^r gÝXoh Zht h¡ (N) Ÿ&&19&&
V~ B[ÝÐ` Am¡a _Z _| ôXì`dhma Š`m| hmoVm h¡, Bg na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Ad`d Am¡a Ad`dr Ho$ gÑe EH$ earaYmar B[ÝÐ` Am¡a {MÎm (_Z) _| V{ZH$ ^r ôX Zht
h¡, BZ XmoZm| _| EH$Vm hr h¡ &&20&&
`hr H$maU h¡ {H$ gånyU© OJV²² H$s {H«$`m ^r Cgr H$s {H«$`m h¡, Bg{bE {H«$`m Ho$ {df` _|
AbJ àíZ H$aZm R>rH$ Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
g§gma Ho$ Omo Hw$N> H$m`© h¢ do g~Ho$ g~ EH$_mÌ Cgr Ho$ H$m`© h¢ AWm©V² g§gma H$s gånyU©
{H«$`mE± Cgr H$s [H«$`m h¢, Š`m|{H$ ~«÷m Ho$ g§H$ën hr g~ Ordm| Ho$ ê$n go AnZo _| ôX H$m Amamon
H$aHo$ OJV² Ho$ g_ñV ì`dhma Ho$ ê$n _| MbVo h¢ &&21&&
V~ Vmo h_ bmoJm| H$m _aU Am¡a OÝ_ ^r Cgr Ho$ _aU Am¡a OÝ_ h¡ Ÿ& Eogr [ñW{V _| {ÛnamY©
H$mb VH$ CgHo$ OrdZ H$s Omo à{g{Õ h¡, Cg_| {damoY hmoZo bJoJm, Bg Ame§H$m na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
g_{îQ> OJV² Ho$ `mZr g_ñV OJV² Ho$ OÝ_ Am¡a _aU H$mo hr Cg ~«÷m H$m OÝ_ Am¡a _aU
g_PZm Mm{hE, h_mao-O¡go ì`[ŠV{deof Ho$ OÝ_ Am¡a _aU H$mo Cg ~«÷m H$m OÝ_ Am¡a _aU
Zht OmZZm Mm{hE, Š`mo|[H$ OJV² _| g_[îQ>ê$n dhr h¡ VWm h_ bmoJm| H$m Omo g§H$ën h¡ VÐÿn ^r
dhr h¡ & Cg ~«÷m H$m g_[îQ> VWm ì`[îQ> go A{V[aŠV Am¡a H$moB© Xygam ê$n hr Zht h¡ Ÿ&&22&&
Š`m| `h g~ Hw$N> ~«÷m hr h¡ Ÿ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
CgH$s gÎmm go OJV² H$s gÎmm VWm CgHo$ _aU go `mZr A^md go OJV² H$m _aU `mZr
A^md h¡ Ÿ& O¡gr ñnÝX Am¡a dm`w H$s gÎmm EH$ h¡ d¡gr hr ~«÷m Am¡a OJV² H$s gÎmm EH$
h¡ Ÿ&&23&& dm`w Am¡a CgHo$ ñnÝX Ho$ g_mZ OJV² Am¡a {damQ²> nwéf H$s gÎmm EH$ hr h¡ Ÿ& Omo
n¥îQ>|îdZwÎm_ofyÎm_ofw bmoHo$fw Ÿ&'
() AWm©V² _Z H$m Ÿ&
(N) B{ÝÐ`m| H$s H$ënZm _| B{ÝÐ` hr {Z{_Îm h¢, Eogm Vmo H$^r H$h Zht gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$
Eogm _mZZo na AZdñWm hmoZo bJoJr, `h VmËn`© h¡ Ÿ&
OJV² h¡ dhr {damQ²> h¡ Am¡a Omo {damQ²> h¡ dhr OJV² H$hm J`m h¡ &&24&& OJV², ~«÷m Am¡a
{damQ²>-ò VrZm| EH$ AW© Ho$ dmMH$ eãX h¢ VWm ò XmoZm| `mZr {damQ²> Am¡a OJV² ewÕ
{MXmH$meê$n na_mË_m Ho$ g§H$ën _mÌ hr h¡ () &&25&&
"AñVw Zm_' `hm± VH$ Ho$ nXgo _hmamO d{gîR>Or H$m H$WZ ñdrH$ma H$aVo hþE lram_MÝÐOr
Ad{eîQ> àíZ H$m ñ_aU H$amVo h¢ &
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ^JdZ², g§H$ën go {MXmH$meê$n dh {damQ²> hr gmH$maVm H$mo
àmßV hþAm, `h Vmo _¡§Zo ñdrH$ma H$a {b`m, {H$ÝVw H¥$nmH$a `h H${hò {H$ dh ~«÷m AnZo
eara Ho$ ^rVa ahVo H¡$go h¢ ? () &&26&& _hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_Or,
_mZgnyOm H$aVo g_` Ü`mZ bJmH$a öX` _| H$[ënV aËZ_ÊS>n Ho$ ^rVa [ñWV Xod _|
à{dîQ> hmoH$a Cg XodVm H$s N>Ì, Mm_a, ì`§OZ, Xn©U, Vmå~yb Am{X go n[aM`m© H$a aho
AnZo H$mo Cg XodVm Ho$ g_rn _| [ñWV O¡go Amn AZw^d H$aVo h¢, d¡go hr g§H$ënñdê$n
{nVm_h ^r AnZo eara Ho$ ^rVa {ñWV ahVo h¢ Ÿ&&27&&
ñWyb XohmË_H$ AnZo öX`H$_b _| qbJ XohmË_H$ AnZr Ad[ñW[V g^r {ddo{H$`m| H$mo
AZw^d {gÕ h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{ddoH$s nwéfm| H$m Ord AnZo ñWyb eara Ho$ ^rVa öX`H$_b _| Ad[ñWV ahVm h¡ Ÿ& dh
g~H$s Xoh CËnÝZ hþB© à{V_m-O¡gr h¡, `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ Xn©U Ho$ AÝVJ©V à{V{~å~ Ho$ gÑe do
~«÷mOr h¡§ &&28&&
H¡$_w{VH$ Ý`m` go AnZoo eara Ho$ AÝXa {dYmVm H$s [ñW{V ~VbmVo h¢ Ÿ&
O~{H$ Amn ^r AnZo ñWyb eara Ho$ ^rVa AnZr {ñW{V ^br^m±{V H$a gH$Vo h¢, V~ ^bm
gd©g_W© g§H$ënmË_m ~«÷Xod AnZr {ñW{V Š`m| Zht H$a gH$Vo ? &&29&&
O~ ñWmdam| _| ^r AnZo ~rO go AÝ` eara YmaU H$aZo H$s gm_Ï`© {dÚ_mZ h¡, V~ ^bm
gd©e{ŠVgånÝZ {M{V H$s H$ënZmê$n ~«÷_y{V© Ho$ {df` _| Š`m H$hZm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
O~ ñWmda nXmW© ^r ~rO Ho$ ^rVa [ñWV ahVo h¢ V~ ^bm O§J_ gd© e[ŠV_mZ² ~«÷mOr
AnZr Xoh Ho$ ^rVa Š`m| Zht [ñWV ah gH$Vo, Omo ñd`§ {M{V H$s H$ënZmê$n h¢ &&30&& Eogr
[ñW{V _§o ~«÷mOr Mmho ~«÷mÊS>mH$ma go gmH$ma hmoVo hwE ^r {MXmH$me ñdê$n ~Zo ah| AWdm
g_[îQ> _Z Ho$ ê$ngo {ZamH$ma {MXmH$me ñdê$n [ñWV ah|, Bg_| H$moB© hm{Z Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ do
XmoZm| nj _| ~mha Am¡a ^rVa gd©Ì {dÚ_mZ h¢ Ÿ& ~mø VWm Amä`ÝVa H$ënZmE± h¢ do XmoZm| hr
() "~hþ ñ`m§ àOmò`' BË`m{X lw{V`m| _| à{gÕ Omo g§H$ën h¡ dh ^r Vmo {Z…ñdê$n hr
h¡, Bg{bE ~hþV N>mZ-~rZ H$aZo na ^r h_| EH$_mÌ ~«÷ hr eof {_bVm h¡ Ÿ&
() AWm©V² "H$W§ dmgmo@ÝVao Vñ` ñdñ`¡d dnwf… {ñWV…' Bg _oao àíZ H$m CÎma Xr{Oò &
ŸyÕ - 75] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2041
ñdê$n go ~mha [ñWV h¢ AV… do {^ÝZ h¢ AWm©V² BÝhtH$m ôX hmoVm h¡, AmÝVa gÐÿn H$s Omo AmnZo
H$ënZm H$a aIr h¡ CgH$m ôX Zht hmoVm &&31&&
AÀN>m Vmo dh {damQ²> nwéf ~mha Am¡a ^rVa {H$g àH$ma h¡ Am¡a dñVwV… {H$g ñd^md _| dh
[ñWV ahVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
dhr {damQ>² nwéf ~mha ~«÷mÊS> ê$ngo [ñWV h¡ VWm ^rVa "Ah§', Ëd_² BË`m{X ì`{îQ>
Ed§ g_[îQ>^yV ^m¡{VH$_` h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z AnZo ñdê$n _| Vmo AmË_mam_ hmoH$a ^r dh H$mîR>dV²
_m¡Zr VWm nËWa Ho$ g_mZ O‹S> hmoH$a ^r dñVwV… dh {MX²oH$agê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU O‹S>ê$n
go [ñWV Zht h¡ Ÿ&&32&&
Ho$db Eogr [ñW{V {damQ²> nwéf H$s hr h¡,`h ~mV Zht h¡ {H$ÝVw g^r VÎdkm{Z`m| H$s ^r Eogr
hr [ñW{V h¡, `h {XIbmZo Ho$ {bE Cgr [ñW{V H$m ÑîQ>mVm| Ûmam gm\$-gm\$ dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, Z Ho$db {damQ²> nwéf, {H$ÝVw g^r VÎdkmZr nwéf bVm, V¥U, H$mîR>nwéf
`m à{V_m Ho$ g_mZ nhbo aËZ Am{X go Am~Õ hmo nwZ… _wŠV hmo OmZo na ^r Hw${nV Zht hmoVo,
~[ëH$ MwnMmn [ñWV ahVo h¢ VWm Ob Ho$ àdmh Ho$ gÑe AdéÕ Am¡a {N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ A§J hmoZo na
^r AnZr àmŠVZ emÝV [ñW{V H$mo Zht N>mo‹S>Vo Ed§ ZmZm àH$ma Ho$ H$m`©g_yh _| {dhma H$aVo hþE
^r {ebm Ho$ CXa Ho$ g_mZ H«$moYm{Xa{hV emÝV{MÎm hr [ñWV ahVo h¢-H«$moY, hf©, {dfmX Am{X
go V{ZH$ ^r {dH$ma H$mo àmßV Zht hmoVo &&33&&
Mm¡hÎmadm± gJ© g_mßV
nMhÎmadm± gJ©
~«÷m Ho$ Ü`mZ _|o VËna hmoZo na ~mah gy`m] H$s CËn{Îm VWm gmao g§gma H$mo Obm ahr àb`m{½Z H$m dU©Z &
n«mg§{JH$ àíZ H$mo g_mßV H$a A~ EH$_mÌ àñVwV Am»`m{`H$m H$m AZwgÝYmZ H$aVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, O~ ~«÷Xod Ü`mZ _| bdbrZ hmo Jò V~ BÝÐ
Ho$ g{hV CZHo$ ZJa VWm gw_oé nd©V Ho$ {eIa H$m nVZ XoIZo Ho$ ~mX _¢Zo Yrao go {XemAm| H$s
Amoa AnZr Am±I| Xm¡‹S>m`t, V~ _¢Zo AnZo gm_Zo n[íM_ {Xem H$s Amoa gm\$ C{XV hþE-{XemAm|
Ho$ _w±h _| Xmh Ho$ gÑe VWm nd©V Ho$ D$na dZXmh Ho$ g_mZ, _Ü`mh²Z H$mb Ho$ gy`© go {^ÝZ EH$
Xygao hr gy`© ^JdmZ² H$mo XoIm &&1,2&& BgHo$ ~mX AmH$me _| A{½ZamoH$ Ho$ Vwë` VWm gmJa _|
~‹S>dmZb Ho$ g_mZ n«XrßV hþE EH$ Am¡a gy`© H$mo _¢Zo Z¡F©$Ë`{Xem _| C{XV XoIm Ÿ&&3&& VXZÝVa
X{jU {Xem _|, CgHo$ ~mX A[½ZH$moU _|, {\$a nyd©{Xem H$s Amoa, CgHo$ ~mX nwZ… _¢Zo B©emZH$moU
_| C{XV hþE-Bg Vah {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ gy`© _¡§Zo XoIo Ÿ&&4&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, CgHo$ ~mX CÎma{Xem
_|, dm`ì`H$moU _| VWm n[íM_ {Xem _| {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ gy`©Xod ^JdmZ² H$mo XoIH$a _¢ AmíM`©M{H$V
hmo J`m &&5&& BVZo _| ì`mHw$b hmoH$a Á`m| hr _¢ X¡d H$s à{VHy$bVm H$mo {dMmaZo bJm Ë`m| hr PQ>
^yVb go gy`© Eogo àmXw^©yV hþAm, O¡go gmJa go Am¡d©-~‹S>dmZb &&6&& {X½JUm| Ho$ _Ü`mH$me _|
½`mahdm± gy`© C{XV hþAm Ÿ& Cg ½`mahd| gy`© _|, Xn©U _| àmXw^©yV hþE à{V{~å~ H$s Vah, VrZ
AÝ` gy`© C{XV hwE (N)Ÿ&&7&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, Cg ½`mahd| gy`© _| do VrZm| gy`© ^JdmZ² éÐ Ho$
eara h¢ Ÿ& Cg ^JdmZ² éÐ Ho$ eara Ho$ _Ü` _| VrZ ZoÌ h¢ Ÿ& ~mah gy`m] Ho$ AmH$ma Ho$ ~am~a
n[a_mUdmbm àXrßV gy`m] H$m g_yh hmoH$a dh am¡Ð eara g^r {XemAm| H$mo Iy~ Omoa go ObmZo
bJm, O¡go gyIo O§Jb H$mo A{½Z & VXZÝVa OJËIÊS> H$mo ewîH$ ~Zm XoZo dmbm J«rî_ F$Vw H$m {XZ
àH$Q> hþAm &&8,9&& ho H$_bZ`Z, BgHo$ ~mX PQ> {~Zm A[½Z Ho$ hr A[½ZH$m Xmh VWm AÑí`
Cë_wH$m| Ho$ Jwë_H$ CËnÝZ hþE Ÿ& A[½Za{hV Cg gm¡am[½Z Ho$ Xmh go _oao g^r A§J Xmdm[½Z go X½Y
AVEd {IÝZ-go hmo Jò Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX Cg àXoe H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a _¢ ~hþV Xya AmH$me _| Amê$‹T> hmo
J`m &&10,11&& Am¡a à~b hWobr Ho$ AmKmV go _mao Om aho J|X H$s Vah AmH$me _| OmH$a dhm±
[ñWV hmo _¢Zo C{XV hþE àMÊS> VoO`wŠV Vn aho ~mah gy`© g_yh H$mo Xgm| {XemAm| _| ^r XoIm Ÿ&
VWm CZ {XemAm| _| Vmam| Ho$ g{hV AmH$me H$mo ì`mßV H$a XoZodmbr Ádmbm Ho$ g_mZ M§Mb
dVw©bmH$ma ~¥hV² ZjÌMH«$ XoImŸ&&12,13&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, dhm± _¢Zo _hmHw$hHw$h eãXm| go `wŠV
gmVm| g_wÐ H$mo Iy~ Im¡bmH$a H$m‹T>m ~Zm aho VWm Ádmbmg{hV Cë_wH$m| go gmao bmoH$ Am¡a g_ñV
ZJam| Ho$ ^rVar ^mJ H$mo AÀN>r Vah n[anyU© H$a XoZodmbo ~mah gy`© g_yh H$mo XoIm &&14&& Cg
gy`©_ÊS>b Zo ÁdmbmgÑe KZ aŠVdómS>å~am| go gmao nd©Vm| H$mo {gÝXwar a§J H$m H$a {X`m Wm
VWm XoXrß`_mZ bmoH$nmbm| Ho$ Kam| _| [ñWa {~Obr H$s Vah CgZo g_ñV {Xem_ÊS>b H$mo ~Zm
{X`m Wm &&15&& MQ>-MQ> eãX H$aVo hþE ZJam| Ho$ _ÊS>b H$mo CgZo ñ\w [aV hmo aho H$Q>-H$Q> eãXm|
Ho$ AmS>å~am| go `wŠV H$a {X`m Wm & {ebm Ho$ g_mZ KZr^yV, ^yVbna CX²^yV hþE XÊS>mH$ma
Yy_«m| go ^wdZñWmZ_ÊS>b H$mo hOmam| H$mM Ho$ Iå^m| go dh n[anyU© ~Zm ahm Wm Ÿ& H$m‹T>mê$n _o|
n[aUV hmo aho g_ñV àm{U`m| VWm n¥{Wdr Am{X _hm^yVm| Ho$ D±$Mo AmH« ÝXZ go Cg_§o A{VKK©a
eãX hmo ahm Wm &&16,17&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, dh ~mah Am{XË`m| H$m _ÊS>b, {OgH$m _¢Zo
AdbmoH$Z {H$`m, Mmam| Amoa go g_ñV àm{U`m|§ Ho$ bmoH$m| Ed§ CZHo$ A§VJ©V ZJam| Ho$ nVZ go \$Q>
(N) Xgm| {XemAm| Ho$ ~rM _| C{XV hþE gy`© Ho$ AÝXa C{XV VrZ gy`©ñdê$n EH$ hr ~«÷m,
{dîUw Am¡a {edmË_H$ éÐ H$m `h EH$ am¡Ð eara h¡ Ÿ& dhr "VËg{dVwd©aoÊ`§ ^J©…' Bg Jm`Ìr go
àH$m{eV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& EH$_mÌ `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ dh Mm¡~rg Ajam| go àgyV Mm¡~rg hOma íbmoH$m|
Ho$ nyd©am_mÙ Ho$ gmag§J«h ñdê$n Am{XË`öX` _| "~«÷oemZmÀ`wVoem` am¡Ðm` dnwfo Z_…' Bg
íbmoH$ go VrZ _y{V©`m| Ho$ _yb^yV na_{ed Ho$ ê$n go Z_ñH¥$V hþAm h¡, g^r {dÕmZ² bmoJ Cgr
H$mo gdm}ËH¥$îQ> Cnmñ` Xod H$hVo h¢, `h EH$ kmVì` {df` h¡Ÿ&
ŸyÕ - 75] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2043
aho nXmWm] Ho$ MQ>MQ>meãXm| go CX²^yV-àMÊS> Wm Ÿ& A[ídZr Am{X Vmam g_yhm| Ho$ nVZ Ho$
A{^KmVm| go YamVb Ho$ aËZm| H$mo dh {Kg ahm Wm &&18&& g^r ñWmZm| _| AnZo-AnZo Kam| Ho$
^rVa CgHo$ Vmn go Ob ahm OZ-g_wXm` BYa-CYa Omoam| go ^mJ ahm Wm & _ao hþE VWm
AmH«$ÝXZnyd©H$ Iy~ nH$mò Om aho àm{Ug_wXm` go dh gmao {XH²$VQ>m| H$mo XwJ©ÝY`wŠV ~Zm ahm
Wm &&19&& gmao _hmZJam| Ho$ ObOÝVwAm| H$mo, Omo CZHo$ CXa _| ah aho Wo, gÝVßV hþE Obm| go
ì`mHw$b H$a ahm Wm Ÿ& gmar {XemAm| _| ì`mßV A{½Z Ho$ Xmh go CgZo {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ AZoH$ ZJam|
Ho$ àm{U`m| H$mo _maH$a CÝh| amoXZ go eyÝ` ~Zm aIm Wm Ÿ& CZ_| amoZodmbm H$moB© EH$ ^r àmUr Z
ah Om`, Eogm CÝh| H$a aIm Wm &&20&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, _¢Zo ~mah Am{XË`m| H$m dh g_wXm`
XoIm, Omo {dX{bV hmo aho VWm X½Y hmo MwHo$ {X½JOm| Ho$ Xm±Vm|ê$nr Iå^m| go {XJÝVnd©Vm| H$mo
AYmo^mJ _| YmaU H$a ahm Wm VWm nd©Vm| H$s H$ÝXamAm| Ho$ {N>Ðm| H$mo Yy_«_ÊS>bmo| go Hw$ÊS>b_`
~Zm ahm Wm `mZr n[anyU© H$a ahm Wm &&21&& dh Obo hþE ZJam| Ho$ _ÊS>bm| H$mo {Ja aho nd©Vm| Ho$
Ûmam nrg-nrgH$a Iy~ MyU©ê$n _| n[aUV H$a ahm Wm Am¡a nMnM eãXm| go eãX_` hmo aho
_hmnd©Vmo§ Ho$ hm{W`m| H$mo dh Iy~ nH$mZo _| g§b½Z Wm &&22&& gÝVmn go gÝVßV hmoH$a CN>bVo
hþE àm{U`m| Ûmam g^r gmJam| Ed§ nd©Vm| H$mo dh Eogm ~Zm ahm Wm, _mZm| CÝh| Áda Am J`m hmo &
öX` \$Q>Zo go gmahrZ hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU {dÚmYam| Ed§ CZH$s A§JZmAm| H$mo {JamZo _| dh ~am~a
VËna hmo ahm Wm &&23&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, Cg g_` Hw$N> bmoJ Omoa-emoa go Iy~ {MëbmZo VWm
amoZo go WH$ Jò Wo Ed§ Hw$N> `moJr bmoJ Cg g_` ~«÷aÝY« H$mo \$m‹S>H$a CgHo$ Ûmam AnZo àmUm| H$mo
{ZH$mb XoZo go A_a ^r hmo MwHo$ Wo Ÿ& ñdJ©bmoH$ _| ObVr hþB© ÁdmbmAm| Ûmam nmVmbn`©ÝV gmam
^yVb Cg g_` Iy~ gÝVßV hmo ahm Wm &&24&& gyIo g_wÐm| _| CgHo$ Ûmam bJmVma gXm nH$Vo
ahZo Ho$ H$maU $_Ja Am{X Ob OÝVw nañna Iy~ Q>ŠH$a Im aho Wo, Bg[bE do g~Ho$ g~ XoIZo
_| Cg g_` ~‹S>o ^rfU àVrV hmo aho Wo & Obê$nr BÝYZ Z {_bZo go ~‹S>dmZb _mZm| C‹S>H$a
ñd`§ AmH$me _| Mbm J`m & dhm± nhþ±MVo hr hOmam| Vah go Z¥Ë` H$aVo hþE CgZo AßgamAm| H$mo
{Oggoo CN>bH$a nH$‹S> {b`m, dh ~mah Am{XË`m| H$m _ÊS>b _¢Zo dhm± XoIm &&25&&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, BgHo$ AZÝVa àb`m[½Zê$nr ZQ> OJÐÿnr OrU© Hw$Q>r _| VmÊS>d Z¥Ë` H$aZo
H$mo V¡`ma hmo J`m dh Ob ahr Ádmbmê$nr qH$ewH$ nwîn Ho$ dU© H$s Vah dóm| go gwemoo{^V Wm,
~‹S>o doJ go \$Q> aho ~m±g Am{X Ho$ H$maU nQ>nQ> Am{X eãXm| Ho$ AmS>å~a go `wŠV Wm `mZr dh
CZgo ZmZm Vah Ho$ ~mOm| H$m AmS>å~a aIZodmbm Wm & M§Mb Cë_wH$ê$n _mbm n{hZo hþE Wm,
àMÊS> Ed§ dramo{MV eãXmoÀMmaU H$a aho `moÕm H$r Vah Ab§H$¥ V XrIVm Wm, àÁd{bV Ádmbmê$nr
AnZr bå~r ^wOmAm| go g_[ÝdV VWm Yy_«ê$nr Ho$em| go dh {d^y{fV Wm Ÿ& Cg àb` H$s A[½Z
go dZm| Ho$ g_yh, J«m_, g_ñV ZJa, _ÊS>bm| Ho$ Ûrn-XwJ©, O§Jb, ñWb, nmVmb Am{X n¥{Wdr Ho$
g_ñV {N>Ð, n¥{Wdr Ho$ D$na H$m _hmH$me, Xgm| {XemE±, ^ybmoH$ Ho$ D$na H$m {hñgm-ò g~Ho$
g~ ObZo bJo &&26-29&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, H$ht gwÝXa JVm] go emo{^V, H$ht na AaKQ²>Q>`ÝÌm|
go Ab§H¥$V VWm H$ht D±$Mr AQ²>Q>m{bH$mAm| go `wŠV AZoH$ ZJam| go a_Ur` {XemAm| H$m VQ>,
nd©Vm| Ho$ {eIa, CZ {eIam| na dmg H$aZodmbo {gÕm| Ho$ g_yh, CZ {gÕ g_yhm| go `wŠV AZoH$
nd©V, gmJa, _hmgmJa, Vmbm~, Vb¡`m, ZXr, Xod, Agwa, Za, CaJ (gn©) Am¡a nwéfm| Ho$ gmW
g^r {XemE±-ò g~Ho$ g~ ^JdmZ² éÐ Ho$ ZoÌm| H$s ÁdmbmAm| Ho$ eZeZm eãXm| go ObZo
bJo &&30,31&& ^§^§ ^m±H$ma ^`§H$a eãXm| go ~hþV Á`mXm Yy[b \|$H$Vr hþB© ò g^r {XemE± XwîQ>
amj{g`m| H$s Vah, nañna Yy{b Ed§ Ob \|$H$-\|$H$H$a H«$s‹S>m H$aZo _| VËna hmo JB©, ò g^r
AnZo _ñVH$ Ho$ D$na Ádmbm-g_yhm| go CÁÁdb Ho$e YmaU {H$ò hwE Wt `mZr ÁdmbmOmbê$nr
M_H$sbo Ho$e BZHo$ _mWona {damO_mZ Wo &&32&& CÎm_ JVmoª go `wŠV nd©V^y{_`m| H$s Jw\$mAm| go
Iy~ ÁdmbmE± {ZH$bZo bJt & CZ ÁdmbmAm| Ho$ CXa _| [ñWV g_ñV ^yV Om{V`m± bmb a§J H$s
hmo JB© &&33&& gån[Îma{hV CZ g~ {XemAm| Zo VËH$mb {ZH$bo hþE aŠV Ho$ gÑe ÁdmbmOmbm|
go, Omo {gÝXwar a§J Ho$ _oKm| H$s Vah gwÝXa Wo, ñWb H$_b Ho$ CXa _| brZ emo^m H$mo YmaU
{H$`mŸ& YH² -YH²$ eãXm| go JmVo hþE gmao g§gma _| ì`mßV ÁdmbmAm| Ho$ Ombm| go AmH$me _mZm|
aŠV dòm| go `m gÝÜ`mH$mbrZ _oKm| go AmH$sU© hmo J`m Ÿ& AWdm `h ^r H$h gH$Vo h¢ {H$
Ádmbmg_yhm| go Amd¥V dh gmam AmH$me Eogm àVrV hmoZo bJm _mZm| C‹S>H$a dhm± bo Jò {dH${gV
qH$ewH$ Ho$ dZm| go ‹T>±H$m hmo Ÿ&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, Eogr hr Xem gånyU© gmJam| H$s ^r hmo JB©, ~‹S>dmZb go g§d¥Îm gmao gmJa
^r Eogo hmo Jò, _mZm| CZ_| AemoH$ Ho$ dZ {Ib Jò hm|, `m ñWb H$_bm| go do g§d{bV hmo Jò hm|
AWdm àmV…H$mbrZ gy`© Ho$ g_yhm| go do ì`mßV hmo MwHo$ hm| &&34-36&& `wdmdñWm H$mo àmßV
XmdmZb {MÌ{b{IV H$moR>m| na H$s {_Ï`m A[½Z H$mo _mZm| `WmW© A[½Z ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE ZmZm dUm]
H$r àÁd[bV hmo ahr ÁdmbmAm| VWm Yy_« {dÝ`mgm| H$s lo{Udmbm hmoVm hþAm, hOma \$UmAm| H$s
lo{Udmbo gn©amO Ho$ g_mZ, {dñVma H$mo àmßV hmo J`m, AZoH$ gy`m] Ho$ CX` Am¡a AñV Am{X go
{dÝÜ`mMb ^r {dYwaVm H$mo àmßV hmo J`mŸ&&37,38&& VWm X{jU Xoe _| gKZmË_H$ nd©V ^r
Ádmbm`wŠV dZm| H$s JO©Zmg{hV A§Jma Ho$ g_mZ jwãY hþE d¥jm| go Hw$N> Yrao go _mZm| AgøVm
H$mo àmßV hmo J`m &&39&& ~rM-~rM _| {OZH$s Hw$N> H$m{b_m àH$m{eV hmo OmVr Wr Eogo Yy_«ê$nr
^«_am| go _m{bV VWm Yy_«g§d{bV Ádmbmê$nr H$_bm| go _{bZ hþAm AmH$me gamoda Ho$ Vwë`
XoIm J`m &&40&& Ádmbmê$nr My‹S>m_{U go Ab§H¥$V VWm Ky_«m| Ho$ AmdV© Ed§ Yy_Ho$Vw Zm_H$
CËnmV{deofê$nr Ho$enmem| go ^y{fV _¥Ë`wê$nr ZV©H$s (doí`mE±) nd©Vm| H$s H$ÝXamAm| VWm {eIam|
na Ed§ nd©Vm{X go eyÝ` AmH$meàXoe _| ^r H$éUm{X ag go eyÝ` hmoH$a ZmMZo bJt &&41&&
ŸyÕ - 75] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2045
~«÷mÊS> H$m CÜd©^mJ hr {OgH$m H$nmQ> h¡ Eogr n¥{Wdr AnZo AYmo^mJ _o| ñWm{nV A[½Z H$s
ÁdmbmAm| go ì`mßV hmoVr hþB© ^m‹S> H$s dh In‹S>r V¡`ma hmo JB©, Ohm± na ^yZo Om aho XmZm| H$s
OJh AË`ÝV Šboe`wŠV eãXg{hV {JaVo hþE EH$_mÌ àm{U`m| Ho$ g_yh hr [dÚ_mZ Wo &&42&&
Cg àb`H$mb _| AnZr N>mVr nrQ>-nrQ> H$a amo ahr OJV²-bú_r Ho$ öX`na ñWm{nV hþE hmW
_|-AZoH$ Ûrnm| H$s ImoXr JB© _¥{ÎmH$mAm|, gmVm| g_wÐê$nr Obm| VWm CZ_| ì`mßV A[½Z`m| go,
H$m±>M Ed§ CgH$s H$m[ÝV go `wŠV gwdU© H$s OJh na [ñWV ZmZmdUm] Ho$ _wImo| Ed§ _{U`m| go bmb
hþB© `h n¥{Wdr gwdU© {da{MV _Zmoha eãX H$a aho-H§$H$Um| H$s n§{ŠV-gr hmo JB© &&43&& Cg
g_` g^r nd©V MQ>MQ>m eãXm|, g^r d¥j H$Q>H$Q> eãXm| VWm g^r Xoe hbhbm eãXmo§ Ho$ gmW
AÀN>r Vah {dXbZ H$mo àmßV hmo Jò &&44&&
Bgr Vah gmJa ^r _w±h nrQ>-nrQ>H$a EH$ Vah go amoZo bJ Jò, `h CËàojm H$aVo h¢ &
H${WV AmH$madmbo ({OZHo$ Ob Iy~ Im¡¡b Jò Wo Eogo) VWm \o${Zb hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CZ \o$Zm|
Ho$ Cëbmg go n[anwîQ> hþE gmao g_wÐ ñdr` Ob _| n‹S>o gy`© à{V{~å~ê$n {VbH$ go g_[ÝdV AnZo
_wI _| Va§Jê$nr H$aVbm| go AmKmV nhþ±MmVo hþE amoZo bJ Jò VWm nwZ… do g~Ho$ Amng _| gå~Õ
hmoH$a Va§Jm| Ho$ AmKmV go {_Q²>Q>r VWm nËWa Am{X H$mo {~ëHw$b ~am~a H$a XooZo Ho$ H$maU
^yVbê$nVm H$mo àmßV hþE nd©V H$m Va§Jê$nr AnZo hmWm| go Eogo J«mg H$aZo bJ Jò, O¡go {H$ _yI©
àmUr Xoh _| àmßV {_Q²>Q>r VWm nËWa Am{X H$mo àmßV H$aZo bJ OmVo h¢ &&45,46&& H$ht na gmar
{XemAm| VWm gmao AmH$me H$mo J«mg H$a OmZodmbo `m CÝh| nyU© H$a XooZodmbo BZ gmJam| Ho$ Jwhm_wI
go {ZH$bo hþE "JwhJwh' Bg Vah Ho$ eãXm| H$m àXoemÝVa _| {J[aVQ> Ho$ g§KQ>Z go CËnÝZ A{½Z H$m
eãX nmR> H$aZo bJm `mZr AnZo JwéOr Ho$ Ûmam H$‹ho Jò eãXm| H$m AZwH$aU O¡go {eî`Üd{Z H$aVr
h¡ d¡go hr Jwhm_wI go {Z…g¥V "JwhJwh' eãXm| H$m AZwH$aU dh Am½Zo` eãX H$aZo bJm Ÿ&&47&& ho
lram_MÝÐOr, Am¡a gw{Zò-Cg g_` àb`H$mbrZ _oKm| H$s {Zd¥{Îm go d¥{îQ>eyÝ` Xgm| {XemE± ^r
bmoH$nmbm| Ho$ ZJam| Ho$ {JaZo go Xmh _| gÝVßV hþE A§Jmam| go n[anyU© nd©Vm| H$s {^{Îm`m± hmoVr hþB©
CÝ_Îmd¥{Îm hmoH$a ì`mHw$bVm H$mo àmßV hmoZo bJt &&48&& g_rn Ho$ AZoH$ nd©Vm|, BÝÐ, H$ënX«w_,
AmJmam| VWm JwhmJ¥hm| H$o g{hV, gwÝXa AmH$madmbm gwdU©Ðdê$n gw_oé nd©V Cg g_` Yrao go
Eogo Jb J`m, O¡go Yyn _| {h_ &&49&& gånyU© erVb AÝV…H$aU go `wŠV Ed§ ewÕ {h_mb` nd©V
Vmo Cg àb` AmJ go EH$ hr jU _| bmh Ho$ gÑe Eogo {nKb J`m, O¡go XwO©Z go gÁOZ Ÿ&&50&&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, Cg _hm^`§H$a àb`H$mbrZ Xem _| ^r _b`mMb Vmo AnZo {Z_©b gm¡a^ go
`wŠV hr [ñWV ahm Ÿ& (Bg_| H$moB© AmíM`© H$r ~mV Zht h¡) CXma _hmnwéf Vmo Zme Ho$ g_` ^r
AnZo CÎm_ JwU H$mo Zht N>mo‹S>Vo &&51&& _hmZ² nwéf Vmo ZîQ> hmoVo hþE ^r AmZÝX àXmZ H$aVo h¢
{H$gr H$mo Xw…I Zht XoVo, (ho lram_MÝÐOr, Xo{Iò Z) ñd`§ X½Y hmoZo na ^r dh MÝXZ OrdZ
YmaU H$a aho àm{U`m| Ho$ AmZÝX Ho$ {bE hr Á`m|-H$m-Ë`m| [ñWV ahm &&52&& CÎm_ dñVw H$^r
^r AdñVwVm H$mo `mZr {ZH¥$îQ>Vm H$mo Zht àmßV hmoVr, (Xo{Iò) àb`H$mbrZ A[½Z go Ob ahm
^r gmoZm gd©Wm Zme H$mo Zht àmßV hþAm &&53&&
Omo dñVw H$^r ZîQ> Zht hmoVr dhr Bg OJV² _| gma h¡, Cgr H$s àe§gm H$aZr Mm{hE, Bg
A{^àm` go H$hVo h¢ &
Cg àb`H$mbrZ A[½Z _| gwdU© Am¡a AmH$me ò Xmo hr ZîQ> Z hwE Ÿ& CÝht XmoZm| H$m eara
àe§gZr` h¡, Š`m|{H$ g~H$m Zme hmo OmZo na ^r CZH$m Zme Zht hþAm &&54&& AmH$me Vmo {d^w
`mZr ì`mnH$ hmoZo go A{dZmer h¡ Am¡a gwdU© Xmofa{hV hmoZo go `mZr Xmofm| go {ZMmo‹S>H$a emo{YVê$n
hmoZo go Aj` h¡ & Bg{bE ho lram_Or, aO Am¡a V_go {ZMmo‹S>H$a {ZH$mbo Jò `mZr {Og_| Am¡a
V_ {~ëHw$b Zht h¡ Eogo ewÕ EH$ gÎdH$mo hr ~«÷gwI H$s A{^ì`[ŠV hmoZo go _¢ g~ gwIm| H$m gma
g_PVm hÿ± & _¢ aO AWdm V_H$mo gwIm| H$m gma Zht g_PVm &&55&& _oKê$nr nd©Vmo| H$mo
ObmZodmbm _hmYy_« H$s Ádmbmg{hV àb`m[½Zê$nr dm[aX (_oK) BYa-CYa Mb aho CÀM
O§Jbmo H$s ZmBª AmH$me _| ñ\w$[aV hmoVm hþAm {~Iao hþE A§Jmam| H$s d¥[îQ> H$aZodmbm hmo J`m &&56&&
g^r Vah Ho$ Obm| Ho$ {~bHw$b gyI OmZo Ho$ H$maU `mZr g§ñH$ma_mÌ ^r Adeof Z ah OmZo Ho$
H$maU ñ_¥{V Ho$ A^md go AË`ÝV hr Xw…Ir, AV… eyÝ`ñdê$n {demb earaYmar AÊS>O Am{X
Mma Vah Ho$ Ordm| H$m VWm gd©Wm ewîH$ hmo OmZo go AmH$me Ho$ d¥j Ho$ nÎmm| Ho$ nmÌñdê$n,
àb`m[½Z H$r Ádmbm go X½Y hþE Obg{hV _oKm| H$s ho lram_MÝÐOr, kmZm[½Z go X½Y hþE
VÎdkmZr Ho$ Xmofm| H$s ZmBª, H$ht ^ñ_ ^r Z XrI n‹Sr &&57,58&& O~ VH$ Cëb{gV hþB© dh
àb`m[½Z H¡$bmg nd©V H$mo Z bm±K gH$s, BVZo _| hr H$ënmÝV Ho$ {bE Hw${nV hþE éÐ ^JdmZ² Zo
AnZr ZoÌm[½Z go Cg H¡$bmg H$mo Obm {X`m Ÿ&&59&&
Cg Xmh H$m ^r dU©Z H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
Xmh go V‹S>H$Vo hþE d¥jm| Ho$ VWm _hm{ebmAm| Ho$ MQ>MQ> eãXm|dmbo Cg H¡$bmg nd©V Ho$ ZrMo
Ho$ g^r nd©V bHw$Q>m| VWm nËWa Ho$ T>obm| Ho$ g_yhm| go _mZm| `wÕ H$aZo bJo-`wÕ H$aVo hþE Ho$
g_mZ àVrV hmoZo bJo &&60&& Am¡a gw{Zò-ò g^r nd©V ÁdmbmAm| Ho$ KZKQ>mQ>monm| go _wHw Qg{hV
M§Mb AJ« {eIam|dmbo hmoVo hþE AmH$me _| {dH${gV hmo aho _hmH$_bm| Ho$ AZoH$m| O§Jb-O¡go hmo
Jò &&61&& "H$^r Vmo g¥{îQ> Adí` ahr hr hmoJr' Bg àH$ma g¥[îQ> ñ_aUr` Xem H$mo àmßV hmo
JB© & _yIm] H$mo OJV² H$s AgmaVm H$m ñ_aU {XbmVo hþE H$ënmÝV àË`j Am J`m Ÿ&&62&& Vmn
Am¡a CnVmn _| na_ `mZr g~go ~‹T>o-M‹T>o VWm Xygam| H$mo _maZo _| VËna àb`H$mb Ho$ ndZm| Zo
gånyU© ^wdZm| H$m, IaJmoe Ho$ gtJ Am{X AgX«yn nXmWm] H$s Vah, gd©Wm AË`ÝVA^md H$a
{X`m &&63&& Cg àb` Ho$ àd¥Îm hmoZo na dO«nmVm| go àm{U`m| Ho$ A§Jmo H$mo nr{‹S>V H$aZodmbo VWm
ŸyÕ - 76] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2047
àH$me_mZ A{½Z Ho$ Cë_wH$m| go g§`wŠV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Jwë__ÊS>bm| (c) Ho$ gÑe emo^m`_mZ
àb`g_` Ho$ ndZ-XodVmAm| H$s n§[ŠV`m| H$mo {dX{bV H$aVo hþE A[½Z Ho$ ~rM go {ZH$bH$a
gmar {XemAm| H$mo MmQ>Vo hþE-go ~hZo bJoŸ&&64&& M§Mb ÁdmbmAm| go V‹S>H$Vo hþE A[½Z_` d¥jm|
Ho$ dZm| _| CËnÝZ ^ñ_ g{hV CîUVm go AmH$me H$mo ì`mßV H$aZodmbo (), ^«_U H$aVo hþE
Cë_wH$m| Ho$ A{^KmV go {ZH$b ahr A§Jmag{hV nrbr ÁdmbmAm| go `wŠV, H$ÁObê$n go {Ja
ahr VWm nmdH$ H$s l¥§Jn«m` {eIm Ho$ _Ü` _| {dbmg H$aVr hþB© H$ÁOb`wŠV ÁdmbmAm| H$s
n§[ŠV`m| go í`m_dU© Ed§ gånyU© OJV² _| A[½Z`m| H$mo àH$m{eV H$aZo go ñVw{V`mo½` doJdmbo ndZ
~‹S>o doJ go ~hZo bJo &&65&&
nMhÎmadm± gJ© g_mßV
[N>hÎmadm± gJ©
n{íM_ {Xem _|, D$na Ho$ ^mJ _| nwîH$amdV©H$ (àb`_oK) H$m CX` VWm Am½Zo` {Xem _| Cng§hma-`h dU©Z &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, VXZÝVa O~ nd©Vm| H$mo H$[ånV H$a XoZodmbm VWm
g_wÐVa§Jm| Ho$ Ûmam ~bnyd©H$ AmH$me_ÊS>b _| AmdV© n¡Xm H$a XoZodmbm H$ënmÝV ndZ ~h
ahm Wm, g_wÐ AnZo {M•m| go a{hV hmo Jò Wo, _oK AnZr _`m©Xm EH$X_ ZîQ> H$a MwHo$ Wo,
VWm Ob H$s X[aÐVmê$n Xw…I go O~ ^mJ MwHo$ Wo, YZr AYZr hmo Jò Wo, ^yVb AnZo
A§e go a{hV hmo MwH$m Wm Am¡a A[½Z go ^yZ J`m Wm, H$mbà^md go nmVmb ^r {H$gr
(A{Zd©MZr`) nmVmb H$mo `mZr {dZme H$mo àmßV hmo MwH$m Wm, g_ñV g¥[îQ>dJ© OrU©-erU©
hmo J`m Wm, {dÚ_mZ AÝV[aj bmoH$ ^r AmH$meJV àH$me _| {_b MwH$m Wm VWm O~ gmar
{XemE± emoH$ go ì`mßV hmo MwH$s Wt, V~ {H$gr EH$ AmH$me Ho$ JV© go Hw«$Y X¡Ë`JUm| Ho$ gÑe
{ZH$bH$a nwîH$amdV©H$ Zm_Ymar _oK JwbJwb Üd{Z (JO©Z) H$aZo bJ Jò &&1-5&& `Ú{n
CZH$s dh Üd{Z Xya go d¡gr gwZ n‹S>Vr Wr, bo{H$Z dñVwV… dh AË`ÝV ^`§H$a Wr, ~«÷mOr
Zo AnZo AÊS>o H$m O~ ôXZ {H$`m Wm, V~ ~«÷mÊS> H$s {^{Îm Ho$ {dñ\$moQ> go O¡gr CÝZV
XhbmZodmbr D±$Mr Üd{Z {ZH$br Wr, R>rH$ d¡gr hr CZH$s Üd{Z Wr, nañna Amñ\$mbZm| Ûmam
CN>bVo hþE _Îm g_wÐm| H$s Üd{Z Ho$ gÑe dh ~r^Ëg Wr &&6&& bmoH$, g_wÐ Ed§ ZJam| _|
à{VÜd{Z Ho$ ê$n go CËnÝZ KZ H$mobmhbm| Ho$ H$maU dh ghr Zhr§ Om gH$Vr Wr VWm nyd©
_| d{U©V Hw$bmMb nd©Vm| Ho$ H$ÝYm| na gå~Õ Xmh Ho$ CJ« eãXm| Ho$ gmW {_b OmZo Ho$ H$maU
(c) Jwë_-Eogm nm¡Ym Omo EH$ O‹S> go H$B© hmoH$a {ZH$bo Am¡a {Og_| H$‹S>r bH$‹S>r VWm S§R>b
Z hmo Ÿ& O¡go-B©I, ea Am{X Ÿ& AH©$àH$me _| Jwë_JU Ho$ AÝVJ©V ~[a`mam, nmR>m, Vwbgr,
H$mH$O§Km, {Ma{Mam Am{X nm¡Yo {bò Jò h¢ Ÿ&
() AWdm _oKm| H$mo CËnÝZ H$aZodmbo Ÿ&
dh KK©a Üd{Z ~‹S>r hr ^`mZH$ bJVr Wr &&7&& ^Ð, Cg eãX Zo g_ñV ~«÷mÊ‹‹S>ê$nr e§I
Ho$ CXa H$mo â {X`m Wm, _aZona ~«÷mÊS>{^{Îm`m| $Ho$ à{VamoY Ho$ H$maU hþE AZoH$ AmdV©Zm|
go dh ~‹S>m hr {Z{~‹S> ~Z J`m Wm, Bgr{bE _mZm| ñdJ©bmoH$, AÝV[aj, n¥Ïdr Ed§ nmVmbVb
VH$ CgH$s AZoH$ emImE± \¡$b JB© &&8&& Xya-Xya H$s gånyU© {Xemê$nr Agr_ {^{Îm`m| H$mo
dh Üd{Z ê$n eãX brbm go boIZ Ûmam _mZm| ImoX ahm Wm, _hmàb` _| {_{lV hmoH$a nmZH$
(nZm) `m _Ú ~Z Jò Wo, BZ g_wÐm| Ho$ _Ú H$mo dh _mZm| nr OmZo H$s Á`mXm BÀN>m H$a
ahm Wm Ÿ&&9&& dh Üd{Z Š`m Wr, {dO` nmZo Ho$ {bE àñWmZ {H$ò hþE _hmàb` Zm_H$ BÝÐ
Ho$ _Îm EoamdV hmWr H$s JO©Zm-gr Wr & Am¡a gw{Zò-dh eãX Š`m Wm, H$ënH$mbVH$ amoHo$
OmZo go jwãX hþE _oKê$nr g_wÐm| H$m XrK©H$mb go g§{MV EH$ hr g_` _| {ZH$bm hþAm {ZKm}f
gm Wm &&10&& _hmàb` Ho$ H$maU {djwãY hþE jragmJa Ho$ _§WZ H$m dh ^`mZH$ eãX Wm,
~«÷mÊ‹S>ê$n Omo _hmZ CJ« AaKQ²>Q>`ÝÌ h¡, Cg_| bJo hþE ObYmam`ÝÌ H$m EH$ Vah go dh
eãX Wm &&11&& lram_Or, d{U©V _oKÜd{Z _¢Zo gwZr, gwZZo Ho$ ~mX _¢ AmíM`© Ho$ _mao M{H$V
hmo J`m Am¡a AmíM`©M{H$V hmoH$a _¢Zo `h gmoMm {H$ Bg _hmZ² H$ënm{½Z _| ^r _oK H$s [ñW{V
H¡$go hmo gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& `m| gmoM Ho$ ZrMo H$s {Xem H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a ~mH$s Zd {XemAm| H$s Amoa
VmH$m &&12&& _¢Zo CZ {XemAm| _| _oK Zht XoIo, {H$ÝVw Ho$db `hr XoIm {H$ CZ_| Vab Ed§
Amñ\$m{bV Cë_wH$ê$nr dO«m| H$s d¥{îQ>`m± hmo ahr h¢ &&13&& Cg A{½Z Ho$ Vmn go Xgm| {XemAm|
_| ^r AZoH$ H$amo‹S>m| `moOZ Xya VH$ Ho$ gmao nXmW© ^ñ_ hmo aho h¢ &&14&& VXZÝVa _¢Zo jUâ
_| A{VXya AmH$me _| D$na go erVb dm`w H$m Am¡a ZrMo A{½Z Ho$ gÑe Ja_ dm`w H$m ËdMm
go AZw^d {H$`m &&15&& AmH$me_mJ© _| do _oK BVZo Xya àXoe _| [ñWV Wo {H$ Cg àXoe
_| Z Vmo ZrMo Ho$ A[½ZVmn hr Om gH$Vo Wo Am¡a Z Cgo Or{dV àmUr hr AnZr Am±Im| go
XoI gH$Vo Wo &&16&& VXZÝVa n[íM_ {Xem go H$ën H$s dm`w ~hZo bJr, Cg dm`w go {dÝÜ`,
_oé, {h_mb` Am{X ~‹S>o-~‹S>o nd©V ^r V¥U Ho$ gÑe C‹S>o Om aho Wo &&17&& Cg dm`w Ho$ Ûmam
AJb-~Jb C‹S> aho A§Jmaê$nr n{j`m| go `wŠV Ádmbmê$nr nd©V Am½Zo` {Xem H$s Amoa
VËH$mb OmZo bJo, M§Mb bwAmR>o hr CZ_| O§Jb àVrV hmo aho Wo &&18&& AmH$me _ÊS>b _|
gÝÜ`m H$mb Ho$ A^«m| Ho$ gÑe AmH$madmbo A§Jmaê$nr _oK ~ag aho Wo VWm Cg_| ^ñ_g_yhê$nr
ObYmar _oK Ed§ dm`w go emo{YV A§Jmam| H$s Yy{b C‹S> ahr Wr &&19&& ^Ð, dh A{½ZÁdmbm
Ho$ gmW {dbmgH$mar dh XwîQ> dm`w A{½Z{Xem H$s Amoa Eogo OmVm Wm O¡go n§Ig{hV ho_m{Ð
Am{X nd©Vm| H$m g_yh Ÿ&&20&&
lram_Or, O~ A{V{dñV¥V ^y_ÊS>b Ádmbma{hV A§Jmam| H$m T>oa ~Z J`m, VWm Ádmbm
H$s n§[ŠV`m| H$m g_yh Yy{beyÝ` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU M_H$Vo hþE ~mah gy`moª H$m ñnîQ> VoOê$n ~Z
ŸyÕ - 76] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2049
J`m (V~ H$ënmÝV H$m _oK ^r Am Y_H$m) &&21&& O~ g_wÐ A{½Zê$nr Ob go b~mb~ VWm
H$m‹T>o Ho$ gX¥e CN>bVo hþE Ob go nyU© hmo Jò Am¡a gmao O§§Jb nÎmm| Ho$ ñ_aU go eyÝ`
(nÌeyÝ`) Ed§ àXrßV A[½Zê$nr d¥jm| Ho$ AmYma ~Z Jò (V~ H$ënmÝV Ho$ _oK AmZo
bJo)Ÿ&&22&& O~ ^m`m©, ~mbH$ Ed§ d¥Õm| Ho$ gmW ~«÷bmoH$ñW A{Yn{V VWm ~«÷bmoH$ Ho$ ZJa
ObH$a AmH$me _| {JaZo bJo (V~ H$ënmÝV Ho$ _oK AmZo bJoo) &&23&&
^Ð, H$ënmÝV H$s A[½Z EH$ Vah go H$_{bZr hr àVrV hmo ahr Wr, CgH$s ÁdmbmE± hr
nëbdm| H$s emo^m YmaU H$a ahr Wt, nËWam| go eyÝ` ~«÷mÊS>ê$nr gamoda hr CgH$m CËn{ÎmñWmZ
Wm, Bg Vah H$s ~rO`wŠV H$_{bZr Ho$ Ho$ga gÑe {MZJm[a`m| go K{QV Cë_wH$m| Ho$ Ûmam O~
dm`wê$n `mZr dm`wàYmZ gm±n Ed§ nd©Vê$n _yb nmVmb n`©ÝV A§Jmaê$nr H$sM‹S> _| \±$g Jò, V~
_eH$ _| Ob T>moZo dmbr D±$Q>m| H$s goZm Ho$ gÑe {dñnîQ> (erK«) g§MaUerb AmH$me H$mo XoIH$a
H$ënmÝV Ho$ _oK, Omo H$mOb Ho$ gÑe H$mbo-H$mbo Wo, JaOVo {ZH$Q> Am Y_Ho$ &&24-26&&
^Ð, dh Omo _oK_ÊS>b Am`m, dh gw[ñWa H$ënmÝV H$s A[½Z H$s ÁdmbmAm| Ho$ gÑe
A{V^`mZH$ {dÚwÝ_` nd©Vm| go gwemoo{^V bJ ahm Wm Ÿ& CgZo AnZo EH$ H$moZo _| hr gmV g_wÐm|
H$m Agr_ Ob-^ÊS>ma â {b`m Wm &&27&& g_ñV {XemAm| Ho$ VQ> ^mgwa Zrhmag_whm| go
{N>Ða{hV {^{Îm`m| Ho$ gÑe _mby_ n‹S> aho Wo, dh g_ñV ~«÷mÊS> H$s {^{Îm`m| Ho$ KZ_ÊS>bm| H$mo
Vmo‹S>-\$mo‹S> XoZo _| A{VXj _mbw_ hmo ahm Wm (AWdm Xrdma Ho$ g_mZ Vwfma g_yhm| go {XemAm|
H$mo nyU© H$aZodmbm Am¡a ~«÷m§S> Ho$ A§Vn`©ÝV ^yVb H$mo {dXrU© H$aZo _| Xj dh _oK_§S>b
Wm Ÿ&) &&28&& Cg _oK H$mo XoIH$a `hr H$hZm n‹S>Vm Wm {H$ H$ënmÝV go jwãY hmoH$a g_wÐ hr
AmH$me _| Am Y_H$m h¡ Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ Cg_| dVw©bmH$ma ÛmXe Am{XË`m| H$s n[a{K hr CgH$m doîQ>Z-
gm Wm, {~Obr hr Cg_| ObMa-gr _mby_ n‹S>Vr Wr Am¡a Cg_| ^r Jå^ra Üd{Z hmo ahr
Wr &&29&& Cgo XoIH$a `h ^r _mby_ n‹S> ahm Wm {H$ _¥V `m X½Y MÝÐ_m hr nabmoH$ _| OmH$a
nwZ… nhbo H$s Anojm {ÛJwU erVb hmoH$a Xygam ê$n boH$a Bg AmH$me_ÊS>b _| Am`m h¡ &&30&&
gwdU© Ho$ g_yh Ho$ gÑe {dÚwV-g_yhm| H$m ê$n Ya boZo Ho$ H$maU dh Cg {h_mb` H$m _mZm|
ñdê$n YmaU H$a ahm Wm, {Og {h_mb` Zo AnZr O‹S>Vm Ho$ H$maU H$mîR> Ho$ gÑe g_ñV Ob
H$mo AMb ê$n go ñV{å^V H$a {X`m h¡ &&31&& lram_Or, VXZÝVa dfm© hmoZo bJr, BgZo g_ñV
AmH$me_ÊS>b H$mo ~«÷mÊS> Ho$ {dñ\$moQ> Ho$ gX¥e A{VH$R>moa dO«Vwë` {ZKm©V go N>m {X`m Ÿ& BgZo
Vmo A{Ib {X½_ÊS>b H$mo nhbo go hr Vwfma go ì`mßV H$a {X`m Wm Ÿ&&32&& ^Ð, `h d¥{îQ>
A{½ZXmh Ho$ gÑe dZ VWm AmH$me_ÊS>b _| {dÚwV Ho$ àH$me go A{V^rfU bJ ahr Wr, VWm
AnZr MQ>MQ>mhQ> Ed§ J‹S>J‹S>mhQ> go gmao ~«÷mÊS> H$mo Vmo‹S> ahr Wr &&33&& CËnÝZ hþE AZoH$
_hmZ² grËH$ma Ho$ g¡H$‹S>m| eãXm| go CgZo qghZmX Ho$ eãXm| H$mo ^r _mV H$a {X`m Wm Am¡a erVb
ObH$U Ed§ Zrhma go CgZo AmH$me H$mo ^r {^{Îm~ÝYZ_` ~Zm {X`m Wm &&34&& ^Ð, n¥Ïdr Ed§
AmH$meê$n _ÊS>n Ho$ {bE {Z{_©V d¡Xy`©_{U Ho$ (bhgw{Z`m| Ho$) ñVå^mo| Ho$ g_yh Ho$ gX¥e ^mgwa
YmamgånmVm| go dh n¥Ïdr H$m ^ma T>moZodmbo nd©Vm| H$mo ^r Vmo‹S> XoZodmbm Q>§H$-àhma H$a ahr
Wr &&35&& n¥Ïdr H$mo MQ>-MQ> eãX Ho$ gmW {dXm[aV H$aZo Ho$ H$maU CgZo A§Jmam| Ho$ g_yh ^r
\$mo‹S> {Xò Wo Ÿ& JO©Zm Ho$ gmW à~b Ob Ho$ nmVm| go bmoH$mÝVam| H$mo {JamZo _| ^r dh ì`mHw$b hmo
ahr Wr Ÿ&&36&& ^Ð, VXZÝVa A§Jmam| go `wŠV OJV²-ê$nr Ka _| {dbmg H$aVr hþB© dh d¥{îQ>
dmînemo^m H$s gIr Ho$ gÑe ÁdbZa{hV n¥Ïdr na AmH$a {_b JB© Ÿ&&37&& ^Ð, dh JJZ_ÊS>b,
Omo {H$ ÁdmbmAm| H$o IÊS>m| Ho$ {dbmgm| go âm Wm, Cg g_` Eogm _mby_ n‹S>Zo bJm, O¡go {H$
Cg_| ñWb-H$_bm| Ho$ AZoH$ g_yh CJo hþE hmo VWm Cg AmH$me _ÊS>b _| ñ\w$[aV hmo aho,
erVb ObH$Uê$n n§Im| Ho$ g_yhm| go `wŠV _oK Eogo _mby_ n‹S>Zo bJo Wo, O¡go {H$ ÁdmbmAm| _|
Kw_ aht ^«_a n§[ŠV`m± hm| &&38&& lram_Or, Cg g_` ~‹S>o ^`§H$a MQ>MQ> eãXm| go {XemAm| H$mo
â XoZodmbm Omo _oKm| Am¡a A[½Z`m| H$m g_mJ_ hþAm, dh EH$ Xwgao go nam{OV Z hmo gH$Zodmbo
d¡[a`m| Ho$ {df_-AVEd _hmZ² CJ«, Hw$eb goZmAm| Ho$ nañna VrúU eómóm| go {dZm{eV CJ«
eó`wŠV `mZr nañna KmV-à{VKmV`wŠV-g§J«m_ Ho$ gÑe A{V ^`§H$a bJVm Wm &&39&&
{N>hÎmadm± gJ© g_mßV
gVhÎmadm± gJ©
nwîH$amdV©H$ _oK H$s d¥{îQ>Ymam go OO©a Ed§ gmV g_wÐm| Ho$ {djmo^ go Ymoò Jò OJV² H$m nwZ… dU©ZŸ&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, `wJj` _| O~ n¥Ïdr, Ob, VoO Ed§ dm`w-BZ Mma
_hm^yVm| H$m na_ {djmo^ hmo J`m, V~ VrZm| OJV² H$s Omo [ñW{V hþB©, Cgo H$hVm hÿ±, Amn
gw{Zò &&1&& lram_Or, Cg g_` VrZm| OJV² C‹S> aho V_mbdZ Ho$ gÑe C‹S> aho ^ñ_ê$n
A^«-go ^mgwa hmo Jò VWm _hmg_wÐm| Ho$ ^«_Uerb _hmdVm| Ho$ gÑe ^«_Uerb Yyy_«m| go ì`mßV
hmo Jò &&2&& Jrbo H$mîR> Am{X Ho$ ObZo go CZ_| Hw$N> Yy_«`wŠV Zrb ÁdmbmE± CR> aht Wr, BZ
Zrb Ádmbm±em| Ho$ {dbmgê$nr H«$s‹S>mAm| go CZ_o| {Q>_-{Q>_eãX hmo aho Wo CÝhm|Zo AnZo ^ñ_ê$nr
A^«m| Ho$ _hmZ² T>oam| go bmoH$mÝVam| Ho$ _Ü` H$mo ^r â {X`m Wm Ÿ&&3&& ^Ð, Cg {ÌbmoH$s _| Mmam|
Amoa KZKmoa d¥[îQ> H$m ì`mnH$ O`Kmof hmo ahm Wm, d¥[îQ> Ho$ H$maU AmÐ© bH$[‹S>`m| go N>_-N>_
XrK© Üd{Z {ZH$b ahr Wr, Bggo `h àVrV hmo ahm Wm {H$ _mZm| Vwahr hr O`Kmof H$a ahr
hmo &&4&& ho lram_Or, g_ñV {ÌbmoH$s _| nm±M Vah Ho$ _oK N>m Jò AWm©V² dh gmar {ÌbmoH$s
^«_Uerb ^ñ_ê$nr _oKm| go `wŠV VWm Yy_«ê$nr _oKm| go ì`mßV hmo JB© Ÿ& Cg_| _hmH$ën Ho$ _oKm|
H$m gm¢X`© N>m J`m & dmînê$nr _oKm| Ho$ {d^«_ go dh g_[ÝdV hmo JB© Ÿ& CX²^«mÝV grH$am|ê$nr _oKm|
ŸyÕ - 77] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2051
Zo Cg_| AnZm EH$ AÀN>m ñWmZ ~Zm {b`m &&5&& ~«÷mÊ‹S>{^{Îm H$s A[ÝV_ gr_m VH$ hmo aho
^m§H$ma eãXm| go A{V ^rfU dm`w Ho$ J_Zm| go AmH$me_ÊS>b _| C‹S>mò Jò X½Y BÝÐm{XZJam| Ho$
g_yh go dh ì`mßV hmo J`m Wm Ÿ&&6&& Cg g_` dhm± `h hmbV ahr {H$ Ob, A[½Z Ed§ dm`w H$m
Omo {d{dY VmÊS>d hmo ahm Wm Cggo ~‹S>o-~‹S>o nËWa D$na H$s Amoa C‹S>o Om aho Wo, BZH$m Omo
nañna AmKmV hmo ahm Wm Am¡a Omo Cggo Q>§H$maÜd{Z {ZH$b ahr Wr, Cggo g~H$s lmoÌo{ÝX«`m±
(H$mZ) O‹S> hmo JB© Wt &&7&& AmH$me _| Iå^m| Ho$ gÑe Ob H$s AÝYmYwÝY-A{d[ÀN>ÝZ-
YmamAm| H$s dfm© Ûmam Omo H$ënmÝV A[½Z`m| H$m {dXmaU ({dZme) hmo ahm Wm, Cggo dhm± N>_-
N>_ eãXm| H$s KZ Üd{Z hmo ahr Wr &&8&& ^Ð, Cg g_` {ÌbmoH$s Ho$ gmao g_wÐ Z{X`m| Ho$ g_yhm|
go n[anyU© hmo aho Wo {OZ_| J§JmOr EH$ Va§J-gr àVrV hmo ahr Wt VWm do g_wwÐ AmH$me_ÊS>b
Ho$ ^`§H$a _oKm| Ho$ gÑe Wo &&9&& Cg g_` {ÌbmoH$s _| Omo H$ënmÝV _oK ~ag aho Wo, CZ _oKm|
Ho$ AmYma-nrR>H$m V_mbd¥j Ho$ nÎmm| Ho$ ZrMo bJZo dmbo nwînJwÀN>m| Ho$ gÑe Vn aho gy`© _mZm|
AmñdmX bo aho Wo &&10&& Cg g_` nd©Vm| Ho$ D$na go Omo Z{X`m| Ho$ g_yh ~h aho Wo, CZgo ~‹S>o-
~‹S>o nd©V, Ûrn Ed§ ZJa ^r ~h OmZo bJo Am¡a H$ënmÝV ndZ Ho$ ^`§H$a jmo^go ~‹S>o-~‹S>o nd©V
My{U©V hmoZo bJ Jò &&11&& J«h Am¡a Vmam| H$m g_yh ~‹S>m hr CJ« Ed§ ì`J« àVrV hmo ahm Wm, ò EH$
Xygao na àhma H$aZo _| Vwbo hþE Wo, AVEd ò dVw©bmH$ma _| n[aUV hmoH$a AÝV _| {Ja ^r aho Wo,
Bg{bE AmH$me_ÊS>b _| ^r BÝhm|Zo n¥Ïdr H$s Anojm {ÛJwU AbmVbVm H$mo n¡Xm H$a {X`m
Wm Ÿ&&12&& ^Ð, gmao Ì¡bmoŠ` _| Cg g_` Mmam| Amoa ~hZodmbo àMÊS> ndZ Ho$ H$maU CËnÝZ hþE
Ob Ho$ nd©VmH$ma ~‹S>o-~‹S>o Va§Jmo§ Ho$ AmKmVm| go nd©V Qy>Q>-\y$Q> Om aho Wo Am¡a nd©V àmÝVm| H$mo
Hy$Q>-Hy$Q>H$a ndZ àb` _| bo Om ahm Wm &&13&& KZo Ob H$Um| go `wŠV dmîn Ho$ _oKm| go VWm
H$ënH$mbrZ ZrbdU© Ho$ _oKm| go gmar {ÌbmoH$s _| gy`m] Ho$ {H$aU g_yh Amd¥V hmo Jò Wo, Bggo
gd©Ì AÝYH$ma hr AÝYH$ma hmo J`m Wm Ÿ&&14&& lram_^Ð, nd©Vm| H$m AmYmanrR> Omo ^yVb Wm
dh Vmo EH$X_ OrU©-erU© hmoH$a IÊS-IÊS> hmo MwH$m Wm - Bg [ñW{V go bw‹T>H$ aho nd©Vm| Ho$
nVZm| go {ÌbmoH$s _| gmao g_wÐ _hmZ² g§H$Q> _| \±$go go _mby_ hmo aho Wo &&15&& CR> ahr Va§Jmo go
D$na AmH$me H$s Amoa \|$H$ {Xò Jò nËWam| Ûmam _oKm| H$mo {N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ H$a XoZodmbo àb` ndZm|
Zo CZH$s gmar {XemAm| Ho$ VQ>mo§ H$mo ZîQ>>-^«îQ> H$a {X`m &&16&& ~«÷mÊS>{^{Îmê$nr dj…ñWb _|
MmoQ> nhþ±MmZo dmbo, H$R>moa Q>§H$mag[hV àb` H$mbrZ _oK Ho$ g_mZ d¥jê$nr hmWm| Ho$ Amñ\$moQ>m|
Ûmam nañna EH${ÌV _hmgmJa _| N>mVr nrQ>-nrQ>H$a dh gmam Ì¡bmoŠ` amoZo bJ J`m &&17&& Ob
Ho$ A^md go _éñWb Ho$ g_mZ hmo Jò AYmo^mJdmbo AÝV[aj _| {ñWV hmo aho `mZr C‹S> aho
ñdJ©, nmVmb Am¡a ^ybmoH$ Ho$ g[å_{bV AZoH$ IÊS>m| go dh VrZm| bmoH$ AmH$me H$mo T>±H$Zo bJ
J`m &&18&& VrZm| bmoH$ _| àb`H$mbrZ dm`w Ûmam do[ëbV hþE _ao, AY_ao, Obo VWm AYObo
A§Jm| dmbo Xod Am¡a XmZd, g~Ho$ D$na EH$-gr {dn{Îm AmZona ^r nañna d¡aÑ[îQ> aIZo Ho$
H$maU () EH$ Xygao H$mo XoIH$a _maZo Ho$ {bE h{W`ma Kw_mZo bJo &&19&& "AOw©Z dmV' `h EH$
dmVamoJ {deof H$m Zm_ h¡ Ÿ& {Ogo `h amoJ hmoVm h¡ Cg amoJr H$mo `h amoJ AmH$me _| bo OmH$a Iy~
ZMmVm h¡ & naÝVw Cg amoJ _| AOw©Z H$s dU©Vm Zht h¡, AV… CgH$m Zm_ Ambå~ZeyÝ` Z aho,
Bg _Vb~ go H$ënmÝV ndZm| Ho$ Ûmam C‹S>mò Jò bmoH$mÝVa Ho$ OrU©V¥Um| Zo ñdmoX²^yV ^ñ_m| Ûmam
dmV H$mo g\o$X ~ZmH$a Cg {ÌbmoH$s _| AOw©Z dmV Zm_H$ amoJ H$m EH$ ñVå^ I‹S>m H$a {X`m `mZr
Cgo Ambå~Z`wŠV H$a {X`m &&20&& H$ënmÝV ndZ go C‹S>mò Om aho {ebm-g_yhm| go Omo àhma
hmo ahm Wm Cggo bmoH$mÝVam| Ho$ VQ>àmÝV bwT‹ >H$ aho Wo Am¡a do {Ja ^r aho Wo, Bggo _hmXwîH$mbO{ZV
H$R>moa eãXm| go dh gmam Ì¡bmoŠ` ì`mßV hmo J`m Wm &&21&& gånyU© OJV² H$ënmÝV Ho$ àMÊS>
ndZm| Ho$ g§JR>Zm| go CËnÝZ nd©Vm| H$s Jw\$mAm| Ho$ ^m§H$ma eãXm| go ^mgwa VWm {Ja aho dVw©bmH$ma
_| n[aUV bmoH$nmb ZJam| Ed§ AÝ` ZJamo§ go nyU© hmo J`m &&22&& Agwam| Ho$ g_mZ Kmoa H$H©$e
eãX H$aZodmbo dm`wAm| Ho$ Ûmam C‹S>mò Om aho dZ g_yh _| g§g¥îQ> erK«J{V Kmo‹S>o Am{X go gmam
OJV² Amd¥V hmo J`m &&23&& Cg g_` Ì¡bmoŠ` AmH$me_ÊS>b _| ZJa, {Obo, X¡Ë`, A[½Z,
Agwa, ZmJ Ed§ Am{XË`m| Ho$ g_yhm| H$mo -Eogo YmaU H$a ahm Wm, O¡go _ÀN>am| Ho$ g_yh H$mo &&24&&
^Ð, Cg g_` VrZm| OJV² H$m ñdê$n Bg Vah {XImB© Xo ahm Wm-~‹S>o-~‹S>o {demb nd©V ZîQ>
hmo aho Wo, Am¡a Xod_[ÝXa ^r Qy>Q> aho Wo-Bggo Omo CZHo$ AZoH$ {d^mJ {ZH$bo do CbQ>o-nwbQ>o hmo
Jò `mZr XmoZo `m H$R>dV Ho$ g_mZ R>rH$ {dnarV hmo Jò, Bg{bE KaKa eãXm| Ho$ gmW D$na H$s
Amoa Vmo Ob â J`m Am¡a ZrMo H$r Amoa {Z~m©Y A[½Z ObZo bJr &&25&& Cg g_` Ob Ho$
nd©VmH$ma Va§Jm| Ho$ AmKmVm| go {XŠnmbm| Ho$ ZJa Hw$Q>o Om aho Wo Am¡a Xod, X¡Ë`, BÝÐ, {gÕ VWm
JÝYdm] Ho$ ZJa {N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ hmoH$a nVZmoÝ_wI hmo aho Wo &&26&& àemÝV A§Jmam| Ho$ gÑe ^mg_mZ
nd©V Am{X ~‹S>o-~‹S>o nXmWm] H$m dm`wAm| Ho$ Ûmam Eogo {Z…gmaVmnyd©H$ Hw$Q²>Q>Z hmo ahm Wm, O¡go {H$
Yy{b H$m &&27&& {OZH$s {^{Îm`m± Ky_ ahr Wt, Eogo Xod Am¡a X¡Ë`m| Ho$ ZJam| H$mo,Omo _oKm| Ho$ Ob
Ho$ gÑe aËZm| go IZIZ Üd{Z H$a aho Wo, Cg g_` gmam OJV² {N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ H$aZo bJ
J`m &&28&& gmam AmH$me_ÊS>b Vmo {Ja aho bmoJm| go `wŠV gmVm| bmoH$m| Ho$ Kam| go VWm gmJam| Ho$
gÑe MH«$m| Ho$ AmH$ma _|§ Ky_ aho XodVmAm| go ì`mßV hmo J`m &&29&& AmH$me_ÊS>b _| OrU© erU©
nÎmm| Ho$ g_yhm| Ho$ gÑe M§Mb dm`wAm| Ho$ Ûmam do[ëbV AVEd {Ja aho, CS> aho X½Y, AY©X½Y
Am{X nXmWm] go VrZm| bmoH$ ì`mßV Wo-Eogo nXmWm] H$s Cg g_` OJV² _| â_ma {XImB© Xo ahr
() kmZ Ho$ {~Zm, hOmam| {dn{Îm`m| Ho$ Cn[ñWV hmoZona ^r Akm{Z`m| H$s d¡aÑ{îQ> H$^r
emÝV Zht hmoVr & dh d¡aÑ{îQ> {dn{Îm`m| go ^r ~‹T>H$a _hm{dnV²ñdê$n h¡, Bg{bE àËòH$ àmUr
H$mo Mm{hE {H$ dh kmZàm[ßV Ho$ {bE Hw$N> ^r CR>m Z aIo, `h BgH$m Jy‹T> A{^àm` h¡ &
ŸyÕ - 77] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2053
Wr &&30&& ^Ð, AmH$me go PZPZ eãXnyd©H$ {Ja aho gwdU©, ñ\${Q>H$, d¡Xy`©_{U Ed§ Zrb_
Am{X Ho$ _[ÝXam| go VrZm| OJV² Cg g_` nyU© hmo Jò &&31&& Cg g_` Yy_« Am¡a ^ñ_ Ho$ _oK
CR>Zo bJo, d¥{îQ> Ho$ Ob go nwam| Ho$ g_yh Am {JaZo bJo, ~‹S>r-~‹S>r Va§J| CR>Zo bJt Am¡a ^yVb,
nd©V Am{X Sy>~Zo bJo &&32&& AmdV© Ho$ gÑe Ka-Ka Üd{Z H$aZodmbo Am¡a nañna {dXbZ H$aZo
_|§ CÚV àm¡‹T> nd©V, g_wÐ _| {~Iao nÎmm| Ho$ gÑe, Ky{U©V hmo aho Wo &&33&& ^Ð, {e>îQ> Am¡a
XodJU Cg_| H« ÝXZ H$a aho Wo, Wmo‹S>o go OrdZ go `wŠV X`m Ho$ nmÌ àmUr a|J aho Wo, g¡H$‹S>m|
Yy_Ho$VwAm| Ho$ CËnmV CR> aho Wo, Bggo OJV² AË`ÝV Xwîàoú` hmo ahm Wm &&34&& ndZm| Ho$ Ûmam
C‹S>mò Jò _¥V Am¡a AY©_¥V Ord-g_yhm| go, Omo R>rH$ OrU© nÎmm| Ho$ g_mZ Wo, gmam AmH$me_ÊS>b
nyU© hmo J`m &&35&& Cg g_` gånyU© Ì¡bmoŠ` nd©V {eIam| Ho$ gÑe _moQ>r-_moQ>r {Ja ahr
ObYmamAm| Ho$ {ZP©am| go AmH«$mÝV hmoH$a nd©Vm| VWm ZJam| Ho$ g_yhm| H$mo ^r ~hm XoZodmbr n[anyU©
g¡H$‹S>m| Z{X`m| go ~hZo bJ J`m &&36&& Cg g_` OJV² _| AZoH$ emIm-àemImAm| _| {d^ŠV
A[½Z e_e_ eãXnyd©H$ emÝV hmo ahr Wr Am¡a M§Mb g_wÐm| Ho$ {d{dY {dMbZ-AmÝXmobZm| go
bmob hþE nd©Vm| Ho$ H$maU OJV² Ho$ VQ> gwemo{^V hmo aho Wo Ÿ&&37&& Cg H$mb _| g_ñV OJV²
Z{X`m| _| {_br hþB© V¥Uam{e Ho$ gÑe g_wÐ« _o| {_bo hþE ~‹S>o-~‹S>o Ûrnm| Ho$ H$maU ~‹S>m hr {dH$Q>
bJ ahm Wm Ÿ& (VÎd-kmZ go àXrßV {MXmH$meê$n A[½Z go EH$ jU _| ZîQ> hmo OmZodmbo OJV²
H$m àb` H$mb _| Omo Xoa go Xmh hþAm, Bg_| AmíM`© Zht H$aZm Mm{hE, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &)
VÎdkmZ H$s Xwb©^Vm Ho$ H$maU AË`ÝV Xya {MXmH$me _| gmao OJV² H$s [ñW{V jUâ ^r Ádmbm
ghZo _| g_W© Zht Wr Ÿ&&38&& ^Ð, Cg g_` {ÌbmoH$s _| d¥[îQ> emÝV hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU A{½Z
go CËnÝZ ^ñ_ H$s JÝY go XodJU {JaZo bJ Jò Am¡a nhbo Cg_| Omo MamMa ^yVJU Wo CZH$s
Bg g_` Vmo {dñ_¥{V hr hmoZo bJr Ÿ&&39&& ^Ð, Cg g_` {ZaJ©b ZmX H$m Cëbmg hmo ahm Wm,
{ÌbmoH$s _| g¥[îQ> H$m bmon hmo OmZo go H«$_e… Cg_| em[ÝV _mby_ n‹S>Zo bJr, dmñVd _| g¥[îQ> Ho$
bmon go na_mË_m H$m hr {dbmg hmoZo bJm & `{X VÎdÑ{îQ> go XoI| Vmo gmam OJV² CËn{Îm Ed§
{dZme go eyÝ` hr h¡ Ÿ&&40&&
AWdm gXm hr g¥{îQ> go Am¡a g¥[îQ>bmon go `wŠV h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
^Ð, AWdm `h OJV² {ZaÝVa n[adV©ZH$mar dm`w go {Zd¥V h¡ Ed§ {ZaÝVa ~rOam[e Ho$
gÑe ~ma-~ma nyam hmo OmZodmbm h¡ Ÿ&&41&& ^Ð, A{YH$ Š`m H$h|, gmao OJV² _| bwAmR>m| Ho$ EH$
Xygao Ho$ gmW hþE AmKmVm| go A{½ZMyU© Am¡a gwdU© O{ZV \¡$br hþB© Anma Yy{b`m| go AmH$me H$m
H$moQ>a gwdU© Hw${Q²>Q>_-gm ~Z J`m &&42&& Cg g_` gmVd| nmVmb VH$ OJV² AnZo ñWmZ go
À`wV Ûrn Ed§ gmJam| go `wŠV ^y_ÊS>b Ho$ ~‹S>o-~‹S>o IÊS>m| go Ed§ bw‹T>H$Vo hþE AÝ` nmVmb-
_ÊS>b go nyU© hmo J`m &&43&& ZrMo gmVd| nmVmb VH$, _Ü` _| ^y_ÊS>b VH$ àb`dm`wAm| Ho$
Ûmam gmam OJV² nyU©ê$n go EH$ g_wÐmH$ma hmo J`m &&44&& ho lram_Or, VXZÝVa dh AHo$bm
_hmg_wÐ Yrao-Yrao erK«Jm_r g¡H$‹S>m| Z{X`m| Ho$ Ûmam Ob H$ëbmobm| go ^wdZ _| Eogo ~‹T>Zo bJm,
O¡go _yI© Ho$ {MÎm _| H$mon Ÿ&&45&& ^Ð, VXZÝVa nhbo Vmo _wgb Ho$ AmH$ma _|, {\$a Iåô Ho$
AmH$ma _| Am¡a {\$a Vmbd¥j Ho$ AmH$ma _| CÎmamoVa A{VñWyb KZKmoa d¥[îQ> H$s YmamE± {JaZo
bJt Ÿ&&46&& VXZÝVa ZXr àdmh Ho$ CJ« ObnmV Ho$ gÑe ObnmV H$aZodmbr VWm gmVm| Ûrnm|
go `wŠV ^ynrR> Ho$ gÑe _hmñWyb YmamAm| go d¥{îQ> hmoZo bJr &&47&& CŠV _hmd¥[îQ> go Xmh
H$aZodmbr A{½Z Eogo emÝV hmo JB©, O¡go emó Ed§ gÁOZm| H$s g§J{V go H$amo‹S>m| Xw…Im| go {Z{~‹S>
AmnXmAm| H$m ñWmZ (AkmZ) emÝV hmo OmVm h¡ &&48&& ho lram_Or, {Og_| D$na Am¡a ZrMo
^«_Uerb AZoH$ nXmW© Wo, ^rVa ObH$Um| Ho$ H$maU nd©Vê$nr _ÁOm IZIZ Üd{Z H$a ahr
Wr, Eogm g_ñV ~«÷mÊS>ê$nr H$moQ>a Bg àH$ma {dZîQ> hmo J`m, {Og àH$ma ~mbH$m| H$s Hw$[ËgV
(Vmo‹S>-\$mo‹S> H$maH$) H«$s‹S>mAm| go M§Mb hþAm {dewÕ {~ëd\$b {dZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ &&49&&
gVhÎmadm± gJ© g_mßV
AR>hÎmadm± gJ©
ZXr Ho$ ê$n _| {JaZodmbr KZKmoa d¥{ï>YmamAm| go Mmam| Amoa go AmH$me H$mo
nyU© H$a ahm Omo EH$ _hmg_wÐ ~‹T>m, CgH$m {dñVmanyd©H$ dU©ZŸ&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … lram_Or, O~ YamVb dm`w, dfm©, {h_ Am¡a AZoH$ Vah
Ho$ CËnmVm| Ho$ AmJ_Z go ZîQ>-^«îQ> hmo J`m, V~ g_wÐ H$m ObdoJ Eogo d¥[Õ H$mo àmßV hþAm,
O¡go H$[b _| amOm &&1&& dh g_wÐ AmH$meJ§Jm Ho$ àdmhm| _| n{VV _oKYmamAm| Ho$ {JaZo go
Iy~ ~‹‹T>m `m Cg Vah H$s _oKYmamAm| go O{ZV hOmam| ZXr YmamAm| go Iy~ ~‹‹T>m Ÿ& AH$ñ_mV²
CËnÝZ hþB© _oé Ed§ _ÝXa nd©V Ho$ gÑe ^mgwa Va§Jm| go ~hmò Om aho nd©V H$ÝXamAm| H$mo
CgZo Am{XË` Ho$ _mJ© _| nhþ±Mm {X`m Ÿ& Wmo‹S>o _| `hr H$hZm h¡ {H$ _yI© amOm Ho$ gÑe Ob
go _ÝWa dh g_wÐ ~hþV hr CÝZV hmo J`m &&2,3&&
gJ©g_m[ßVn`©ÝV Cgr EH$mU©d H$m dU©Z H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
Bg ~‹‹T>o hþE g_wÐ Zo AnZo AmdV©ñd^md Ho$ H$maU ~‹S>o-~‹S>o nd©Vm| H$mo OrU© V¥U Ho$ g_mZ
nH$‹S> H$a MŠH$a _| S>mb {X`m VWm M§Mb CÎmw§J Va§Jm| Ho$ AJ«^mJm| go dh Am{XË`_ÊS>b H$mo ^r
{ZJb J`m &&4&& Cg_| _oé, _ÝXa, H¡$bmg, {dÝÜ` Am¡a gø nd©V Vmo ObMa-go hmo Jò Am¡a
Cg_| Omo n¥Ïdr Jb J`r Wr, CgHo$ H$sM‹S> _| ^rVa brZ eofm{X gn© H$_bX§S> go _mby_ hmo aho
Wo &&5&& Cg g_wÐ _| AY©X½Y d¥jm| go `wŠV dZg_yh Vmo e¡dmb-gm bJ ahm Wm Am¡a {ÌbmoH$s Ho$
^ñ_ go CËnÝZ H$sM‹S> go dh Hw$[ËgV ^r àVrV hmo ahm Wm &&6&& AmH$me Vmo R>hao H$_bZmb Ÿ&
ŸyÕ - 78] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2055
BZ Zmbm| _| Omo ~‹S>r H${U©H$mE± Wt CZ_| ~rO^yV {H$aUm| Ho$ Ûmam CÎmmb hþE ~mah Am{XË` hr Cg_|
H$_b go àVrV hmo aho Wo Am¡a Ymamg_yh ê$nr _hm_oK hr Cg_| Ob Ho$ D$na g§b½Z hmoZo H$o H$maU
{d{bZàm` H$_{bZr Ho$ nÎmo Wo &&7&& Cg_| CËnÝZ PaZm| Ho$ ~‹S>o-~‹S>o nd©Vm| Ho$ àmÝV^mJ _| CÝ_Îm
_oK eãX H$a aho Wo Am¡a Ky_ aho BÝÐ, dm`w, gy`©, MÝÐ, J«m_ Ed§ ZJam| Ho$ g_yhm| go dh â J`m
Wm &&8&& Cg_| CJ« gwa, Agwa Am¡a _Zwî`m| Ho$ g_yh H$mR> Ho$ gÑe ~h aho WoŸ& dh g_wÐ Yrao-Yrao
H«$_e… ~‹T>Vm hþAm Am{XË`_ÊS>b H$mo EH$ Vah go MmQ>Zo bJ J`m Ÿ&&9&& ^Ð, Cg g_` g_wÐ _|
Omo _hmJO©Zm H$a aho _oKm| go ~wb~wbo CR> aho Wo, CZH$mo XoIH$a `h gÝXoh hmo ahm Wm {H$ ò
_hmnd©V Vmo Zht ~h aho h¢ &&10&& Cg g_wÐ _| BYa-CYa ZmM aho ~wb~wbm| na H$ënmÝV Ho$
_hm_oK {dlm_ H$a aho Wo Am¡a ñd`§ ZmM ^r aho Wo, do ~wëbo EH$ Vah go Am±Im| H$s nwVbr-go àVrV
hmo aho WoŸ& hm±, à{gÕ nwV{b`m| go BZ_| {dbjUVm Adí` Wr, Š`m|{H$ BZH$m AmYma^yV _wI hr
`hm± Zht Wm, BZ nwV{b`m| go g_wÐ g_rn Ho$ Xwgao _oK H$mo _mZm| XoI ahm hmo - Eogm àVrV hmo
ahm Wm &&11&& ^mar àdmh go `wŠV Ob Ho$ AmoK go Omo ^`§H$a Kmof hmo ahm Wm, Cggo AmH$me
H$mo ^r dh gmdYmZ H$a ahm Wm Ÿ& AnZo EH$ hr àdmh _| CgZo AmH$me g{hV gmVm| Hw$bnd©Vm|
H$mo AnZo CXa _| H$a {b`m &&12&& àMÊS> ndZ Ho$ Ûmam CËnÝZ Omo Anyd© Obm¡K Wo CZgo CgZo
AnZo AÝXa gmVm| Hw$bnd©Vm| H$s _mZm| aMZm H$a Xr Wr, BZ a{MV Hw$bnd©Vm| go C{XV hþE KwaKwa
_hmÜd{Z go KK©a CJ« _hmÜd{Znyd©H$ CgH$m doJ Agr_ hmo J`m Wm &&13&& ~«÷mÊS>IÊS>m| Ho$
nañna g§KÅ>Zm| H$m Omo nwZ…-nwZ… AmdV©Z hmo ahm Wm, Cggo CgH$s CÕVm jU-jU _| ~‹T>Vr
hr Om ahr Wr, Am¡a D$na-ZrMo bmIm| `moOZm| VH$ {dñVmadmbo nXmWm] H$mo AnZo CXa _| dh
{ZJbVm Om ahm Wm &&14&& Va§Jm| na O¡go V¥U PybVo h¢, d¡go hr CgH$s Va§Jm| na _hmZ² nd©V Pyb
aho Wo, BZ Pybm Pyb aho nd©Vm| Ho$ Ûmam nËWam| H$mo \|$H$H$a dh gy`©-_ÊS>b H$mo ^r ZîQ> H$a ahm
Wm &&15&& ^Ð, Cg eyÝ` ~«÷mÊS>ê$n Km|gbo Ho$ ^rVa, Omo {H$ EH$_mÌ {dnwb Obg_yh go hr
~Zm Wm, {dÚ_mZ Zrb-nd©V ê$n _hmZ² ÐmoUH$mH$-n{j`m| H$m (S>mo_ H$m¡Am| H$m) dh g_wÐ AnZo
Obê$nr Ombm| go AmhaU H$a ahm-gm _mby_ n‹S>Vm Wm &&16&&
Zrb-nd©V ê$nr ÐmoUH$mH$m| H$m hr Xmo {deofUm| go dU©Z H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
_¥VH$ Ed§ Or{dV àm{U`m| Ho$, _ÁOZ Am¡a CÝ_ÁOZmoo§ go ì`mHw$b VWm Va§J Am¡a _H$amH$ma
AmdVm] _| à{V{~[å~V hþE O¡go Zrbnd©V ê$nr S>mo_H$m¡Am| H$m Obê$nr Ombm| go _mZm| dh haU
H$a ahm Wm Ÿ&&17&& ^Ð, Omo _aZo go ~M Jò Wo Am¡a AnZo-AnZo ZJam| go À`wV hmo Jò Wo, Eogo
Ob Ho$ ~b na {dlm_ {H$ò hþE XodVmAm| H$mo-_ÀN>am| Ho$ gÑe-\o Zê$nr nd©Vm| H$s VQm|> Am¡a
H$mo{Q>`m| na ({eIamo§ na) YmaU H$a ahm Wm &&18&& Cg g_wÐ _| Omo ~wb~wbo CR> aho Wo, do CZHo$
^rVa [ñWV àm{U`m| H$s Ñ[îQ> go Mm±Xr Ho$ H$‹S>mho Ho$ gÑe àVrV hmo aho Wo, ò BVZo {dnwb Wo {H$
Bg à{gÕ AmH$me Ho$ gX¥e Wo, Am¡a ò R>rH$ g_wÐ Ho$ ZoÌmo§ Ho$ gÑe àVrV hmo aho Wo, BZ ghò
ZoÌm| go dh Eoogo XoI ahm Wm, O¡ogo BÝÐ &&19&& eaV²H$mb Ho$ AmH$me Ho$ gÑe {demb CR> aho
~wX²~wXm|ê$nr ZoÌm| go dh Z{X`m| Ho$ g_mZ Ymamdmbo Mmam| Amoa bm{b_m go ì`mßV _oKm| H$mo _mZm| XoI
ahm Wm &&20&& ho lram_Or, `h àb`H$mb H$m g_wÐ n§Ig{hV nd©Vm| Ho$ Vwë` Am{d^y©V hþE AZoH$
Va§J_ÊS>bm| go nwîH$amdV©H$ Am{X _oKm| H$m _mZmo AmqbJZ H$a ahm Wm &&21&& VrZm| bmoH$ Ho$ J«mg
go g§V¥ßV hþAm dh àb`H$mbrZ _hmgmJa KK©a eãXm| go EH$ Vah H$m JrV Jm ahm Wm Am¡a CJ«
nd©Vê$nr H§$H$Um| go Ab§H$¥ V Va§Jê$nr ^wOmAm| go dh _mZm| ZmM H$a ahm Wm Ÿ&&22&& ho lram_MÝÐOr,
Yam go eyÝ` dh gmJa D$na ZXr Ho$ gÑe YmamAm|dmbo _oKm| go, _Ü` _| X½Y nd©Vm| go VÏmm ZrMo
n§H$ _| ahZodmbo ZmJm| go Amd¥V Wm &&23&& {ZaÝVa {Ja ahr YmamAm| go gwemo{^V J§JmOr H$s ~m‹T>
go dh n[anyU© WmŸ& Cg_| nd©V{eIam| Ho$ S>y~Zo Am¡a CVamZo go nmZr Ho$ PmJ Am¡a ~wb~wbo CR> aho
Wo &&24&& Cg_| ~‹T>Vo hþE {N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ ñdJ© Ho$ AZoH$ IÊS>m| _| XodVmê$nr AZoH$ h§g {dÚ_mZ
Wo & EH$_mÌ `hr H$maU Wm {H$ CgH$m Amä`ÝVa ~hVr hþB© {dÚmY[a`m| H$s n§[ŠVê$nr n{ÙZr go
~hþV hr gwÝXa [XI ahr Wm &&25&& EH$_mÌ g_wÐm| Ho$ Obm| H$s Cg ~m‹T> go KK©aeãX`wŠV,
A{VdoJembr gånyU© Ì¡bmoŠ` Ho$ IÊS>m| Ho$ g§hmaH$, ~oamoH$-Q>moH$ ~hmò Om aho Cg _hmgmJa _|
Cg g_` H$moB© g§ajH$ Zht Wm Am¡a Eogm ^r H$moB© àmUr `m nXmW© Z Wm, Omo {H$ CgH$s Va§Jmo§ H$s
MnoQ> _| Z Am J`m hmo, `h Xw…I H$s ~mV h¡ Ÿ& ho lram_Or, Bg g§gma _| H$mb Ho$ Jmb _| n‹S>o hþE
àmUr H$s H$m¡Z ajm H$a gH$Vm h¡ ? &&26,27&& ho lram_Or, Am¡a A{YH$ h_ Š`m H$h|, {g\©$ `hr
H$h XoZm n`m©ßV h¡ {H$ Cg g_` AmH$me Zht Wm, {XJÝV Zht Wm, D$na Zht Wm, ZrMm Zht Wm,
^yV Zht Wm Am¡a Z gJ© Wm, {H$ÝVw EH$_mÌ Ho$db Ob hr Ob {dÚ_mZ WmŸ&&28&&
AR>hÎmadm± gJ© g_mßV
CÝZmgrdm± gJ©
à~moY Ûmam ñdßZ Ho$ ~mY Ho$ g_mZ, F${f`m| VWm XodVmAm| Ho$ g_yh Ho$ g{hV {dYmVm Ho$ {Zdm©U H$m dU©ZŸ&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, VnmobmoH$n`©ÝV O~ g_yMm àXoe àb`H$mbrZ
EH$ _hmgmJa Ho$ Ob _| Sy>~ J`m V~ gË`bmoH$ Ho$ {ZH$Q> AmH$me _| {ñWV _¢Zo AnZr Ñ[îQ> Eogr
\|$H$s, O¡go n«mV…H$mb _| gy`©Xod AnZr à^m \|$H$Vo h¢ &&1&& BVZo _| _¢Zo àmUm{X-CnmgZmAm| Ho$
Ûmam gmbmoŠ`m{X _w[ŠV H$mo àmßV hþE VWm ~«÷mOr Ho$ gmW {dXoh H¡$dë` àmßV H$aZo H$s BÀN>m
H$a aho OrdÝ_wŠV n[adma Ho$ () g{hV ~«÷mOr H$mo nd©V go {d{Z{_©V hþE-gm XoIm &&2&& dhm±
() Bg {df` _| gw{Zò Š`m H$hm h¡ …
"~«÷Um gh Vo gd} gåàmßVo à{Vg§Mao Ÿ& nañ`mÝVo H¥$VmË_mZ… à{de[ÝV na§ nX²_ &
ŸyÕ - 79] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2057
_¢Zo A{YH$mar Xodm| VWm ^m{dVmË_m _w{Z`m| Ho$ g_yh H$mo XoIm Ÿ& ho lram_MÝÐOr, Cg g_yh Ho$
^rVa _¢Zo ewH$, ~¥hñn{V, BÝÐ, Hw$~oa, `_, gmo_, déU Am¡a A[½Z H$mo XoIm VWm BZHo$ A{V[aŠV
dhm± _¢Zo Am¡a ^r AZoH$ XodVmAm| Am¡a F${f`m| H$mo XoIm Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht gw{Zò-dhm± Xod, JÝYd©,
{gÕ Am¡a gmÜ`m| Ho$ Zm`H$ ^r Cn[ñWV Wo, _¢Zo CÝh| ^r XoIm Ÿ& ho lram_MÝÐOr, nÙmgZ bJmH$a
~¡R>o hwE, {MÌ{b{IV O¡go, Ü`mZ _| namÙ do g~Ho$ g~ {ZOud Ho$ g_mZ dhm± [ñWV Wo &&3-5&&
CgHo$ ~mX H$s KQ>Zm ~VbmVo h¢ Ÿ&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, VXZÝVa Cgr ñWmZ na do àb` Ho$ ~mah gy`© ^r Amò Am¡a nX²_mgZ
bJmH$a do ^r g~ ^yV Vwa§V CÝhtH$s Vah ~¡R> Jò, {Og Vah ò XodVm Am¡a F${f ~¡R>o hþE
Wo Ÿ&&6&& BgHo$ ~mX _whyV©_mÌ _| _¢Zo gm_Zo ~«÷mOr H$mo Eogo XoIm, O¡go gmoH$a CR>m hþAm nwéf
ñdßZ _| XoIo Jò nXmWm] H$mo AnZo gå_wI Cn[ñWV XoIVm h¡ Ÿ& H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h {H$
OmJ«VAdñWm _| ñdm[ßZH$ nXmWm] H$m O¡go ~mY hmoH$a Ho$db AmË__mÌ n[aeof ah OmVm h¡ d¡go
hr _¢Zo ~«÷mOr H$mo AmË__mÌ n[aeof hr XoIm dhr {dYmVm H$m {dXoh Ho$dë` h¡ &&7&&
nydm}ŠV {dYmVm Ho$ nm[adm[aH$ bmoJm| _| ^r Eogm hr H¡$dë` hþAm, `h H$hVo h¢ &
~«÷mOr Ho$ n[adma Ho$ {OVZo bmoJ Wo, CZ g~H$mo ^r _¢Zo AnZo gm_Zo VÎdkm{Z`m| H$s
kmZ go ~m{YV nyd©dmgZm H$s Vah {~ëHw$b Eogo Zht XoIm, O¡go gmoH$a CR>Vm hþAm nw‹éf
ñdßZ H$mb _| XoIo Jò ZJa H$mo AnZo gm_Zo Cn[ñWV Zht XoIVm &&8&& ho lram_MÝÐOr,
~«÷mOr Ho$ Ma_-gmjmËH$ma Ho$ g_` g~Ho$ {dXoh H¡$dë` H$mo àmßV hmo OmZo go CZ ~«÷mXod
H$m dh gmam ~«÷mÊS>, Omo CZHo$ g§H$ën go {gÕ Wm, eyÝ` AaÊ` H$s ZmBª Eogo hmo J`m,
O¡go n¥{Wdr _| {H$gr ^`§H$a AmH$[ñ_H$ Zme Ho$ hoVw go {dÜdñV hþAm ZJa Ÿ&&9&& hoo
lram_MÝÐOr, F${f, _w{Z, Xod, {gÕ VWm {dÚmYa Am{X do g^r d¡go hr Cg g_` eyÝ`ê$n
hmo Jò, Š`m|{H$ do g~ dhm± go H$ht ^r AÝ`Ì Zht Jò Ÿ&&10&&
Zm_ê$n go eyÝ` ^md H$mo àmßV hmoZo na ^r ñdén go Vmo do g~Ho$ g~ {Zdm©U ê$n go hr
[ñWV Wo, `h _hmamO d{gîR>Or AnZo AZw^d go {XIbmVo h¢ Ÿ&
BgHo$ ~mX AmH$me _| [ñWV _¢Zo Ü`mZ go OmZm {H$ do g^r bmoJ Vmo ~«÷mOr Ho$ g_mZ hr
Zm_ê$n H$m n[aË`mJ H$a {Zdm©U H$mo àmßV hmo Jò h¢ Ÿ&&11&&
dmgZmH$[ënV ê$n H$m Zme hmo OmZo go dhr CZH$s dmñVdñdê$n H$s àm[ßV h¡, Bg Ame`
go H$hVo h¢ &
dmgZm Ho$ {dbrZ hmo OmZo na do AXe©Z H$mo àmßV hmoH$a AnZo {dewÕ ~«÷ñdén _| Eogo Am
Jò, O¡go à~wÕ-OmJo hþE àm{U`m| Ho$ ñdßZH$mb Ho$ bmoH$ &&12&&
CgrH$m nwZ… CnnmXZ H$aVo h¢ &
ho lram_Or, {MXmH$meê$n `h eara dmgZm Ho$ H$maU hr ñnîQ> ^m{gV hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& dmgZm
Ho$ A^md _| Vmo Eogo Zht ^mgVm, O¡go {H$ ~moYdmZ² àmUr H$mo `mZr OmJo hþE Ord H$mo ñdßZ Zht
^mgVm &&13&& O¡go ñdßZ _| AmH$meJm_r `h eara XrIVm h¡, {H$ÝVw OmJ«VH$mb _| Zht
XrIVm, d¡go hr dmgZm ahZo na hr `h eara XrIVm h¡ VÎdkmZ hmoZo na O~ àmUr H$s dmgZm
{~ëHw$b emÝV hmo OmVr h¡ V~ Hw$N> ^r Zht XrIVm Ÿ&&14&&
ñdßZ go CR>Zo na OmJ«VH$mb _| EH$_mÌ ñdm[ßZH$ ^m¡{VH$ nXmWm] H$m ~mY hmoVm h¡, bo{H$Z
VÎdkmZ hmoZo na Vmo Am{Y^m¡{VH$ Am{X VrZm| eara H$m ~mY hmoVm h¡, BVZm {deof h¡, Bg
Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
OmJ«ËH$mb _| ^r, dmgZm H$m gd©Wm Zme hmo OmZo go Z Vmo Am{Vdm{hH$ (gyú_) eara ^mgVm
h¡ Am¡a Z Am{Y^m¡{VH$ eara hr XrIVm h¡ AWm©V² dmgZm Z ahZo go do XmoZm| Zht ^mgVo &&15&&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bg {df` _| ñdßZ H$m AZw^d hr ÑîQ>mÝVê$n go b{jV h¡ Ÿ& `h d¥Õ go boH$a
EH$ ~ÀMo VH$ g~H$mo AZw^yV h¡, lw{V{gÕ () h¡ VWm nwamUm{X _| à{Vnm{XV h¡ &&16&&
Bg Vah AnZo VWm Xygam| Ho$ AZw^d go {gÕ ñdßZ Ho$ ~mY H$m Omo Anbmn H$aVm h¡ `mZr
ñdßZm{X gånyU© Ñí`àn§M H$mo gË`ñdê$n ñdrH$ma H$aVm h¡, CgH$mo VÎdkmZmonXoe XoZo H$s Hw$N>
^r Amdí`H$Vm Zht h¡-dh à~moY Ho$ `mo½` h¡ hr Zht, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, Omo eR> ñd`§ AnZo H$mo VWm Xygam| Ho$ AZw^d H$mo ^r ñdrH$ma Zht H$aVm
AWm©V² AnZo VWm Xygam| Ho$ AZw^d go {gÕ ñdßZ Ho$ ~mY H$m Anbmn H$aVm h¡ dh Ë`mÁ` h¡,
Bg_| V{ZH$ ^r gÝXoh Zht, Š`m|{H$ {_Ï`m gwßV nwéf H$mo `mZr gM_wM Z gmoò hþE nwéf H$mo
^bm H$m¡Z CR>m gH$Vm h¡ ? &&17&&
{\$a ^r Bg {df` _| ñdßZ H$m ÑîQ>mÝV Vmo C{MV Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ `h Omo dV©_mZ ímara h¡
Bg_| {nVm Am{X H$m eara H$maU h¡, naÝVw ñdßZeara Vmo Eogm Zht h¡ Ÿ& ñdßZeara Ho$ AË`ÝV
AgÐÿn hmoZo go `h {df_ ÑîQ>mÝV h¡, Eogr n[a[ñW{V _| à{VdmXr H$mo Zm[ñVH$ H$hbmZo Ho$ {bE
V¡`ma ahZm hmoJm, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Bg eara H$m H$maU {nVm Am{X H$m eara h¡, Bg{bE `h {XImB© XoVm h¡, {H$ÝVw ñdm[ßZH$
eara H$m H$maU Vmo {nVm Am{X H$m eara Zht h¡, Bg{bE dh Zht {XImB© XoVm, `{X H$moB© `h
e§H$m H$ao, Vmo CgH$s `h e§H$m R>rH$ Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ V~ Vmo CgHo$ _V go Bg nm{W©d eara go
a{hV àmUr H$m, Omo `km{X Ho$ Ûmam ñdJu` eara àmßV H$aZodmbo h¢ CZH$m nabmoH$ ^r Zht h¡ Ÿ&
Eogr Xem _| h_o| CgH$mo Zm[ñVH$ H$hZo _| V{ZH$ ^r g§H$moM Z hmoJm &&18&&
{nVm Am{X H$m eara {Og Xoh H$m H$maU h¡ Cg Xoh H$mo ^r gd©Wm AgÐÿn _mZZona Vmo
() Xo{Iò `h lw{V - Vñ` Ì` AmdgWmó`… ñdßZm… Ÿ&
ŸyÕ - 79] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2059
gyú_earag_[îQ>ê$n {haÊ`J^© H$mo ^r AgÐÿn hmoZo _| H$moB© A‹S>MZ Z hmoJr Am¡a Cg Xem _|
CZH$s gJm©{X-AW©{H«$`m ^r {_Ï`m hr {gÕ hmoJr, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bg ar{V go `{X `h g~ AgÐÿn hmoVm, Vmo nyd©g¥[îQ> Ho$ àb` Ho$ AÝV _|
g~ earam| H$m gd©Wm j` hmoZo na Bg g¥{îQ> Ho$ Am{X H$mb _| eara hoVwH$ eara Z ahZo go `h
g¥[îQ> ^r Z hmoVr Ÿ& Am¡a `h g¥[îQ> g~H$s Am±Im| Ho$ gm_Zo gd©Xm {dÚ_mZ h¢ hr (Bg{bE `h
g¥[îQ> Zht h¡, `h H$moB© H$hZo H$m gmhg Zht H$a gH$Vm) &&19&& n¥{Wdr Am{X n§M^yVm| Ho$
gmd`d hmoZo go {d^mJm| H$m AdgmZ hmo OmZona g§`moJ H$m {dZme Yw«d h¡ Ÿ& AV… Ad`d {d^mJ
ñdén Bg OJV² H$m O~ {dZme Adí`§^mdr h¡ V~ Bg Xem _| "`h OJV² H$^r Bg
A{d[ÀN>ÝZàdmh go {dn[aV Zht h¡, `h O¡{_Zr` _V Aà{V[îR>V h¡-Ag§JV h¡ &&20&&
`hm± na àg§Jde Mmdm©H$ _V H$m ^r IÊS>Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE AZwdmX H$aVo h¢ &
n¥{Wdr Am{X Omo Mma ^yV h¢ do hr Mma àH$ma Ho$ XohmH$ma go VWm KQ>, nQ> Am{X Ho$ AmH$ma
go g[å_{bV hmoH$a "OJV' Zm_ go H$ho OmVo h¢ Ÿ& n¥{Wdr Am{X ^yVñdê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Cg
OJV² H$m H$^r Zme Zht hmoVm Ÿ& O~ ò Mmam| ^yV EH$ OJh {_b OmVo h¢ V~ kmZ VWm BÀN>m
Am{X JwUm|dmbm BZ Mmam| Ho$ Y_m] H$m g_wXm`ê$n EH$ eara V¡`ma hmo OmVm h¡, {Og_| hmW, n¡a
Am{X AZoH$ Ad`d {dÚ_mZ ahVo h¢ & Am¡a dh eara ^r Cg hmW, n¡a Am{X AZoH$ Ad`dm| H$s
ZmZm àH$ma H$s aMZmAm| Ho$ H$maU _Zwî`, new, njr Am{X AZoH$ Om{V H$m hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& VWm{n
BZ Mmam| ^yVm| Ho$ _Ü` _| {H$gr ^r EH$ ^yV _| k[ßV Zht {XImB© XoVr VWm{n {OZ Ðì`m| go _{Xam
V¡`ma H$s OmVr h¡ CÝh| nrgH$a Ob VWm Z_H$ Ho$ gmW EH$Ì {_bm {Xò OmZo na CZ EH$Ì {_bo
hþE Ðì`m| _| O¡go H$mbnmH$m{X Ûmam _Xe[ŠVê$n EH$ {dbjU JwU Am{d^©yV hmo OmVm h¡ Cgr
Vah XohmH$ma _| n[aUV hþE n¥{Wdr Am{X BZ Mmam| ^yVm| _| k[ßVê$n JwU Am{d^©yV hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
Bg{bE k{ßV VWm BÀN>m Am{X JwUm| go gånÝZ `h eara hr AmË_m h¡ Ÿ& ^mB© Mmdm©H$, `{X `h
Vw_ H$hVo hmo Vmo BgH$m CÎma gwZ bmo Ÿ&&21&& V~ Vmo () gånyU© dñVwAm| H$m g§j` ~VbmZodmbo (N)
AR>mah nwamU, _hm^maV Am{X B{Vhmg, Eo{hH$ Am¡a nmabm¡{H$H$ AmË_m Ho$ {hV Am¡a A{hV VWm
Y_© Am¡a AY_© Ho$ à{VnmXH$ _Zw Am{X ñ_¥{V Ed§ gXmMma Am{X-ò g~Ho$ g~ ì`W© hmo
Om`|Jo &&22&& `{X `h H$hmo {H$ h_ XohmË_dmXr Mmdm©H$m| Ho$ _V _| CZ doXm{X emñÌm| H$s ì`W©Vm
Am¡a Aàm_mÊ` BîQ> hr h¡ Ÿ& do g~Ho$ g~ Aà_mU hmo Om`|, Bg_| h_mar hm{Z Š`m h¡ Ÿ? Vmo Bg
na h_mam `h H$hZm h¡ {H$ ho _hm_Vo Mmdm©H$ {ZXm}f CZ doX, nwamU Am{X emóm| H$m () Bg
() AWm©V² Vwåhmao H$hZo Ho$ AZwgma Vmo Ÿ&
(N) AWm©V² {ZË`, Z¡{_{ÎmH$, n«mH¥$V Am¡a d¡km{ZH$ ò Omo Mma Vah Ho$ àb` hmoVo h¢ CÝh| ~VbmZodmbo &
() Omo {eîQ>gå_V h¢ Ÿ&
AW© _o| (c) Aà_mÊ` hmo OmZo na "Bg dÝÜ`m ór Zo gm¡ b‹S>Ho$ n¡Xm {H$ò' Bg dmŠ` Ho$ g_mZ
^moJb§nQ>Vm bmo^ Ûofm{X hOmam| Xmofm| go VwîQ> Vwåhmam dmŠ` ^r Š`m à_mU hmoJm ? h_o| Vmo CgH$s
gå^mdZm ^r Xwb©^ h¡ &&23&& Vwåhmao H$WZ H$mo bmoH$ _| {dÛmZ bmoJ ñdrH$ma Zht H$aVo, Š`m|{H$
{~Zm H$maU Am¡a à`moOZ Ho$ g¥[îQ> Am{X H$m g§^d Z hmoZo go Vwåhmao _V Ho$ AZwgma Vmo OJV² H$m
CÀN>oX àg§J A{Zdm`© hmoJm & qH$Vw, XohmË_dmX _o§ Š`m g^r Ad`d hr AmË_m h¢ `m Ad`dr hr ?
àW_ nj _| Vmo `h Xmof AmVm h¡ {H$ AZoH$ MoVZm| _| gd©Xm EoH$_Ë` Z hmoZo go d¡_Ë` Ho$ H$maU
Xoh H$m g^r Ad`d CÝ_WZ H$aZo bJ Om`|Jo Ÿ& A~ ah J`m Xygam nj, Cg nj _| `h Xmof
AmVm h¡ {H$ hmW Am{X {H$gr EH$ Ad`d Ho$ H$Q> OmZo na Ad`dr H$m Zme hmo OmZo go OrdZ H$m
hr A^md hmo OmòJm Ÿ- BË`m{X Am¡a ^r hOmam| Xmof h¢ hr, `h g~ AbJ aho Ÿ& ho Mmdm©H$, Bg
_ooao H$WZ go H$m`mH$ma _| n[aUV ^yVg§KmV _| _Xe{ŠV H$s ZmBª k{ßVJwU n¡Xm hmo OmVm h¡, `h
Omo Vw_Zo H$hm h¡ CgH$m ^r CÎma hmo J`m Am¡a ^r Vw_ AnZo _V _| _oam `h EH$ Xygam XyfU gwZ
bmo &&24&& `{X Eogm _mZ {b`m Om` {H$ O¡go _Xe{ŠV-AmË_H$ Ðì` _| _Xe[ŠV {dÚ_mZ
ahVr h¡ d¡go hr ^yVg§YmV _|, Omo {H$ kmZñd^md h¡, kmZJwU ahVm h¡ V~ Vmo JwUr Xoh H$m Zme
hmo OmZo na JwU H$m ^r Adí` Zme hmo OmZo go (Xygao Xoem| _| _ao hþE Ord Xoh Ho$ ZîQ> hmo OmZo
na AnZo Xoe _| {nemMm{X H$m eara YaH$a H¡$go Mbo AmVo h¢ VWm Xygam| Ho$ earam| _| à{dîQ>
hmoH$a AnZo nyd©OÝ_ Ho$ AmË_r`m| H$mo nhMmZ H$a CZHo$ gmW ~mVMrV Am{X H¡$go H$aVo h¢
AWm©V²) àXoemÝVam| _| _ao hþE ì`{ŠV`m| H$s {nemM Am{X XohVm Omo bmoH$ _| à{gÕ h¢ dh {gÕ
Z hmoJr Ÿ&&25&& `h {nemMm{X H$s H$ënZm ^r ^«m[ÝV hr h¡, Š`m|{H$ {nemMm| H$mo h_Zo AnZr
Am±Im| Ho$ gm_Zo Cn[ñWV hþE AmOVH$ Zhr§ XoIm Am¡a h_mao _V _| àË`j Ho$ {gdm Am¡a H$moB©
Xygam à_mU h¡ hr Zht Ÿ& àË`jm{V[aŠV Xygao à_mU H$s g§^mdZm hr Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ g¡H$‹S>m| ~ma
nm{W©dËd Am¡a bmoh-bo»`mËdm{X H$m ghMmaJ«h hmoZo na ^r dO«_[U Am{X _| ì`{^Mma XoIm
J`m h¡ Ÿ& CËnmVm{X AÝ` g_` _| Jm` Ho$ noQ> go JXho H$s CËn{Îm ^r XoIr JB© h¡ VWm XodVm{X H$s
à{V_mAm| go ^r {~Zm A{½Z Ho$ ^r Yy_« CR>Vo XoIm J`m h¡ Ÿ& VWm gd©Ì qbJm| _o| XoemÝVa Am¡a
H$mbmÝVa _| ì`{^Mma e§H$m H$m {ZdmaU Zhr§ {H$`m Om gH$Vm, Bg{bE Amn Ho$ AZw_mZ à_mU
H$m Vmo {~bHw$b `moJ Zht h¡ Ÿ& gmÑí` Ho$ {df` _| `V²qH${MV² `m nyU©-`m| {dH$ën hmoZo go Cn_mZ
à_mU H$m `moJ Zht ~¡R>Vm Ÿ& Bgr Vah AWm©n{Îm Am¡a AZwnb[ãY ^r à_mU Zht hmo gH$Vo Ÿ&
{nemMJ«ñV nwéf H$m {nemMdm½ì`dhma ^r O~ VH$ Xoh {dÚ_mZ ahVm h¡ V^r VH$ XrIVm h¡
CgHo$ _aU Ho$ ~mX Zht Ÿ& Bg{bE Cg Xoh H$mo hr gm[ÝZnm{VH$ ^«m[ÝV H$s Vah "_¢ {nemMJ«ñV
hÿ± , `h ì`W© H$s ^«m[ÝV h¡ Ÿ& `{X `h g~ Vw_ H$hmo, Vmo Vwåhmam `h g~ H$hZm ì`W© hr h¡, Š`m|{H$
(c) àb`, Y_m©Y_© Ed§ AmË_VÎdê$n AW© _| Ÿ&
ŸyÕ - 79] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2061
Vwåhmar hr ~mVm| go BZ g~H$m IÊS>Z hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| à~b H$maU `h h¡-àË`j Ho$
A{V[aŠV `{X g^r Aà_mU h¢, Vmo {\$a Mmdm©H$ H$m dmŠ` ^r à_mU Zht hmo gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ dh
^r àË`j Ho$ A{V[aŠV h¡ Ÿ& My±{H$ AZw_mZ à_mU H$mo Vw_ _mZVo Zht hmo, Bg{bE `w[ŠV go Vw_
AnZo _V H$m Vmo H$Xm{n g_W©Z Zht H$a gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ AZw_mZ ê$n hmoZo go do `w{ŠV`m± ^r
à_mU Zht hmo gH$Vt§ Ÿ& ÑîQ>mÝV Vmo Vw_ Xo hr Zht gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ gmÑí` Ho$ Cn_mZJå` hmoZo go
dh Vwåhmao _V go à_mU Ho$ ~mha h¡ Ÿ& ñdnj _| AZwHy$b Am¡a nanj _| à{VHy$b VH©$ ^r Vw_ Zhr|
Cn[ñWV H$a gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ VH©$ Ho$ AÝd`-ì`{VaoH$ì`m[ßVK{Q>V hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Cgo Vw_
ñdrH$ma Zht H$a gH$Vo Ÿ& Amn{Îm Am¡a ì`{VaoH ò XmoZm| AZwnn{Îm Am¡a AZwnb[ãY Ho$ AYrZ
ahVo h¢, Bg{bE `{X BZH$m Vw_ ñdrH$ma H$aVo hmo, Vmo Vwåh| AWm©n{Îm Am¡a AZwnb[ãY H$mo à_mU
ê$n go ñdrH$ma A{Zdm`© hmoJm & AV… ò Omo N>… à_mU h¡¢, do g~Ho$ g~ gË` h¢, `h Vw_ Mmdm©H$m|
H$mo _mZZm hr n‹S>oJm &&26&&
R>rH$ h¡, Eogm hr ghr, Bggo AmnH$mo Š`m bm^ h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Bg Vah `{X Vw_ eãX H$m àm_mÊ` _mZ boVo hmo, Vmo {\$a {ZXm}f lw{V H$mo Vwåh| à_mU _mZZ|
_| H$moB© Amn{Îm Z hmoJr Ÿ& O~ lw{V à_mU h¡ V~ "nabmoH$, ñdJ©, ZaH$ Am{X g~ gV² h¡'-
BË`mH$maH$ lw{VOÝ` g§{dV² ^r Š`m| Z gË`Vm H$mo `mZr àm_mÊ` H$mo àmßV hmoJr Ÿ? H$hZo H$m
VmËn`© `h {H$ `{X AÝ` Ho$ ~moY Ho$ {bE eãX à_mU h¡, Vmo {\$a nabmoH$, ñdJ©, ZaH$ VWm CZHo$
à{VnmXH$ lw{V, ñ_¥{V Am{X eãX ^r Š`m| Z gË` à_mU hm|Jo Ÿ? Š`m|{H$ {OVZo kmZ h¢ CZ_|
ñdV… àm_mÊ` h¡, Bg_| Vmo {H$gr H$mo ^r {ddmX Zht h¡, hm±, `h ~mV Xygar h¡ {H$ H$maUXmof VWm
~mYH$ kmZ go CgH$m H$ht na AndmX hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z `hm±na Vmo Z H$moB© H$maU _| Xmof h¡
Am¡a Z "ñdJ©, ZaH$ Am{X Zht h¡' Eogm ~mYH$ à_mUkmZ hr h¡ Ÿ&&27&&
"AW gm@{n _wYm ^«m[ÝV0' `h Omo D$na H$hm h¡, Cg_| Xmof {XIbmVo h¢ &
AÝ` eara _| [ñWV {nemM H$s-g~Ho$ AZw^d go {gÕ {nemMJ«ñV eara _| {nemM{df{Ùr-
à_m kmZm| Ho$ ñdV… n«m_mÊ` hmoZo go hr bmoH$ _| gË`ê$n go à{gÕ h¢ Ÿ& dh ^r `{X gË` Z
à_m{UV hþB©, Vmo {\$a _{Xam nrH$a CÝ_Îm ~Zo hþE nwéf H$s à{V^m ^r H$Xm{n gË` à_m{UV Z
hmoJr, Omo _Xe[ŠV-g_{ÝdV Ðì`JV _Xe[ŠV{df`H$ h¡ & A_Îm nwéfm| Ho$ AZw^d{gÕ AWm]
H$m IÊS>Z H$aZodmbo Vw_ R>hao, Vwåhmar à_Îm nwéf H$s àVr{V go {gÕ _Xe[ŠV H$m Xygam H$moB©
H¡$go Zht IÊS>Z H$a gH$VmŸ? Eogr Xem _| Vwåhmar ÑîQ>mÝV A{g{Õ Ho$ H$maU kmZ _| ^yVJwUËd
H$s {g[Õ Z hmo gH$Zo go nabmoH$mË_H$ [ñW{V H$m `mZr ñdJ©ZaH$m{X [ñW{V H$m Vw_ ^bm H¡$go
IÊS>Z H$a gH$Vo hmo ? &&28&& gd©OZ à{gÕ kmZm| H$m ñdV… n«m_mÊ` hmoZo go "{nemM h¡' `{X
`h g§{dV² gË`mW© h¡, Vmo {\$a _¥V àmUr H$m ^r nabmoH$ h¡ `mZr H$moB©-Z-H$moB© Xygam bmoH$
Adí` h¡, `h lw{VOÝ` àVr{V ^bm gË` Š`m| Z {gÕ hmoJr, (Š`m|{H$ Omo `w[ŠV Vw_ Cn[ñWV
H$a aho hmo Cgr `w{ŠV Ho$ ~b go h_ _¥V àmUr Ho$ nabmoH$ H$m A[ñVËd {gÕ H$a aho h¢ Ÿ& h_|
`w[ŠV ‹Ty>±‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE H$ht Am¡a OJh OmZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht h¡) &&29&& Am¡a gwZmo, {nemMJ«ñV
H$s n¡emMr k{ßV lw{V g_mZ {H$gr Ñ‹T>Va à_mU go OÝ` Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw "H$mH$Vmbr`' Ý`m`dV²
AmH$[ñ_H$ h¡-AMmZH$ C{XV hþB© h¡ Ÿ& Eogr k[ßV ^r `{X ñdmZw^yV hmoZo go à_m h¡, Vmo {\$a lw{V
Am{X Ñ‹‹T>Va H$maUm| Ho$ g{hV {dÚ_mZ nabmoH$mW© g§{dV² ^bm à_m Š`m| Zht h¡ ? &&30&&
EH$_mÌ AnZo AZw^d Ho$ ~b na AW©gÎmm H$m {ZíM` Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ `w[ŠV
_| aOV H$m AZw^d hmoZo na ^r Cg_| AW©gÎmm Zht XrIVr, `h Ame§H$m H$a H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Omo g§{dV² {Og nXmW© H$s gÎmm H$mo AnZo ^rVa O¡gr OmZVr h¡ Cg nXmW© H$s gÎmm
H$mo dh AnZo ^rVa d¡gr hr ^br^m±{V AZw^d H$aVr h¡Ÿ& ew{ŠV aOVg§{dV² ñdà{V^mgH$m{bH$
AW©gÎmm H$m AdJmhZ H$aVr h¡, naÝVw nyd©H$mb H$r g§{dV² H$m O~ "`h aOV Zht h¡' Bg
CÎmaH$mb H$s g§{dV² go ~mY hmo OmVm h¡ V~ `h CÎmaH$mb H$s ~mYg§{dV² grn _| Mm±Xr H$s
Ì¡H$m{bH$ AgÎmm ~VbmVr h¡ Ÿ& Eogr [ñW{V _| àW_ g§{dV² Ho$ ~b go aOV _| àm{V^m{gH$
gÎmm aho `m {ÛVr` g§{dV² Ho$ ~b go AgÎmm aho, Bg_| H$moB© hm{Z Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ AZw^d
go XmoZm| hr {gÕ h¡ Ÿ& (AZw^d H$m ghmam {bò {~Zm AW© Ho$ ê$n H$m Anbmn H$aZm H$mooB©
~ÀMm| H$m Iob Zht h¡) &&31&& Or[dVXem _| Xoh Ho$ Cn[ñWV ahZo na lw{V Am{X à_mU
Ho$ ~b go AWdm _¥VXem _| Xoh Ho$ Cn[ñWV Z ahZo na ñdßZdV² EH$_mÌ à{V^mg Ho$ ~b
go "nabmoH$ h¡'-BË`mH$maH$ AZw^dñdê$n g§{dV² `{X Adí` hmoJr hr, Vmo {\$a Cg _¥Ë`w go
Š`m ? Or{dV àmUr Ho$ AZw^d go {gÕ gV² h¡ Am¡a _¥V Ho$ AZw^d go {gÕ AgV² h¡ AWdm
BgHo$ {dnarV àH$ma go h¡, BgH$m Anbmn hr Š`m| hmoJm-XmoZm| _| {H$gr H$m ^r Anbmn Zht
{H$`m Om gH$Vm Ÿ& Bg Vah lw{V Am{X à_mU h¢, `h {gÕ hmo J`m &&32&&
`{X dh Mmdm©H$ `h H$ho {H$ H$m`mH$ma _| n[aUV hþE ^yVm| go g§{dV² H$m CX²^d hmoVm
h¡, Bg{bE eara Ho$ ZîQ> hmo OmZo na _¥V àmUr H$mo nmabmm¡{H$H$s ~w[Õ hr Z CËnÝZ hmoJr,
Vmo Bgna Cggo H$hZm `h Mm{hò {H$ ho {_Ì, g§{dV² emídV h¡, ñdV… {gÕ h¡, àñVwV
CgH$s {g{Õ Ho$ ~b go hr dmgZm_` Am{Vdm{hH$ Xoh, VËH$[ënV ñWyb Xooh VWm ~møàn§M
H$s nrN>o {g[Õ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& dmgZm Ho$ {gdm H$moB© AÝ` Ñí`àn§M H$s {g{Õ _| hoVw Zht h¡,
Bg{bE g§{dV² H$s CËn{Îm Xoh Ho$ AYrZ Zht h¡ & `h gy{MV H$aVo hþE _hmamO d{gîR>Or
Cg Mmdm©H$ Ho$ à{V dMZ H$m Cng§hma H$aHo$ "dmgZm`m§ {dbrZm`m_Xe©Z_wnmJVm…' BË`m{X
íbmoH$ go nhbo Omo `h CnH«$_ {H$`m J`m h¡ {H$ EH$_mÌ dmgZm Ho$ j` go hr gånyU© Ñí`
H$m CÀN>oX hmoVm h¡ Bg CR>mB© JB© ~mV H$m g_W©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE àñVmd H$aVo h¢ &
ŸyÕ - 79] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2063
Bg{bE (N) kmZñd^md na_mË_m ñdàH$meñdê$n hmoZo go ñ\w$[aV hmoVo hþE g_ñV ì`dhma
go nhbo {ZOñdê$n^yV g§{dV² H$mo OmZVm h¡ Omo ñdV… {ZË`{gÕ h¡, O¡go A[½Z AnZr
CîÊ`àH$meê$nVm H$mo OmZVr h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX dmgZmAm| H$s CËn{Îm _| CnmXmZ H$maU gd©OJV²
H$s dmgZm_` Am{Vdm{hH$ Xoh H$mo OmZH$a {\$a ñWyb Xohm{X g§gma Ho$ ^«_ H$mo XoIVm h¡ & H$hZo
H$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ g~go nyd©{gÕ g§{dV² H$s {g{Õ Xoh Ho$ AYrZ Zht h¡ Ÿ&&33&&
AVEd EH$_mÌ dmgZm Ho$ j` go hr gyú_earaj` Ûmam gånyU© AZWm] H$m j` {gÕ h¡, `h
H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
dmgZm Ho$ j` go ÐîQ>m, Ñí` Am¡a Xe©Zê$n amoJ emÝV hmo OmVm h¡ Wm dmgZm H$s gÎmm ahZo
na `h g§g¥{VZm_H$ {nem{MH$m C{XV hmoVr h¡ &&34&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, g¥[îQ> Ho$ àmaå^ _| ~«÷m
H$mo g§gma aMZo H$s BÀN>m () CËnÝZ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& VXZÝVa nyd©H$mb H$s OJÛmgZmAm| H$m OJV²-
ê$ngo CX²^d hmoVm h¡ & Bg{bE dmgZm H$s em[ÝV H$mo Amn {ZdmU© g_{Pò Am¡a CgH$s gÎmm H$mo
g§gma ê$n ^«_ Om{Zò Ÿ&&35&&
`h H${hò {H$ dmgZm CËnÝZ H¡go hþB© ? ~«÷go Vmo dh CËnÝZ hþB© Zht, Š`m|{H$ CgHo$ Vmo
"VXoVX²~«÷mnyd©_Zna_ZÝVa_~mø_²' BË`m{X lw{V`m| go H$maU hmoZo H$m {ZfoY h¡ VWm Ag§J,
Hy$Q>ñW Am¡a AÛ` à{VnmXH$ lw{V`m± ^r Bgr H$m g_W©Z H$aVr h¢ Ÿ& nyd©H$ënr` OJV² go dh
dmgZm CËnÝZ hmoVr h¡, `h ^r Zht H$h gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ Omo àb`H$mb _| ñd`§ ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡
Cg_| Xygao H$mo n¡Xm H$aZo H$s e[ŠV hr H$hm± ah gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ? `{X `h H${hò {H$ àb` _| OJV²
ZîQ> Zht hmoVm, dh ñd`§ hr Ma_^md {dH$ma go gyú_ hmoH$a [ñWV ahVm h¡, Bg{bE CgH$s Cg
Vah H$s [ñW[V hr dmgZmË_H$ àb` h¡, Vmo `h ^r Amn Zht H$h gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ Bg na _¢
Amngo `h nwN>Vm hÿ± {H$ d¡gr OJV² H$s [ñW{V Š`m àb` _| AnZr gÎmm go ahVr h¡ `m ~«÷H$s
gÎmm go ? `{X Amn `h H$h| {H$ AnZr gÎmm go ahVr h¡, Vmo AmnHo$ Bg nj _| "gXod gmoåòX_J«
AmgrXoH$_odm{ÛVr`_²' BË`m{X lw{V`m| go {damoY n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& A~ ahm AmnH$m Xygam nj, Bg_|
h_mam `h H$hZm h¡ {H$ Omo ñdV… AgV² h¡ dh ^bm Xygao H$s gÎmm go [ñWV ahVm h¡ `h H$hZm
Vmo EH$ O~X©ñV {_Ï`m àbmn hr hmoJm Z ? Bg{bE XmoZm| nj _| g¥[îQ> Am¡a àb` _| H$moB© {deof
Amn{Îm Z hmoZo go A^mg_mZ H$s gÎmm à{g{Õ Ho$ A^md _| OJV² ZîQ> hmoVm h¡ Am¡a [ñWV ^r
ahVm h¡, `h H$hZm Vmo "dXVmo ì`mKmV' Xmof go J«ñV hr h¡ Ÿ& R>rH$ h¡, `h g~ AmnH$m H$WZ h_
_mZ aho h¢ Ÿ& gw{Zò, àb` `m nyd©gJ© _| dh dmgZm CËnÝZ hr h¡, `h Amn H¡$go H$hVo h¢, `h Vmo
(N) AWm©V² My±{H$ doXm{X à_mU {gÕ hmo J`m h¡ VWm kmZm| _§o ñdV… àm_mÊ` H$s {g{Õ hmo MwH$r
h¡, Bg{bEŸ&
() "VX¡jV ~hþ ñ`m§ àOmò`' - BË`m{X lw{V Xo{Iòo &
Amn H$h Zht gH$Vo {H$ dh dmgZm CËnÝZ hr h¡, Š`m|{H$ Ag§J AÛ` na~«÷ _| AZwËn{Îm Vmo
Amn nhbo hr H$h MwHo$ h¢ Ÿ& {\$a ^r A{ÛVr` ~«÷~moY Ho$ Cnm`ê$n go O~ VH$ ~moY Zht hmo
OmVm, V~ VH$ Ho$ {bE Amn H¥$nmH$a "dh dmgZm ^r nhbo {H$gr EH$ {Z{_Îm go Adí` CËnÝZ
hwB© h¡, `h ñdrH$ma H$a br{Oò, Š`m|{H$ {~Zm H$maU Ho$ OJV² H$s CËn{Îm Zht hmoVr, `h
emó{gÕ h¡ Ÿ&
hm±, ~«÷kmZ hmo OmZo Ho$ ~mX Vmo {\$a gmam g§gma hr gÐÿn~«÷ h¡ Am¡a dh dmgZm ^r
na~«÷ñdê$n hr h¡Ÿ&&36&&
{~Zm Ag§J AÛ` ~«÷ H$m lw{V`m| go n[akmZ {H$ò dmgZm H$s AZwËn{Îm ~VbmZm C{MV
Zht h¡ Ÿ& ~«÷ H$m n[akmZ hmo OmZo na Vmo gånyU© g§e`m| Ho$ ~rO^yV AkmZ H$m CÀN>oX hmo OmZo
go {Zdm©U hr gånÝZ h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE dmgZm H$s CËn{Îm Am{X _| AZwnn{Îm H$s e§H$m H$aZm R>rH$ Zht
h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
BVZm Omo `h n[akmZ h¡ CgrH$mo VÎdk bmoJ {Zdm©U H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE ho amKd, Bg ~«÷
Ho$ {df` _| Omo àmUr H$m An[akmZ h¡ Cgr H$mo Amn ~ÝY g_{Pò &&37&& {dkmZKZ `h AmË_m
hr àH$memË_H$ Am¡a AàH$memË_H$ ^r h¡ & kmV hmoZo na `h ñd`§ hr ñdßZê$n go AÝXa ñ\w$[aV
hmoVm h¡ VWm kmV Z hmoZo na `mZr lw{V Am{X à_mU bm^ Ho$ nhbo `h {~ëHw$b ñ\w$[aV Zht
hmoVm &&38&& "_¢ ~Õ hy±' Bg ^mdZm go ~ÝYXe©Z Am¡a "_¢ {ZË`_wŠV hÿ±', Bg ^mdZm go _mojXe©Z
O~ AmË_m H$mo AË`ÝV H$mo_bmË_m EH$_mÌ g§{dX§e Ho$ n[adV©Z_mÌ go àmßV hmoVm h¡ V~ ^bm
CgHo$ gmYZ _| Šboe hr {H$VZm h¡ ?&&39&&
BgH$mo narjH$ bmoJ ì`wËWmZ Am¡a g_m{Y VWm ì`wËWmZ Am¡a gwfw[ßV Ho$ Ûmam ñnîQ> XoI
gH$Vo h¢, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, g§{dV² H$mo `mZr {MÎm H$s d¥{Îm H$mo ~{h_w©I H$a XoZo na ~ÝY Am¡a CgH$mo
g_m{Y Ûmam AmË_m _| brZ H$a XoZo na {Zdm©U àmßV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& g§{dV² Ho$ CX²~moYZê$nr CXadmbm
`h AgV² g§gma gV² Ho$ g_mZ ^mgVm h¡ ŸŸ& BgH$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ {MÎmd¥{Îm H$mo ~{h_w©I H$a
XoZo na `h AgV² g§gma gV² Ho$ g_mZ ^m{gV hmoVm h¡ &&40&& gwßV Am¡a AO‹S> doXZ "_moj'
H$hbmVm h¡ VWm n«~wÕ doXZ H$mo VÎdkmZr bmoJ ~ÝY H$hVo h¡§ Ÿ& Bg{bE BZ XmoZm| _| AmnH$mo
{OgH$s BÀN>m hmo Cgo MwZ br{Oò &&41&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, ~ÝY-_moj Am{X H$s gmar e§H$mE±
N>mo‹S>H$a Amn {ZdmU©ê$n, dmgZmeyÝ`, AZÝV, AZm{X, ñdÀN> ~moYñdê$n, AÛ¡V Am¡a EoŠ`go
a{hV, AeyÝ` (n[anyU©) ~«÷ñdê$n ~ZH$a AmH$meH$moe Ho$ gÑe {deX² AÝV…H$aU go `wŠV,
emÝV Ed§ ~ÝYZ go {~bHw$b _wŠV hmoH$a [ñWV a{hò &&42&&
CÝZmgrdm± gJ© g_mßV
ŸyÕ - 80] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2065
Añgrdm± gJ©
nyd© gJ© _| d¡km{ZH$ VÎdX¥[îQ> go àb`H«$_ H$m dU©Z hmo MwH$m Ÿ& A~ `mo{JJå` AÝ` n«mH¥$V àb`H«$_ H$m dU©ZŸ&
{dYmVm H$s dmgZm go H$[ënV CZHo$ bmoH$, Xod, ^wdZ Am{X g_ñV àn§M H$m Omo àmaãYj`
Ho$ AZÝVa jUâ _| hr CËnÝZ hþE gmjmËH$ma Ûmam ~mY h¡ VÐÿÿn d¡km{ZH$ àb`H$m, Omo
ñdßZ~mY Ho$ gX¥e h¡, CgH$m _wŠV nwéfm| H$s Ñ[îQ> go "Zmní`§ ñdßZ ZJa§ ~wÜ`_mZ BdmJ«J_²'
BË`m{X íbmoH$ Ûmam Cnn{Îmnyd©H$ nyd© gJ© _| dU©Z hmo MwH$mŸ& A~ ~wÕ nwéfm| H$s X¥[îQ> go, {dYmVm
H$s Xoh, CgHo$ Amaå^H$ Cnm{Y`m| VWm CgHo$ B[ÝÐ` Am{XH$mo| H$m AnZo-AnZo H$maU _| b`
Ûmam _m`me~b ~«÷ _o§ b`ê$nr àb` H$m CndU©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE CnH«$_ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bg Vah Amò hþE do g^r ~«÷bmoH${Zdmgr
AÑí`ê$nVm H$mo Eogo n«mßV hmo Jò, O¡go ~Îmr go a{hV Xrn &&1&& BgHo$ AZÝVa O~ {dYmVm H$s
Xoh _m`me~b ~«÷ê$nVm H$mo àmßV hmo JB© V~ nydm}ŠV do CZ ~mah Am{XË`m| Zo, Omo àH$me_`r
ÁdmbmAm| go `wŠV Wo, n¥{Wdr Am{X H$s Vah Cg ~«÷bmoH$ H$mo ^r ^ñ_r^yV ~Zm S>mbm Ÿ&&2&&
àmaãYde A{YH$ma H$m AÝV hmo OmZo na Am{XË` Am{X {OVZo A{YH$mar Ord Wo, do ^r
Ma_gmjmËH$ma Ûmam AnZo-AnZo g_ñV àn§M H$m Zme hmo OmZo go nydm}ŠV Ho$ g_mZ hr
{dXohH¡$dë` H$mo àmßV hmo Jò, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_Or, {dYmVm Ho$ ZJa H$mo ObmH$a VWm {dYmVm Ho$ g_mZ hr ñd`§ Ü`mZ H$aHo$ do
Am{XË` Am{X ^r {Zdm©U H$mo Eogo àmßV hmo Jò, O¡go Vob Am¡a ~Îmr go a{hV Xrn Ÿ&&3&&
CgHo$ ~mX H$m Ñí` H¡$gm Wm, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
VXZÝVa gwÝXa {demb Va§Jm| go `wŠV _hmgmJa H$s ~m‹T> Zo {dYmVm Ho$ ZJamÝVa H$mo Eogo
n[anyU© H$a {X`m, O¡go amV _| gmar n¥{Wdr H$mo AÝYH$ma Ÿ&&4&& ~«÷bmoH$n`©ÝV dh gmam OJV²,
Ho$db EH$_mÌ aggo n[anyU© nHo$ hþE A§Jya Ho$ \$b Ho$ gÑe, Ob go n[anyU© hmo J`m Ÿ&&5&& CZ
AZoH$ Vah Ho$ Va§Jmo§ go V¡aVo hþE nd©V g_yhm| VWm Xodm{Xearam| go Vmo‹S>-\$mo‹S> {Xò OmZo Ho$
H$maU {N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ hþE H$ënmÝVm| Ho$ nwîH$amdV© Am{X _oK g~ Ob _| hr {dbrZ hmo Jò &&6&&
Bgr ~rM _| dhm± _¡§Zo H$moB© EH$ ^`§H$a ê$n XoIm, Omo AmH$me go `mZr R>rH$ AmH$me Ho$ _Ü` go
Aä`w{XV hþAm Wm Ÿ& _¢ dh ê$n XoIVo hr _mao ^`Ho$ H$m±n J`m &&7&&
^` Ho$ H$maUê$n AX²^yV {deofUm| go Cgr ê$nH$m dU©Z H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
H$ënmÝV OJV² Ho$ AmH$ma Ho$ g_mZ, AmH$me H$mo â XoZodmbm H$mbm dh ê$n XoIZo _| Eogo
àVrV hmo ahm Wm, _mZm| H$ënmÝV H$m àËòH$ amV H$m EH${ÌV hþAm gmam AÝYH$ma eara YmaU
H$aHo$ gm_Zo AmH$a I‹S>m hmo ahm hmo Ÿ&&8&&
a§J _| H$mbm hmoVo hþE ^r dh AnZo VoO go M_H$ ahm Wm, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
bmIm| VéU Am{XË`m| Ho$ àH$me_` VoO H$mo dh YmaU H$a ahm Wm Ÿ& XoXrß`_mZ [ñWa
{~Obr Ho$ g_yh-O¡go VrZ gy`m] Ho$ gÑe ZoÌm| go `wŠV CgH$m _wI Vmo ~hþV hr Á`mXm M_H$Xma
XrIVm WmŸ& dh ÁdmbmAm| Ho$ nw±O H$mo Iy~ CJb ahm Wm Ÿ& CgHo$ nm±M _wI Wo, Xg ^wOmE± Wt Am¡a
VrZ CgHo$ ZoÌŸWo & dh AnZo hmW _| {Ìeyb {bò hþE Wm, AÝVeyÝ` AmH$me _| dh _mZm| Am ahm
Wm, CgH$m AmH$me H$s Vah {demb AmH$ma Wm, XrßV _oK H$s Vah í`m_ eara YmaU H$a dh
[ñWV Wm Ÿ& EH$_mÌ _hmgmJa Ho$ n[anyU© ~«÷mÊS> Ho$ ~mha AmH$me _| dh Ad[ñWV Wm, hmW,
n¡a Am{X Ho$ aMZm{deofm| go b{jV dh AmH$me-O¡gm Wm Ÿ& AnZr ZmH$ H$s ídmgdm`w Ho$
J_ZmJ_Z go dh Cg EH$ _hmgmJa H$mo H$[ånV H$a ahm Wm Ÿ& dh AnZo ^wOXÊS>m| go jragmJa
H$mo jw{^V H$a XoZodmbo Jmo{dÝX ^JdmZ² Ho$ gÑe Wm Ÿ& Cgo XoIZo go Eogm _mby_ hmo ahm Wm {H$
_hmàb`H$mbrZ g^r g_wÐm| H$s ~m‹T> hr _mZm| nwéfmH$ma go ñd`§ Cn[ñWV hmo J`r h¡, VWm
g~H$m H$maU hmoZo go ñd`§ H$maUa{hV gd©g_[îQ>ê$n Ah§H$ma hr _y{V©_mZ² hmoH$a Am J`m hmo Ÿ&
àVrV hmo ahm Wm {H$ _mZm| C‹S>Zo _| AË`ÝV Hw$eb AnZo n§Ig_yhm| go g_ñV Hw$bnd©Vm| Ho$
_hmd¥ÝX Zo hr ñd`§ AnZo ñWmZ go C‹S>H$a gmao AmH$me H$mo nyU© H$a {X`m h¡ Ÿ& d¡gm ê$n XoIZo
Ho$ AZÝVa {Ìeyb VWm VrZ ZoÌm| go "`h ^JdmZ² OJXrída éÐ h¢' Eogm _¢Zo Xya go hr Cg
^JdmZ² na_oída H$mo Z_ñH$ma {H$`m &&9-16&&
"_m`m§ Vw àH¥$qV {dÚmX² _m{`Z§ Vw _hoída_²' BË`m{X lw{V`m| _| _hoída Zm_ go à{gÕ Vmo
_m`me~b {ZamH$ma ~«÷ hr h¡, {\$a na_oída {H$g{bE {H$Z Cnm{Y`m| go n§M_wI Am{X go
{d{eîQ> _y{V© YmaU H$aVm h¡ ? AWdm gdm©Ë_H$ H$m n[a[ÀN>ÝZ _y{V©^md H¡$go hmo OmVm h¡ ? `m|
{deofê$n go OmZZo H$s BÀN>m H$a aho lram_MÝÐOr nyN>Vo h¢ &
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ho _wZo, g^r lw{V`m| _| à{gÕ dh na_oída éÐ Cg Vah H$m
^`mZH$ ñdê$ndmbm Š`m| h¢ ? AWm©V² H$mbo a§J H$m dh Š`m| h¢ ? CgH$s _hm^`mZH$ {demb
AmH¥${V Š`m| h¡ ? CgHo$ nm±M _wI H$m¡Z h¢ ? CgH$s Xg ^wOmE± H¡$go h¢ ? dh ahVm H$hm±
h¡ ? CgH$s VrZ Am±Io H$m¡Z h¢ ? dh CJ« Š`m| h¡ ? CgH$m ñdê$n Š`m h¡ ? g¥[îQ> Am{X
_| CgH$m à`moOZ Š`m h¡ ? dh ñdV§Ì h¡ `m naV§Ì ? `{X dh ñdVÝÌ h¡, Vmo nyU©H$m_ CgH$s
g§hma _| àd¥{Îm Š`m| h¡ ? `{X dh naVÝÌ h¡, Vmo {\$a dh {H$ggo ào[aV hmoH$a H$m`© H$aVm
h¡ ? CgZo Š`m {H$`m ? Cg na_oída Ho$ éÐê$n hmoZo na CgH$s BÀN>mê$n _m`m ^r Š`m
Wr ? `h g~ H${hò &&17-18&& _hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho H$mHw$ËñW, dh na_oída
hr g§gma H$s CËn{Îm, [ñW{V VWm g§hma Am{X Ho$ {df`ê$n g§H$ën, AÜ`dgm` Am{X Ho$
~rO^yV gdm©{^_mZmË_H$ _m`md¥{Îmê$n Ah§H$maVm go gånyU© OJV² Ho$ AÜ`mg Ho$ _yb ñVå^^yV
ŸyÕ - 80] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2067
VWm g_ñV àm{U`m| H$mo ébmZo Ed§ g^r eaUmJV àm{U`m| Ho$ amoJm| H$mo Xya ^JmZo _|
{Z{_Îm^yV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU éÐZm_go Am{d^y©V h¡ Ÿ& dhr àm{U`m| H$mo ébmZoo _| {df_m{^_mZê$n
VWm àm{U`m| Ho$ amoJm| H$mo Xya H$aZo _| EH$m{^_mZê$n gånÝZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& BgH$s Omo _y{V© _¢Zo
XoIr dh {Z_©b AmH$meê$n hr Wr Ÿ&&19&& dñVwV… _hmn«H$meñdê$n dh ^JdmZ² {MXmH$me
_mÌ gma hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AmH$me_mÌ AmH$madmbm h¡, ì`mo_dU© h¡ Am¡a dh AmH$memË_m hr
H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& gånyU© àm{U`m| H$s Omo AmË_m h¡ VÐÿn hmoZo go VWm gd©ì`mnr hmoZo go dh
_hmZ² AmH$madmbm h¡ &&20&& Cg Ah§H$ma H$s gånyU© Ordm| Ho$ àËòH$ eara _| {~bHw$b
AZwfŠV Omo nm±M kmZo[ÝÐ`m± h¢ CÝhtH$mo VÎdkmZr bmoJ éÐ ^JdmZ² Ho$ nm±M _wI H$hVo h¢ &
EH$_mÌ `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ kmZo{ÝÐ`m± g~ Amoa go àH$meñd^md h¢ Ÿ&&21&& dmH²$, nm{U, nmX,
JwXm, CnñW Zm_H$ Omo nm±M H$_}[ÝÐ`m± h¢ ò CgH$s Xm{hZr ^wOmE± h¡§ VWm dMZ, AmXmZ,
{dhaU, CËgJ© Am¡a AmZÝX Zm_H$ ò Omo CZ nm±M H$_|©[ÝX«`m| Ho$ nm±M {df` h¢ do hr nm±Mm|
{df` CgH$s ~m`t ^wOmE± h¢-Bg H«$_ go CgH$s Xg ^wOmE± h¢ &&22&&
V~ Bg Vah H$s _y{V© go dh nhbo Š`m| Z XoIm J`m, `{X `h Ame§H$m hmo, Vmo BgH$m
CÎma `h h¡ {H$ MamMa Zm_ê$nmË_H$ H$m`m] Ho$ AmH$mam| Ho$ AÜ`mamon go ì`m_y‹T>Ñ{îQ> hmoZo Ho$
H$maU CgHo$ AÝVJ©V H$maUñd^md H$m XwJ©«h hmoZo go hr dh Cg Vah H$s _y{V© go `wŠV Z
XrI n‹S>m, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go AnZo _| AÜ`mamo{nV H$m`©ê$n nQ> VÝVw H$m n[aË`mJ H$a XoVm h¡, d¡go hr Mma àH$ma Ho$
earam| VWm VV²-VV² Ordm| Ho$ gmW àb`H$mb _| na_H$maU _m`me~b ~«÷ H$mo àmßV hþE
MVw_w©I ~«÷mOr Zo O~ CgH$m ^r n[aË`mJ H$a {X`m V~ dh nydm}ŠV AmH$me _mÌn[aeofê$n
d{U©V AnZr _y{V© _| Am J`m Ÿ& AWm©V² H$maUê$n AnZr _y{V© _| ñ\w$Q> hmo J`m Ÿ& H$hZo H$m VmËn`©
`h h¡ {H$ H$maU ñd^md Ho$ XwJ©«h go hr dh Bg Vah H$s _y{V© go nhbo Z XrI n‹S>m &&23&&
`{X dh EH$_mÌ AmH$meñdê$n hr h¡, Vmo {\$a {ZamH$ma CgH$s nyd©d{U©V XohmH¥${V Š`m|
Ñ[îQ>JmoMa hþB© ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Am¡a dh éÐ g_ñV H$m`©{deofm| Ho$ àb` Ho$ ~mX Ad{eîQ> H$maU Ho$ EH$ A§e_mÌ Ho$
AmH$madmbm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$r XohmH¥${VH$m Omo _¢Zo dU©Z {H$`m h¡ `WmW© _| dh Hw$N> Zht h¡, Š`mo§{H$
CgH$m H$moB© AmH$ma hr Zht h¡ Ÿ& CnmgH$ bmoJ AnZr dmgZm go EH$_mÌ ^«m[ÝV Ûmam Cgo d¡gm
_y{V©_mZ XoIVo hr h¢Ÿ&&24&& {MXmH$meJV {demb ^yVmH$me _| VWm g_ñV ^yVm| H$s Xoh _| dm`wHo$
g_mZ dh na_oída {ZË` [ñWV ahVm h¡ &&25&& Cg àb`H$mb _| EH$ jUVH$ g~H$mo jmo{^V
H$aVo hþE, gånyU© ^yVm| go n[aË`ŠV hmoH$a {MXmH$me_mÌ _y{V©Ymar dh na_oída na_em[ÝV H$mo
àmßV hmo OmòJm &&26&& gÎd, aO Am¡a V_-ò VrZ JwUm| Ho$ AmH$ma, ^yV, ^{dî` Am¡a dV©_mZ
ò VrZm| H$mb, {MÎm, Ah§H$ma Am¡a ~w{Õ, A, C, Am¡a _² - ò VrZm| àUd Ho$ Aja VWm F$H²$, Òw
Am¡a gm_-ò Omo VrZ doX h¢ do hr Cg éÐ ^JdmZ² Ho$ VrZm| ZoÌê$n go g§[ñWV h¢Ÿ& AnZo
_w[îQ>[ÀN>Ð _| CgZo {Ìeybê$nr VrZmo§ bmoH$ YmaU H$a aŠI| h¢ &&27,28&&
A~ "{H$_mË_m' Bg {ÛVr` àíZ H$m CÎma H$hVo h¡§ Ÿ&
My±{H$ g_ñV ^yVg_yhm| _| Cg na_oída go {^ÝZ Am¡a Hw$N> Zht h¡, Bg{bE g_ñV ^yVJUm|
H$s Omo Xoh h¡ Cgr ê$ngo dh [ñWV h¡ & AWm©V² g_ñV^yVm| _| Ah§H$mamË_H$ éÐ Ho$ A{^Ü`mZ go
hr dh XohmË_Ëdm{^_mZr h¡ (c) &&29&&
"qH$ à`moOZ…' Bg àíZ H$m CÎma H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
ñda{MV gånyU© Ordm| H$mo AnZo-AnZo H$_m] Ho$ AZwgma {df`^moJê$n CnbãY {d{hV H«$_e…
kmZgmYZàm[ßV Ho$ AÝV _| ñdmË_VÎd H$s Cnb[ãYê$n Omo emór` {d{hV Am¡a {Z{fÕ H$_m] Ho$
kmZ Ed§ \$b XoZo H$m ñd^md h¡ dhr g¥{îQ> Am{X _| à`moOH$ hmoZo go CgH$m à`moOZ h¡ AWm©V² g_ñV
Ordm| H$mo CZHo$ VV²-VV² H$_moª Ho$ AZwgma {df`\$b àXmZ H$aZo H$m VWm A{YH$mar nwéfm| H$mo
kmZ àXmZ H$aZo H$m Omo ñd^md h¡ dhr Cg na_oída H$m g¥[îQ> Am{X _| à`moOZ h¡ (N)Ÿ&&30&&
^md `h {H$ gd©gÎdmonbå^ê$n ñd^md hr CgH$m à`moOZ h¡, Am¡a Hw$N> Zht Ÿ&
{MÝ_mÌAmH$meê$n {edñdê$n na_mË_m `mZr dmUr Am¡a _ZHo$ AJmoMa {Za{Ve` ^y_mZÝXmË_H$
na_ H$ë`mU_` ñdê$n na_mË_m ñd`§ AnZo go hr "~hþñ`m§ àOmò`' Bg g§H$ënmË_H$ _m`md¥{Îm
Ûmam EH$ go ~hþV hmoZo H$s BÀN>m go ào[aV hmoH$a OJV² H$s aMZm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Am¡a Cgr AnZo
{MËñdê$n go àb` Ho$ {bE ñd`§ ào[aV hmoH$a gJ©H«$_ Ho$ {dnarV H«$_go OJV² H$mo [ZJb H$a `mZr
ñd{da{MV OJV² H$m g§hma H$a AmH$meê$n go [ñWV hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& VXZÝVa ñd`§ ^r dh AnZo
Cgr na_ H$ë`mU_`ê$n go {ZJrU© hmoVm hþAm AnZo Cg AmH$me^md H$m ^r n[aË`mJ H$aHo$
^y_mZÝXñdê$n à{VîR>mê$n na_ em[ÝV H$mo àmßV hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
"qH$ H¥$îU…' BË`m{X g^r àíZm| H$m Cnn{Îmnyd©H$ Omo CÎma {X`m J`m h¡ CgH$m ñ_aU H$amVo
hwE A~ _hmamO d{gîR>Or Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
{Z_©b {MXmH$meê$n `hr na_oída _hmH$mb éÐ H$m ê$n YmaU H$a àb` bmH$a Ho$ gmao
OJV² H$mo EH$ _hmgmJa Ho$ ê$n _| n[aUV H$a XoVm h¡ Am¡a O~ gmam ~«÷mÊS> EH$_mÌ _hmgmJa
Ho$ ê$n _| n[aUV hmo OmVm h¡ V~ Cg _hmgmJa H$m Ob nrH$a nwZ… eara Z YmaU H$aZo Ho$ {bE
na_em[ÝV H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡ &&31,32&&
(c) Xo{Iò ^JdmZ ~mXamÙ H$m `h gyÌ …
nam{^Ü`mZmÎmw {Vamo{hV§ VVmo øñ` ~ÝY{dn`©`m¡ Ÿ& (3.2.1.5)
(N) Xo{Iò Jm¡‹S> nmXmMm`© Zo Š`m H$hm h¡ … "Xodñ`¡f ñd^mdmo@`_mßVH$m_ñ` H$m ñn¥hm' Ÿ&
ŸyÕ - 80] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2069
"{H$_H$amoV²' Bg CnmÝË` àíZ H$m CÎma gwZZo Ho$ CËgwH$ lram_MÝÐOr H$mo OmZH$a _hmamO
d{gîR>Or CÎma XoVo h§¡§ Ÿ&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, d¡gm ^`§H$a ê$n XoIZo Ho$ ~mX _¢Zo XoIm {H$ dhm± `h na_oída CÚ_ H$aHo$
`mZr CÚV hmoH$a ídmgdm`w Ho$ doJgo Cg _hmgmJa H$mo nr OmZo _| àd¥Îm hmo Jò &&33&& BgHo$
AZÝVa ídmgdm`w go AmH¥$îQ> _hmgmJa CZHo$ {demb _wI _|, {OgH$m ^rVar ^mJ Ádmbm_mbmAm|
go ì`mßV Wm, Eogo à{dîQ> hmo J`m, O¡go ~‹S>dmZb _| Ÿ&&34&&
AÝ` H$mb _| ^r Ob gyI OmZo na VoO _| hr CgH$m Cng§hma à{gÕ h¡, Bg Ame`
go H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
dhr Ah§H$maê$n éÐ H$ënn`©ÝV g_wÐ _| ~‹S>dmZb hmoH$a Ad[ñWV ahVm h¡, naÝVw O~
àb`H$mb Am OmVm h¡ V~ dh g_wÐ Ho$ Cg gmao Ob H$mo nr OmVm h¡ &&35&& O¡go Ob
nmVmb _|, gm±n {~b _| Am¡a n§MndZ àm{U`m| Ho$ _wImH$me _| à{dîQ> hmoVo h¡ d¡go hr EH$
hr jU _| ~‹S>o doJ go AmH$a dh ^JdmZ² éÐ Ho$ _wI _| à{dîQ> hmo J`m Am¡a _hmH$mb éÐ
^JdmZ² Zoo ^r Cg gmao Ob H$mo {g\©$ EH$ _whyV© _| hr Eogo nr {b`m, O¡go gy`© ^JdmZ²
AÝYH$ma H$mo VWm gÁOZm| H$m gånH©$ Xmofg_yh H$mo &&36,37&& BgHo$ ~mX ~«÷bmoH$ go boH$a
nmVmbVH$ g~ ñWmZ Eogo emÝV Am¡a eyÝ` hmo J`m, O¡go Yyb, Yy_«, dm`w Am¡a _oK-BZ ^yVm|
go a{hV g~ Vah Ho$ d¡få` go {Z_w©ŠV AmH$me &&38&& Cg g_` dhm± AmH$me Ho$ g_mZ
{Z_©b VWm ñnÝXeyÝ` ò Ho$db Mma nXmW© hr XrI aho Wo & ho aKwZÝXZ, CÝh| Amn gw{Zò
(_¢ H$hVm hÿ±) &&39&& CZHo$ _Ü` _| EH$ Vmo H$mbo a§J Ho$ AmH$me Ho$ gÑe AmH¥${Vdmbo,
{ZamH$ma ^JdmZ² éÐXod ñnÝXeyÝ` gm¡a^ {~å~H$s Vah AmH$me _| {ñWV Wo &&40&& Xygam
gßV nmVmb Ho$ ~hþV Xya n¥{Wdr Am¡a AmH$meVb Ho$ gÑe ~«÷mÊS> gXZ H$m AYmo^mJ {ñWV
Wm Ÿ&&41&& e¡boÝÐm| VWm XodVmAm| Ho$ g{hV nmVmb, ^yVb VWm ñdJ© {~bHw$b ^ñ_ hmo OmZo
Ho$ H$maU `mZr VrZm| bmoH$m| VWm CZHo$ ^rVa ahZodmbo g^r nXmWm] Ho$ ^ñ_ê$n ~Z OmZo
Ho$ H$maU nwZ… ObŠboXZ Ûmam EH$_mÌ n§H$ê$n _| n[aUV hþE nm{W©d^mJ go ì`mßV hmoH$a
dh ~«÷mÊS>gXZ H$m AYmo^mJ D$Üd©^mJ H$s Anojm Adí` Hw$N> g_¥Õñdê$n Wm &&42&& CZ_|
Vrgam nXmW© ~«÷mÊS> H$m D$Üd©^mJ [ñWV Wm & ~hþV Xya hmoZo Ho$ H$maU `hm± VH$ Am±Im|
H$s Á`mo{V`m| H$r nhþ±M Z hmo gH$Zo go dh Xwb©ú` H$mbo dU© Ho$ AmH$me Ho$ gÑe Wm &&43&&
Mm¡Wm nXmW© Vmo CZ XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM _| {ñWV AmH$me hr Wm, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
~hþV Xya {d^ŠV hþE ~«÷mÊS> Ho$ CZ XmoZm| IÊS>m| Ho$ ~rM _| Omo {ñWV Wm dh Vmo EH$_mÌ
Am{X-AÝVeyÝ` gd©Ì ì`mßV {Z_©b ~«÷mH$me hr Wm Ÿ& ho lram_MÝÐOr, dhr Cg_| Mm¡Wm
nXmW© Wm, {OgH$m _¢Zo Cg g_` AdbmoH$Z {H$`m Ÿ& _oar Am±Imo§ Ho$ gm_Zo Cn[ñWV BZ
Mma nXmWm] Ho$ ~rM _| BZ Mmam| go A{V[aŠV Am¡a H$moB© Xygam dhm± Zht Wm, Bg_| V{ZH$
^r gÝXoh Zht h¡ &&44,45&& lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ho ~«÷Z², AmdaU`wŠV CZ ~«÷mÊS>Ißnam|
Ho$ ~mha Š`m h¡ ? CZHo$ H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z AmdaU h¡ ? do {H$VZo h¢ ? VWm {~Zm AmYma Ho$ do
g~ dhm± g§[ñWV H¡$go h¢ ? H¥$nmH$a `h H${hò Ÿ&&46&&
BZ Mma àíZmo| _| nhbo ~rM Ho$ Xmo àíZm| H$m CÎma XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, CZ ~«÷mÊS>IÊS>m| Ho$ nma _| CZgo Xe JwZm
A{YH$ {dñV¥V Ob h¡ Ÿ& Am¡a dh Ob BZ XmoZm| IÊS>m| Ho$ A{V [dñV¥V gÝÜ`mH$me H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a
CgHo$ ~mha hr Iy~ {dñV¥Vê$n go [ñWV h¡ &&47&& CgHo$ ~mX Ob go XeJwZm ÁdmbmË_H$ VoO
Ad{ñWV h¡ & CgHo$ AZÝVa Ob Ho$ g_mZ hr Cg Ob H$mo n{dÌ H$aZodmbm VWm ñd`§ {Z_©b
ndZ [ñWV h¡ &&48&& CgHo$ ~mX Cg ndZ Ho$ g_mZ hr XeJwZm {d_b AmH$me [ñWV h¡ Ÿ&
(àW_ àíZ H$m CÎma XoVo h¢Ÿ&) ho lram_MÝÐOr, VXZÝVa na_ n{dÌ, A{Vgyú_ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
AË`ÝV hr ñdÀN> AZÝV _m`me~b ~«÷mH$me [ñWV h¡ &&49&&
AmH$me go nao Cggo XeJwZm A{YH$ Ah§H$maVÎd, Cggo XeJwZm A{YH$ _hÎmÎd Am¡a
CgHo$ AmJo AZÝV àH¥${V H$m dU©Z Omo nwamU Am{X _| {_bVm h¡, CgH$m `hm± n[aË`mJ Š`m|
{H$`m ? Bg e§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, Cg _m`me~b ~«÷ Ho$ ñdê$nmH$me _| `mo{J-_mhoída nm§MamÌ VWm
H${nb Am[X VÝÌm| _| _hV², Ah§H$ma Am{X VÎdôX Ho$ AmdaU Ho$ {df` _| {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ
H$ënZmÑ[îQ>`m± AZÝVê$n go ñ\w$[aV hmo ahr h¢Ÿ& qH$ÝVw nañna {ddmXJ«ñV XoIr JB© CZH$s
ñdê$nH$ënZm H$s g¥[îQ>`m± nwamUm| _| {_bVr h¢, lw{V`m| _| Zht, Bg{bE h_Zo CZH$s Cnojm
H$a Xr h¡, BgH$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ AÝ`-AÝ` `moJr, _hoída nm§MamÌ VWm H${nb Am{X
Ho$ _V Ho$ AZwgma _m`me~{bV ~«÷mH$me _| _hÎmÎd Am{X Ñ{îQ> H$s H$ënZmE± ^r EH$-EH$
go XeJwZm A{YH$ h¢ Ÿbo{H$Z nañna {ddmXJ«ñV hmoZo go h_Zo CZH$s Cnojm H$a Xr h¡ &&50&&
Ad{eîQ> Mm¡Wo àíZ H$m ñ_aU {XbmVo hþE lram_MÝX«Or nyN>Vo h¢ &
ho _wZrída, ~«÷mÊS>IÊS> Ho$ D$na VWm ZrMo Cggo ^r CÎmamoÎma Xe-Xe JwZm A{YH$
{dñVmadmbm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU _hmZ AmH$medmbo Obm{X H$mo H$hm± H$m¡Z H¡$go YmaU H$aVm
h¡ ? &&51&& _hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, nm{W©d nXmWm] H$m Omo ^mJ
~«÷mÊS>Ißna h¡ dh H$_bnÌ Ho$ g_mZ {ñWV h¡ & Cgr ^mJ H$m do AmYmam{X ^md go Eogo
Aml` H$aVo h¢, O¡go dmZar Ho$ {eew AnZr _m± H$m Ÿ& AWm©V² O¡go dmZar Ho$ ~ÀMo AnZr _m±
H$mo noQ> _| AÀN>r Vah nH$‹S> Ho$ Xm¡‹S>Zo na ^r Zht§ {JaVo, d¡go hr BZH$s ^r {ñW{V h¡ Ÿ&
AWdm Cg ~«÷mÊS>Ißna H$s Amoa CgH$s AmH$f©Ue[ŠV go AmH¥$îQ> hmoH$a do Eogo Xm¡‹S>Vo h¢,
ŸyÕ - 80] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2071
O¡go dmZar Ho$ ~ÀMo AnZr _m± H$s Am¡a Xm¡‹S> Vo h¢ &&52&&
Cg ~«÷mÊS>Ißna Ho$ D$na [ñWV Ob Ho$ Z {JaZo _| ^r `hr Ý`m` h¡, Bg Ame` go
H$hVo h¢ &
Bg{bE ho lram_Or, ~«÷mÊS>Zm_H$ Omo _hmeara AË`ÝV g_rn h¡ CgH$s Amoa do g~
nXmW© Eogo Xm¡‹S>Vo h¢, O¡go ß`mgo àmUr Ob H$s Amoa &&53&& O¡go eara _| g§`wŠV hmW, n¡a Am{X
Ad`d AnZr AË`ÝV Ñ‹T>g§`moJ [ñW{V H$mo Zht N>mo‹S>Vo d¡go hr CgrH$m Amä`ÝVa Adbå~Z
H$aHo$ V¡Og Am{X g~ nXmW© Ad[ñWV h¢ &&54&&
Am¡a AmdaUm| Ho$ AmYma^yV XmoZm| ~«÷mÊS>Ißnam| H$m, Omo ^mar hmoZo go Adí` {Ja OmZodmbo
h¢, AmYma Š`m h¡ ? `h lram_MÝÐOr nyN>Vo h¢ &
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ho ~«÷Z², Amn H$¥nmH$a `h _wPgo H${hò {H$ do ~«÷mÊS>IÊS> H¡$go
Ad{ñWV ahVo h¢ ? CZH$m AmH$ma Š`m h¡ ? {H$gZo H¡$go CÝh| YmaU H$a aŠIm h¡ ? AWdm do
{JaH$a ZîQ> H¡$go hmoVo h¢ ? &&55&&
`h Omo AmYmam{X H$r {MÝVm hmo ahr h¡, gmo gË`VmÑ[îQ> _| hr h¡ Ÿ& {_Ï`mÑ{îQ> _o| Vmo Omo
AË`ÝV ^mar nXmW© h¢ CZHo$ ^r AmYma Am{X H$m H$moB© {Z`_ Zht h¡, `h ñdßZÑîQ>mÝV go
d{gîR>Or CÎma XoVo h¢ &
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, `Ú{n BgH$mo {H$gr Zo YmaU Zht {H$`m h¡,
{\$a ^r na_mË_m H$s A{MÝË` YmaUm[Ë_H$m e{ŠV go `h AÀN>r Vah YmaU {H$`m hþAm h¡ hr &
`h {~bHw$b {JaVm hþAm ^r Zht {Ja ahm h¡ Ÿ& ho lram_MÝÐOr, `h gånyU© OJV² dñVwV…
AmH¥${VeyÝ` ({ZamH$ma hmoZona ^r) ñdßZZJa Ho$ gÑe gmH$ma h¡ &&56&& Bg _m{`H$ OJV² H$m
Š`m nVZ hmoJm AWdm Bg_| Eogr H$m¡Z-gr dñVw h¡, {OgH$m H$moB© YmaU H$aoJm ? `h R>rH$ d¡gm
hr Ad[ñWV h¡ O¡gm {H$ g§{dV² H$m ñ\w$aU h¡ AWm©V² {M{Ve[ŠV Ho$ ñ\w$aU Ho$ AZwgma `h
Ad^m{gV hmo ahm h¡ &&57&& O¡go AmH$me _| Ho$emoÊS´>H$ í`m_Vm h¡ VWm O¡go AmH$me _| eyÝ`Vm
h¡ Ed§ ndZ _|§ O¡go ñnÝXZ h¡, d¡go hr {MXmH$me _| `h OJV²² h¡ &&58&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, {M{V
_| ~«÷mÊS>Zm_H$ g§H$ënZJa h¡, CgHo$ AÝXa AZoH$ OJV²ê$nr Ka h¢ Ÿ& {MXmH$me _| {ZamH$ma hr
à{V{Z`VmH$ma Ho$ g_mZ `mZr {Z`V AmH$madmbo Ho$ gÑe [ñWV h¡ &&59&&
gånyU© nXmWm] H$m {Z`V `m A{Z`V ñd^md g§doXZ Ho$ AZwgma hr {gÕ hmoVm h¡, `h
H$hVo h¢ &
nVZ Ho$ AÜ`mg go `wŠV g§{dV² go CËnÝZ `h OJV² amV-{XZ {JaZo _| VËna h¡ VWm
J_Z-AÜ`mg go `wŠV g§{dV² go `h amV-{XZ J_Z _| hr VËna h¡ &&60&& [ñW{V Ho$ AÜ`mg go
`wŠV g§{dV² go g_wX²^yV `h g§gma gXm Ad[ñWV h¡ VWm CÜd©J_Z_`r {M{V go CX²^yV `h
g§gma {ZaÝVa D$Üd©J_ZmoÝ_wI hr ~Zm ahVm h¡Ÿ(c) &&61&&
"H$W§ dm n[aZí`V…' BgH$m CÎma XoVo h¢ &
_hmH$ënm{X Ho$ g§H$ënm| Ûmam Zmeg§{dV² go dh ~«÷mÊS> ZîQ> hmoVm h¡ Am¡a g~H$s g¥[îQ> Ho$
Amaå^ _| g¥{îQ>-g§H$ënm| Ûmam OÝ_`wŠV g§{dV² go {MXmH$me _| dh CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡ &&62&& ho
lram_MÝÐOr, O¡go eaËH$mbrZ AmH$me H$s Amoa XoI aho nwéf H$s Ñ[îQ> ~oa Ho$ AmH$ma Ho$ gÑe
AgË` _mo{V`m| H$m g_yh gË`-gm ^mgVm h¡, d¡go hr AgË` hr C{XV `h g§gma A{VgË`ñdê$n-
gm ^mg ahm h¡ Ÿ& {MXmH$me _| ò {OVZo OJV² ^«m[ÝV go ñ\w$[aV hmo aho h¢, R>rH$-R>rH$ CZ g~H$s
JUZm H$aZo _| ^bm H$m¡Z g_W© h¡Ÿ ? &&63&&
Añgrdm± gJ© g_mßV
BŠ`mgrdm± gJ©
n«b`H$mb _| Z¥Ë` H$a aho ^`§H$a éÐ VWm OJÐÿnr A§Jdmbr CgH$s N>m`m H$mbam{Ì H$m dU©Z &
"{H$_H$amoV²' "N>m`m@@[gÛX H$m _wZo' BZ àíZmo§ H$m CÎma XoZo Ho$ {bE CnH«$_ ~m±YVo h¢Ÿ&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho amKd, BgHo$ ~mX _¢Zo Cg _hmH$me _| _Îm Cg éÐ ^JdmZ²
H$mo Z¥Ë` H$aZo _| àd¥Îm XoIm, Cg g_` CZH$m AmH$ma ~hþV Xya VH$ \¡$bm hþAm Wm, AmH$me Ho$
gÑe CÝhm|Zo {demb AmH$¥{V àmßV H$s Wr, AnZr ì`mnH$VmH$m CÝhm|Zo Ë`mJ Zht {H$`m Wm, CZH$m
dh AmH$ma _hmZ² Wm, _oK Ho$ gÑe CZH$m í`m_ dU© Wm, CZgo Xgm| {XemE± Mmam| Amoa go Iy~
ì`mßV Wt, gy`©, MÝÐ Am¡a A{½Z-ò VrZm| CZHo$ VrZ ZoÌ Wo, M§Mb Xgm| {XemE± hr CZHo$ dó
Ho$ ñWmZ _| Wt, KZ VWm XrK© à^mOmb go do `wŠV Wo, Bgr{bE do XoIZo _| Zrb à^mÁdmbmAm|
Ho$ ~ÝYZñVå^-O¡go _mby_ n‹S> aho Wo, ~‹S>dm[½Z H$s Vah Vmo CZH$s Am±I| Wt, M§Mb ^wOmê$nr
Va§J_mbmAm| go CZH$m eara Iy~ M_H$sbm XrI ahm Wm, Bggo Eogm àVrV hmo ahm Wm {H$ _mZm|
g~H$mo Ob_` ~ZmZodmbo àb`H$mb Ho$ _hmgmJa H$m Ob hr eara J«hU H$a A^r Am{d^©yV hþAm
hmo & BgHo$ AZÝVa _¢ Š`m XoIVm hÿ± {H$ ^JdmZ² éÐ Ho$ Z¥Ë` H$m AZwH$aU H$aVr hþB© CZHo$ eara
go _mZm| N>m`m {ZH$b ahr h¡Ÿ&&1-5&& XoIVoo hr ~bmV² _oao _Z _| Eogr Ame§H$m CR>r {H$ ^bm gy`m]
Ho$ Cn[ñWV Z ahVo _hmZ² AÝYH$ma go n[anyU© AmH$me _| `h N>m`m H¡$go [ñWV h¡ ? &&6&& `h
_¢ O~ {dMma H$a ahm Wm {H$ BVZo _| VËjU hr dh Cg g_` ZmM H$aVr hþB© ^JdmZ² éÐ Ho$ gm_Zo
AmH$a I‹S>r hmo JB© Ÿ& S>rb-S>m¡b _| {demb dh AnZr gwÝXa VrZ Am±Im| go emo{^V hmo ahr Wr Ÿ&&7&&
(c) "{H$_mH¥${V Y¥Vo Ho$Z' BZ XmoZm| àíZm| H$m ^r - "do XmoZm| ~«÷mÊS>IÊS> ñdg§{dV² go
H${ënV {Z`V VWm A{Z`V AmH$madmbo h¢ Am¡a EH$_mÌ g§{dV² Zo hr BÝh| YmaU H$a aŠIm h¡
Ÿ&' `h CÎma AW©V… àmßV hmo J`mŸ&
ŸyÕ - 81] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2073
CgHo$ ê$n H$m dU©Z H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
dh a§J _| H$mbr Wr, nVbr Wr, CgHo$ gmao A§Jm| _| Zg hr Zg XrI ahr Wr, CgHo$ g^r
A§J {e{Wb Wo, AmH¥${V CgH$s {demb Wr, CgH$m _wI ÁdmbmAm| go ì`mßV Wm, M§Mb dZg_¥{Õ
H$s ZmBª nwîn, nëbd Am{X go {d^y{fV í`m_b CgH$m _ñVH$ Wm &&8&& KZr^yV A§OZ ê$n V_
Ho$ g_mZ CgH$m í`m_ dU© Wm, Bg{bE XoIZo _| dh Xygar _y{V©_Vr amV-O¡gr, eara`wŠV
AÝYH$ma H$s emo^m-gr VWm gmH$ma í`m_dU© AmH$me H$s Úw{V-O¡gr àVrV hmo ahr Wr &&9&&
dh ~hþV bå~r Wr, CgH$m _wI ~‹S>m hr ^`mZH$ Wm Ÿ& dh Eogr I‹S>r Wr, _mZm| AnZr bå~r Xoh
go AmH$me ZmnZo H$mo CÚV hmo `m AmH$me go AnZr g_Vm H$a ahr hmo Ÿ& dh _mZm| AnZr XrK©
OmZw Am¡a ^wOmAm| Ho$ ^«_U go g_ñV {XemAm| Ho$ _wI H$mo hr ZmnZo H$s BÀN>m H$a ahr Wr Ÿ&&10&&
Cgo XoIZo go `hr àVr{V hmo ahr Wr, _mZm| ~hþV {XZm| VH$ A{YH$ Cndmg H$aZo go hr `h Eogr
Xw~br hmo JB© h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s bå~r Xoh _| gd©Ì JS²>T>o hr JS²>T>o XrI aho Wo Ÿ& H$ÁOb Ho$ gÑe í`m_
dU© H$s dh ndZ go AmHw$b _oKm| H$s _mbm O¡gr Wr &&11&& Cgo XoIZo go Eogm ^mZ hmo ahm Wm {H$
AË`ÝV bå~r Am¡a Xw~br Cgo I‹S>r hmoZo _| ^r O~ {dYmVm Zo Ag_W© XoIm h¡ V~ _mZm| CÝhm|Zo
{eamê$nr bå~r a[ñg`m| go ~m±Y {X`m h¡, Vm{H$ `h AÀN>r Vah I‹S>r aho &&12&& ho lram_MÝÐOr,
dh BVZr A{YH$ bå~r Wr {H$ hOmam| dfm] VH$ D$na-ZrMo Am-OmH$a _¢Zo `moJ~b go CgHo$
{ga Am¡a nmX ZIm| H$m AdbmoH$Z {H$`m &&13&& Zm{‹S>`m| Ho$ g_yhm| VWm A±V{‹S>`m| ê$nr a[ñg`m|
go J«{WV {ga go boH$a n¡a VH$ g^r A§Jm| go `wŠV dh Eogo [ñWV Wr, O¡go _yb go boH$a
emImJ«n`©ÝV gyVm| go J«{WV H$ÊQ>H$m| H$s {Zdmg^y{_ (I{Xam{X bVm) &&14&& ZmZm dUm] Ho$ gy`©
Am{X Xod VWm XmZdm| Ho$ _ñVH$ê$nr H$_bm| Ho$ g_yhm| H$s _mbm CgHo$ H$ÊR> _| {damO_mZ Wr,
{Z_©b AmbmoH$dmbm ndZgo àXrßV A{½Z CgH$m Am±Mb Wm &&15&& CgHo$ bå~o XmoZm| H$mZm| _|
M§Mb ZmJ Pyb aho Wo VWm Xmo _¥VH$ Hw$ÊS>b Ho$ ê$n _| {damO_mZ Wo Ÿ& ewîH$ Vwå~r-bVm H$s Vah
A{VXrK©, AË`ÝV M§Mb VWm H$mbo dU© Ho$ CgHo$ XmoZm| ñVZ Om±K VH$ bQ>H$ aho Wo &&16&&
CgH$m IQ²>dm§J_ÊS>b _`yam| Ho$ {nÀN>g_yhm| VWm ~«÷m Ho$ Ho$em| Ho$ _ÊS>bm| go bm§[N>V ({M{•V)
MÝÐm{X gwamYrem| Ho$ D±$Mo-D±$Mo _ñVH$m| go Ab§H¥$V Wm &&17&& My±{H$ XÝVê$nr MÝÐ_mbm go dh
{d_b Wr, Bg{bE {d_b Xm±Vm| Ho$ àH$mem| Ho$ nVZ go A{^d¥Õ VWm AÝYH$maê$nr gmJa Ho$
AmdVm] go ì`mbmob (M§Mb) D$Üd©boIm-O¡gr [ñWV dh àVrV hmo ahr Wr &&18&& AmH$me _|
CËnÝZ hþE d¥j Ho$ D$na Amê$‹T> ewîH$-bVm-O¡gr dh D±$Mo AmH$meê$nr d¥j Ho$ D$na Amê$‹T>
Wr Ÿ& dm`wAm| Ûmam nQ>nQ> eãXm| go {d^y{fV VWm Om±K VH$ g^r M§Mb Ad`dm| dmbr dh -ZrMo
VH$ AnZo M§Mb Ad`dm| go `wŠV VWm dm`wAm| Ûmam nQ>nQ> eãXm| go Ab§H¥$V-ewîH$ Vwå~rbVm-
O¡gr hr {~bHw$b àVrV hmo ahr Wr &&19&& _hmVa§Jê$nr bå~r ^wOmAm|dmbr, í`m_b VWm
Cëbmgm| go n[anyU©, Z¥Ë`ê$nr AmdVm}] go M§Mb àb`H$mbrZ _hmgmJa H$s Va§J_mbm-gr ^mg
ahr Wr &&20&& jU _| hr H$^r Vmo dh EH$ ^wOm go `wŠV AmH$madmbr hmo OmVr Wr Am¡a H$^r jU
_| hr AZoH$ ^wOmAm| go ì`mßV hmo OmVr Wr VWm H$^r jU â _| hr AnZr AZÝV CJ« ^wOmAm|
go OJÐÿnr Z¥Ë`_ÊS>n H$mo D$na \§o$H$H$a ì`mHw$b H$a XoVr Wr Ÿ&&21&& jUâ _| hr Vwa§V CgH$m
AmH$ma EH$ _wIdmbm hmo OmVm Wm VWm erK« hr CgH$s AmH¥${V AZoH$ _wIm| go `wŠV ~Z OmVr
Wr Ÿ& erK« hr dh AZÝV CJ« _wI YmaU H$a boVr Wr VWm jUâ _| hr {~Zm _wIdmbr ^r dh
hmo OmVr Wr &&22&& dh erK« EH$ n¡a go `wŠV hmo OmVr Wr VWm erK« hr CgHo$ g¡H$‹S>m| n¡a hmo
OmVo Wo Ÿ& jUâ ^r Xoa Z hmo nmVr Wr {H$ BVZo hr _| dh AZÝV n¡am| go g_[ÝdV hmo OmVr Wr
VWm jU _| hr dh {~Zm n¡a H$s ^r hmo OmVr Wr &&23&& dh ê$n XoIH$a _¢Zo CgH$s Xoh H$m
AZw_mZ H$a {b`m {H$ hmo Z hmo `h dhr H$mbam{Ì h¡Ÿ& AÝ` gÁOZ _hmZw^mdm| Zo ^r BgH$mo "`h
^JdVr H$mbr h¡' `h {ZU©` {H$`m h¡ &&24&&
{\$a CgHo$ _wI go boH$a n¡a VH$ Ho$ àËòH$ A§J H$m dU©Z H$aZm àmaå^ H$aVo h¢Ÿ&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, Cg ^JdVr H$s VrZ Am±I| Wt, CZH$s Cn_m Vmo V~ R>rH$ {_b gH$Vr h¡,
O~ {H$ AaKQ²>Q> `ÝÌ Ho$ _ñVH$ Ho$ H$mR> _| à{gÕ VrZ JS²>T>o ÁdmbmAm| go n[anyU© hmo Om`| & Am¡a
CgH$s bbmQ> ^y{_ H$s Cnåmm Vmo dh à{gÕ BÝÐZrb nd©V H$m àñW^mJ h¡, Ohm± na n¥{Wdr Ob
ahr hmo &&25&& CgHo$ XmoZm| O~‹S>o Vmo bmoH$mbmoH$ nd©V Ho$ à{gÕ BÝÐZrb Ho$ CJ« J–o H$s Vah hr
^`§H$a XrI aho Wo, Š`m|{H$ A{YH$ Jham hmoZo go dhm±VH$ Hw$ÊS>bm| H$s H$m[ÝV H$m àH$me {~bHw$b
Zht nhþ±M nmVm Wm Ÿ& dmVñH$ÝÜê$nr VmJm| _| {namoò Jò VmamJUê$nr _wŠVmH$bmnm| H$s _mbm
CgHo$ Jbo _| {damO ahr Wr &&26&& BÝÐZrb nd©V Ho$ Vwë` D±$Mo ZJa Ho$ ~mha Ho$ XadmOo na
nÙamJ Am{X H$s à^m go a§[OV XadmOo Ho$ CÝZV ^rVar N>oX _| {dlmÝV AYmo_wI H¥${Ì_
H$mMe¡b H$s Vah ^JZm_H$ ^rfU H$mH$ go dh ^`§H$a bJVr &&27&& ZmM ahr ^wObVmê$nr
nwînm| go `wŠV ZIm| H$s ew^« à^mê$nr _oK-_ÊS>bm| go dh AmH$meVb _| g¡H$‹S>m| nyU©MÝÐm| H$mo
ZMmVr hþB©-gr àVrV hmo ahr Wr &&28&& H$ënmÝV _oKm| () Ho$ Vwë` JO_wŠVmAm| VWm àb`H$mb
_| {Ja ahr Vmam| H$s loUr-O¡gr ^mg_mZ ZIm| H$s n§[ŠV`m| H$s {demb à^mAm| H$mo ~agm ahr
^«_Uerb AnZr ^wOmAm| go ^JdVr H$mbr Zo gmao {X½_ÊS>bH$mo ì`mßV H$a {X`m Wm &&29&& a§J
_| {~bHw$b H$mbo AVEd CJ« ñdê$n Ho$ AnZo CZ ^«mÝV^wO-d¥jm| go, Omo ZIm|ê$nr nwînm| go
{d^y{fV A§Jwbê$nr bVmg_yhm| go gwemo{^V Wo, Cg ^JdVr H$mbr Zo gmao AmH$meàmÝV H$mo
O§Jb-gm ~Zm {X`m WmŸ&&30&& dh ^JdVr H$mbr g^r Amoa M{bV hþE AnZo O§Kmg_yh go, Obo
()AWm©V² ñ\w$[aV hmo ahr à^mAm| go `wŠV hmWr Ho$ Xm±Vm| H$s Vah nd©V-àmÝV Ho$ D$na
_hm à^mAm| go `wŠV _moQ>r-_moQ>r Ob-YmamloUr H$mo ~agm aho H$ënmÝV _oKm| H$s Vah Ÿ&
ŸyÕ - 81] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2075
hþE IOya Am{X Ho$ _hmZ² O§Jbm| go d{bV VWm EH$_mÌ Obo hþE AÀN>o-AÀN>o V_mb, Vmb Am{X
Ho$ d¥jm| go ñWyb ~Zr hþB© n¥{Wdr H$m AZwH$aU H$a ahr Wr &&31&& AZÝV _hmH$me _| ^r nma§JV
AnZo Ho$em| go dh g§MaUerb AÝYH$maê$nr hmWr H$m AmH$me _| {dñV¥V {Zdmg _mZm| {gÕ H$a
ahr Wr &&32&& à{VÜd{Z`m| go KZr^yV {X½_ÊS>b dmbo JJZê$nr Jm±d _| CX²KmofUerb AnZo
Cg {Z…ídmg ndZ Ho$ gmW, {OgHo$ Ûmam _oé Am{X AZoH$ nd©V C‹S>m {Xò OmVo Wo, dh ^JdVr
~am~a Mbr Om ahr Wt Ÿ& XoIZo go Eogm àVrV hmo ahm Wm {H$ dh EH$ Eogo ZQ>Ho$ gmW Mbr Om
ahr h¢, Omo {Z`V AZwZ`dmbm h¡, Am¡a à~b dm`w Ho$ \y$ËH$maê$nr Aì`ŠV eãX go n[anyU© JrV
Jm ahm h¡ &&33,34&& BgHo$ ~mX _¢Zo AmH$me _| [ñWV AZÝV AmH$me Ho$ gÑe ì`mnH$ê$n Cg
^JdVr H$mo `moJ~b go XoIm {H$ dh Z¥Ë`de Amdoe Ho$ H$maU dÕ©_mZ earadmbr hmo J`r
h¢ &&35&& BVZo hr _| _¢ Š`m XoIVm hÿ± {H$ EH$_mÌ {dbmgnyd©H$ Z¥Ë` H$aZm hr {OgH$m A{^àoV
AW© Wm Eogr Cg ^JdVr H$mbr Zo _b`, H¡$bmg, gø, _ÝXa, _oé Am{X nd©Vm| go EH$ gwÝXa
_mbm ~ZmH$a AnZr Xoh _o| YmaU H$a {b`m &&36&&
A{YH$ Š`m H$hm Om`, gmam g§gma hr CgHo$ Am^yfU Am{X gm_J«r Ho$ ê$n_| n[aUV hmo
J`m, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, `wJmÝVH$mb Ho$ à{gÕ nwîH$amdV©H$ Am{X A^«_m{bH$m (_oKg_yh) CgHo$
dj…ñWb _| BÝÐZrb H$s nQ²>Q>n{Q²>Q>H$m Ho$ ê$n _| (c) {damO_mZ Wr Ÿ& VrZm| bmoH$mÝVa CgHo$
OKZ, CXa Am{X A§J _| _{U_` AmXe©_ÊS>b (N) ~Z Jò Wo &&37&& {h_mb` VWm gw_oé
nd©V CgHo$ XmoZm| H$mZ H$s Mm±Xr Am¡a gmoZo H$s _w{ÐH$m () ~ZH$a emo^m ~‹T>m aho Wo Ÿ& ~«÷mÊS>m|
H$s Kw§Kw_ eãXm| go n[anyU© _mbm EH$ bå~r bÀN>oXma H$aYZr WrŸ&&38&& {eIam|, dZm| Ed§ ZJam|
Ho$ JwÀN>H$m| go n[anyU© VWm OrU©-erU© Jm±d, dZ, Ûrn, J«m_ Am{X ê$n H$mo_b nëbdm| go âo
gmVm| Hw$bnd©V CgHo$ Jbo H$s _mbmE± Wt &&39&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, Cg ^JdVr H$mbr Ho$ A§Jm| _|
ZJa, J«m_, F$Vw, _mg, {XZ-amV VWm VrZm| bmoH$H$s _mbmE± {damO ahr Wt - dh g~ _¢Zo
XoIm &&40&& ^Ð, `_wZm, {ÌnWJm-^mJraWr Am{X Z{X`m± Jbo Ho$ _moVr Am{X Ho$ hma Ho$ ê$n _|
Wt, Y_© Ed§ AY_© XmoZm| Xygao H$mZm| Ho$ (nydm}ŠV H$mZm| go A{V[aŠV H$mZm| Ho$) ^yfU ~Z Jò
Wo &&41&& ^Ð, Cg H$mbam{Ì Ho$ Y_©ê$nr XyY H$m jaU H$aZodmbo Mmam| doX Mma ñVZ Wo, g_ñV
emóê$nr jradmbo F$H²$ Am{X Mma g§ñWmZ CgHo$ ñVZmJ« Wo &&42&& {Ìeyb, n{Q²>Q>e (nQ>m),
(c) EH$ Vah H$m Am^yfU (nZdm§) Ÿ&
(N) AWm©V² XoIZo `mo½` Z_yZoXma Ab§H$ma Ÿ&
() gmYmaUV`m "_w{ÐH$m' eãX H$m A±JyR>r AW© h¡, bo{H$Z `hm± na `h "~mbr' Ho$ AW©
_| à`wŠV hþAm h¡ Ÿ&
^mbm, ~mU, e{ŠV (~aN>r), IS²>J, _wX²Ja-BZgo ~Zm Omo Am`wYm| H$m g_yh Wm, dhr nwîn_mbm
Ho$ ê$n _| CgZo YmaU {H$`m Wm &&43&& Omo XodVm Am{X Mm¡Xh Vah H$s ^yVOm{V`m± h¢, do
earaYmar Cg H$mbam{Ì Ho$ amo_n§{ŠV`m| Ho$ ê$n _| Ad[ñWV Wr§ &&44&& CgH$s Xoh _| Aì`ŠVê$n
go [ñWV ZJa, J«m_, nd©V Am{X _mZm| AnZm nwZO©Ý_ nmZo Ho$ AmZÝX go CgHo$ gmW-gmW ZmM
H$a aho Wo Ÿ&&45&& ^Ð, gmam g§gma CgHo$ ZV©Z _| H$m±n ahm Wm, Bg{bE H$moB© ^r nXmW© ñWmda
([ñWa) Vmo Wm hr Zht, {H$ÝVw Ho$db O§J_mË_H$ hr `h OJV² Cg g_` àVrV hmo ahm Wm, nhbo
ZîQ> hmoH$a BgHo$ earaê$nr nabmoH$ _| gwI go [ñWV gmam OJV² ZmM ahm h¡, `h _¢Zo OmZm &&46&&
{ZJrU© OJV² H$mo CXañW H$aHo$ AË`ÝV V¥{ßV H$mo àmßV hwB© dh H$mbam{Ì _Îm hmoH$a Mmam| Amoa
Z¥Ë` H$a ahr Wr, dh OJV²ê$nr gn© H$mo OrU© ~ZmZo Am¡a ZMmZo Ho$ H$maU R>rH$ _`yar-gr _mbw_
hmo ahr Wr &&47&& g_ñV OJV² {dñVrU©-ñdê$ndmbo CgHo$ eara _| Xn©U-à{V{~å~ _| [ñWV-
gm _mby_ n‹S> ahm Wm Am¡a CgH$m ê$n ^r nyd© OJV² Ho$ gX¥e hr Wm &&48&&
{H$gr g_` dh Z¥Ë` go {daV ^r hmo OmVr Wr, {\$a ^r CgHo$ ^rVa H$m OJV² Vmo Z¥Ë`
H$aVm-gm hr àVrV hmoVm Wm, `h H$hVo h¢ &
H$^r Vmo dh Z¥Ë` Zht ^r H$aVr Wr, naÝVw e¡b, nd©V, AaÊ` Am{X Ho$ gmW dh ZmZmê$n
OJV², Omo _aH$a {\$a Am`m Wm, Z¥Ë` H$aVm hr ahm &&49&& CŠV gwÝXa OJV² H$m Z¥Ë` Cgr Ho$
Xohê$nr Xn©U _| [ñWV Wm Am¡a Cg g_` _¢Zo XrK©H$mbVH$ Cgo XoIm, dh EH$X_ A{dZmer
hmoH$a [ñWV Wm `mZr {ZaÝVa Mb ahm Wm &&50&&
Cgr OJV² Ho$ Z¥Ë` H$m dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
dh Z¥Ë` Š`m Wm, Cggo g_ñV VmamJU Mb aho Wo, gmam nd©Vg_yh Ky_ ahm Wm, A_a
(XodVm) Am¡a XmZd _ÀN>am| Ho$ g_yh Ho$ g_mZ dm`wAm| Ûmam H$[ånV {H$ò Om aho Wo &&51&&
g§J_^y{_ _| N>mo‹S>o JE MH«$m| Ho$ ^«_U Ho$ gÑe emo^ aho Ûrnm| Ed§ g_wÐm| go gmam AmH$me_ÊS>b
ì`mßV hmo J`m Wm, hobmgo (H«$s‹S>m go) CËnÝZ ^«_Um| go `mZr AmdV© dm`wAm| go _mZm| nd©V Ed§
Yamê$nr V¥U dV©wbmH$ma _| Omoa go C‹S>mò Om aho Wo &&52&& Cg ZV©Z _| D$na Zrb_oKê$nr dóm|
H$m n[aMmbZ hmoZo na dm`wAm| go AmH$me_ÊS>b Kw‹§>Kw_ Üd{Z go nyU© hmo J`m Wm, Am¡a ZrMo
nañna Q>ŠH$a Imò hþE H$mîR>, A[ñW Am{X Ho$ g{ÝYôX go hmo ahr nQ>nQ> Üd{Z go ì`mßV hmo J`m
Wm &&53&& nañna g§`moJ Am¡a {d^mJ go àËòH$ jU _| H$^r {_{bV Ed§ H$^r {d^ŠV hþE
OJËnXmWm] go `wŠV A§Jm| Ed§ A§J^«_Um| Ho$ H$maU, Xn©U Ho$ gÑe CgH$s Xoh _| CZH$m Z¥Ë`
{demb ^m§H$mam| go _mZm| _y{V©_mZ² ^`-O¡go ì`mßV WmŸ&&54&&
Cgr OJV Ho$ Z¥Ë` H$m {d^mJe… dU©Z H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
H$ht _oé nd©V AnZo M§Mb Hw$bmMbê$nr ~‹S>o-~‹S>o hmWm| H$m g§MmbZ H$a Z¥Ë` H$aVm Wm,
ŸyÕ - 81] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2077
BgHo$ A^«ê$nr dóm| go `wŠV (AmÀN>ÝZ) N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o H$ënd¥j ê$n bmo_m| H$m Kw_md ~‹S>m hr
a_Ur` bJ ahm Wm &&55&& g_wÐ ^r AnZr _`m©Xm H$m _wÐU Z N>mo‹S>H$a ZmM aho Wo Am¡a d¥j
n¥Ïdr go H$^r AmH$me _| VWm AmH$me go H$^r n¥Ïdr _| AmVo-OmVo Wo &&56&& {H$gr g_` Ka,
AQ²>Q>m{bH$m Ed§ J¥hñWr Ho$ gm_mZ Ho$ gmW ZJa KaKa Üd{Z H$aVo hþE ZrMo H$r Amoa bw‹T>H$Vo hþE
XrI aho Wo, bo{H$Z dmñVd _| Hw$N> ZrMo H$s Amoa Zht bw‹T>H$ ahm Wm &&57&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, O~
^JdVr H$mbam{Ì MVwaVmnyU© Z¥Ë` H$a ahr Wr, V~ MÝÐ,gy`©, {Xdg Am¡a amV CgHo$ ZImJ«^mJ
H$s aoImAm| Ho$ AÝXa {dÚ_mZ AmbmoH$ _| (à^m _|) {_bH$a Ky_Vo hþE, gwdU©gyÌ Ho$ gÑe,
XrKm©H$ma àH$m{eV hmo aho Wo &&58&& ^Ð, H$mbam{Ì Zo Zrhma Ho$ Vmo hma n{hZo Wo, CgHo$ dó
Zrbo _oK Wo, Bg{bE _oKm| go ~agmò Jò Omo Ob{~ÝXw Wo, do CgHo$ ñdoX{~ÝXw H$s Vah _mby_
n‹S>Vo Wo Ÿ&&59&&
A~ gmam OJV² Cg ^JdVr H$m A§Jg_yh ~Z J`m Wm, `h dU©Z H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
AmH$me hr CgH$m ~‹S>m Ho$enme (Oy‹S>m) ~Z J`m Wm, nmVmb MaU ~Z Jò Wo,
^y{__ÊS>b CXa ~Zm Wm Am¡a {Xemg_yh ~mhþ ~Z Jò Wo &&60&& Cg ^JdVr H$r Omo Am±Vm|
go `wŠV d{b`m± Wt, doo Ûrn Am¡a g_wÐ hr Wo, Omo ng{b`m± Wr, do gmao nd©V Wo, Am¡a Omo
M§Mb àmU Am¡a AnmZ Wo, do gmao Amdh Am{X ndZñH$ÝYê$n AmH$me-_hb H$s em{bH$mE±
hr Wr§ Ÿ&&61&& O~ ^JdVr H$mbam{Ì Z¥Ë` H$aVr Wr, V~ CgHo$ {demb eara Ho$ D$na
{h_mb`, _oé, gøm{Ð Am{X nd©Vm| Zo Pybo Ho$ AmZÝX H$m AZw^d {H$`m Ÿ&&62&& C‹S> ahr
nd©Vê$nr _§O[a`m| go `wŠV nyd©d{U©V ~«÷mÊS>_mbm H$m BYa-CYa n[adV©Z H$aVr hþB© Cg
^JdVr Zo AnZr VmÊS>d-brbm go _mZm| {\$a _hmàb` Amaå^ {H$`mŸ&&63&& ho lram_Or,
do gwa, Agwa, ZmJ Am{X Ho$ g_yh hr ^JdVr Ho$ amo_ Woo, BgH$m eara ñnÝXZa{hV hmoH$a
R>ha gH$Vm hr Zht Wm, Bg{bE MH«$ H$s Vah dh ~am~a Ky_ ahm Wm &&64&& ^Ð,
H$_©\$bê$n ZmZm d¡^d, H$_m©ZwîR>mZ Ho$ H$maU AZoH$ {dkmZ Ed§ AZwîR>mZ `k -BZ VrZ
gyÌm| H$m CgZoo `kmondrV YmaU {H$`m VWm, AmH$me _| ZmMVr hþB© dh _oKm| H$s Üd{Z`m| H$mo
boH$a doXKmof H$a ahr Wr, Bg{bò R>rH$ ~«÷Mm[aUr H$s Vah àVrV hmo ahr Wr &&65&&
dñVwV… Cg Z¥Ë` _| Hw$N> ^r Zht {hb ahm Wm naÝVw ^yVb Am¡a AmH$me MH«$ Ho$ M_H$Zoo
go EH$ H$o EH$ Xygao _| à{V{~[å~V hmoH$a EH$ Xygao Ho$ gÑe do XmoZm| ~Z OmVo Wo Bggo Hw$N>
g_` Ho$ {bE ^yVb AmH$me ~Z OmVm Wm Am¡a AmH$me ^yVb ~Z OmVm Wm, `h XoIZodmbm|
H$s EH$ ^«m[ÝV hr Wr &&66&&
H$mbam{Ì H$s ídmgdm`wAm| H$m dU©Z H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
Cg ^JdVr Ho$ ~‹S>o-~‹S>o Zm{gH$mJwhmê$nr Kam| go {ZH$bo hþE _oK Ho$ gÑe Kw§Kw§ eãX H$a aho
CJ« ndZ ~h aho Wo, BZ dm`wAm| go Kmoa Kw§Kw§ eãX hmo aho Wo &&67&& ^Ð, gmam AmH$me_ÊS>b Cg
^JdVr Ho$ MmVw`©nyU© nÕ{V go g§Mm{bV hþE g¡H$‹S>m| hmWm| Ho$ H$maU àMÊS> dm`wAm| Ûmam H$[ånV
nëbdm| go ì`mßV-gm hmo J`m Wm &&68&& CgHo$ A§Jm| go O{ZV OJËnXmWmoª Ho$ gmW-gmW Omo
^«_U hþE, CZgo CËnÝZ l_ Ho$ H$maU _oar Yra Ñ{îQ> Eogo Hw$[ÊR>V hmo JB©, O¡go `wÕ g§J«m_ _|
goZm &&69&& CgH$m Xohê$nr Xn©U O~ Hw$N> ^«_Uerb hmo J`m, V~ `ÝÌm|Ho$ gÑe nd©V {dM{bV
hmoZo bJo, AmH$meMmar XodVm {JaZo bJo Am¡a XodVmAm| Ho$ Ka bw‹T>H$Zo bJo &&70&& CgH$s Zm{^
_| n¥Ïdr H$s H$mo_bVm Ho$ gX¥e Cg g_` emo^m _mby_ hmo ahr Wr, Š`m|{H$ AZoH$ _oé nd©V R>rH$
nÎmm| Ho$ gÑe àVrV hmo aho Wo, _b`mMb nëbd-go ^mg aho Wo Am¡a BZ na {h_mMb {h_H$U-
gm àVrV hmo ahm Wm &&71&& Cg ^JdVr H$s Xoh _| AZoH$ gø nd©V n¥Ïdrna n{j`m| Ho$ gÑe,
AZoH$ {dÝÜ`mMb AmH$me _| {dÚmYam| Ho$ gÑe VWm d¥j Am¡a ~mXb AmH$me Ho$ AÝXa Ky_ aho
amOh§gm| Ho$ gÑe ^mg aho Wo &&72&& CgHo$ Xohê$nr gamoda _| AZoH$ Ûrn V¥Um| Ho$ gÑe, g_wÐ
db`m| Ho$ gÑe Am¡a XodVmAm| Ho$ Amb` nÙm| Ho$ gÑe ^mg aho Wo Ÿ&&73&& ^JdVr H$m earam§J
{deX² AmH$me Ho$ gÑe {demb Wm, ñdßZ _| CËnÝZ _hmZ A§OZ nd©V Ho$ gÑe Wm VWm EH$
{nÊS> _| ~Zo hþE ~mahm| Am{XË`m| Ho$ gÑe Vmo CgH$s H$m[ÝV Wr, {demb CgH$s O§KmE± Wr, Bg
àH$ma Ho$ CgHo$ A§J _| H$ht na gwdU© nd©V Ho$ D$na CJo O§Jb _| AnZm {MaÝVZ d¡a {ZH$mbVo
hþE-gm {dÝÜ`mMb ZmM ahm Wm, Vmo H$ht JJZê$n Am§JZ _| AnZo eÌw {dÝÜ`mMb H$mo Z ghZo
`mo½` gø H¡$bmg, _b`, _hoÝÐnd©V, H«$m¡§M nd©V, _ÝXa Am¡a JmoH$U© nd©V _mZm| H$mon-go ZmM
aho Wo, BZHo$ njnmV go gmar dgw_Vr Am¡a {dÚmYam| Ho$ ZJa ZmM aho Wo & Bg Vah CgHo$ eara
_| g^r ñWmda O§J_^md H$mo àmßV hmo Jò Wo Ÿ&&74,75&& lram_Or, EH$ Am¡a AmíM`© gw{Zò -
CgH$s Xoh _| nd©V na g_wÐ ZmM ahm Wm, dh nd©V D±$Mo AmH meH$moQ>a _| Z¥Ë` H$a ahm Wm, dh
AmH$me ^r MÝÐ Am¡a gy`m] Ho$ gmW n¥Ïdr Ho$ ZrMo M{bV hmoH$a H$hm± Mbm J`m, `h OmZm hr Zht
J`m Ÿ& ZmZm{dY nwînm| go `wŠV VWm Ûrn, AMb Ed§ ZJa go g_{ÝdV dZJU gy`©_ÊS>b _| ZmM
ahm Wm Ÿ- `m| M§Mb OJV g_wÐ _| M§Mb V¥U Ho$ g_mZ {XemMH«$ _| ^«_UH$a ahm Wm &&76&&
^Ð, AmH$me _| nd©V Ky_ aho Wo, {XemAm| _| g_wÐ Ky_ aho Wo, nwa, ZJa, _ÊS>b, Z{X`m±,
gamoda-ò g~ AnZo Aml`^yV bmoH$ go bmoH$mÝVa _|, Xn©U Ho$ ^rVa-O¡go, n«{dîQ> hmoH$a-
P§PmdmV Ho$ Ûmam Ag§H$sU© V¥Um| H$m C‹S>Zm O¡go bmoH$ _| {d»`mV h¡, d¡go hr-C‹S> aho Wo Ÿ&&77&&
_Ëñ` g_wÐ H$s ZmBª _é^y{_ _| Ky_ aho Wo, ZJa n¥Ïdr Ho$ gÑe AmH$me _| {ñWa {XImB© Xo aho
Wo, nd©V AmH$me _| àVrV hmo aho Wo Ÿ& A{YH$ AmíM`© Vmo `h Wm {H$ AmH$me Ed§ àb` Ho$ _oK
CËnmV-dm`wAm| go {Kao hþE nd©Vm| na [ñWV Wo Ÿ&&78&& {H$gr `ÝÌ-MH«$ _| hOmam| H$s g§»`m _|
XrnH$ bJo hm| Am¡a dh `{X Ky_Vm hmo Vmo {H$VZm gwÝXa bJVm h¡, R>rH$ Bgr H«$_ go doJ go hmo ahr
ŸyÕ - 81] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2079
_{U`m| H$s d¥[îQ> Ho$ gÑe A{VgwÝXa ZjÌm| H$m g_yh Ky_ ahm Wm Ÿ& BgH$s emo^m Cg Vah H$s
Wr, O¡go AmnH$s g^m _| {dÚmYam| Ed§ XodVmAm| Ho$ JU Ûmam àr{V go N>mo‹S>r JB© nwînd¥{îQ> ^rVa-
~mha ^«_U H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&&79&& ^Ð, ^JdVr H$mbam{Ì Ho$ eara _| àb` Ed§ g¥[îQ>`m| Ho$ g_yh {XZ-
amV Ho$ ^mJ _| àVrV hmo aho Wo, {XZ Am¡a am{Ì Ho$ g_yh _{bZ Ed§ A_{bZ aOV Ho$ {~ÝXw Ho$
gÑe A{Vñdën _mby_ n‹S> aho Wo, ewŠb-H¥$îU nj gwÝXa {Z_©b hrao Ed§ BÝÐZrb_{U Ho$
~Zmò Jò Ydb Ed§ H$mbo AmXe©-_ÊS>b Ho$ gÑe àVrV hmo aho Wo &&80&& ho amKd CgH$s Xoh
_| gy`©, MÝÐ Am{X Ho$ _ÊS>b Vmo aËZ ~Z Jò Wo, ZjÌg_yh Vab dVw©bmH$ma emo^m go `wŠV Jbo
Ho$ hma Ho$ gÑe ~Z Jò Wo, AË`ÝV ñdÀN> JJZ_ÊS>b n{hZo hþE _hmZ² dó ~Z Jò Wo Ÿ& BZ_|
^«_U H$a ahr {dÚwV AbmVMH«$-gr àVrV hmo ahr Wr Am¡a {ZaÝVa _hmZ àH$me H$a ahr
Wr &&81&& ^JdVr Ho$ Z¥Ë` H$ënmÝVH$mb _| bw‹T>H$ ahoo VrZm| OJV² D$na-ZrMo n[adV©Zm| Ho$
H$maU VËH$mb hr PZPZ Üd{Z H$aZodmbr _{U`m| Ho$ ê$n _| ~Z Jò Ÿ& P§H$ma go D$na-ZrMo
J_Z H$a aho gy`© Am{X VoO AZoH$ Vah Ho$ JwU`wŠV (gyÌ-`wŠV) Zynwa, db` Am{X ^yfU Ho$
ê$n _| ~Z Jò &&82&& ^Ð, A~ EH$ Xygam AmíM`© gw{Zò-Xodr Ho$ VmÊS>dZ¥Ë`H$mb _| draOZm|
H$m ~‹S>m-~‹S>m H$mobmhb gwZmB© Xo ahm Wm, ò draOZ g§J«m_ _| _Îm eÌw `moÕmAm| Ho$ {bE {ZH$mbo
JE IS²>Jm| H$s _ar{M`m| H$s à^m go J«rî_H$mb Ho$ {XZm| H$mo ^r _{bZ H$a aho Wo Ÿ& Xodr Ho$ Z¥Ë` Ho$
g_` D$na-ZrMo hmoZo dmbo g§MmbZm| go do `moÕm bw‹T>H$ aho Wo, {\$a ^r A{YîR>mZ^yV ~«÷ H$s
[ñWaVm Ho$ H$maU do [ñWa Wo &&83&& `h Xygam AmíM`© gw{Zò-^yV, ^{dî`V² AZÝV H$mo{Q>
g¥{îQ>, àb` Am{X go `wŠV Bg ^JdVr H$mbam{Ì H$m O~ VmÊS>d hmoVm Wm, V~ ~«÷m, BÝÐ Am{X
XodVm Ed§ Agwa AnZr-AnZr A{YH$ma-àd¥{Îm go Xygao-Xygao ~ZH$a dm`w go Mm{bV _ÀN>am| Ho$
gÑe `m {~Obr Ho$ gÑe à{gÕ A[ñWaVm{dbmg go AmVo Am¡a OmVo XrI n‹S>Vo Wo &&84&& ^Ð,
^JdVr Ho$ eara _| Omo gJ© {XImB© XoVm Wm, Cg_| g¥[îQ>, àb`, gwI-Xw…I, ^d-A^d,
BÀN>m-A{ZÀN>m, {d{Y-{ZfoY, OÝ_-_aU Am{X nañna {dê$Õ ^r g~ nXmW© H$^r gXm EH$
gmW Ed§ H$^r AbJ-AbJ ê$n go {db{gV hmoVo _mbw_ n‹S> aho Wo &&85&& ^JdVr Ho$ eara ê$n
{MXmH$me _| {_Ï`mê$n hr M_H$ ahoo AVEd {MXmH$meê$n (eyÝ`ê$n) g¥[îQ>, àb`, MVwX©e
^wdZ, n¥Ïdr Am{X nXmWmoª H$s A{YîR>mZde hþB© CËn{Îm, [ñW{V, {dZme, AW©{H«$`m, n[al_-
BZ g~H$s g§»`m {H$VZr Wr, `h V{ZH$ ^r _mbw_ Zht hmo gH$Vr Wr &&86&& ^Ð, ^JdVr H$s
Xoh _| CËnmV, em[ÝV, Am{X nañna {déÕ ÛÝÛ-g_yh EH$Ì Eogo àVrV hmoVm Wm, O¡go EH$ H$moe
_| EH$Ì aËZm| H$m g_yh Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ ^JdVr Ho$ eara _| agm| go AÝ`moÝ` AZw{MV AZoH$ gJ©naånamE±
{dÚ_mZ Wr &&87&& lram_Or, na_mW©-Xem _| {MXmH$me CgH$s Xoh _| ñd^md^yV `mZr Aemór`
kmZ go {gÕ _m`mê$n AmdaUmË_H$ Añ\w$Q> AZw^d go CËnÝZ OJV² [ñW{V`m± Ed§ OJËàb`
Mmam| Amoa Eogo H${bV hmoVo Wo, O¡go {V{_a amoJ go _{bZ hþB© Ñ[îQ> go AmH$me _| Ho$emoÊS´>H$m| Ho$
ñ\w$aU àVrV hmoVo h¢ &&88&& ^Ð, A{dMb A{YîR>mZê$n [ñW{V _| {dÚ_mZ OJV² dñVwV…
AjwãY hr h¡, {\$a ^r _m`mjmo^Ñ[îQ> go jwãY-gm XrI n‹S>Vm h¡, Š`m|{H$ {~å~ê$ngo AMb nd©V
M[bV hmoZo dmbo Xn©U _| à{V{~[å~V hmoH$a O¡go M{bV hmoVm h¡, R>rH$ Eogm hr `h OJV² [ñWV
h¡ &&89&& O¡go ~mbH$ Ho$ g§H$ën H$m gJ© à{VjU nyd©{ñW{V H$m Ë`mJ H$a AÝ`{ñW{V J«hU
H$aVm h¡, d¡go hr Z¥Ë` go M_H$ aho {d{eîQ> àVmn go `wŠV _m`m Ho$ A§Xa à{dîQ> hþE g^r nXmW©
à{VjU n[aUm_ Ûmam nyd©{ñW{V H$m Ë`mJ Am¡a AÝ` {ñW{V H$m J«hU H$aVo ahVo Wo &&90&&
g~ nXmWm] H$m CËnmXZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$maH$m| H$s {H«$`m-e[ŠV Cn`moJ _| AmVr h¡, AmJo Ho$
^md{dH$ma Vmo ñd`§ hr H$mb AmZona CËnÝZ hmo OmVo h¢, O¡go _y±J BH$Q²>R>o H$aZo hm|, Vmo
H$maH${H«$`me[ŠV H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡, naÝVw {derU© hmoH$a \¡$bZo _| Vmo CZH$s [ñZ½YVm hr
H$maU h¡, Z {H$ AÝ`H$maH$ {H«$`me[ŠV, R>rH$ Eogo hr `hm± g_PZm Mm{hE, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
^JdVr H$s Xoh _| {H«$`me[ŠV h¡, AVEd CgHo$ Ûmam Cg_| {ZaÝVa âo Om aho OJV-ê$nr
_y±J Ho$ XmZo T>oa Ho$ ê$n _| nhbo hmoH$a {\$a {derU© hmo OmVo h¢ `mZr Mmam| Amoa \¡$b OmVo h¢ &&91&&
_m`m ^JdVr n[aUm{_-ñd^md O‹S> OJV²ê$nm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU hr à{VjU AÝ`-AÝ`
ê$nH$s àVrV hmoVr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
^JdVr _m`m EH$ jU _| Vmo Hw$N> _mby_ n‹S>Vr h¡ Am¡a Xygao jU _| d¡gr Zht ^r _mby_
n‹S>Vr h¡, EH$ jU _| EH$ A±JyR>o Ho$ ~am~a àVrV hmoVr h¡, Vmo Xygao jU _o§ AmH$me H$mo ^r â XoZo
dmbr _mby_ n‹S>Vr h¡ &&92&& My±{H$ gd©{dY H$bmAm| go n[anyU© OJVmË_H$ `h Xodr g§{dV²-
e[ŠVê$nm h¡, Bg{bE AZÝV Ed§ {demb AmH$me H$moe Ho$ gÑe {dewÕ ñdê$ndmbr h¡ &&93&&
dh Xoodr H$mbam{Ì VrZm| H$mb _| [ñWV VV²-VV² {d{MÌ n[aUm_Ymar g_ñV {ÌOJV² H$s ^rVar
{MV²-e[ŠV h¡, Bg H$maU go dh {MVoao Ho$ CXma _Z _| [ñWV {MÌg§gma g_yh Ho$ gX¥e
`Wm[ñWV Cg {d{MÌê$ngo d¡gr àH$m{eV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma Ho$ àH$meZ _| Cg {M{V-e[ŠV
H$m n[adV©Zerb VV²-VV² H$m_-H$_©dmgZm Ho$ n[anmH$ Ho$ AZwgma doJ ^r ahVm h¡ &&94&&
V~ Š`m dh Xodr àn§MnyU© hr h¡, Bg àíZ H$m ZH$mamË_H$ CÎma XoVo h¢ &
A{dÚm go Amd¥V {M{V-e[ŠV Ho$ H$maU dh Xodr g_ñV g§gmê$n EH$ {dÚm go A{dÚm Ho$
hQ> OmZo na ewÕ kmZmË_H$ ~Z OmZo Ho$ H$maU dh emÝV AmH$meê$n earaYm[aUr hmoH$a
gd©{dY àn§M go {Z_w©ŠV hmoH$a [ñWV hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma ~Õ Am¡a _wŠV nwéf H$s Ñ[îQ> go
Jå` Ed§ {dÚm-A{dÚm go H«$_e… ì`§[OV hmo aho ñdê$n go Cnb{jV VWm na_mW© ê$ngo
AZm{X-AZÝV [MXoH$ê$n H$mo YmaU H$a ahr dh Xodr hr àH$meVr ahVr h¡ &&95&&
{ddV© Ed§ n[aUm_ H$s Ñ[îQ> go VWm OrdÝ_wŠV Ed§ `w{ŠVdmXr AmË_mAm| H$s Ñ{îQ> go Cg
ŸyÕ - 81] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2081
_m`m _| Omo OJV² H$m kmZ hmo gH$Vm h¡, Bg_| Xmo ÑîQ>mÝV H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, Cg Xodr Ho$ eara _§o {dÚ_mZ Cg AZÝV ñ\${Q>H$ {ebmê$n H$moe _| `h Ñí` EH$ aoIm
_| a{MV H$_bMH«$m{X-gm hr àVrV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a AmH$me _mÌ earaYm[aUr Cg_| {MÐÿn Ho$
H$maU `h Ñí` AmH$memË_H$ hmoH$a Eogo ^mgVm h¡, O¡go Ðdñdê$n g_wÐH$moe _| D${_©aoIm
àVrV hmo ahr hmo &&96&&
`mo§ Cg H$mbam{Ì Am¡a CgHo$ Z¥Ë` H$m gm[ÎdH$ ñdê$n ~VbmH$a A~ CgHo$ Z¥Ë` H$m CËàjm
Am{X go dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
‹g_ñV AmH$me_ÊS>b H$mo nyU© H$a XoZodmbr dh _hmZ² ^¡adr H$mbam{Ì Xodr ^¡admH¥${V Cg
H$ënmÝVéÐ Ho$ gå_wI Z¥Ë` H$a ahr Wr &&97&& ^Ð, _¢ Š`m dU©Z H$ê±$, H$ënmÝVH$mb Ho$
_hméÐ Ho$ bbmQ>-ñWmZ H$m Ñ‹T>Vmnyd©H$ Aml` H$a ahr Omo CJ« V¥Vr` ZoÌm[½Z h¡, Cggo X½Y hþE
AVEd ñWmUw Ho$ ê$n _| ~Mo hþE AaÊ`m| go `wŠV ^y{_dmbr, H$bnmÝV dm`wAm| go H$[ånV dZ_mbm
Ho$ gÑe dh _hmXodr Z¥Ë` H$a ahr Wr &&98&&
Cg Xodr Ho$ Jbo _| nyd©d{U©V Ho$db _mbm~ÝYZ hr Zht Wm, naÝVw Hw$Xmb, _ygb, AmoIbr
Am{X ^r Wm, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Hw$Xmb, AmoIbr, AmgZ, hbH$s \$mb, KQ>, H$aÊS>H$ (S>bm), _ygb, gyn, ~Q>H$s, ñVå^
Am{X H$s _mbm YmaU H$a dh Xodr Z¥Ë` H$a ahr Wr Ÿ&&99&& ho lram_Or, Bg Vah Ho$ ZmZm{dY
nwîn_mbmg_yhm| Ho$ \y$bm| H$mo, Omo Z¥Ë` _| jwãY VWm ^§Jgo jV hmo OmVo Wo, [~IoaVr hþB© VWm
ZyVZ ~ZmVr hþB©-gr ZmM H$a ahr Wr Ÿ&&100&& Bg àH$ma ^`§H$a ê$n YmaU H$aZodmbr Cg
H$mbam{Ì Ho$ Ûmam d[ÝXV hmo aho Cgr àH$ma H$m AmH$me Ho$ gÑe {demb ^`§H$a ê$n YmaU {H$ò
hþE AZÝVmH¥${V éÐ ^r Xodr Ho$ gÑe _hmZ¥Ë` H$a aho Wo &&101&& aŠV Ed§ Amgdm| go nyU©
`_amO Ho$ _{hf H$m _hmZ² gtJ hmW _| boH$a qS>~, qS>~, gwqS>~, nMnM, På`, På`, àPå`
Am{X Vmb~moYH$ eãXdmÚm| Ho$ Ûmam ^JdVr EH$X_ ZmM ahr Wr, CgZo AnZo Jbo _| _wÊSm| H$s
_mbm n{hZr Wr, {ga _| Jé‹S> Ho$ n§I YmaU {H$òo Wo, àb` _| gmao OJV² H$mo ImH$a ~‹S>r hr
àgÝZ hþB© Wr, Am¡a H$ënmÝVéÐ ^JdmZ ^¡ad H$mo Z_Z ^r H$a ahr Wr Ÿ& Bg Vah Z¥Ë`namÙ
Ed§ àgÝZ ^JdVr H$mbam{Ì Ho$ Ûmam dÝÚ_mZ ^JdmZ² ^¡ad AmnH$m H$ë`mU H$a§o Ÿ& (AWdm Bg
íbmoH$ H$m Xygam `m| ^r AW© hmo gH$Vm h¡-Xodr H$mbam{Ì ^JdmZ² ^¡ad H$s ñVw{V H$a ahr Wr-ho
^¡ad, Amn g~ bmoJm| Ho$ AZW©H$mË_H$ ^moJ Ed§ ñWyb earam{X àn§M H$mo g~go nhbo Im S>m[bE
{\$a gyú_ eara Am{X àn§M H$mo Im S>m{bE, {\$a _yb^yV _m`monm{Y Ed§ H$maU eara H$mo ^r
A[ÝV_ gmjmËH$ma _| AmH$a Im S>m{bE Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX n§M_ Am{X `moJ H$s ^y{_H$mAm| _| bJmH$a
erK« hr gßV_ ^y{_H$m VH$ Ho$ `moJ H$mo ^br^m±{V nMmH$a {dXoh H¡$dë` Ho$ Ûmam Obm S>m{bE Ÿ&
`m| Cg Vah ZmM H$a ahr ^JdVr Ho$ gmW-gmW AmnHo$ Ûmam ñVw{V {H$ò Om aho ^JdmZ² ^¡ad
AmnH$s ajm H$a|Ÿ&) &&102&&
BŠ`mgrdm± gJ© g_mßV
~`mgrdm± gJ©
AkmZ ahZo na H$bmg{hV VWm ^br^m±{V kmV hmo OmZo na H$bma{hV {MX«ny na_mË_m Ho$ VÎd H$m emoYZH$a dU©Z &
nyd© gJ© _| ~‹S>o {dñVma Ho$ gmW g_ñV àn§M H$m dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡ VWm àbrZ hþE
Cg àn§M H$s Z¥Ë` H$a ahr H$mbam{Ì Ho$ ^yfU Am{X ^md go A§J _| CËn{Îm Ed§ Z¥Îm ^«_U
Am{X H$m ^r dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg {df` _| ZîQ> H$s nwZ… CËn{Îm H$s g§^mdZm Z _mZVo
hþE lram_MÝÐOr nyN>Vo h¢ &
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ho ^JdZ², O~ àb` _| g~ Hw$N> ZîQ> hmo J`m, V~ dh Xodr
{H$g A§J go ZmM H$a ahr Wr ? VWm gyn, AmoIbr Ed§ Hw$å^ Am{X Ho$ Ûmam, Omo Cg g_`
ZîQ> hmo MwHo$ Wo, CgHo$ _mbm YmaU H$m Omo AmnZo dU©Z {H$`m h¡ dh Š`m h¡ Ÿ? _oao nyN>Zo
H$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ ZîQ> hþE gyn Am{X H$s _mbm H$mo Omo CgZo YmaU {H$`m Wm, CgH$s
_¢ H¡$go g§^mdZm H$ê±$ ? &&1&& VrZm| OJV² H$m ZîQ> Š`m hþAm, {\$a H$mbr H$s Xoh _| [ñWV
Š`m ahm Am¡a {Zdm©U H$mo àmßV hþAm OJV² nwZ… AmH$a ZmMZo H¡$go bJm ? AWm©V² O~ OJV²
ZîQ> hmo J`m, Vmo {\$a dh [ñWV H¡$go ahm Am¡a O~ dh {Zdm©U H$mo àmßV hmo J`m V~ nwZ…
AmH$a dh ZmMZo H¡$go bJm, `h g~ H$hZm {déÕ àVrV hmo ahm h¡ &&2&&
`{X na_mW©Ñ[îQ> go _oao H$WZ _| ì`mKmV g_PVo h¢, Vmo R>rH$ h¡, Amn d¡gm hr g_{Pò,
Š`m|{H$ na_mW©V… {MÝ_mÌ¡H$ag n[anyUm©ZÝX gÝ_mÌ go A{V[aŠV ór, nwéf Am{Xê$n OJV²
VWm éÐ Am¡a Xodr Am{X H$m {d^mJ `h g~ AË`ÝV Ag§^m{dV hr h¡ AWm©V² BZHo$ ôX H$s
{~bHw$b g§^mdZm hr Zht h¡ Ÿ& naÝVw ^«mÝVÑ[îQ> go Vmo V{ZH$ ^r Cg_| ì`mKmV Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$
~«÷gÎmm go gd©Xm gV²ê$n Omo dñVwE± h¢ CZHo$ Zme Am¡a A{dZme Ho$ {deofê$nH$m {Zê$nU Zht
hmo gH$Vm, ZîQ> hþB© dñVwAm| H$s ^r ñdßZ _| àm{ßV XrIVr h¡, _a Jò `m ~hþV {XZ nhbo Omo
^ñ_r^yV hmo MwHo$ h¢ CZH$m ^r _w{Z, {gÕ Ed§ B©ída Am{X Ho$ daà^md go nwZamJ_Z à{gÕ hr
h¡ Ÿ& Bg[bE O~ VH$ AkmZ h¡ V~ VH$ OJV² Ho AmH$ma H$m {MÎm _| g~H$s Ñ[îQ> _| g§ñH$maê$n
go gX²^md ahZo go AË`ÝV ^«m[ÝVJ«ñV nwéfm| Ho$ Ûmam Ho$db OJV² Ho$ ê$n go, gd©OJV² go `wŠV
EH$ _y{V© _mZH$a, éÐ, Xodr Am{X Ho$ CnmgH$m| Ho$ Ûmam CŠV ê$n go `moJ{g{Õ Ho$ à^md go CŠV
ê$nH$m Xe©Z hmo gH$Vm h¡, Bg Ame` H$mo boH$a H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, dh éÐ na_mË_m Z Vmo nwéf h¡, Z ór h¡, Z
ŸyÕ - 82] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2083
CgZo Z¥Ë` hr {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& gM H$hZm Vmo `h h¡ {H$ ^JdVr H$mbr Am¡a ^JdmZ² éÐ-ò XmoZm| hr,
O¡gm {H$ _¢Zo Amngo CZH$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡ d¡go Zht Wo, dñVwV… Cg AmMma Ho$ ^r do Zht Wo Am¡a
Z CZH$s dh AmH¥$[V hr Hw$N> Wr &&3&& {H$ÝVw Omo H$maUm| H$m H$maU h¡ dhr AZm{X {MÝ_mÌ,
AmH$meñdê$n, AZÝV, emÝV, àH$meñdê$n, A{dZmer hr gd© Ì ì`mßV Wm &&4&&
{Za{Ve`mZÝX¡H$ag dh ~«÷ hr ZrbH$ÊR>, {ÌZoÌ Am{X ê$n YaH$a àb`H$mb _| ^¡admH$ma
CnmgH$m| Ûmam {XImB© XoVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ CZ CnmgH$m| H$s dmgZmZwgma dh na_mH$me hr OJV² H$s
em[ÝV Ho$ g_` ^JdmZ² ^¡ad H$s Cg AmH¥${V go `wŠV [ñWV ahVm h¡ &&5&&
MoVZ ~«÷ _| hr OJV² H$m Cng§hma lw{V`m| _| à{gÕ h¡ Ÿ& bmoH$ _| {ZamH$ma MoVZ H$ht Zht
XrIVm, Bg{bE OJV² H$m g§hma H$aZodmbo na_oída _| "C_mghm`§ na_oía§ à^w§ {ÌbmoMZ§ ZrbH$ÊR>§
emÝV_²' BË`m{X lw{Và{gÕ ê$n H$s g§^mdZm Adí` H$aZr Mm{hoE, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
MoVZ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU dh na_oída AnZo MoVZñdê$n d¡^d H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Eogo [ñWV Zht ah
gH$Vm, O¡go H$Q>H$, Ho$`ya Am{Xê$n AnZr AmH¥${V N>mo‹S>H$a gwdU© &&6&&
O¡go H$Q>H$, Ho$`ya Am{X Ho$ AmH$ma _| n[aUV hþE {~Zm gwdU© Zht ah gH$Vm `mZr {H$gr-
Z-{H$gr Ab§H$ma Ho$ ê$n _| gwdU© H$m n[aUV hmo OmZm O¡go A{Zdm`© h¡ d¡go hr {M{V _| ^r
MoË`mH$maH$m A{Zdm`© Adbå~Z bmoH$ _| à{gÕ h¡ & Bg{bE {ZamH$manj H$s hr {~bHw$b
Ag§^mdZm {gÕ hmoVr h¡, `h Ñ‹‹T>Vmnyd©H$ H$hVo h¢ &
ho n«mk, H${hò, MoVZ Ho$ {~Zm-MoË` {df`mH$ma YmaU {H$ò {~Zm {MÝ_mÌ ^bm H¡$go ah
gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ? ho àmk, H${hò Z, {VŠVVm Ho$ {~Zm ^bm [_M© H¡$go ah gH$Vm h¡ ? &&7&&
g{df`Vm ñd^md hmoZo go ^r AkmV {M{V Ho$ AmH$ma H$m {H$gr Vah n[aË`mJ Zht {H$`m Om
gH$Vm, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, {dMm[aò Vmo ghr, ^bm H$Q>H$ Am{X Ab§H$mañdê$nVm H$mo àmßV {H$ò
{~Zm gwdU© H$s [ñW{V H¡$go ah gH$Vr h¡, Š`m|{H$ ñd^md Ho$ {~Zm `mZr AnZo ñd^md H$mo
N>mo‹S>H$a {H$gr ^r nXmW© H$s [ñW{V ah H¡$go gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ? &&8&& H${hò Z, _mYw`© Ho$ {~Zm
Bjwag H¡$go ah gH$Vm h¡, Š`m|{H$ _mYw`© go a{hV Omo Bjw H$m ag h¡, dñVwV… dh CgH$m
ag hr Zht h¡ &&9&&
ZîQ> hþE nXmWm] H$m ^r ñ_¥{V _| ^mZ hmoVm h¡, Bg{bE {M{VÑ[îQ> go {H$gr ^r nXmW© H$m
{ZaÝd`Zme H$ht à{gÕ Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
MoVZeyÝ` Omo {MÝ_mÌ h¡, dñVwV… Cgo {MÝ_mÌ Zht H$hVo Am¡a `h ^r `wŠV Zht h¡ {H$
{MÝ_mÌ AmH$me H$m H$ht Hw$N> ZîQ> hmo Om` Ÿ&&10&&
~«÷ go A{^ÝZ Omo `h OJV² h¡, BgHo$ EH$_mÌ ~«÷gÎmm go A{V[aŠV ê$nH$s à{g{Õ Z hmoZo
go {H$gr nXmW© Ho$ Zme H$s hr {g{Õ Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Cg ~«÷ H$mo ñdgÎmm_mÌ go AÝ` Hw$N> ^r H$hZm Cn`wŠV Zht h¡ Ÿ& `{X `h Ame§H$m hmo {H$
"{ZéŠV§ Mm{ZéŠV§ M {Zb`Z§ Mm{Zb`Z§ M {dkmZ§ Mm{dkmZ§ M gË`§ MmZ¥V§ M gË`_^dV²'
BË`m{X ~«÷gÎmm go A{V[aŠV ê$nH$m H$WZ lw{V`m| _| nm`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a nm_a bmoJ Eogm
AZw^d ^r H$aVo h¢, Vmo Bg Ame§H$mna H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& hm±, Bg_| V{ZH$ ^r gÝXoh Zht h¡ {H$ dh
~«÷mË_m OJVmH$ma go (c) AÝ`ê$n ñdrH$ma H$aZo Ho$ {bE nhbo AmH$me go (N) A{^ÝZ AnZr
AmË_m H$mo ~Zm boVm h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ `{X dh ~«÷ AnZo go A{^ÝZ AmH$me H$mo ~Zm
boVm h¡, Vmo {\$a Cggo {^ÝZ Xygam H$moB© ê$n CgHo$ Ûmam ñdrH¥$V H¡$go hmo gHo$Jm ? AWdm gÐÿn
AZÝ`ËdH$m gånmXZ Z hmoZo na CgHo$ Ûmam AmH$mem{X H$s CËn{Îm H$hr OmVr h¡, Bg{bE
"{ZéŠV§ Mm{ZéŠV§ M' BË`m{X lw{Vn«{Vnm{XV _yVm©_yV©ñdê$n gÐÿn go AÝ` h¡, BgH$s {g{Õ
{H$gr Vah ^r Zht hmo gH$Vr &&11&&
"V~ H${hò, OJV² H$m ñdê$n Š`m h¡ Ÿ? `{X `h H$moB© àíZ H$ao, Vmo CgHo$ Bg àíZ H$m CÎma
`h h¡ {H$ "~«÷gÎmm hr OJV² H$m ê$n h¡' Ÿ& dh ~«÷gÎmm VÎd Ho$ Ad~moYH$ à_mU Ho$ {~Zm bm¡{H$H$Ñ{îQ>
go OJËàb` Am{X Ho$ AmH$ma go Eogo ^mgVr h¡, O¡go gnm©H$ma go aÁOw ^mgVr h¡ & naÝVw VÎdmd~moYH$
à_mU Ho$$ Ûmam Vmo dh `WmW©ê$n go ^mgVr h¡, `h {ZîH$f© h¡, `m| Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ &
Bg{bE Am{X, _Ü` Am¡a AÝVeyÝ`, AjwãY, gd©e[ŠV_`mË_H$ ~«÷ H$s ñdgÎmm_mÌ Omo
AnZr [ñW{V h¡ dhr Bg OJV²-Ì`H$m gJ© Am¡a àb` h¡ Ÿ& dhr AmH$me h¡, dhr n¥{Wdr h¡ Am¡a
dhr g~ {XemAm| Ho$ ê$n _| gJ© Am¡a àb` h¡ Ÿ& VÎdmdoXH$ à_mU Ho$ {~Zm hr Zme Am¡a CËn{Îm-
ò XmoZm| A{dÚmXy{fV Ñ{îQ> go ^mgVo h¢Ÿ& `h ^md h¡ {H$ {V_[aamoJ`wŠV Ñ[îQ> go MÝÐ H$s
ì`mo_m{Xê$nVm Ho$ ^mgZo Ho$ g_mZ hr dñVwV… ò XmoZm| ewÕ gÎmm{V[aŠV AW©eÝy ` hr h¢ &&12,13&&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, OÝ_, _aU, _m`m, _moh, O‹S>Vm, AdñVwVm, dñVwVm, {ddoH$, ~ÝY, _moj,
ew^, Aew^, {dÚm, A{dÚm, {ZamH$maVm, gmH$maVm, jU, {MaH$mb, M§MbVm, {ñWaVm, Vw_,
_¢, BVa, dh, gV², AgV², _yI©Vm, nm[ÊS>Ë`, Xoe, H$mb, {H«$`m, Ðì`, H$bZm, Ho${b, H$ënZm,
~mø Am¡a Amä`ÝVa {df`, H$_}[ÝÐ`, kmZo[ÝÐ` VWm Omo `h gd©Ì ì`mßV VoO, Ob, A{Zb,
AmH$me Am¡a n¥{W{d Am{X h¡, dh g~ ewÕ {Zam_` {MXmH$me hr h¡ Ÿ& `h AnZr ewÕ
{MXmH$meê$nVm H$m n[aË`mJ Z H$aVo hþE gd©ñdê$n hmoH$a hr [ñWV h¡ Ÿ&&14-18&& Bg_| V{ZH$
^r gÝXoh Zht {H$ `h g~ Hw$N> [Z_©b {MXmH$me hr [ñWV h¡ Bggo {^ÝZ Hw$N> Zht h¡ Ÿ& Bg {df`
_| ñdßZm{X hr A{dI[ÊS>V ÑîQ>mÝV h¡ Ÿ&&19&& gV²-{MV²ñdê$n {Og EH$ na_mH$me na_mË_mH$m
(c) "~hþñ`m§ àOmò`" `h lw{V Xo{Iò &
(N) "Vñ_mÛm EVñ_mXmH$me… gå^yV…" `h lw{V Xo{Iò Ÿ&
ŸyÕ - 83] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2085
_¢Zo A^r Amngo dU©Z {H$`m h¡ dh '{ed EH$mo Üò`… {ede§H$a… gd©_Ý`V² n[aË`Á`' BË`m{X
lw{V`m| _| éÐ_y{V© Ho$ Zm_ go CnÝ`mg {H$`m h¡Ÿ&&20&& dhr na_mË_m {dîUw Am{X Ho$ AmH$ma go
CnmgZm H$aZodmbm| Ho$ {bE "h[a' dof go [ñWV hmo OmVm h¡ Ed§ Am¡am| Ho$ {bE `hr {nVm_h ^r
hmoVm h¡ & ho lram_MÝÐOr, A{YH$ h_ Amngo Š`m H$h|, `hr na_mË_m MÝÐ, gy`© Am{X Ho$ ñdê$n
H$s dmgZm go dm{gV ~w{Õdmbm| Ho$ {bE MÝÐ, gy`©, BÝÐ, déU, `_, Hw$~oa VWm A[½Zê$n YmaU
H$a [ñWV hmoVm h§¡ () &&21&& `hr na_mË_m dm`w, _oK Am¡a gmJa h¡ VWm AVrVm{X H$mb ^r `hr
h¡ Ÿ& VrZm| H$mb _| {Og dñVw H$s gÎmm {dÚ_mZ h¡ Am¡a Zht h¡ dh g~ na_mH$meê$n na_mË_m hr
h¡ Ÿ& ho lram_MÝÐOr, "g ~«÷m g h[a… goÝXw… gmo@ja… na_… ñdamQ²> Ÿ& g Ed {dîUw… g àmU… g
H$mbmo@[½Z… g MÝÐ_m… Ÿ& g Ed gdª `X²^yV§ `ÀM ^ì`§ gZmVZ_² & kmËdm V§ _¥Ë`w_Ëò{V ZmÝ`…
nÝWm {d_wŠVòŸ&' Bg Vah lw{V _| à{Vnm{XV Omo ò {dîUw VWm {nVm_h Am{X ^md AÀN>r Vah
ñ\w$[aV hmo aho h¢ do g~Ho$ g~ Cg {MÝ_` ~«÷mH$meH$moe Ho$ JwUm{X-Cnm{Y à`wŠV A§eñdê$n
h¢ &&22&& AÝ`Wm J«hU H$aZodmbr A{dÚm Ûmam Bg Vah H$s g§kmAm| go ~«÷m, {dîUw Am{X Eogo
hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& bo{H$Z na_mË_mñd^md_mÌ H$m ~moY hmoZo na Vmo do g~ {MÝ_mÌñd^md hr hmo OmVo
h¢Ÿ&&23&& {MXmH$meê$n ~«÷ hr AkÑ[îQ> go A~moYñdê$n hmoH$a Ord Am¡a OJV² Ho$ ê$ngo {ñWV
h¡ VWm VÎdÑ[îQ> go dhr ~moYñdê$n hmoH$a AnZo ñdê$n _| [ñWV h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE ôX VWm Û¡V Am¡a
EoŠ` Hw$N> ^r h¡ hr Zht, Eogm {ZíM` H$aHo$ ho lram_MÝÐOr, Amn emÝV hmo OmBò Ÿ&&24&& `h
Ord O~ VH$ na~«÷mË_H$ AnZo ñd^md H$mo Zht OmZVm V~ VH$ `h AkmZñdmË_ñdê$n
g§gmaê$nr _hmgmJa _| OÝ_-_aU ^«_Um{Xê$n ZmZm Va§Jm| H$s H$ënZm H$aVm h¡ & naÝVw O~
`h AnZo ñdê$n H$mo OmZ boVm h¡ V~ VÝ_`Vm H$mo àmßV hmoH$a {Zam_` Cgr ñdê$n _| [ñWV hmo
OmVm h¡ &&25&& `hr H$hVo h¢-AnZo ñdê$n H$m kmZ hmo OmZo na Vmo dh Ord d¡go em[ÝV H$mo
àmßV hmo OmVm h¡ {Oggo {H$ Z Vmo dh g_wÐ ahVm h¡ Am¡a Z Cg_| Va§J hr & `Wm[ñW{V `h
gånyU© OJV² CgHo$ {bE na_ emÝV AZÝV ~«÷ê$n hr hmo OmVm h¡ &&26&&
~`mgrdm± gJ© g_mßV
{Vamgrdm± gJ©
{MÝ_mÌ hr ^¡admH$ma dh ^JdmZ² {ed VWm ^JdVr H$mbr h¢, [MÝ_mÌ go AÝ` do Zht h¢ Ÿ&
~moY Ho$ {bE H$ënZmÑ[îQ> go Cg Vah ^m{gV hmoVo h¢, `h dU©Z &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, EH$_mÌ `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ AmnH$s A{dÚm-^«m[ÝV Ho$ {Zamg Ûmam Vm[ÎdH$
() Xo{Iò `h lw{V … "BÝÐ§ {_Ì§ déU_{½Z_mhþaWmo {Xì`… g gwnUmo© JéË_mZ² EH§$ g{Ûàm
~hþYm dXÝË`{½Z§ `_§ _mV[aídmZ_mhþ… &'
{edñdê$n Ñ[îQ> Ho$ CX²KmQ>Z Ho$ {bE _¢Zo OJV²-àb` Ho$ g_` éÐ-Z¥Ë` Am{X H$m, Omo
ñdmZw^yV h¢, dU©Z {H$`m h¡, dhr na_mW© h¡, Eogo AmnH$mo ^«_ Zht H$a boZm Mm{hE, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
_hmamO d{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, `h Omo _¢Zo Amngo dU©Z {H$`m h¡ dh {MÝ_mÌ
na_mH$me hr h¡, `hr {edê$n go H$hm J`m h¡ & `hr àb`H$mb _| éÐ hmoH$a Z¥Ë` H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&&1&&
ho nwÊ`mË_mAm| _| loîR> lram_MÝÐOr, CgH$s Omo `h ^`mZH$ AmH¥${V h¡ dh dñVwV… CgH$s
AmH¥${V Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw Cg Vah H$m {MX²KZ {MXmH$me hr Cg ar{V go ñ\w$[aV hmoVm h¡ &&2&&
VÎdÑ{îQ> go _¡§Zo Cg ^`mZH$ AmH¥${V H$mo Cg g_` emÝV {MXmH$me_mÌ XoIm & dñVwV… AHo$bo
_¢Zo hr Cgo OmZm, VÎdÑ[îQ> go hrZ H$moB© àmUr Cgo d¡gm Zht XoIVmŸ&&3&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, dh
H$ënmÝV, dh éÐ Am¡a dh ^¡adr-ò g~Ho$ g~ {Og Vah _m`m_mÌ h¢, `mZr H$ënm{X g~Ho$ g~
O¡go _m`m_mÌ h¡, `h g~ _¢Zo AÀN>r Vah VÎdkmZ hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU VÎdÑ[îQ> go O¡go OmZ
{b`m &&4&& Ho$db dh {ZamH$ma {MXmH$me hr Cg AmH$ma {deof go ^¡admH$maVm H$mo àmßV {XImB©
XoVm h¡ Ÿ& gM ny{N>ò Vmo Cg Vah H$m `WmW© _| H$moB© ê$n Am{X Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw CnmgH$m| H$s dmgZm
Ho$ AZwgma ^¡admH$maVm H$mo àmßV dh d¡gm XrIVm h¡ &&5&&
H$ënZmÑ[îQ> go XoIr JB© dñVw H$m dU©Z AmnHo$ gm_Zo dmÀ`-dmMH$H$s `mZr eãX VWm AW©
H$s gå~ÝY-H$ënZm Ho$ {~Zm {Z{d©eofH$m ì`wËnmXZ Z hmo gH$Zo go hr _¢Zo CgH$s H$ënZm H$aHo$
AmnH$mo g_PmZo Ho$ {bE {H$`m h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, My±{H$ dmÀ`dmMH$ gå~ÝY Ho$ {~Zm ~moY Zht hmoVm, Bg{bE H$ënZmÑ[îQ>
go XoIr JB© dñVw H$m hr _¢Zo Amngo dU©Z {H$`m h¡ &&6&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, {MaH$mb Ho$
Aä`mg Ho$ H$maU OJV² _| AmnH$s Am{Y^m¡{VH$ Ñ[îQ> àm¡‹T> ~Z JB© h¡, Bg{bE AmnH$s dmUr
_| `h Omo Hw$N> X¥‹T>Vm H$mo àmßV h¡ dh g~ jU â _| _m`mË_Vm H$mo `mZr gË`Ëd H$s ^«m[ÝV
H$mo àmßV hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ dh g~ _m`m_mÌ j{UH$ h¡, ^«m[ÝV go
gË`ê$n àVrV hmo ahm h¡ &&7&& dñVwV… Z dh ^¡adr h¡, Z dh ^¡ad h¡ Am¡a Z dh àb`H$mb
hr h¡ {H$ÝVw dh g_ñV hr ^«m[ÝV_mÌ h¡, na_mW©ê$n go {MXmH$me hr àH$m{eV hmo ahm h¡ &&8&&
ñdßZ _| {OgH$m {Z_m©U hþAm h¡ Cg ZJa H$s Vah, _ZmoaW Ho$ `wÕ Ho$ doJ Ho$ g_mZ, gwZ
boZm `m H$h XoZm hr EH$_mÌ {OgH$m à`moOZ h¡ Eogo H$WmAm| Ho$ ag H$s Vah, _ZmoamÁ`
Ho$ {dbmgH$s Vah `h g~ ^«_ h¡, {MX²KZ _§o ^m{gV hmo ahm h¡ &&9&& O¡go ñdßZ-ZJa
^mgVm h¡, O¡go ñdÀN> AmH$me _| ^m¡{VH$ ~w{Õ hmoVr h¡ VWm O¡go AmH$me _| Ho$emoÊS´>H$
^mgVm h¡, d¡go hr A{MV² {MX²KZ _| ^«m{ÝV go ^m{gV hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ&&10&&
V~ à~moY hmoZo na H¡$go ^mgVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
à~moY hmoZo na EH$_mÌ ñdÀN> {MXmH$me hr AnZo ñdê$n _| AnZo go ^mgVm h¡Ÿ& O~ à~moY
ŸyÕ - 83] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2087
Zht ahVm, V~ {MXmË_m hr OJV²-ê$n go d¡gm ^mgVm h¡, `h {Z[íMV h¡Ÿ&&11&& O¡go {MXmH$me
_| ñd`§ hr AmË_m ñ\w$[aV hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr nQ >_| ñ\w$[aV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Cg H$ënmÝV H$s A[½Z VWm
Z¥Ë` _| ^r dh Cg ê$n go ñ\w$[aV hmoVm h¡ &&12&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bg Vah _¢Zo ^JdmZ² ^¡ad
VWm ^¡adr Ho$ AmH$ma H$m dU©Z {H$`m, Omo VÎdV… {ZamH$ma h¡, A~ _¢ CZH$s Z¥Ë`[ñW{V H$m
Amngo dU©Z H$aZo Mb ahm hÿ±, Omo dñVwV… AZ¥Ë`ñdê$n h¡, Amn gwZVo a{hòŸ &&13&& O¡go ^«m[ÝV
go {XImB© Xo ahr ew[ŠV Am{X dñVw AdñVw^yV aOV Am{X ê$n Ho$ {~Zm {H$gr Vah {Q>H$ Zht
gH$Vr, d¡go hr {MÝ_mÌ na~«÷ na_mË_m H$s MoVZVm ^r {~Zm {H$gr ñnÝXZ Ho$ {ñWV Zht ah
gH$Vr, Š`m|{H$ ^«m[ÝV Ho$ ñd^md H$m {dn`m©gH$Ëd-{Z`_ gd©Ì g_mZ h¡ Ÿ& H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h
h¡ {H$ O¡gr ^«m[ÝV EH$ OJh hmoVr h¡ R>rH$ d¡gr hr ^«m[ÝV Am¡a OJh ^r XrIVr h¡, Eogm {Z`_
Zht h¡ {H$ Xygar OJh H$s ^«m[ÝV H$m ñdê$n H$moB© Xygam hmo &&14&& Bgr{bE O¡go gwdU© H$Q>H$,
Ho$`ya Am{X AmH$mam| go gwemo{^V hmoZodmbo Ab§H$maê$n go [ñWV hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr gX«yn MoVZ ~«÷
hr AnZo ñd^md go éÐê$n YmaU H$a [ñWV h¡ &&15&& Omo MoVZ h¡, {Og_| MoVZËd Adí`
ñd^mdV… h¡, dh ñnÝXY_©dmbm hmoVm hr h¡, Š`m|{H$ A{YîR>mZVm ñdm^m{dH$ hmoVr h¡, Bg_|
gÝXoh Zht h¡ &&16&& Omo Bg {MX²KZ H$m ñnÝX h¡ dhr Bg ^JdmZ² {ed H$m ñnÝX h¡ Ÿ& dhr h_
bmoJm| Ho$ gm_Zo AnZr dmgZmde Z¥Ë`ê$n go {damO_mZ hmoVm h¡ &&17&& Bg{bE ho lram_MÝÐOr,
àb`H$mb _| dh ^JdmZ² e§H$a ^`§H$a AmH¥${Vdmbo éÐ hmoH$a Omo erK« Z¥Ë` H$aVo h¢, Cgo Amn
{MX²KZ H$m {ZOr ñnÝXZ hr g_{Pò &&18&&
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … _hf}, àm_m{UH$ Ñ[îQ> go dñVwV… `h Ñí` h¡ hr Zht, Bg{bE
Cg H$ën _| Amngo _oam Hw$N> àíZ Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw Aàm_m{UH$ Ñ{îQ> nj _| Amngo nyN>Vm
hÿ± {H$ Omo Hw$N> EH$ Vah go gÎmmdmZ²-gm h¡ dh g~ H$ënmÝV _| ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡, Vmo {\$a
H$ënmÝV _| _hmeyÝ` Cg na_mH$me _§o MooËà{hV {M{V H¡$go ahVr h¡ ? VWm Aml` Ho$ A^md
_| MoV{`Vm H¡$go ahVr h¡ AWdm ñdm{V[aŠV {M{V{H«$`m Ho$ A^md _| {MX²KZ H¡$go MoVVm h¡ Ÿ?
H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ Cg Xem _| {ÌnwQ>r H$m ahZm {H$gr Vah Zht ~Z gH$Vm Ÿ& `{X
Amn `h H$h| {H$ Cg g_` Z ahVo hþE ^r Ñí` H$mo A{dÚm {XIbm XoVr h¡, Bg{bE Cgrgo
{ÌnwQ>r H$s {g{Õ hmo gH$Vr h¡, Vmo Bg na _oam g{dZ` `h {ZdoXZ h¡¡ {H$ gJ© Am¡a àb`
_| {deofVm hr Š`m ahr ? Š`m|{H$ AMo{VV-{M{V{H«$`meyÝ` gd©OJX²K{Q>V éÐ Am¡a Xodr Ho$
eara _| Cg Z¥Ë` H$s {H$gr Vah g§^mdZm Zht H$s Om gH$Vr Ÿ& ^md `h {H$ EH$ g_`
_| Û¡V Am¡a EoŠ` H$s ^mdZm H$Xm{n Zht hmo gH$Vr &&19,20&&
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … lram_Or, Eogr `{X AmnH$s e§H$m h¡, Vmo AnZo Û¡V Am¡a EoŠ` Ho$
gÝXohê$nr gmJa H$s em[ÝV Ho$ {bE `h CÎma gw{Zò-g~H$m àb` hmoZona n[a{eîQ> {MÝ_mÌ
AmH$me H$m `{X Hw$N> ^r MoË` Zht h¡, Vmo [\$a Cggo A{V[aŠV {H$gr Xygar dñVw Zht MoVVm,
Š`m|{H$"`Ì Ëdñ` gd©_mË_¡dm@^yV² VËHo$Z H§$ níòV²' Ohm± g~ BgH$m AmË_m hr hmo J`m, dhm±
H$m¡Z {H$ggo {H$gH$mo XoIoJm ? `mZr Cg Xem _| ÐîQ>m, X¥í`, Xe©©Z, MoV{`Vm, MoË`, {M{V{H«$`m
H$m g§^d Zht h¡ Ÿ& (Eogr Xem _| àm_m{UH$ X¥[îQ> go {gÕ {ZË`_wŠV, AmË_ñd^md hr àb` h¡ Ÿ-
`h AmnZo {gÕ H$a {X`m, AV… g~ Vah go AmnH$m àW_ H$ën hr gånÝZ hþAm Eogm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
AV… g~ emÝV nmfmUdV² _m¡Z {dkmZKZ AmH$me hr gd©Xm [ñWV h¢ Ÿ& Eogr Xem _|, Aàm_m{UH$
Ñ[îQ> go {ÛVr` {dH$ënH$m Aml` H$aHo$ AmnH$m àíZ H$aZm R>rH$ Zht h¡, `h ^md h¡ &) &&21,22&&
`{X àW_ H$ën H$s {dbjUVm Ho$ {bE àb` _| A{dÚm Am{X {H$gr MoË`H$mo Amn ñdrH$ma
H$aVo h¢, Vmo {\$a Cgr go {ÌnwQ>r, OJV²²K{Q>V éÐ Am¡a Xodr H$m eara VWm CZH$m Z¥Ë` ^r g~
Cg Xem _| ah gH$Vo h¢, Bg{bE _¢Zo Omo Hw$N> H$hm h¡ dh Hw$N> ^r Ag§^m{dV Zht h¡-g~H$s Cg
Xem _| g§^mdZm H$s Om gH$Vr h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
Am¡a Omo Hw$N> `h Mo{VV hmoVm h¡ dh Bg ~«÷ H$m A{dkmV AmË_ê$n hr àb` _| ^r
éÐ, Xodr Am¡a CgHo$ Z¥Ë`ê$n go à{WV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& (BVZo go ~«÷ Ho$ dmñVd Hy$Q>ñW {MËñdê$n
_| {H$gr Vah H$s hm{Z hmoVr hmo, gmo ^r Zht h¡-Amn ^ybH$a ^r BgHo$ dmñV{dH$ ñdê$n
H$s hm{Z H$s Ame§H$m Z H$s{OòoJm,) Š`m|{H$ {MËñd^md emÝVñdê$n Bg ~«÷ H$s AnZr gÎmm
_| hr Ad[ñW[V ahVr h¡ &&23&&
^«m[ÝV Ho$ H$maU AÝ`WmËd H$m à{V^mg hmoZona ^r dmñV{dH$ ñd^md H$s AàÀ`w{V _|
ÑîQ>mÝV H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go {H$ ñdßZ _| EH$_mÌ {M{V hr AÝV…H$aU _| J«m_ Am¡a ZJa-gr hmoVr h¡-ZJa Am{X H$m
ñdê$n YmaU H$aVr h¡, naÝVw `WmW© _| dhm± nwa Am{X Hw$N> Zht ahVoŸ& Omo Hw$N> dhm± ahVm h¡, dh
g~ {dkmZmH$me hr h¡, Cggo A{V[aŠV Hw$N> Zht &&24&& Bg{bE g_ñV ko` H$mo ^br ^m±{V
OmZH$a ^r {M{V AnZo go AnZo _| gd©Xm hr ko` H$mo eyÝ` OmZVr h¡ Ÿ& VWm àb`H$mb_| ^r
g¥{îQ> Ho$ àmaå^ jUgo boH$a àb` jU VH$ Omo O¡go gånÝZ hmoVm h¡ g~H$mo AnZm ñ\w$aU
g_PVr h¡ Ÿ& ^md `h {H$ dh ~«÷{M{V gXm gd©k à{gÕ h¡ &&25&&
EH$_mÌ `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ Cg g¥[îQ>H$mb _| ^r àb` H$mo AVrV Ed§ AZmJV g^r Vah Ho$
hOmam| àb`m| Ho$ gmW dh Adí` XoIVr ahVr h¡, BgH$s ^r g§^mdZm H$aZr Mm{hò, Bg Ame`
go H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, `h {M{V ñd^mdê$n H$moQ>a _| ^rVa ñ\w$[aV hmoVr hþB© AnZr hr H$ënZm
go jU, H$ën VWm OJV² H$s ^«m[ÝV H$mo YmaU H$aVr h¡ &&26&& `h {MXmH$me {ZOñd^mdê$n
AmH$me _| ñd`§ hr ^rVa XoXrß`_mZ H$m[ÝVdmbm hmoH$a "`h, dh, _¢ Am¡a Vw_' BË`m{X ZmZm{dY
ŸyÕ - 84] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2089
H$ënZm {H$`m H$aVm h¡ &&27&& Bg{bE ho lram_MÝÐOr, Z Vmo Û¡V h¡, Z EoŠ` h¡, Z eyÝ`Vm h¡,
Z MoVZ h¡ Am¡a Z AMoVZ hr h¡, {H$ÝVw EH$_mÌ {Z[íMV _m¡Z hr h¡ AWdm dh (_m¡Z) ^r Zht h¡,
{H$ÝVw {MÝ_mÌ hr {ñWV h¡ Ÿ& H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ g¥[îQ> Am¡a àb` _| Omo {deof h¡ dh AnZo
AZw^d go hr {gÕ h¡, EH$ gmW àVr{V hmoZo go BgH$m H$moB© Anbmn Zht H$a gH$Vm &&28&&
{M{V Ho$ ñd`§ MoË`ñdê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU H$ht H$moB© Hw$N> ^r Zht MoVVm `mZr {MÝVZ H$m {df`
Zht ~ZmVm Ÿ& Bg{bE ho lram_MÝÐOr, `h {Z[íMV h¡ {H$ MoË` Am¡a MoVZ{H«$`m Ho$ Z hmoZo go
MoV{`Vm ^r H$moB© Zht h¡ AWm©V² {M{V go {^ÝZ Z Vmo MoË` h¡, Z MoVZ{H«$`m h¡ Ÿ& EH$_mÌ _m¡Z hr
Ad{eîQ> h¡ Ÿ&&29&& Bg gånyU© dmL>_` àn§M _| {Z{d©H$ën g_m{Y hr {gÕmÝV h¡ Am¡a dh Ord
H$s nmfmU Ho$ g_mZ _m¡ZmdñWm h¡ & Bg{bE Amn {~bHw$b MwnMmn [ñWV a{hò Ÿ&&30&& ho
lram_MÝÐOr, Amn ^r na_oída Ho$ g_mZ bmoH$Ñ[îQ> go AnZo amÁ`-n[aMmbZ Am{X
AmMmag_yhH$m, {nVm-{nVm_h Am{X go Omo H«$_ Mbm Am ahm h¡ Cgr H«$_go, n[aMmbZ H$aVo
hþE AnZr Ñ[îQ> go na_mW©V… _m¡Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU _mZ, _moh, _X Am{X ôX go a{hV A§Jm| VWm
CZHo$ A{^_mZr Ord go a{hV hmo AmH$meH$moe Ho$ g_mZ {demböX` hmo emÝV {ñWV a{hò &&31&&
{Vamgrdm± gJ© g_mßV
Mm¡amgrdm± gJ©
{ed Am¡a e[ŠV Ho$ ñdê$n H$m {d^mJnyd©H$ dU©Z VWm
gyn Am{X H$s _mbm Ho$ ñdê$n H$m ^r gË`mgË`{dMmanyd©H$ dU©ZŸ&
lram_^Ð Zo H$hm … ho _wZo, AmnZo Omo `h dU©Z {H$`m {H$ ^JdVr H$mbr Z¥Ë` H$aVr Wr, A~
Amn CgH$m Agbr ñdê$n ~VbmBò Am¡a dh Omo gyn, hbH$s \$mb, Hw$Xmb, _ygb Am{X H$s _mbm
n{hZo Wr, Cg _mbm Ho$ gyn Am{XH$m Š`m ñdê$n h¡, H¥$n`m _wPgo `h ^r H${hò & Bg íbmoH$ _|
"H$mb… {H${_d Z¥Ë`{V' nmR>mÝVa ^r h¡, Bg nmR> _| ^r H$mbmË_H$ H$mbr Ho$ ñdê$n H$m hr àíZ
g_PZm Mm{hE, Š`m|{H$ nydm}Îma J«ÝW _| Z¥Ë` Ed§ gyn Am{X H$s _mbm H$m hr dU©Z h¡ &&1&&
{edOr Ho$ ñdê$n {Zê$nU {H$ò {~Zm e{ŠV Ho$ ñdê$nH$m {Zê$nU Zht hmo gH$Vm, Bg{bE
XmoZm| H$m gmW-gmW ñdê$n ~VbmZo H$m CnH«$_ H$aVo h¢ &
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, Omo dh ^¡ad h¢, dh Vmo {MXmH$meñdê$n {edOr hr H$ho
OmVo h¢, CZ {edOr H$s dh _Zmo_`r ñnÝXe[ŠVê$nm H$mbr AZÝ` hr h¡, `h Amn Om{Zò Ÿ&
`hr _m`m h¡, `hr {edOr _| EH$ê$n go AÜ`ñV hmoH$a CÝht H$s gÎmm Am¡a ñ\y${V© go ñd`§
gÎmm Ed§ ñ\y${V© go `wŠV ~ZVr h¢, Bg{bE {edOr go AZÝ` h¡, MbZñd^md Omo aOmoJwU
h¡, BgH$s àYmZVm AmZona ñnÝXZe[ŠV H$hbmVr h¡ Am¡a gÎdJwU H$s àYmZVm go AnZo
_| Mmam| Amoa Bgr H$maU go g¥[îQ> Am{X H$m g§H$ën {dH$ën H$aZo Ho$ H$maU _ZH$s g_Vm
J«hU H$aVr hþB© _Zmo_`r H$hr OmVr h¡ &&2&&
Xmo ÑîQ>mÝVm| go _m`m _| AZÝ`ËdH$m g_W©Z H$aVo h¢ &
^Ð, O¡go ndZ Am¡a ñnÝXZ XmoZm| EH$ hr dñVw h¢ AWdm O¡go CîUVm Ed§ A[½Z XmoZm| EH$ hr
h¢, d¡go {MÝ_mÌ {ed Ed§ ñnÝXZe[ŠVê$n _m`m XmoZm| gXm hr EH$ñdê$n h¢, {^ÝZñdê$n Zht &&3&&
"`Vmo dm B_m{Z ^yVm{Z' BË`m{X lw{V`m| _| OJËg¥[îQ>, àmUñnÝXZ Am{X {H«$`mgo hr {edmË_H$
~«÷ H$m bjU H$aZo Ho$ H$maU ^r _m`m Ed§ {ed XmoZm| AZÝ` h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go ñnÝXZ go dm`w hr H$hm OmVm h¡ `m O¡go CîUVm go A[½Z hr H$hr OmVr h¡, d¡go
hr {ed go ^r {Z_©b emÝV M¡VÝ`_mÌ hr H$hm OmVm h¡ &&4&& ñnÝXZê$n _m`me[ŠV go hr
dh {edOr b{jV hmoVo h¢, AÝ`Wm Zht Ÿ& {edOr hr ~«÷ê$n h¢, do hr emÝV Am¡a
dmUr{demaXm| Ho$ AdmÀ` h¢ &&5&&
"gmo@H$m_`V ~hþ ñ`m§ àOmò`' BË`m{X go dh ñnÝXe[ŠV hr {edOr H$s BÀN>m h¡, dh
BÀN>m Bg Ñí`m^mgH$m Cg àH$ma {dñVma H$aVr h¡, {Og àH$ma gmH$ma nwéf H$s BÀN>m H$ënZmË_H$
ZJa H$m {dñVma H$aVr h¡ &
_m`m H$s Omo ñn§XZe{ŠV h¡, dhr ~«÷ê$n {edOr H$s BÀN>m h¡, dh BÀN>m Bg Ñí`m^mg H$m
Cg àH$ma {dñVma H$aVr h¡, {Og àH$ma gmH$ma nwéf H$s BÀN>m H$ënZmË_H$ ZJa H$m {dñVma
H$aVr h¡ &&6&& ^Ð, Bggo {gÕ hþAm {H$ {ed H$s CŠV BÀN>m hr H$m`© H$aZo _| Xj h¡, AV…
g_ñV AmH$ma go a{hV {edOr H$s ñnÝXZe[ŠVê$nm BÀN>m Bg g_ñV X¥í`m^mgH$m {Z_m©U
H$aVr h¡ & dhr BÀN>m AnZo ^rVa Ho$ {MXm^mg Ho$ Ûmam XrßV hmoH$a OrdM¡VÝ` H$hr JB© h¡,
Š`m|{H$ dhr OrdZm{^bm{f`m| H$m OrdZ h¡ &&7&& dhr OJV² Ho$ AmH$ma _| n[aUV hmoVr h¡, AV…
g_ñV g¥{îQ> H$s àH$¥{V ^r dhr h¡, Ñí`m| _o| (nXmWm]_|) àVrV hmoZo dmbo CËn{Îm Am{X {dH$mam| H$m
gånmXZ ^r dhr H$aVr h¡, AV… {H«$`mê$n ^r dhr h¡Ÿ&&8&&
"Ûr{nM_©narYmZm ewîH$_m§gm{V^¡adm' (ì`mK«M_© YmaU H$s hþB©, ewîH$_m§gm Ed§ A{V^`§H$a
Xodr) BË`m{X nwamUm| _| CgH$s Omo ewîH$Vm à{gÕ h¡, Cg_| ^r {Z{_Îm ~VbmVo h¢ &
lram_Or, dh ewîH$m ^r H$hr OmVr h¡, Š`m|{H$ g_wÐ Am{X Ho$ Obm| go AmÐ© ~«÷mÊS>ê$n
earaYm[aUr dh ~‹S>dm[½Z H$s bnQ> Ho$ gÑe bnQ>Ymar Am{XË` Am{X H$s Á`mo{V`m| go gyI
OmVr h¡ Ÿ& XwîQm| Ho$ {bE H«$moY H$s _y{V© hmoZo go M[ÊS>H$m VWm CgH$m H$_b Ho$ gÑe dU©dmbr
hmoZo go CËnbm H$hr OmVr h¡ &&9&& O~ dh EH$_mÌ O`{ZîR> hmo OmVr h¡, V~ O`m, {gÕm|
H$s eaU hmoZo go {gÕm, O`m hmoZo go O`ÝVr VWm {dO` H$m Aml` hmoZo go {dO`m H$hr
OmVr h¡ &&10&& _hme[ŠV Ho$ H$maU Anam{OVm, CgH$m ñdê$n Xw{Z©J«h hmoZo Ho$ H$maU XwJm©,
ŸyÕ - 84] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2091
VWm ›H$ma H$s gma^yV e{ŠV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU C_m ^r dhr H$hr OmVr h¡ &&11&& On
H$aZodmbm| Ho$ {bE na_nwéfmW©ê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Jm`Ìr, àgdH$s ^y{_ hmoZo go gm{dÌr VWm
ñdJ©-AndJ© Ho$ gmYZ Ed§ g_ñV H$_©CnmgZm Ho$ {dkmZm| H$s {dñVmaê$n hmoZo go gañdVr
^r dhr H$hr OmVr h¡ &&12&& My±{H$ _m`m H$m ñdê$n A{V Jm¡a h¡, AV… dhr Jm¡ar h¡, dhr
{edOr Ho$ eara H$s {Mag§{JZr h¡ & gwßV Am¡a OmJ«V {OVZo àmUr Ì¡bmoŠ` _| [ñWV h¢, CZHo$
öX` _| AH$mam{X _mÌmAm| go a{hV eãX~«÷ê$n àUd Ho$ ZmX H$m CÀMmaU gXm hmoVm ahVm
h¡, Bggo Omo A§JwîR>n[a{_V öX`H$_b Ho$ {N>Ð _| qbJmH$ma go [ñWV {edOr h¢, CZHo$ _ñVH$
_| ^yfU^yV {~ÝXwê$nm Omo C_mê$nm BÝXwH$bm h¡, dh ^r dhr H$hr OmVr h¡, {ed Am¡a {edm
XmoZm| AmH$meê$n h¢, AV… CZH$m eara A{gV `mZr Zrb àVrV hmoVm h¡ &&13,14&&
{ed Am¡a ^JdVr {edm XmoZm| Vmo MoVZê$n h¢, Bg{bE do O‹S> AmH$me ê$n H¡$go hmo gH$Vo
h¢Ÿ? Bg Ame§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
My ± { H$ {MÐÿ n {ed Am¡ a {edmZo _m§ g _` AnZo eara Ho $ gÑe í`m_dU© AmH$me H$mo
g¥[îQ>g§H$ënÑ[îQ> go H$ënm h¡, Bg{bE í`m_-gm Ed§ O‹S>-gm {XImB© XoVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go AmH$me _|
AmH$me [ñWV h¡, d¡go hr AmH$meê$n do ^r AmH$me _| (AnZo ñdê$n _|) {ZamYma hr [ñWV h¢ &&15&&
CZH$s A_yV©Vm Am¡a ñdÀN>Vm ^r AmH$me Ho$ hr gÑe g_PZr Mm{hE, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{edOr Am¡a {edm XmoZm| AmH$me Ho$ gÑe h¢ Am¡a CZH$m ñdê$n A_yV© h¡, AmH$me Ho$ ~‹S>o
^mB©`m| Ho$ g_mZ do XmoZm| hr AË`ÝV ñdÀN> h¢ Ÿ& (O~ A_yV© h¡, V~ hmW, n¡a Am{X VWm
hbm{X_mbm H$m YmaU H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ? Bg àíZ H$m CÎma XoVo h¢ &) ^X«, hmW, n¡a, _w±h VWm
{ga Am{X H$s ~hwbVm Ed§ AënVm Ho$ ôXgo AZoH$ê$nVm {d{MÌVm VWm _mbm{X H$m YmaU h¡,
Cgo Amn gw{Zò Ÿ& ^Ð, EH$_mÌ ñnÝXZê$ndmbr {H«$`m[Ë_H$m dh ^JdVr `Ú{n AZm{X-AZÝVê$nm
{M{Ve[ŠV h¡, VWm{n AnZr BÀN>m go AnZo g_ñV d¡{XH$ {H«$`mê$n ~ZH$a CgZo "XÚmV²,
ñZm`mV², Owhw`mV²' (Xmo, ZhmAmo Am¡a hmo_mo) BË`m{X doX{d{hV XmZm{X CÎm_ eara YmaU {H$`m
h¡, dmñVd _o| dh Xodr ñnÝXZY_©`wŠV H$_Zr` Ñí` lr AmH$meê$[nUr hr h¡, Bg{bE Cg H$mbr
^JdVr Ho$ Omo ZmZm{dY A{^Z`m| go nyU© Z¥Ë` h¢ do g~ ~«÷m Ho$ H$_©\$bê$n g~ àm{U`m| Ho$
OÝ_, [ñW{V Am{X Ho$ àH$ma h¢, `h OmZZm Mm{hE &&16-19&& AV… `h Xodr {H«$`mê$nm h¡,
Bg{bE CgH$m Ad`d _mZZm Mm{hE, Š`m|{H$ {Zad`d dñVw go H$moB© {H«$`m hmo Zht gH$Vr Ÿ& Bg
n[a{ñW{V _| AnZm R>rH$ ñdê$n {Z~mhZo Ho$ {bE hr H${ënV hmW, n¡a Am{X Ad`dê$nm hmoH$a
AnZo ^rVa J«m_, ZJa, Ûrn, _ÊS>b Am{X H$r _mbmE± YmaU H$aVr h¡ Am¡a CZgo ñnÝXZ H$aVr
h¡ `mZr AnZr {H«$`mê$nVm àX{e©V H$aVr h¡ &&20&&
H$mbr eãX H$s ì`m»`m _| ^r CgH$s EH$_mÌ {H«$`mñd^mdVm VWm ~«÷mÊS> eara hmoZo go
g_ñV bmoH$m{X Ad`dYm[aUr hmoZm ^r {gÕ hmo OmVm h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
^Ð, `h H$mbr h¡ Ÿ& VmËn`© `h h¡ -"H$b JVm¡ g§»`mZo M' Bg YmVw go H$mb Am¡a H$mbr
XmoZm| eãXm| H$m {Z_m©©U hþAm h¡ Ÿ& d¡`mH$aU bm|Jm| H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ "H$b' YmVw Vmo EH$ H$m_YoZw
h¡ `mZr H$m_YoZw go Omo Mmh| Xwhm Om gH$Vm h¡, d¡go hr H$bYmVw go Omo ^r AW© {ZH$mbZm
hmo, {ZH$mbm Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE `h bmImo| ~«÷mÊS>ê$n ~rO H$moem| H$s {Z_m©UH$Ìu h¡,
YmaUH$Ìu h¡ Am¡a n[aUm_ Am{X {dH$mam| H$mo àmßV ^r H$amVr h¡-`m| ñd`§ {H«$`mê$n hmoVr
hþB© H$_bbVm Ho$ gÑe í`m_bm ^r ~Z JB© h¡ Ÿ& Bgr{bE AnZo \y$b Am{X Ad`dê$n BZ
n¥{Wdr Am{X Ñí` bú_r H$mo öX` _| YmaU H$aVr h¡ &&21&&
`m| OJV²-ê$n A§Jm| H$mo YmaU H$aZo na ^r CgH$s Ag§JCXmgrZ {MÐÿn [edñd^mdVm hmoZo
Ho$ H$maU dmñVd _| {Zad`dVm hr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
dmñVd _| {M{Vê$nm dh Xodr Z Vmo H$^r eãXm| go d{U©V hmo gH$Vr h¡ Am¡a Z CgHo$ H$moB©
Ad`d hr h¢ Ÿ& ^Ð, Ho$db `hr Amn Om{Zò {H$ dh {edñdê$ngo A{^ÝZ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {dewÕ
{edmË_H$ hr h¡ Ÿ&&22&&
A§Jmo Ho$ Z ahVo ^r ì`nXoe hmoZo _| ÑîQ>mÝV XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
^Ð, O¡go AmH$me H$m eyÝ`Ëd h¡, dm`w H$m ñnÝXZ h¡, M[ÝÐH$mH$m {IbZodmbm Hw$_wwX Am{X
A§J h¡, d¡go hr {M{V H$m {H«$`m Ed§ Ñí` A§J h¡ &&23&&
Bg àH$ma CgH$m H$mbmË_H$, OJVA§Jdmbm {H«$`mñdê$nH$m dU©Z H$a A~ CgH$m dmñV{dH$
ñdê$n ~VbmVo h¢ &
dmñVd _| CgH$m ñdê$n {ed, emÝV, Am`mga{hV, A{dZmer Ed§ {Z_©b h¡, `h Amn
Om{Zò & Cg_| V{ZH$ ^r {ZíMbVm `m ñnÝXY_©Vm Zht h¡ &&24&&
CgH$m O¡go {H«$`mË_H$ ñdê$n h¡, dh Vmo A~moYH$mb _| {XImB© n‹S>Vm h¡ Am¡a {edmË_H$
ñdê$n ~moYXem _| àË`j hmoVm h¡, `hr Agbr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
AkmZXem _| dh CŠVñdê$nm {H«$`m hr h¡, na O~ ~moYde `mZr kmZde {H«$`mñd^md
go _wŠV hmoH$a dmñVd ê$nYm[aUr hmo OmVr h¡, V~ CgH$s {ed g§km n‹S> OmVr h¡-Cgo {ed
hr H$hm OmVm h¡ &&25&& Hy$Q>ñW {M{Ve{ŠVê$n Xodr H$s AnZo ñdê$n _| Omo A{dÚm go
à{VHy$b ñnÝXZ, O‹S> Am{X ñd^md go [ñW{V h¡, dhr {H«$`m H$hr OmVr h¡ Am¡a {dÚm go
O~ CgH$s dmñV{dH$ {dewÕ AZwHy$b M¡VÝ`ê$n [ñW{V hmo OmVr h¡, V~ Cgo {ed H$hm OmVm
h¡ &&26&& ^Ð, {M{Ve[ŠV H$s ñdê$n^yV, {demb AmH¥${Vdmbr Bg {H«$`mê$nm Xodr H$o,
{OgZo {H$ H$[ënVñdê$n YmaU H$a {b`m h¡, ò H$ho OmZodmbo gmao nXmW© A{^ÝZ Ad`d
hr h¢ Ÿ& {OgZo H$[ënV OJV²ê$n Xoh YmaU {H$`m h¡, Cg H$mbr Ho$ Z¥Ë` _| H$[ënV JrVm|
ŸyÕ - 84] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2093
Ho$ gÑe H$[ënV gy`© Am{X H$s _mbm H$m YmaU H$aZm ^r C{MV hr h¡ &&27&& ò g~ CgHo$
AZÝ` Ad`d h¢-{dÚ_mZ OZVmdJ© go `wŠV g¥[îQ>`m± AmbmoH$ go ^mñda bmoH$, Ûrn Ed§
gmJam| go nyU© n¥Ïdr, dZ Am¡a ^y{_ go `wŠV nd©V, A§J-Cnm§Jm| go, {dÚmñWmZ VWm Jr{V`m|
go, {d{Y-{ZfoY ê$n AWm] go Ed§ ew^mew^ H$ënZmAm| go `wŠV doX, nwamoS>meê$n Ðì` go
d{U©V hmoZo dmbo, amOo, AmoIbr, AmgZ, gyn, ñVå^m| go `wŠV X{jUm[½Zdmbo `j, {Ìeyb,
~mU Ed§ e[ŠV Am{X AZoH${dY Am`wYm| go Ed§ ~ÝXyH$, JXm, àmg, Kmo‹S>o, hmWr, `moYm Am{X
go `wŠV g§J«m_ Ed§ n¥Ïdr VWm Mm¡Xh bmoH$ ò g^r Cg _hmXodr Ho$ A§J h¢ &&28-32&&
Bg àH$ma AmnZo Xmo àíZm| H$m `Ú{n g_mYmZ Vmo {H$`m, VWm{n nyd© gJ© _§o CŠV Bg
e§H$m H$m g_mYmZ Zht hþAm {H$ H¡$go Û¡V Am¡a EoŠ` EH$ H$mb _| ah gH$Vo h¢, Š`m|{H$ {dZîQ>
AgV² nXmW© {H$gr AW©-{H«$`m H$m gånmXZ Zht H$a gH$Vo & AnZo A{ñVËd Ho$ à^md go
H$m`© H$m A[ñVËd n¡Xm H$aZm hr H$maUm| H$s H$m`m©W©{H«$`m h¡ Am¡a CnmXmZ Ho$ gmW H$m`m] H$s
AW©-{H«$`mH$m[aVm `m gÎmm H$m AnhaU Zme h¡ & EH$ g_` _| H$m`m] _| gÎmm `m gÎmm H$m
AnhaU CZH$m H$maU H$a Zht gH$Vm & Eogo nXmW©, Omo {H$ AnZo H$maUm| H$s gÎmm Ho$ gmW
AnZr ^r gÎmm Imo ~¡R>o h¢, àb` _| AnZr-AnZr AW©{H«$`m H$m {Zdm©h H$^r Zht H$a gH$Vo,
Bg Ame` H$mo boH$a lram_^Ð àíZ H$aVo h¢ &
lram_^Ð Zo H$hm … ^JdZ², éÐ Am¡a H$mbr Ho$ eara H$mo YmaU H$s hþB© {M{V Ho$ A§J _|
àb`H$mb _§o ^r AVrV AZmJV Am{X g_ñV gJ©, H$ën Am¡a àb` [ñWV h¢, `h Omo AmnZo
dU©Z {H$`m h¡, Cg_| _¢ Amngo EH$ àíZ H$aVm hÿ± & dh `h {H$ Omo g¥[îQ> Am{X [ñWV h¢, do Š`m
gËñd^md AW©{H«$`m g_W© AmË_m _| [ñWV h¢ `mZr gV² h¢ `m _¥JV¥îUmOb Ho$ gÑe AgË`,
gËñd^md go a{hV h¢ ? `h H${hò &&33&&
OJV Amoa àb` H$s H$^r ^r Z Vmo AmË`[ÝVH$ gÎmm h¡ Am¡a Z AmË`[ÝVH$ AgÎmm h¡ &
{H$ÝVw gË` g§H$ën H$m AZwgaU H$aZodmbr {M{V Zo {Ogo gË`ñdê$n go àH$m{eV {H$`m dh
gË` h¡, {Ogo AgV² ñdê$n go àH$m{eV {H$`m dh AgË` h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE {H$gr ^r nXmW© H$m
ñdV… H$moB© ê$n Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm Ÿ& Bg ~mV go `h {ZîH$f© {ZH$bm {H$ àb`H$mb _|
^r EoÝXd gJ© [ñWV Wo Am¡a do AW©[H«$`mg_W© ^r Wo, Š`m|{H$ {M{V H$m d¡gm g§H$ën Wm VWm
Zht ^r Wm, Š`m|{H$ {M{V H$m AÝ` g§H$ën ^r Wm Ÿ& BgH$m nyd© _| dU©Z ^r {H$`m J`m h¡-
`m| g§H$ënôX Ñ[îQ> go d{gîR>Or CÎma XoVo h¢Ÿ&
lram_Or, dmñVd _| Vmo g~ Hw$N> {M{Ve[ŠV hr h¡, Bg{bE VV²-VV² ^moŠVm àm{U`m|
Ho$ ôX Ûmam g¥[îQ>{Z{_Îm `m àb`{Z{_Îm {OgH$m {Og dñVw Ho$ ê$n_| gË`g§H$ën {M{V Zo
g§H$ën {H$`m, CgH$m Cgr Ho$ ê$n _| CZ ^moŠVmAm| Zo ^r AZw^d {H$`m Ÿ& AV… CZ
AZw^dH$Vm©Am| H$s Ñ{îQ> go `h g_ñV OJV² gË`-gm h¡ Am¡a AÝ`m| H$s Ñ{îQ> go AË`ÝV
Aà{g{Õ Ho$ H$maU AgË`-gm ^r h¡ &&34&&
Š`m| gË`-gm ^mgm ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
^Ð, ~mø _wI Am{X {~å~ H$mo boH$a O¡go Xn©U _| à{V{~å~ n‹S>Vm h¡, R>rH$ d¡go hr
nydm©Zw^dO{ZV dmgZm H$mo boH$a Cg Vah à{V{~[å~V hþAm gmjr MoVZ Cgr _| {dÚ_mZ h¡,
AV… AW©V… Cg AZw^{dVm Ho$ à{V gË` hr h¡, AgË` Zht &&35&&
AgË` Š`m| h¡ Ÿ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
CŠV AZw^d Ho$ ~b go nXmWm] H$s gË`Vm hmoZona ^r MoVZê$n H$m AMoVê$n_| àdoe Z hmo
gH$Zo Ho$ H$maU OJV² g§H$ënZJa Ho$ gÑe {_Ï`m hr hmoJm Ÿ& O~ Ñ‹T> Ü`mZ go {M{V H$m AmdaUê$n
_b hQ> OmòJm, V~ dh à{V{~[å~V hmo Zht gH$Vr, {\$a gË`Vm H$s MMm© hr Š`m ? &&36&&
Akm{Z`m| H$s Ñ[îQ> go OJV² _| àVrË`mË_H$ gË`Vm Omo h¡, Cgo ñdßZ Am{X Ho$ nXmWm] _| ^r
H$h gH$Vo h¢, Š`m|{H$ CZHo$ AZwê$n AW©{H«$`mH$m[aVm CZ_| ^r XoIr OmVr h¡, `m| H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, Xn©U _| à{V{~å~mË_H$ `m ñdßZ _| Ñí`_mZ `m g§H$ën _| H$[ënV Omo g¥{îQ> h¡,
dh ^r Vmo Akm{Z`m| H$s Ñ[îQ> go {gÕ àVrË`mË_H$ gË` hmo gH$Vr h¡, Š`m|{H$ dh AnZo
AZwê$n AW©{H«$`mH$mar h¡ hr, {\$a Cgo gË` hr _mZZm Mm{hò, `h _oam _V h¡ &&37&& ho
amKd, `{X Amn `h H$h| {H$ Xn©U Ho$ ^rVa {dÚ_mZ KQ> Am{X _oao {bE ~mha ObmhaU
Am{X H$aZo _| g_W© Zht h¡, AV… gË` Zht, Vmo Bg na _¢ `h H$hVm hÿ±, gw{Zò Ÿ& R>rH$
hr h¡, dh Xn©U _| ahZo dmbr MrO ~mha AmH$a H¡$go AW©-gånmXZ H$aoJr Ÿ? Xygao ñWmZ
_| {ñWV dñVw Xygao ñWmZ _| Hw$N> AW©-gånmXZ Zht H$aVr, Bg{bò Š`m Cgo AgË` g_P
boZm Mm{hE ? AmnHo$ Omo KQ> Am{X nXmW© Xygao àXoe _| aŠIo h¢, do Š`m AmnHo$ Ka _|
AmH$a Hw$N> AW© H$aZoo _| g_W© h¢ ? Eogo g~ nXmWm] H$s Bg g_` O¡go XoemÝVa _| AW©-
{H«$`mH$m[aVm à{gÕ h¡, R>rH$ d¡go hr Xn©U, ñdßZ Am{X _| à{V{~å~ Am{X H$s ^r
AW©{H«$`mH$m[aVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go XoemÝVa _| [ñWV Jm±d Cg_| Jò hþE nwéf Ho$ {bE AW©{H«$`mH$mar
hmoVm h¡, d¡go hr ñdßZ Am{X Ho$ ÐîQ>m Ho$ ê$n H$mo àmßV hþE nwéf Ho$ {bE ñdßZm{XH$ Ho$ g_ñV
^md AW©{H«$`mH$mar hmoVo hr h¢, Š`m|{H$ `hr AW© H$m {ZíM` h¡ &&38,39&&
Bg{bE VV²-VV² AW©{H«$`m H$mo XoIZodmbo ÐîQ>m H$s Ñ{îQ> go hr dh gË` R>haVm h¡, Xygao H$s
Ñ[îQ> go Zhr§, `m| à{V{~å~m{X H$s gË`Vm ì`d[ñWV hmo OmVr h¡, `m| H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
^Ð, Omo nXmW© `WmW© _| gH$b AW©{H«$`mH$mar {XImB© XoVm h¡, Cgo XoIZodmbo ÐîQ>m Ho$ à{V
dh gË` h¡ Am¡a Cgo Z XoIZodmbo AÝ` Ho$ à{V dh AgË` h¡ &&40&&
Bgr àH$ma àH¥$V _| ^r `moOZm H$aZr Mm{hE, `m| Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
ŸyÕ - 84] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2095
lram_^Ð, Bg{bE {M{Ve{ŠV Ho$ H$moe _| Ad[ñWV g_ñV g¥[îQ>`m± ñdßZm{X ÐîQ>mê$nVm
H$mo àmßV hþE nwéf Ho$ à{V gË` h¡ Am¡a AÝ` Ho$ à{V g~ AgË` h¡, Š`m|{H$ VX²JV gË`Vm
H$m à`moOH$ A{YîR>mZ^yV AmË_m h¡ hr &&41&& ^yV, dV©_mZ, Ed§ ^{dî` Ho$ {OVZo ^r
g§H$ën, ñdßZ Am{X Ho$ ZJa Am{X h¢ do g~ gË` hr h¢, `{X gË` Z hm|, Vmo gdm©Ë_m ~«÷
MmoQ>r H$m VÎd H¡$go hmo gHo$Jm Ÿ? H$ht ^r AË`ÝV AgV² dñVw H$m Vm[ÎdH$ê$n AmË_m à{gÕ
Zht h¡ &&42&&
Bgr{bE Xygao Ho$ ñdßZm| _| AZw^yV hmoZodmbo nXmWm] H$m `moJr bm^ H$aVo h¢ Am¡a ^moJ ^r
H$aVo h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go AÝ` ñWmZ _| {dÚ_mZ nd©V, Jm±d Am{X nXmW© dhm± J_Z H$aZo go àmßV hmo OmVo h¢,
d¡go hr ñdßZÐîQ>m nwéf go {^ÝZ Xygam `moJ{gÕ nwéf ^r naH$m`-àdoe{g{Õ Ûmam CgHo$ öX`
_| OmH$a CgH$m _Zê$n hmoH$a CgHo$ ñdmßZ nXmWm] H$mo àmá hmo OmVm h¡ &&43&&
Z¥Ë` go ^JdVr H$mbam{Ì Ho$ M{bV hmoZo na ^r CgH$s Xoh _| [ñWV ^y{_ Am{X H$m MbZ Z
hmoZo _| ÑîQ>mÝV H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
`{X nb§J Yrao go AÝ` ñWmZ _| hQ>m`m Om`, Vmo Cgna Jm‹T> {ZÐm _| gmo`m hþAm nwwéf
e`Z ñWmZ go AÝ`Ì bo Om`m J`m, naÝVw CgH$m ñdßZZJa Vmo bw‹T>H$m hr Zht Am¡a eara
Vmo bw‹T>H$m hþAm hr _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& ~g Bgr àH$ma Z¥Ë` H$a ahr H$mbam{Ì H$m eara
M[bV hþAm, naÝVw earaJV OJV² M{bV hþAm hr Zht, `h ^r hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Xn©U _|
à{V{~å~ Ho$ gÑe CgHo$ eara _| OJV [ñWV ahVm h¡ &&44,45&& lram_^Ð, `m| Ì¡bmoŠ`
H$m _hmZ² Amaå^ gË` hmoVo hþE ^r Ho$db ^«m[ÝV^mÌ hr h¡ Ÿ& Omo ^«m[ÝV_mÌê$n h¡, CgH$m
bw‹T>H$Zm Š`m _yë` aIVm h¡ Ÿ? `h ~VbmBò Ÿ&&46&& H$~ ñdßZZJa gË` ahm, H$~ ñdßZZJa
AgË` ahm, H$~ ñdßZZJa ZîQ> hþAm Am¡a H$~ dh [ñWV ahm ? &&47&& ^Ð, ^JdVr H$mbr
Ho$ A§Jm| _| [ñWV dh g_ñV Ñí`lr Ho$db ^«m[ÝVê$nm hr Wr, AV… Amn Bg g_` H$s OJV²
bú_r H$mo ^r AgË` ^«m[ÝVê$n hr Om{Zò &&48&&
ho amKd, g§H$ën, _ZmoamÁ`, ñdßZ, H$Wm Ed§ ^«_Xem _| O¡go ZJam| H$m AZw^d
^«m[ÝV_mÌ h¡, d¡go hr Bg Ì¡bmoŠ`mZw^d H$mo ^r Amn ^«m[ÝVê$n hr g_{Pò &&49&& ^Ð,
{M{Vê$n AmË_m Ho$ AÝXa `h "Ah_²' (_¢) Am¡a OJV² Zm_ H$s H$moB© dmñV{dH$ dñVw h¡ hr
Zht, {H$ÝVw AmH$me H¥$eVm (AënVm) Ho$ gÑe Ho$db ^«m[ÝV hr M_H$Vr h¡ & AmH$me _|
H¥$eVm `m H$m{b_m Zht h¡, dh Ho$db ^«m[ÝV go d¡gm XrIVm h¡ & Bg{bE Bg Ñí`lr H$mo
{ZnwUVm go XoIm Om` Vmo dh emÝV hmo OmVr h¡ &&50&&
Mm¡amgrdm± gJ© g_mßV
nMmgrdm± gJ©
Z¥Ë` H$a ahr H$mbr H$m {edOr H$m Xe©Z Am¡a
~‹S>o ào_ go ñne© H$a CZHo$ A§J _| {dbrZ hmo EH$ê$n hmo OmZm, `h dU©ZŸ&
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, d{U©V ar{V go ^JdVr H$mbam{Ì ^`§H$a Z¥Ë` H$aVr h¡, CgHo$
Z¥Ë` H$m Š`m hmb H$h|, n[añnÝXZmË_H$ AnZo XrK© ^wO_ÊS>bm| go CgZo gmao AmH$me H$mo EH$
KZm O§Jb-gm ~Zm aŠIm h¡ &&1&& lram_Or, {M{Ve{ŠVH$m Agbr VÎd Z OmZZo na dh
{H«$`mê$n ~Z OmVr h¡ Am¡a dh ñd^md go dhm± Z¥Ë` H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& dmñVd [ñW{V Vmo `h h¡ {H$ {M{V
e[ŠV _| {H$gr Vah H$m Z¥Ë`m{X {dH$ma h¡ hr Zht Ÿ& Bgr {H«$`mË_H$ {M{V Ho$ gyn, Hw$Xmb, nQ>b
Am{X ^yfU h¢ Ÿ&&2&& ~mU, e[ŠV, JXm, ^mbm, _ygb Am{X, {ebm Am{X, ^md, A^md Am{X
nXmW©g_yh VWm H$bm, H$mb Ho$ H«$_ Am{X ^r CgrHo$ ^yfU h¢ Ÿ&&3&&
O¡go AbmV H$m (bmR>r H$m) ñnÝXZ MH«$ Ho$ AmH$ma _| {XImB© XoVm h¡, d¡go hr CŠV {M{V H$m
ñnÝXZ OJV² Ho$ AmH$ma _| {XImB© XooVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
^Ð, O¡go öX` _| H$ënZm (_ZmoamÁ`-H$ënZm) hr ZJamH$ma H$mo YmaU H$aVr h¡, d¡go hr
{M{V H$m ñnÝXZ hr AnZo ^rVa OJV² H$mo YmaU H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& AWdm O¡go _ZmoamÁ` H$ënZm hr
ZJa h¡, d¡go hr ñn[ÝXV {M{V hr OJV² h¡, `h Amn Om{Zò &&4&&
A~ {edOr H$s BÀN>mê$n dh H$mbam{Ì {edOr go A{^ÝZ h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡gm ndZ H$m ñnÝXZ h¡, d¡gr hr dh H$mbam{Ì {edOr H$s BÀN>m h¡ Ÿ& Bggo ndZ Ho$ ^rVa
H$m ñnÝXZ O¡go ndZ Ho$ ñdê$n go AbJ Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw ndZ ñdê$n hr h¡ Am¡a AñnÝX hr h¡,
d¡go hr {edOr H$s BÀN>m {edOr Ho$ ñdê$n go AbJ Zht h¡, {edñdê$n hr h¡ Am¡a A{ZÀN>m hr
h¡ Ÿ& AV… BÀN>m[Ë_H$m H$mbam{Ì nyU©H$m_ {ed go A{^ÝZ h¡, `h OmZ boZm Mm{hE &&5&&
AmH$ma go a{hV {edoÀN>m gmH$ma OJV² Ho$ ê$n _| H¡$go n[aUV hmoJr Ÿ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
^Ð, O¡go AmH$maa{hV dm`w H$m ñnÝXZ AmH$me _| gmH$ma eãXmS>å~a n¡Xm H$aVm h¡, d¡go hr
{edOr H$s {ZamH$ma BÀN>m gmH$ma OJV² n¡Xm H$aVr h¡ &&6&&
^Ð, VXZÝVa O¡go ~h ahr g_wÐOb H$s aoIm AnZo {dZme Ho$ {bE ~‹S>dm[½ZH$m ñne©
H$aVr h¡, R>rH$ d¡go hr Cg {MXmH$me _| Z¥Ë` H$a ahr Cg H$mbam{Ì Zo H$mH$Vmbr` `moJ
go AË`ÝV ào_ go {ZH$Q>dVu {edOr H$m ñne© H$a {b`m & Á`m| hr CgZo ñne© {H$`m Ë`m|
hr CgH$m AmdaU H$aZodmbm e[ŠVê$n A§e Wmo‹S>m-gm hQ> J`m &&7,8&& hQ> OmZo Ho$ AZÝVa
na_H$maU EH$_mÌ {edOr Ho$ ñne© go dh H$mbam{Ì Yrao-Yrao AnZo Aì`ŠV^md H$mo VWm
N>moQ>onZ H$mo àmßV hmoZo bJ JB© Ÿ&&9&&
ŸyÕ - 85] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2097
^m¡{VH$ AZÝV AmH$mam| H$mo Ë`mJH$a dh Ho$db ^yV_mÌê$n hþB©, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
nhbo CgZo AnZo {demb AmH$ma H$m n[aË`mJ {H$`m, n§MrH$aU Ë`mJH$a nd©VmH¥${V ~Z JB©,
BgHo$ ~mX ZJamH¥${V_mÌñdê$n hþB©, {\$a dh {d{MÌ dmgZmê$n nëbd Ho$ H$maU d¥j Ho$ gÑe
gwÝXar ~Z JB© &&10&& VXZÝVa Aì`mH¥$V AmH$me Ho$ gÑe AmH$madmbr hþB©, {\$a dh {edOr
Ho$ AmH$ma _| Cg àH$ma g~ AmS>å~a N>mo‹S>H$a à{dîQ> hmo JB©, O¡go {H$ ZXr g_wÐ _| à{dîQ> hmoVr
h¡ &&11&& AZÝVa {edm go a{hV EH$_mÌ {edOr hr ~M Jò Ÿ& ò nyd©d{U©V {MXmH$meê$n JJZ
_| g~H$m Cng§hma H$aZodmbo VWm gd©n«H$ma Ho$ CnÐdm| H$s em[ÝV H$ë`mUmË_m {edOr hr Wo &&12&&
lram_^Ð Zo H$hm … ^JdZ², {edOr go ñne© H$s hþB© ^JdVr {edm H$mbam{Ì Š`m| emÝV hmo JB© ?Ÿ
`h _wPo VÎdV… ~VbmBE &&13&& lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … lram_Or, dh àH¥${V h¡, dh na_oída
H$s BÀN>mê$n e[ŠV h¡ Ÿ& emóm| _| {d»`mV OJÝ_m`m Am¡a ñdm^m{dH$ ñnÝXe[ŠV ^r dhr h¡ &&14&&
à{gÕ Omo {edOr h¢, do àH¥${V go na nwéf H$hbmVo h¢, ndZmH¥${V {edê$n YaZodmbo nwéf ^r
dhr h¢, dh eaX²H$mb Ho$ gX¥e {Z_©b em[ÝVYmar Ed§ na_ emÝV h¢ &&15&& lram_Or, dh {edOr
H$s BÀN>mê$n Ho$db ñdê$nYm[aUr na_oída H$s {M{Ve[ŠV ^«_ê$nr àH¥${V Bg g§gma _| V~ VH$
^«_U H$a gH$Vr h¡, O~ VH$ {ZË` V¥ßV, AOa, gdm}ËH¥$îQ>, Am{X-AÝVeyÝ`, Û¡Va{hV, {dH$maeyÝ`
na_mË_m H$mo Zht XoI boVr & Bggo {ZîH$f© `h {ZH$bm {H$ {edoÀN>mê$n {M{Ve[ŠV _| V~ VH$
ñnÝXZ ahVm h¡, O~ VH$ {H$ BîQ>àm[ßV Zht hmo OmVr Am¡a BîQ> H$s àm[ßV (na_mË_m H$s àm[ßV)
hmo OmZona Vmo CgH$s em[ÝV hmo OmVr h¡ &&16,17&& `h àH¥${V EH$_mÌ {M{Ve[ŠV H$s AmYma^yV
h¡, Bg{bE {M{Ve{ŠV hr g_PZr Mm{hEŸ& H$mH$Vmbr` `moJ go `h {M{VXodr O~ {edOr H$m ñne©
H$a boVr h¡, V~ {edê$n hr hmo OmVr h¡ &&18&& nwéf H$mo Ny>H$a g_wÐ _| ZXr Ho$ gÑe CgHo$ AÝXa
EH$ê$n ~ZH$a àH¥${V AnZm H$m`©ê$n n[aUm_ N>mo‹S> XoVr h¡ &&19&&
Bg_| `w[ŠV ~VbmVo h¢ &
Z{X`m| H$m ñdê$n Vmo Ho$db Ob_mÌ hr h¡, g_wÐ H$m g§J hmoZona ^r CgH$m dhr ê$n
ahVm h¡ & O~ `hr Agbr [ñW{V h¡, V~ dh CgH$mo (g_wÐ H$mo) àmßV H$a VËH$mb hr Cgr
_| EH$ê$n go brZ hmo OmVr h¡ &&20&& amKd, bmoh{Z{_©V Nw>ar Am{X H$s Ymam CËn{ÎmH$maU
bmoh{ebm H$mo àmßV H$a Cgr_| O¡go emÝV hmo OmVr h¡ `mZr bmoho _| {_b OmZo na Yma Hw$N>
H$m_ Zht H$a nmVr, R>rH$ d¡go hr dh {edoÀN>mê$n {M{Ve[ŠV Cg {ed XodH$mo hr nmH$a
Cg_| emÝV hmo OmVr h¡ & {\$a g§gma _| Hw$N> H$m_ H$a Zht nmVr &&21&& dZ Am{X H$s N>m`m
_| àdoe {H$ò hþE nwéf H$s {ZOr N>m`m, O¡go CgrHo$ ê$nH$s hmo OmVr h¡, d¡go hr nwéf _|
à{dîQ> hþB© àH¥${V nwéfê$n hr hmo OmVr h¡ &&22&&
V~ Vmo dZ _| go {ZH$b OmZo Ho$ ~mX O¡go {\$a AnZr N>m`m AbJ hmo OmVr h¡, d¡go hr
~«÷àmßV nwéf H$mo ^r {\$a g§gma àmßV hmo gH$Vm h¡, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, AnZm gZmVZ nwéfê$n Omo ^md h¡, CgH$mo àH$m{eV H$a XoZo Ho$ AZÝVa {\$a dh Z
Bg g§gma _| ^«_U H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Z àH¥${V^md H$mo hr àmßV H$aVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ nwZamJ_Z _|
{Z{_Îm AkmZ H$m ~mY hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&&23&&
V^r Bg g§gma _| {\$a AmZm hmoVm h¡, O~ g§gma H$s BÀN>m ahVr h¡, naÝVw VÎdkmZ hmo OmZo
na Vmo g§gma H$s BÀN>m hr Zht ah OmVr, `h H$hVo h¢ &
gmYw nwéf V~ VH$ Mmoam| Ho$ g_wXm` _| ahVm h¡, O~ VH$ {H$ dh Cgo OmZVm Zht `mZr ^«m[ÝV
go Mmoa H$mo AnZm {hV¡fr g_PH$a V~ VH$ CgHo$ ~rM _| ahVm h¡, O~ VH$ {H$ `h Mmoa h¡ Am¡a
_oam {hV¡fr Zht h¡, `h Zht OmZ nmVm Ÿ& naÝVw O~ OmZ boVm h¡ {H$ `h Mmoa Am¡a A{hV¡fr h¡
{\$a CgHo$ ~rM _| a_U `m dmg Zht H$aVm &&24&& O~ VH$ na_ AmË_m Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo àË`jê$n
go Zht XoIVr V^r VH$ AgÐÿn Û¡Vàn§M _| {M{V (Ak {M{V `mZr Ord) a_U Am¡a ^«_U H$aVr
h¡ Ÿ& O~ CgH$m àË`j H$a boVr h¡, V~ Vmo VÝ_` ~Z OmVr h¡ &&25&& My±{H$ {M{V _| {Zdm©UmË_H$
àemÝV ñdê$n hr na_nX h¡, Bg{bE àH¥${V (AkmZ`wŠV {M{V) Cgo àmßV H$a {Og àH$ma g_wÐ
_| ZXr g_wÐê$nVm àmßV H$aVr h¡ Cgr n«H$ma VÐÿn ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ&&26&&
`hm± VH$ {OVZr ~mV| H$hr JB©, CZ g~H$m g§J«hH$a Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
ho am_^Ð, O~ VH$ Cg na~«÷ na_mË_m H$mo {M{V gmjmV² Zht XoIVr, V~ VH$ {demb
_moh Ho$ à^md go AmH«$mÝV hmoH$a à{VHy$b BZ gJm] _| Am¡a CZ OÝ_ Am{X XemAm| _| ^«_U H$aVr
h¡ Am¡a O~ Cgo XoI boVr h¡, V~ Vmo Cg_| VÝ_` ~ZH$a Eogo Sy>~ OmVr h¡, O¡go {H$ _Yw _| ^«_ar
Sy>~Vr h¡Ÿ&&27&& ho am_^Ð, bJmVma AmZodmbo OÝ_, _aU Ed§ _moh_` gH$b Xw…I {Oggo emÝV
hmo OmVo h¢, Cg AmË_m H$mo àmßV H$a H$m¡Z nwéf Eogm h¡ Omo N>mo‹S> Xoo ? Š`m H$moB© agm`Zm| H$mo
(A_¥V H$mo) àmßV Am¡a AZw^d H$a H$ht N>mo‹S> gH$Vm h¡ ? &&28&&
nMmgrdm± gJ© g_mßV
{N>`mgrdm± gJ©
~«÷mÊS>ê$nr Imon‹S>r H$mo J«g boZodmbo éÐeara H$m gyú_^md go {ebmê$n {MXmH$me _| {Vamo^md VWm Cg
àXoe go {^ÝZ AÝ` àXoem| Ho$ AÝ` {ebm, d¥j Am{X gH$bê$n ~«÷ _| g¥{îQ> H$s {d{MÌVm H$m Xe©ZŸ&
g~go nhbo éÐXoh Ho$ Cng§hma H«$_ H$mo gwZmVo h¢ &
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … lram_Or, Cg _hmH$me _| Cg àH$ma go Ad[ñWV ò _hméÐ {Og
ar{V go AnZr XohJV CŠV ^«m[ÝVH$m Ë`mJH$a emÝV hmo OmVo h¢, Cg ar{V H$m ldU H$s{Oò &&1&&
^Ð, ~«÷mÊS> H$s D$na-ZrMo H$s XmoZm| Imon{‹S>`m± VWm dh éÐ VrZm| CŠV {MXmH$me _| Cg
ŸyÕ - 86] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2099
g_` {MÌ{b{IV Ho$ gÑe {ZíMb `mZr MoîQm>eyÝ` Wo, `hr nhbo _¢Zo XoIm Wm &&2&& VXZÝVa
EH$ _whyV©_mÌ _| AÝ` AmH$me _| Cg éÐZo CŠV IÊS> (~«÷mÊS> Ho$ D$na-ZrMo Ho$ Xmo {hñgo)
Cg Vah, gy`m©Ë_H$ Ñ[îQ> go XoIo, {Og Vah Úw Am¡a ^y{_ &&3&& VXZÝVa EH$ {Z_of_mÌ _| Cg
éÐZo AnZo _wI go ItMo Jò ídmgdm`w go CZ XmoZm| Imon{‹S>`m| H$mo AnZo g_rn bmH$a nmVmb-
Jwhm Ho$ gX¥e _wI _| \|$H$ {X`m `mZr _wI Ho$ ^rVa S>mb {X`m &&4&& Cg g_` dh éÐ ^JdmZ²,
{OgZo {H$ ~«÷mÊS> IÊS>ê$nr CJ« Xw½Ygma Am¡a nŠdmZ Ho$ _ÊS>b H$mo J«g {b`m Wm, Eogo EH$ê$n
hmo Jò, O¡go AmH$me _| AmH$me EH$ê$n hmo &&5&& CgHo$ ~mX EH$ _whyV©_mÌ _| _oK Ho$ gÑe dh
hbHo$ hmo Jò, BgHo$ AZÝVa `[îQ> Ho$ gÑe, BgHo$ ~mX àXoe_mÌ (A§JyR>o go boH$a VO©Zr VH$ Ho$
Zmndmbo-{~Îmo âHo$) hmo Jò &&6&& CgHo$ ~mX Eogo éÐ H$s H$m±>M Ho$ N>moQ>o Qw>H$‹S>o Ho$ gÑe AmH¥${V
hmo JB©, `h _¢Zo XoIm & {\$a {Xì`Ñ[îQ> Ûmam `h ^r _¢Zo XoIm {H$ do AmH$me_ÊS>b go ^r N>moQ>o
AUw hmoZo bJ Jò &&7&& ^Ð, VXZÝVa na_mUwê$n hmo Jò, {\$a EH$X_ {Vamo{hV (AX¥í`) hmo
Jò & Bg àH$ma Cg Vah OJV² go boH$a éÐ Xoh VH$ _hmaå^ H$aZodmbo ^r ò éÐ eaV²H$mb Ho$
_oKIÊS>m| Ho$ gÑe _oao XooIVo-XoIVo H«$_e… emÝV hmo Jò &&8&& ^Ð, ^JdmZ² e§H$aOr Zo
AmdaU`wŠV ~«÷mÊS> ê$nr H$nmQ> Cg àH$ma {ZJb {b`m, {Og àH$ma {H$ jwYmV© h[aU jwÐ nÎmo
H$mo {ZJb OmVm h¡ &&9&& VXZÝVa dh Ñí`ê$n H$m[b_m go a{hV {MXmH$meê$n emÝV Ho$db
~«÷ê$n hr ah J`m & dh Am{X, _Ü` Am¡a gr_m go eyÝ` Ho$db kmZñdê$n hr ahm &&10&&
A~ nmfmUmoXa-H$WmH$s g_m[ßV Xem©Vo hþE Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ &
^Ð, Bg àH$ma Cg {ebm Ho$ Qw>H$‹S>o Ho$ H$moQ>a _| _¢Zo Xn©U _| à{V{~å~-gm _hmZ² {d^«_ê$n
g§gma Ed§ CgH$m _hmàb` XoIm &&11&& ho amKd, VXZÝVa Cg A§JZm H$m Cg {ebm H$m Ed§
Cg g§gma^«_ H$m ñ_aU H$a _¢ Eogo hr {dñ_` H$mo àmßV hþAm, O¡go {H$ J«m_rU nwéf, {OgZo
H$^r ZJa Z XoIm hmo, amOÛma na AmH$a na_ {dñ_` H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡ &&12&& nwZ… Cg gwdU©
H$s {ebm H$mo _¢Zo nyd© àXoe go AÝ` àXoem| _o§o ^r XoIm & CgHo$ Aeof A§Jm| _| g^r OJh H$mbam{Ì
Ho$ A§Jm| Ho$ gÑe AZoH$ g¥[îQ>`m± {dÚ_mZ Wt &&13&& ^Ð, ~w{Õê$nr ZoÌ go do g¥[îQ>`m± CZ
{ebmIÊS>m| _| XrI n‹S>Vr h¢, Am¡a AÛ¡VÑ[îQ> go do Zht ^r XrI n‹S>Vt, g~ OJh g~ H$mb _|
gdm©Ë_H$ dñVw O~ ahVr h¡, V~ d¡gm hmo hr gH$Vm h¡ &&14&& `{X _m§g_` Ñ[îQ> go Xyana [ñWV
dñVw Ho$ gÑe AmnmVV… XoIr Om`, Vmo dh Ho$db AHo$br {ebm hr XoIZo _| AmòJr, Cg_| Hw$N>
^r gJ© {XImB© Zht n‹S>oJm &&15&& KZ_ÊS>bdmbr dh gwdU©_`r {ebm EH$ê$n hr {ñWV WrŸ&
gÝÜ`mH$mb Ho$ _oK Ho$ gÑe A{VgwÝXa Ed§ {demb Wr &&16&& lramKd, BgHo$ ~mX AË`ÝV
AmíM`© go `wŠV hmoH$a _¢Zo {\$a Cg {ebm Ho$ Xygao ^mJ Ho$ {df` _| Cgr àH$ma H$s {Xì`Ñ[îQ>
go {dMma {H$`m &&17&& {dMmaH$a Á`m| hr _¢Zo Cgo XoIm, Ë`m| hr dh Xygam ^mJ ^r AZoH$ Vah
Ho$ OJV² Ho$ Amaå^m| go (g¥[îQ>`m| go) IMm-IM âm hr _oar Ñ[îQ> _| Am`m Ÿ& nhbo {Og àXoe
H$mo XoIm Wm, Cgr Vah go dh ^r {N>ÐmH$ma _| (AmH$me _|) AZoH$ Vah Ho$ AWm] go gwÝXa hr bJ
ahm Wm &&18&& Bgr Vah {\$a _¢Zo CgHo$ AÝ` àXoe H$mo ^r XoIm, Vmo dh ^r Cgr àH$ma go
AZoH$ Vah H$s g¥{îQ>`m| Ho$ AmS>å~am| go n[anyU© hr Wm &&19&& ^Ð, Cg {ebm Ho$ {Og-{Og
àXoe H$mo _¢ XoIVm, Cg-Cg àXoe _| {Z_©b Xn©U _| à{V{~å~ Ho$ gÑe, OJV² {XImB© XoVm
Wm &&20&& BgHo$ ~mX _¢Zo ~‹S>o hr H$m¡VwH$ go Cg nd©V H$s g^r {ebmE±, ^y{_^mJ Ed§ V¥U, Jwë_
Am{X Ho$ D$na Ohm± H$ht ^r Ñ[îQ>nmV {H$`m, dhm± gd©Ì Cgr àH$ma AZoH$ Vah Ho$ AmH$mam| go
`wŠV OJV² H$mo {dÚ_mZ XoImŸ& ^Ð, `h ~w{Õ go (Am{Y^m¡{VH$ Xoh^md H$s ^«m[ÝV go eyÝ`
gd©gmjr _¢ hr hy±, Bg ~w{Õ go) hr XoIm OmVm h¡, M_©Mjw go Zht &&21,22&&
Cg Cg àXoe _| Omo Omo {deof {deof XoIm, A~ Cgo Xem©Vo h¢ &
H$ht na àma[å^H$ g¥[îQ> Ho$ {bE àOmn{V n¡Xm hmo aho Wo, Vmo H$ht na àOmn{V Ûmam gy`©, MÝÐ
Am{X ZjÌ_ÊS>b, {XZ Am¡a amV H$s H$ënZm H$s Om ahr Wr &&23&& H$ht na n¥Ïdr H$s nrR> _Zwî`m|
Ho$ g_yhm| go âr Wr, Vmo H$ht na amOm gJa Ho$ nwÌm| Zo Mma g_wÐê$nr {dH$Q> ImB`m± A^r VH$
Zht ImoX nm`r Wt &&24&& H$ht na H$moB© OJV² Vmo XodVmAm| H$s CËn{Îm go eyÝ` Am¡a XmZdm| H$s
CËn{Îm go `wŠV XoIZo _| Am`m, Vmo H$ht na Hw$N> OJV² gV`wJ Ho$ AmMaU Am¡a gÁOZ àm{U`m|
go âm _¢Zo XoIm &&25&& ^Ð, H$ht na Hw$N> OJV² H${b`wJ Ho$ AmMaUm| go `wŠV VWm XwO©Z àm{U`m|
go âo Wo, Vmo H$ht na Hw$N> OJV² ZJam| H$s am{e`m| Ed§ X¡Ë`m| Ho$ g§J«m_m| go A{V g§H$sU© Wo &&26&&
H$ht na OJV² ~‹S>o-~‹S>o nd©Vmo| Ho$ g_yhm| go BVZm ì`mßV Wm {H$ Cg_| V{ZH$ ^r AdH$me Zht
ah J`m Wm Am¡a H$ht na Xygar H$moB© g¥[îQ> hr CËnÝZ Zht hþB© Wr, Ho$db ~«÷mOr hr CËnÝZ hþE
Wo &&27&& H$ht na Hw$N> OJV² Eogo XoIo {H$ CZ_| n¥Ïdr Ho$ g^r _mZd Oam_aU go a{hV Wo Am¡a
H$htna ^JdmZ² e§H$a Eogr [ñW{V _| {XImB© {Xò {H$ CZHo$ _ñVH$na MÝÐê$n ^yfU hr Zht ahm,
Š`m|{H$ ^yfUê$n MÝÐ H$s CËn{Îm hr dhm± Zht hþB© Wr &&28&& ^Ð, H$ht na Vmo jragmJa H$m _§WZ
hr Zht hþAm Wm, Bg{bE dh _¥Ë`wJ«ñV XodVmAm| go nyU© Wm VWm dhm± A_¥V, CÀM¡…ldm, EoamdV,
YÝdÝV[a, H$m_YoZw, bú_r Am¡a {df ^r CËnÝZ Zht hþE Wo &&29&& H$ht na ewH«$mMm`© H$s
_¥Vg§Or{dZr _hm{dÚm n¡Xm H$aZodmbr _hVr VníM`m© _| {d¿Z S>mbZo Ho$ {bE XodVm CËH$[ÊR>V
{XImB© Xo aho Wo, Vmo H$ht na ^mdr eÌwAm| Ho$ Zme Ho$ {Z{_Îm {X{V Ho$ noQ> _| KwgH$a J^© Ho$ Ad`dm|
H$mo H$mQ>Zo Ho$ {bE BÝÐ CËgwH$ Wo &&30&& H$ht na OJV² _| Y_© _| ½bm{Z Z AmZo Ho$ H$maU g_ñV
OZVm ñdàH$me ~«÷kmZ go nyU© Wr, H$ht na Vmo nX>mW©[ñW{V nyd©{gÕ Ad`d aMZm Ho$ H«$_go
{dbjU hr Wr &&31&& H$ht na OJV² Anyd© doX Ed§ emó Ho$ AWm] Ho$ AZwgma AmMaU VWm {dMma
_| VËna {XImB© {X`m VWm H$htna _hmàb` Ho$ jmo^ go a{hV AVEd gwÝXa {ZíMbê$n go [ñWV
ŸyÕ - 86] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2101
{XImB© n‹S>m Ÿ&&32&& H$ht na Vmo OJV² _| X¡Ë`m| Ho$ g_yhm| go XodVmAm| Ho$ Ka bwQ>o hþE {_bo, Am¡a
H$ht {H$gr OJV² _| XodVmAm| Ho$ CÚmZm| _| JÝYd© VWm {H$ÝZa _Ywa JmZm Jm aho Wo &&33&& H$ht
{H$gr OJV² _| XodVm Am¡a XmZdm| _| g_wÐ_§WZ Ho$ {bE ~Zm hþAm CÎm_ gm¡hmX© (_ob) XoIZo _|
Am`m &&34&& ^Ð, Bg àH$ma ^yV, dV©_mZ Ed§ ^{dî` H$mb Ho$ _hmZ² OJXmS>å~a H$mo _¢Zo Cg
g_` {dídê$n _hmXodOr Ho$ ñdê$n _| `mZr _m`m`wŠV {MXmH$me _| XoIm &&35&&
Cgr OJV² Ho$ AmS>å~am| H$mo {\$a Xem©Vo h¢ &
H$ht na OJV² H$ënH$mb Ho$ Hw${nV nwîH$amdV© _oKm| Ho$ H$maU ì`mHw$b H$htna emÝV
g_ñV ^yVm| Ho$ g_yhm| go CnÐda{hV Wm Ÿ&&36&& H$ht na Hw${nV XodVm, XmdZ Ed§ amOmAm|
go ì`mßV Wm, H$htna gy`© H$s CËn{Îm hr Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {ZaÝVa AZm{eV AÝYH$ma go
nyU© Wm &&37&& H$moB© gy`m}X` Ho$ H$maU AÝYH$ma go a{hV AVEd ÁdmbmoXa Ho$ g_mZ gwÝXa
àVrV hmo ahm Wm, Am¡a H$ht ^JdmZ² Ho$ Zm{^H$_b H$s Zmb _| _Yw Am¡a H¡$Q>^ {N>no hþE
WoŸ&&38&& {H$gr OJV² _| ZdrZ ~«÷mOr H$_b H$s {nQ>mar _| ~mbH$ê$n_| gmoò n‹S>o Wo, {H$gr
OJV² _| Vmo _hmàb` _| CÝZV AJ«^mJdmbo Aj` dQ>Ho$ nÎmo Ho$ D$na ^JdmZ² ZmamÙ
{dlm_ bo aho Wo &&39&& {H$gr OJV² _| n«b`ê$nr _hmam{Ì H$m A{VeyÝ`ê$n `mZr àH$mea{hV
Jm‹T> A±Yoam N>m`m hþAm Wm, Vmo {H$gr _| {ebm Ho$ noQ> Ho$ gÑe {ZíMb {dembmH¥${V AmH$me
hr XrI n‹S>Vm Wm &&40&& H$moB© Vmo gmo`m hþAm Am¡a OR>a Ho$ gÑe _mby_ n‹S> ahm Wm, H$moB©
AV{H© V ({dbjU) VWm kmZ`mo½` hr Zht Wm, Bg{bE Mmam| Amoa gwfwßV-gm àVrV hmo
ahm Wm &&41&& {H$gr OJV² _o§ n§Im| go AË`ÝV jwãY nd©Vê$nr H$m¡Am| go gmam AmH$me_ÊS>b
AmÀN>ÝZ Wm Am¡a {H$gr _| Vmo dO« go My{U©V AVEd Ðdr^yV nd©Vm| Ho$ H$maU Anyd© ^mgwaVm
XrI n‹S>Vr Wr &&42&& {H$gr_| Vmo Va§J_mbmAm| go AmHw$b à_Îm g_wÐ n¥Ïdr Am¡a nd©Vm| H$mo
bo OmVo hþE XrI n‹S>o Am¡a H$htna {Ìnwamgwa, d¥Ìmgwa, AÝYH$mgwa VWm ~{b Ho$ g§J«m_ hmo
aho Wo, Bggo dh ~‹S>m ^`§H$a àVrV hmo ahm Wm &&43&& H$ht na _Îm nmVmbJOm| go dgwÝYam
H$[ånV hmo ahr Wr Am¡a H$ht eof Ho$ _ñVH$ go H$ënmÝV _§§o n¥Ïdr bw‹T>H$ ahr Wr &&44&& {H$gr
ñWmZ _| N>moQ>o ~mbH$ê$n am_Or amjg amdU H$mo ZîQ> H$a aho Wo, Vmo {H$gr _| amjg amdU
hr grVm-haU Ûmam amKd H$mo R>J ahm Wm &&45&& H$ht na H$mbZo{_ amjg Zo ^y{_ na Yao
AnZo n¡a go VWm gw_oé nd©V Ho$ _ñVH$ na aŠIo AnZo _ñVH$ go _hmZ² AmH$me H$mo AmH«$mÝV
H$a aŠIm Wm, `h ^r _wPo XoIZo _| Am`m &&46&& H$ht na gmam OJV² Xodm| H$mo hQ>mH$a XmZdm|
Ûmam nm{bV Wm Am¡a H$htna XmZdm| H$mo hQ>mH$a Xodm| Ûmam hr nm{bV Wm &&47&& H$hr§ na
OJV² _| AO©wZ`wŠV ñdOZnmbH$ H¥$îU go nmÊS>d VWm H$m¡adm| Ho$ Ûmam _hm^maV-`wÕ go
AZoH$ Ajm¡{h{U`m| H$m {dZme {H$`m Om ahm Wm &&48&&
"H$ht N>moQ>o ~mbH$ am_Or Ho$ Ûmam amdU _mam Om ahm Wm' `h gwZH$a AmeM`©M{H$V hþE
lram_Or àíZ H$aVo h¢ &
lram_Or Zo H$hm … ^JdZ², Š`m _¢ nhbo CËnÝZ hþAm Wm, `{X CËnÝZ hþAm Wm, Vmo Š`m
BÝht Ad`dm| go CËnÝZ hþAm, `m Xygao Ad`dm| go, `{X BÝht go CËnÝZ hþAm Vmo `h H¡$go g§^d
h¡ Ÿ? `h _wPgo H${hò &&49&& lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_^Ð, g^r nXmW© ~ma~ma Xygao `m
Cgr H«$_ go Ad`dg§{Zdoe (AmH¥${V) YmaU H$aVo h¢, O¡go {H$ ~ma-~ma K‹S>o Am{X _| âo Om aho
C‹S>X Cgr `m AÝ` H«$_ go Ad`dg§{Zdoe (AmH¥${V) YmaU H$aVo h¢ &&50&& ^Ð, H$moB© nXmW©,
{OZHo$ g~ H«$_ g_mZ h¢, eãXm| Ho$ AWm] Ho$ Vwë` Cgr AmH¥${V go ñ\w$[aV hmoVo h¢ `m H$moB© g_wÐ
H$s Va§Jm| Ho$ gÑe Cgr AWdm nañna {^ÝZ AmH¥${V go ñ\w$[aV hmoVo h¢Ÿ&&51&& amKd, {\$a-{\$a
Vw_, {\$a-{\$a h_ Am¡a ò _Zwî` ^r {\$a-{\$a CËnÝZ hmoVo hr ahVo h¢ Ÿ& dmñVd _| VÎdÑ[îQ> go
MoVZmË_m _| H$^r ò `m Xygao `m `h gmam OJV² Z CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡ `m Z ñ\w$[aV hr hmoVm h¡Ÿ&&52&&
_m`mÑ[îQ> go hr do CËnÝZ hmoVo h¢ `m AÝ` CËnÝZ hmoVo h¢, Bg {df` H$m Vmo {ZU©` h¡ hr
Zht, `h H$hVo h¢ &
g_wÐ _| do hr Va§J| Xygar ~ma AmB© `m Xygar Va§J| AmB©, `h O¡go A^r VH$ {ZU©` Zht hmo
nm`m h¡, d¡go hr ^«_U H$a aho àmUr do hr Amò `m Xygao Amò BgH$m ^r A^r VH$ {ZU©` Zht hmo
nm`m h¡ Ÿ&&53&& ^Ð, Bg g§gma _| CËnÝZ hmo aho AZoH${dY ^«_m| Ho$ H$maU ^yVg_wXm` AmVo Am¡a
OmVo ahVo h¢ Ÿ& H$moB© Vmo Cgr ê$n go AmVo h¢, H$moB© AÝ` ê$n go AmVo h¢, H$moB© g_mZ ê$n go AmVo
h¢ Am¡a H$moB© {df_ ê$n go AmVo h¢ &&54&& Mmam| Amoa ^yV Cgr ê$n go Ky_Vo h¢ Am¡a AÝ` ê$n go
^r Ky_Vo h¢, AÝ` Š`m H$h| ò ^yV OJV²-ê$nr gmJa Ho$ ObH$Uê$n hr h¢, `h Amn Om{Zò Ÿ&&55&&
Bg {df` H$m nyd© _w_wjw-ì`dhmaàH$aU _| Omo H$WZ {H$`m J`m Wm, CgH$m ñ_aU H$amVo
hþE CgrH$mo H$hVo h¢ &
g§gma Ho$ H$moB© àmUr Vmo nyd© Ho$ hr YZ, ~ÝYw, AdñWm, H$_©, {dÚm, {dkmZ Am¡a MoîQ>mAm| H$mo
boH$a hr ~ma-~ma CËnÝZ hmoVo h¢ &&56&& H$moB© Ord nyd© Ho$ CZ YZ Am{X go AmYo g_mZ hmoH$a
AmVo h¢ Am¡a H$moB© MVwWmªe go g_mZ hmoH$a AmVo h¢, Vmo H$moB© Ord R>rH$ do hr (Cgr eara Ho$ )
~ZH$a AmVo h¢ Am¡a H$moB© AÝ` eara YmaUH$a {~bHw$b Ag_mZ hmoH$a AmVo h¢ & Bggo Ordm| H$s
EH$Vm hmoZo na eara ^r g_mZ hr hmoZo Mm{hE, `h {Z`_ Zht h¡ Ÿ&&57&&
Eogo hr Ordm| H$m ôX hmoZo na eara {^ÝZ hm|, `h ^r {Z`_ Zht h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
{H$gr g_` YZ Am{X go EH$ê$n hmoVo hþE ^r ò Ord H$mb Ho$ à^md go AÝ` g_` _| R>rH$
CZgo {dnarV hmo OmVo h¢ & {H$gr g_` H$mb Ho$ à^md go gÑe hmoVo h¢, Vmo eara Ho$ à^md go
{dgÑe hmoVo h¢ &&58&& My±{H$ do hr Ord amJ, Ûof, ^moJb§nQ>Vm Am{X XmofnyU© {d{MÌ {d{MÌ
ŸyÕ - 87] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2103
Y_m©Y_© MoîQ>m Ho$ H$maU H$mbde {d{MÌ AZoH$ Xoh YmaU go Xygao Xygao ê$ndmbo ~ZH$a ZrMo Ed§
D$na Ho$ bmoH$m| _| ~ma-~ma AmVo OmVo ahVo h¢, Bg{bE M§Mb g§gma_` g_wÐ _| MH«$mH$ma
AmdV©_` Omo àmUrê$n Ob ~h ahm h¡, do gÑe h¢, {dgÑe h¢, AWdm do hr h¢ `m AÝ` h¢, Bg
{df` H$m {ZYm©aU ^br^m±{V H$m¡Z nwéf H$a gH$Vm h¡ `mZr H$moB© Zht H$a gH$Vm &&59&&
{N>`mgrdm± gJ© g_mßV
gÎmmgrdm± gJ©
Xoh, B[ÝÐ` Am{X H$s CËn{Îm Ho$ H«$_ go AnZr Xoh _| hr {díd H$s H$ënZm VWm
AnZr ñd`§^yê$nVm H$m lrd{gîR>Or Ho$ Ûmam dU©ZŸ&
O¡go _¢Zo Ü`mZnyU© Ñ[îQ> go {ebm, d¥j, V¥U Am{X g_ñV nXmWm] _| g¥{îQ>`m± XoIr Wr d¡go hr
AnZo eara Ho$ Ad`dm| _| ^r Ü`mZnyU© Ñ[îQ> go AZoH$ g¥[îQ>`m± XoIr, `h H$hVo h¢ &
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, [ebm, V¥U, Jwë_m{X _| {d{MÌ gJ© XoIZo Ho$ ~mX
{Zam_`, gd©ì`mnr, AZÝV, {MXmH$meñdê$n VWm g_m{hV{MÎm hmoH$a O~ _¢ XoIZo bJm, Vmo _¢
Š`m XoIVm hÿ± {H$ _oao eara Ho$ hr ^rVa gJ© [ñWV h¡, {OgH$s Cn_m A§Hw$[aV ~rO go Xr Om
gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& `h gJ© S>ohar Ho$ ^rVa [ñWV d¥[îQ> go {gŠV hþE ~rO Ho$ A§Hw$a Ho$ gÑe h¡ &&1,2&&
O¡go ~rO _| ^rVa {dÚ_mZ A§Hw$a gtMZo go {dH${gV hmoH$a D$na H$s Amoa {ZH$b AmVm h¡ d¡go
hr _yV©-A_yV©, MoVZ Am¡a AMoVZ g^r dñVwAm| _| `h OJV² h¡ &&3&&
AnZr g_m{Y _| Cg g¥[îQ> H$m AmnZo H¡$go AZw^d {H$`m ? Bg àíZ na H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go gwfw{ßV-AdñWm go ñdßZmdñWm H$mo àmßV {MÝ_mÌ nwéf H$s ñdMoVZ go ñdmßZ Ñí` ^r
{dH${gV hmoVm h¡ AWdm O¡go ñdßZmdñWm Ho$ hQ> OmZo na à~moY H$mo àmßV hþE nwé
w f H$m OmJ«Vàn§M
{dH${gV hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr g¥{îQ> Ho$ àmaå^ _| {OgZo AnZo ñdê$n H$m n¥WH²$ ê$n go AZw^d {H$`m
h¡ Eogo AmË_m _| `h g¥[îQ> C{XV hmoVr h¡ & öX`mH$me _| hþAm `h g¥[îQ> H$m CX` AmH$meñdê$n
go ({MXmH$me go) n¥WH²$ Zht h¡ &&4,5&&
"ö{X gJm}X`…' Bggo AmnZo (öX`) nX go öX`mH$me H$hm h¡ Am¡a "AmH$meê$nV…' Bggo
_¢Zo AmnH$m A{^n«m` "{MXmH$me' g_Pm h¡, AnZo Bg _Vb~ H$mo gå~moYZ Ûmam gy{MV H$aVo
hþE lram_MÝÐOr … "^JdZ², _oao ñnîQ> n[akmZ Ho$ {bE {dñVma Ho$ gmW Amn nwZ… BgH$m dU©Z
H$s{Oò', `h àmW©Zm H$aVo h¢ &
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … na_mH$meê$n ho d{gîR>Or, {MXmH$meê$n Amn_| g¥[îQ> H¡$go n«d¥Îm
hmoVr h¡, `h Amn _wPgo {\$a H${hò, Vm{H$ BgH$m _wPo R>rH$-R>rH$ n[akmZ hmo Om` &&6&&
lram_MÝÐOr Ho$ Ûmam nyN>o Jò _Vb~ H$mo {dñVma Ho$ gmW H$hZo Ho$ {bE lrd{gîR>Or
à{Vkm H$aVo h¢ &
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, Cg g_` _¢Zo AnZo _| gV² Ho$ Vwë` àVrV hmoZodmbo
dñVwV… ñdßZZJa Ho$ g_mZ AgV² Bg ñd`§^yê$nVm H$m nhbo {Og Vah AZw^d {H$`m, CgH$m
_¢ Amngo dU©Z H$aVm hÿ± Amn gw{Zòo &&7&& Cg gwdU©{ebm Am{X _| _hmH$ën Ho$ g§J_ H$mo XoIH$a
{MXmH$meñdê$n _¢Zo eara Ho$ AÝ` ^mJ _§o [ñWV g§{dV² H$mo g¥[îQ> XoIZo Ho$ g§H$ën go H$m¡VwH$de
CÝ_o{fV {H$`m-OmJ¥V {H$`m &&8&&
nhbo "Vñ_mÛm EVñ_mXmË_Z AmH$me… g§^Vy …' Bg lw{V _| à{Vnm{XV H«$_ {OgH$m CnbjU
h¡ Eogo AmH$me H$s H$ënZm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
dh {Z_©b g§{dV² _oao Ûmam Á`m| hr Hw$N> CÝ_of H$mo àmßV hmoH$a [ñWV hþB© Ë`m| hr _¢ dhm± H$ht
na AmH$meVmH$m-gm AdbmoH$Z H$aZo bJ J`m &&9&&
`h AmH$meVm {MX²KZ Ho$ ^rVar eyÝ`^mdàm[ßVê$n gyú_Vm Am{YŠ` Z Wm, {H$ÝVw {MV²
H$s gyú_Vm H$s Anojm OmS>ç A{YH$ hmoZo go ñWybVm hr Wr, Bg Ame` go X¥ï>mÝV Ûmam
gå^mdZm H$aVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, O¡go ZtX Am OmZo go CgHo$ Ûmam ñdßZ Ho$ OmJ«V bmoH$ `m ñdßZ Ho$ ñdßZbmoH$
_| à{dîQ> hmoVo hþE Amn AnZr AmË_m Ho$ hr g_mZ KZ CgHo$ AmYma ñd^md H$mo g_PVo h¢ d¡go
hr ñd^md H$mo àmßV {MXmH$me H$m _¢Zo AZw^d {H$`m, `h Amn gå^mdZm H$a br{Oò &&10&&
{XL²>_mÌ (N) AmH$me hr gd©n«W_ {MÝVZ H$aZo go {MÎm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& VXZÝVa "_¢ AmH$me hÿ±' Eogm
Omo doXZ h¡ dh Ah§H$ma H$hbmVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX "AmH$me_od' Eogo {ZíM` go Am¡a nyd^
© md Ho$ {dñ_aU
go dh ~w{Õ H$hbmVm h¡ Am¡a dhr (~w{Õ hr) O~ g§H$ën, {dH$ën, H$m_ VWm {d{M{H$Ëgm Am{X
H$s ZmZm{dY H$ënZmAm|dmbr ~Z OmVr h¡ V~ "_Z' Bg Zm_ go H$hr OmZo bJVr h¡ Ÿ&&11&&
dhr Bg Vah {df`m| H$s H$ënZm H$aZo Ho$ AZÝVa CZH$s J«mhH$ B{ÝÐ`m| H$s ^r H$ënZm
H$aVo h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Bg Vah dh nhbo eãX-VÝ_mÌm H$s H$ënZr H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ AZÝVa AÝ` VÝ_mÌmAm| H$s
H$ënZm H$aVm h¡ & VXZÝVa CZH$s ñWybVm go nm±M B[ÝÐ`m| H$s H$ënZm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma
B{ÝX«`m| Ho$ g_wXm` H$m CX` hmoVm h¡ &&12&&
BÝht {df`m| VWm B{ÝÐ`m| Ho$ H$maU hr nhbo Xw…Ia{hV ahZodmbo AmË_m H$mo ñdßZ H$s Vah
ì`dhma _| Xw…Im| H$s àm[ßV hmoVr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go gwfw[ßV go ñdßZ _| à{dîQ> hmo aho nwéf H$mo Ñí` Ho$ JhZ (KZo) Am{d^m©d go `wŠV
OJV² H$m ^mZ jU â _| hmoVm h¡, d¡go hr g¥[îQ> Ho$ àmaå^ _| O~ Xw…Ia{hV ewÕ AmË_m
(N) AWm©V² AnZr MbZ{H«$`m Ho$ AZwHy$bê$n go {XemAm| H$m AnZo _| n`m©bmoMZ H$aZodmbm &
ŸyÕ - 87] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2105
B[ÝÐ`m| Ûmam {df`m| H$s Amoa (A{^_wI) hmoVm h¡, V~ {Z_of_mÌ _| hr CgH$mo Xw…I ^m{gV
hmoZo bJVm h¡ &&13&&
ñdßZ _| AmH$mem{X H«$_ go g¥[îQ> Zht hmoVr, {H$ÝVw EH$ hr g_` _| ghgm gånyU© OJV² H$m
AdbmoH$Z hmoZo bJVm h¡, Bg{bE AmnH$m `h {df_ ÑîQ>mÝV h¡, Bg Ame§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
Bg AZÝV na~«÷ na_mË_m _| O~ EH$ hr g_` _| gmam Ñí`-Omb ^mgZo bJVm h¡, V~
H$moB© Vmo Cg_| H«$_ H$m () dU©Z H$aVo h¢ Am¡a H$moB© Zht ^r H$aVo &&14&& jU Ho$ AÝXa XrK©H$mb
H$s H$ënZm Ho$ g_mZ gwÝXa na_mUw Ho$ AÝXa ^r XrK© Xoe H$s H$ënZm go gånÝZ ~«÷mÊS>mË_H$
MoVZ AmË_m H$m _¢Zo hr AZw^d {H$`m, AdbmoH$Z {H$`m & dmñVd _| Vmo dh AmË_m {Z_©b
{MXmH$meê$n hr h¡ &&15&&
O¡go dm`w H$m g§MmbZñd^md h¡ d¡go hr eara Am{X H$s H$ënZm H$aZm _ZH$m ñd^md h¡, `h
H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go dm`w ñd^md go hr AmH$me _| {ZaÝVa MbVm ahVm h¡ d¡go hr _Z ñd^md go gd©Ì eara
Am{X H$m AdbmoH$Z H$aVm hr ahVm h¡ &&16&& àmW{_H$ _ZH$s H$ënZmê$n Cg na_ e{ŠV Zo
g§gma Ho$ ê$n Am{X H$s O¡gr H$ënZm H$s h¡ Cgo ñd`§ ~‹S>o à`ËZ go ^r `h ~Xb Zht gH$Vr Ÿ&
H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h {H$ CÎma H$ënZmAm| _| dhr [ñWa {Z`{V ~Zr ahr &&17&& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$
CgHo$ ~mX _¢ An[a[ÀN>ÝZñdê$n ahZo na ^r CgHo$ Ûmam H$s JB© n[aÀN>oX H$s H$ënZm go
n[a[ÀN>ÝZ ~Z J`m & gM ny{N>ò Vmo {M{Vê$n hmoZo go Cg {MÎm Ho$ hr ê$n_| erK« d¡gm _¢ [ñWV
hþAm &&18&& CgHo$ ~mX {M{V Ho$ à{V{~å~ H$s ì`m[ßV go VoO Ho$ H$U H$s Vah AmH¥${Vdmbo gyú_
qbJ eara H$m _¢Zo AZw^d {H$`m Am¡a {\$a Cgr gyú_ eara H$s ^mdZm H$aVo H$aVo _¢ ñWybXohVm
H$mo àmßV hþAm &&19&& CgHo$ níMmV² "_¢ Hw$N> XoIy±' Bg gmYmaU ~moYgo O~ Hw$N> XoIZo Ho$ {bE
àd¥Îm hþAm, Vmo _wPo AZw^d hþAm {H$ _¢ Cg ñWyb eara _| Mjw Am{X B[ÝÐ`m| H$s H$ënZm Ûmam
ê$n Am{X H$m AdbmoH$Z H$aZodmbm ~Z J`m hÿ±Ÿ&&20&& ho aKwd§{e`m| _| loîR> lram_MÝÐOr, `hm±
Omo Hw$N> Zm_ gwZmB© n‹S>Vm h¡ dñVwV… dh Cg${M{V H$m hr Zm_ h¡ & naÝVw AmnHo$ gÑe _hmZw^mdm|
Zo {OZH$s H$ënZm H$s h¡ Eogo Hw$N> _w»` Zm_m| H$m A~ (_¢ Amngo dU©Z H$aVm hy±, Amn) ldU
H$s{Oò &&21&& {Og {N>Ð go _¢ XoIZo Ho$ {bE àd¥Îm hþAm, dh ZoÌ H$hbmVm h¡, {Ogo _¢ XoIVm hÿ±,
dh Ñí` `mZr ê$n H$hm OmVm h¡ Am¡a Xe©Z Vmo CgH$m \$b h¡ hr &&22&& O~ _¢ XoIVm hÿ±, dh
H$mb h¡, O¡go XoIVm hÿ±, dh H«$_ h¡ Am¡a Ohm± _¢ XoIVm hÿ±, dh AmH$me h¡ Ÿ& Bg Vah Bg AmË_m
() g EojV bmoH$mÝZw g¥Om B{V g B_m±ëbmoH$mZg¥OV Ÿ& g VnñVßËdm BX§ gd©_g¥OV' BË`m{X
lw{V`m| _| EH$ hr g_` _| g¥{îQ> H$m ldU hmoZo go EH$ jU Ho$ AÝXa hr XrK© H$mb H$s H$ënZm Ûmam
H«$_ H$s Cnn{Îm hmoVr h¡ &
H$s àm¡‹T> {Z`{V àd¥Îm hþB© Ÿ& H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ ZoÌ Am{X B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ ~mX Xoe, H$mb Am{X
H$s Ñ‹T> {Z`{V ^r gånÝZ hmo JB© &&23&& {Og OJh _¢ [ñWV hÿ±, dh Xoe H$hbmVm h¡, `h _oar
AmO H$s H$ënZm h¡ Ÿ& `h Amn _wPgo nyN> gH$Vo h¢ {H$ Cg g_` Amn H¡$go aho ? gww{Zò, Cg
g_` _¢ {M{V H$m CÝ_of_mÌ hmoZo go Ho$db VÝ_mÌ H$m H$maU Wm &&24&& Xoh _| Mjw Am{X {N>Ðm|
H$s H$ënZm Am{X Ho$ Xe©Z Am{X O{ZV H$m¡VwH$ Ho$ ~mX dhm± na "_¢ XoIy±', Eogm V{ZH$ ~moY _wP_|
C{XV hþAm Ÿ& VXÝVa O~ _¢ ZoÌê$n XmoZm| {N>Ðm| go XoIZo bJm, Vmo _wPo Hw$N> Eogm bJm {H$ Omo Hw$N>
_¢ XoI ahm hÿ±, dh ^r AmH$me go {^ÝZ hr h¡ Ÿ&&25&& {OZ Xmo {N>Ðm| go _¢Zo XoIm do XmoZm| ò _oao
ZoÌ [ñWV h¢ Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX "_¢ Hw$N> gwZy±' `h d¥{Îm _wP_| C{XV hþB© &&26&& VËníMmV _¢Zo dhm± na
Hw$N> Wmo‹S>m-gm EH$ P§H$ma gwZm Ÿ& dh Omoago \y±$Ho$ Jò e§I Ho$ eãX-O¡gm AmH$me H$m ñdm^m{dH$
eãX Wm &&27&& _¢Zo {OZ Xmo {N>Ð-àXoem| Ûmam g§MaUerb dm`w H$s ghm`Vm go () ~hþV Xya
VH$ \¡$bo hþE eãX H$m ldU {H$`m do XmoZm| H$U©[ÀN>Ð hþE &&28&& VXZÝVa {Og àXoe go _¢Zo dhm±
Omo Hw$N> Wmo‹S>m-~hþV ñne© g§doXZ H$m AZw^d {H$`m, CgH$mo ËdH²$ H$hVo h¢ &&29&& {Oggo N²w>E
hþE-go VV²-VV² A§Jm| H$m _¡¢Zo AZw^d {H$`m, dh EH$_mÌ gË`g§H$ënñdê$n ndZ H$hm J`m
h¡ &&30&& Bg ar{V go AZw^d H$aZodmbo _wP_| ñne©-B[ÝÐ` VÝ_mÌm H$s {g{Õ hþB© & Am¡a _wP_|
agmñdmX boZo H$s g§{dV² (BÀN>m) n«mXw^©yV hþB© dhr AmñdmXZ H$aZo `mo½` agôXm| go `wŠV
ago[ÝÐ` V¡`ma hmo JB© &&31&& K«mU Ho$ g§H$ën go AmH¥$îQ> àmUdm`w Ho$ ôXê$n AnmZ go K«mUo[ÝÐ`
Am¡a VÝ_mÌm CËnÝZ hþB© Ÿ& Bg àH$ma AmH$meñdê$n _wPo Xoh, B{ÝÐ` Am¡a {df` gån{Îm Am{X
g~ Hw$N> à«mßV hmo J`m Ÿ& bo{H$Z dmñVd _| Hw$N> ^r Zht àmßV hþAm &&32&&
VXZÝVa nm±Mm| B[ÝÐ`m| H$s ^moJd¥{Îm _wP_| O~aXñVr C{XV hmo JB©, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bg Vah O~ g~ B[ÝÐ`m± Am¡a VÝ_mÌmAm| Ho$ g_wXm` _wP_| [ñWV hmo Jò
V~ ò g~H$s-g~ nm±Mm| B[ÝÐ`m| H$s ^moJ-d¥{Îm`m± ~bmV² _wP_| C{XV hmo JB© & CZH$m eãX, ê$n,
ag, ñne© VWm JÝY_mÌ hr eara h¡ Ÿ& do {_Ï`m hmoZo go hr dñVwV… AmH$maeyÝ` h¢, {H$ÝVw
^«m[ÝVde BZH$m ñdê$n àH$m{eV hmoVm h¡ &&33,34&& Bg Vah Xoh, B[ÝÐ` VWm {df` H$s
^mdZm H$aVm hþAm `mZr CZH$m A{^_mZr hmoVm hþAm _¢ [ñWV hþAm Ÿ& CgrH$mo AmOH$b AmnHo$
gÑe O~ "Ah§H$ma' Bg Zm_ go H$hVo h¢ &&35&& Ñ‹T> AÜ`dgm` go {deof ~‹T>H$a `hr Ah§H$ma
"~w{Õ' Bg Zm_ go nwH$mam OmVm h¡ Am¡a ~mX _| O~ `h ~w{Õ KZr^yV hmo OmVr h¡ V~ `h "_Z'
Bg Zm_go H$hr OmVr h¡ & ho lram_MÝÐOr, `h ^r AmnH$mo OmZ boZm Mm{hò {H$ dhr _Z nwZ…
nwZ… {df`m| H$m {MÝVZ H$aZo go "{MÎm' ê$n _| gånÝZ hmo OmVm h¡ &&36&& Bg Vah dñVwV…
() lmoÌm{X H$m ì`mnma ^r àmU Ho$ AYrZ h¡, `h {XIbmZo Ho$ {bE "{dMaVm _éVm' `h
H$hm J`m h¡ &
ŸyÕ - 87] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2107
{MXmH$meê$n gyú_ earaYmar _¢ hr AÝV…H$aUê$nVm H$mo àmßV hmoH$a [ñWV hÿ± &&37&& My{± H$ ndZ
go ^r gyú_ Ho$db AmH$me_mÌ eyÝ`-ñdê$n _¢ AmH¥${VeyÝ` hr hÿ± , Bgr{bE g^r H$[ënV hmo aho
^md nXmWm] H$m _¢ Z Vmo {ZamoYH$ hÿ± Am¡a Z {ZdmaH$ hr hÿ± &&38&& Bg àH$ma Cg nyd©H$[ënV
~«÷mË_H$ Xoh _| ^mdZm H$aHo$ O~ _¢ {MaH$mb VH$ [ñWa ahm, Cg g_` _wPo `h àVr{V hþB© {H$
_¢Zo ñd`§ AnZo H$mo hr MVw_w©I XohdmZ² XoIm h¡ AWm©V² MVw_w©I XohYmar _¢ hr hÿ±, Eogr d¥{Îm _wP_|
Cg g_` C{XV hþB© &&39&& d¡gr d¥{Îm hmoZo go ñdßZ _| C‹S>H$a AmH$me _| g§MaU H$a ahm gwßV
_Zwî` O¡go eãX H$aVm h¡ Cgr Vah _¢Zo ^r eãX H$aZm ewê$ {H$`m &&40&&
{deof eãX H$m A{^bmn H$aZo _| H$moB© {d{ZJ_H$ Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU gd©gmYmaU AW©dmbo
eãXg_îQ>`mË_H$ ›H$ma H$m hr _¢Zo nhbo-nhb CÀMmaU [H$`m, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, BgHo$ ~mX nhbo-nhb _¢Zo ~mbH$ H$s ZmBª Omo eãX {H$`m dh › Wm Ÿ&
dhr eãX AmJo Mb H$a g§gma _| "›H$ma' Bg Zm_ go à{g{Õ H$mo àmßV hþAm &&41&& BgHo$
níMmV² ñdßZmdñWm _| [ñWV _Zwî` Ho$ eãX Ho$ g_mZ nyd© H$ën _| Aä`ñV ì`mö{V, Jm`Ìr,
doXm{X Omo Hw$N> _¢Zo H$hm, CgrH$mo Amn Bg g§gma _| dmUrê$n Om{Zò, Omo nrN>o dmUr Zm_go
à{g{Õ H$mo àmßV hþB© &&42&& Bg Vah g¥{îQ> H$m H$Vm© OJXJwé _¢ ~«÷m hr hmo J`m Am¡a BgHo$
AZÝVa ~«÷ eara H$mo, Omo {H$ _Zmo_` hr Wm, YmaU H$aZodmbo _¢Zo g¥[îQ>`m| H$s H$ënZm
H$s &&43&& Bg Vah _¢ ~«÷ê$n go g_wËnÝZ hÿ±, _¢Zo {H$gr Xygar dñVw Ho$ ê$n _| OÝ_ Zht§ {b`m
h¡ Ÿ& ~«÷ñdê$n hmoH$a _¢Zo AnZr hr ñWybXoh^yV AmdaU`wŠV ~«÷mÊS> XoIm Ÿ& ~«÷mÊS> go
~{h^y©V _¢ Hw$N> Zht XoI gH$m &&44&& Bg àH$ma _oao Bg _Zmo_` OJV² Ho$ gånÝZ hmo OmZo na
^r dmñVd _| Hw$N> ^r gånÝZ Zht hþAm h¡ & dh g~ eyÝ` Ho$db AmH$me hr Wm &&45&&
`hr Ý`m` gmar g¥{îQ>`m| _| OmZZm Mm{hò, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bg àH$ma `mZr _oar Bg g¥{îQ> Ho$ g_mZ hr `h g~ doXZm_mÌ eyÝ`
hr h¡ & ò n¥{Wdr Am{X ^mdnXmW© V{ZH$ ^r Zht h¡, `h {~ëHw$b {Z[íMV h¡ &&46&& ho
lram_MÝÐOr, kmZñdê$n na_mË_m _| kmZ hr OJVê$n _¥JV¥îUm Ob ^mgVo h¢ & `h h_mam
~mø OJV² ~møAmH$me _| Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw ~«÷mH$ma hr d¡gm [ñWV h¡ &&47&& _éñWb _| Ob
{~bHw$b Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw {~Zm H$maU Ho$ hr AÝV…H$aU go jwãY hmo AnZo _| g§^«_ YmaU H$a
~w{Õ Cg_| Ob XoIVr h¡, bo{H$Z ho lram_MÝÐOr, ~w{Õ H$m d¡gm XoIZm dñVwV… CgH$m ^«_
h¡, dh ObH$mo Zht XoIVr, ~[ëH$ ObHo$ ^«_ H$mo dh Cg Vah XoIVr h¡ &&48&& Bgr Vah
~«÷ _| OJV² Zht h¡, `h {~ëHw$b ghr h¡, {\$a ^r {~Zm H$maU Ho$ hr AkmZmd¥V g§{dËñd^md
go g§{dXmË_m d¡gm Cgo XoIVm hr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m d¡gm XoIZm dñVwV… CgH$s ^«m[ÝV h¡ Ÿ& dh
EH$_mÌ AnZr ^«m[ÝV go d¡gm g§^«_ H$mo XoIVr h¡, Z {H$ ~«÷ _| OJV² H$mo & AWdm `m| H$h
gH$Vo h¢ {H$ dh ~«÷ _| OJV² Š`m XoIVr h¡, ~[ëH$ ^«m[ÝV H$m g§^«_ ({dbmg) XoIVr
h¡ &&49&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, AgÐÿn hr `h OJV² AÝV…H$aU _| hr Eogo ì`mßV h¡, O¡go
g§H$ënà`wŠV _ZmoamÁ` VWm ñdßZH$mb _| {Z{_©V ZJa Am{X ì`mßV ahVm h¡ &&50&& O¡go
g_rn _| gmoò hþE _Zwî` Ho$ ñdßZH$m CgHo$ (ñdßZÐîQ>m Ho$) {MÎm _| àdoe {H$ò {~Zm Hw$N>
^r AZw^d Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm, naH$m`àdoe Ûmam CgHo$ {MÎm _| àdoe H$aZo go Vmo CgH$m
AZw^d {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡, d¡go hr OJV²H$ënZm Ho$ A{YîR>mZ^yV {M{V{ebm _| àdoe {H$ò
{~Zm Xn©U _| à{V{~[å~V AmH$madmbo OJV² H$m AZw^d Zht hmoVm, {M{V{ebm _| àdoe H$a
CgH$m AZw^d hmoVm h¡ & {XImB© XoZo na ^r dh d¡gm Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw AgV² hr h¡ &&51,52&&
`{X Amn Am{Y^m¡{VH$ ^md_` ZoÌ go XoIZm Mmh|, Vmo do {ebmn`©ÝV VV²-VV² ~«÷mÊS>
AmnH$mo V{ZH$ ^r Zht {XImB© Xo gH$Vo, EH$_mÌ bmoH$mbmoH$ nd©V H$mo hr Amn XoI gH$Vo
h¢ &&53&& Am{Vdm{hH$ Xoh go `{X na_~moYÑ[îQ> go XoIm Om`, Vmo dh g¥{îQ> {Z_©b
na_mË_ñdê$n hr `mo{J`mo§ H$mo {XImB© XoVr h¡ &&54&& VÎdÑ[îQ> go `{X XoIm Om`, Vmo g¥{îQ>
H$m {Zdm©U EH$_mÌ ~«÷ñdê$n hr gd©Ì {XImB© XoVm h¡ & Bggo {dnarV ê$ngo XoIZo na Vmo
dh Hw$N> ^r Zht A{^b{jV hmoVm &&55&&
VÎdÑ[îQ> Am¡a `moJr H$s Ñ{îQ> H$s gdm}ËH¥$îQ> ê$n go àe§gm H$aVo h¢ &
ewÕ ~w{Õ Cnn{Îm VWm {dMma`wŠV hmoH$a Omo XoIVr h¡, Cgo AnZo VrZm| ZoÌm| go Z Vmo
^JdmZ e§H$aOr XoI nmVo h¢ Am¡a Z AnZo hOma ZoÌm| go BÝX« ^JdmZ² hr XoI nmVo h¢ &&56&&
dhm± OrdÝ_wŠV `mo{J`m| H$s Ñ{îQ> go XoI aho ñd`§ VÎdkmZr lrd{gîR>Or H$mo O~ "AmH$me
H$s Vah `h gmar n¥{Wdr ^r g¥[îQ>`m| go ì`mßV h¡' `h ~w{Õ C{XV hmo JB© V~ H«$_e… n¥{Wdr
Am{X EH$-EH$ ^yV _| Ah§^md H$s YmaUm go CÝhm|Zo Omo-Omo H$m¡VwH$ AnZo-Amn XoIm CZ g~H$m
AmJo MbH$a dU©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE ^y{_H$m ~m±YVo h¢ &
`moJÑ{îQ> go O~ _¢Zo `h OmZ {b`m {H$ O¡go g¥[îQ>`m| go ì`mßV AmH$me h¡ d¡go hr n¥{Wdr
^r AZoH$ g¥{îQ>`m| go ì`mßV h¡, V~ n¥{Wdr H$s YmaUm go `wŠV _¢ Ü`mVm hmoH$a [ñWV
hþAm &&57&& O¡go MH«$dVu amOm Ho$db ñdXoh _| Ah§^md H$m Ë`mJ Z H$aVm hþAm hr g_ñV
^y_ÊS>b Ho$ D$na __Vm H$m ^md YmaU H$aVm h¡ Cgr Vah {MXmH$me eara _¢ ^r ~«÷mh§^md
H$m n[aË`mJ Z H$aVm hþAm hr Yamh§^md go `mZr "n¥Ïdr _¢ hr hÿ±' Bg Vah H$s n¥{Wdr _|
Ah§^md H$s YmaUm go n¥{Wdrê$nYmar ~Z J`m &&58&& VXZÝVa ho lram_MÝÐOr, Cg n¥{Wdr
H$s YmaUm go n¥{Wdr Ho$ A{^_mZr Ord H$s ñdê$nVm àmßV H$a Ûrn, nd©V, V¥U, d¥jm{X
H$s Xoh H$m _¢Zo AZw^d {H$`m &&59&&
Omo lrd{gîR>Or Zo AZw^d {H$`m, CgH$m do dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
ŸyÕ - 87] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2109
ho lram_MÝÐOr, V~ _¢ {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ dZ VWm d¥jê$nr amo_m| go n[anyU©, AZoH$ Vah H$s
aËZmd{b`m| go ì`mßV VWm AZoH$ Vah Ho$ ZJaê$nr Am^yfUm| go gwemo{^V ^yVbñdê$n hmo
J`m () &&60&& _¢ AZoH$ Jm±d Jw\$mê$nr ndm] go n[anyU©, nmVmb{~bê$nr CXa go `wŠV, gmV
Hw$bnd©Vê$nr ^wOmAm| go Am{íbíQ> Ûrn VWm g_wÐê$nr H§$H$Um| go A[ÝdV ^ynrR> hmo J`mŸ&&61&&
^ynrR> ê$n _¢ {X½JOm| Ho$ _ñVH$ g_yhm| VWm eofZmJ Ho$ hOma {gam| go Wm_m J`m, V¥Um| Ho$
g_wXm`ê$n gyú_ amo_m| go Iy~ T>H$m J`m Am¡a Jwë_amoJ H$s Jm±R>mo H$s Vah nd©Vm| Ho$ g_yh _wP _o|
{XImB© XoZo bJo &&62Ÿ&& goZmg_yhê$nr VÝVwAm| H$s Jm±R>-O¡go {OZHo$ hmWr Iy~ gwemo{^V hmo aho
Wo, Eogo AZoH$ amOo nañna `wÕ Ûmam ^ynrR>ê$n _oam haU H$aZo bJo, AZoH$ àm{U`m| go _oam A§J
Cn^wŠV hmoZo bJm Am¡a J«m_, ZJa VWm àXoe Am{X H$s ì`dñWm go _¢ Iy~ ~‹T>Zo bJ J`m &&63&&
{h_mb` VWm {dÝÜ`mMb _oao gwÝXa H$ÝYo Wo, gw_oé nd©V D±$Mr JX©Z Wm, J§Jm, `_wZm Am{X
Z{X`m| Ho$ àdmhê$nr _wŠVmhmam| go _oam eara ~«÷P§H$ma`wŠV hmo CR>m &&64&& JwhmAm| go JhZ
H$N>ma Am{X Xoem| VWm AmXe©-_ÊS>b O¡go AZoH$ gmJam| go _¢ n[anyU© hmo J`m Am¡a _éXoe VWm
D$ga ñWbê$nr g\o$X gwÝXa dóm| go ^m{gV hmoZo bJm &&65&& nhbo n¡Xm hmo MwHo$ _hmgmJam| go
àb`H$mb _| {~bHw$b n[anyU©, naÝVw Bg g_` Vmo ñZmZH$a D$na Amò hþE Ho$ g_mZ g~ Amoa
go _¢ n{dÌ, nwînm| H$s dZ _mbmAm| go Ab§H¥$V VWm MÝXZ H$s OJh na [ñWV gKZ Yy{b`m| go
{bßV Wm &&66&& [H gmZ g~ _oao D$na à{V{XZ hb OmoVZo bJ Jò Am¡a erVb ndZ n§Im
Sw>bmZo bJo Ÿ& _¢ gy`© H$s VrúU {H$aUm| go Vm{nV VWm dfm© Ho$ Ob go [gŠV hmoZo bJ J`m &&67&&
{demb, g_ ^yàXoeê$nr dj…ñWb go Ab§H¥$V, nÙmH$maê$nr ZoÌm| go ^y{fV, g\o$X Am¡a H$mbo
_oKê$nr (N) nJ‹S>r go gwemo{^V VWm Xgm| {XemAm| H$m CXa hr _oam _[ÝXa (Ka) Wm &&68&& _¢
bmo H $mbmo H $ nd© V Ho $ g_rn _| [ñWV, {OgH$m _¢ Z o Amngo nhbo dU© Z {H$`m h¡ ,
_hmImVdb`ê$n () CJ« _wI go ^rfU hmo J`m Ÿ& Cg g_` AZÝV àm{Ug_yhm| H$m n[añnÝXZ
hr _oam n[añnÝXZ VWm CZH$m EH$s^yV MoVZ hr _oam MoVZ hþAm &&69&& {demb IÊXH$ Ho$
_ÊS>nê$n AZoH${dY n¥WH²$-n¥WH²$ ^yV g_yhê$nr H$s‹S>m| go ~mha VWm ^rVa go _¢ ì`mßV hmo J`m
AWm©V² CZ àm{U`m| _| Omo Xod, XmZd VWm JÝYd© Wo, CZgo Vmo _¢ ì`mßV hmo J`m & _oao H$hZo H$m
VmËn`© `h {H$ ^yVbê$n _wP_| ~mha VWm ^rVa go AZoH$ Vah Ho$ àm{U`m| H$m g_wXm` R>gm-R>g
â J`m &&70&& ^yVbê$n _¢ nmVmbê$nr B[ÝÐ`{N>X«m| _| ZmJm| VWm Agwaê$nr H¥${_g_yhm| go Ed§
gmV g_wÐm| Ho$ AÝXa [ñWV ObMam| go ì`mßV hmo J`m &&71&&
() `hm± go ewê$ H$aHo$ Bg gJ© Ho$ AÝVVH$ XohmYma go ^ynrR> H$m hr dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
(N) `hm± àH$aUde {gV Am¡a A{gV KZ go gy`© Am¡a MÝÐ_m J«hU h¡ &
() {demb IÝXH$ Ho$ _ÊS>bê$n Ÿ&
AnZr H$hr hþB© ~mVm| H$m g§jon go Cng§hma H$aVo hþE lrd{gîR>Or AZoH$ {deofUm| go
^yVbê$n AnZo H$mo {d^y{fV H$aVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, (Amngo A{YH$ _¢ Š`m H$hÿ±, g§jon _| _¢ Amngo `hr H$h XoZm C{MV
g_PVm hÿ± {H$) ^yVbê$n _¢ ZXr, dZ, g_wÐ, {XJÝV, nd©V VWm ÛrnZm_H$ àm{U`m| Ho$ ^mo½`
ñWb Am¡a O§Jbm| Ho$ g_yhm| go ì`mßV hmo J`m Ÿ& {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ nd©V, ZXr Am{X H$s n§[ŠV`m|
VWm OZn§{ŠV`m| go do[îQ>V _ÊS>bH$moem| Ho$ AZoH$ IÊS> _wP_| {XImB© XoZo bJo VWm bVmAm|,
AZoH$ gamodam|, g[aVmAm|, eÌwg_yhm| Ed§ Ag§»` H$_bIÊS>m| go _¢ ì`mßV hmo J`m &&72&&
gÎmmgrdm± gJ© g_mßV
AÆ>mgrdm± gJ©
AnZo earaê$n ^ynrR>na Ohm± Vhm± {dÚ_mZ VWm H$m¡VwH$de Am±Im| go XoIo Jò {deof-{deof nXmWm] H$m dU©ZŸ&
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho _ZwHw$b _| CËnÝZ lram_Or, {Og Vah _¢Zo Amngo dU©Z {H$`m,
Cg Vah _¢ ^ynrR>ê$n ~Z J`m & CgHo$ ~mX `mZr nyd©d{U©V gmYmaUê$n go g_ñV ^yY_m] go K{Q>V
AnZr Xoh H$mo XoIZo Ho$ ~mX ZX, ZXr, g_wÐ Am{X {deofmH$mamo§ H$mo OmZZo H$s BÀN>m go _¢Zo O¡gm
AZw^d {H$`m, Cgo Amn gw{Zò &&1&& H$ht na Vmo ^ynrR> _| n{V, nwÌ, ^mB© Am{X Ho$ _aU go {dbmn
H$a ahr {ó`m| H$s H$éUdoXZm gwZmB© Xo XoVr Wr, Vmo H$ht na CÝZV VmÊS>d Z¥Ë` H$a ahr a_{U`m|
Ho$ _hmZ² CËgdm| go AmZÝX H$s Yy_ _Mr Wr &&2&& H$ht na Xw{Z©dma Xw{^©j Ho$ H$maU ~r^Ëg H«$ÝXZ
hmo ahm Wm, H$ht na XwîQ> MoîQ>mAm| H$m Omb {~N>m Wm, H$ht na gwd¥[îQ> Ho$ H$maU \$bo hþE YmZm|
H$s gån{Îm go Mmam| Amoa KZ gm¡hmX© {ZIa ahm Wm &&3&& H$ht na A[½Z Ho$ _hmXmh go Xohm| Ho$ Ob
OmZo Ho$ H$maU bmoJ CJ« doXZm go N>Q>nQ>m aho Wo, H$ht na Ob H$s ~m‹T> go ZJa Ed§ H$g~m| Ho$ Hw$N>
{hñgo {N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ hmo Jò Wo &&4&& H$ht na {Obo Ho$ {Obo M§Mb gm_ÝVm| Ho$ Ûmam byQ> {bò Jò
Wo, Vmo H$ht na {Obo H$o {Obo nabo {gao Ho$ XwamË_m amjg Ed§ {nemMm| go âo n‹S>o Wo &&5&& H$ht
na Obme`m| H$s ny{V© go Š`m[a`m| Ed§ ~JrMm| Ed§ ~JrMm| H$m qgMZ hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU gñ`, Jwë_
Am{X H$m AJ«^mJ ~‹S>m hr nwb{H$V àVrV hmo ahm Wm, H$ht na Jw\$mAm| Ho$ CXa[ÀN>Ð go {ZH$br
hþB© dm`w Zo _oK_ÊS>b H$mo do{îQ>V H$a aŠIm Wm &&6&& H$ht na _mao hf© Ho$ nwb{H$V AnZo A§J-
Ho$em| Ho$ gÑe A§Hw$aê$nr amo_ CJo hþE Wo, H$ht na Ob Ho$ O~aXñV àdmh go CËnÝZ {djmo^ Ho$
H$maU ^yVb D±$Mm ZrMm hmo ahm Wm Am¡a Bggo ^bm bJVm Wm &&7&& H$ht na ZJa, nd©V, dZ
Am¡a nÎmZm| Ho$ AÝXa JS²>T>o hmo Jò Wo, BZ JS²>T>m| Ho$ ^rVa ~‹S>r-~‹S>r {ebmE± n‹S>r Wt, Bggo do JS²>T>o
EH$ àH$ma go gl¥§J go AVEd AË`ÝV ^`§H$a bJVo Wo Ÿ& H$ht na ZJa Am{X _| ahZodmbo _Zwî`m|
Ho$ _ÊS>bm| Ho$ g§MbZ _| CZHo$ n¡a H$s aoIm Ho$ {M• n‹S>Zo H$s e§H$m go ^yVb Hw$N> _¥Xw H$ånZ ^r
ŸyÕ - 88] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2111
H$a ahm Wm &&8&& H$ht na aU _| gm_ÝVm| Ûmam jwãY g¡Ý` H$m g§hma {H$`m Om ahm Wm, H$ht na
emÝV g_ñV gm_ÝVg_yh gwInyd©H$ ~¡R>m hþAm Wm &&9&& H$ht na Mmam| Amoa OZVm go eyÝ` O§Jb
hr O§Jb Wm, Cg_| Cëbmgr dm`wAm| Ho$ PH$moam| go P§H$ma hmo ahm Wm Ÿ& H$ht na O§Jb _| nhbo
H$mQ>m J`m {\$a ~mo`m J`m, {\$a V¡`ma hþAm YmZ XrI n‹S>Vm Wm &&10&& H$ht na h§g, ~ÎmH$ Am{X
n{j`m| go ì`mßV gamodam| _| gwÝXa gwÝXa H$_b {Ibo Wo, H$ht na _é^y{_ _| Am±Yr go C‹S>r hþB©
Yy{b`m| go ñWyb Iå^m| H$mo n¡Xm H$aZodmbo Yy{bYyga dm`w ~h aho Wo &&11&& H$ht na ZX, ZXr Am{X
Ho$ àdmhm| Ho$ Iobnyd©H$ nañna g§Kfm|© go Ka-Ka Üd{Z hmo ahr Wr, H$ht na A§Hw$a Am{X H$s CËn{Îm
Zha, ah>Q> Am{X `ÝÌm| go gtMo JE IoV _| YmZ Am{X ~rOm| H$m dY©Z hmo ahm Wm &&12&& H$ht na
^rVa H$sQ>_wIm| H$m _¥Xw ñnÝXZ AZw^yV hmo ahm Wm Am¡a H$htna H$s‹S>o, ho lrd{gîR>Or, _wPo `hm±
{ebm Am{X Ho$ g§H$Q> _| \±$gm hþAm OmZH$a Amn hr _oar ajm H$s{Oò `m| OVm aho Wo &&13&& ^Ð,
H$ht na dQ>d¥jm| Ho$ O§Jb _| n¥Ïdr _| {eImAm| Ho$ Kwg OmZo Ho$ H$maU _¥{ÎmH$m^mJ Ho$ A§Jmo H$mo nr{‹S>V
H$aZodmbo emImg_yhm| H$m {dembñdê$n XrI n‹S>Vm Wm, Vmo H$ht na _ybOmb H$mo nH$‹S>H$a d¥jm|
H$m YmaU {XImB© XoVm Wm &&14&& H$ht na nd©Vm| H$s {ebmAm| Ho$ gÑe KZr^yV d¥jm| Zo nañna
AË`ÝV g§{íbíQ> hmoH$a {XemAm| Ho$ VQ>ê$n A§Jmo H$mo â {X`m Wm, Bggo g_wÐ Ho$ {dbmg go do[îQ>V
gm gmam ^ynrR> ^mg ahm Wm &&15&& H$ht na BVZo KZo d¥j CJo Wo {H$ n¥Ïdr na gy`© AnZr {H$aUm|
H$mo R>rH$ R>rH$ ar{V go \¡$bm Zht gH$Vm Wm, Bg{bE AnZr J{V H$mo amoH$Zo Ho$ AnamY go Hw«$Õ gy`©-
{H$aUm| Ho$ Ûmam AnZm ag ItM boZo Ho$ H$maU AaÊ` _| gyIo nëbd g§Hw${MV hmo Jò Wo Am¡a KZoo
A§J-àË`§Jm| H$m {ZnrS>Z ^r hmo ahm Wm &&16&& H$ht na nd©Vm| H$s Mmo{Q>`m| na ahZodmbo hm{W`m|
Ho$ XÝVàhmaê$n dO«m| Ho$ H$R>moa AmKmV d¥jm| Ho$ KZo Ad`dm| _| {dÚ_mZ Ñ‹T> [ñWaVm H$s Amoa hmoVo
^r _¢Zo XoIo Ÿ&&17&& H$ht na `h Ñí` XoIm {H$ ZoÌm| H$mo _y±Xo hþE àgÝZeara g_m{Y{ZîR> _hmË_mAm|
H$mo Anyd© amo_m§Hw$am| H$m M_ËH$mar Cëbmg hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& dh amo_m§Hw$amoëbmg gy{MV H$aVm Wm {H$ CZH$mo
gyú_VÎd H$m AZw^d hmo J`m h¡ &&18&& H$ht na _ŠIr, Oy± Ed§ _ÀN>am| Ho$ g_yhm| Ho$ {Zdmg Ho$ _¡bo-
Hw$M¡bo dó Ho$ garIm hr ^yVb Wm Am¡a H$ht na Vmo N>moQ>r-_moQ>r {^{Îm`m| Ho$ IÊS>m| VWm à_mX
go H$_bH$moe _| gmoò hþE XwîQ> ^«_am| H$mo _{X©V H$aZo Ho$ H$maU eÌwê$n hm{W`m| Ûmam H«$rS>m go hb
Ho$ gÑe dà Am{X H$m AmH$f©U ^r hmo ahm Wm &&19&& H$ht na {h_mb` Am{X àXoem| _| erV go
{N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ A§Jmodmbo Ordm| H$s OO©a hþB© ËdMm H$mo nyU©ê$n go ì`mßVH$a [ñWV Wm, H$htna ObH$mo
^r nmfmU ~Zm ahm Wm Am¡a H$ht na H$R>moa ndZ Mb ahm Wm &&20&& H$ht na {dX{bV H$mo_b
A§Jmo Ho$ ^rVa H$sQ>g_yh Kwg ahm Wm, H$ht na A§J Am{X CËnÝZ hr hmo aho Wo Am¡a H$ht Ob _|
_ÁOZ hr hmo ahm h¡ Bg àH$ma _¢Zo AnZo ^yVbê$n eara _| AZw^d {H$`m &&21&& ^Ð, AnZo ^yVbê$n
eara _| _¢Zo H$htna `h AZw^d {H$`m {H$ ~rOm| _| d¥[îQ> H$s A{YH$Vm hþB©, Bggo Yrao-Yrao CZHo$
^rVa à{dîQ> ObH$Um| go nhbo Amhma hþAm, {\$a CgHo$ ~mX CZHo$ ~mha àH$Q> hþE A§Hw$aê$nr amo_m|
H$s A{^d¥{Õ hþB© &&22&& ho lram_Or, _oao ^yVbê$n A§Jm| _| H$ht na gamodam| Zo _ÝX-_ÝX ndZgo
{hbmò Jò H$mo_b H$_[b{Z`m| Ho$ Xbm| Ho$ AmñVaUm| Ûmam Anyd© AmZÝXê$n H«$sS>mH$m, _mZm| _oao
{bE, {Z_mU© H$a {X`m &&23&&
AÆ>>mgrdm± gJ© g_mßV
Zdmgrdm± gJ©
^y{_ H$s YmaUm go {MXmH$me _| XoIm J`m `h ^y_ÊS>b VWm gånyU© OJV² _Zmo_mÌ h¡, `h dU©ZŸ&
lram_^Ð Zo H$hm … Jwéda, H$m¡VwH$ go AnZr AmË_m _| gH$b OJVm| H$mo XoIZo Ho$ {bE
àd¥Îm hþE Amn nm{W©d YmaUm ~m±YH$a Š`m h_ bmoJ {Og {_Å>rnmfmUm{Xê$n ^ybmoH$ H$mo XoI
aho h¢, VÐÿn hmo Jò AWdm _Zmo_mÌ_` `mZr _ZmoamÁ` Ho$ gÑe _¥[ÎmH$m{XeyÝ` ñdßZ_`
^ybmoH$ hmo Jò ? `h H${hò &&1&&
H$mën{ZH$ Ñ[îQ> go `m Vm[ÎdH$ Ñ[îQ> go `{X {dMmam Om`, Vmo CŠV Xmo àíZm| _| H$moB© ôX hr
Zht h¡, `h gy{MV H$a aho lrd{gîR>Or CŠV àíZ H$m CÎma XoVo h¢ &
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_Or, `{X Amn H$mën{ZH$ Ñ{îQ> go nyN>Vo h¢, Vmo AmnH$s Ñ{îQ>
go {_Q²>Q>r, nËWa Am{X ê$ngo à{gÕ Omo ^y_ÊS>b h¡, dhr Ho$db _ZH$m {dH$ma hmoZo go _mZg ^r
h¡, Bg{bE _¢ Omo {dñV¥V ^y_ÊS>bê$n hmo J`m, dh _mZg Am¡a `h à{gÕ-XmoZm| ê$n hr ~Z J`m
Wm Ÿ& `{X Amn Vm[ÎdH$ Ñ[îQ> go nyN>Vo h¢, Vmo dmñVd _| Z Vmo _¢ _mZgê$n hþAm Am¡a Z à{gÕ
OJÐÿn hr hwAm Wm &&2&&
Xygao íbmoH$ _| nydm©Y© go Omo H$hm, CgH$m à{Vkmnyd©H$ g_W©Z H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
`{X Amn gV² _mZVo h¢ `m `{X AgV² _mZVo h¢, XmoZm| hr njm| _| `h ^ynrR> Hw$N> ^r A_mZg
hmo hr Zht gH$Vm & `h Ho$db _ZH$s H$ënZm hr h¡, Š`m|{H$ _ZHo$ A[ñVËd _| hr Cg_| A[ñV-
Zm[ñV H$ënZm hmoVr h¡ &&3&& ^Ð, _¢ ewÕ {MXmH$me hr hÿ± , Cg {MXmH$meê$n _wP_| Omo {MXmË_m
H$m Hw$N> ñ\w$aU hmo OmVm h¡, CgrH$m Zm_ g§H$ën H$hm J`m h¡ &&4&& dh (à{gÕ) _Z, dh
^y_ÊS>b, dh OJV² Am¡a dh (à{gÕ) {nVm_h ò g~Ho$ g~ {MXmH$me _|, AmH$me _| g§H$ënZJa
Ho$ gÑe, Ho$db _Zê$n Z^ ñ\w$[aV hmoVo h¢, AV… ò _Zmo_` hr h¢ &&5&& Bg Vah dh Omo Hw$N>
_¢ ~Z J`m, dh g~ _oam g§H$ën Wm, AV… dh {dñV¥V _Zmoê$n hr ahm & Ho$db YmaUmä`mg go
nwîQ> hmoH$a dh ^y_ÊS>b hmoH$a [ñWV hmo J`m Wm &&6&&
AWdm Akm{Z`m| H$s Ñ[îQ> go à[gÕ {_Q²>Q>r, H$mR> Am{Xê$nVm Omo bmoH$ _| h¡ CgH$m Vmo
"AnmJmX¾oa{½ZËd_²' BË`m{X lw{V go {ZfoY {H$`m J`m h¡, AV… VÎdkmZ H$s YmaUm _| Omo
ŸyÕ - 89] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2113
Hw$N> XoIm OmVm h¡, CgH$m ñdê$n Akm{Z`m| H$s Ñ{îQ> go à{gÕ ñdê$n Zht hmo gH$Vm, Bg
Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, dh _mZg ^y_ÊS>b {_Q²>Q>r, nËWa Am{Xê$n `h ^y_ÊS>b Zht h¡, Cggo {dbjU
_Zmo_` h¡, {MXmH$me_mÌ H$m ñ\w$aU h¡, {M{VH$m AMoË` (MoË`{^ÝZ) ñ\w$aU h¡ Ÿ&&7&&
`{X A_yV© {MXmH$me H$m ñ\w$aU hr Bg Vah H$m `h g~ Hw$N> h¡, V~ dh _yV©ê$n BX§àË``
H$mo (gmH$ma "`h' ì`dhmaH$mo) Š`m| YmaU H$aVm h¡, Bg na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
{MXmH$me_mÌñdê$n hmoVm hþAm dh XrK©H$mbVH$ d¡gm hr [ñWV ahVm h¡, YmaUm Ho$
Aä`mg go nwîQ> hmoH$a O~ "BX_²' (`h) ì`dhma go CgH$m AZw^d hmoZo bJVm h¡ V~ dh
_mZgËdH$m (_Zmo_`ê$nVm H$m) n{aË`mJ H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& gmam§e `h h¡ {H$ ñdßZ Am{X _| Ho$db
_mZgê$n AVEd AñWyb n¥Ïdr Am{X H$m OmJ«V Ho$ gÑe "BX_²' ì`dhma go hr AZw^d hmoVm
h¡, Bg{bE CZ_| _Zmo_`Vm ahZo na ^r {Vamo{hV hmo OmVr h¡, Bg [ñW{V _| XyY O~
X{Yê$n_| ~Z OmVm h¡, V~ Cg_| O¡go XyY ñdê$nVm H$m AZw^d Zht hmoVm, d¡gm `hm±
_mZgËdH$m AZw^d Zht hmoVm, `h Zht H$hZm Mm{hE, {H$ÝVw `hr H$hZm Mm{hE {H$, Va§J,
Hw$ÊS>b Ed§ gm‹S>r Ho$ ê$n_| hr O¡go Ob, gwdU© Ed§ H$nmgê$nVm h¡, d¡go hr `hm± na _mZgËd
h¡ hr, {H$ÝVw CŠV ì`dhma Ho$ ~bgo d¡gm AZw^d Zht hmoVm, `h OmZZm Mm{hE &&8&& ^Ð,
`h ^y_ÊS>b [ñWa, AË`ÝV H$R>moa, A{V{dñVmadmbm h¡, Bg àH$ma H$s ~w{Õ, AmH$me _|
ZrbVm~w{Õ Ho$ gÑe, {MaH$mb Ho$ Aä`mg go hr CËnÝZ hmoVr h¡ &&9&& ho aKwda "KQ> Am{X
Vmo Ho$db dmUr Ho$ hr {dH$ma h¢, dmñVd _| Vmo do Hw$N> Zht h¡, {_Q²²>Qr ê$n hr h¢, {_Q²>Q>r hr
gË` h¡' & Bg lw{VX{e©V Ý`m` go `{X XoIm Om`, Vmo Akm{Z`m| H$s Ñ[îQ> go à{gÕ BX§ê$n
`h n¥ÏdrVb h¡ hr Zht, {H$ÝVw _Zmoê$n Am{X g¥[îQ> H$m Omo gyú_ê$n EH$ hr Wm, dhr "Ìr{U
ê$nmÊòd gË`_²' Bg lw{V go CnX{e©V `m| BX_² ñWybê$n ~ZH$a [ñWV h¡ &&10&&
BX§àË``bãYËdmV²' (BX§ ì`dhma go CgH$m AZw^d hmoZo go) Bg C[ŠV H$mo ñnîQ> H$aVo h¢ &
O¡go ñdßZ _| {MXmH$me hr ZJa Ho$ ê$ngo {MXmH$me _| ^mgVm h¡, d¡go hr g¥{îQ> Ho$ Am{X _|
{MXmH$me hr Bg ñWyb OJV² Ho$ ê$n go {MXmH$me _| [ñWV h¡ &&11&& ho am_Or, {M{Vê$nr
~mbH$ H$m (~«÷mOr H$m) {ÌOJV², `h ^yVb Am{X g~ Ñí` ^r gXm EH$ _ZmoamÁ` hr h¡, `h
Amn Om{Zò &&12&& {MÐÿn AmË_m H$m g§H$ën {MÐÿn go {^ÝZ Zht h¡, Bg{bE OJV² VÝ_` hr
h¡ & dñVwV… OJV² Z Vmo gË`ê$n h¡, Z {nÊS>ê$n h¡ Am¡a Z ^mg_mZ hr h¡ &&13&&
Akm{Z`m| H$s Ñ{îQ> go `{X {ZîH$f© {ZH$mb|, Vmo `h OJV² AkmV{M{Vê$n R>haVm h¡ Am¡a
VÎdÑ[îQ> go [ZîH$f© {ZH$mb|, Vmo ewÕ {MÝ_mÌê$n hr R>haVm h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
`h Ñí` An[akmV MoVZ_mÌê$n h¡ Am¡a MoVZH$m n[akmZ hmo OmZo na Vmo Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡ &
VÎd H$m kmZ hmo OmZo na Vmo VÎd dñVw hr BgH$m ñdê$n ~Z OmVr h¡Ÿ& ^Ð, BgH$m _¢ XrK©H$mb
go CnXoe Xo ahm hÿ± Am¡a Amn Cgo gwZVo ^r h¢, {\$a Amn Š`m| à~wÕ Zht hmoVo ? &&14&&
{H$g Vah H$m kmZ hmo OmZona OJV² MoVZ_mÌê$n ~Z OmVm h¡, Bg na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
g~ Hw$N> Mmam| Amoa go emÝV {MXmH$me_mÌê$n hr h¡, AnZo Amn hr AmË_m _| dh ñ\w$[aV hmoVm
h¡, ^y_ÊS>bê$n Am¡a Ñí`ê$n {M{V hr h¡, Omo Û¡V Ed§ EH$Vm go a{hV h¡ &&15&& O¡go d¡Sy>`© Am{X
_{U Hw$N> ì`mnma Z H$aVr hþB© ^r ñd^mdV… ewŠb, nrV Am{X {H$aUm| H$m {Z_m©U H$aVr h¡ &&16&&
"Zo{V Zo{V' BË`m{X lw{V H$m n`m©bmoMZ Ûmam Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
My±{H$ MoVZê$n AmË_m Z Hw$N> H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Z AnZm Agbr ñdê$n N>mo‹S>Vm h¡, Bg{bE Z Vmo
`h _¥ËnmfmUm{X_` _hrVb Hw$N> h¡ Am¡a Z _Zmo_` hr Hw$N> h¡ &&17&& {ZaÝVa {MXmH$me hr
_hrVb Ho$ gÑe ^mgVm h¡, Vb^mdeyÝ` {MXmH$me hr AnZo ñdê$n _| ñd^mdV… {Z_©bVb
hmoH$a [ñWV h¡ &&18&& à{gÕ `h `Wm[ñWV OJV² Am¡a dh YmaUmH$[ënV OJV² XmoZm| EH$_mÌ
AmË_m H$m ñdm^m{dH$ ñ\w$aU_mÌ hr h¡, AË`ÝV {Z_©b {MXmH$me hr ôX _| àdoe H$a aho ñd^md
Ho$ ~b go `mZr _m`me~b go ^y_ÊS>b-gm ~ZH$a [ñWV h¡ &&19&&
{M{V Ho$ {ddV©^md _| YmaUmH$[ënV (g_m{YH$[ënV) ^y_ÊS>b Am¡a `h àË`j ^y_ÊS>b
XmoZm| hr g_mZ h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
`h àË`j ^y_ÊS>b Am¡a dh YmaUmH$[ënV ^y_ÊS>b-XmoZm| hr _hm{M{V Ho$ ñdê$n^yV
hmoH$a Eogo ñ\w$[aV hmoVo h¢, O¡go AmnH$m ñdê$n^yyV ñdßZZJa hmoH$a ñ\w${aV hmoVm h¡ &&20&& `h
à{gÕ ^yVb {MXmH$me_mÌê$n h¡ _oar YmaUm go H$[ënV ^yVb ^r {MXmH$me_mÌê$n h¡Ÿ& naÝVw
dh Omo ^mgVm h¡, Cg_| H$maU h¡-AkmZCn{hV AmË_m H$m kmZ Ÿ& AmË_m H$m kmZ hmo OmZo na
Vmo `h XmoZm| ^y_ÊS>b H$ht na ^r Zht ahVo &&21&& lram_Or, ^yV, ^{dî`V² Am¡a dV©_mZ
H$mb_| hmoZo dmbo Ì¡bmoŠ` H$m g_ñV ^yVOmb Ho$db ^«m[ÝVê$n hr h¡, dh g§H$ën-O¡gm h¡,
CgH$s VwbZm R>rH$ _ZmoamÁ` go H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ &&22&& ho {à`, Omo hmo MwHo$ h¢, Omo hmoZodmbo h¢
VWm Omo dV©_mZ _| h¢, do g^r ^y_Ê‹S>b gdm©{YîR>mZ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU gd©-gmYmaU ^mdH$mo àmßV
AmË_gÎmm Ho$ hr ñdê$n^yV h¢ Ÿ`mZr AmË_gÎmm go AbJ Zht h¡ Ÿ&&23&& do gÎmmgm_mÝ`ê$n h¢,
Bgr H$maU do Am¡a CZHo$ ^rVa {dÚ_mZ g~ dñVwE± _¢ hr hÿ±, `m| YmaUm ~m±YH$a _¢Zo _Zgo CZH$m
AZw^d {H$`m Am¡a gmjr X¥>[îQ> go {Z…eof Xe©Z ^r {H$`m &&24&& ho lram_Or, {MÝ_mÌê$n,
OamdñWm go eyÝ` `h na_mË_VÎd hr A~moYH$mb _| AnZr ewÕê$nVm H$m n[aË`mJ Z H$aHo$ hr
`Wm[ñWV Bg g_ñV OJV² H$mo _mZm| gÐÿn ~ZmH$a YmaU H$aVm h¡, kmZ hmo OmZo na Vmo dh Hw$N>
^r YmaU Zht H$aVm, `hr BgH$s _w[ŠV h¡ &&25&&
Zdmgrdm± gJ© g_mßV
ŸyÕ - 90] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2115
Zã~odm± gJ©
n¥Ïdr Ho$ AÝXa AZÝV OJVm| H$s Ñ[îQ> VWm ObYmaUm go g_ñV ObbrbmAm| H$m nyd©dV² dU©ZŸ&
O¡go à{gÕ OJV² _| Mm±Xr H$s {ebm Am{X {d{^ÝZ àXoem| _| AZoH$ ~«÷mÊS> h¢ d¡go hr
YmaUmAm| go XoIo Jò ^y_ÊS>bm| _| ^r àËòH$ dñVw _| do OJV² h¢ `m Zht `m| gÝXoh H$a aho
lram_MÝÐ `h àíZ H$aVo h¢ &
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ~«÷Z², BgHo$ ~mX _wPgo `h H${hE {H$ O¡go n«{gÕ OJV² H$s dñVwAm|
_| àËòH$ _| AmnZo AZoH$ OJV² XoIo d¡go hr AmnZo YmaUmä`mg go {Og _hrnrR> H$mo XoIm CgHo$
{d{dY àXoem| Ho$ ^rVa ^r AmnZo H$ht OJV² XoIo `m Zht &&1&&
Bg íbmoH$ _| _ÊS>beãX H$mo n«Xoe ôX H$m dmMH$ g_PZm Mm{hE &
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, n¥ÏdrYmaUm go na_mË_m Ho$ OmJ«Vn¥Ïdr_ÊS>b Am¡a
ñdßZn¥Ïdr_§S>b g_yhê$n ~ZH$a _¢Zo VV²-VV² n¥Ïdr Ho$ àXoe{deofê$n CgHo$ öX` _| Omo
Hw$N> gm{jÑ[îQ> go XoIm Am¡a _Z go {dMmanyd©H$ AZw^d {H$`m, Cgo H$hVm hy±, gw{ZE & ñdßZ
H$m J«hU ñdßZ H$s n¥Ïdr Ho$ AZoH$ àXoem| _| ^r AZÝV OJV² H$m AdbmoH$Z hmo gH$Vm h¡,
`h ~VbmZo Ho$ {bE {H$`m J`m h¡ &&2&&
Š`m XoIm Š`m AZw^d {H$`m ? Bgo H$hVo h¢ &
nhbo XoIr JB© Mm±Xr H$s {ebm Ho$ gÑe hr `mZr Mm±Xr H$s {ebm _| _¢Zo O¡go g_ñV OJV²
XoIo Wo, d¡go hr YmaUm go ÑîQ> ^y_ÊS>b Ho$ g^r ñWmZm| _| OJV²Omb-gm [ñWV _¢Zo XoIm Ÿ&
g_ñV X¥í`_mZ Û¡V_` hmoVm hþAm ^r `WmW© _| emÝV AÛ¡V hr h¡ &&3&&
H¡$go Û¡V_` h¡ Am¡a H¡$go emÝV AÛ¡Vê$n h¡ ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
g^r ñWmZm| _| OJV² h¢ Am¡a g^r OJh ~«÷ ^r [ñWV h¡ VWm g~-Hw$N> eyÝ`mË_H$ Ed§
na_emÝVê$n h¡ Am¡a g~ AZoH$ Vah Ho$ Amaå^m| go nyU© ^r h¡ &&4&& gd©Ì n¥Ïdr Am{X ñWyb
nXmW© h¢ Am¡a `WmW© _| dh Hw$N> Zht ^r h¡, AZwËnÝZ ñdßZZJa Ho$ gÑe h¡, `{X Hw$N> h¡ Vmo Ho$db
na {MXmH$me hr dñVw h¡ &&5&&
EH$, AZoH$ `m gË` dñVw A~ {gÕ hmo gH$Vr h¡, O~ EH$, AZoH$ Am{X H$m Xe©Z H$aZodmbm
Xe©Zm{^_mZr g§gma _| à{gÕ hmo, naÝVw Eogm Xe©Zm{^_mZr hr Zht h¡, Eogm H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, Bg àn§M _| O~ Z Vmo ZmZm (AZoH$) dñVw h¡, Z AZmZm (EH$) dñVw h¡, Z A[ñVËd h¡
Am¡a Z Zm[ñVËd hr h¡ Ÿ& A{YH$ Š`m H$h|-Omo "Ah§' (_¢) eãX go Xe©Zm{X H$m A{^_mZr H$hm
OmVm h¡, dh ^r Zht h¡ Ÿ& O~ dh ^r Zht h¡, V~ H¡$go H$m¡Zgr dñVw h¡ ? &&6&& amKd, `Ú{n `h
Ñí` gV² Am¡a "Ah_²' (_¢) BË`m{X ê$ngo AZw^yV hmoVm h¡, VWm{n CgH$m A[ñVËd na_mW©Xem
_| h¡ hr Zht & `{X A[ñVËd h¡, Vmo dh AO {Z{d©H$ma ~«÷H$m hr h¡ `mZr Omo Hw$N> ^mgVm h¡ dh
~«÷ê$n hr h¡ &&7&&
Bg ar{V go O~ Ñí`m| _| n«{V`moJr A[ñVËdH$m ñWmZ Zht h¡, V~ A[ñVËd Ho$ A^md
Zm[ñVËd H$m ^r ñWmZ Zht h¡, `h AZm`mg {gÕ hmo OmVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
My±{H$ g¥[îQ> Ho$ Am{X _| `mZr g¥[îQ> Ho$ nyd© {MXmH$me hr Wm, Bg{bE g¥[îQ> Ho$ ~mX {MXmH$me
_| XoIm J`m ^r `h ñdßZZJa Ho$ gÑe hr h¡, Bg{bE Cg_| A[ñVËd Am¡a Zm[ñVËd hr H¡$go,
H$hm±, {H$g hoVw go ah gH$Vo h¢ ? &&8&&
lram_^Ð Zo Omo àíZ {H$`m Wm, CgH$m CÎma XoH$a A~ Ob…YmaUm ~m±YH$a Omo Hw$N> H$m¡VwH$
XoIm Wm, CgH$mo H$hZo Ho$ {bE ^y{_H$m ~m±YVo h¢ Ÿ&
lram_Or, O¡go _¢Zo n¥Ïdr-YmaUm go n¥Ïdrê$n ~ZH$a nydm}ŠV OJV² XoIo, d¡go hr ObYmaUm
go Obê$n ~ZH$a Ob-OJV² XoIm &&9&& ho amKd, _¢ `Ú{n MoVZê$n hr hÿ±, {\$a ^r _¢
ObYmaUm go O‹S>ê$ngm ~Z J`mŸ& VXZÝVa Obê$n hmoH$a _¢Zo g_wÐê$nr _[ÝXam| Ho$ ^rVa
XrK©H$mb VH$ J‹wS>-Jw‹S> eãX {H$`m &&10&& O¡go AmnHo$ A§Jmo _| Oy± Am{X ZOa ~MmH$a _ÝXJ{V
go M‹T> OmVr h¡, R>rH$ Eogo hr _¢ V¥U, d¥j, bVm, Jwë_, dëbr Am{X Ho$ S>ÊR>bm| _| _ÝXJ{V go
{N>no-{N>no M‹T> J`m &&11&& gyú_ VÝVw Ho$ AmH$ma Ho$ EH$ N>moQ>o H$s‹S>o H$mo (H$m±Va H$mo) H$Um©{h
H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& dh O¡go _ÝXJ{V go {N>no-{N>no AmH$a H$mZ _| Kwg OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ~g R>rH$ Cg H$s‹S>o Ho$
gÑe _¢Zo AË`ÝV _¥Xw J{V go {N>no {N>no CZ V¥U, d¥j Am{X Ho$ VZm| _|, V¥Um{X H$s CÜd©[ñW{V
Ho$ gÑe, D$Üd©[ñW{V H$s VWm CZHo$ nmoam| Am¡a [N>Ðm| _| H$mo_b db`mH$madmbr (J|Sw>br-gr)
aMZm ^r H$r &&12&& bVmAm| Am¡a V_mb, Vmb Am{X no‹S>m| Ho$ nëbdm| VWm \$bm| _| agê$n go
{dlm_ H$a H$mb go nwîQ> (CZ-CZ nÎmo Am{X Ho$) AmH$mam| Ûmam ^rVa {eam Am{X aoImAm| H$s
aMZm ^r _¢Zo H$s &&13&& Ordm| H$s Xohm| _| ObnmZ Ho$ g_` _wI Ho$ Ûmam öX` _| àdoe H$a ~gÝV
Am{X F$VwAm| Ho$ H$maU hmoZodmbr {df_Vm Ya boZodmbo _¢Zo H$ht dmV, {nÎm Am¡a H$\$ê$n YmVwAm|
H$mo YmaU {H$`m, H$^r CÝh| Hw${nV {H$`m, Hw$N> H$mo OR>am{½Z go nMm S>mbm, {H$Ýht H$mo I[ÊS>V
{H$`m &&14&& V{ZH$ ^r IoX (WH$mdQ>) H$m AZw^d Z H$aZodmbo {h_H$UH$m ê$n YmaU {H$ò hþE
_¢Zo EH$ hr g_` _| g_ñV {XemAm| _| gånyU© nëbdê$nr eæ`mAm| na e`Z ^r {H$`m &&15&&
Omo h²ZX AZoH$ Z{X`m| Ho$ Ka h¢ `mZr _mJ© Ho$ {ZdmgñWmZ ({dlm_J¥h) h¢, CZH$m Aml` H$aVo
hþE VWm {ZaÝVa àdmh Ho$ H$maU A{daVJ{Vdmbo _¢Zo ~m±Yê$nr {_Ì Ho$ àgmX go H$ht-H$ht
{dlm_ ^r {H$`m &&16&& _¢ {MÐÿn hÿ±, {M{Vê$nr _¢Zo A{MV² A§eH$m {df`ê$n go AZwgÝYmZ
{H$`m, Cg_| ^r {df`m§e_mÌVm Ho$ H$maU {MËñd^mdH$m Aml` Zht {H$`m, AV… _¢ O‹S> Obê$n
hr hmo J`m Ÿ& `m| O‹S> Obê$n hþAm, _¢ O‹S>me`àm` Obme`m| _| hOmam| ^«_m| Ho$ gmW AmdV© Ho$
ŸyÕ - 90] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2117
gÑe dV©Z H$aVm hþAm Iy~ Cëbmg H$aVm ahm &&17&& àm`[íMÎm Ho$ {Z{_Îm ^¥JwnVZ _| àd¥Îm
hþE nmnr Ho$ gÑe nd©Vm| H$s D$na H$s {ebmAm| go {Ja aho {ZP©aê$n _¢Zo JV©nmVm| _| OrU©-erU©
hmoH$a hOmam| ê$nm| go [ñW{V àmßV H$s &&18&& bH$[‹S>`m| go Yy_« Ho$ ê$n_| {ZH$bH$a _¢ AmH$meê$nr
g_wÐ _| Zrbo a§J Ho$ ZjÌ _{U`m| Ho$ ^rVa aËZH$U ~Zm Am¡a _¢Zo dhm± ñWmZ O_m {b`m &
lrd{gîR>Or H$s Bg C{ŠV go `h _mby_ hmoVm h¡ {H$ h_ bmoJm| Ho$ {bE AXí` Zrbo dU© Ho$ ^r
ZjÌ AmH$me_ÊS>b _| h¢ &&19&&
H$mQ>r hþB© BÝÐZrb _{U Ho$ gX¥e ZrbdU©dmbo ^JdmZ² {dîUw bú_rOr Ho$ gmW eofZmJ
Ho$ A§Jm| na {dlm_ H$aVo h¢, d¡go hr _oKm| H$s nrR>na Zrb dU©dmbo _¢Zo ^r {dÚwVê$nr d{ZVm
Ho$ gmW {dlm_ {H$`m &&20&& na_mUw_` g¥{îQ> _| `mZr {nnr{bH$m Am{X na_gyú_ XohmË_H$
g¥{îQ> _| VV²-VV² àm{U`m| Ho$ {nÊS>ê$n Ed§ CZHo$ ^rVa Ho$ na_ gyú_ Zm‹S>rê$n nXmWm] _|
gyú_-Obê$n ~ZH$a _¢ gdm©Ë_m ~«÷ H$s Vah [ñWV ahm &&21&& ^Ð, _¢ _Ywa agê$n ^r
Vmo ~Z J`m Wm Ÿ& agê$n ~ZH$a _¢Zo {Oˆmê$n AUwAm| Ho$ gmW g§gJ© àmá {H$`m Ÿ& g§gJ©
n«mßV H$a agmñdmXê$nr CZH$s dh CÎm_ AZw^y{V H$s, {Ogo _¢ Xoh H$s Zht _mZVm, {H$ÝVw
Ho$db kmZê$n AmË_m H$s _mZVm hÿ± , AWm©V² dh AZw^y{V {df`mZÝX Ho$ AmH$ma _| Am{d^©yV
AmË_m H$m ñdê$n h¡, dh _¢ _mZVm hÿ± &&22&&
Hw$N> bmoJ {df` H$mo hr AmZÝXê$n Am¡a AmñdmX boZo `mo½` _mZVo h¢, naÝVw `h _mZZm
C{MV Zht h¡, {df` Vmo AgV² Am¡a Xw…Iê$n h¡ VWm dh AmñdmX boZo `mo½` h¡ hr Zht, AV…
{df` H$mo AbJ H$a AmZÝX H$mo ~VbmVo h¢ &
Omo {df`ê$n MoË` h¡, CgH$m Z Vmo _¢Zo (A{YîR>mZ MoVZ Zo), Z ñdmX boZodmbo nwéf H$s Xoh
Zo Am¡a Z Ord Zo hr ñdmX {b`m h¡, Š`m|{H$ Cg_| AmË_{M{V Zo AnZo AÝXa Omo ñ\w$aU {H$`m h¡,
dh Ordm| Ho$ AkmZmW© (ì`m_mohmW©) hr h¡ Ÿ& {Oggo dh {df` CËnÝZ hþAm, dh AkmZ ^r AgV²
hr h¡, Omo ñd`§ AgV² h¡, Cggo AgV² AW© H$s hr CËn{Îm _mZZm C{MV h¡ &&23&&
AWdm, {df` ñdmX`mo½` h¢, `{X `h nj h¡, Vmo Cg_| {df`m{YîR>mZ MoVZ Ho$ Ûmam
Amñdm{XV hr {df`m| H$mo Xygao MIVo h¢, Omo {H$ CgHo$ C[ÀNîQ>àm` h¢, `hr H$ënZm hmo, Bg
Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
g_ñV F$VwAm| _| CËnÝZ hmooZodmbm Omo ag h¡, VX«yn ~ZH$a ^«_am|H$mo C{ÀN>îQ> ag XoVo hþE
_¢Zo g~ {XemAm| _| AZoH$ Vah Ho$ Am_moXm| go nyU© \y$bm| H$m Iy~ Cn^moJ {H$`m &&24&& ^Ð,
`Ú{n _¢ `WmW© _| AO‹S>ê$n hr hÿ±, {\$a ^r H$ënZmde O‹S> Obê$n hmoH$a _¢ Zo Mm¡Xh àH$ma Ho$
àm{U`m| Ho$ A§Jmo H$s g[ÝY`m| _| MoVZ H$s ZmBª {Zdmg {H$`m &&25&& amKd, _¢Zo ObH$UH$m ê$n
^r YmaU {H$`m Wm Ÿ& Cg ê$nH$mo YmaUH$a _¢Zo ndZê$nr aWna M‹T>H$a {Z_©b AmH$me Ho$ _mJm]
_|, Am_moX Ho$ gÑe, OZm‡mX Am¡a {dhma {H$`m &&26&&
dhm± ^r na_mUw VH$ H$s g^r dñVwAmm| _| ha EH$ OJh, Mm±Xr H$s {ebmHo$ gX¥e, g¥[îQ>`m|
H$m _¢Zo AZw^d {H$`m, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho am_Or, ObYmaUmH$mb _| ^r _¢Zo àËòH$ na_mUw H$U _| nyU©ê$ngo `Wm[ñWV Bg
OJV² H$mo XoIm &&27&& EH$_mÌ Ob H$mo {df` H$aZodmbr EH$ê$n Cg ObYmaUm go ñd`§
AO‹S> hmoVm hþAm ^r O‹S> Ob-gm ~ZH$a VWm g~ nXmWm] Ho$ ^rVa kmVmê$n hmoVm hþAm
_¢ AkmVê$n go [ñWV ahm &&28&&
ha EH$ dñVw Ho$ AÝXa Omo OJV² XoIo CZHo$ ^r ^rVa Ho$ àËòH$ nXmW© _| d¡go hr AÝ` AÝ`
Aì`d[ñWV OJV² ^rVa ^rVa _¢Zo XoIo, `h H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, dhm± Ho$bo Ho$ Xb Ho$ gÑe ^rVa Am¡a CgHo$ ^r ^rVa CËnÝZ bmIm| OJV² VWm g¡H$‹S>m|
Zme Ed§ CËnmV _¢Zo XoIo &&29&&
`Ú{n A{YîR>mZ {M{V H$[ënV AZÝV OJVm| go ì`má h¡, VWm{n Cg_| {H$gr Vah H$s ^r
_{bZVm Zht h¡ Ÿ`h H$hVoo h¢ &
Bg ar{V go OJV² hmo Mmho Z hmo, gmH$ma hmo Mmho {ZamH$ma hmo, g^r AdñWmAm| _| g~ Ho$db
{M{Vê$n AmH$me hr h¡, `h à{gÕ AmH$me go A{YH$ {Z_©b h¡ &&30&&
am_Or Ûmam XoIo OmZodmbo OJV² _| ^r CŠV Ý`m` H$mo bJmVo hþE g~Ho$ A{YîR>mZ^yV ewÕ
{MÝ_mÌ dñVw _| lram_Or H$s à{VîR>m H$amVo h¢ &
Amn Hw$N> Zht h¢ `mZr Z AmnH$s VrZ AdñWmE± h¢ Am¡a Z Xoh, B[ÝÐ` Am{X hr h¢, Z `h
Hw$N> h¡ `mZr Z AmH$me Am{X ~mhar àn§M hr h¡, {H$ÝVw na_ {dewÕ ~moY hr Bg OJV² Ho$ ê$n _|
^mgVm h¡ Ÿ& dh-emo{YV "VV²' "Ëd_²' nXmW©ê$n-~moY ^r dmñVd _| Hw$N> Zht h¡ `mZr Z Vmo dh
Ñí`-ñd^md h¡, Z AÑí` ñd^md h¡ Am¡a Z AÑíèyÝ` ñd^md h¡, {H$ÝVw AIÊS>mH$meê$n h¡ Ÿ&
dhr Amn h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE Amn CŠV AmË_ê$n ~ZH$a CÎmamoÎma {dH$mg àmßV H$a b| &&31&&
Zã~odm± gJ© g_mßV
BŠ`mZ~odm± gJ©
VoO H$s YmaUm go VoOê$n ~ZH$a lrd{gîR>Or Zo Omo gy`,© MÝX«, A{½Z Ed§ aËZ Am{X Ho$ M_ËH$ma XoI,o CZH$m dU©ZŸ&
lrd{gîR>Or Zoo H$hm … lram_MÝÐOr, CgHo$ ~mX-Ob YmaUm go {d{MÌ H$m¡VwH$ XoIZo Ho$
~mX-à~b VoO YmaUm go _¢ MÝÐ, gy`©, Vmam, A[½Z Am{X {d{MÌ Ad`dm| go gånÝZ VoO ~Z
J`m Ÿ&&1&& VoO {ZaÝVa gÎdàYmZ (àH$meàYmZ) hmoVm h¡, Bggo _¢ EH$_mÌ àH$meê$n AmH$ma
go M_H$Zo bJ J`m Ÿ& _¢ AÝYH$ma na Eogm àVmnr ~Z J`m O¡gm {H$ Mjw Ho$ JmoMa AnZo Mwamò
ŸyÕ - 91] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2119
hþE nXmWm] H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a ^mJ aho Mmoam| na amOm àVmnr hmoVm h¡ &&2&& O¡go loîR> amOm Vah-Vah
H$s doe^yfm go n[a^«_U H$aZodmbo ñZoh`wŠV JwßVMam| Ûmam g~Ho$ Ka H$m d¥VmÝV àË`j H$a boVm
h¡, d¡go hr hOmam| ~{Îm`m| go {dhma H$aZodmbo Vob`wŠV XrnH$ Am{X Ho$ Ûmam Yrao go _¢Zo àËòH$ Ka
_| àËòH$ nXmW© H$mo àË`j H$a {b`m h¡ Ÿ&&3&& _¢Zo VoOê$n ~ZH$a Ho$db Xygam| Ho$ àH$me Ho$
àH$meZ _| hr VËna ahZodmbo, AVEd OZm| Ed§ ^wdZm| _| A{VgÝVwîQ> VWm nwb{H$V ahZo dmbo
MÝÐ, gy`© H$s {H$aUê$nr AnZo amo_m| Ho$ Ûmam g~H$mo T>H$ XoZo dmbo AÝYH$ma ê$n dó Ho$ gX¥e
Ñí`_mZ AmH$meê$n dó H$mo CR>mH$a Xya \|$H$ {X`m &&4&&
VoO AÝYH$ma H$mo Š`m| Xya \|$H$ XoVm h¡ ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, `h {dÚ_mZ gånyU© OJV² g_ñV JwUm| H$mo {N>nm XoZodmbo AÝYH$maê$nr XrZVm H$m
{df` h¡ `mZr AÝYH$maê$nr XrZVm OJV² _| Omo ê$n Am{X JwU h¢ , CZH$mo {XIZo Zht XoVr Am¡a
Xygao H$s XrZVm H$mo Xya H$aZo _| g_W© g^r JwUembr nwéf CÎm_-XrZVma{hV-OJV² H$mo XoIZm
MmhVo h¢, AV… VoO Ho$ Ûmam AÝYH$ma H$mo g_ñV OJV go hQ>m XoZm `wŠV hr h¡ &&5&& lram_MÝÐ,
_¢ {Og VoO Ho$ ê$n _| n[ad{V©V hþAm, dh VoO V_moê$n V_mb d¥j Ho$ {bE Vmo \$agm h¡, CÎm_
ew{ÓH$m ñWmZ h¡ VWm VoOa{hV gwdU©, _{U, _m{UH$ Am{X H$m bmoH$ _| g_mXa Zht hmoVm, AV…
dh VoO gwdU© Am{Xê$n OZm| Ho$ AmXa H$m hoVw h¡ AWdm gwdU©, _{U, _m{UH$, _moVr Am{X Ho$
ê$n go g_ñVOZm| H$m OrdZgmYZ h¡ &&6&& g§gma _| {OVZo ^r ê$n h¢, do g~ àH$me Ho$ (VoO
Ho$) hr A§e h¢, AV… gXm AmbmoH$ H$s (VoO H$s) JmoX _| e`Z H$aZodmbo ewŠb (ídoV), H¥$îU,
AéU Am{X g_ñV dUm] H$m, nwÌm| H$mo Xoh XoZodmbo {nVm Ho$ gÑe, dh VoO ñdê$nXmVm {nVm
h¡ &&7&& am_Or, `h VoO n¥Ïdr Ho$ gmW AË`ÝV KZr àr{V ‹aIVm h¡, Bgr{bE VoO A{½Z Ûmam
n¥Ïdr H$mo ({_Q²>Q>r H$mo) Zht ObmVm & n¥Ïdr ^r AnZm ñZoh ì`º$ H$aZo {bE ha EH$ Ka _| ~‹S>o
n«o_ go ^rV, àmgmX (_hb) Am{X H$m ê$n boH$a VoO Ho$ nwÌ XrnH$m| H$s-dm`w Am{X Ho$ PH$moam|
go-ajm H$aVr h¡ &&8&&
V_mo^mJ, aOmo^mJ Ed§ gÎd^mJ H$s ~hþbVm go `wŠV nmVmb Am{X bmoH$m| _| VoO Ho$ àH$me
H$m VmaVå` ~VbmVo h¢ &
V_moJwU H$s A{YH$Vm go `wŠV nmVmbHw$ham| _| `h VoO ñdën àH$me H$aVm h¡ Am¡a
AZoH${dY ^yVm| H$s _mbm (naånam) go `wŠV, aOmoJU w H$s {dnwbVmdmbo ^yVb _| `h AmYm àH$me
H$aVm h¡ &&9&& gÎdJwU_` `mZr gÎdJwU H$s àMwaVm go `wŠV XodbmoH$m| _o§ `h {ZaÝVa _hmZ²
àH$me H$aVm h¡ & ^Ð, `h VoO OJÐÿnr OrU©-erU© Hw${Q>`m H$m XrnH$ h¡ Am¡a AÝYH$ma Ho$ {bE
_hm AJmY Hy$n h¡ `mZr O¡go AJmY Hy$n Ob H$mo AnZo CXa _o§ {ZJb OmVm h¡ d¡go hr `h
AÝYH$ma H$mo AnZo AÝXa {ZJb OmZodmbm h¡ &&10&& {Xemê$nr dYwAm| Ho$ {bE Vmo `h VoO {Z_©b
Xn©U h¡ `mZr CZH$mo AbJ AbJ H$aHo$ Xem©Vm h¡, {Zemê$nr Zrhma Ho$ {bE dm`w h¡ `mZr dm`w Ho$
gÑe CZH$mo ZîQ> H$a XoVm h¡, MÝÐ, gy`© Am¡a A{½Z Ho$ {bE Vmo OrdZgd©Ì h¡ Am¡a ñdJ© bmoH$ Ho$
{bE Hw§$Hw$_H$m {VbH$ h¡ &&11&& {Xdgê$nr YmZm| Ho$ {bE dh Š`mar h¡, V_go (AÝYH$ma go)
AmH«$mÝV ê$nm{XHo$ {bE Vmo dh gmjmV² X`m H$s _y{V© hr h¡ Am¡a JJZê$n _hmZ² H$m±>MnmÌ Ho$ {bE
àjmbZmW© A{VñdÀN> Ob h¡ &&12&& VoO nXmWm] _| gÎmm H$m àXmZ H$aZodmbm VWm CZH$mo
àH$m{eV ^r H$aZodmbm h¡, Bg{bE {MÝ_mÌê$n Omo na_mW© dñVw h¡, CgH$m EH$ Vah go dh
ghmoXa, N>mQo >m ^mB© h¡ & N>mQo >m ^mB© Bg{bE h¡ {H$ O‹S> hmoZo Ho$ H$maU dh Cggo OKÝ` h¡ &&13&&
VoO {H«$`mê$n H$_{bZr Ho$ {bò gy`© h¡ Am¡a ^yVb Ho$ öX` H$m OrdZ h¡ Ÿ& Mmjwfd¥{Îm Am¡a _mZg
d¥{Îm Ho$ D$na Amê$‹T> {M{V H$m O¡go {df`JV AkmZ H$s {Zd¥{Îm H$aZm M_ËH$ma h¡, d¡go hr Bg
VoO _| ^r {df`mdaU AÝYH$ma H$s {Zd¥{Îm H$aZm M_ËH$ma h¡ &&14&&
`h VoO {demb ~«÷m§S> Ho$ IÝXH $_| ahZodmbm ~‹S>m g_wÐ hr h¡, `m| CËàojm H$aZo Ho$ {bE
ê$nH$ go H${ënV Y_m] go VoO H$mo {deo{fV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
`h VoO {demb ~«÷mÊS> H$o IÊS H$m EH$ _hmZ² A{dZmer g_wÐ h¡ Ÿ& AmH$meVb _|
{dÚ_mZ Ag§»` ZjÌê$nr _{U`m| go âm h¡, Bg_| {XZ, F$Vw, g§dËga Am{X H$mbôXê$n Mmam|
Amoa d¥{ÕJV ~S>dm[½Z Am{X go CËnÝZ _hmZ² jmo^ Ho$ H$maU \o$Z CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡ & MÝÐ, gy`©
Am{Xê$n Va§Jm| Ho$ ^rVa àg¥V aO go Ob Ho$ {~Zm H$^r H$sM‹S> ^r Bg_| âm ahVm h¡ &&15,16&&
^Ð, _¢ VoO ~ZH$a gwdUm©{X _| gwÝXa dU© (a§J) ~Z J`m, _Zwî`m{X _| namH«$_ ~Z J`m, aËZ
Am{X _| $MmH$MmŠ` (H$m[ÝV{deof) ~Z J`m Am¡a dfm© F$Vw _| {dÚwV-àH$me ({~Obr H$s
M_H$) ~Z J`m &&17&& amKd, _wI Ho$ gÑe MÝÐ{~å~m| _| Á`moËgZm ~Z J`m, ~am¡Zrdmbo
ZoÌê$nr {Mh²Z go (A§H$go) `wŠV _wIê$nr MÝÐ{~å~m| _| Vmo Á`moËgZm Ho$ gÑe ~h aho ñZohê$nr
A_¥V H$m nya `m hmg gm¡hmX©`wŠV H$_Zr` H$m[ÝV ~Z J`mŸ&&18&& H$m{_ZrOZm| _| _¢ H$nmob,
~mhþ, ZoÌ, ^m¢h, hmW, Ho$e Am{X H$mo A{V gwÝXaVm go àH$m{eV H$aZodmbm, gd©Ì AMoVê$n go
à{gÕ ñdm^m{dH$ H$m_ H$m {dbmg ~Z J`mŸ&&19&& lram_Or, VoO H$s YmaUm go VoO hmoH$a _¢
d¥Ì Am{X Agwam| Ho$, Omo {Ì^wdZH$mo V¥U Ho$ g_mZ g_PVo Wo VWm AnZr MoîQ>mAm| go AnZo eÌwAm|
H$mo H±$nm S>mbVo Wo, _ñVH$ na dO«àhma ~Z J`m Am¡a qgh Am{X Ho$ öX` _| dr`©ê$n ~Z
J`mŸ&&20&& dra nwéfm| _| aUm§JUm| _| {Z^©` {dMaU H$aZo H$m H$maU Omo CX²^yV namH«$_ à{gÕ
h¡, dh ^r _¢ ~Z J`m, O¡gm V¡gm namH«$_ Zht, {H$ÝVw A{VH$R>moa bm¡hH$dMm| H$mo Vmo‹S>Zodmbo
IÊS>m| Ho$ nañna AmKmVm| go CËnÝZ Q>§H$ma Üd{Z go AË`ÝV nQw> VWm ~‹S>o ^mar AmS>å~a go `wŠV
namH«$_ ~Z J`m &&21&& Xodmo _| XmZdm| H$m eÌw, XmZdm| _| XodVmAm| H$m eÌw, g~ ^yVm| _| CÎm_
~b VWm d¥j Am{X ñWmdam| _| CÝZ{Vê$n ^r _¢ ~Z J`m &&22&& ho H$_bXbbmoMZ, VXZÝVa
ŸyÕ - 91] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2121
AnZr YmaUm go H$[ënV CZ OJXmH$me Ho$ H$moem| _| _¡ gy`© hmoH$a ZrMo H$hr OmZodmbr g_ñV
dñVwAm| H$m AnZo AÝXa Eogo AZw^d H$aZo bJm, O¡go {H$ à{gÕ _éñWbr AnZo AÝXa ZXr
Am{X H$s H$ënZm H$m AZw^d H$aVr h¡ &&23&&
CgrH$mo H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, _¢Zo AnZo gy`© Ho$ ñdê$nH$m AZw^d {H$`m, Cg ê$ngo _¢Zo Xgm| {XemAm| _| \¡$bo hþE
hmWê$nr {H$aUm| go OJV²ê$nr njr H$mo nH$‹S {b`m, {OgHo$ {H$ ~‹S>o-~‹S>o nd©V Ad`d Wo & Cg
g_` _wPH$mo `h gmam ^yVb EH$ N>moQ>o go Jm±d Ho$ gÑe àVrV hþAm &&24&& _oam gy`©ñdê$n MÝÐ
H$s H$m_Zm H$aZodmbo Hw$_wXm| Ho$ {bE H$moe~ÝYZ H$m hoVw MH«$ ~Zm, AÝYH$maê$nr g_wÐ Ho$ {bE
~S>dm[½Z, ~«÷mÊS>ê$nr KaHo$ {bE XrnH$ Am¡a {XZê$nr \$bg_yh Ho$ {bE d¥j ~Zm &&25&& Bgr
Vah _¢ MÝÐê$n ^r ~Z J`mŸ& _oam MÝÐ H$m Omo ñdê$n hþAm, CgH$m AmH$ma A_¥V go b~mb~
âr Prb Ho$ gÑe Wm, dh ñdJ© H$m _wI Ho$ gÑe hmg Wm VWm am{Ì _| àdoe H$aZodmbm| H$m
àH$meH$Vm© Wm &&26&& dh _oam MÝÐ H$m ê$n g_ñV OJV² H$s gwÝXaVmê$nr b[ú_`m| Ho Cn_mZ
VWm am{Ì, amo{hUrê$nr Zmar Ed§ Hw$_wXm| Ho$ {bE CÎm_ ñZoh H$m ^mOZ Wm &&27&& A{YH$ Š`m
H$h|, {OVZo g§gma _| àmUr h¢, CZ g~Ho$ ZoÌ Am¡a _wIH$m Am‡mX Am¡a {dH$mg H$m hoVw hmoZo Ho$
H$maU dh AË`ÝV hr {à` bJVm Wm Ÿ& lram_Or, VXZÝVa _¢ _¥Xw Vmamg_yh ~Z J`m `mZr
AnZo _| g_ñV Vmam| Ho$ ñdê$n H$m AZw^d H$aZo bJm Ÿ& `h _oar VmamË_Vm AmH$meê$nr bVm H$s
_mZm| nwîn am{e Wr, Am¡a ñdJ©gwIê$nr _H$aÝX Ho$ àdmh _| AmgŠV _mZm| _ÀN>am| H$s H$Vma
Wr &&28&& ^Ð, _¢ aËZ ~Z J`m Ÿ& Hw$N> g_` _oam `h ñdê$n ~mOmam| _| Om¡h[a`m| Ho$ hmWm| go
Vwbmna VmobZo Ho$ H$maU AmÝXmo{bV hmo CR>m Wm VWm Hw$N> g_` g_wwÐm| Ûmam Ob-H$ëbmobê$nr
hmWm| go H$[ånV {H$`m J`m Wm &&29&& lramKd, g_wÐ H$m Ob nr OmZodmbm ~S>dmZb ^r _¢ ~Z
J`m Ÿ& _¢Zo AnZo ~S>dmZb ê$n go g_wÐ _| S>ao hþE N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o _Ëñ`m| Ho$ n[a^«_U H$m Iy~ H$m¡VwH$
XoIm Ÿ& Ob H$mo ñdmhm H$aZodmbm gy`© {H$aU H$m g_yh ~ZH$a _¢Zo AnZo eara _| n«H$me H$m
AZw^d {H$`m & _oK, nd©V Am{X _| _¢Zo {~Obr Am¡a Xmdm[½Z H$m ñdê$n YmaU H$a {b`m Am¡a CZ
earam| _| AnZo _| Anyd© àH$me H$m AZw^d {H$`m &&30&& _¢Zo A{½Z ~ZH$a Bg àH$ma Xr{ßVnyd©H$
ObZm Amaå^ {H$`m {H$ Cg_| bH$[‹S>`m| H$m {dXmaU VËH$mb hmo OmVm Wm, Bgrgo bH${‹S>`m| Ho$
{dñ\$moQ>m| go Mmam| Amoa Xwdm©a H${R>Z eãX CËnÝZ hmoVo Wo VWm `km{½Z hmoH$a _¢Zo h{df² Xmh H$m
^r AmZÝX byQ>m &&31&& O~ _¢ A{½Z ~Zm V~ gwdU©, _m{UŠ`, _moVr, _{U Am{X Omo M_H$sbr
Á`mo{V`m± Wr, CZH$m H$moemJma Ho$ Xmh Ûmam nam^d H$a CZHo$ ñdm{_`m| H$mo Eogm gÝVmn nhþ±Mm`m,
O¡go AZoH$ _yI© ~bdmZm| Ho$ Ûmam {dVÊS>m go EH$ n[ÊS>VH$mo gÝVmn nhw±Mm`m OmVm h¡ &
(Bg {df` H$s H$hmdV h¡ {H$ EH$ nbme Ho$ no‹S> H$mo XoIH$a n§{S>V Zo H$hm … `h nbme d¥j
h¡ Ÿ& Bg na dhm± {dÚ_mZ AZoH$ _yImoª Zo {_b H$a H$hm … Zht `h nm‹T>a H$m no‹S> h¡ & PJ‹S>m ~‹T>‹m
Am¡a _yIm] Zo n[ÊS>V H$s _wŠH$m| go nyOm Amaå^ H$s, n[ÊS>V ^r Xw…Ir hmoH$a H$hZo bJm … hm±, `h
nm‹T>a H$m no‹S> h¡) &&32&&
_moVr ~ZH$a Omo Hw$N> AZw^d {H$`m, Cgo ^r àg§Jde H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, VXZÝVa _¢ _moVr ~Z J`m Ÿ& Am¡a _mo{V`m| Ho$ hma ê$ngo Agwa, ZmJ, JÝYd© Am¡a
ZaZm`H$m| H$s a_{U`m| Ho$ ñVZm| na _¢Zo XrK©H$mb VH$ {dlm_ {H$`m &&33&&
IÚmoV ~ZH$a Omo AZw^d {H$`m, Cgo H$hVo h¢ &
IÚmoV ~ZH$a _¢Zo _mJ© _| J_Z H$a aho _Zwî`m| Ho$ n¡am| go Iy~ aJ‹S> ImZo H$m AZw^d {H$`m
Am¡a {ó`m| Ho$ bbmQ>na {VbH$ê$nVm H$m ^r AZw^d {H$`m Ÿ& ñWmZôXm| go àmßV hþB©
CËH$f©AnH$f©ê$n AdñWmAm| _| _oar MnbVm (A{Z`VVm) Vmo Oam Xo{Iò &&34&& Ob Ho$ AmdVm]
go eãXm`_mZ AmH$meñW _oKm| _§o {dÚwV H$m ê$n boH$a _¢Zo g_wÐ _| _N>br Ho$ gÑe AË`ÝV
gwÝXa T>§J go MoîQ>mE± H$s¨ &&35&& _¢Zo H$ht XrnH$ ê$n ^r bo {b`m Ÿ& XrnH$ Ho$ ê$n _| O~ _oar
AÝV…nwa _| ñWmnZm hþB©, V~ a_{U`m| H$s gwaVH«$s‹S>m H$m ^r _¢Zo AdbmoH$Z {H$`mŸ& XrnH$ Ho$ ê$n
_| nwîn H${bH$m Ho$ gÑe _oao H$mo_b A§J Iy~ emo^Vo Wo &&36&& ~Îmr Ho$ AmJo Ho {hñgo _| H$^r-
H$^r H$mOb H$m EH$ Omb-gm ~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `h XrnÁdmbmê$n gmoZo Ho$ Qw>H$‹S>o H$mo Vmo‹S>-\$mo‹S>
XoVm h¡, `hr BgH$m ñdê$n h¡, ^Ð, Bg H$ÁObOmb Ho$ hr g_mJ_ go H$^r _ÝXà^ ~ZH$a
Ádmbm{X A§Jm| H$mo g_oQ> boZo Ho$ H$maU XrnH$ ê$n _| _¢ KZ Hy$_© H$m ê$n ^r ~Zm boVm Wm &&37&&
amKd, H$^r H$ënmÝV H$m A[½Z ~ZH$a _¢Zo H$ënmÝV _| g_ñV OJV² _| Iy~ n[a^«_U {H$`m &
^«_U H$aZo Ho$ H$maU Cg g_` _wPo Omo ~‹S>m n[al_ hþAm, Cggo H$ÁOb í`m_ AmH$me _| H$ht
Eogo {dbrZ hmo OmVm Wm, O¡go BÝÐ Ho$ dmhZ H$mbo _oKm| _| {dÚwV {dbrZ hmo OmVr h¡ &&38&& H$ht
dS>dm{½Z Ho$ ê$n go _¢Zo H$ënn`ªV Iy~ ObnmZ {H$`m, VXZÝVa g~ OJV² Am¡a g~ Ob O~
AmH$me nmZr eyÝ`ê$n hmo Jò, V~ AmH$me _| Z¥Ë` {H$`m &&39&& _¢Zo O~ A{½Z H$s Xoh YmaU
H$s Wr, V~ ObVr bH$[‹S>`m± hr _oao Cë_wH$ Xm±V ~Z JE, ÁdmbmE± hmW ~Z JB© Am¡a M§Mb Yy_«
Ho$ AmdV© Ho$e hmo Jò Ÿ& Bg ê$ngo O~ ZJa Am¡a àê$‹T> bVmnëbdm| H$m Xmh H$aZm Amaå^ {H$`m
V~ ho H¥$VmîQ> (X`m{X AmR> JwUm| H$mo [ñWa ~ZmZodmbo ho lram_Or), OÝVwAm| H$mo J«mg H$a
OmZodmbo _¢Zo H$mîR> Am{X nXmWm] H$mo AnZm ImÚ ~Zm {X`m &&40,41&& bmohma Am{X H$marJam|
H$s à`moJembmAm| _| bmoh{nÊS>m| _| ahH$a _¢Zo _wX²Ja VWm nËWam| go Vm{S>V hmoH$a VmS>Z H$aZodmbo
H$mo ObmZo Ho$ {bE {MZJm[a`m± VWm nËWa Ho$ N>moQ>o N>moQ>o H§$H$S> CJbo &&42&& ^Ð, H$ht na _¢Zo
~‹S>r ~‹S>r MQ²>Q>mZm| Ho$ AÝXa nmfmU_{UH$m (hram, nÝZm Am{X H$m) ê$n boH$a g_ñV ^yVm| H$s
Ñ[îQ> go AmoPb hmoH$a g¡H$‹S>m| `wJ VH$ dmg {H$`m &&43&& lram_^Ð Zo H$hm … ho _mZX, ho
ŸyÕ - 91] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2123
_w{Zda, Cg nmfmU Am{X AdñWm _| Š`m AmnZo gwI H$m AZw^d {H$`m AWdm Xw…IH$m AZw^d
{H$`m, `h _wPgo kmZ Ho$ {bE H${hE &&44&&
{MXmZÝX¡H$agñdê$n ~«÷^yV _¢Zo Ho$db H$m¡VwH$de OJÐÿnVm H$m Amamon XoIm Wm, Bg{bE
CŠV nmfmU, _{U Am{X AdñWmAm| _| _wPH$mo V{ZH$ ^r Xw…I Zht hþAm, {H$ÝVw gwI hr hþAm,
`m| CÎma XoZo Ho$ {bE d{gîR>Or ^y{_H$m ~m±YVo h¢ &
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_Or, O¡go gwßV nwéf MoVZê$n hmoVm hþAm ^r OS>Vm H$m
AZw^d H$aVm h¡, d¡go hr {MÐÿn AmH$me Ñí`^md H$mo àmßV hmoH$a O‹S>Vm H$m AZw^d H$aVm
h¡ &&45&& O~ ~«÷ AnZo H$mo n¥Ïdr Am{X Ho$ ê$n Ho$ gÑe g_PZo bJVm h¡, V~ gwfwßV Ho$ gX¥e
O‹S>-gm ~ZH$a [ñWV ahVm h¡, dmñVd _| BgH$m Omo ^rVar g[ÀMXmZÝXmË_H$ ñd^md h¡,
CgH$m AÝ`Wm^md H$^r Zht hmoVm, Bg{bE Xw…I H$s àm[ßV Zht hmo gH$Vr &&46&&
Š`m| ~«÷ H$m AÝ`Wm^md Zht hmoVm ? Bg Ame§H$m na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
~«÷ _| Omo AmH$me, n¥Ïdr Am{X ñdê$n ^mgVo h¢, do dmñVd _| ~«÷ Ho$ gX² `m AgXmË_H$
ñdê$n Zht h¢, {H$ÝVw `m| hr ÐîQ>m-Ñí` go do ^mgVo h¢, Bg{bE ~«÷ Vmo gXm hr EH$-gm `mZr
A{dH¥$V hr Ad{ñWV h¡ &&47&&
AkmZ hmoZo na hr Xw…I AmVm h¡, {H$ÝVw dh Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
^Ð, {Og nwéf H$mo `h g{ÀMXmZÝXmË_H$ AIÊS> ~«÷kmZ CËnÝZ hmo J`m h¡, CgH$s
Ñ[îQ> _| Z Vmo nm±M ^yV hr h¢ Am¡a Z Cgo Ñí`-ÐîQ>m H$m {d^«_ hr ^mgVm h¡ Ÿ&&48&& ^Ð,
CZ YmaUmAm| _| _¢Zo Omo Hw$N> Cg àH$ma H$m OJ{ÝZ_m©U {H$`m, dh g~ {dewÕ ~«÷ê$n
~ZH$a hr {H$`m, Š`m|{H$ OJ[ÝZ_m©U H$aZodmbo H$m ewÕ ~«÷ê$n Ho$ {~Zm Hw$N> ê$n hmo hr
Zht gH$Vm &&49&& O~ na_mW©-Xem _| `h g~ Hw$N> Ñí` {Z{d©H$ma ~«÷ê$n hr {gÕ hþAm
V~ ~«÷nX _| hr ahH$a _¢Zo AnZr AmË_m H$mo CŠV ZmZm{dY OJV² Ho$ ê$n _| XoIm, `h
~mV {Z[íMVê$n go Amn OmZ br{Oò &&50&&
`{X nmfmU _{U Am{X H$m ê$n hmoZo na _wP_| M¡VÝ` Z ahVm, Vmo CZH$m AZw^d Am¡a ñ_aU
AmO _wPH$mo hmoVm hr Zht, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
lram_Or, n¥Ïdr Am{X H$s YmaUmAm| Ûmam AnZo H$mo n¥Ïdr Am{X nm±M ^yVm| Ho$ ê$n _|
àH$m{eV H$a ahm _¢ `{X O‹S> ê$n hr ~Z OmVm, Vmo _¢ CZH$m AZw^d hr H¡$go H$a gH$Vm ? &&51&&
V~ gwfw[ßV AdñWm _| _¢Zo Hw$N> Zht OmZm `h kmZ Ho$ A^md H$m AZw^d H¡$go hmoVm h¡ ? Bg
na H$hVo h¢ &
"_¢ gmo`m hÿ±' Bg Ñ‹T> ^md H$mo MoVZ hmoH$a ^r _¢Zo OmZm, Cg Xem _| {ZÐmXmof go
Cn[ñWV {H$`m J`m AkmZ hr "_¢Zo Hw$N> Zht OmZm' Bg àVr{V go àmßV H$am`r J`r O‹S>Vm
YmaU H$aVm h¡ Am¡a àH$me_mZ ñdàH$meê$n Omo dñVw h¡, dh Vmo Cg g_` àH$meVr Am¡a
AZw^d H$aVr ahVr h¡, `{X `h ~mV Z hmoVr Vmo gwfw[ßVH$mb _| AZw^yV AkmZ H$m
OmJ«V²H$mb _| ñ_aU H¡$go hmoVm ? &&52&&
VÎdkmZ H$s àm[ßV go ñWyb ì`[îQ>-g_{îQ> Xoh H$s Am{Y^m¡{VH$ ^mdZm ZîQ> hmo OmVr h¡,
Bg{bE ^r O‹S> Xw…I H$s àm{ßV Zht hmo gH$Vr, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
{Og nwéf H$s AmË_m gË`kmZ go OJ JB© h¡, CgH$s Am{Y^m¡{VH$ Xoh VËH$mb {dbrZ
hmo OmVr h¡ `mZr Xoh _| Am{Y^m¡{VH$Vm H$s àm[ßV hr Zht ahVr Am¡a {Z_©b ~moYê$n
Am{Vdm{hH$ Xoh H$s CËn[Îm hmo OmVr h¡ &&53&& ~moYê$nr CŠV Am{Vdm{hH$ Xoh N>moQ>r hmo Mmho
~‹S>r hmo, Cggo AnZr BÀN>mZwgma nwéf {Zdm©Uê$n (g_ñV àn§Mm| go a{hV OrdÝ_wŠVê$n)
hmoH$a [ñWV hmo OmVm h¡ &&54&& ~moYê$n Xoh Ho$ à^md go AôÚ nmfmU {ebmAm| Ho$ ^r ^rVa
àdoe H$aHo$ nwéf AZm`mg ~mha {ZH$b OmVm h¡, nmVmb _| Mbm OmVm h¡ Am¡a AmH$me_ÊS>b
_| ^r {dMaVm h¡ &&55&&
Bg{bE _wPo Xw…I H$s àm{ßV Zht hþB©, `h H$hVo hþE Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ &
ho lram_^Ð, Bgr{bE Cg g_` ~moYê$n Xoh Ho$ H$maU AZÝV {MÝ_` AmH$meê$nr _¢Zo
n¥Ïdr Am{X H$s YmaUm ~m±YH$a n¥Ïdr Am{X ñdê$n H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m Wm &&56&& ^Ð, dO«, nËWa,
nmVmb, AmH$me Ed§ ñdJ© Am{X _| `mVm`mV H$a aho Cgr Vah Ho$ {dewÕ AmË_m H$mo V{ZH$ ^r
{d¿Z Cn[ñWV Zht hmoVm &&57&& ~moY_mÌ eara go `h AmË_m O‹S> nXmWm] _| O~ VH$ ahVm h¡
V~ VH$ Cgr ê$n go (~moY_mÌ eara go hr) CZ_| ahVm h¡, AÝ`ê$n go Zht &&58&&
`h g~ H$m¡VwH$ AnZr BÀN>m go hr {H$ò Jò Wo, Bg{bE ^r Xw…I H$s àm{ßV Zht hþB©, Bg
Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
AnZr hr BÀN>m go `{X H$moB© MbH$a {\$a AÝ`Ì OmVm h¡, `m dhm± [ñW{V H$aVm h¡, `m dhm±
go dmng Mbm AmVm h¡, Vmo Xw…I Zht hmoVm, R>rH$ Bgr àH$ma H$s `hm± ^r [ñW{V h¡ `mZr AnZr
BÀN>m go {H$ò Jò H$m¡VwH$m| _| _wPo {H$gr àH$ma H$m H$îQ> Zht hþAm, Š`m|{H$ d¡gm H$aZm BîQ> hr
Wm, A{ZîQ> Zht &&59&&
Amn ^r VÎdkmZr h¢, Bg{bE Am{Vdm{hH$ Xoh^md Am¡a YmaUmAm| Ho$ AZwgma OJX²^mdê$nr
H$m¡VwH$m| H$m Xe©Z AmnHo$ {bE ^r gwb^ h¡,AV… _oao H$ho Jò {df` H$s narjm H$a|, Bg Ame` go
H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, EH$_mÌ VÎdkmZ hr A{dZmer Am{Vdm{hH$ Xoh h¡, `h VÎdkm| H$m _V h¡, Bg{bE
A~ Amn `{X BÀN>m H$a|, Vmo Am{Vdm{hH$ Xoh Am¡a YmaUm Ûmam OJX²^md H$m AdbmoH$Z H$a
gH$Vo h¢ &&60&&
ŸyÕ - 92] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2125
BÀN>m go hr VÎdk nwéf gy`m©{X g_ñV OJV² H$mo {dbrZ H$aHo$ AmË__mÌñdê$n go ñWm{nV
H$a gH$Vo h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Bg Vah gy`© Am{X bmoH$m| _| "{MÝ_mÌ ñdê$n AmH$meê$n _¢ hr hÿ±,' Bg ~moY go AnZr
AmË_m Ho$ Agbr ñdê$n go kmV hmoVm hþAm ^r gy`m©{XbmoH$ OJV² Ho$ ~moY go AgV²-gm VWm
AñVH$mo àmßV-gm hmo OmVm h¡ `mZr VÎdk bmoJ gy`© Am{X g_ñV OJV² H$mo OJX²ê$n go AgV²
~ZmH$a AmË_ê$n go ñWm{nV H$a boVo h¢, `h VmËn`© h¡ &&61&&
h_ bmoJm| H$s Ñ[îQ> _| OJV² Vmo gË` h¡, {\$a dh gV²-gm ~ZH$a [ñWV h¡, `h H¡$go
H$hVo h¢ ? Bg e§H$m na ñdßZ Am{X OJV² Ho$ {dÚ_mZ ahVo OmJ«V OJV² O¡go AgV²-gm
ahVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go OmJ«V-nwéf H$s Ñ[îQ> _| {dÚ_mZ hr OJV² gwßV nwéf _| à{gÕ ñdßZm{X OJV²
_| AkmZVm Ho$ H$maU AgV²-gm, eyÝ`^md Ho$ H$maU Amd¥V-gm `m ñdßZÐîQ>mnwéfm| Ho$ Ûmam
Abä`-gm ~ZH$a [ñWV h¡, d¡go hr àH¥$V _| g_PZm Mm{hE &&62&& ^Ð, O¡go H$moB© H$m¡VwH$s
nwéf _ZmoamÁ` go H$[ënV A§Jmam| H$s ZXr Ho$ Va§Jm| H$m A§J go ñne© hmo OmZo na ^r Xw…Ir
Zht hmoVm, d¡go hr _¢ AnZr Wmo‹S>r BÀN>m Ho$ H$maU nmfmU, _{U Am{X ê$n hmo OmZo na ^r
Xw…IJ«ñV Zht hþAm &&63&&
`m| lram_^Ð Ho$ àíZ H$m CÎma XoH$a A~ àñVwV {df`na AmH$a lrd{gîR>Or H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, Bg Vah A[½Zê$nYmar _¢Zo H$mObê$nr ^«_am| Ho$ g_yhm| go g_[ÝdV Ed§ AemoH$ê$n
\y$bm| H$s emo^m go `wŠV àXrá ÁdmbmAm| Ho$ H$maU A{½Z go ì`mßV O§Jb H$mo {dH${gV ñWbH$_b
Ho$ gÑe ~Zm {X`m &&64&& ho {à`, XwîQ> nwéf H$s bú_r Ho$ gÑe ~‹T>r hþB© VWm KQ>mQ>monnyU©
M§Mb D±$Mr D±$Mr Ádmbm_mbmAm| Ho$ ê$n go VËH$mb hr CËH$f© àmßV H$a _¢ ghgm ZîQ> ^r hmo
J`m Ÿ&&65&& ho am_Or, VoO…ñdê$n ~ZH$a _¢Zo na_mUw H$Um| Ho$ ^rVa Bgr Vah H$s {Og
àËòH$ OJV²-emo^m H$m AdbmoH$Z {H$`m, dh OJV²-emo^m Am¡a Amn {Ogo XoI aho h¡, dh
OJV²-emo^m XmoZm| gdm}ÀM {MXmH$me go {^ÝZ Zht h¡, Bg {df` _| ÑîQ>mÝV-AmnHo$ ñdßZ Ho$
à{gÕ ZJa `m nd©V-{dÚ_mZ h¢ &&66&&
BŠ`mZ~odm± gJ© g_mßV
~mZ~odm± gJ©
dm`w H$s YmaUm go dm`w^md àmßV hmo OmZo na dm`w Ho$ H$m`m] H$m {dñVma VWm
AmH$me Ho$ gmW gdm©Ë_^md _| [ñW{V-`h dU©ZŸ&
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, VXZÝVa _¢Zo OJV² XoIZo H$s CËH$ÊR>m go dm`w_` YmaUm
~m±Yr Ÿ& {\$a Yra d¥{Îm go dm`wê$n _| [ñW{V àmßV hmo OmZo VH$ H$s bå~r dm`w_` YmaUm H$mo àmßV
hþAm &&1&& _¢ dm`w ~Z J`m & _¢ dm`w ~ZH$a bVmê$nr bbZmAm| Ho$ gmW {dbmg H$aVm Wm VWm
H$_b, CËnb, Hw$ÝX Am{X \y$bm| H$s gwJÝY H$s, ñdm`Îm H$a ajm H$aVm Wm &&2&& _¢ ObH$Um| H$s
am{e H$mo BYa CYa [~IoaZo VWm Zrhmag_yh H$mo brbm go (H«$s‹S>m go) Xya Xya VH$ haU H$aZo _|
{ZaV ahVm Wm Am¡a gwaVH«$sS>m go ŠbmÝV `wJbm| Ho$ g_ñV A§Jmo _| Am‡mX nhþ±MmZo _| amV-{XZ
gV¥îU ahVm Wm &&3&& V¥U, Jwë_, bVm, dëbr VWm nÎmm| H$mo VmÊS>d Z¥Ë` {gIbmZo _| _hmn{ÊS>V
^r _¢ ~Z J`m Ed§ bVm Am¡a Am¡f{Y`m| Ho$ \$bm| Ho$ Cëbmgm| VWm Hw$gw_m| H$s gwJÝYm| Am_moXm| go
{d^y{fV hmo J`m &&4&& _§Jb Ho$ Adgam| _| ^mdr H$ë`mU H$mo gy{MV H$aZo Ho$ {bE _¢ _¥Xw `mZr
_ÝX, gwJÝY Ed§ erVb hmoH$a bbZm OZm| Ho$ n«o_ H$m ^mOZ ~Z OmVm Wm, CËnmV g_` _| Vmo
^mdr CËnmVm| H$mo gy{MV H$aZo Ho$ {bE ^`§H$a VrúU, CîU Am¡a Agø ~Z OmVm Wm, n«b`H$mb
_| Vmo nd©Vm| H$mo ^r nÎmm| Ho$ gÑe C‹S>m XoVm Wm &&5&& ^Ð, ñdJ© _| Hw$ÝX, _ÝXma Am{X Ho$ _H$aÝX
Am¡a namJ (nwînYy{b) go Yyga VWm ZaH$ _| A§Jma H$s am{e VWm {dnwb Zrhma go bXm ahVm
Wm &&6&& O~ _¢ g_wÐ _| ahVm Wm, V~ _oar J{V gab Va§Jm| H$s aoImAm| go AZw{_V hmoVr Wr
Am¡a O~ _¢ AmH$me _| ahVm Wm, V~ _¢ H$^r MÝÐ_mê$nr Xn©UH$mo _oKê$n _b hQ>mH$a ñdÀN>
~Zm XoVm Wm Am¡a H$^r _oKê$n _{bZVm bmH$a _{bZ ~Zm XoVm Wm &&7&& _¢ ZjÌ ê$nr amOgoZm
H$m ~‹S>o doJ go AmJo H$s Amoa ~‹T>m hþAm aW Wm (n«dh Zm_ H$m dm`w ZjÌMH«$ H$mo Kw_mVm h¡, `h
Á`mo{Vfemó H$m {gÕmÝV h¡), {ÌbmoH$s _| g_ñV {gÕm| Ho$ g§Mma Ed§ XodVmAm| Ho$ {d_mZm| Ho$
YmaU _| gXm AZwHy$b ahVm Wm &&8&& _oar BVZr erK« J{V Wr {H$ _¢ {MÎm H$m (_ZH$m) ghmoXa
^mB©-gm Wm, _¢ `mo§ Vmo AZ§J Wm, {\$a ^r _¢ {H$gr A§J go a{hV Z Wm VWm AnZo ñnÝXZm| go
MÝXZm| Ho$ dZm| H$mo AmZÝX {d^moa ~Zm XoVm Wm &&9&& Vwfma H$Um| H$s O~ _hVr d¥[îQ> hmoVr Wr,
V~ Vwfma H$Uê$nr Ydb amo_m| Ho$ H$maU _¢ ~yT>m gm bJVm Wm, Hw$gw_ Am{X gwJÝYm| go _¢ `m¡dZ
Ho$ CÝ_mX go Mya-gm hmo OmVm Wm VWm _m¡Z Ed§ _¥XwVm Ho$ H$maU _¢ ~mbH$ê$n ^r hmo OmVm
Wm &&10&& ^Ð, ZÝXZdZ _| _Ywa gwJ[ÝY Ho$ H$maU _oam J_Z A{V _Ywa Am¡a CXma hmoVm Wm
VWm O~ _¢ Hw$~oa Ho$ M¡ÌaW Zm_H$ CÚmZ go àñWmZ H$aVm V~ H$mÝVm OZm| Ho$ gwaV l_ H$mo ha
XoVm Wm &&11&& ^JdVr ^mJraWr Ho$ Va§Jê nr {hÊS>mobm| Ho$ AmÝXmobZm| go _wPo l_-gm Adí`
bJVm Wm, naÝVw Xygam| Ho$ n[al_m| H$s {Zd¥{Îm H$aZo Ho$ CËgmh go CgH$m _wPo kmZ hr Zht hmo
nmVm Wm, Bgr{bE Xygam| Ho$ Agr_ l_m| H$mo _¢ VËH$mb hr ZîQ> H$a XoVm Wm &&12&& F$VwamO
dgÝV H$s d{ZVm O¡gr bVmAm| H$mo _¢ Z_©ñnem] go XrK©H$mb Ho$ {bE Mnb ~ZmVm Wm Ÿ& do
bVmd{ZVmE± \y$bm| Ho$ ^mam| go ZV ahVr Wt, CZHo$ M§Mb Xb hmW go àVrV hmoVo Wo Am¡a ^«_a
ZoÌ go bJVo Wo &&13&& MÝÐ{~å~ _| gd©loîR> A_¥V H$m XrK©H$mb VH$ nmZ H$a, nyU© _oKê$n
ŸyÕ - 92] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2127
eæ`mna e`Z H$a VWm H$_bm| H$s n§[ŠV H$mo H±$nm H$a Xygao Ho$ `m AnZo gwaV O{ZV n[al_ H$m
{ZdmaU H$aVm Wm &&14&& _¢ g_ñV Yy[b`m| Ho$ {bE AmH$meJm_r Kmo‹S>m VWm gwJÝYê$nr _Îm
_mV§JH$m CëbmgàX _hmZ² {_Ì Wm &&15&& V{‹S>V²ê$nr gtJ H$mo (Jmonmb ~mbH$m| Ho$ dmÚ H$mo)
àmßV H$a CgHo$ ZmX go _¢ _oKê$nr XwYma newAm| H$m EH$ nmbH$-gm ~Z J`m, ObH$Uê$nr
_mo{V`m| Ho$ {bE _¢ gyV ~Z J`m VWm Yy{bZmeH$ Ob Ho$ {bE _¢Zo eÌwVm _mob br, Š`m|{H$ Ob
H$mo _¢ gwIm XoVm Wm &&16&& AmH$meê$nr \y$b H$r _¢ gwJÝY Wm, Bgr{bE AmH$me Ho$ JwU g~
eãXm| H$m _¢ ghmoXa ^mB© ^r ~Z J`m VWm àm{U`m| Ho$ A§J CnmJm| _| àdV©H$ ~ZH$a CZH$s
ZmS>rê$n àUm{b`m| _| Obê$n-gm ^r hmo J`m &&17&& g~ àm{U`m| H$m àmU^yV VWm öX` Am{X
__© ñWmZê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU __© H$m`© H$aZodmbo g~ ñWmZm| H$m _¢ hr EH$ AmË_m ~Z J`m,
öX`Jwhmê$n Ka H$m _¢ qgh Wm, _¢ {ZaÝVa {Z`_ go g§MaU H$aVm ahm, VWm _¢ A[½Z Ho$ ~bH$m
kmVm Wm, Š`m|{H$ Xw~©b OmZH$a XrnH$ H$mo ~wPm XoVm Wm Am¡a ~{bîR> OmZH$a {_Ì^md go A[½Z
H$mo ~‹T>m ^r XoVm ahm &&18&& gwJÝYê$nr aËZm| H$m _¢ bwQ>oam Wm, `mZr O~aZ H$brê$nr Jm±R>
ImobH$a Mwam boZodmbm {d_mZê$n ZJam| H$m YmaUH$mar Wm, Xmh (Vmn) ê$nr AÝYH$ma Ho$ {bE
_¢ MÝÐ_m Wm Am¡a e¡Ë`ê$nr MÝÐ_m Ho$ {bE jra-gmJa Wm &&19&& àmU, AnmZ H$s H$bmê$n
aÁOw go _¢ àm{U`m| Ho$ `ÝÌm| H$m MmbH$ Wm, Ûrnm| H$m Va§Jm| go IÊS>Z Am¡a Yy{b`m| go g§dY©Z
H$aZo Ho$ H$maU eÌw-{_Ì XmoZm| Wm VWm Ûrnm| _| g§Mma H$aZo _| gXm {ZaV ahVm Wm &&20&& ^Ð,
_¢ gm_Zo ahVm Wm {\$a ^r _oao ñdê$n H$mo H$moB© XoI Zht nmVm Wm, AVEd _¢ _ZmoamÁ` go H$[ënV
ZJa Ho$ gÑe Wm Ÿ& n§Ioê$nr {Vbm| _| _¢ Vob Ho$ gÑe VWm ñnÝXZê$n hmWr Ho$ {bE _¢
~ÝYZñVå^ AmbmZê$n Wm &&21&& àb`H$mb _| EH$ jUm§e _| hr ~‹S>o-~‹S>o nd©Vm| H$mo CIm‹S>H$a
\|$H$ XoVm Wm & AZoH$ dU©ê$n Va§Jm| H$mo J§Jm-àdmh Ho$ gÑe Yy{b Ho$ g[å_lU go EH$ê$n ~Zm
XoVm Wm &&22&& _¢Zo dm`wê$n hmoH$a Yy_«, _oK, aO Am¡a Obm| H$m EH$ AmdV©-gm I‹S>m H$a {X`m
Wm VWm AmH$meJ§Jm Ho$ àdmhê$n _H$aÝX Ho$ Ob-g_yh go `wŠV AmH$meê$n Zrb H$_b H$m _¢
^«_a Wm &&23&& P§PmdmVê$n eara Ho$ doîQ>Z go {Z_w©ŠV OrU©-erU© V¥Um| _| _¢ _ÝX _ÝX J{V
XoVm Wm, ñnÝXê$n (gm_mÝ` {H«$`mê$n) H$_bdZH$m _¢ Am{XË` `mZr {dH$mg H$m hoVw Wm Am¡a
eãXê$n d¥[îQ> Ho$ {bE _¢ _w»` _oK Wm Ÿ&&24&& ì`mo_ê$nr O§Jb H$m _¢ _Vdmbm hmWr Wm,
earaê$nr Ka H$m _¢ JJ©Q> ({ZaÝVa eãX H$aZodmbm EH$ Vah H$m `ÝÌ) Wm, Yy{bê$n a_Urg_yhH$m
VWm dZ_mbm ê$n Zm{`H$mg_yh H$m AmqbJZ H$aZo _| _¢ Zm`H$ Wm &&25&& ^Ð, dm`wê$n ~ZH$a
_¢Zo N>… àH$ma H$s {H«$`mE± H$aVo H$aVo àb`n`©ÝV H$^r ^r {dlm_ Zht {b`m & _oao do N>… H$_© Wo -
{h_, Kr Am{X H$m {nÊS> ~ZmZm, H$sM‹S> Am{X H$mo gyImZm, _oK Am{X H$mo YmaU H$aZm, V¥U
Am{X _| hbMb n¡Xm H$aZm, gwJÝY H$mo BYa-CYa bo OmZm VWm Vmn haZm &&26&& lram_Or,
agHo$ AmH$f©U Ho$ {bE _¢ {ZaÝVa ì`J« ahVm Wm, Bggo VoOH$m _¢ ^mB©-gm ~Z J`m Wm Am¡a
haU, AmXmZ Am{X H$aZodmbo hmW Am{X A§Jm| H$m _¢ MmbH$ Wm &&27&& earaê$nr _hmZJa _|
Zm‹S>r Ho$ _mJm] go {H$gr Vah H$s {d¿Z~mYm (amoH$Q>moH$) Ho$ {~Zm Aà{VhV J_Z H$aVm Wm VWm
AÝZag_` XohnmÌ _| àmUm{X Ho$ ê$nm| go AmdmJ_Z H$a Am`wê$nr _{U Ho$ ajU _| _¢ _hmd{UH²$
~Z J`m Wm &&28&& earaê$nr ZJam| Ho$ Zme Am¡a {Z_m©U _| AHo$bm _¢ VËna ahVm Wm Ÿ& AÝZagm|
Ho$ _b, gyú_Va gma^mJê$n ËdMm Am{X N>… H$bmAm| Ed§ dmV-{nÎm-H$\$ê$n YmVwAm| Ho$ n¥WŠH$aU
_| _¢ _hmn[ÊS>V Wm &&29&& VXZÝVa dm`w_ÊS>b _| ^r na_mUw VH$ Ho$ EH$-EH$ Ðì` Ho$ AÝXa
^r _¢Zo aOV H$s {ebm Ho$ gÑe gw[ñWa, A{V{demb OJV² XoIo & CZ OJVm| _| ^r Bgr Vah
n¥Ïdr Am{X OJV² Ho$ ê$n _| _¢ hr ahm &&30&& `Ú{n `hm± àËòH$ na_mUw _| AZoH$ g¥{îQ>`m± ~hVr
hþB©-gr àVrV hmoVr h¢, VWm{n na_mW© Ñ[îQ> go {dMmaZo na Z Vmo Hw$N> h¡, Z H$moB© ~hVr-gr h¢,
Š`m|{H$ eyÝ`mH$ma ~«÷ _| ~hZm hr Š`m ? &&31&&
àËòH$ na_mUw _| {H$Z {H$Z nXmWm] Ho$ gmW g¥{îQ>`m± {dÚ_mZ-gr h¢, Bgo H$hVo h¢ &
CZ g¥[îQ>`m| _| MÝÐ, gy`©, dm`w, A{½Z, BÝÐ, déU, Hw$~oa Ed§ _hoída, ~«÷m, h[a Am¡a
JÝYd© Wo, {dÚmYa VWm eofamO Wo Ÿ& gmJa, nd©V, Ûrn, {XemE± Ed§ _hmZ² g_wÐ Wo, AÝ`mÝ`bmoH$,
bmoH$nmb, {H«$`m, H$mb Ed§ H$ën Ho$ H«$_ Wo Ÿ&&32,33&& dhm± ñdJ©, ^y{_, nmVmbVb VWm
AÝ`mÝ` bmoH$mÝVa Wo, ^md, A^md, d¡Yw`©, Oam, _aU, Am{X H$s ^«m[ÝV`m± ^r dhm± {dÚ_mZ
Wt &&34&&
`m| AmH$me^md _| ^r AmH$me Ho$ Omo {dbmg h¢, CZH$m ^r AZw^d g_P boZm Mm{hE, Bg
Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_Or, `m| Cg g_` n¥Ïdr Am{X nm±M ^yVm| H$m ê$n YmaU H$a _¢Zo Cg {ÌbmoH$sê$n
H$_b Ho$ CXa _| Iy~ {dhma {H$`m &&35&&
O¡go O¡go {dhma {H$`m, CgH$m {dñVma Ho$ gmW dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
^Ð, n¥Ïdr, Ob, dm`w, Am¡a VoO Ho$ g_yhê$n d¥jm| Ho$ eara _| {Zdmg H$aVo hþE _¢Zo
_ybOmb Ho$ Ûmam n¥Ïdr H$m ag nr`m Am¡a CgH$m àMwa AZw^d (ñdmX) {b`m &&36&& A_¥V go
nyU© (KZr^yV) A§Jm|dmbo VWm MÝXZ Ho$ Ðd Ho$ g_mZ erVËd Am{X JwUm| go gwemo{o ^V MÝÐ{~å~m|na,
Omo Vwfma H$s eæ`mAm|-O¡go Wo, Iy~ bmoQ>nmoQ> br &&37&& AnZo Cn^moJ Ho$ ~mX ~Mm hþAm nwînag
^«_a H$mo XoVo CE _¢Zo g^r F$VwAm| _| g~ Amoa {d{dY gwJÝYm| go nyU© nwînam{e`m| H$m Iy~ AmZÝX
{b`m &&38&& {dñVrU©, CÝZV, H$mo_b VWm AmH$meê$nr Am±JZ _| H$bmnyU©ê$n ar{V go {~N>mB©
hþB©, _ŠIZ H$s ñW{b`m±-gr Ydb A^«_mbmAm| Ho$ D$na e`Z {H$`m &&39&& ^Ð, {earf Ho$
\y$bm| go ^r A{YH$ H$mo_b VWm ZrbH$_b H$s-gr _Zmoha H$m[ÝVdmbr Xodm§JZmAm| VWm {gÕ-
ŸyÕ - 92] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2129
ghMm[a`m| Ho$ _Ü` _| H$m_ H$s dmgZm H$mo Xya \|$H$H$a hr e`Z {H$`m &&40&& Hw$_wX, H$‡ma VWm
H$_bm| go nyU© aå` dZm| _| VWm H$_[b{Z`m| Ho$ O§Jbm| _| _¢Zo _Ywa^m{fUr h±{g`m| Ho$ gmW ~‹S>m
hr gw_Ywa brbmH$bH$b {ZZmX {H$`m &&41&& am_Or, ~h aht ZXrê$n gmadmZ² Zm{‹S>`m| Ho$
_yb^yV ^y_ÊS>bmo§ go `wŠV VWm ñ\w$aUerb ì`mK«m{X ^yVJUm| go emo{^V nd©Vm| H$mo ~«÷mÊS>ê$nYmar
_¢Zo AnZo A§Jm| go amo_m| H$s n§{ŠV`m| H$s Vah YmaU {H$`m &&42&& OJV² _| Omo JJZ, nd©V Am{X
à{gÕ h¢, CÝhm|Zo ZXrê$n gyÌ Ed§ g_wÐm| Ho$ gmW _oao A§Jm| _| à{V{~å~ g{hV Xn©Um| H$s ZmBª
{dlm_ {H$`m &&43&& {gÕ, {dÚmYa Am{X àm{U`m| Ho$ g_yhm| Zo ~«÷mÊS>^yV _oao eara _| {dlm_
{H$`m Ÿ& do _oar Xoh _| _ŠIr Am¡a Oy± O¡go àVrV hmoVo Wo &&44&&
V~ Š`m _ŠIr, Oy± Am{X Ho$ gÑe ^`^rV Ed§ à{VjU hQ>mò OmZo Ho$ H$maU C{Û½Z hmoH$a
CÝhm|Zo ~«÷mÊS>^yV AmnH$s Xoh _§o {Zdmg {H$`m ? Bg àíZ H$m ZH$mamË_H$ CÎma XoVo h¢ &
ho amKd, _oar H¥$nm go n«gÝZ hmoH$a gy`© Am{X XodVmAm| Zo eara go H¥$îU, aŠV, ídoV,
AídoV, nrV, h[aV, dUm] go [ñZ½Y hmoH$a d¥jm| Ho$ gX¥e _oao eara _| [ñW{V àmßV H$s &&45&&
^Ð, ~«÷mÊS>ê$n hmoH$a _¢Zo gmV g_wÐm| go do{îQ>V VWm gmV Ûrnm| Ho$ H$maU gmV ê$n YaZodmbr
`mZr gmV A§Jm| go `wŠV ^y{_H$mo AnZr H$bmB© _| H§$H$U Ho$ gÑe YmaU H$a {b`m Wm &&46&& _¢Zo
{dÚmYam| H$s a_{U`m| H$s A§Jê$nr `[îQ>`m| H$s ñne©H$a CZ_| AnZo A_ÝX AmZÝX go nwbH$md{b`m±
CËnÝZ H$a Xt Ÿ& _¢Zo `Ú{n CZ_| nwbH$md{b`m± CËnÝZ H$a Xr Wt, VWm{n do _wPH$mo XoI Zht
nmVr Wt Ÿ&&47&& amKd, ZXrê$n Zm{‹S>`m| go {Z_©b (ewÕ) ^rVa [ñWV àMwa aggo nyU©, ZmZm
{N>Ðm| go `wŠV nd©V Am{X OJV² _oao eara _| A[ñWn§Oa VWm _m§g Am{X ~Z Jò Wo &&48&& _oao
öX`mH$me _| Ag§»` EoamdV Am{X hmWr Jyba Ho$ AÝXa _ÀN>am| H$s ZmBª [ñWV Woo {OZ na MÝÐ,
gy`© ê$nr M±da Sw>b aho Wo &&49&&
`m| `Ú{n _¢ A{V{dñV¥V ~«÷mÊS>ê$n Wm, VWm{n _¢Zo na_ gyú_ {MÝ_mÌ ñd^mdVm H$m
n[aË`mJ Zht {H$`m, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_Or, ~«÷mÊS>ñdê$n-Xem _| `Ú{n g_ñV nmVmb _oao MaU ~Z Jò Wo, ^yVb _oam
CXa ~Z J`m Wm Am¡a AmH$me _oam _ñVH$ hmo J`m Wm, {\$a ^r _¢Zo AnZr {M{V_mÌñd^mdê$n
gyú_Vm H$^r Zht N>mo‹S>r &&50&& `Ú{n _¢ g_ñV {XemAm| _|, g^r ñWbm| _|, g^r H$mbm| _|
gdm©Ë_m ~ZH$a g~ Hw$N> ì`dhma Cg g_` H$a ahm Wm, {\$a ^r Agb _| Agdm©Ë_H$ EH $Ed§
g_ñV Û¡V nXmWm] go eyÝ` {MÝ_mÌ ñdê$n go [ñWV Wm &&51&&
Cg g_` _¢Zo n[a[ÀN>ÝZVm-An[a{ÀN>ÝZVm Am{X g~ {déÕ Y_m] H$m EH$ gmW AnZr
AmË_m _| AZw^d {H$`m, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Cg Xem _| qH${MÎmm-AqH${MÎmm, gmH$maVm, {ZamH$maVm, O‹S>Vm-MoVZVm Am{X g_ñV
nañna A{V{déÕ Y_m] H$m _¢Zo AnZr AmË_m _| EH$ gmW Iy~ AZw^d {H$`m &&52&&
O¡go Mm±Xr H$s {ebm Ho$ AÝXa AZÝV OJV² {dÚ_mZ h¢, d¡go hr g_wÐ Ho$ noQ> _| {OVZo àXoe
n‹S>o h¢, CZ_| ^r AZoH$ OJV² {dÚ_mZ h¢, CZH$m ^r _¢Zo AZw^d {H$`m, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
VXZÝVa _¡ZmH$ nd©V Ho$ gÑe ^rVa {N>nr hþB© nd©V{ebmAm| go _Zmoha VWm Agr_
{dñVmadmbo g_wÐ Ho$ noQ> _| [ñWV àËòH$ àXoe Ho$ AÝXa hOmam| ñWmUwê$n Omo g¥[îQ>`m± {dÚ_mZ
h¢, CZH$m ^r _¢Zo AZw^d {H$`m &&53&& O¡go Xn©U à{V{~å~ê$n go AZoH$ ZJam| H$mo YmaU H$aVm
h¡, d¡go hr MoVZñdê$n _¢Zo AnZo A§Jm| _| JwßV VWm àH$Q> AZoH$ OJV² YmaU {H$ò &&54&& ho
amKd, Bg àH$ma Ob, dm`w Ed§ A[½Zê$nVm, ^y{_ê$nVm H$m AnZr AmË_m go _¢Zo Eogo {Z_m©U
{H$`m, O¡go ñdßZm| _| à{gÕ AmË_{M{V _m`m{dñV¥V ZJam{X H$m {Z_m©U H$aVr h¡ &&55&& Am¡a
Cg AdñWm _| _¢Zo AmH$meH$moe _| {ñWV àËòH$ na_mUw Ho$ ^rVa ^r Ag§»` OJV XoIo &&56&&
^Ð, Am¡a ^r gw{Zò, Cg AdñWm _| àËòH$ na_mUw Ho$ ^rVa Agr_ AmH$me [ñWV Wm Am¡a Cg
AmH$me _| ^r C‹S> aho AZoH$ na_mUw {dÚ_mZ Wo, CZ na_mUwAm| Ho$ ^rVa ^r _¢Zo Cg Vah Ho$
Ag§»` g§gma XoIo, O¡go {H$ ñdßZ Ho$ AÝXa AÝ` ñdßZ Ho$ ZJa {XIVo h¢ &&57&& _¢ AmÜ`m{gH$
AmË_m H$m hr ñdê$n^yV ^y_ÊS>b VWm ÛrnHw$ÊS>bê$n ~Z J`m Wm Ÿ& `m| gdm©Ë_H$ hmoVo hþE ^r
_¢Zo na_mW©ê$n go H$ht {H$gr H$m ^r ñne© Zht {H$`m, Š`m|{H$ na_mW© Xem _| _¢ Ag§J AÛ`ê$n
hr hÿ± &&58&& earaYmar Omo _Zwî` Am{X Ord h¢, CZHo$ CnH$mamW© hr bVm, V¥U, A§Hw$a Am{X
g~H$m CËnmXZ H$aVo hþE _¢Zo dfm© go {Jao Obm| H$mo ^yVbê$n ~ZH$a ItM {b`m &&59&& O¡go `wÕ
Ord-g§hma h¡, d¡go hr ~moYH$mb AkmZ-g§hmaH$ h¡ Ÿ& CŠV ~moYXem àmßV H$aZo na A{V ñdÀN>
hþE _wP_| bmIm| OJV² ah gH$Vo h¢ Am¡a H$moB© ^r Zht ah gH$Vm &&60&&&
{H$g ê$n go do OJV² ahVo h¢ Am¡a {H$g ê$ngo Zht ahVo, Bg àíZ H$m CÎma `h h¡ {H$ {M{V
Ho$ M_ËH$ma_mÌ ê$ngo ahVo h¢ Am¡a CgHo$ {dnarV ê$ngo Zht ahVo, `m| H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
^Ð, {M{V Ho$ ^rVa Omo CgHo$ AZoH$ M_ËH$ma h¢, do M_ËH$ma Omo gÎmm ñ\y${V© ê$ngo Xygam
M_ËH$ma ñd`§ H$aVo h¢, `mZr gÎmm ñ\w$aUH$mo OJV² _| Amamo{nV H$a àH$Q> H$aVo h¢ ò hr Xygao
M_ËH$ma BZ g¥[îQ>-Ñ[îQ>`m| Ho$ ê$n_| (g§gmaHo$ ê$n _|) àVrV hmoVo h¢ &&61&& _¢Zo H$ht ^r Omo
Hw$N> AZw^d {H$`m, Omo Hw$N> ~Zm`m, Omo Hw$N> H$îQ> ghm, dh g~ na_mW©^yV {MXmË_mH$m M_ËH$ma
hr Wm, Š`m|{H$ CgHo$ {~Zm `hm± Hw$N> àmßV hmo hr Zht gH$Vm &&62&& ho lram_Or, Bg{bE
AÜ`mamonÑ{îQ> go àËòH$ _| AnZr gÎmm H$m g_n©U H$aZo Ho$ H$maU _¢ {dídê$nmË_m Am¡a g~H$m
H$Vm© hÿ± VWm AndmXÑ[îQ> go à~wwÕ hmoH$a _¢ ewÕ ~moYñdê$n Am¡a H$V¥©Ëdm{X {dH$mam| go a{hV hÿ±,
Š`m|{H$ g~-Hw$N> Vmo ~«÷mË_H$ hr R>ham &&63&& AVEd àËòH$ dñVw Ho$ AÝXa [ñWV ~«÷ _|
g_ñV OJV² H$m AÜ`mg hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ~«÷ñdê$n g~H$s AmË_m, gd©Jm_r Am¡a g~H$m AmYma^yV
ŸyÕ - 93] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2131
h¡, `h ~mV à~wÕ `mo{J`m| Ho$ {bE h¡ `mZr kmZr _hmË_mAm| H$s Ñ[îQ> _| OJV² H$m ñdê$n `h
{ZH$bVm h¡ Am¡a AkmZr An«~wÕm| H$s H$Wm Vmo _¢ OmZVm hr Zht, A~wÕ AkmZr OJV² H$m Omo
ñdê$n g_P H$a ~¡R>o h¢, CZH$mo kmZr XoI hr Zht gH$Vm &&64&&
Bg{bE AÛ` na_mË_m _| Omo {dÛmZ gd©Ì gdm©Ë_H$Vm H$hVo h¢, dh Ho$db H$ënZm_mÌ h¡,
{MXmË_m go A{V[aŠV H$moB© ^r Xygar dñVw Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
AmH$meH$moe Ho$ gÑe AË`ÝV {Z_©b {M{V Ho$ ñdê$n _| Omo `h AZoH${dY g¥[îQ>`m| H$s
naånam àH$m{eV hmo ahr h¡, dh AÝV _| {MXmË_H$ ~«÷ê$n hr h¡, Cggo AbJ Zht h¡ Ÿ&
O¡go H$moB© `h eãX-à`moJ H$ao {H$ "Vmn Ho$ ^rVa CîUVm h¡' Vmo Cg à`moJ _| "Vmn' "^rVa'
Am¡a "CîUVm' ò VrZm| eãX EH$mW©H$ hr h¢, CZH$m n¥WH²$ AW© Zht h¡, naÝVw à`moJ
H$ënZm_mÌ h¡, d¡go hr OJV² Am¡a ~«÷ XmoZm| eãX EH$mW© hr h¢, {^ÝZmW©H$ Zht h¡, Ho$db
H$ënZm_mÌê$n go ôX H$m Cnmbå^ hmoVm h¡ &&65&&
~mZ~odm± gJ© g_mßV
{VamZ~odm± gJ©
lr d{gîR>Or Hw$Q>r _| Ü`mZñW {gÕ H$m Xe©Z,
Hw$Q>r Ho$ Cng§hma go CgH$m nVZ Am¡a d{gîR>Or go {ZO d¥ÎmmÝV-dU©ZŸ&
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_Or, VXZÝVa-YmaUm Ho$ à^md go CËnÝZ hþE OJV²eara
H$mo XoIZo Ho$ ~mX-CŠV H$m¡VwH$Xe©Z^mdZmË_H$ g§{d{Îm go (g§H$ën go) _¢ {Zd¥Îm hmo J`m,
{\$a Cg nhbo Ho$ AnZo g_m{YñWmZ AmH$meHw${Q>`m Ho$ àXoe H$s Amoa dmng bm¡Q> Am`m &&1&&
_¢ AnZr nhbo H$s Hw${Q>`m na nhþ±M J`m Ÿ& _¢Zo dhm± Mmam| Amoa Iy~ ImoO H$sŸ& H$ht na ^r
_wPo AnZm eara {XImB© Zht {X`m, naÝVw _¢Zo gm_Zo ~¡R>o {H$gr Xygao {gÕ H$mo XoIm &&2&&
do {gÕ g_m{Y{ZîR> hmoH$a AmgZ O_mò hþE Wo Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo na_ àr{V H$m ^mOZ {Za{Ve`
AmZÝXê$n ~«÷nX àmßV H$a {b`m Wm Ÿ& do Eogo ^mg_mZ hmo aho Wo O¡go gm¡å` CX` go `wŠV
Am{XË` VWm BÝYZ H$mo X½Y H$a MwHo$ A{½ZXod ^mg_mZ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&&3&& CÝhm|Zo nÙmgZ bJm`m
Wm Ÿ& CZHo$ gmao eara _| em[ÝV-hr-em[ÝV âr WrŸ& g_m{Y Ûmam B[ÀN>V ~«÷nX _| {MÎm
Ho$ [ñWa hmo OmZo go CZH$m eara V{ZH$ ^r {hbVm Sw>bVm Z Wm, CZHo$ AÊS>H$moe XmoZm|
E{‹S>`m| Ho$ ~rM _| X~o Wo VWm do {df`m| go nao Wo &&4&&
"g_§ H$m`{eamoJ«rd_²' BË`m{X íbmoH$ go ^JdmZ² Zo Omo Ü`mZ _| Amdí`H$ Xoh[ñW{V ~VbmB©
h¡, CgHo$ bjU H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
g_mZ (~am~a) {dñVmadmbo XmoZm| H$ÝYm| go, {OZHo$ D$na ^ñ_ go {ÌnwÊS> aoImE± qIMr Wt,
{OZH$m Jmå^r`© AË`ÝV hr bw^mdZm Wm, CZH$s J«rdm H$s emo^m XoIVo ~ZVr Wr Ÿ& gZmVZ CXma
~«÷ dñVw _| CZH$m _Z EH$X_ {dlm[ÝV bo ahm Wm, Bggo CZH$m _wI àgÝZ Wm, Bg àgÝZ
dXZ go emo{^V CZHo$ _ñVH$ H$s Omo {ZíMb [ñW{V hþB© Wr, Cggo do {gÕ ~‹S>o hr aå` bJ aho
Wo &&5&& Zm{^ Ho$ {ZH$Q> ^mJ _| {MV H$a aIo hþE CZHo$ Xmo hmWm| H$s emo^m R>rH$ {Ibo hþE Xmo
H$_bm| H$s emo^m Ho$ gÑe Wr, _mby_ n‹S>Vm Wm {H$ do H$aH$_b Š`m h¢ _mZmo ~mha Amò hþE
öX`H$_b Ho$ àH$me hr h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s Xr[ßV go do àH$me_mZ Wo &&6&& ^Ð, CZHo$ XmoZm| ZoÌm| H$s
nbH|$ ~ÝX Wt, CZHo$ ~mø B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$ g_ñV ì`mnma jrU hmo Jò Wo Am¡a do AË`ÝV {Z_©b hmo
Jò Wo, Bg{bE Eogo ^mg aho Wo O¡go amV _| _w±Xo hþE H$_bm| go `wŠV {Z_©b Vmbm~ ^mgVm h¡Ÿ&&7&&
{djmo^m| go a{hV VWm nyU©ê$n go emÝV AÝV…H$aUê$n H$moQ>a H$mo CÝhm|Zo Yra d¥{Îm go Eogo YmaU
{H$`m Wm _mZm| g_ñV CËnmVm| go a{hV AmH$me H$mo YmaU {H$`m hmo `mZr emÝV jmoâ{hV
CZH$m AÝV…H$aU AmH$me Ho$ gÑe AË`ÝV {demb Wm &&8&& Cg Hw${Q>`m _| O~ _¢Zo AnZr Xoh
Zht XoIr Am¡a gm_Zo CŠV _w{Z H$mo XoIm, V~ dhm± _¢Zo AnZo ewÕ AÝV…H$aU go `h {dMma
{H$`m &&9&& `h H$moB© ~‹S>o {gÕ _hmË_m h¢ & _¢Zo nhbo O¡go EH$mÝV _hmH$me H$s, {dlm_ Ho$ {bE,
BÀN>m H$s Wr, Cgr Vah BÝhmo§Zo ^r {dlm_ Ho$ {bE BgH$s BÀN>m H$s Am¡a gË`g§H$ën Ho$ à^md
go Bg {Xem H$s Amoa Am Jò h¢ &&10&& _¢ g_m{Y`mo½` EH$mÝV ñWmZ nmD±$ Bg {MÝVm go BÝhm|Zo
`hm± AmJ_Z {H$`m h¡ Am¡a `hm± AmH$a gË`g§H$ënde AnZr g_m{Y Ho$ `mo½` `h Hw${Q>`m XoIr
h¡ &&11&& CgHo$ ~mX XrK© H$mb VH$ _oar Cnojm Ho$ H$maU edê$n `hm± [ñWV _oar XohH$mo XoIm,
XoIZo Ho$ ~mX `h Zht OmZm {H$ _¢ `hm± {\$a AmD±$Jm Bggo _oao eara H$mo BÝhm|Zo AÝ`Ì \|$H$H$a
Bg Hw${Q>`m _| AnZm AmgZ O_m`m h¡ &&12&& A~ _oam dh eara Vmo ZîQ> hmo J`m, AV… _¢Zo `h
{ZíM` {H$`m {H$ Bg Am{Vdm{hH$ Xoh go hr _¢ AnZo gßV{f©bmoH$ H$mo OmD±$, `m| {ZíM`H$a Á`m|
hr _¢ OmZo Ho$ {bE CÚV hþAm, Ë`m| hr _oao nyd©g§H$ën Ho$ ZîQ> hmo OmZo go dh Hw${Q>`m ^r AÑí`
hmo JB© Am¡a dhm± Ho$db ewÕ AmH$me_ÊS>b hr ah J`m Ÿ& dh {gÕ ^r g_m{Y AdñWm _| hr
{ZamYma hmoH$a ZrMo H$s Amoa {JaZo bJ Jò &&13,14&& ñdßZ g§H$ën H$s em[ÝV hmo OmZo na O¡go
ñdßZ H$m ZJa ÜdñV hmo OmVm h¡, d¡go hr _oao g§H$ën H$s em[ÝV hmo OmZo go O~ dh Hw${Q>`m ZîQ>
hmo JB©, V~ _oK go Obg_yh Ho$ gÑe dhm± go dh {JaZo bJo Ÿ& Cg g_` dh Eogo àVrV hmo aho Wo,
_mZm| dm`w go {N>ÝZ {H$`m J`m _oKIÊS> AmH$me go {Ja ahm hmo `m àb` H$mb _| MÝÐ{~å~
AmH$me go {Ja ahm hmo `m nwÊ` H$m j` hmo OmZo na d¡_m{ZH$ {Ja ahm hmo `m _yb Ho$ H$Q> OmZo na
d¥j {Ja ahm hmo `m AmH$me go \|$H$m J`m nËWa {Ja ahm hmo Ÿ& do AmJo H$hr OmZodmbr H$m§MZ ^y{_
Ho$ D$na {Jao &&15-17&& ^Ð, _oam nhbo H$m g§H$ën `h ahm {H$ `h Hw${Q>`m V~ VH$ aho O~
VH$ {H$ _oar `hm± [ñW{V ~Zr aho Ÿ& `h _oam gË` g§H$ën O~ gßV{f©bmoH$ _| OmZo Ho$ g§H$ën go
ŸyÕ - 93] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2133
jrU hmo J`m, V~ VËH$mb hr dh {gÕ {Ja n‹S>o &&18&& VXZÝVa {Ja aho Cg {gÕ Ho$ gmW _¢
Cg Am{Vdm{hH$ Xoh go gÁOZVmde H${hò `m H$m¡VwH$de H${hò AmH$me-_ÊS>b go dgwYmVb
H$s Amoa J`m &&19&& àdh Am{X ndZ ñH$ÝYm| H$m Omo n[adV©Z h¡, Bggo O{ZV AmdV©-d¥{Îm`m|
go `mZr O¡go AmdV© _| Ky_ ahm Ob ZrMo Kwg OmVm h¡, d¡go hr dh {gÕ gmV Ûrn Am¡a Mma
g_wÐm| Ho$ nma H$s XodVmAm| H$s Aml` H$m§MZ ^y{_ na {Jao &&20&& ^Ð, O~ do AmH$me go n¥Ïdr
na {Jao, V~ do d¡go hr {Jao O¡go {H$ AmH$me H$s CÎm_ Hw${Q>`m _| nÙmgZ ~m±YH$a [ñWV Wo Ÿ& nhbo
Vmo CZH$m n¡aH$m {hñgm n¥Ïdr _| O_ J`m Am¡a CZH$m _ñVH$ ^r D±$Mm hr ahm, Š`m|{H$ àmUdm`w
go AnZoo H$mo, D$na AmH$f©U go, D$Üd©Jm_r nhbo go hr CÝhm|Zo H$a aŠIm Wm Ÿ& VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$
O¡go Hw$E± _| CVa ahm K‹S>m `m Vwå~m aÁOw go `m S>§R>b go D$na H$s Amoa ñV§{^V ahVm h¡, d¡go hr
dh {gÕ àmU Am¡a AnmZ go D$na H$s Amoa ñV§{^V ahZo Ho$ H$maU {JaZo na ^r {ZåZ_ñVH$ Zht
hþE &&21&& dh {gÕ BVZo D±$Mo ñWmZ go {Jao, {\$a ^r CZH$m eara Z Vmo Qy>Q>m Am¡a Z CZH$s
g_m{Y hr ^§J hþB©, Š`m|{H$ dh `moJ~b Ho$ à^md go dO«eara ~Z Jò Wo `m Vyb{nÊS> Ho$ gÑe
AË`ÝV hbHo$ ~Z Jò Wo &&22&& VXZÝVa CZH$mo g_m{Y go OJmZo Ho$ {bE n«`ËZdmZ² hmoH$a _¢Zo
Cg g_` _oKê$n YmaU {H$`m Am¡a _oK ~ZH$a Iy~ ~agm Am¡a VoO JO©Zm H$sŸ&&23&& _oKê$n
hmoH$a _¢Zo AnZr ~w{Õ Ho$ à^md go Amoboê$nr dO«H$s d¥[îQ> Ûmam Cg _hmË_m H$mo g_m{Y go Eogo
OJm`m O¡go _oK dfm© go _`ya H$mo OJmVm h¡ &&24&& g_m{Y go OmJZo Ho$ ~mX CZHo$ g_ñV A§Jm|
H$s emo^m àH$m{eV hmoZo bJ JB© Am¡a CZHo$ ZoÌ ^r {dH${gV hmo CR>o Ÿ& Cg g_` dh Eogo àVrV
hþE _mZm| dfm© H$mb _| YmamnmVm| go {dH${gV hþAm H$_bdZ hmo &&25&& na_mW© ~«÷ _| [ñW{V H$s
hoVw^yV g_m{Y Ho$ emÝV hmo OmZo na O~ _oao gm_Zo dh à~wÕ (OmJ«V) hmo Jò, V~ _¢Zo ~hþV hr
ñdÀN> ^md go CZgo `h nyN>m &&26&& ho _w{ZloîR>, Amn H$hm± h¢, `h Amn Š`m H$a aho h¢, Amn
h¢ H$m¡Z Am¡a BVZo Xyago AmnH$m ZrMo nVZ hþAm, {\$a ^r Amn AnZo {MÎm _| CgH$m AZw^d Š`m|
Zht H$aVo ? &&27&& O~ _¢Zo Eogm àíZ {H$`m, V~ CÝhm|Zo _oar Amoa Ñ[îQ> H$s, {\$a nyd© J{VH$m
ñ_aU H$a O¡go MmVH$ _oKgo gwÝXa dMZ H$hVm h¡ d¡go hr _wPgo gwÝXa dMZ H$ho &&28&& {gÕ
Zo H$hm … ho _wZo, Hw$N> jU Amn R>h[aò, V~ VH$ _¢ AnZm d¥ÎmmÝV `mX H$a by± Ÿ& {\$a _¢ Amngo
nyd©OÝ_ H$m gmam {H$ñgm H$h gwZmD±$JmŸ&&29&& ho lram_Or, Eogm H$h H$a CÝhm|Zo gmoMH$a
g_ñV OÝ_mÝVam| Ho$ d¥ÎmmÝVm| Ho$ gmW AnZm nyd© d¥ÎmmÝV O¡go nwéf nydm©Ýh _| AmM[aV d¥ÎmmÝV
H$m gm`§ H$mb _| ñ_aU H$aVm h¡ d¡go hr VwaÝV ñ_aU {H$`m &&30&& BgHo$ ~mX dh _wPgo `h
dMZ ~mobo Ÿ& CZH$m dMZ gwÝXa, MÝÐ-{H$aUm| Ho$ gÑe erVb Wm, Am‡mXH$maH$ Wm VWm
A{ZÝÚ, {ZXm}f Ed§ gwImoËnmXH$ Wm &&31&& {gÕ Zo H$hm … ho ~«÷Z², hm±, A^r _¢Zo AmnH$mo OmZm,
AV… AmnH$mo _¢ A{^dmXZ H$aVm hÿ± Ÿ& _¢Zo àW_ Xe©Z _| AmnH$mo A{^dmXZ Zht {H$`m, Bggo Omo
_oam AnamY hþAm, Cgo j_m H$s{Oò, Š`m|{H$ AnamY j_m H$aZm gÁOZm| H$m ghO ñd^md hr
h¡ Ÿ&&32&& ho _wZo, O¡go H$_bm| _| ^m¢am ^«_U H$aVm h¡ d¡go hr _¢Zo XrK©H$mb VH$ ^moJê$nr gwJÝY
go nyU© _mohH$maH$ XodVmAm| H$s CndZ^y{_`m| _| CÎmamoÎma n[a^«_U {H$`m &&33&& VXZÝVa
{MÎmê$nr Ob Ho$ Va§Jm| Ho$ {hbmoam| go Ñí`ê$nr ZXr _| MH«$mdV©Zm| go amV-{XZ ~h aho _¢Zo
XrK©H$mb Ho$ ~mX {ddoH$ H$m Am{d^m©d hmoZo na g§gma go C{Û½Z hmoH$a `m| {dMma {H$`m &&34&&
‹g§gmaê$nr gmJa _| Ñí`ê$nr Va§Jm| go _¢ AË`ÝV ì`mHw$b hmo J`m Am¡a XrK©H$mb Ho$ ~mX Eogo CÛoJ
H$mo àmßV hþAm O¡go {H$ d¥[îQ> Ho$ A^md _| MmVH$ CÛoJ H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&&35&&
{gÕ Zo Omo {dMma {H$`m, Cgo H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
{OZH$m gma Ho$db kmZ (g§{dV²) hr h¡, CZ ^moJm| _| aå` dñVw h¡ hr H$m¡Z ? `{X CZ_|
g§{dÐÿn go àH$me_mZ gwI hr aå` dñVw h¡, Vmo gwI go {^ÝZ gwIgmYZ Xw…Iê$n hmoZo go CZH$m
gma Xw…I hr R>ham, Bg{bE Xw…Im§e H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a gma^yV gwI g§{dXmH$me _| hr Ho$db Ad[ñWV
ahÿ±, Xygao g_ñV Agma go A~ _Vb~ hr Š`m ? &&36&&
An[a[ÀN>ÝZ gwIH$mo N>mo‹S>H$a n[aJ{UV n[a[ÀN>ÝZ AgwI _| a_U H$aZm C{MV Zht h¡, `h
H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Bg g§gma _| eãX, ê$n, ag, ñne© Am¡a JÝY _mÌ H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Xygar H$moB© dñVw h¡ hr
Zht, Bg{bE Eoogo VwÀN> nXmWm] _| Š`m| a_y± ? &&37&& ò eãX Am{X {OVZo {df` h¢, do `{X
ñdV…gÎmmdmZ² {MXmË_m _| {MXmË_m go {^ÝZ _mZo Om`|, Vmo do eyÝ`mË_H$ `mZr AgV² hr hm|Jo
`{X {MXmË_m go A{^ÝZ _mZo Om`|, Vmo {MXmË_m Ho$ ñdê$n hr hm|Jo-`m| XmoZm| Vah AgX²
AmH$madmbo CZ eãXm{X _|, CÝ_Îm Ho$ gÑe, _¢ Š`m| a_U H$ê$± ? &&38&& eãX Am{X {df`
{df Ho$ gÑe _aU, CÝ_mX Am{X {df_Vm n¡Xm H$aZodmbo h¢, {ó`m± H$m_ê$n {d_moh _| hr
\±$gmZodmbr h¢, amJ gag nwéf H$mo ^r Zrag ~Zm XoZo dmbo h¢, Bg{bE BZ_| n‹S>Zodmbm H$m¡Z
nwéf ZîQ> Zht hþAm ? {haU, hmWr Am{X EH$-EH$ dñVw _| Amg{ŠV aIZo Ho$ H$maU dY
Ed§ ~ÝYZ H$mo àmßV hmoVo h¢, `h g~H$mo {d{XV h¡Ÿ&&39&&
{H$gr Vah eara _| ^r Amg[ŠV C{MV Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
OëXr àmßV hmoZodmbm ~w‹T>mnm EH$ Vah H$s ~‹S>r ~H$s (~Jwbr) h¡, `h O~ OrdZ OrU© hmoZo
bJVm h¡, V~ gmoMVr h¡ {H$ _¢Zo Bg OrU© OrdZê$nr e¡dmb _| ~‹S>r _N>br nH$‹S> br & `m| ~w{Õ
H$aHo$ dh VËH$mb hr eara H$mo AnZo CXañW H$a boZo H$s BÀN>m H$aVr h¡ &&40&& `h eara-g_wÐ
_| ~wb~wbo Ho$ gÑe OëXr hr ZîQ> hmo OmZodmbm nXmW© h¡, Bg{bE Hw$N> H$mb VH$ ñ\w$[aV hmoVo hr
gm_Zo XoIVo-XoIVo, Xrn{eIm Ho$ gX¥e, {dbrZ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&&41&&
Bgr àH$ma OrZo H$s ^r Amem C{MV Zht h¡, `h ~VbmZo Ho$ {bE CgH$m ZXrê$n go
ŸyÕ - 93] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2135
dU©Z H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
`h OrdZ Zm_ H$s Vmo EH$ _hmZXr h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ {djon Vmo Ádma^mQ>o h¢, MH«$-
n[adV©Zm| Ho$ gÑe Cg_| ZmZm{dY ^«_U hr AmdV© h¢, _aU Am¡a OÝ_ CgHo$ XmoZm| Va\$ Ho$
{H$Zmao h¢ VWm gwI-Xw…I Va§J h¢ &&42&& Cg_| `m¡dZ H$m Cëbmg hr H$sM‹S> âm n‹S>m h¡,
Oamê$nr Ydb \o$Z h¡, H$mH$Vmbr` Ho$ `moJ go Cg_| H$^r-H$^r gwIê$n ~wb~wbo ^r CR>Vo ahVo
h¢ &&43&& Cg_| ì`dhma _hmàdmh H$s aoIm h¡-Bg ì`dhmaê$n _hmn«dmh H$s aoIm go Cg_|
ZmZm{dY _yI©àbmnê$nr Ob Ho$ eãX hþAm H$aVo h¢ `mZr dh Obadm| go ì`mHw$b ahVr h¡, amJ-
Ûofê$n _oKm| go dh {ZaÝVa ~‹T>Vr hr ahVr h¡, ^yVbna CgH$m eara gXm hr M§Mb ahVm
h¡ &&44&& Bg OrdZ ZXr _| gXm bmo^-_moh Ho$ AmdV© CR>Vo ahVo h¢, nVZ Am¡a CËnVZ go
CgH$m {ZaÝVa n[adV©Z hmoVm ahVm h¡, Bg n«H$ma H$s `h OrdZ ZXr eãX_mÌ go Vmo AË`ÝV
erVb h¡, naÝVw AW©V… dmñVd _| VrZm| Vmnm| H$m àXmZ H$aVr hþB© ~hVr OmVr h¡, Bg{bE BgH$s
^r Amem H$aZm _hmZ² IoX H$m hr {df` h¡ &&45&& g§gmaê$nr ZXr Ho$ ObñWmZr` Omo BîQ>-nwÌ,
{_Ì Am{X Ho$ g_mJ_ VWm YZ h¢, do$ nhbo Ho$ Vmo Mbo OmVo h¢§ Am¡a ZdrZ AmVo ahVo h¢, `mZr
H$moB© ^r [ñWa Zht ahVo &&46&&
Bg [ñW{V _| Omo OmZodmbo h¢ Am¡a Omo AmZodmbo h¢, CZHo$ {df` _| hf©-emoH$ H$aZm C{MV
Omo nhbo àmßV hþE h¢, do Vmo {Zd¥Îm hmo OmVo h¢ Am¡a H$^r àmßV hþE hr Zht do àmßV hmoVo h¢,
Bg{bE Eogo ZîQ> [ñW{Vdmbo nXmWm] H$s àm[ßV go Š`m Am¡a BZ_| AmñWm H$aZm hr Š`m ? `mZr
Z Vmo CZgo H$moB© _Vb~ {ZH$boJm Am¡a Z do {dídmg H$aZo `mo½` hr h¢ &&47&&
Am`w _| YZm{X go {dbjUVm ~VbmVo h¢ Ÿ&
g§gma _| {OVZr Z{X`m± h¡§, CZH$m Ob Vmo nd©V, _oK Am{X ñWmZ go AmH$a AmVm Amoa
OmVm ahVm h¡, naÝVw Xohê$nr ZXr H$m Am`wê$nr Ob Vmo Mbm hr OmVm h¡, {\$a nwZ… bm¡Q>H$a
AmVm hr Zht &&48&& Bg g§gmaê$nr gmJa _| à{VXoh Am¡a à{VjU ^md `mZr `mo½` dñVwAm| H$m,
Hw$åhma Ho$ MmH$na M‹T>mò Jò gH$moam| Ho$ gÑe, g¡H$‹S>m| ~ma n[adV©Z hmoVm hr ahVm h¡ &&49&&
^`§H$a eÌw^yV MVwa {df`ê$nr Mmoa Mmam| Amoa Ky_Vo ahVo h¢ Am¡a {ddoH$ê$nr gd©ñd H$m AnhaU
H$aVo h¢, Bg{bE A~ OmJy± `hm± gmo`m Š`m| hÿ± ? &&50&& Am`w Ho$ Qw>H$‹S>o-Qw>H$‹S>o jU jU _| ~ma ~ma
{JaVo ahVo h¢, naÝVw AmíM`© H$s ~mV h¡ {H$ H$moB© ^r àmUr H$mb Ho$ Ûmam {dZîQ> {H$ò Jò Am`w
Ho$ {XZm| H$mo OmZ Zht nmVm &&51&& AmO `h hþAm, H$b `h hmoJm, `h Vmo _oam h¡ Am¡a dh BgH$m
h¡, Bg àH$ma amV {XZ g§H$ën-{dH$ën H$aVm hþAm àmUr `h Zht OmZ nmVm {H$ _ooar {H$VZr
Am`w Mbr JB© Am¡a A~ _oar _¥Ë`w Am JB© &&52&& Iy~ Im`m Am¡a nr`m, AZÝV {d^y{V`m| _|
{dMaU {H$`m, gwI-Xw…I$^r Iy~ ^moJo, A~ Xygam H$aZo H$mo ~Mm hr Š`m h¡ ? &&53&& gwI-
Xw…I Ho$ ~ma-~ma Ho$ AZw^d go, ~ma ~ma AZoH$ Vah Ho$ n[adV©Zm| go VWm nXmWm] H$s ZídaVm
go A~ h_ ^moJm| go D$~ CR>o h¢ `mZr CZ_| A~ {H$gr Vah H$s CËH$ÊR>m Zht &&54&& `Ú{n AZoH$
Vah Ho$ AZoH$ ^moJ ^moJo, ~ma-~ma nXmWm] H$s AñWm{`Vm ^r XoI br, naÝVw H$htna ^r `hm±
CÎm_ em[ÝV àmßV Zht H$s Om gH$s &&55&& `Ú{n _¢Zo CÎmw§J {eIam|dmbo _oénd©V H$s CndZ
^y{_`m| _| Iy~ {dhma {H$`m VWm bmoH$nmbm| H$s _hmZ² ZJ[a`m| _| ^r Iy~ {dhma {H$`m, VWm{n
Š`m AmO VH$ _¢Zo ñdm^m{dH$ (AH¥${ÌV) gwI nm`m ? AWm©V² Zht hr nm`m &&56&&
A~ g~ ^moJm| H$s AgmaVm {ddoH$nyd©H$ ~VbmVo h¢ &
g^r OJh Ho$ d¥j H$mîR>m| go hr ì`mßV h¢, àm{Ug_yh _m§g go ì`mßV h¡, n¥Ïdr {_Q²>Q>r go
âr n‹S>r h¡, Am¡a Xw…I Ed§ ZídaVm gmao g§gma H$mo Koa H$a I‹S>r h¡, {\$a Amn H${hò {H$
CZ_| {dídmg H¡$go hmo ? &&57&& Z Vmo YZ, Z {_Ì, Z gwI Am¡a ~mÝYd hr Cg nwéf H$s ajm
H$a gH$Vo h¢, Omo {H$ H$mb Ho$ Jmb _| \±$g MwH$m h¡ &&58&& ~mby Ho$ T>oa Ho$ gÑe `h nwéf
AË`ÝV A[ñWa h¡, nd©Vm| Ho$ _Ü` _| ~ago hþE _oK Ho$ noQ> _| {dÚ_mZ Ob O¡go jU jU _|§
ZîQ> hmoVm ahVm h¡, ^rVa go ~Mmd H$m Cnm` Zht H$aVm Am¡a Am{Ia _| ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡
R>rH$ d¡go hr dh nwéf {df`m| Ho$ AÝXa AmgŠV hmoH$a jU jU _| {dZme H$s Amoa OmVm
ahVm h¡ Am¡a AÝV _| _aU hr àmßV H$aVm h¡ &&59&& Z Vmo {ó`m± hr AÀN>r h¢ Am¡a Z AZoH$
Vah H$s ^m¡{VH$ {d^y{V`m± (Eoíd`©) hr a_Ur` h¡ `mZr ~hþV OëX hr ZîQ> hmo OmZodmbr
h¡ &&60&& ho _wZo, A~ Amn H${hò {H$ _Zwî` H$hm±, {H$gH$m, {H$g àH$ma Am¡a H¡$go {dídmg
aI gH$Vm h¡, `mZr BZ g~ àË`j ÑîQ>mÝVm| go _Zwî` Ho$ {bò H$moB© ñWmZ Am{X Eogm h¡ hr
Zht {H$ {dídmg aIH$a {dlm[ÝV bo, Š`m|{H$ H«y$a _¥Ë`w AmO `m H$b Adí` hr _mWo na
AmnXmE± àmßV H$amòJm hr &&61&& eara Vmo nÎmo Ho$ gÑe {Ja OmZodmbm h¡, OrdZ H$s [ñW{V
^r OrU©embr h¡, ~w{Õ AYraVm go {ZaÝVa J«ñV h¡ Am¡a {df` ZragVm {bò hþE h¢ &&62&&
Zrag {df`m| Zo Am¡a CZHo$ _ZmoaWm| Zo Bg ~‹S>r Am`w H$mo bo {b`mŸ, naÝVw M_ËH$maOZH$ `mZr
CÎm_ nwéfmW©ê$n M_ËH$ma H$s OZZr gån{Îm _oao {bò Hw$N> ^r n¡Xm Zht H$s &&63&& AmO hr
_oam _moh _ÝX n‹S>m J`m h¡, Xoh `hm± {H$gr H$m_ Ho$ {bE Cn`moJr Zht h¡, {df`m| _| Amg{ŠV
Z H$aZm g~go loîR> [ñW{V h¡ Am¡a OrdZ _| AmñWm ~m±YH$a ~¡R>o ahZm g~go AY_ [ñW{V
h¡ &&64&& {ddoH$s nwéfm| H$mo gån{Îm Am{X H$s àm{ßV _| ^r {ZaÝVa `hr _mZZm Mm{hE {H$ `h
~‹S>r ^mar Amn{Îm hr AmB©, Š`m|{H$ dhr {df`gån{Îm nwéf _| ~‹S>m ^mar _moh n¡Xm H$aVr h¡,
Bg{bE Bg VwÀN> g§gma _| Vmo H$^r AmñWm ~m±YZr hr Zht Mm{hE &&65&&
{ddoH$s H$mo Vmo H$_©emó ^r ì`m_mohH$maH$ hr XrIVo h¢, `h H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
ŸyÕ - 93] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2137
{ZaÝVa Ho$ {bE {d{Y-à{VfoY Ho$ à{VnmXH$ H$_©emó hm|, Mmho H$^r H$^r Ho$ {bE {d{Y-
{ZfoY Ho$ à{VnmXH$ H$_©emó hm|, BZgo Vmo nwéf bmoH$ _| Cg àH$ma `WoîQ> bw‹T>H$Vm {\$aVm h¡,
O¡go {ZåZ Am¡a CÝZV ñWmZm| go Ob &&66&&
Š`m|{H$ Eo{hH$ Am¡a Am_w[î_H$ (nmabm¡{H$H$) {df` H$m{_`m| H$mo hr {ddoH$ go ^«ï> H$a AZW©
H$s Amoa nhþ±MmVo h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{df`ê$n {dfnyU© dm`w_ÊS>b AÝV…H$aUê$nr \y$b Ho$ H$moe go {ddoH$ gwJÝYê$nr gd©ñdH$m
AnhaU H$a H$_©emó _| àd¥Îm nwéf H$mo _yÀN>m© àXmZ H$aVm h¡ &&67&& dmñVd _| {df`m| H$m
ñdê$n Vmo AgV² hr h¡, naÝVw ^«_go gX²~w{Õ Ho$ H$maU Cgo gÐÿnVm àmßV hþB© h¡, AV… Agb
_| `h d¡gm h¡ Zht, O¡go _m`m Ho$ AmdaUde gÐÿn ~«÷ AgV²-gm ~Z J`m d¡go hr _m`m
Ho$ {djonde AgV² gV² hr ~Z J`m Ÿ& _m`m _| `h ~‹S>r nQw>Vm h¡ {H$ dh AK{Q>V dñVw H$mo
K{Q>V H$a XoVr h¡ &&68&&
~mø Ñ[îQ>`m| H$mo {df`moÝ_wIr Ñ[îQ> ñdm^m{dH$ h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go XmoZm| VQ>^y{_`m| na àdmh H$mo Pybo Ho$ gÑe AmÝXmo{bV H$aVr hwB© gmJam§JZmE± (Z{X`m±)
gmJam| H$s Amoa Xm¡‹S>Vr OmVr h¢, d¡go hr _mohJ«ñV OZVm {df`m| H$s Amoa Xm¡‹S>Vr OmVr h¡ &&69&&
Nw>Q>o hþE {MÎmê$nr ~mU {df`ê$n bú` H$s Amoa hr ñd^mdV… OmVo h¢, {\$a do {ddoH$ Am{X JwUm|
H$m Eogo hr ñne© Zht H$aVo, O¡go {H$ H¥$V¿Z nwéf göX`Vm H$m &&70&& Am`w Vmo EH$ CËnmVdm`w
hr h¡, Omo {_Ì h¢, do Vmo ñZohmg[ŠV Ûmam Üd§gH$ _hmeÌw hr h¢, Omo ~ÝYwdJ© h¢, dh Vmo ~ÝYZê$n
hr h¢ Am¡a Omo YZ h¡, Cgo Vmo _¥Ë`w H$m hr EH$ Vah go gmYZ g_PZm Mm{hE Ÿ&&71&& Amg[ŠV
n¡Xm H$aZo Ho$ H$maU gwI A{VXw…Iê$n hr h¢, gån{Îm`m± na_ Amn{Îm`m± hr h¢, ^moJ g§gma _|
_hmamoJ h¢ Am¡a ^moJm| go ào_ _hmZ² Aa{V `mZr ì`J«Vmê$n hr h¡ &&72&&
nydm}ŠV H$m {ddaU H$aVo hþE H$hVo h¢ &
g^r gån{Îm`m± Amn{Îm`m± hr h¢, gwI Ho$db Xw…I Ho$ {bE hr h¢, OrdZ _aU Ho$ hr {bE h¡,
Ahmo, `h _m`m H$m ~‹T>md _hmZ² IoXH$maH$ h¡ &&73&& H$mbMH«$ Ho$ à^md go n[adV©Zerb
BîQ>A{ZîQ> àg§Jm| H$mo, {df`m| Ho$ qH${MV² gwI H$mo VWm {àÒZm| Ho$ {d`moJm| H$mo XoIVm hþAm
_Zwî` OrU© ^md H$mo àmßV hmo OmVm h¡ &&74&& {df`godZê$n ^moJ Vmo gnm] Ho$ \$U hr g_P boZo
Mm{hE, Š`m|{H$ CZH$m V{ZH$ hr ñne© {H$`m, Vmo VËH$mb hr S>±g boVo h¢ Am¡a à{VjU XoIVo hr
ZîQ> hmo OmVo h¢ &&75&& `h Am`w Vmo Am`mgeyÝ` AmË_m H$s àm[ßV H$amZo _| gm_Ï`©a{hV,
^`§H$a VWm n[aUm_ _| ZîQ> hmoZodmbr AZoH$ H$îQ>Xm`H$ MoîQ>mAm| go ì`W© hr Mbr OmVr h¡ &&76&&
^moJm| H$s A{^bmfm go ~ÕV¥îU Ordm| H$m nX-nXna Eogo hr An_mZ hmoVm h¡ O¡go {H$ ImZnmZa{hV,
Cndmg Am{X go H¥$e hþE ~ÝYZñVå^ _| ~Õ O§Jbr hm{W`m| H$m hmoVm h¡ &&77&& gån{Îm`m± VWm
bbZmE± Va§Jm| Ho$ CËg§J Ho$ gÑe A{VjU^§Jwa h¢, AV… Eogm H$m¡Z kmZr nwéf hmoJm, Omo gm±n Ho$
\$Uê$n N>mVo H$s N>m`m^yV CZ gån{Îm Am{X _| a_U H$aoJm, Bggo gån{Îm Am{X jU^§Jwa hr
Zht h¢, {H$ÝVw VËH$mb _¥Ë`w-àX ^r h¢, `h OmZZm Mm{hE &&78&& _mZ {b`m Om` {H$ {df`^moJ
_Zmoa_ h¢ Am¡a Eoíd`© ^r _Zmoa_ hr h¡, naÝVw OrdZ Vmo CÝ_Îm A§JZmAm| Ho$ Anm§J^§J Ho$ gÑe
A{V M§Mb hr h¡ &&79&& {df` Vmo AmnmVa_Ur` h¢ `mZr B[ÝÐ`g§JH$mb _| hr aå` ^mgVo h¢, ò
n[aUm_ _| AË`ÝV Zrag h¢, Bg{bE Eogo {df`m| _| Omo nwéf a_U H$aVo h¢, do ZaH$m| _| hr {JaVo
h¢, Š`m|{H$ {df`m| Ho$ ì`g{Z`m| H$mo nX-nXna AY_© hr hmoVm h¡ &&80&&
CgHo$ Cnm`^yV YZ _| Xmof ~VbmVo h¢ Ÿ&
YZ ÛÝÛm| go AmH«$mÝV h¢ `mZr CZH$m CnmO©Z H$aZo Ho$ g_` erVmoîU, jwYm-{nnmgm
Am{X ÛÝÛm| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm hr n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& AV… do H$îQ>gmÜ` h¢, Am¡a do [ñWa ^r Zht
h¢, Š`m|{H$ amOm, Mmoa Am{X go CZH$m {dZme nX-nX _| g§^m{dV h¡ &&81&& bú_r D$na-
D$na go hr _Ywa h¡, AÝV _| Xw…I XoZodmbr h¡, Ho$db bmoH$ H$mo _moh _| S>mbZodmbr h¡ VWm
CgH$m {dbmg jU Ho$ {bE hr hmoVm h¡ &&82&& XwîQ>m| Ho$ gmW {H$ò Jò _¡Ìr Am{X gå~ÝY
O¡go AmnmVa_Ur`, Wmo‹S>o go g§Kf© _| {dZmer, Xw…Iê$n VWm Amn{Îm XoZodmbo hmoVo h¢, d¡go
hr YZ Ho$ gmW {H$ò Jò gå~ÝY ^r AmnmVa_Ur`, Wmo‹S>o _| ZîQ> hmoZodmbo, Xw…Iê$n VWm
Amn{Îm XoZodmbo hmoVo h¢ &&83&& `m¡dZ H$s emo^mE± eaV²H$mb Ho$ _oK H$s N>m`m Ho$ gX¥e PQ>nQ>
Mbr OmZodmbr (Zída) h¢ Am¡a {df` A{dMma go a_Ur` VWm n[aUm_ _| gÝVmnXm`r
h¢ &&84&& Mmho ~‹S>o-go-~‹S>o hr Š`m| Z hm|, CZHo$ Ord Ho$ D$na _¥Ë`wê$n AÝV Adí`
Cn[ñWV hmo hr OmòJm & Xo{h`m| H$s Am`wî` Vmo emIm Ho$ AJ«^mJ _| bQ>H$ aho ObH$s Amog
H$s ~y±Xm| Ho$ gÑe ñI{bV hmo OmVr h¢ &&85&& d¥ÕmdñWm àmßV H$a aho nwéf Ho$ Ho$e VWm
Xm±V OrU©erU© hmo OmVo h¢, OrU© AdñWmdmbo Ho$ {bE g~ Hw$N> OrU©-erU© hmo OmVm h¡, naÝVw
AHo$br V¥îUm hr OrU© Zht hmoVr &&86&&
A~ ^moJm| H$mo ^moJ {b`m Om`, OÝ_mÝVa _o§ {ddoH$, d¡am½` Am{X àmßV hmo Om`|Jo, `h gmoMm
Om`, Vmo dh ì`W© hr h¡, Š`m|{H$ OÝ_mÝVa _| {ddoH$m{X àmßV hm|Jo, `h Amem hr Zht H$aZr
^mdr Xohm| H$s naånamê$n earaê$nr AaÊ` _|, Omo ^moJm| Ho$ {dñVma go A{VJhZ h¢, EH$_mÌ
V¥îUmê$nr {df_§Oar hr AË`ÝV bhbhmVr ZOa _| AmVr h¡ &&87&&
~më` Am{X AdñWmAm| _| ^r {ddoH$m{X H$s Amem Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
~më` AdñWm `wdmdñWm Ho$ gÑe Mbr OmVr h¡ Am¡a `wdmdñWm ~më` AdñWm Ho$ gÑe
Mbr OmVr h¡, `m| BZ XmoZm| _| nañna Cn_mZVm, Cn_o`Vm VWm {dZídaVm {dÚ_mZ h¢ &&88&&
ŸyÕ - 93] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2139
A§O{b go O¡go Ob jUâ _| Mbm OmVm h¡, d¡go hr `h OrdZ jUâ _| Jb OmVm h¡ & ZXr
Ho$ àdmh Ho$ gÑe ~h J`r Am`w, {\$a bm¡Q>H$a dmng Zht AmVr &&89&& {H$gr ^r AkmV
H$maU go, AOw©Z dm`w Ho$ gÑe, `h Xw…IXm`r Xoh AmB© Vmo h¡, naÝVw XoIVo-XoIVo Eogo PQ> go
ZîQ> hmo OmVr h¡, O¡go Va§J, _oK Am¡a XrnH$ &&90&& h_ bmoJm| H$mo {df`m| _| ZragVm Bg{bE
hþB© {H$ aå` dñVwAm| _| Aaå`Vm hr XoIr, [ñWa dñVwAm| _| A[ñWaVm hr XoIr Am¡a gË`ê$n
g_Po Jò nXmWm] _| AgË`ê$nVm XoIr &&91&& _Z Ho$ dmgZm{Z_w©ŠV hmo OmZo na Omo AmË_m
_| {dlm[ÝV àmßV hmoVr h¡, Cg {dlm[ÝV go Omo gwI {_bVm h¡, dh Z Vmo nmVmb _|, Z ^yVb
_|, Z ñdJ© _| Am¡a Z {H$Ýht ^moJm| _| hr àmßV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&&92&&
Bg g_` _| X¥‹T> d¡am½` go `wŠV _wP na gånyU© {df`m| H$mo boH$a ^r g_ñV B[ÝÐ`m| Ho$
ì`mnma {dO` Zht nm gH$Vo, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{OVZo {à` ~w{Õ go J¥hrV _Zmoa_ {df` h¢ do g~ VWm nm±Mm| B[ÝÐ`m| H$s d¥{Îm`m± Š`m
_wPH$mo OrV gH$Vr h¢ ? AWm©V² do _wPH$mo Eogo OrV Zht gH$Vr O¡go {H$ {MÌ{b{IV bVm
^«_a H$mo Zht OrV gH$Vr &&93&& AmO XrK©H$mb ì`VrV hmo OmZo Ho$ níMmV² {Zah§H$ma hþE
_¢Zo AnZr {ddoH$~w{Õ go `h ñdJ©-AndJ© Ho$ à{V {da[ŠV àmßV H$s h¡ &&94&& ho _wZo, Bgr
H$maU AmnH$s Vah _¢ ^r XrK©H$mb VH$ {dlm[ÝV H$aZo Ho$ {Z{_Îm Bg AmH$meñWmZ _o|, Omo
{H$ AmnH$s H$ënZm H$s Hw${Q>`m H$m ^mOZ ahm, Am`m Am¡a _¢Zo Cg Hww$[Q>`m H$mo XoIm &&95&&
_hmamO, AmnH$s `h Hw$Q>r h¡ Am¡a ^{dî` _| `hm± na Amn nYma|Jo, `h Cg g_` _¢Zo Zht
{dMmam Ÿ& AmO hr _wPo `h kmV hþAm h¡ Ÿ&&96&&
AmnZo Cg g_` Š`m g_Pm Wm, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
ho _wZo, Cg g_` Vmo _¢Zo AZw_mZ go `h g_Pm Wm {H$ H$moB© {gÕ `hm± ahVm hmoJm Am¡a
dh AnZo Amn AnZm eara N>mo‹S>H$a `hm± _w[ŠV H$mo àmßV hmo J`m h¡ &&97&& ho ^JdZ², "Vw_
H$hm± [ñWV hmo' BË`m{X {OVZo AmnZo _wPgo àíZ {H$ò Wo Am¡a _oar Omo Iar hH$sH$V ahr,
dh g~ _¢Zo H$hr Ÿ& A~ BgHo$ ~mX _wP AnamYr Ho$ D$na XÊS> `m AZwJ«h BZ XmoZm| _| go
Omo Hw$N> ^r AmnH$s g_P _| AmVm hmo, dh H$s{OE &&98&& ho _wZo, AmnHo$ O¡go {gÕ ^r
O~VH$ g_m{Y{ZîR> hmoH$a CÎm_ ~w{Õ go AnZo ^rVa g_ñV dñVwAm| H$m {dMma-nyd©H$ {ZU©`
Zht H$aVo, V~ VH$ do {ÌH$mb Ho$ g~ d¥ÎmmÝVm| H$m kmZ Zht H$a nmVo Ÿ& Bgr Vah H$m ~«÷m
Am{X Ho$ _Z H$m ^r ñd^md h¡, {\$a _oao O¡go nwéfm| H$s Vmo ~mV hr Š`m ? Bg{bE AmnHo$
d¥ÎmmÝV H$m An[akmZ Ed§ eara H$mo hQ>m`m Am{X Omo _¡Zo AmnHo$ à{V AnamY {H$`m h¡, Cgo
j_m H$s{OE, `h VmËn`© {ZH$bm &&99&&
{VamZ~odm± gJ© g_mßV
Mm¡amZ~odm± gJ©
XmoZmo§ H$m-lrd{gîR>Or VWm Cg {gÕ H$m-{gÕbmoH$ _| J_Z VWm
{nemMm| Ed§ XodVmAm| H$s Ho$db _Z Ho$ AZwgma [ñW{V, `h dU©ZŸ&
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, CgHo$ ~mX AmH$me Ho$ g_mZ {dñVrU© gmV g_wÐ
Am¡a gmVm| Ûrnm| Ho$ ~mha [ñWV H$m§MZ_` {demb ^y{_ _| _¡Ìr Ho$ H$maU hr _¢Zo Cg {gÕ go `h
H$hm-[_Ì, AHo$bo AmnZo hr {dMma Zht {H$`m hmo Eogr ~mV Zht h¡, qH$Vw _¢Zo ^r {dMma Zht
{H$`m Ÿ& gmYmaU bmoJm| H$s ~mV OmZo Xr{Oò, Omo ~‹S>o-~‹S>o `moJr h¢, CZH$mo ^r Ü`mZnyd©H$ g~
{df`m| _| _Zmo`moJ Ho$ {~Zm ^yV, ^{dî`V² nXmWm] H$m n[akmZ H$Xm{n Zht hmo gH$Vm &&1,2&&
`{X à{UYmZ (Ü`mZ) Ûmam g~ {df`m| _| _Zmo`moJ hmo gH$Vm Vmo AmnH$m nVZ H$Xm{n Z
hmoVm Am¡a g§H$ënHw$Q>r [ñWa ~Zm`r JB© hmoVr, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{_Ì, _¢Zo AmnH$m d¥ÎmmÝV {dMmaH$a dh Hw$Q>r AmH$me _| {MañWm{`Zr Š`m| Z ~Zm Xr & `{X
_¢ Eogm H$a XoVm Vmo Adí` hr AmnH$s [ñW{V [ñWa hmo JB© hmoVr, AmnH$m nVZ Z hmo nmVm & {_Ì,
h_ XmoZm| go hr nañna AnamY hþAm, AV… nañna XmoZm| H$mo j_m H$a XoZr Mm{hE &&3&& A~
C{R>ò, h_ XmoZm| {gÕ bmoH$m| _| nyd©dV² {Zdmg H$a|-Amn ZÝXZdZ _| MbH$a {dhma H$s{Oò Am¡a
_¢ gßV{f©bmoH$ _| OmH$a ahÿ± Ÿ& {~Zm hbMb Ho$ AnZo ñWmZ _| ahZm AnZr {djoneyÝ` [ñW{V Ho$
{bE CÎm_ gmYZ h¡ Ÿ&&4&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, Eogm {ZU©` H$a Vmam| Ho$ gÑe do XmoZmo§ {gÕ Jwbob
go C‹S>o hþE Xmo nËWam| Ho$ g_mZ EH$ gmW ~‹S>r VoOr go C‹S>o &&5&& nañna àUm_nyd©H$ EH$ Xygao H$mo
{dXm H$a dh {gÕ AnZo A^rîQ> Xoe H$mo Mbm J`m Am¡a _¢ ^r AnZo A{^_V Xoe _| Am J`m
AWm©V² dh {gÕ ZÝXZ dZ H$mo Jò Am¡a _¢ gßV{f© bmoH$m| _| Am`m &&6&& ho amKd, Bg àH$ma
nmfmUmonm»`mZ Ed§ {gÕ H$m gmam d¥ÎmmÝV _¢Zo Amngo H$h gwZm`m & Xo{Iò, g§g¥{V`m| H$s H¡$gr
AmíM`©_`r {d{MÌVm h¡ &&7&&
Hw$Q>r _| [ñWV Omo AmnH$m ñWyb eara Wm, Cgo Cg {gÕ Zo \|$H$ {X`m, `h _oam AZw_mZ h¡
Eogm AmnZo hr _wPgo H$hm h¡ Ÿ& \|$H$m J`m Omo nm{W©d eara h¡ dh Vmo g_` nmH$a n¥Ïdr _| Yyb-
ê$n hmo OmVm h¡, `h AW©V… hr kmV hþAm Ÿ& Eogr [ñW{V _| EH$_mÌ _mZ{gH$ eara go {gÕm| Ho$
bmoH$m| _| OmH$a dhm± Ho$ {Zdmgr OZm| Ho$ gmW AmnZo H¡$go ì`dhma {H$`m ? Z Vmo _Zmo_mÌ AmË_m
Xygam| Ho$ gmW ì`dhma H$a gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a Z Xygao hr CgHo$ gmW ì`dhma H$a gH$Vo h¢, Bg
Ame` go lram_MÝÐOr nyN>Vo h¢ Ÿ&
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ^JdZ², O~ AmnH$m `h ^m¡{VH$ eara n¥Ïdr _| Yyb ~Z J`m, `mZr
Yyb_` hmo J`m V~ AmnZo {H$g eara go {gÕbmoH$m| _| g§Mma {H$`m ? &&8&& lrd{gîR>Or Zo
ŸyÕ - 94] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2141
H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, hm±, _wPo ñ_aU hmo Am`m, gw{Zò CgHo$ ~mX H$s _oar AmË_ H$hmZr Ÿ&
gwdU©_`r ^y{_ go MbH$a OJV²ê$nr Ka _| {gÕm| H$s goZmAm| VWm bmoH$nmbm| H$s nw[a`m| _| ^«_U
H$aVm hþAm _¢ BÝÐ ^JdmZ² Ho$ ZJa _| nhþ±Mm Ÿ& My±{H$ _¢ Bg ñWyb eara go a{hV _Zmo_mÌ
earaYmar Wm, AV… dhm± _wPH$mo H$moB© XoI Z gH$m &&9,10&& ho lram_MÝX«Or, Bg_| gÝXoh Zht
{H$ Cg g_` _¢ JJZmH$ma hmo J`m Wm & Z Vmo _oam H$moB© AmYma Wm Am¡a Z H$moB© AmYo` Wm Ÿ& _¢
Vmo {MXmH$meàMwa Omo _Z h¡, VÐÿn hr hmo J`m Wm &&11&& Cg g_` Z Vmo _¢ AmnHo$ gÑe ñWyb
nXmWm] Ho$ Ad~moY H$aZodmbm| H$s Vah J«hrVm (J«hUH$Vm©) Wm Am¡a Z J«mø hr Wm Ÿ& ho lram_MÝÐOr,
Cg g_` _¢ àofU, àVrjU Am{X Ho$ Ûmam Xygam| Ho$ Xoem| Am¡a H$mbm| H$m n[adV©Z H$aZodmbm ^r
Zht Wm &&12&& _Z H$m Omo _ZZ h¡ EH$_mÌ dhr _oam ñdê$n Wm, _¢ n¥Ïdr Am{X go {~bHw$b a{hV
Wm, _oam AmH$ma g§H$ën Ho$ nwéf Ho$ Vwë` Wm Am¡a _¢ ñne© Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ñVå^, Hw$å^ Am{X
{d{dY nXmWm] H$m amoYH$ Zht Wm &&13&& AnZo AZw^d H$s Amoa CÝ_wI hþAm _¢ `mZr ñdmZw^dê$n
_¢ ñd`§ ^r nXmW©g_yhm| go AdéÕ Zht hmoVm Wm & ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bg Vah _¢ ñdßZ_ZmoamÁ`
Ho$ g_mZ _Zmo_` ^yVm| Ho$ gmW hr ì`dhma H$aVm Wm &&14&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bg Vah Ho$ AW©
H$s g§^mdZm _| ñdßZ Ho$ AZw^dnyU© ÑîQ>mÝV h¢ Ÿ& Omo AZw^d H$m Anbmn H$aVo h¢, AZw^d H$mo
à_mU Zht _mZVo h¢ CZ Z¡`m{`H$m| Ho$ gmW ~mV| H$aZm R>rH$ Zht h¡, ì`W© h¡ () &&15&& {Og
àH$ma Ka _| gmoò hþE ñdßZ _| {dMaU H$aZodmbo ñdßZ _| ì`dhma H$a aho nwéf H$mo Cg Ka Ho$
Xygao àmUr Zht XoI nmVo, Cgr àH$ma Cg g_` AmH$me _| {dhma H$aZodmbo XodVmAm| Zo gm_Zo
[ñWV ahZo na ^r _wPo Zht XoIm &&16&& nm{W©d AmH$ma Ho$ Vwë` ^mgwa `mZr XoXrß`_mZ AÝ`
àm{U`m| H$mo _¢ Vmo XoIVm Wm, bo{H$Z ñWybearaYmar _wPo dhm± H$moB© ^r Zht XoIVm Wm &&17&&
_wPo dhm± H$moB© Zht XoIVm Wm, `h AmnH$m H$hZm AmnHo$ hr nyd© Ho$ H$WZ go {déÕ h¡Ÿ&
Š`m|{H$ A^r AmnZo nhbo H$hm h¡ {H$ _¢ dhm± {gÕ go XoIm J`m Ÿ& _¢ AÝ` n«m{U`m| H$mo XoIVm Wm,
AmnH$m `h H$hZm ^r Ag§JV h¡, H$maU {H$ _Z H$s ~mha ñdVÝÌVm Z hmoZo go ñdßZ _| AnZo
() kmZ_mÌ _| AdÀN>oXH$Vm gå~ÝY go Xoh H$s H$maUVm Ho$ gÑe ËdH²$ Ed§ _ZHo$ g§`moJH$s
^r H$maUVm h¡, Bgr{bE gwfw[ßV _| Ëd§_Zmo`moJ H$m A^md ahZo go kmZ H$m A^md h¡ & Eogm Omo
Z¡`m{`H$ n«bmn H$aVm h¡, dh _yI© h¡, CgHo$ gmW AmnH$mo g§^mfU H$aZm hr Zht Mm{hE, Š`m|{H$
^mfU H$aZo go H$moB© n«`moOZ {gÕ Zht hmoJm, "gwI_h_ñdmßg_² BË`m{X OmJ«V²H$mb _| ñ_¥{V
hmoZo go gwfw[ßV _| ^r gwIñdßZm{XH$m kmZ Vmo hmoVm hr h¡ Ÿ& ñdßZoZ emara _{^àhË`mgwßV…
gwßVmZ{^MmH$er{V Ÿ& ewH«$_mXm` nwZao{V ñWmZ§ {haÊ_`… nyéf EH$h§g…Ÿ&' BË`m{X lw[V Ho$ gmW
{damoY ^r hmoVm h¡ VWm {Z{_ Ho$ emn go O~ _¢Zo eara H$m n[aË`mJ H$a {X`m, Vmo ^r _wPo Xw…I
H$m AZw^d Vmo hmoVm Wm, Cgr Ho$ {ZdmaU Ho$ {bò ~«÷m H$s Amkm go {_bo hþE déU go CËnÝZ
eara H$m _¢Zo J«hU {H$`m Wm &
_Zmo_` nXmWm] H$m hr AdbmoH$Z hmoVm h¡, Bg Ame` go lram_MÝÐOr nyN>Vo h¢ Ÿ&
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … _hf}, AmH$me_` earaYmar Amn `{X {dXoh hmoZo Ho$ H$maU `mZr
nm{W©d eara eyÝ` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {H$gr Ho$ Ûmam Zht {XIVo aho, Vmo {\$a Cg gwdU©_`r n¥{Wdr
_| Cg {gÕ Ho$ Ûmam Amn H¡$go XoIo Jò ? &&18&&
gË` g§H$ënmZwgmar Xe©Z H$s ì`dñWm go lrd{gîR>Or XmoZm| H$m n[ahma H$aVo h¢ &
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, h_mao gX¥e kmZ`moJ{gÕ nwéf O¡go g§H$ën go
H$[ënV nXmWm] H$m AdbmoH$Z H$aVm h¡, d¡go hr Ag§H$[ënV nXmWm] H$mo àmßV Zht H$aVm, Š`m|{H$
dh gË`g§H$ën earadmbm h¡ &&19&&
kmZ{gÕ _hmZw^mdm| H$m gXm hr gyú_ eara ahVm h¡, CZH$m Vmo ñWyb eara hmoVm hr Zht,
`h AmnZo AZoH$ ~ma _wPgo H$hm h¡, Eogr Xem _| CZH$m ñWybXoh~w{Õ go Xygao H$mo XoIZm, Cggo
~mVMrV H$aZm Am{X gË` g§H$ën H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? Eogr Ame§H$m H$aZo na lram_Or H$hVo h¢ &
{Z_©bmË_m gyú_ earaYmar {gÕ nwéf ^r bm¡{H$H$ ì`dhmam| _| _½Z hmoH$a jU â _| hr
AnZm gyú_ eara ^yb OmVm h¡, VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ O¡go g_m{Y Am¡a {ddoH$ H$mb _| gË`g§H$ënZ
hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr ì`wËWmZ-ì`dhma-H$mb _| gyú_ eara^md H$m {dñ_aU ^r hmoVm h¡, Bg{bE
CZH$m naXe©Z, g§dmX, Am{XH$m g§H$ën gå^d h¡ Ÿ&&20&&
`h Omo {gÕ Wm, dh ^r gË`g§H$ën VWm {gÕ Wm, AV… _wPo XoI gH$Vm Wm, Bg Ame`
go Cg_| {deofVm {XIbmVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr Cg g_` _¢Zo `h {gÕ _wPo XoIo, Eogm g§H$ën {H$`m Wm, Bggo Cg {gÕ
Zo _wPo XoIm, Omo ñdg§H$[ënV AW©H$m ^mOZ Wm &&21&&
gmYmaU bmoJm| H$s Anojm {gÕ nwéf _| {deofVm ~VbmVo h¢ &
{MaH$mb H$s dmgZm go {Og nwéf H$m ôX ~hþV X¥‹T> hmo MwH$m h¡, dh gmYmaU nwéf {MaH$mb
H$s dmgZm go ôX~w{Õ Ho$ X¥‹T> hmoZo Ho$ H$maU g§H$[ënV AW© H$m ^mOZ Zht hmoVm, {H$ÝVw
ôXdmgZm {_Q> OmZo Ho$ H$maU `h {gÕ gË` g§H$ën H$m ^mOZ Wm Ÿ&&22&&
Ohm± Xmo {gÕ nañna{déÕ g§H$ën H$a|-O¡go EH$ Vmo `h g§H$ën H$ao {H$ "_¢' Bgo XoIyw± Am¡a
Xygam `h g§H$ën H$ao {H$ "_wPo `h Z XoIo' Eogr [ñW{V _| dhm± H¡$gr ì`dñWm hmoJr ? Bg
nañna {gÕ Ed§ {déÕ A[^îQ>dmbo Xmo {gÕm| _| Omo A{YH$ {Z_©bmË_m `ËZdmZ² ahVm h¡ dh
~mOr _ma bo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go EH$ amÁ`{g{Õ Ho$ {bE à`ËZ H$a aho Xmo amOHw$_mam| _| {Og_| em¡`©
Am{X A{YH$ _mÌm _| ahVo h¢, Cgr H$s {dO` hmoVr h¡ d¡go hr `hm± ^r g_PZm Mm{hò &&23&&
Eogm hr ghr, naÝVw AmnHo$ Bg H$WZ go àH¥$V _| Š`m Am`m, Bgna H$hVo h¢ &
ŸyÕ - 94] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2143
ho lram_MÝÐOr, {gÕm| H$s goZmAm| VWm bmoH$nmbm| H$s nw[a`m| _| {dMaU H$aVo hþE _oar dh
gyú_ê$nVm ì`dhmam| H$s A{YH$Vm go O~ {dñ_¥V hmo JB©-O~ _¢ AnZm gyú_ ñdê$n ^yb J`m
V~ _hmH$me _| AÝ` bmoJm| Ho$ gmW ì`dhma H$aZo _| àd¥Îm hmo J`m, naÝVw _oam Eogm M§Mb ê$n Wm
{H$ dhm± _wPo H$moB© Zht XoI nmVm Wm &&24,25&& ho AZK, _¢ dhm± gwabmoH$m| _| AË`ÝV Omoa go
eãX H$a ahm Wm, {\$a ^r dhm± O¡go ñdßZ Ho$ nwéf H$m eãX H$moB© Zht gwZVm d¡go hr _oam dh eãX
H$moB© Zht gwZ nmVm Wm &&26&& dhm± na O~ H$moB© {JaVm VWm ZrMo go D$na H$s Amoa M‹T>Vm Vmo d¡go
_m¡H$m| _| _¢ PQ> AnZo hmW Am{X H$m Cgo Adbå~Z XoZo Ho$ {bE CÚV hmo OmVm Wm Ÿ& bo{H$Z ho
am_Or, CgHo$ ghmao Ho$ {bE CÚV hmoZo na ^r _ZZerb _Zê$nearaYmar _oam hmW Am{X Hw$N>
^r CgHo$ Adbå~Z Ho$ {bE g_W© Zht hmoVm Wm &&27&& ho aKwZÝXZ, Bg Vah _¢ AmH$meH$m
{nemM hmo J`m Am¡a XodVmAm| Ho$ Kam| _| Bg EH$ A{Zd©MZr` {nemMVm H$m _¢Zo AZw^d {H$`m
&&28&& lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ^JdZ², H¥$nmH$a `h ~VbmBò {H$ Bg bmoH$ _| {nemM {H$g
AmH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢, do H$hm± ahVo h¢, {H$g Om{V Ho$ hmoVo h¢, CZH$m AmMma H¡$gm hmoVm h¡ VWm do
{H$g Vah Ho$ A{^àm`dmbo hmoVo h¢ ? &&29&& lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bg bmoH$
_| {nemM {Og Vah Ho$ h¢, CZH$m _¢ Amngo dU©Z H$aVm hÿ±, Amn gw{Zò Ÿ& Omo _Zwî` àg§JàmßV
dMZ Zht ~mobVm dh gä` Zht h¡ &&30&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, H$moB© {nemM AmH$me Ho$ gÑe gyú_
earadmbo-_Zmo_` Xohdmbo ñdßZ Ho$ g_mZ H$[ënV hmW, n¡a Am{X go `wŠV hmoVo h¢ Am¡a Amn hr
Ho$ g_mZ AmH$ma H$mo XoIVo h¢ &&31&&
{nemM _Zmo_mÌ_` earadmbo h¢ Vmo do Xygam| Ho$ D$na AmH«$_U H¡$go H$aVo h¢, Š`m|{H$ _Z _|
~mha AmH«$_U H$aZo H$s gm_Ï`© Zht h¡, Bg e§H$mna H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
AÝ` _Zwî` Ho$ {MÎm _| à{dîQ> hmoH$a ^«_ê$n ^`Xm{`Zr AnZr N>m`m go AmH«$_U H$aHo$ do
g~ {nemM ZmZm{dY Xw…I Am{X àXmZ H$aZodmbr MoîQ>mAm| go _Zwî` Ho$ Ame` H$mo CX²~mo{YV
H$aVo h¢ &&32&& CgH$m `{X _aU Ho$ AZwHy$b H$_m©e` hmoVm h¡ Vmo __©ñWmZm| _| nhþ±MH$a BZ_|
H$moB© {nemM erK« àm{U`m| H$mo _maVo h¢ Am¡a ñd`§ AnZo F$U Ho$ AZw~ÝY Ho$ AZwgma CgHo$
XohYmVwAm| H$m ^jU H$aVo, é{Ya Am{X nrVo VWm ~b Ed§ gÎd H$mo ZîQ> H$aVo h¢ Am¡a {MÎm _|
AmH«$_U H$aHo$ Ordm| H$mo ZîQ> H$a S>mbVo h¢ &&33&&
BZ_| H$moB© AmH$me Ho$ gÑe, H$moB© Zrhma (Hw$ham) Ho$ Vwë` Am¡a H$moB© ñdßZ H$mb Ho$ _Zwî`m|
Ho$ AmH$ma Ho$ g_mZ AmH$madmbo gmH$ma hmoVo hþE ^r eyÝ`mË_H$ hmoVo h¢ &&34&& H$moB© _oKIÊS> Ho$
g_mZ, H$moB© dm`w_` Xohdmbo Am¡a H$moB© àmUr H$s ^«m[ÝV Ho$ AZwgma XohYmar hmoVo h¢ & ho
lram_MÝÐOr, ò g~Ho$ g~ ~w{Õ-_Zmo_` hr hmoVo h¢ &&35&& BZ {nemMm| H$mo nH$‹S>Zm gå^d
Zht h¡ Am¡a ò ^r `{X {H$gr H$mo nH$‹S>Zm Mmh|, Vmo nH$‹S> Zht gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& AmH$me Ho$ g_mZ eyÝ`
earadmbo do AnZr AmH¥${VH$m ñd`§ AZw^d H$aVo h¢ Am¡a nañna XoIVo h¢ &&36&& VWm do g~
erV Am¡a Vmngo CËnÝZ hþE gwI Am¡a Xw…I H$m ^r AZw^d H$aVo h¢ & {H$ÝVw do ~mha Ho$ Ob Am{X
nr Zht gH$Vo, AÝZ Am{X Im Zht gH$Vo {H$gr nXmW© H$m Adbå~Z Zht H$a gH$Vo-ñd`§ I‹S>o
Zht hmo gH$Vo VWm boZo XoZo Am{X H$m `WoîQ> ì`dhma ^r do Zht H$a gH$Vo &&37&& do g~ BÀN>m,
Ûof, ^`, H«$mooY, bmo^ Am¡a _moh go `wŠV ahVo h¢ Am¡a _ÝÌ,Am¡fY, Vn, XmZ, Y¡`© Ed§ Y_© go
der^yV hmoVo h¢ &&38&&
V~ {H$g Cnm` go CÝh| _Zwî` XoI nmVo h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
gÎd H$m AdîQ>å^ê$n `moJYmaUmH$m Omo EH$ ôX h¡, Cggo ^yVm| Ho$ AdbmoH$Z Ho$ AZwHy$b
~rOmja go K{Q>V aOV Am{X nÌ Ho$ D$na {b{IV H$ÊR> Am{X _| YmaU {H$ò Jò `ÝÌ VWm
Amam{YV _ÝÌ go do {XImB© XoVo h¢ VWm ^yV{dÚm OmZZo dmbo {H$gr EH$ nwéf Ho$ Ûmam H$^r
der^yV hmoH$a godm Am{X _| {Z`wŠV ^r {H$ò OmVo h¢, {H$gr Xoe _| `h à{gÕ h¡ &&39&&
Xod`mo{Z`m| Ho$ ½`mah ôXm| Ho$ ^rVa `h ^yV`mo{Z h¡, Bg{bò A{U_m Am{X Eoíd`m] Ho$
VmaVå` go gwI^moJ ^r CZ_| h¡ Ÿ& `h gy{MV H$aVo hþE CZH$s Om{V VWm AmH¥${V H$m ôX H$m
{dñVmanyd©H$ dU©Z H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
My±{H$ `h ^yV`mo{Z ^r Xod`mo{Z hr h¡, Bg{bE BZ {nemMm| _| H$moB© Xodê$n Eoíd`© gånÝZ hmoVo
h¢, H$moB© _Zwî`m| Ho$ g_mZ bú_r go gånÝZ hmoVo h¢ Am¡a H$moB© gm±nm| Ho$ gÑe hmoVo h¢ &&40&& BZ_|
Hw$N> Eogo hmoVo h¢ {OZH$s Cn_m Hw$Îmm| VWm {g`mam| go Xr Om gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& H$moB© Eogo hmoVo h¢, Omo Jm±dm|
_| VWm O§Jbm| _| {Zdmg H$aVo h¢ VWm H$moB© Eogo ^r hmoVo h¢ {OZH$m Zham|, Hw$Am|, _mJm] Ed§
ZaH$gÑe An{dÌ Xoem| _| hr gXm dmg ahVm h¡ &&41&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, BZHo$ `hr g~ ahZo
Ho$ ñWmZ h¢, Bgr Vah Ho$ AmH$ma Ho$ VWm Eogo hr AmMma Ho$ do {nemM hmoVo h¢, `h g~ _¢Zo Amngo
H$h {X`m AWm©V² AmnZo Omo àíZ {H$`m Wm {H$ do {H$g AmH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢ CZH$m AmMma Š`m h¡
VWm do H$hm± ahVo h¢, BgH$m CÎma _¢Zo AmnH$mo Xo {X`m h¡ Ÿ& A~ BZH$m Amn `h OÝ_ gw{Zò &&42&&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, H$m`©~«÷ go {dbjU Omo _m`me~b ~«÷ h¡, dh g_ñV e[ŠV`m| Ho$ ñd^md go
{df` H$m g§H$ën H$aVo hþE _Zmo_` nwéf Ho$ g_mZ ^rVa Ad~wÕ hmoH$a ñdê$n go Omo [ñWV h¡
Cgr H$mo Ord Zm_H$ àW_ A§Hw$a g_{Pò Ÿ& A{^_mZ go n[anyU© dhr Ah§H$ma H$hm J`m h¡ VWm
n[anwîQ> hþE Cg Ah§H$ma H$mo hr {OÝh| AmË_m H$m Am{d^m©d hmo J`m h¡ CZ _hmZw^mdm| Zo, _Z H$hm
h¡ &&43,44&& dh _Zê$n Omo Ord h¡ dhr g_[îQ>ê$n go g§H$ënmH$meê$nYmar ~«÷m H$hbmVm h¡ &
AgÐÿn Bg OJV² H$m ~rO ^r EH$_mÌ AgÐÿn hr h¡, CgH$s H$moB© AmH¥${V Zht h¡ &&45&& Bg
àH$ma _Z hr ~«÷m ~ZH$a [ñWV h¡ Ÿ& dh ~«÷m gXoh hmoZo na ^r {Z_©b AmH$meê$n hr h¡ & ñdßZ
Ho$ nwéf Ho$ AmH$ma Ho$ gÑe Cn[ñWV ahZo na ^r CgH$m dh eara AgV² hr h¡ &&46&& n¥Ïdr
ŸyÕ - 94] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2145
Am{X n§M^yVm| H$s _y{V© go a{hV hmoZo na dh ~«÷m gyú_ eara go gånÝZ h¡ Ÿ& ho lram_MÝÐOr,
Amn hr gmo{Mò {H$ AmH$me _| g§H$ënnwéf Ho$ n¥Ïdr Am{X H$hm± go hmo gH$Vo h¢ ? &&47&& AmnH$m
_Z O¡go AmH$me _| H$[ënV ZJa H$m AdbmoH$Z H$aVm h¡, d¡go hr AnZo _| H$[ënV {da§{M (~«÷m)
ê$nVm H$m ^r AdbmoH$Z H$aVm h¡ &&48&& EH$_mÌ `h H$maU h¡ {H$ dh ~«÷m AnZo {Og {Og
g§H$ën H$mo OmZVm h¡ VV²-VV² nXmWm] Ho$ AmH$ma go CgH$m AdbmoH$Z H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Am¡a ñd`§
CgH$m AZw^d ^r H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Omo {Og n[aUm_ H$m Ord h¡ dh g~ {MV²ê$n gV² hr h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE
kmZe[ŠV go gånÝZ dh Š`m| Z AdbmoH$Z H$ao ? &&49&& {ZamH$ma _Zê$n dh ~«÷m ~«÷ñdê$n
{MXmH$me _| EH$_mÌ {Og eyÝ`ñdê$n ~«÷mÊS>mH$ma H$m AdbmoH$Z H$aVm h¡ dhr OJV² H$hbmVm
h¡ &&50&& VWm BgH$m à{V^mg hr Bg g_` {MaH$mb H$s EH$_mÌ ^mdZm go KZr^yV nwîQ> hmoH$a
gwXrK© ñdßZ Ho$ g_mZ gwÝXa Ad[ñWV h¡ &&51&& gyú_earaYmar Cg ~«÷ H$m `h gJm©Zw^d
~«÷ñdê$n hmoZo na ^r {MaH$mb H$s ^mdZm go A{YH$ àH$Q>Vm Ho$ CËH$f© go `mZr A{YH$ àH$Q>
hmoZo go A{Y^m¡{VH$ earaVm H$mo àmßV hmo J`m h¡, Omo AZoH$ ôXg_yhm| go ^mgwa h¡ &&52,53&&
dh ~«÷m ~«÷_mÌmË_m ~«÷ñdê$n hr h¢ Ÿ& ~«÷mË_ê$n Ord Am¡a OJV², ò XmoZm| AZw^d h¢ VWm ò
XmoZm| Eogo A{^ÝZ h¢ O¡go {H$ AmH$me Am¡a eyÝ`Ëd Am¡a ò XmoZm| Eogo EH$ ê$n go {ñWV hmo aho h¢
O¡go {H$ ndZ Am¡a ñnÝXZ &&54,55&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, O¡go Amn AnZo g§H$ënnwéf _| VWm
AgV² hmoVo ^r gÐÿn ZJa Am{X _| n¥Ïdr Am{X n§M^yV_`Vm XoIVo h¢ d¡go hr ~«÷mOr ^r BZ XmoZm|
_| ^yV_`Vm XoIVo h¢ Ÿ& naÝVw dh ^yV_`Vm {_Ï`m hr h¡, dmñV{dH$ Zht h¡ &&56&& ^yV_`Vm
XoIZo Ho$ ~mX ~«÷mÊS>mË_H$ AnZo eara Ho$ YmVwAm| Ho$ {M{VgÎmm go nwîQ> H${R>Z Ed§ Ðì`^yV ^mJm|
H$s n¥Ïdr Am{X nm±M g§kmE± CÝhm|Zo H$s h¡ Ÿ& do hr nm±Mm| {_bH$a "OJV²' Bg Zm_ go à{gÕ hmoH$a
[ñWV h¢ &&57&& O¡go AmnZo AnZo AgË` g§H$ën H$mo gË`ê$n hr AZw^d {H$`m &&58&& O¡go dh
~«÷m ñd`§ {MÝ_`mH$me hr h¢ d¡go hr na_mW©V… CZH$m g§H$ën ^r {MXmH$meê$n hr h¡ & AV… `h
g_ñV OJV² Cg ~«÷Xod H$m EH$ ñdßZ h¡ VWm CZHo$ g§H$ënO{ZV BgHo$ Zme Am¡a àmXw^m©d ^r
XmoZm| ñdßZ Ho$ Vwë` [ñWV h¢ Ÿ&&59&&
V~ CZHo$ Ûmam {Z{_©V hþE MÝÐ, gy`©, Vmao Am{X gd©{dY AW©{H«$`m _| hoVw H¡$go h¢ ? Bg
O¡go `h _Zê$n ~«÷Xod gË` h¢ d¡go hr CZHo$ Ûmam {Z{_©V hþE CZH$s d¥{Îmê$n do MÝÐ, ê$Ð,
gy`© VWm MÝÐ{H$aU Am{X ^r gË` hr h¢ `mZr àd¥{Îm Am{X AW©{H«$`m Ho$ gånmXZ _| g_W©
h¢ &&60&& Eogr [ñW{V _| `h g_ñV OJV² gË` Cg ~«÷Xod H$m EH$_mÌ _ZmoamÁ` hr H$hm OmVm
h¡ Am¡a `h g~ {M{V _| {Zambå~ eyÝ` AmH$me H$m ñ\w$aUê$n hr h¡ &&61&& {Og àH$ma ñdßZ H$m
ZJa {MXmH$meê$n h¡ O¡go g§H$ën H$m nd©V {MXmH$me ñdê$n h¡ d¡go hr ~«÷Xod H$m `h OJV²
{ZamH$ma ñdÀN> {MXmH$meê$n hr h¡ &&62&& Bg Vah EH$_mÌ Am^mgñdê$n go gd©Xm ñ\w$[aV hmo
aho Bg OJV² H$s OÝ_, [ñW{V Am¡a àb` H$s àVr{V`m± {_Ï`m hr `hm± C{XV hmoH$a [ñWV h¢ Ÿ&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, `WmW© _| Vmo EH$_mÌ A{dZmer dh ~«÷ hr gd©Ì [ñWV h¡ &&63&&
EH$_mÌ `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ AmË_m H$s {MXmH$meê$nVm H$m AZwgÝYmZ H$aZo na AmnHo$, _oao
`m AÝ` {H$gr Ho$ ^r ò gJ© Am{X Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Bg{bE ho {Zînmn lram_MÝÐOr, `h _wPgo H${hò {H$ {MXmH$meñdê$n _oam, AmnH$m
`m g§gma H$m hr Š`m CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡ VWm Š`m ZîQ> hmoVm h¡ ? &&64&& H${hò `h {ZaW©H$
g§gma Š`m| AZW© Ho$ {bE C{XV hþAm h¡ ? {~Zm {H$gr _Vb~ Ho$ `mZr {~bHw$b AW©eyÝ`
ò amJ, Ûof, ^`, amoJ Am{X Š`m| C{XV hþE h¢ ? &&65&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, dñVwV… Z Vmo
g¥[îQ> H$m H$moB© H$maU h¡, Z gJ©Vm h¡ Am¡a Z AgJ©Vm hr h¡, {H$ÝVw {g\©$ EH$ ~ma Ad^m{gV
hþAm nwZ… AmdaU hmoZo Ho$ H$maU àn§Mê$n go à{g{Õ H$mo àmßV `h àË`H²$ê$n ~«÷ hr gd©Xm
{dÚ_mZ h¡ &&66&& gd©Xm eyÝ`, {dnwb Am^moJdmbo, ñdÀN> {M{Vê$nr Ob go n[anyU©,
{MXmH$meê$nr A{dZmer joÌ (IoV) Ho$ AkmZH$ënZmê$nr n§H$ go ì`mßV hmoZo na Cg_| Cg
{MXmH$me ñdê$n ~rO go hr {MXmH$memË_H$ `h AZÝV n§M^yVê$n ~«÷mÊS>~rO{ebmAm| H$s
n§[ŠV CËnÝZ hþB© h¢ Am¡a AmJo MbH$a ^r hmoJr Ÿ&&67,68&&
H$ënZmê$nr n§H$ Ho$ A^md _| ~VbmVo h¢ &
dñVwV… `hm± na Z Vmo H$moB© IoV h¡, Z Hw$N> Cg_| ~mo`m J`m h¡, Z H$moB© ~rO h¡ Am¡a Z Hw$N>
CËnÝZ hr hþAm h¡, {H$ÝVw EH$_mÌ H$ënZm go g~ Hw$N> `hm± [ñWV h¡ &&69&&
Bg àH$ma {nemM Om{V Ho$ dU©Z Ho$ àg§J go g¥[îQ> Ho$ VÎd H$m dU©Z H$aHo$ A~ àñVwV
{df` Ho$ AZwHy$b hmoZo go nyd©d{U©V n§M^yV{ebm Ho$ Ad`d Am{X ê$ngo {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ Om{V`m±
{XIbmVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, Cg H$ënZmê$nr n§H$ go ì`mßV Cg {MXmH$meê$nr IoV _| Omo ~«÷mÊS>ê$nr
{ebmAm| H$s AZoH$ n§[ŠV`m± n[anwîQ> hþB© h¢, do g~ Xod Am{X Om{V`m± h¢ & (`h gm_mÝ` ê$ngo
H$hm J`m h¡, A~ {deofê$n go CZH$m {d^mJ H$aHo$ H$hVo h¢) BZ_| Omo AË`{YH$ gm¡ÝX`© go
CÁÁdb aËZê$n h¢, do Vmo Xod, F${f Am{X H$s Om{V`m± h¢ &&70&& BZ_| Omo {ebmE± AY© CÁÁdb
h¡ do Za, ZmJ Am{X H$s Om{V`m± h¢ VWm Omo _{bZ Am¡a aOmoJwU go Xy{fV {ebmE± h¢ do g~ H¥${_,
H$sQ>, ñWmda Am{X h¢ &&71&& BZ_| Omo ~‹S>r, ~‹S>r dOZXma, H$m[ÝV, àH$me Am{X \$bm| go hrZ,
eyÝ`mH$ma, j`jV, XohmH$ma go a{hV VWm eara go `wŠV {ebmE± h¢ do g~ {nemM Am{X H$hr JB©
h¢ &&72&& Cg IoV _| CÎm_ Xodm{Xê$n aËZ hr n¡Xm hmod|, `hr g§H$ën {haÊ`J^© H$mo Š`m| Zht
hþAm, d¥Wm nmfmUê$n {nemMm{X Om{V`m± n¡Xm H$aZo H$m CZH$m Š`m| g§H$ën hþAm, `h Amjon
ŸyÕ - 94] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2147
Amn g§H$ën H$aZodmbo {dYmVm H$s BÀN>m Ho$ D$na H$Xm{n Zht H$a gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ {dYmVm H$s do
BÀN>mE± n¡Xm hmoZdo mbo Ordm| Ho$ nyd© OÝ_ H$s H$_©dmgZm Ho$ AZwgma hr hþB© h¢,AVEd do {nemMOm{V`m±
^r d¡gr hr `mZr AnZo nyd©OÝ_ H$s H$_©dmgZm Ho$ AZwgma hr C{XV hþB© h¢ &&73&&
{ebmê$nVm H$s CËàojm H$aZo Ho$ ~mX A~ ^yVOm{V`m| _| àgŠV ^m¡{VH$Vm H$m dmaU
H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, dmñVd _| Vmo g^r ^yVOm{V`m± n¥{Wdr Am{X n§M^yVm| go a{hV ñdê$nì`mnr
_Zmoê$n gyú_Xoh go `wŠV {MXmH$me ê$n hr h¡ &&74&&
V~ h_ bmoJm| H$s Xoh _| ^m¡{VH$Vm H$m AZw^d H¡$go hmoVm h¡ Ÿ? Bg e§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
{MaH$mb Ho$ Aä`mg Ho$ de do g~Ho$ g~ Am{Y^m¡{VH$ g§{dV² H$mo Eogo àmßV hmo Jò h¢
O¡go XrK©H$mb Ho$ AZw^d go `mZr XrK©H$mb H$s ^mdZm go ñdßZ OmJ«V² Xem H$mo àmßV hmoVm
h¡ &&75&& ò {nemM Am{X ^r {MaH$mb Ho$ Aä`mg go Am{Y^m¡{VH$ ê$nVm H$mo àmßV hmoH$a
AnZo g§gma _| {dhma H$aVo hwE AnZr `mo{Z Ho$ `mo½` ^moJm| go gÝVwîQ>{MÎm hmo Ad[ñWV ahVo
h¢ Ÿ& VmËn`© `h H$r CZH$s {nemM Xoh Am¡a Hw${ËgV ^moJ ^r CÝh| AË`ÝV {à` hr bJVo
h¢ Ÿ~r^Ëg Zht &&76&& ñdßZbmoH$ _| {Zdmg H$aZodmbm| Ho$ gÑe H$moB© H$moB© {nemMm| H$s ò
Om{V`m± ^r nañna EH$ Xygao H$mo Bg Vah XoIVr h¢ (`mZr Xe©Z Am{X Ho$ Ûmam EH$ Xygao
Ho$ gmW Eogo ì`dhma H$aVr h¢,) O¡go Jm±d _| ahZodmbo àmUr Jm±d Ho$ {Zdm{g`m| H$mo &&77&&
BZH$s AZoH$ g§ñWmZm| _| Ad[ñWV Hw$N> Eogr ^r Om{V`m± h¢, Omo ~hþYm _Zwî` Ho$ ñdßZ _|
{Z{_©V hmoZodmbo bmoJm| H$s Vah nañna ^r Zht XoIVr &&78&&
{nemMOm{V`m| H$s Vah Hw$å^mÊS>m{X Om{V`m| H$s ^r àm`… gyú_XohVm hmoVr h¡ VWm BZ_| ^r
MoîQ>m Am{X R>rH$ d¡go hr nmò OmVo h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bg g§gma _| O¡go {nemM Am{X XwîQ> Om{V`m± [ñWV h¢ àm`… d¡go hr ò
Hw$å^mÊS>, `j VWm àoV Am{X ^r [ñWV h¢ Ÿ&&79&&
O¡go D±$M-ZrM O_rZ Ho$ VmaVå` _| ObH$s [ñW{V _| VmaVå` ahVm h¡ d¡go hr nmn Ho$
VmaVå` go CZ_| V_moJwU H$m VmaVå` [ñWV ahVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go Bg g§gma _| Jhar O_rZ _| Ob [ñWV ahVm h¡ d¡go hr Ohm± {nemM Am{X ahVo h¢ dhm±
na CZHo$ nmn Ho$ VmaVå` go Wmo‹S>m-~hþV V_moJwU ^r [ñWV ahVm h¡ Ÿ&&80&& `{X _Ü`mh²ZH$mb
_| Yyn go `wŠV Am±JZ _| ^r {nemM {dÚ_mZ aho, Vmo dht na ^r Kmoa AÝYH$ma AÀN>r Vah
CgH$s g{ÝZ{Y H$aVm hr h¡ `mZr CgHo$ gå_wI Ad[ñWV hmo hr OmVm h¡ &&81&& Cg AÝYH$ma
H$mo gy`© Zht ZîQ> H$aVo Am¡a CgH$mo Xygam H$moB© XoIVm ^r Zht h¡ & EH$_mÌ dh {nemM hr CgH$m
AZw^d H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& ho lram_MÝÐOr, Xo{Iò _m`m H$m {dH$mg H¡$gm h¡ &&82&& O¡go h_ bmoJm| Ho$
àH$me Ho$ {bE A[½Z VWm gy`© Am{X H$m V¡Og_ÊS>b {dÚ_mZ h¡ d¡go hr {nemM Am{XH$m| H$s
ì`dhma{g[Õ Ho$ {bE BÝYZ Am{X go AZwËnÝZñdê$n dmbm Vm_g-_ÊS>b {dÚ_mZ ahVm
h¡ &&83&& Cëby Ho$ g_mZ {nemM Am{X AnZo ñd^md go hr àH$me _| {Z~©b hmo OmVo h¢ Am¡a
AÝYH$ma _| AmoO H$s àYmZVm H$mo àmßV hmo OmVo h¢ `mZr à~b hmo OmVo h¢ & Xo{Iò, `h H¡$gm
AmíM`© h¡ &&84&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, {nemM`mo{Z _| CËnÝZ Ord H$s Om{V H$m _¢Zo Amngo dU©Z
H$a {X`m, O¡gm {H$ AmnZo _wPgo nyN>m Wm Ÿ& nyN>r JB© ~mVm| H$m Adí` CÎma XoZm hr Mm{hE, `h
ì`m»`mVmAm| H$m gåàXm` h¡, Bggo eyÝ` `h {nemM Om{V Z Wr Ÿ& AWm©V² gwabmoH$nmbm| Ho$
bmoH$m| _| _¢ {nemMVwë` hmo J`m, `h Omo _¢Zo Amngo H$hm Wm, Cgr Ho$ àg§J _| AmnZo _wPgo
{nemMOm{V Ho$ {df` _| nyN> {X`m () &&85&&
Mm¡amZ~odm± gJ© g_mßV
n§MmZ~odm± gJ©
gË`g§H$ënVm H$s ñ_¥{V go nwZ… àm{U`m| Ho$ gmW ì`dhma VWm AnZo AmH$med{gîR> Am{X Zm_m| H$s àm{ßV H$m dU©ZŸ&
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, VXZÝVa Cg g_` n§M^yVm| go a{hV Ho$db
{MXmH$me _mÌ earaYmar _¢ {nemM Ho$ gÑe AmH$me _| {dhma H$aVm hþAm [ñWV Wm &&1&&
Cg g_` _wPo Z Vmo gy`©, MÝÐ, BÝÐ VWm h[a, ha Am{X XoI nmVo Wo Am¡a Z {gÕ, JÝYd©,
{H$ÝZa VWm AßgamE± hr XoI nmVr Wt &&2&& _¢ nmXÝ`mg, AmamohU Am{X Ho$ Ûmam CZHo$ D$na
AmH«$_U H$aVm Wm, naÝVw do _oao D$na AmH«$_U Zht H$a gH$Vo Wo Ÿ& do bmoJ _oam dMZ ^r
Zht gwZ gH$Vo Wo Ÿ& Bg{bE _¢ _moh H$mo àmßV hmo J`m - _wPo nydm©naH$V©ì`Vm H$m Hw$N> ^r
à{VgÝYmZ Z ahm Ÿ& AV… ho lram_MÝX«Or, Cg g_` _¢ {dH«$sV gÁOZ Ho$ g_mZ hmo J`m &&3&&
BgHo$ AZÝVa _¢Zo {dMma {H$`m {H$ h_ Vmo gË`H$m_ h¢, Bg{bE _¢Zo `h g§H$ën {H$`m {H$ ò
XodJU _wPo XoI| Ÿ& _oao g§H$ën H$aVo hr XodbmoH$dmgr CZ XodVmAm| _| g~Ho$ g~ hr, Omo _oao
gm_Zo ah aho Wo, ZJa _| àmßV BÝÐOmb d¥j Ho$ gÑe _wPo XoIZo _| erK« hr àd¥Îm hmo Jò &&4,5&&
BgHo$ ~mX ho lram_MÝÐOr, CZ XodVmAm| Ho$ Kam| _| gd©{dY e§H$mAm| go eyÝ` MoîQ>mdmbm VWm
`Wm[ñWV AnZo g~ AmMmam| go gånÝZ _¢ gå^mfU Am{X Ho$ Ûmam ì`dhmaerb hmo J`m &
dhm± CZHo$ gmW A~ _oam H$moB© g§H$moM Zht ah J`m Wm &&6&& {OZ _hmZw^mdm| H$mo _oam d¥ÎmmÝV
_mby_ Zht Wm, CZ bmoJm| Zo gd©àW_ _wPo Am±JZ _| Am{d^y©V hþAm XoImŸ& AV… Cg n¥Ïdr go
hr _oar CËn{Îm H$s H$ënZm H$aVo hþE CZ gÁOZm| Zo nm{W©d d{gîR>> Zm_ go bmoH$m| _| _wPo
() EH$_mÌ `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ _¢Zo {nemMOm{V Ho$ {df` _| Amngo dU©Z {H$`m h¡, AÝ`Wm
`hm± BgHo$ dU©Z H$s H$moB© Amdí`H$Vm Z Wr &
ŸyÕ - 95] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2149
à{gÕ H$a {X`m &&7&& _wPo AmH$medmgr {OZ _hmZw^mdm| Zo AmH$me _| ^JdmZ² gy`©Xod H$s
{H$aUm| go {ZH$bm hþAm XoIm, CÝhm|Zo V¡Og d{gîR> Zm_ go _wPo {d»`mV {H$`m &&8&& VWm
_wPo AmH$medmgr {OZ {gÕm| Zo dm`w_ÊS>b go Am{d^y©V hþAm XoIm, CZ bmoJm| Ho$ Ûmam _¢
dmVd{gîR> H$hm OmZo bJ J`m &&9&& {OZ _wZrídam| Zo _wPo Ob go Am{d^©yV hþAm XoIm CÝhm|Zo
_wPo "dm[ad{gîR>' Zm_ go nwH$mam Ÿ& ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bg àH$ma {d{^ÝZ H$ënZmAm| Ûmam _oar
`h OÝ_naånam h¡ AWm©V² {OZ {OZ _hmZw^mdm| Zo Ohm± go _wPo O¡go {ZH$bVo XoIm CÝhm|Zo
d¡go hr _oao Zm_ Am¡a OÝ_ H$s H$ënZm H$a Xr &&10&& V^r go _¢ bmoH$m| _| H$ht nm{W©d, H$ht
Ob_`, H$ht V¡Og Am¡a H$ht§na _méV-d{gîR> Zm_ go AÝ`mÝ` bmoJm| Ûmam à{gÕ hþAm &&11&&
BgHo$ AZÝVa H$mb nmH$a _oao Cgr gyú_ eara go Am{Y^m¡{VH$Vm àmXw^©yV hþB©, Omo {MaH$mb
Ho$ Aä`mg go n[aUV hþE _Z go àmßV hþB© Wr `mZr _Z _| hr n«mßV H$s JB© &&12&&
V~ Ak àm{U`m| H$s ZmBª ^m¡{VH$ Xohdmbo hr Amn Š`m| Zht hþE, Bgna H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
My±{H$ Am{Vdm{hH$Vm (gyú_Vm) Am¡a Am{Y^m¡{VH$Vm - ò XmoZm| hr {MXmH$me ê$n hr h¢ &
{MXmH$me ê$n go EH$ hr XohmË_m h¡, `hr _¢Zo VÎdV… g_Pm h¡ Bg{bE ho lram_MÝÐOr _oar
{M{V hr AmË_^md go ñ\w$[aV hmoVr h¡, Z {H$ XohmË_^mdgo XohmË_^md ñ\w$[aV h¡ &&13&& Bg Vah
H$ht AmH$mem{X n§M^yVê$n go ñ\w$[aV hmoZo na ^r _¢ {MXoH$ñd^md {ZamH$ma na_ {MXmH$meê$n
hr hÿ± & (V~ Amn AmH$ma`wŠV H¡$go {XImB© XoVo h¢, Bg Ame§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &) bo{H$Z Amn bmoJm|
_| CnXoem{X ì`dhma H$s {g{Õ Ho$ {bE AmH$madmZ² ^r _¢ XrIVm hÿ± &&14&&
dñVwV… gXoh Am¡a {dXoh _wŠV- ò XmoZm| EH$ hr ê$n Ho$ h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go OrdÝ_wŠV VÎdkmZr nwéf ì`dhma H$aVm hþAm ~«÷mH$meê$n go [ñWV ahVm h¡ d¡go hr
{dXoh_wŠV ^r ~«÷mH$meê$n go hr Ad[ñWV ahVm h¡ &&15&& ~«÷ go AÝ` Ñ{îQ> H$m g§^d Z hmoZo
go d¡gm ì`dhma H$aVo ahZo na ^r _oar ~«÷Vm ZîQ> Zht hþB© - Á`m|-H$s-Ë`m| [ñWV ahr Ÿ& VWm
Amn O¡go gÁOZm| Ho$ ~rM CnXoe XoZo Ho$ {bE _¢ d{gîR>Xoh go [ñWV hÿ± &&16&&
V~ AmnH$m `h H$WZ H¡$go R>rH$ g_Pm Om` {H$ eyÝ` Xoh _o| Am{Y^m¡{VH$Vm ê$T> hþB©, Bg
e§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
{ZamH$ma VWm OÝ_eyÝ` ñdßZ Ho $_Zwî` _| AkmZr H$mo O¡go Am{Y^m¡{VH$Vm ~w{Õ hmoVr h¡
d¡go hr _wPo VWm AÝ` OJV² H$mo ^r hmoVr h¡ &&17&& Bgr Vah ~«÷m Ho$ eara VWm VËH¥$V gJ© Omo
OJV² VWm AÝ` bmoJm| H$mo C{XV hþE-O¡go Ad^m{gV hmo aho h¢ do g~Ho$-g~ na (~«÷) H$s Ñ[îQ>
go hr Am{Y^m¡{VH$ h¢ Ÿ& dñVwV… do Zht h¢, do Vmo H$^r CËnÝZ hro Zht hmoVo &&18&& `h Omo _¢
AmH$med{gîR> hÿ±, gmo AmO `hm± AnZo _Z Ho$ Aä`mg go hr n[anwîQ>Vm H$mo _mZm| àmßV hþAm hÿ± ŸŸ&
AWdm AmnHo$ _Z Ho$ Aä`mg go AmnH$s ~w{Õ Ho$ AZwgma `h _oar ^m¡{VH$Xoh[ñW{V h¡ &&19&&
_oar AnZr Ñ[îQ> go O¡go `h OJV² ~«÷mH$memË_H$ h¡ d¡go hr {haÊ`J^© H$s AnZr Ñ[îQ> go
^r `h OJV² ~«÷mH$memË_H$ hr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
_oao hr g_mZ ~«÷m H$s Ñ[îQ> _| Amò {OVZo gJ© h¢, do g~Ho$-g~ ~«÷mH$memË_H$ hr h¢ O¡go
ñd`§ ~«÷mOr _Zmo_mÌ h¢ d¡go hr CZH$s g~ g¥{îQ> ^r h¡ Ÿ& AV… narjH$Ñ{îQ> go `h g~ OJV²
_Zmo_mÌ hr h¢ &&20&& OJV² Am{X gmar g¥{îQ> An[akmZ Ho$ Xmof go Amn AkOZm| H$s Ñ{îQ> _| dO«
Ho$ Vwë` Eogo hr Ñ‹T>Vm H$mo àmßV hmo JB© h¡ O¡go {H$ ~mbH$m| H$s Ñ[îQ> _| doVmb &&21&& Xya Jò hþE
ñdOZ _| O¡go H$mb nmH$a dmgZm H$_ hmo OmZo go ñZoh CnemÝV hmo OmVm h¡, d¡go hr ho
lram_MÝÐOr, `WmW© ê$n _| O~ `h g§gma Iy~ n[akmV hmo OmVm h¡ V~ `h Wmo‹S>o hr g_` Ho$
~mX CnemÝV hmo OmVm h¡ &&22&& kmZ hmoZo na Ah§H$maê$n ñWybVm g~H$s Eogo emÝV hmo OmVr
h¡, O¡go {H$ ^br^m±{V kmV hmo OmZo na ñdm[ßZH$ YZ _| CnmXo`Vm H$s dmgZm &&23&& ò g_ñV
Ñí`Ñ[îQ>`m± ^br ^m±{V kmZ hmo OmZo na Eogo {~bHw$b emÝV hmo OmVr h¢, O¡go _é^y{_ H$s ZXr
Ho$ doJ _| ObJ«hU H$s ~w{Õ`m± &&24&& _hmam_mÙ Ho$ gÑe emóm| Ho$ EH$_mÌ AdbmoH$Z go hr
`h OrdÝ_wŠVËd gXm àmßV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ & BVZo _| Š`m XwîH$aVm h¡ ? &&25&&
g§gma _| A{YH$ Amg[ŠV Ho$ H$maU Omo AÜ`mË_emó go namL²>gwI ahVm h¡, CgH$s {ZÝXm
H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
{Og àmUr H$s ~w{Õ g§gmadmgZmde Xoho[ÝÐ` ^mo½`m{Xê$n AdñVw ñd^md _| g§gŠV ahVr
h¡ Ÿ& _moj{df` _| {OgH$s AmH$m§jm Zht hmoVr dh àmUr Hw$Îmm h¡ AWdm H$sQ> h¡, _Zwî` Zht h¡ (N)
Š`m|{H$ O¡gr An{dÌVm VWm ^moJm| _| Amg{ŠV Hw$Îmm| VWm H$sQ>-nV§Jm| _| nm`r OmVr h¡ d¡gr hr
An{dÌVm Ed§ ^moJm| _| Amg[ŠV Cg àmUr _| ^r {dÚ_mZ h¡ &&26&&
O¡go AË`ÝV n{dÌ h{d… nwamoS>mem{Xê$n hr AÝZ Xod, {ÛO Am{X ImVo h¢ VWm C[ÀN>îQ>,
nwarf Am{X An{dÌ nXmW© Hw$Îmo Ed§ H$sQ>, nV§J Am{X g~ ImVo h¢, d¡go hr OrdÝ_wŠV _hmZw^md
bmoJ ewÕ {MÝ_mÌ AmZÝXñdê$n emóm{X ^moJm| H$m Cn^moJ H$aVo h¢, {H$ÝVw Omo _yI© h| do bmoJ
AË`ÝV An{dÌ {df`ê$n ^moJ H$m Cn^moJ H$aVo h¢, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, OrdÝ_wŠV~w{Õ nwéf Ûmam Cn^wŠV hmo ahm ^moJm| H$m g_yh H¡$gm hmoVm h¡
VWm AÝ`Wm dñVwdoXZê$n _yI©Vm H$m godZ H$aZodmbm Omo _yI© àmUr h¡ CgHo$ Ûmam Cn^wŠV hmo
ahm ^moJ H¡$gm hmoVm h¡, BgH$m {dMma H$aZm Mm{hE &&27&&
Ak àm{U`m| Ho$ ^mo½`mWm] _| (^mo½` nXmWm] _|) A[½Z H$s Vah V¥îUm, H«$moY, bmo^m{Xê$n
gÝVmn hr CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡, {H$ÝVw emóm| H$m n[aerbZ H$aZodmbo {dÕmZm| H$mo Vmo g_ñV nXmWm]
_| gdm}ËH¥$îQ> AÝV…erVbVm à«mXw^y©V hmoVr h¡, `h EH$ Xygar {deofVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
(N) AWm©V² kmZm{YH$ma Ho$ `mo½` _Zwî` Xoh Ho$ dh A`mo½` h¡ Ÿ&
ŸyÕ - 96] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2151
EH$_mÌ _hmam_mÙ O¡go emóm| Ho$ AdbmoH$Z go km{Z`m| H$mo g_ñV nXmWm] _| {hVgÑe
gdm}ËH¥$ï> AÝV…erVbVm n«mXw^y©V hmoVr h¡ &&28&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, erVb{MÎmVm `mZr {MÎm H$m
erVb hmoZm _moj h¡ VWm gÝVßV {MÎmVm `mZr {MÎmH$m gÝVßV hmoZm hr ~ÝY h¡ Ÿ& naÝVw Eogo ^r
_moj _| g§gma H$s A{^bmfm Zht hmoVr & Ahmo g§gma H$s _‹y‹T>Vm H¡$gr AmíM`©_`r h¡ &&29&& `h
àmUr ñd^md go hr {df`m| Ho$ der^yV h¡ Ÿ& EH$_mÌ `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ nañna `wÕ, Mmoar, haU
Am{X go ^r ór VWm YZ Am{X Ho$ gånmXZ _| `h bmobwn h¡ Ÿ& `h ZmZm{dY ^«m[ÝV Ho$ gÝVmnm|
go Ob ahm àmUr _w_wjwemóm| Ho$, AWm] Ho$ {dMmanyd©H$ {Z{XÜ`mgZ Am{X Cnm`m| go `WmW© dñVw
Ho$ AWm©V² AmË_m Ho$ g§Xe©Z go hr gÝVmneyÝ` nyUm©ZÝXê$n hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$
g§gma go {daŠV hmoH$a àmUr O~ lw{V Am{X Ho$ ldU, _ZZ, {Z{XÜ`mgZ Am{X go AmË_VÎd
H$m gmjmËH$ma H$a boVm h¡ V~ gd©{dY gÝVmnm| go eyÝ` gwIr hmo OmVm h¡ &&30&&
AmZÝXKZ na~«÷na_mË_mñdê$n hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
lrdm[ë_H$sOr Zo H$hm … _w{ZOr Ho$ Eogm H$hZo na {XZ ~rV J`m Ÿ& gy`© ^JdmZ² AñVmMb
H$mo Mbo Jò Ÿ& BYa _w{Z`m| H$s g^m ^r gm`§H$mb Ho$ H¥$Ë` Ho$ {bE ñZmZ H$aZo Mbr JB© Am¡a amV
~rVZo na ^JdmZ² gy`© H$s {H$aUm| Ho$ gmW {\$a _w{Z`m| H$s g^m AmH$a O_ JB© &&31&&
n§MmZ~odm± gJ© g_mßV
{N>`mZ~odm± gJ©
nmfmUmonm»`mZ Ho$ VmËn`© Ho$ ê$n _| {M{V H$m {ddV©ê$n OJX²^«_ Am¡a
AOa A_a {M{Vê$n AmË_m hr ~«÷mZÝX h¡, `h dU©ZŸ&
{dñVma go d{U©V nmfmUmonm»`mZ H$mo gd©loîR> àH¥$V AmË_{df` _| KQ>mVo h¢ Ÿ&
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho H$m`©k lram_MÝÐOr, Amngo _¢Zo `h nmfmUmonm»`mZ H$hm Ÿ&
nmfmUm»`m{`H$m go Omo {dkmZÑ[îQ> àmßV hmoVr h¡, Cggo `hr Amn {ZíM` H$s{Oò {H$ g^r
g¥[îQ>`m± {MXmH$me _| `m eyÝ`Vm _| hr [ñWV h¢ &&1&& ^Ð, {H$gr ^r H$mb _| H$ht ^r Hw$N>
^r dñVw [ñWV Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw AIÊS> `Wm[ñWV ~«÷ hr M¡VÝ`mZÝXKZê$n ñd^md _| [ñWV
h¡ Am¡a Hw$N> Zht h¡ &&2&&
OJV² M¡VÝ`_mÌ H$m {ddV© h¡, `h g~H$mo AnZo-AnZo ñdßZ Ho$ AZw^d go {gÕ h¡, `h
H$hVo h¢ &
amKd, Amn ~«÷ H$mo Ho$db MoVZê$n hr OmZ br{Oò Ÿ& dh AnZo Agbr ñd^md go H$^r ^r
Eogo hr À`wV Zht hmoVm O¡go {H$ AmË_m ñdßZ _| ZJaê$n hmoVm hþAm ^r AnZo ñd^md go À`wV Zht
hmoVm, Bggo {ddV© H$m bjU `hr {ZH$bm {H$ ñdê$n go À`wV Z hþE nXmW© H$s AÝ`ê$n go àVr{V
{ddV© h¡ Ÿ& `h bjU OJV² _| à{gÕ hr h¡ &&3&&
O¡go ñdßZ AmË_m H$m {ddV© h¡, d¡go hr g_ñV OJV² ~«÷mË_m H$m {ddV© h¡, `h OmZZm
{MXmH$me ~«÷ g_[îQ>Ord Ho$ ê$n _| Mmho gyú_ Cnm{Y H$mo àmßV H$ao Mmho ñWyb Ñí`ê$n
Cnm{Y H$mo àmßV H$ao, XmoZm| _| AnZm {Z{d©H$ma ñdê$n Ë`mJo {~Zm hr [ñWV h¡ &&4&&
`{X OJV² ~«÷ H$m {ddV© hmo Vmo na_mW©Ñ{îQ> go Š`m [ñWV h¡ ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
Z Vmo ñd`§^y H$s (g_{îQ> {haÊ`J^© H$s ) [ñW{V h¡, Z OJV² H$s [ñW{V h¡, Z ñdßZ-
ZJa H$s hr Agbr [ñW{V h¡, {H$ÝVw Bg n[anyU© AmË_Ñ[îQ> go Ho$db {MÝ_mÌ ~«÷ H$s hr
[ñW{V {dÚ_mZ h¡ &&5&&
ÑîQ>mÝV _| ^r `h ~mV g_mZ h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go ñdßZ _| ZJam{Xê$n hmoH$a ^r {MÝ_` AmË_m AnZo ñdê$n _| hr [ñWV h¡, d¡go hr
g¥{îQ> go boH$a _hmàb`n`©ÝV H$s AdñWm VH$ OJÐÿn hmoH$a ^r ~«÷ê$n M¡VÝ` AnZo ñdê$n
_| hr [ñWV h¡ &&6&&
{OVZr g¥{îQ>`m± h¢, CZ g~H$m Omo AZw^d hmoVm h¡, Cg_| {M{V H$s ~am~a AZwd¥{Îm hmoVr h¡,
Bggo ^r `h {ZíM` hmoVm h¡ {H$ {M{V hr OJV² Ho$ ê$n go [ñWV h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go gwdU© Am¡a gwdU©-nËWa H$m (gw_oé nd©V na gwdU©nËWa à{gÕ h¡) AWdm ñdßZ ZJa
Am¡a ñdßZ ÐîQ>m AmË_m H$m nañna H$^r ôX Zht hmo gH$Vm, R>rH$ d¡go hr {M{V Am¡a g¥[îQ> H$m
^r nañna H$^r ^r ôX Zht hmo gH$Vm &&7&& Omo ^r Hw$N> h¡, dh Ho$db {M{V hr h¡, g¥[îQ> Zht &
gwdU© Ho$ {dH$ma H$Q>H$m{X ñWb _| dmñVd _| gwdU© hr h¡, H$Q>H$m{X Zht d¡go hr `hm± g_PZm
Mm{hE & ^Ð, ñdßZ-nd©VñWb _| Š`m h¡ ? {M{V hr Vmo ñdßZnd©V h¡, CgH$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Xygam
H$moB© nd©V H$m ê$n dhm± Zht ahVm &&8&& O¡go ñdßZ _| EH$_mÌ {Z{d©H$ma AmË_{M{V hr nd©V Ho$
gÑe ^mgVr h¡, d¡go hr {ZamH$ma {dH$maa{hV ~«÷ hr g¥{îQ>-gm ^mgVm h¡, Xygam Zht, `h
Om{ZE &&9&& {MÝ_mÌ {Z_©b Ed§ {Zb}n AmH$meê$n `h AmË_m Zme a{hV, OÝ_ a{hV VWm ~w{Õ
Am{X {dH$mam| go d{O©V h¡, AV… hOmam| _hmH$ënm| _| ^r `h Z Vmo CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Z {dZîQ>
hr hmoVm h¡ &&10&& Ordê$nr nwéf MoVZê$n {Z_©b AmH$me hr h¡, AV… ò Amn {MXmH$meê$n h¢,
_¢ AOa {MXmH$meê$n hÿ°± Am¡a ò VrZm| OJV² ^r {ZamH$ma {MXmH$me ê$n h¢ &&11&& `{X eara _|
{MXmH$me Z aho Vmo dh {ZOud hr hmo OmòJm & `h {MXmH$me H$mQ>m Zht Om gH$Vm, Obm`m Zht
Om gH$Vm Am¡a Z ZîQ> hr {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ AWm©V² AmË_m N>oXZ, ÁdbZ Ed§ Zme BZ g~H$m
A{df` h¡ &&12&& ^Ð, BZ g~ H$maUm| go Z Hw$N> _aVm h¡ Am¡a Z Hw$N> CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& {M{V _|
àH$meZ ñd^md h¡, Bgrgo {MËàH$me hr OJV² Ho$ ê$n _| ^mgVm h¡ &&13&&
ŸyÕ - 96] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2153
{M{V H$m _aU `m ôXZ _mZZo _| H$moB© à_mU Zht h¡ Am¡a `{X _mZmoJo Vmo g^r H$m _aU hmo
OmòJm, `h H$hVo h¢ &
`{X MoVZ_mÌ ñdê$n Ord H$m _a OmZm hr _mZ {b`m Om`, Vmo {nVm Ho$ _a OmZo na CgH$m
nwÌ ^r _a OmòJm, Bg_| {H$gr ^r àH$ma H$m gÝXoh H$aZm hr Zht Mm{hE, Š`m|{H$ {nVm nwÌ Vmo
EH$ê$n hr h¢, {^ÝZ Zht h¡, Bg{bE MoVZmË_m Ord Zht _aVm, `hr _V {Z{íMV h¡ &&14&&
"EH$ hr ^yVmË_m àËòH$ ^yV _| [ñWV h¡' Bg lw{V{gÕmÝV Ho$ AZwgma ^yVmË_m H$m _aU
_mZZo na g~ ^yV (àmUr) _a Om`|Jo, `h H$hVo h¢ &
`{X EH$ àmUr Ho$ _aZo na gXm hr g~ OÝVw _a OmVo, Vmo Eogr [ñW{V _| gmam ^yVb OZm|
go a{hV-eyÝ` hr hmo OmVm, AV… AmË_m _aVm Zht &&15&& lram_Or, AmO VH$ {H$gr ^r
ñWmZ _| {H$gr H$m ^r {MÝ_mÌñdê$n _am Zht h¡ Am¡a MoVZ go eyÝ` ^yVb ^r {H$gr g_` Zht
ahm h¡, Bg{bE nwéfmË_m MoVZ H$mo A{dZída hr g_{PE &&16&&‹
Bg [ñW{V _| MoVZmË_m Ho$ n[akmZ go hr OÝ_-_aUm{Xê$n AZW© H$s {Zd¥{Îm {gÕ hþB©, `h
H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
_¢ EH$_mÌ MoVZmË_mñdê$n hr hÿ±, _oam eara Am{X AZWm] Ho$ gmW g§gJ© h¡ hr Zht-Bg Vah
H$m O~ R>rH$ R>rH$ kmZ hmo OmVm h¡, V~ OÝ_-_aU Am{X AZW© aho hr H$hm± ? &&17&& ^Ð, _¢
{Z_©b MoVZ_mÌê$n hÿ±, Bg Vah Ho$ AmË_m Ho$ AZw^d H$m Omo nwéf Hw$VH$m] go IÊS>Z H$aVo h¡,
do nwéf AmnXmAm| Ho$ g_wÐ _| Sy>~Vo hr ahVo h¢ &&18&& _¢ MoVZê$n hÿ±, JJZ go ^r A{V ñdÀN> hÿ±,
gZmVZ hÿ±, ì`mnH$ hÿ± Am¡a g~ Vah Ho$ {dH$mam| go eyÝ` hÿ±, Bg{bE _oam Š`m OrZm, Š`m _aZm
Am¡a Š`m gwI-Xw…I ? &&19&& _¢ AmH$me Ho$ gÑe {Z_©b {Zb}n Ho$db MoVZñdê$n hÿ±, ò eara
Am{X AZW© _oao hmoVo H$m¡Z h¢ ? Bg Vah {dÛmZm| Ho$ Ûmam AÝV…H$aU _| AZw^yV AZw^d H$mo Omo
AnZo Hw$VH$m] Ho$ ~b go IÊS>Z H$aVm h¡, dh nwéf AnZr AmË_m H$m hr hZZ H$aVm h¡, Eogo nwéf
H$mo hOma ~ma {YŠH$ma h¡ &&20&& _¢ {MXmH$meê$n ñdÀN> ~«÷mË_m hÿ±, Bg Vah H$m {dñnîQ>
AZw^d {Og nwéf H$m ZîQ> hmo J`m hmo, dh ^bo hr OrVm hmo, bo{H$Z Cg _y‹T> H$mo {dkOZ _waXm
hr OmZVo h¢ &&21&& _¢ kmZñdê$n ~«÷mË_m hr hÿ±, _oao Xoh, B[ÝÐ` hmoVo H$m¡Z h¢ ? Bg Vah Ho$
Anamoj kmZ H$mo àmßV H$a MwH$Zodmbo, A{dÚm{X _bm| go {Z_w©ŠV AVEd A{V{dewÕ hþE nwéf
H$mo _aU Am{X AmnXmE± ZîQ> Zht H$a nmVt &&22&& {MÝ_mÌê$nr {dewÕ AmË_m H$mo nH$‹S>H$a Omo
nwéf AMb ~ZH$a [ñWV h¡, Cg _hmnwéf H$mo _mZ{gH$ nr‹S>mE± Cg Vah {N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ Zht
H$aVt, {Og Vah _hmnmfmU H$mo ~mU &&23&& Omo nwéf AnZo MoVZ ñd^md H$mo ^ybH$a VwÀN>
eara _| AmñWm ~m±YH$a ~¡R>o h¢, CÝhm|Zo Agbr gmoZo H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a amI H$mo hr gmoZm g_PH$a
J«hU {H$`m h¡, `hr dmñVd _| OmZZm Mm{hE &&24&& _¢ Xohê$n hr hÿ±, Bg ^mdZm go nwéf H$m
~b, ~w{Õ Am¡a VoO ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a _¢ MoVZmË_m hr hÿ±, Bg kmZ{ZîR>m go CgH$m ~b, ~w{Õ
Am¡a VoO CÎmamoVa ~‹T>Vm OmVm h¡ &&25&& _¢ AmH$me Ho$ gÑe A{VñdÀN> {dewÕ na_mË_mê$n hÿ±,
_oao OÝ_-_aU hr Š`m ? Bg n«H$ma H$s {ZîR>m hmo OmZo na nwéf _| bmo^, _moh Am{X Xmof ah|Jo
hr H$hm±, Š`m|{H$ do AmË_m _| Vmo ahVo Zht, Bg{bE kmZr nwéf H$s do Š`m j{V nhþM± m`|Jo ? &&26&&
{MXmH$me H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Xygao Xygao VwÀN> ñWyb Am{X Xohm| H$mo Omo nwéf AbJ go gË`ê$n AmË_m
g_PH$a XoIVm h¡, Cgr _y‹T> Ho$ {bE `h H$hZm C{MV h¡ {H$ bmo^ Am{X AZW© h¢ &&27&& _¢ Z Vmo
N>oXm OmVm hÿ±, Z _¢ Obm`m OmVm hÿ±, _¢ dO« Ho$ gÑe Ñ‹T> MoVZ _mÌ ñdê$n hÿ±, Z _¢ earar hÿ± Ÿ&
Bg àH$ma H$m {ZíM` {Og _hm_{V H$mo h¡, Cg _hm_{V Ho$ à{V `_amO ^r V¥U Ho$ gÑe VwÀN>
h¡ &&28&& ^Ð, ~‹S>m hr AmíM`© H$m {df` h¡ {H$ n[ÊS>Vm| H$mo ^r _moh-ì`m_moh XoIm OmVm h¡,
Bgr{bE do earaê$nr EH$ O‹S> Qw>H$‹S>o H$m Zme Cn[ñWV hmo OmZo na h_ ZîQ> hmo aho h¢, `m| _mo{hV
hmoH$a Omoa go {MëbmZo bJ OmVo h¢ &&29&& _¢ {MXmH$meñdê$n hr hÿ±, Bg àH$ma H$m na_mW©
gË`ê$n ^md O~ [ñWa hmo OmVm h¡, V~ dO«nmV Am¡a `wJmÝV Ho$ (àb`H$mb Ho$) A[½ZXmh ^r
\y$bm| H$s T>oar go hmo OmVo h¢ &&30&&
_¢ A_a {MXmË_mê$n Zht hÿ±, Xohê$n hÿ±, Bgrgo ZîQ> hmo ahm hÿ±, `m| g_PH$a nwéf Omo amoXZ
H$aVm h¡, CgH$m dh amoXZ Vmo AmË_m Ho$ ZîQ> Z hmoZo na hr hmoVm h¡, Bg{bE {ddoH$s H$s Ñ{îQ> go
ZQ> Ho$ gÑe amoXZ{dS>å~Zm EH$ n[ahmg H$m Iob hr h¡, Xygam Hw$N> ^r Zht &&31&& `h gXm
Anamojê$n MoVZê$n hr _¢ hÿ±, Xoh Am{X Ñí`ê$n _¢ Zht hÿ±, Bg àH$ma Ho$ {ZíM` go {Og nwéf
H$m AÝV…H$aU nyU© h¡, dh _hmË_m H$htna ^r _moh _| Zht \±$gVm &&32&& _¢ MoVZmË_H$ AmH$me
hÿ±, _oao {dZme H$m H$moB© ^r gQ>rH$ hoVw Zht h¡, gmam OJV² MoVZ-gÎmm go ì`mßV h¡ Ÿ& AV… Vw_
bmoJm| H$mo `hm± OÝ_-_aU Am{X H$m g§e` hr Zht H$aZm Mm{hE &&33&&
h_ bmoJ MoVZ go AÝ` h¢, Eogm Omo H$hVo h¢, do Š`m M¡VÝ` `wŠV hmoH$a H$hVo h¢ AWdm
M¡VÝ` go eyÝ` hmoH$a H$hVo h¢, nhbm nj boVo h¢, Vmo AnZm MoVZ ñd^md OmZH$a d¡gm
H$hZm hr Zht ~ZVm Ÿ& `{X Xygam nj boVo h¢, Vmo Omo M¡VÝ` go eyÝ` h¢, do h_ AMoVZ
h¢, BgH$m AZw^d `m Anbmn, A{YH$ Š`m H$h| {H$gr H$m ^r Anbmn Zht H$a gH$Vo, Bg
Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
`{X MoVZ Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Am¡a AÝ` {H$gr O‹S>ê$n nXmW© ~ZH$a _Zwî` àíZ H$aVo
h¢ Vmo Amn CZgo H${hE {H$ ho _hm^yV, AnZr AmË_m H$m Anbmn Š`m| H$aVo hmo ? &&34&&
Am¡a `{X M¡VÝ` AnZm _aU XoIVm h¡, `h _mZm Om` Vmo dh gXm hr AnZm _aU XoIm
H$aoJm, Eogr [ñW{V _| Or aho nwéfm| H$mo gXm hr _aU H$m AZw^d hmoVm ahoJm, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
AmË_ê$n MoVZ `{X _aVm hmo, Vmo à{V{XZ `mZr {ZaÝVa AmË_mê$n Ord _ao hþE hr h¢,
ŸyÕ - 96] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2155
`h _mZZm hmoJm, {\$a Š`m Amn bmoJ _ao hþE hr h¢, `h H${hE, Š`m|{H$ MoVZ H$mo Vmo Amn
bmoJm| Zo _¥V hr _mZm &&35&&
`m| O~ _aU hr Aà{gÕ h¡, V~ Cggo {^ÝZ OrdZ H$s ^r H$ënZm ì`W© h¡ dh Ame`
aIH$a H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Bggo Z Hw$N> _aVm h¡ Am¡a Z Hw$N> OrVm hr h¡ Ÿ& _¢ OrVm hÿ± `m _¢ _am hÿ±, Bg àH$ma {M{V
Ho$db ^«m[ÝV H$m AZw^d H$aVr h¡, dmñVd _| dh _aVr Zht h¡ &&36&&
A{dZmer MoVZ Ho$ AZwgma hr g~H$mo dñVwAm| H$m AZw^d hmoVm h¡, Cggo {déÕ àH$ma go
Zht, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
{M{Vê$n AmË_m {Og àH$ma go {Og dñVw H$m ^«m[ÝV go AZw^d H$aVr h¡, CgH$mo Cg àH$ma
go VËH$mb hr XoI boVr h¡, `h ~mbH$ VH$ H$m AZw^d h¡, AV… {M{V H$ht ^r ZîQ> Zht
hmoVr &&37&& {M{V g§gma XoIVr h¡, _w[ŠV XoIVr h¡, Am¡a gwI ^r OmZVr h¡, BVZm hmoZo na ^r
AnZo ñdê$n go H$mbôX, XoeôX `m dñVwôX Ûmam {^ÝZ Zht hmoVr &&38&&
V~ ~ÝY Am¡a _moj _| {deof {H$g ~mV H$mo boH$a h¡, Bgo ~VbmVo h¢ Ÿ&
{M{V AnZo Agbr ñdê$n H$mo Z OmZZo Ho$ H$maU ñd`§ _moh Zm_ YmaU H$aVr h¡ `mZr
g§gmaJ«ñV hmo OmVr h¡ Am¡a O~ AnZm Agbr ê$n OmZ OmVr h¡, V~ _mojZm_ H$mo ñd`§
YmaU H$a boVr h¡ `mZr _mojê$n ~Z OmVr h¡ &&39&& {H$gr g_` H$moB© Hw$N> ^r Z Vmo ZîQ>
hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Z n¡Xm hr hmoVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ Omo ^r Hw$N> h¡, dh g^r AmH$medV² A{V{deX
M¡VÝ`_mÌ ê$n AmË_m hr h¡ >&&40&&
BZ g~ ~mVm| go {ZMmo‹S> `h {ZH$bm {H$ OJV² Ho$ AZoH$ ê$nm| _| gË`Vm `m AgË`Vm Ho$db
AnZo-AnZo _ÝVì`m| Ho$ AZwgma [ñWV h¡, dmñVd _| Zht, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Eogr H$moB© MrO Zht h¡, Omo gË` Z hmo `m Eogr H$moB© MrO Zht h¡, Omo PyR>r Z hmo, Š`m|{H$
AnZr-AnZr _{V Ho$ AZwgma {OgZo O¡gm {Z{íMV {H$`m, CgHo$ gm_Zo d¡gr hr dñVw Cn[ñWV
hmo OmVr h¡, naÝVw `h dñVw[ñW{V Zht h¡ &&41&&
H${WV AW© H$m {ZJ_Z H$aVo hþE Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
lram_Or, Bg OJV² _| nwéf ^«m[ÝV go {Og dñVw H$mo {Og ê$n go H$ënZm H$a boVm
h¡, Cg dñVw H$m Cgr ê$n go AZw^d H$aZo bJ OmVm h¡, `h ~mV gd©{d{XV h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE
ò g~ nXmW© {dfm_¥VÑ{îQ> Ho$ gÑe (`mZr {df H$mo A_¥V g_PZo Ho$ gÑe) H$mbm{Xde
A{Z`Vm{X kmZê$n g§{dV² Ho$ AZwgma hr ì`d[ñWV h¡, AV… Hw$N> ^r dñVw {M{Vê$n AmË_m
go {^ÝZ h¡ hr Zht, `h ~mV {Z{d©dmXê$n go {gÕ hmo MwH$s h¡¡ &&42&&
{N>`mZ~odm± gJ© g_mßV
gÎmmZ~odm± gJ©
~«÷ Ho$ gd©e[ŠV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU gd©dm{X`m| H$s C[ŠV H$s gË`Vm, g~ bmoJm| H$s ^moJm| _| Amg{ŠV VWm
VÎdkm{Z`m| H$s {dabVm H$m dU©ZŸ&
~«÷ Ho$ gd©e{ŠV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU g^r dm{X`m| H$s C{ŠV gË` h¡, Bg H$ho OmZo dmbo AW© _|
Cn`moJr "Z VX[ñV' Bg nyd© gJ© H$s A[ÝV_ C[ŠV go à{Vnm{XV VÎd H$m g_W©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE
^y{_H$m ~m±YVo h¢ Ÿ&
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, na_mË_m H$m ñdßZê$n Omo `h OJV² h¡, dh {M{Vê$n VWm
~«÷ê$n AmH$memË_H$ h¡, AV… g~ Hw$N> ~«÷ hr h¡, Bg [ñW{V _| gË`ê$n OJV² H$m hr g~
AZw^d H$aVo h¢, Bg{bE Hw$N> ^r AgË` Zht h¡, `h H$hm J`m &&1&&
`m| ~«÷ê$n go g~ gË` hmoVo hþE ^r àVr`_mZ ê$ngo H¡$go g~ gË` hþAm ? Š`m|{H$ aÁOwê$n
Ho$ gË` hmoVo hþE ^r Cg_| AÜ`ñV gm±n Vmo gË` Zht h¡, Bg àíZ na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
OJÐÿn ^«_ AË`§V hr Ñí` h¡ Am¡a CgH$m A{YîR>mZ _hmM¡VÝ` AÑí` h¡ Ÿ& gmam§e `h {H$
aÁOwgn©ñWb _| aÁOw ^r Ñí` h¡ Am¡a gm±n ^r Ñí` h¡, XmoZm| Ñí` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU O~ aÁOw H$m
Xe©Z hmoVm h¡, V~ gn© H$m ~mY hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU gn© H$s AgË`ê$nVm hmo OmVr h¡ & OJX²^«_
_| Vmo Ho$db OJX²^«m[ÝV XoIr OmVr h¡, naÝVw CgH$m A{YîR>mZ ~«÷ Vmo XoIm Zht OmVm, AV…
aÁOwgn© go `h OJV² {dbjU h¡ Ÿ& O~ `h dñVw[ñW{V hþB©, V~ _Xe[ŠV Ho$ g_mZ ñd`§ AÑí`
hmoH$a Ñí`^«_ H$m hoVw ~ZH$a H$m`©ê$n go hr AmË_m AnZr gÎmm àH$Q> H$aVm h¡, AV… OJV² H$m
ñdê$n gË` h¡, `h H$WZ `w[ŠVg§JV h¡ &&2&&
V~ nhbo `h Omo H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ Eogr H$moB© dñVw h¡ hr Zht Omo PyR>r Z hmo, Bg dMZ H$s Š`m
J{V hmoJr ? Š`m|{H$ ~«÷ PyR>m h¡ Zht, Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, na_mW© dñVw _| ^r eyÝ`Vm-gm ì`dhma {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡, Š`m|{H$ g§gma H$mb
_| gd©Ñí`{dlm[ÝVê$n _moj àmßV ahVm Zht Am¡a CgHo$ {~Zm A{ÛVr` {MXmË_m H$s àm{ßV
Zht hmoVr, Bgr Vah _mojH$mb _| ^r AÝV…H$aUdmbo à_mVm Ord VWm Cnbå^H$ à_mU
Am{X H$m ~mY hmo OmZo go A^md h¡, Bg{bE AmË_m H$s EH$ Vah go Aà{g{Õ-gr h¡, Bg{bE
d¡gm H$hm J`m h¡ &&3&&
Bg [ñW{V _| {OVZo ^r dmXr h¢, CZ g~Ho$ dMZ AnZo-AnZo AZw^d go {gÕ AWm] H$m hr
à{VnmXZ H$aVo h¢, AV… gË`ê$n hr h¢, `m| g{dñVma à{VnmXZ H$aVo hwE gm§»`mo[ŠV Xem©Vo h¢ Ÿ&
^Ð, _hmkmZr H${nb_w{ZOr `h H$hVo h¢ {H$ nwéf {MÝ_mÌ h¡, dh H$moB© H$m`© Zht H$aVm,
Cgr Ho$ ^moJ Am¡a _moj Ho$ {Z{_Îm g¥[îQ> n«d¥Îm hmoVr h¡, `h gmam OJV² gwI-Xw…I Am¡a
ŸyÕ - 97] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2157
_mohê$n h¡, Bg{bE gÎd Am{X VrZ JwUm| H$s gmå` AdñWmê$n _ybH$maU Aì`ŠV go (àYmZ
go) àH¥${V go _hV²VÎd Am{X Ho$ H«$_ go `h gmar g¥[îQ> hþB© h¡ & H${nbOr H$m `h _V ^r
gË` hr g_PZm Mm{hE, Š`m|{H$ ~«÷ gd©e{ŠV h¡, `h {Z{d©dmX h¡ &&4&& Omo {H$ doXm{ÝV`m|
H$m _V h¡- `h gmam Ñí`dJ© ~«÷ H$m {ddV© h¡, dh ^r gV² h¡ & Š`m|{H$ Cg Vah {d_e©
H$aZo na Cgr Vah Ho$ g_ñV nXmW© AZw^yV hmoVo h¢Ÿ&&5&&
Bgr àH$ma H$UmX, Jm¡V_, gm¡Ìm[ÝVH$, d¡^m{fH$, O¡Z Am{X Ho$ _Vm| _| Omo `h _mZm J`m h¡
{H$ gmam OJV² na_mUwAm| H$m g_yh hr h¡, dh ^r gË` h¡, Š`m|{H$ d¡gr CZH$s H$ënZm CZHo$
AZw^d Ho$ AZwgma R>rH$ hr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{OZ dm{X`m| H$s H$ënZm h¡ {H$ `h OJV² na_mUwAm| H$m g_yhê$n hr h¡ Am¡a dhr `WmW©ê$n
go AZw^yV hmoVm h¡, dh ^r gË` h¡, Š`m|{H$ CZH$mo {Og-{Og nXmW© Ho$ {df` _| O¡gm-O¡gm
AZw^d hþAm Cg-Cg AZw^d Ho$ AZwgma H$s JB© CZH$s H$ënZm R>rH$ hr h¡ &&6&& Bg bmoH$
Am¡a nabmoH$ _| Omo Hw$N> XoIm OmVm h¡, dh d¡gm hr h¡, Z dh gV² h¡ `m Z AgV² hr h¡ `mZr
BZ XmoZm| H$mo{Q>`m| _| CgH$s [ñW{V Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw A{Zd©MZr` h¡, `m| àm¡‹T> Ñ[îQ>g¥[îQ>dmXr
bmoJ Omo _Z H$s H$ënZm_mÌ ê$n OJV² H$s {ñW{V _mZVo h¢, CZH$m ^r H$hZm R>rH$ hr h¡,
Š`m|{H$ CZH$m d¡gm hr AZw^d h¡ &&6&& Bgr Vah Omo Xygao dmXr `mZr Mmdm©H$ h¢, do H$hVo h¢
{H$ n¥Ïdr Am{X Mma ^yVm| H$m hr `h OJV² h¡, Xwgam AmË_ê$n Zht h¡, `h ^r CZH$m H$WZ
gË` h¡-do ^r gË`dmXr hr h¢, Š`m|{H$ do AnZr Xoh _| Mjw Am{X B[ÝÐ`m| go AJå` AmË_m
H$mo, {d_e© H$aVo hþE ^r, XoI Zht nmVo h¢ `m OmZ Zht nmVo h¢ &&8&& Omo j{UH${dkmZdmXr
h¢, CZH$m Omo `h H$hZm h¡ {H$ à{VjU _| n[aUm_ H$mo àmßV H$aZodmbo nXmW© _| {ZaÝVa
CbQ>-nwbQ> XoIZo _| AmVm h¡, AV… g~ nXmW© j{UH$ hr h¢, `h ^r CZH$m H$hZm gË` h¡,
Š`m|{H$ CZH$s ~w{Õ (jU^§J~w{Õ) Ho$ AZwgma d¡gr [ñW{V hmo gH$Vr h¡ &&9&& O¡go K‹S>o _|
~ÝX ~Q>oa (VrVa H$s Vah H$s EH$ N>moQ>r {M{‹S>`m) K‹S>o H$m _w±h Imob XoZo na C‹S>H$a ~mha
Mbm OmVm h¡, d¡go hr Xoh Ho$ ^rVa ~ÝX Xoh {OVZm ~‹S>m Ord H$_©j` hmo OmZo na C‹S>H$a
nabmoH$ _| Mbm OmVm h¡, `m| O¡Zm| H$s H$ënZm h¡, `h ^r gË` h¡, Bgr àH$ma `dZ bmoJ
_mZVo h¢ {H$ Ord Xoh {OVZm hr ~‹S>m h¡ CgH$m CËnmXZ B©ída Zo {H$`m h¡ & eara Ohm± Jm‹S>m
OmVm h¡, dhtna dh ahVm h¡, H$^r H$mbmÝVa _| B©ída CgHo$ {df` _| {dMma H$aVo h¢, V~
CÝht H$s BÀN>m go CgH$s _w[ŠV hmoVr h¡ `m ñdJ© ZaH$ _|§ CgH$mo N>mo‹S> XoVo h¢, `h ^r åboÀN>m|
H$m _V `wŠV hr h¡, Š`m|{H$ CZH$s d¡gr hr ^mdZm h¡ &&10&& Omo gÝV nwéf h¢ do Vmo ~«m÷U,
A{½Z, {df, A_¥V, _aU, OÝ_ Am{X g^r _| Omo H$^r-H$^r AË`ÝV {df_ê$n YmaU H$a
AmVo OmVo ahVo h¢, {ZaÝVa g_mZ ^md hr aIVo hþE XoIo OmVo h¢, `h ^r R>rH$ h¡, Š`m|{H$
{OVZr ^r dñVw `m {gÕmÝV[ñW{V`m± h¡, do g~ `h Anamoj AmË_ê$n ~«÷ hr h¡, Bg{bE
g^r dm{X`m| H$mo AnZm-AnZm A{^_V (BîQ>) {gÕ hmo OmVm h¡ &&11&& `h OJV ñd^md go
hr CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡ Ed§ ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡, OJV² H$m H$moB© ^r H$Vm© Zht h¡, `m| ñd^mddm{X`m| H$m
Omo _V h¡, dh ^r `wŠV hr h¡ Ÿ& BZ ñd^mddm{X`m| Ho$ _V _| `h Xbrb h¡ {H$ `Ú{n KQ>, nQ>
Am{X ñWb _| ~w{Õ_mZ² H$Vm© hmW bJ gH$Vm hr ZhtŸ& Ag_` H$s dfm©, CÎm_ IoV _| CËnÝZ
V¥U Am{X H$Vm© Ho$ {~Zm ñd^md go hr CËnÝZ hmoVo ahVo h¢ Omo YmZ n¡Xm H$aZodmbo {H$gmZm| Ho$
A{ZîQ> h¢, do AnZo H$Vm© H$s H$ënZm gh Zht gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ g~H$m A{ZîQ> H$aZodmbm H$moB©
h¡ Zht Am¡a Z Cgo AH$mbdfm© Am¡a na IoV _| V¥U Am{X Ho$ CËnmXZ go à`moOZ h¡, `h
H$ënZm H$s Om gH$Vr h¡Ÿ&&12&&
n¥Ïdr, A§Hw$a Am{X g~ H$m`m] _| EH$ hr H$Vm© h¡, `m| H$ënZm Omo H$moB© H$aVo h¢, dh ^r gË`
h¡, Š`m|{H$ Bg àH$ma Ho$ {ZíM`dmbo CnmgH$m| H$mo EH$ H$Vm© B©ída H$s àm[ßV, CgH$s AZwH$ånm,
daXmZ Am{X àmßV hmoVo XoIo OmVo h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
A§Hw$a Am{X g~ H$m`m] H$m EH$ hr H$Vm© ho, Bg àH$ma H$s H$ënZm H$aZodmbo VÝ_`
AÝV…H$aUdmbo dm{X`m| H$m _V ^r `wŠV h¡, Š`m|{H$ Bg Vah EH$ H$Vm© H$m {ZíM` H$a CnmgZm
H$aZodmbm AnZo AÝV…H$aU _| VXwnmñ` gd©H$Vm© EH$ na_mË_m H$mo àmßV H$aVm h¡ & nyd©dmXr Ho$
gÑe Cgo ~m{YV Zht _mZVm Ÿ& AH$mb-d¥[îQ> Am¡a AÀN>o IoV _| V¥U Am{X g~Ho$ {bE A{ZîQ>
Zht h¢ Am¡a g~ H$_m] Ho$ \$bXmVm B©ída XwîH$_©\$bê$n A{ZîQ>H$m ^r `{X H$Vm© hmo Om`, Vmo H$moB©
Xmof ^r Zhr§ hmo gH$Vm &&13&& Am{ñVH$m| Ho$ _V _| O¡go `h bmoH$ h¡, d¡go nabmoH$ ^r h¡, AV…
nabmoH$m{W©`m| Ho$ {bE VrW©-ñZmZ, A{½ZhmoÌ Am{X {Zî\$b Zht h¢ Ÿ& Bg Vah H$s CZ Am[ñVH$m|
Ho$ Ûmam `h Omo {ZYm©[aV H$ënZm h¡, dh ^r gË` hr h¡ &&14&& g_ñV àn§M eyÝ`mË_H$ hr h¡, Bg
àH$ma H$s ~m¡Õm| H$s H$ënZm h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s `h H$ënZm ^r gË` hr h¢, Š`m|{H$ Eogo {dMma go CZH$mo
gd©eyÝ`Vm hmW bJ hr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& eyÝ`dmX _| nXmWm] _| AeyÝ`VmnmXH$ O~ à_mU hr Zht h¡,
V~ à_o` eyÝ`ËdH$ënZm H$moB© Ag§^d h¡ hr Zht &&15&&
g~ dm{X`m| H$mo AnZm AnZm Omo A^rîQ> {gÕ hmo OmVm h¡, Cg_| à_mU H$hVo h¢ &
AmË_{M{V EH$ {MÝVm_{U-gr h¡ Am¡a H$ënd¥j-gr h¡, Bg{bE dh AmH$medV² {Z_©©b hmoVr
hþB© ^r AnZo go hr AnZo ñdê$n _| Omo ^r A^rîQ> ahVm h¡, Cgo VËH$mb hr gånmXZ H$aVr
h¡ &&16&& `h OJV² Z Vmo eyyÝ` h¡ Am¡a Z AeyÝ` h¡, {H$ÝVw A{Zd©MZr` h¡, Bg àH$ma EH$ V¥Vr`
A{Zd©MZr` àH$ma H$mo _mZZo dmbo A{ZdM©Zr`dm{X`m| H$m _V ^r gË` hr h¡, Š`m|{H$ gd©e{º$ê$n
~«÷ H$s Omo _m`m e{º$ Z Vmo eyÝ`ê$n h¡ Am¡a gV² ({dÚ_mZ ~«÷ê$nm) ^r Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw
A{Zd©MZr` hr h¡ &&17&& Bg{bE {Og {H$gr AnZo {ZíM` _| Ñ‹T>ê$n go [ñWV Omo ^r H$moB© hmo,
ŸyÕ - 97] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2159
dh `{X MnbVmde Cg {ZíM` go hQ>o Zht, Vmo Cg Cg {ZíM` Ho$ AZwgma Adí` \$b àmßV
H$a gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& AWdm AkmZ Ho$ H$maU AnZo A^rîQ> {ZíM` go Z hQ>o, Vmo {ZíM`mZwgma Adí`
\$b nmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bggo O~ VH$ AkmZ ahVm h¡ , O~ VH$ AZoH$ {gÕmÝV gË` h¢, AkmZ Ho$ hQ>
OmZo na AmË_kmZ H$mb _| Vmo AmË_m hr gË` R>haVm h¡, Xygam Zht &&18&&
Bgr{bE A{dMmam| go {Og {H$gr H$m {gÕmÝV _mZ boZm AÀN>m Zht, `h H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, ~w{Õ_mZ² nwéf H$mo g~go nhbo loîR> dñVw Ho$ {df` _| {dÛmZm| Ho$ gmW {dMma {d_e© H$a
boZm Mm{hE, Xygao O¡go V¡go {ZíM` H$mo J«hU Zht H$aZm Mm{hE &&19&&
loîR> n[ÊS>V H$m bjU H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
AÜ``Z Am¡a gXmMaU go {Og Xoe _| Omo ^r CÎm_ ~w{Õ go `wŠV hmo, Cg Xoe _| dhr
n[ÊS>V h¡, CgrH$m Aml` boZm Mm{hE Ÿ&&20&& ^Ð, gV²emó Ho$ AZwgma ì`dhma H$aZodmbo,
VÎd~moYmW©dmX H$aZodmbo gÁOZ nwéfm| Ho$ _Ü` _| Omo ^r gd©loîR> Am‡mXH$maH$ VWm {ZÝXZr`
{Z{fÕ AmMaUm| go a{hV hmo, dh n[ÊS>V h¡, ~w{Õ_mZ² CgrH$m Adbå~Z H$a| &&21&&
V~ Š`m AÝ` loîR> {ZíM`m| _| {ZîR>m aIZm {Zî\$b h¡, Bg àíZ H$m ZH$mamË_H$ CÎma XoVo h¢ &
^Ð, g^r nwéf amV {XZ Omoa-emoa go AnZo {ZíM` Ho$ AZwgma _mZo Jò A^rîQ> nXmW© H$s
Amoa Eogo hr Xm¡‹S>Vo h¢ O¡go {H$ ZrMo H$s Amoa Obam{e Xm¡‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& Am¡a Cgo àmßV H$aVo h¢, naÝVw
CZ_| na_ nwéfmW© H$m gmYZ H$m¡Z h¡, BgH$m {dMma H$a gV²emó Ed§ gX²JwéH$m nwéf H$mo
Aml` boZm Mm{hE &&22&&
gV² emó Am¡a gX²Jwé XmoZm| H$m OëXr go OëXr Aml` boZm Mm{hE, Š`m|{H$ Am`wî`
{dídmg`mo½` Zht, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
am_Or, g§gmagmJa _| _ZamoYê$nr Va§J naånamAm| go ~ho Om aho _Zwî`m| Ho$ {XZ Eogo
Ab{jV ê$n go ì`VrV hmo OmVo h¢, O¡go {VZH$m| Ho$ AJ«^mJna bQ>Ho$ hþE Ob{~ÝXw &&23&&
^m|Jmo H$s V¥îUmE± A{V à~b h¢, AV… CZgo {daŠV _w_wjw Xwb©^ h¢, CZ_| ^r na_mË_m Ho$
ñdê$n H$mo àË`j H$aZodmbo loîR> kmZr, {OZH$m AmnZo CëboI {H$`m h¡, A{VXwb©^ h¢, Bg AW©
H$mo {dñVma go gwZZo Ho$ {bE lram_Or nyN>Vo h¢ &
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … Jwéda, A{V{dñV¥V na_~«÷ê$n nX _| nhbo go hr àm[U`m| H$s
^moJ-V¥îUm OJX²ê$n hOmam| d¥jm| Ho$ {dVmZm| Ho$ Omb H$m {dñVma H$a, bVm Ho$ gÑe, [ñWV h¡ &
Eogr {ñW[V _| nydm©na OJV² ñdê$n AZW© Ho$ {dMma Ûmam na_mW©Xeu loîR> {dÛmZ H$m¡Z hm|Jo
{OZH$m AmnZo H$WZ {H$`m, AWm©V² Eogo {dÛmZ hr AË`ÝV Xwb©^ h¢ &&24&&
gË` h¡, Eogo {dÛmZ Xwb©^ h¢, {\$a ^r _Zwî`, JÝYd©, Xod, XmZd Am{X _| à`ËZnyd©H$ ImoOZo
go d¡go {dÛmZ² {_b gH$Vo h¢, Eogm H$hVo h¢ &
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … dËg lram_Or, Xod, XmdZ, _Zwî` Am{X ha EH$ Om{V _| Hw$N> loîR>
VÎdk {dÚ_mZ h¢, {OZH$m {H$ "`mo `mo XodmZm_²' BË`m{X lw{V`m| _| CëboI nm`m OmVm h¡,
àH$me_mZ gy`© Ho$ gÑe CÝht VÎdkm| Ho$ àH$me go {Xdg {Xdgê$n hmoVo h¢ &&25&& CZ VÎdkm|
H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Xygao g^r _yT> h¢ Am¡a do _mohê$nr _hmgmJa _| g§gma MH«$m| Ho$ AmdV©Z namdV©Z
D$na-ZrMo Xm¡‹S>Vo hþE V¥U Ho$ gÑe ~hVo h¢ &&26&&
Xod Am{X Om{V {deofm| _| CgrH$m {dñVma nyd©H$ dU©Z H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
{OZ XodVmAm| H$s AmË_m _| {ZîR>m Zht hþB© h¡, do Xod ñdJ© _| ^moJê$nr A[½ZH$s ÁdmbmAm|
_| Eogo ObVo ahVo h¢, O¡go dZm[½Z go nd©Vna d¥j ObVo ahVo h¢ &&27&& _X go Mya XmZd Vmo
XmZd eÌw XodVmAm| Ho$ Ûmam ZmamÙê$nr JS²>T>o _| Eogo {Jamò Jò h¢, O¡go {H$ AmbmZ go (~m±YZo
Ho$ I§ô go) a{hV JO ~‹S>o JS²>T>o _| {Jam`m J`m hmo &&28&& JÝYd© bmoJm| H$s Vmo ~mV hr OmZo
Xr{Oò Ÿ& do Vmo JmZê$nr _Ú_| amV-{XZ AmgŠV (_ñV) ahVo h¢, Bg{bE do {ddoH$O{ZV
kmZ H$m boe ^r {XIbm Zht gH$Vo Ÿ& [haZm| Ho$ gÑe ^«mÝV hmoH$a _¥Ë`wê$nr ì`mY Ho$ g_rn
do Om aho h¢ &&29&& {dÚmYam| _| ~«÷{dÚm H$s `mo½`Vm h¡, Bg{bE do {dÚm Ho$ AmYma H$ho OmVo
h¢, `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ do g~go A{YH$ M_H$sbo h¢, naÝVw CXma {ddoH$m| H$s Amoa do AmXa Zht
aIVo, H$odb _moh _| \±$gH$a ^moJ{dÚmAm| _| hr amV-{XZ n‹S>o ahVo h¢ Ÿ& CÝht _| _ñV ahVo
h¢ &&30&& `jm| H$s ^r ~mV Ý`mar h¡, do _Zwî`m| H$s {Zdmg^y{_H$mo jwãY {H$ò hþE h¢, AnZo H$mo
A{dZmer-gm g_PVo h¢ `mZr AnZm eara H$^r ZîQ> Zht hmoJm, Eogm g_PVo h¢, _{U, _ÝÌ
Am{X Ho$ ~bm| go {dhrZ Aghm` ~mb, d¥Õ Am¡a AmVwam| Ho$ D$na AnZr XjVm Xem©Vo h¢Ÿ&&31&&
Omo amjg h¢ , CZH$m Vmo eÌw^yV {dîUw Ho$ Ûmam nyd© _| ŸAZoH$ ~ma doJnyd©H$ {dZme {H$`m J`m
h¡ Am¡a Amn ^r ^{dî` _| H$a|Jo Ÿ& amjg H$m_, ~b Am¡a em¡`© Ho$ H$maU hmWr Ho$ gX¥e gXm
CÝ_Îm ahVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE BZHo$ à_mX H$m \$b Vmo àË`j hr h¡ &&32&&
{nemM Vmo gXm ^yI go hr V‹S>nVo ahVo h¢, CZH$mo {ZaÝVa noQ> âZo H$s {MÝVm ahVr h¡,
AV… H$^r ^r CZH$mo {ddoH$ Zht hmo gH$Vm, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go A[½Z _| {Jar Amhþ{V`m± AnZo H$mo {ZaÝVa Yy_« `wŠV ÁdmbmAm| go ObVr hþB© hr XoIVr
h¢, d¡go hr àm{U`m| H$mo Im OmZo H$s {MÝVm go, Omo {H$ AkmZê$nr Yy_«mÝYH$ma H$mo dm`w Ho$ gÑe
H«$moY, qhgm Am{X H$s Ádmbmê$n ~Zm XoVr h¡, AnZo H$mo Obo hþE hr XoIVo h¢ &&33&&
Bgr Vah ZmJOm{V _| ^r {ddoH$ Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
`h nmVmbbmoH$ _| Omo ZmJm| H$m Ombê$n {dgVÝVwAm| H$m g_yh Sy>~m hþAm h¡, dh ^r d¥jm| Ho$
_yb g_yh Ho$ gÑe O‹S> ({ddoH$hrZ) hr h¢ &&34&& H$sQ>m| Ho$ gÑe ^yVb Ho$ N>oX hr {OZHo$
AmdmgñWmZ h¢, CZ Agwaê$nr ~mbH$m| Ho$ {ddoH$ H$s Vmo H$Wm hr Š`m `mZr Agwam| _| VÎdkmZ
ŸyÕ - 97] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2161
H$m OZH$ {ddoH$ hmoVm h¡, `h H$hZm Vmo _yI©Vm hr h¡ &&35&&
`m| ~b, dr`© Ed§ à^md Am{X CÎm_ JwUm| go gånÝZ Xodm| go boH$a Agwa VH$ Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo O~
{ddoH$ Xwb©^ h¡, V~ Xygam| Ho$ {bE Vmo H$hm hr Š`m Om`, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Omo nwéf h¢ do ^r Vmo àm`… {nnr{bH$m Ho$ g_mZY_m© hr h¡, Š`m|{H$ N>moQ>o go H$Um| Ho$ {bE
amV-{XZ do Ky_m H$aVo h¢ &&36&& eam{~`m| Ho$ gÑe A{Vì`J« g^r ^yVOm{V`m| Ho$ {XZ [ZaW©H$
bå~r-bå~r XwîQ> BÀN>mAm| `m MoîQ>mAm| go ì`VrV hmoVo OmVo h¢, {ddoH$ H$m Zm_ ^r do {H$gr {XZ
`mX Zht H$aVo &&37&& O¡go AJmY Ob _| Sy>~ aho nwéf H$m Yy{b ñne© Zht H$aVr, d¡go {df`m|
_| Sy>~ aho {H$gr nwéf Ho$ ^rVa {Z_©b {ddoH$ H$^r ñne© Zhr§ H$aVm &&38&& amKd, Xoh Am{X _|
hmoZodmbo A{^_mZ EH$ àH$ma go à~b dm`w hr h¢, BZ dm`wAm| Ho$ PH$moam| go _Zwî` AH«$moY Am{X
{Z`_m| go M{bV hmo OmVo h¢ `mZr H«$moY Am{X eÌwAm| Ho$ AYrZ hmo OmVo h¢ & Bg_| ÑîQ>mÝV h¡
{Z…gma YmÝ` Ÿ& O¡go gyn MbmZodmbo {H$gmZm| Ho$ Ûmam YmÝ` H$mo dm`w bo OmVo h¢, d¡go hr `hm±
g_PZm Mm{hE Ÿ&&39&& Omo `mo{J{Z`m| H$m JU h¡, dh Vm_g ^moJmg{ŠVê$n Vmbm~ Ho$ Xb-Xb
_| Omo {H$ gwamnmZ, ê${YanmZ VWm _m§g^moOZ Am{X ê$n H$sM‹S>mo§ go âm h¡, nm_am| Ho$ gÑe \§±
gm hþAm h¡, CZH$mo ^r {ddoH$ _mÌ Zht h¡, `h g_PZm Mm{hE &&40&&
`m| Xod Am{X `mo{Z`m| _| {ddoH$ kmZ H$s Xwb©^Vm ~Vbm H$a A~ CZ_| Omo à~wÕ h¡, CZ_| Hw$N>
H$mo n[aJUZ H$a, ~VbmVo h¢ &
Xodm{X _| `_, MÝÐ, BÝÐ, éÐ, gy`©, déU, dm`w, h[a, ha, ~«÷m, ~¥hñn{V, ewH«$, A{½Z
Am{X, àOmn{V`m| _| gßV{f©_ÊS>b, Xj Am{X, H$í`n Am{X, ZmaX Am{X, gZËHw$_ma Am{X
XodHw$_ma, XmZdm| _| {haÊ`mj, ~{b, à‡mX, eå~a, _`, d¥Ì, AÝYH$, Z_w{M, Ho${enwÌ, _wa
Am{X, amjgm| _| {d^rfU, n«hñV, BÝÐ{OV, Am{X, ZmJm| _| eof, VjH$, H$H$m}Q>H$, _hmnÙ,
Am{X ò g~ VWm ~«÷bmoH$, {dîUw bmoH$, BÝÐbmoH$ _| {Zdmg H$aZodmbo _wŠVñd^md Am¡a {dXoh_wŠV
h¢ Ÿ& Bgr Vah H$moB© Vw{fV (Xod`mo{Z ôX), {gÕ Ed§ gmÜ` ^r OrdÝ_wŠV h¢ &&41-45&& ho
aKwHw$b loîR>, _Zwî`m| _| amOm, _w{Z, CÎm_ ~«m÷U OrdÝ_wŠV hmoVo h¢, naÝVw ò Xwb©^ h¢ `mZr
bmImo| H$am|‹S>m| amOm Am{X _| H$moB© {~abo OrdÝ_wŠV nwéf CËnÝZ hmoVo h¢ &&46&&
g^r Om{V`m| _| OrdÝ_wŠV h¢ hr, naÝVw do A{V Xwb©^ h¢, `h Omo H$hm J`m, CgH$m ÑîQ>mÝV
go g_W©Z H$aVo h¢ &
AZoH$ Vah Ho$ Ag§»` àmUr Mmam| Amoa {XemAm| _| âo n‹S>o h¢, {H$ÝVw CZ_| VÎdkmZgånÝZ
~hþV hr {dab hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& R>rH$ hr h¡, \$bm|, nëbdm| go `wŠV d¥j hmoVo Vmo Ag§»` h¢, naÝVw CZ_|
H$ënd¥j {dabo hmoVo h¢ &&47&&
gÎmmZ~odm± gJ© g_mßV
AÆ>mZ~odm± gJ©
VÎdkmZr gÝVm| Ho$ bjU VWm narjm Ûmam CZHo$ Xmofm| H$s Cnojm H$a CZH$m Aml` boZo H$m dU©ZŸ&
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … lram_MÝÐOr, {daŠV Ed§ {ddoH$gånÝZ Omo _hmË_m na_nX ~«÷ _|
{dlm[ÝV nmH$a [ñWV h¢, CZ _hmË_mAm| Ho$ bmo^, _moh Am{X eÌw N>moQ>o hmo OmVo h¢ & bmo^-_moh H$s
AënVm hr O~ VÎdkm| H$m bjU h¡, V~ CZH$s {ZXm}fVm _| Vmo H$hZm hr Š`m h¡ ? &&1&&
VÎdkmZr _hmË_m Z Vmo {H$grgo àgÝZ hmoVo h¢, Z {H$gr na H«$moY H$aVo h¢, Z {H$gr {df` _|
A{^{Zdoe (Amg{ŠV) H$aVo h¢, Z ImÚ dñVwAm| H$m g§J«h H$aVo h¢, Z bmoJm| go C{Û½Z hmoVo h¢
Am¡a Z bmoJm| H$mo hr C{Û½Z H$aVo h¢ &&2&&
eara H$mo A{YH$ Šboe nhþ±MmZo dmbo nmabm¡{H$H$ d¡{XH$ H$_m] _| ^r ewîH$ d¡{XH$ Ho$ gÑe hR>
go àd¥Îm hmoH$a Šboe`wŠV Zht hmoVo, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Am[ñVŠ` ^mdZm `m Zm[ñVŠ` ^mdZm go O{ZV A{^_mZà`wŠV hR> go Z H$îQ H$maH$
d¡{XH$ AZwîR>mZ _| {ZaV ahVo h¢ & CZH$m AmMaU _Zmok Ed§ AË`ÝV _Ywa hmoVm h¡ Am¡a {à` Ed§
H$mo_b dmVm© H$aVo h¢ &&3&& VÎdk bmoJ AnZo g§J go MÝÐ{H$aUm| Ho$ gÑe AÝV…H$aU H$mo Cëbmg
`wŠV ~Zm XoVo h¢ Ÿ& H$aZo `mo½` bm¡{H$H$ Ed§ d¡{XH$ H$_m] H$m O~ nañna {damoY Cn[ñWV hmo OmVm
h¡, V~ AH$m`m] go {ddoH$ H$a EH$ jU _| hr gÝXoh {_Q>m XoVo h¢ &&4&& VÎdkm| Ho$ AmMaU go H$^r
CÛoJ Zht hmoVm, do g~Ho$ ~ÝYw-go VWm MmVw`©nyU© ahVo h¢ Ÿ& ~mha go CZH$m AmMaU g^r Ho$
gÑe hmoVm h¡, naÝVw ^rVa go do AË`ÝV erVb hmoVo h¢ &&5&& VÎdk emñÌm| Ho$ AWm] _| ~‹S>m hr
ag boVo h¢, CÎm_ Am¡a AY_ bmoH$m| H$mo OmZVo h¢, H$m¡Z dñVw N>mo‹S>Zo `mo½` h¡ Am¡a H$m¡Z N>mo‹S>Zo
`mo½` Zht h¡ BgH$mo ^br^m±{V OmZVo h¢ VWm g_`na Omo ^r Hw$N> àmaãYmZwgma àmßV hmo Om`,
CgH$m AZwdV©Z H$a boVo h¢ &&6&& bmoH$emó Ho$ {déÕ AmMaUm| go gXm {daV ahVo h¢, gÁOZm|
Ho$ ~rM [ñW{V _| `mZr gXmMaU _| AË`ÝV a{gH$ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& CnXoe go öX`H$_b H$mo Imob H$a
Cg_| âo Jò kmZ H$s gwJ§{Y`m| go VWm CÎm_ Aml`, gwI VWm AÝZm{X go Amò hþE A{V{W`m|
H$s nyOm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& nyOm H$aVo g_` CZH$m _wIH$_b {dH${gV ahVm h¡, Cg g_` do AmJ§VwH$
^«_a H$m Aml`XmZ Am{X go gËH$ma H$a aho {dH${gV H$_bm| Ho$ gÑe bJVo h¢ Ÿ& OZVm Ho$
gÝVmnm| H$m AnhaU H$aZo Ho$ H$maU do OZVm H$mo AnZr Amoa ItM boVo h¢ Am¡a dfm©H$mb Ho$ _oKm|
Ho$ gÑe H¥$nmd¥{îQ>H$maH$ Am¡a erVb CÚmZ Ho$ gÑe [ñZ½Y hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& ^Ð, VÎdkmZr nwéf
amOmAm| Ho$ ZmeH$, Xoe H$mo {N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ H$aZodmbo VWm Xw{^©j Am{X go O{ZV OZVm Ho$ jmoo^
H$mo Vnñ`m Ho$ àVmn, gËH$_m] Ho$ AZwîR>mZ, gm_ Am{X Cnm`m| go Eogo nH$‹S>H$a amoH$ boVo h¢, O¡go
^yH$ån H$mo nd©V &&7-9&& ZmZm{dY CÎm_ JwUm| go nyU©, MÝÐ{~å~ Ho$ gÑe àgÝZmH¥${V CÎm_
ŸyÕ - 98] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2163
^m`m© Ho$ gÑe AZoH$ JwUm| go nyU© emÝVAmH¥${V kmZr nwéf {dn{Îm`m| _| CËgmh XoVo h¢ Am¡a
gån{Îm`m| _| gwI nhþ±MmVo h¢ &&10&& èê$nr \$ybm| go gmar {XemAm| H$mo {Z_©b ~ZmZodmbo, ^mdr
CÎm_ \$b Ho$ hoVw VWm H$mo{H$b Ho$ gÑe _Ywa^mfU H$aZodmbo gmYw nw‹éf dgÝV F$Vw O¡go
h¢ &&11&& AkmZr amOm Am{X Ho$ {MÎm H$mo EH$ _hmgmJa hr g_PZm Mm{hE, Bg_| AZoH$ Vah Ho$
H$ëbmob hr ~‹S>o ~‹S>o AmdV© h¢ , ì`m_mohê$nr _Ja Cg_| ahVo h¢, AË`ÝV {e{ea ndZ go {d{jßV
Va§Jm| Ho$ ì`mO go ho_ÝV Ho$ gÑe dh bw‹T>H$Vm ahVm h¡, ^«_a, h±g Am{X Ho$ {ZdmgñWmZ nÙdZ
H$mo {dbmo{S>V H$aVm h¡, H$m_ Am{X N>… d¥{Îm`m± Cg_| ~‹S>o ~‹S>o Va§J h¢ Ÿ& Cg _hmgmJa H$mo
CnXoem{X Ûmam gmYw nwéfê$nr VQ>ñW nd©V hr amoH$Zo _| AË`ÝV g_W© h¢ &&12,13&& ^Ð,
AmnXmAm| _|, ~w{ÕZme _|, ^yI-ß`mg, emoH$-_moh, Oam-_aU Am{X H$ëbm|bm| _|, ì`mHw$b Xoem|
_| VWm XwaÝV g§H$Q>m| _| gÁOZm| H$s gÝV hr J{V h¢ &&14&& ho lram_Or, BZ bjUm| go VWm Xygao
nyd©d{U©V bjUm| go CZ CÎm_ AÝV…H$aUdmbo _hmË_mAm| H$m narjU H$a Amn AmË_m _| em[ÝV
àmßV H$aZo Ho$ {Z{_Îm CZH$m Aml` br{OE, Š`m|{H$ Amn g§gmaê$nr _mJ© _| ^«_U H$aVo H$aVo
lmÝV hmo Jò h¢ &&15&& ^Ð, `h g§gmê$nr gm±nm| go âm hþAm AË`ÝV {df_` gmJa gV²g§Jê$nr
OhmO H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Xygao {H$gr ^r OhmO go Zht nma {H$`m Om gH$Vm, Bg{bE gËg§J H$m
Aml` boZm hr hmoJm &&16&& h_H$mo AmË_m `m gËnw‹éf Ho$ gå~ÝY _| {dMma H$aZo go Š`m,
àmaãYde Omo ^r Hw$N> g_` na hmo OmòJm, dh _oao {bE AÀN>m hr hmoJm-`m| ^rVa à_mX H$aHo$
J–o _| n‹S>o hþE H$sQ> Ho$ gÑe H$^r ^r nwéf H$mo Zht ~¡R>o ahZm Mm{hE &&17&& ^Ð, _¢Zo A^r A^r
Amngo {OZ CÎm_ JwUm| H$m dU©Z {H$`m, CZ_| go `{X EH$ ^r JwU {H$gr _| CnbãY hmo Om`, Vmo
Xygao JwUm| H$s `m Cg_| {dÚ_mZ AÝ` Xmofm| H$s nadmh Z H$a CVZo JwU Ho$ CÔoí` go Cg _hmË_m
H$m Aml` boZm Mm{hE &&18&& JwU Am¡a Xmofm| H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {bE ~më`mdñWm go boH$a AnZo Amn
à`mg H$aZm Mm{hE, AnZo à`ËZ go hr `Wmg§^d gËg§J Ed§ gV²-emóm| go nhbo ~w{Õ ~‹T>mZr
Mm{hE >Ÿ&&19&& `{X Xmof H$m Hw$N> boe hmodo, Vmo CgH$mo Z XoI H$a gÁOZ H$s {ZË` godm H$aZr
Mm{hE Am¡a ñWyb Xmofdmbo nhbo Ho$ n[aOZm| H$m H«$_e… Ë`mJ H$aZm Mm{hE &&20&&
nyd© n[aOZm| H$m Ë`mJ Z H$aZo na H$m¡Z Xmof Cn[ñWV hmoVo h¢, CÝh| ~VbmVo h¢ &
CZH$m n[ahma Z H$aZo na emo{YV ^r {MÎm Aaå` ~Z OmVm h¡ `mZr amJm{X go H$bw{fV ~Z
OmVm h¡, [ñWa ^r {dlm[ÝV gwI {d{ÀN>ÝZ hmo OmVm h¡, gmYw AgmYw ~Z OmVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ bmoH$
_| Omo XoIm OmVm h¡, Cgo hr h_ _mZVo h¢, `mZr bmoH$ _| Bg àH$ma Xmof n[aOZm| Ho$ An[ahma _|
XoIo OmVo h¢ &&21&&
^bo hr Eogm hmo, Cggo ^r Š`m Xmof hþAm ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
`h OJV² H$m A{ZîQ>H$a _hmZ² CËnmV h¡, Omo {H$ gmYw nwéf AgmYw ~Z OmVm h¡ Am¡a `hr
Xoe-H$mbde OZVm Ho$ XwaÑîQ>m| Ho$ H$maU _hmoËnmVê$n go ^r {XImB© XoVm h¡, O¡go {H$ {dídm{_Ì
H$s bwãY (bmo^r) A_mË`m| Ho$ g_W©Z go d{gîR>Or H$s H$m_YoZw Ho$ haU _| àd¥{Îm hþB© Am¡a Bggo
nañna ~¡a H$s d¥{Õ go OJV² _| _hmZ² A{ZîQ> hþAm, `m| AZoH$ ÑîQ>mÝV XoIo OmVo h¢ &&22&&
H${WV H$m AZwdmX H$a Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
g~ H$m`m|ª H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a gÁOZm| H$m hr g_mJ_ H$aZm Mm{hE, `hr H$_© {Zam~mYê$n go
BhbmoH$ Ed§ nabmoH$ XmoZm| H$m gmYZ h¡ `mZr XmoZm| bmoH$m| H$s àm[ßV H$amVm h¡ &&23&&
Bg àH$ma H$m gÁOZg_mJ_, JwUmonmO©Z H«$_ go O~ VH$ kmZ{ZîR>m Z hmo Om` V~ VH$,
~rM _| H$^r N>mo‹S>Zm Zht Mm{hE, `h H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, {H$gr ^r H$mb _| gÁOZ gX²Jwé go Xya Zht hmoZm Mm{hE, {H$ÝVw {dZ`, godm Am{X
{H«$`mAm| go `wŠV hmoH$a gmYw nwéfm| H$s {ZaÝVa godm H$aZr Mm{hE, Š`m|{H$ CZ gmYwAm| Ho$ nmg
OmZo _mÌ go {dMaUerb CZHo$ em[ÝV Am{X JwU nmg OmZodmbo _| Eogo g§H«$mÝV ({_{lV) hmo
OmVo h¢, O¡go \y$bm| H$s gwJÝY {Vbm| _| gå~ÝY_mÌ go {_{lV hmo OmVr h¡ &&24&&
AÆ>mZ~odm± gJ© g_mßV
{ZÝZmZ~odm± gJ©
H¥${_, H$sQ>, nV§J, {V`©½`mo{Z, ñWmda Am{X Om{V`m| H$m Bg g§gma _| O¡go ^moJ hmoVm h¡, CZ g~H$m dU©Z &
H¥${_, H$sQ> Am{X A{V_y‹T> OÝVwAm| H$m Vmo OrdZ hr Xwb©^ hmo OmòJm, Š`m|{H$ VmËH$m{bH$
Xw…Iem[ÝV H$m Cnm` dhm± h¡ hr Zht, CZ_| Eogr e{ŠV h¡ Zht {Oggo {H$ do Xw…Iem[ÝV H$m
Cnm` OmZ gH|$ Ÿ& Eogr [ñW{V _| do {H$g Vah OrVo h¢, `m| lram_Or CZH$s g§gma[ñW{V H$mo,
Om{Vàg§J go, OmZZo H$s BÀN>m go nyN>Vo h¢ Ÿ&
lram_Or Zo H$hm … Jwéda, h_ _Zwî`-Om{V Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ Xw…Ij` Ho$ {bE Vmo emñÌ, gËg§J,
_ÝÌ, Am¡f{Y, Vn, XmZ, VrW© VWm nwÊ`ml_ _| {Zdmg Am{X Cnm` h¢, naÝVw H¥${_, H$sQ>, nV§J
Am{X VWm {V`©H²$, ñWmda Am{X Omo Om{V`m± h¢, CZH$m Xw…Ij` {H$g Cnm` go hmoJm, Cnm` Ho$
A^md _| CZH$m OrdZ`mnZ H¡$go ? `mZr do {H$g Vah Or gH$Vo h¢ ? &&1,2&& lrd{gîR>Or Zo
H$hm … lram_Or, Bg g§gma _| {OVZo ^r Ord h¢ do Mmho ñWmda hm|, Mmho O§J_ hm|, do g~ AnZo
AnZo `mo½` ^moJm| Ho$ C{MV gwIgÎmm _| hr {dlm_ {H$ò ahVo h¢ Am¡a Cgrgo AnZm-AnZm OrdZ
^r YmaU {H$ò hþE h¢, Bggo {ZîH$f© `h {ZH$bm {H$ VV²-VV² `mo{Z`m| _| ^mo½` Omo {df`gwI H$s
_mÌm h¡, dhr VV²-VV² Ordm| H$m _hmZ nwéfmW© h¡, Bgr gwI_mÌ go do {dlm[ÝV boVo h¢ Am¡a
CgrH$s Amem go AZoH$ Xw…I PobVo hþE OrVo ahVo h¢ &&3&& ^Ð, N>moQ>o N>moQ>o AUw_mÌ Omo Ord h¢,
CZH$mo ^r AnZr `mo{Z Ho$ AZwgma h_ _Zwî` Om{V Ho$ bm|Jm| Ho$ O¡gr hr gwI ^moJZo H$s BÀN>mE±
ŸyÕ - 99] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2165
ahVr h¢, naÝVw h_ bmoJm| H$mo CZ ^moJm| _| EH$ Vmo AmñWm Zht h¡ Am¡a CZH$mo àmßV H$aZo _| H$moB©
A{YH$ {d¿Z~mYm ^r Zht nhþ±MmVm, CZH$mo Vmo _moh, H$m_ Am{X Xmofm| H$s A{YH$Vm Ho$ H$maU
VWm {ddoH$ H$r _mÌm Ho$ A^md go CZ ^moJm| _| A{YH$ AmñWm h¡ Am¡a CZH$mo nmZo _| CÝh| nd©V
Ho$ gÑe ~‹S>o ~‹S>o {d¿Zm| H$m gm_Zm ^r H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ &&4&&
`{X àíZ hmo {H$ ^moJm| _| ~hþV AmñWm h¡, `h AmnZo H¡$go OmZm, Vmo BgH$m CÎma h¡-à`ËZ
H$s A{YH$Vm, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, {OgH$m g_ñV ~«÷mÊS> EH$ eara h¡, dh {damQ²> {haÊ`J^© O¡go AnZo A{YH$ma {Z^mZo
H$s AZoH$ MoîQ>mAm| Ho$ Ûmam ñd^moJmW© à`ËZ H$aVm h¡, d¡go hr Ho$em| Ho$ AJ«^mJ Ho$ gÑe Xohdmbo
H¥${_, H$sQ> Am{X ^r ~mbH$ H$s _wQ²>R>r Ho$ N>oX H$s Anojm ^r N>moQ>o AënH$m` AmH$me _| à`ËZ
H$aVo h¢, Xo{Iò Vmo ghr {H$ H¡$gr Ah§H$ma H$s _{h_m h¡ &&5&& EH$_mÌ eyÝ` {df`dmbo JJZnjr
{ZamYma AmH$me _| CËnÝZ hmoVo h¢ Am¡a dhtna _a OmVo h¢, CZH$mo Hw$N> ^r {df` Zht {_bVm h¡,
naÝVw jUâ do ñdñW Zht ~¡R>Vo `mZr do AnZo à`ËZ go V{ZH$ ^r hQ>Vo Zht &&6&&
H$U Am{X Ho$ CnmO©Z _| {nnr{bH$m Am{X H$m A{YH$ à`ËZ XoIm OmVm h¡, Bggo ^r
AZw_mZ hmoVm h¡ {H$ CÝh| ^moJ H$s AmñWm ~hþV h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
^Ð, Xo{Iò-J«mg VWm {Zdmg H$m gånmXZ VWm Hw$Qw>å~nmofU Am{X ZmZm{dY MoîQ>mAm| go
`h àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ O¡go {nnr{bH$m Ho$ {bE h_mao {XZ O¡gm ^r XrK©H$mb CZHo$ H$UmonmO©Z
à`ËZ Ho$ {bE jU Ho$ gÑe n`m©ßV hr Zht h¡ &&7&& ^Ð, `h EH$ Am¡a ZdrZVm gww{Zò-{V{_Zm_
H$m Omo AË`ÝV N>moQ>m ÌgaoUw Ho$ ~am~a H$m Ord h¡, CgH$s J_Z _| Eogr ì`J«Vm XrIVr h¡, O¡gr
{H$ Jé‹S> H$s J_Z _| ì`J«Vm XrIVr hmo &&8&&
Xoh _| Am¡a Xoh ^mo½` dñVwAm| _| Ah§Vm__Vm H$m Aä`mg _Zwî` Am¡a H¥${_ XmoZm| H$mo EH$ gm
h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
lram_Or, `h, dh, _¢, `h _oam h¡, dh _oam h¡, Bg Vah H$[ënV AÜ`mgê$n OJV²
O¡go _Zwî`m| Ho$ {bE AZoH$ D±$Mo JwUm| Ho$ H$maU AË`ÝV AmñWm H$m ^mOZ h¡, R>rH$ d¡go hr
H¥${_ Ho$ {bE ^r h¡ Ÿ&&9&&
{df`m| H$s AmñWm Ho$ H$maU Am`w H$m Omo {ZaW©H$ j` hmo OmVm h¡, dh ^r h_ _Zwî` Ed§ H$sQ>
Am{X H$m g_mZ h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Xoe, H$mb, {H«$`m, Ðì` Am{X {df`m| H$s àm[ßV Ho$ {Z{_Îm ì`J« ~w{Õ go O¡go h_ bmoJm| H$m
OrdZ OO©a `mZr jrU hmo OmVm h¡, d¡go hr d«UH$sQ>m| H$m ^r CŠV ì`J« ~w{Õ go OrdZ jrU hmo
OmVm h¡ &&10&& d¥j Am{X ñWmda Ord Hw$N> OmJVo ahVo h¢, nËWa EH$X_ gmoVo hr ahVo h¢Ÿ& `mZr
KZr ZtX go gmoò hþE hr ahVo h¢ Am¡a H¥${_, H$sQ> Am{X Vmo h_ _Zwî`m| Ho$ O¡go AnZo AnZo C{MV
{df`^moJm| _| {ZÐm Ed§ OmJaU-XmoZm| go `wŠV ahVo h¢ &&11&& earaH$mb _| gwInyd©H$ [ñWV ò
Omo H¥${_, H$sQ> Am{X h¢, CZH$mo ^r h_ bmoJm| Ho$ gÑe eara{dZme hr Xw…I n¡Xm H$aZodmbm h¡
Am¡a OrdZ (eara _| àmU[ñW{V) gwI n¡Xm H$aZodmbm h¡ &&12&&
h_ bmoJm| Ho$ ^mo½`, Ka, _hb, YZ Am{X H$mo do H¡$go XoIVo h¢, Bgo H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go ~oMm J`m nwéf AÝ` Ûrn H$mo CXmgrZVm go _w½YÑ{îQ> hmoH$a XoIVm h¡, d¡go hr new, _¥J
Am{X CZHo$ A^mo½` Ka Am{X nXmWm}] H$mo CXmgrZVm go _w½YÑ[îQ> go XoIVo h¢ Ÿ&&13&& O¡go _Zwî`
Om{V Ho$ Ordm| H$mo g§gma gwI-Xw…I XoZodmbm h¡, d¡go hr {V`©½`mo{Z newAm| H$mo ^r h¡ & Ho$db ôX
BVZm h¡ {H$ CËH$f©-AnH$f© ~w{Õ Ho$ H$maU JwU-{H«$`m {d^mJ do Zht OmZVo &&14&&
~oMo Jò _Zwî` H$s g_mZVm new _| ~VbmVo h¢ &
~¡b Am{X new, Omo ZmWo OmVo h¢, _Z go ^rVa ^rVa gwI Xw…I go ItMo OmVo h¢ Am¡a ~mha
go ZmW aÁOw Ho$ Ûmam Zm{gH$m àXoe go ItMo OmVo h¢ `m| XmoZm| Amoa namYrZVm go ItMo Om aho ^r
do Hw$N> ^r AnZm Xw…I haZo `m àH$Q> H$aZo _| g_W© Zht hmoVo, R>rH$ Bgr Vah Ho$ ÛrnmÝVa _| ~oMo
Jò nm_a OZ (Jwbm_) ^r hmoVo h¢, Bg {bE XmoZm| H$s g_Vm h¡ hr &&15&&
d¥j Am{X Ho$ gwI, Xw…I Ho$ AZw^d H$s àUmbr h_mao gwI Xw…I Ho$ AZw^d Ho$ AZwê$n hr h¡,
Eogm CnnmXZ H$aVo h¢ &
gwHw$_ma ËdMmdmbo h_ bmoJ O~ {ZÐmXodr H$s JmoX _| AMoV hmoH$a gmoò ahVo h¢ V~ `{X
AË`{YH$ erV, J_u, _ÀN>a, IQ>_b Am{X h_| V§J H$aVo h¢ Vmo gwIeyÝ` ZtX _| h_| O¡go
_hmŠboe H$m AZw^d hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr _hmŠboe H$m AZw^d no‹S>, nm¡Yo, A§Hw$a Am{X H$mo hmoVm h¡ &
íbmoH$ _| A§Hw$a H$m J«hU A{V gwHw$_ma hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Cgo H¥${_, H$s‹S>m| Am{X Ho$ H$mQ>Zo na
AË`ÝV Šboe hmoVm h¡ `h gy{MV H$aZo Ho$ {bE h¡ &&16&&
nyd© _| Omo `h H$hm Wm {H$ h_ bmoJm| H$s ^m±{V hr new, _¥Jm{X H$mo ^r g§gma gwI Am¡a
Xw…IXm`H$ h¡, {H$ÝVw do nXmWm] Ho$ JwU, {H«$`mCn`moJ (Bg_| `h JwU h¡ `h Bg H$m`© Ho$ Cn`moJr
h¡) Am{X {ddoMZ go, {Oggo CËH$f© Am¡a AnH$f© H$m kmZ hmoVm h¡, gd©Wm H$moao h¢ Ÿ& Bg ~mV H$mo
CnnmXZ Ho$ Ûmam AZw^d _| M‹T>mVo h¢ &
O¡go Xoe{dnëd Ho$ g_` nbm`Z Ûmam Xm¡‹S>Zm Am{X J{V Ho$ {bE Hw$e, H$m±Q>o, Obr hþB© ~mby
na MbZm, ~moP T>moZm Am{X _wgr~Vm| na n‹S>o hþE h_ bmoJm| H$mo Mmam| Amoa go ^` H$s Ame§H$mAm|
go nyU© nXmW©kmZ hmoVm h¡ d¡gm hr nXmW©kmZ njr, gn© Am{X {V`©J²`mo{Zdmbo Ordm| H$mo ^r gXm
hmoVm h¡ &&17&& `{X _Z {dH$ën-kmZ go eyÝ` hmo Vmo Am‡mXñdê$n AmË_mZÝX _| Am¡a ^moOZ,
{ZÐm, _¡WwZ Am{X go hmoZo dmbo gwIm| _| BÝÐ Am¡a H$s‹S>o H$s _Z H$s àgÝZVmê$n gm¡å`Vm EH$ gr
h¡ & Ho$db {dH$ën hr XmoZm| Ho$ {bE-BÝÐ Am¡a H$s‹S>o Ho$ {bE-{h_mb` Ho$ g_mZ Ab§¿` h¡ &&18&&
ŸyÕ - 99] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2167
amJ, Ûof, ^`, Amhma Am¡a órg§JO{ZV gwI Am¡a Xw…I VWm OÝ_-_aU Ho$ g_` hmoZodmbm
Šboe BÝÐ Am¡a H$s‹S>o H$m g_mZ h¡, Cg_| V{ZH$ ^r AÝVa Zht h¡ &&19&& emódoÚ nwÊ`, nmn,
~«÷VÎd Am{X VWm AVrV Am¡a ^mdr nXmWm] Ho$ {gdm eof kmZ Zodbm, gm±n, {g`ma, hmWr Am{X
H$mo emóJå` Y_©, AY_©, AmË_VÎd, AVrV, AZmJV Am{X nXmWm] H$m kmZ Zht hmoVm, _Zwî`
H$mo hmo gH$Vm h¡, BgHo$ A{V[aŠV kmZ O¡gm _Zwî` H$mo h¡ d¡gm hr Zodbm Am{X H$mo ^r h¡ &&20&&
Vmo nd©V Am{X H¡$go AZw^d H$aVo h¢ ? Bg Ame§H$mna H$hVo h¢ &
Jm‹T> {ZÐmdmbo (gwfw{ßV _| [ñWV) d¥jm{X H$s AË`ÝV _yT>^md go Omo AnZo _| [ñW{V h¡
CgH$m nmfmU Am{X AMb nXmW© AZw^d H$aVo h¢ Am¡a Omo {h_mb`, gw_oé Am[X VÎdkmZr nd©V
h¢, do Vmo AIÊS> {MXmH$me H$m AZw^d H$aVo hþE gXm g_m{Y _| [ñWV h¢ &&21&&
Bg àH$ma Z Vmo d¥j Am{X Ordm| H$s Ñ{îQ> go OJV² H$s H$ënZm hmo gH$Vr h¡, Š`m|{H$ do Jm‹T>
{ZÐm _| _½Z h¢, Z nd©V Am{X Ordm| H$s Ñ[îQ> go OJV² H$s H$ënZm hmo gH$Vr h¡, Š`m|{H$ do
AmË_gÎmm _| {ñWV h¢, O§J_ Ordm| _| ^r VÎdkm{Z`m| H$s Ñ[îQ> go OJV² H$s H$ënZm Zht hmo
gH$Vr h¡, H$maU do Vmo {MXmH$me ñdê$n hr h¢ & hm±, Hw$N> AkmZr O§J_ Ordm| H$s Ñ{îQ> go OJV
H$s H$ënZm hmo gH$Vr h¡ ,ŸqH$Vw CZH$s Ñ{îQ> CŠV ~hþV go bmoJm| H$s Ñ{îQ> go {déÕ OJËgÎmm H$s
{g{Õ Zht H$a gH$Vr, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
d¥j Am{X Jm‹T> {ZX«m _| h¢ Am¡a nd©V Am{X AnZr gÎmm _| [ñWV h¢ & Omo O§J_ Ord h¢, do ^r
gwfw[ßV, _aU, _yN>m© _moj Am{X AdñWmAm| _| {MXmH$meê$n hr h¢ Ÿ& O§J_ Ordm| _| go {H$Ýht H$mo
H$^r (ñdßZ _|) AY©{dH$mg go Am¡a H$^r (OmJ«V AdñWm _|) nyU© {dH$mg go ^mg_mZ ^r OJV²
~hþVm| H$s Ñ{îQ> Ho$ AZwamoY go {MXmH$me hr h¡ &&22&& Omo nd©V Am{X H$s gÎmm Am¡a Omo d¥jm| H$s
{ZÐm h¡, dh Û¡VkmZ{dhrZ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AIÊS> {MÐÿn hr h¡, Bg{bE CZH$s Ñ[îQ> go OJV² EH$
AkmZCn{hV {MÝ_mÌ hr h¡ &&23&& Am¡am| H$s Ñ{îQ> go ^r AmË_VÎd O~ VH$ n[akmV Z hmo V^r
VH$ OJV² h¡ AmË_VÎd H$m n[akmZ hmoZo na Vmo Z Vw_ hmo, Z _¢ hÿ±, Z OJV²gÎmm hr h¡, Z AgÎmm
h¡ Am¡a Z OJV² H$m àmJ^md hr h¡ `mZr {H$gr H$mo{Q> _| OJV² H$s [ñW{V Zht h¡ &&24&& {ebm Ho$
g_mZ R>mog, emÝV, AnZo ñdê$n go AàÀ`wV, CËn{Îm-Zme go a{hV {ZXm}f ~«÷ hr `h g~ Hw$N>
h¡ & dh O¡go {ZX««m AmË_m _| hr ñdßZOJV² d¡{MÍ` H$s H$ënZm H$aVr h¡ d¡go hr Akm{Z`m| H$s
Ñ[îQ> go AnZo _| hr OJÛ¡{MÍ` H$s H$ënZm H$a ahm h¡, dmñVd _| dh {Z{d©H$ma h¡ &&25&&
na_mW©Ñ[îQ> go Vmo gX² hr EH$ê$n h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
g¥[îQ> Ho$ nhbo g¥{îQ> Am{X OJV² O¡go EH$ê$n hr [ñWV Wm, dV©©_mZ H$mb _| ^r d¡go hr
{ñWV h¡ Am¡a AmJo ^r AZÝV H$mb VH$ d¡go hr [ñWV ahoJm &&26&&
gV² {MX² AmZÝXê$n CgHo$ AmË_Ëd Am{X ôX ^r Zht h¢, Š`m|{H$ H$moB© ì`mdË`© Zht h¡, {\$a
Am¡a ôX Š`m| H$a hm|Jo, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Z Vmo AmË_Vm h¡, Z naVm h¡, Z OJÎmm h¡, Z _m¡ZVm h¡, Z _m¡{ZVm h¡ ~hþV Š`m H$h| Cg
gÐÿn _| Hw$N> ^r CËnÝZ Zht h¡ &&27&& Amn AnZo ñdê$n _| hr [ñWV a{hò, _¢ ^r AnZo ñdê$n
_| hr [ñWV hÿ±, na_ AmH$me _| gwI Am¡a Xw…I H$m Zm_ Zht h¡ Am¡a namH$me (~«÷n«H$me) Ho$
{gdm `hm± Hw$N> Zht h¡ &&28&& Oam ~VbmBò Vmo ghr ñdßZ ZJa _| na_mH$meVm H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a
Š`m h¡ ? {Z_©b, {Z{d©H$ma emÝV {MXmH$me hr Vmo ñdßZZJa h¡ &&29&& Ho$db AkmZ hr Cg_|
^«m[ÝV CËnÝZ H$aZodmbm h¡ & O~ na_ ~«÷ H$m n[akmZ hmo OmVm h¡ V~ AkmZ H$m ^r H$ht nVm
Zht ahVm &&30&& O~ OJVê$nr ñdßZ H$m kmZ hmo OmVm h¡ V~ Cg_| Hw$N> ^r gË`Vm Zht
ahVr & OJV² Ho$ à{V A{^{Zdoe (Amg[ŠV) dÝÜ`mnwÌ _| ñZoh H$aZo Ho$ gÑe hr CnhmgmñnX
h¡ &&31&& ñdßZH$mb Ho$ kmV hmoZo na àËòH$ AUw _| OJV²-ñdßZ H$s gå^mdZm hmoVr h¡, {H$ÝVw
à~moYmdñWm _| {OgH$m Hw$N> A[ñVËd Zht ahVm CgH$s Š`m Vmo CnmXo`Vm h¡ Am¡a Š`m CgH$m
AmXa {H$`m Om` ? &&32&& {Og dñVw H$s à~moYAdñWm _| Hw$N> ^r gÎmm Zht h¡ dh A~moYmdñWm
_| ^r H$htna Zht h¡ & Omo Aà~moYAdñWm _| CgH$s àVr{V hmoVr h¡, dh AkVm hr h¡ AWm©V²
AkmZ hr CgH$s àVr{V Ho$ ê$n go à{gÕ hmoVm h¡ &&33&& Z Vmo dV©_mZ gM h¡, Z ^{dî`V² gM
h¡ Am¡a Z ^yVH$mb hr gM h¡, Z AkmZ gM h¡ Am¡a Z CZH$m kmZ gM h¡ & ò g~ dñVwE±
AkmZde hr àVrV hmoVr h¢ dmñVd _| Hw$N> Zht h¡ Ÿ&&34&&
Eogr [ñW{V _| {_Ï`m Xoh Am{X Ho$ {_Ï`m eÌwAm| Ûmam ZîQ> {H$ò OmZo na ^r CZ XmoZm| Ho$
A{YîR>mZê$n AmË_m H$m Hw$N> ^r Zht {~J‹S>m, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go EH$ bha Ho$ AmKmV go Xygar bha Ho$ {N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ hmoZo na Ob H$s Hw$N> hm{Z Zht
hmoVr h¡ & d¡go hr EH$ Xoh go Xygar Xoh Ho$ ZîQ> hmoZo na {MV² H$s ^r j{V Zht hmoVr h¡ &&35&&
AmH$meê$n {MV² _| hr Xoh Eogm ^«_mË_H$ kmZ hr n¡Xm hmoVm h¡ Eogr AdñWm _| ^«_mË_H$ kmZê$n
Xoh Ho$ ZîQ> hmoZo na Š`m ZîQ> hþAm ? &&36&& kmZKZ {MXmH$me hr ñdßZ OJV²ê$n go à{gÕ h¡ &
My±{H$ `h OJV² ñdßZ-OJV² Ho$ g_mZ n¥{Wdr Am{X go eyÝ` h¡, Bg{bE ñdßZê$n h¡ &&37&& nyd©
{MV² Ho$ ñdßZ go g¥{îQ> Ho$ Am{X _| n¥{Wdr Am{X nXmW©~w{Õ H$m CX` hþAm & ñdßZ Ho$ nXmW© _|
gË`Vm ~w{Õ H$mën{ZH$ h¡, dmñV{dH$ Zht h¡ &&38&& Bg àH$ma nyd© go nyd©Va AZm{X àdmhê$n
ñdßZ Ho$ Ad`dm| _| _yT>m| Zo gË` n¥Ïdr Am{X H$s H$ënZm Eogo hr H$a S>mbr O¡go {H$ AmYw{ZH$
AgË` dñVw _| gË` H$ënZm H$s OmVr h¡ &&39&& dh ^«m[ÝV d¡gr ~Õ_yb hþB© {H$ {ZnQ> AgË`
hmoVr hþB© ^r na_ gË`Vm H$mo àmßV hmo JB© & {H$ÝVw na_ gË` {M{V Vmo AË`ÝV {Z_©b h¡, Cg_|
O‹S>Vmê$n _bH$m aÎmrâ ^r gå~ÝY Zht h¡ Ÿ&&40&&
AgË`ñdê$n OJV²^«m[ÝV H$mo _yT>m| Zo AnZr H$nmobH$ënZm go gM gr _mZ {b`m h¡, `m|
ŸyÕ - 99] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2169
"Bd' go gË` go Cn{_V H$a Cn_m Ûmam ^«m[ÝVH$ënZm _| gË`mW© H$ënZm H$s g_mZVm {XIbmB© &
dh V^r gå^d hmo gH$Vr h¡ O~ nhbo gË` nXmW© aho hm|, CZH$m AZw^d ^r hþAm hmo Am¡a Bg
g_` CZH$m ñ_aUH$Vm© ^r hmo Ÿ& Xygar hmbV _| `h g§^d Zht h¡, Eogm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
dmñVd _| AnZo ñdê$n go AÀ`wV g[ÀMXmZÝXê$n gd©ì`mnH$ ~«÷ hr [ñWV h¡ & gË`Vmê$n
n¥Ïdr Am{X Hw$N> ^r nhbo H$^r Zht ahm Ÿ& Eogr n[a[ñW{V _| O~ CgHo$ AZw^d H$s gd©Wm
A{g{Õ h¡ V~ CgH$m ñ_aU H$aZodmbm `m {dñ_aU H$aZodmbm ^bm H$m¡Z hmoJm ? &&41&&
V~ AgË` nXmW© _| AË`ÝV Aà{gÕ gË`Vm H$s g_mZVm H$m à{V~moYH$ Š`m hmoJm ? Eogr
Ame§H$mna ñdàH$me gË`ñdê$n H$m AkmZ hr AgË`Ëd _| gË`Ëd Ho$ gmÑí` H$m à{V~moYH$ h¡,
`h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
`WmW©ê$n {MXmZÝXê$n ~«÷_mÌ {df`H$ AkmZ hr OJV² _| (AgË` _|) gË`Ëd H$s g_mZVm
H$m à{V~moYH$ h¡, AVEd VÎd H$m n[akmZ hr AmdaUê$n AkmZH$nmQ> VWm {djonê$n
OJËgË`Vm^«m[ÝV H$nmQ> H$m CX²KmQ>Z h¡ &&42&& AkmZ Ho$ H$m`© Ho$ gmW AkmZ H$m Zme hmoZo na
{MÝ_mÌ eof ahZo go n¥Ïdr Am{X {H$gr H$m H$ht na g§^d Zht h¡ Ÿ& Omo X«îQ>m h¡ AWdm Ñí` h¡,
dh g~ nydm}ŠV n[a{eîQ> M¡VÝ`_mÌ {dewÕ {ed hr h¡ &&43&& O¡go Xn©U _| {Z{_Îm^yV ~mhar
{~å~ go ^rVa à{V{~å~ H$s àVr{V hmoVr h¡ d¡go hr {Z{_Îm^yV à{V{~å~ Ho$ {~Zm hr AnZo Amn
{MXmH$me _| à{V{~å~V OJV² àVrV hmoVm h¡ &&44&&
Xn©U Ho$ ÑîQ>mÝV go {dd{jV A§e H$mo H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go Xn©U Ho$ AÝXa {XI ahm ^r {~å~ dmñVd _| H$wN> Zht h¡ d¡go hr {MXmH$me _| àVrV hmo
ahm ^r {díd na_mW© Ñ[îQ> _| Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡ &&45&& Omo dñVw emór` {dMma go àmßV hmoVr h¡
{OgH$s [ñW{V à_mUê$n H$gm¡Q>r go à_m{UV h¡ dhr gV² h¡ Cggo AÝ` Vmo à{V^mg_mÌ h¡, dh
VrZm| H$mbm| _| gÎmmeyÝ` h¡ - Z ^yVH$mb _| Wm, Z dV©_mZ _| h¡ Am¡a Z ^{dî`V² _| hmoJm Ÿ^bm
dh gV² H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? &&46&&
`{X OJV² AgV² h¡ Vmo dh ì`dhmamW© {H«$`m Ho$ `mo½` H¡$go h¡, Bg e§H$mna H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Hw$N> ^«_mË_H$ dñVwE± ^r AW©{H«$`mH$mar XoIr OmVr h¡, O¡go ñdßZ ór AgË` hmoVr hþB© ^r
_Zwî`m| H$s gË` dr`©{dgO©Zê$n AW©{H«$`m H$aVr hr h¡ &&47&&
"Ah_²' Am{X OJV² H$s emo^m à{V^m{gH$ hr h¡, AÝ` àH$ma H$s Zht h¡ & Omo OJV² H$m ^mZ
h¡ dh AmË_ñdê$n M¡VÝ` H$m àH$me hr h¡ AÝ` Zht h¡ & Cg ^mZ H$m ì`mdV©H$ Ñí`ê$n `{X
^mZ go n¥WH²$ _mZm Om` Vmo eyÝ` hr R>haoJm `{X ^mZê$n _mZm Om`, Vmo ^mZH$m ì`mdV©H$ Z
hmoZo go {MXmH$meê$n hr hmoJm, Bg àH$ma {dMma H$aZo na OJV² H$m ê$n Hw$N> ^r {gÕ Zht hmoVm
Eogr n[a[ñW{V _| H$hm± _¢ hÿ±, H$hm± {dídemo^m h¡, H$hm± Amn h¢ Am¡a Ñí`Ñ[îQ>`m± hr H$m¡Z h¢ ?
ho lram_MÝÐOr, CXma_{V AmnH$s, Omo nydm}ŠV {dkmZÑ[îQ> go {MÝ_mÌ ñdê$n h¢, Xoh Ho$
{dZme go _aH$a {\$a AÝ` Xoh H$s CËn{Îm go CËn{Îm h¡ `mZr _w[ŠV Zht h¡ Vmo Š`m hm{Z hþB© ?
Š`m|{H$ Xw…IJÝY{dhrZ {Za{VeÀmZÝXê$n M¡VÝ` H$m Zme Am¡a CËn{Îm go V{ZH$ ^r ñne©
Zht h¡ Ÿ& `{X _aH$a nwZ… CËn{Îm Zht hmoVr, _w{ŠV hmoVr h¡ Vmo ^r gd©àn§M H$m Cne_ hr h¡ Ÿ&
Bg{bE CŠV XmoZm| hr njm| _| V{ZH$ ^r Xw…I H$s àm{ßV Zht h¡ Ÿ&&48,49&&
V~ _yI© H$mo _aU Am¡a OÝ_ _| Š`m| H$a Xw…I àmßV hmoVm h¡ ? Eogm `{X H$moB© àíZ H$ao Vmo
CgHo$ n«{V Cg Xw…Iàm{ßV H$m _yI© H$mo hr AZw^d hmoVm h¡ Eogm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
_yI© H$mo {Og àH$ma H$m Xw…I hmoVm h¡ Cgo _yI© hr OmZVm h¡, dh h_ bmoJm| H$s OmZH$mar Ho$
~mha H$s ~mV h¡ Ÿ& Xo{Iò Z, {Ogo _¥JV¥îUmê$nr ZXr Ho$ Ob _| "_¢ _N>br hÿ±' `m| AnZr
_N>brê$nVm H$m AZw^d hmoVm h¡, dhr Vmo CgH$s (_¥JV¥îUmê$nr ZXr H$s) M§Mb bham| H$m
bhamZm OmZoJm, {H$ÝVw {Ogo _¥JV¥îUm ZXr H$s ^«m[ÝV Zht h¡, dh H¡$go OmZoJm ? &&50&& VÎdk
H$s Ñ{îQ> go Vmo Ho$db {MXmH$me hr "Vw_' "_¢' Am{Xê$n gånyU© OJV ~ZH$a àH$me_mZ hmoVm
h¡ & Xo{Iò Z, AmË_m hr S>m{b`m±, CZH$s Mmo{Q>`m±, CZH$s Q>h{Z`m±, CZHo$ nÎmm| Am¡a \$bm| Ho$
ê$n-YmaU Ûmam g§H$ënd¥j ~ZH$a _ZmoamÁ` _| àH$me_mZ hmoVm h¡ &&51&&
{ZÝZmZ~odm± gJ© g_mßV
gm¡dm± gJ©
Xoh H$mo AmË_m _mZZodmbm| Ho$ _V _| AmJ«h aIZodmbm| H$s ^r ~w{Õ O¡go
dmñV{dH$ VÎd H$s Amoa AmH${f©V hmo Om` d¡gr `w{ŠV H$m à{VnmXZŸ&
nhbo g¥[îQ>dm{X`m| H$s C{ŠV H$s gË`Vm Ho$ dU©Z Ho$ {gb{gbo _| "ñdm^md{gÕ_odoX§
`w[ŠV{_Ëòd V{ÛXm_²' Bggo Mmdm©H$ H$s C[ŠV H$mo g_w{MV H$hm, CŠV H$WZ CZHo$ A{^_V
g~ Am[ñVH$ OZm| Ho$ {dnjê$n XohmË_dmX Ho$ {df` _| H¡$go C{MV h¡ AWdm CZH$s nwéfmW©{g{Õ
H¡$go hmoVr h¡, `h g~ OmZZo Ho$ {bE BÀNw>H$ lram_MÝÐOr nyN>Vo h¢ &
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ^JdZ², {ZåZ{Z{X©îQ> àíZ Ü`mZ XoH$a gwZZo H$s H¥$nm H$s{Oò
VXZÝVa CgH$m `WmW© CÎma XoZo H$m AZwJ«h H$s{Oò Ÿ& O~ VH$ Or`|, Amam_ go Or`|, _¥Ë`w
AàË`j Zht h¡ Ÿ&
(OrVo-Or AnZr _¥Ë`w H$m àË`j Zht hmoVm `h H$WZ R>rH$ Zht, Š`m|{H$ Xygam| H$s _¥Ë`w
à{V{XZ {XIVr h¡ AnZr _¥Ë`w H$m ^r Cgr Vah AZw_mZ hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& `{X H${hò Mmdm©H$m| Ho$
_V _| AZw_mZ à_mU Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ do àË`j Ho$ {gdm Am¡a H$moB© à_mU Zht _mZVo Ÿ& AÀN>m,
CZHo$ _V _| XohZme hr _¥Ë`w h¡ & nwZO©Ý_ Vmo do _mZVo Zht AV… CZHo$ _V _| Xoh-Zme hr gH$b
ŸyÕ - 100] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2171
Xw…I {Zd¥{Îmê$n _moj R>ham dh CZH$mo dm§N>Zr` hr h¡ Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &)
gH$b Xw…Im|§ H$s {Zd¥{Îm H$mo àmßV ^ñ_r^yV Xoh H$m nwZ… AmJ_Z H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? Eogm
{OZH$m {gÕmÝV hmo, Bg g§gma _| CZH$s Xw…Iem[ÝV Ho$ {bE H¡$gr `w{ŠV h¡ ? &&1,2&&
g§{dV² H$mo AnZo {ZíM` Ho$ AZwgma hr {ddV© H$m AZw_mZ hmoVm h¡, Eogm {Z`_ h¡ Ÿ& CŠV
{Z`_m| _| hr g§{dV² H$s XohmË_^md _| ^r Cnn{Îm hmoVr h¡ Am¡a _moj _| ^r Cnn{Îm hmoVr h¡ & Bg
Ame` go lrd{gîR>Or CgH$m g_W©Z H$aVo h¢ &
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … g§{dV² Omo Omo {ZíM` H$aVr h¡ AnZo AÝXa Á`m| H$m Ë`m| dhr AZw^d
H$aVr h¡, `h ~mV g~ bmoJm| Ho$ AZw^d go {gÕ h¡ &&3&& O¡go ^yVmH$me gd©ì`mnH$ Am¡a emÝV h¡
d¡go hr {MXmH$me ^r gd©ì`mnr Am¡a emÝV h¡ Ÿ& dh {MXmH$me hr {d{dY dmXdmbo nm_a bmoJm| go
H${ënV Xohm{X Û¡V Am¡a doXmÝV Ho$ __© H$mo OmZZodmbo {dÛmZm| Ho$ AZw^d go {gÕ AÛ¡V ^r h¡,
Š`m|{H$ Cggo A{V[aŠV dñVw H$m AË`ÝV Ag§^d h¡ &&4&&
AÝ` dñVw Ho$ Ag§^d _| "gXod gmoåòX_J« AmgrV²' (ho gmoå`, g¥{îQ> Ho$ nyd© `h gV² hr Wm)
BË`m{X lw{V`m| go n[anmo{fV `w[ŠV H$hVo h¢ &
g¥[îQ> H$s nydm©dñWm _|, O~{H$ A{ÛVr` ~«÷ê$nr _hmàb` H$m hr ~mob~mbm Wm, A{ÛVr`
~«÷ Ho$ {gdm H$moB© nXmW© Wm hr Zht, CgH$m H$moB© ^r H$maU Zht, {OgH$s {H$ CgHo$ nyd© _| hmoZo
H$s g§^mdZm hmo Ÿ& Bg{bE `h ~«÷ hr OJV² Ho$ ê$n go ì`mßV h¡ Ÿ&&5&&
`{X H$moB© e§H$m H$ao {H$ h_ ~«÷ê$nr _hmàb` hr Zht _mZVo, O¡go ~rOm§Hw$a Am{X H$s
naånam AZm{X h¡ d¡go hr n¥{Wdr Am{X _hm^yVm| H$m àdmh AZm{X H$mb go Mbm Am ahm h¡, AV…
Bggo {dbjU OJV² H$^r ahm hr Zht Ÿ& Bg Vah Ho$ nyd©_r_m§gH$ Am{X H$_©H$m[ÊS>`m| Ho$ nj H$m
IÊS>Z H$aVo h¢ &
"gd} doXm `ËnX_m_Z[ÝV' (g~ doX {Og na_ nX H$m à{VnmXZ H$aVo h¢ ),"V_oV§
doXmZwdMZoZ ~«÷Um {d{d{Xf[ÝV' (CgrH$mo ~«m÷U bmoJ doXmÜ``Z Ûmam OmZZo H$s BÀN>m
H$aVo h¢ ) BË`m{X lw{V`m| go {gÕ gH$b doX Am¡a emóm| Ho$ à{VnmÚ _hmàb`ê$n~«÷ H$mo,
Ordm| H$s ~«÷àm[ßVê$n _w{ŠV H$mo VWm _w{ŠV Ho$ gmYZ VÎdkmZ H$mo Omo Zht _mZVo h¢,
CZH$s _yT>Vm H$m Š`m {R>H$mZm h¡ ? _mojemó Ho$ Aàm_m{UH$ hmoZo na Vwë``w{ŠV go H$_©
emó H$s Aà_mUVm H$m ^r dmaU Zht hmo gH$Vm, AV… do emóeyÝ` h¢ Ÿ& O~ emóeyÝ`
hmo Jò Vmo h_mar Ñ{îQ> _| do _ao hþE go h¢ AWm©V² VÎdkmZ Ho$ CnXoe Ho$ A`mo½` h¢ &&6&&
{OZ _hmnwéfm| H$m Xoh, B[ÝÐ` Am{X H$s gH$b ì`dhmam| _| {Z`w[ŠV H$aZodmbm àË`JmË_
M¡VÝ` `m _Z gH$b emóm| go A{déÕ gdª I[ëdX§ ~«÷ (`h g~ ~«÷ hr h¡) Bg àH$ma
Ho$ kmZ go àMwa _mÌm _| nyU©H$m_ hmo MwH$m hmo, CZ H¥$VmW© nwéfm| Ho$ gmW ^r CnXoe H$Wm
H$aZm C{MV Zht h¡ Ÿ& Ho$db {Okmgw nwéfm| Ho$ {bE hr CnXoedmVm© C{MV h¡ &&7&&
àg§JV… àmßV {df` H$s g_m{ßV H$a àñVwV {df` na AmVo h¢ &
öX` _| O¡gr g§{dV² {Zad[ÀN>ÝZê$n go gXm C{XV hmoVr h¡ _Zwî` d¡gm hr hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Xoh
hmo Mmho Z hmo Ÿ& ^md `h h¡ {H$ Mmdm©H$m| Ho$ g§_V XohmË_^md _| ^r d¡gr ÑT>{ZíM`mË_H$ g§{dV² H$m
CX` hr AÝd` Am¡a ì`{VaoH$ go hoVw h¡, Xoh Am{X ì`{^M[aV hmoZo go hoVw Zht h¡ &&8&&
Bgr H$maU `Ú{n AmË_m g[ÀMXmZÝXKZ h¡ VWm{n {damoYr Xw…{IËdm{XkmZ H$s Ñ‹T>Vm go
Cg_| Xw…I_`Vm g~H$mo AZw^d go {gÕ h¡, Eogm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
ho lram_Or, `{X g§{dV² Ho$ ~moY go nwéf Xw…Ir hþAm h¡, Vmo O~ VH$ {déÕ Xw…{IËd kmZ
ahoJm V^r VH$ Ord Xw…I_` ahoJm &&9&&
`Ú{n OJV² nydm}ŠV ar{V go Xw…I_` hr h¡ VWm{n `h {Za{Ve`mZÝX {MXmH$me H$m
ñ\w$aU_mÌ hr h¡ `m| CgH$s ^mdZm H$aZo go CgHo$ dmñV{dH$ ñdê$n H$m Xe©Z hmoZo na ^«m[ÝV go
H$[ënV Xw…Iê$nVm VWm CgH$s Xe©Z, Ñí`, Xe©H$ Am{X {ÌnwQ>r H$s em[ÝV hmo OmVr h¡ &
XohmË_dmXr ^r `{X Eogr ^mdZm H$a|, Vmo CZH$s ^r _w[ŠV hmo gH$Vr h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
OJV² g[ÀMXmZÝXê$n ~«÷ H$m ñ\w$aU_mÌ hr h¡ Eogr ^mdZm H$s Om` Vmo nhbo à{gÕ
Xw…Im{X H$m doXZ H¡$go hmo gHo$Jm ? ^bm Hy$Q>ñW A{ÛVr` {MXmH$me go H¡$go {H$gH$mo Xw…I H$m
~moY hmoJm ? H$moB© {ÛVr` hmo Am¡a H$moB© Xw…I H$m {Z{_Îm hmo V^r Vmo Xw…I H$m g§^d h¡ Ÿ& O~
EH$_mÌ AmZÝX KZ {MXmH$me hr h¡ V~ Xw…I~moY H$s Š`m H$Wm h¡ ? &&10&&
CŠV AW© _| "VÌ H$mo _moh… H$… emoH$ EH$Ëd_Zwní`V…' (VÎdkmZmdñWm _| AÛ¡V H$mo XoI aho
nwéf H$mo H$m¡Z _moh Am¡a emoH$) Bg lw{V H$mo AW©V… CXmöV H$aVo h¢ &
EH$ ~«÷ hr h¡ Eogo {ZíM`mË_H$ kmZdmbo nwéfm| H$mo {H$Ýht gwI `m Xw…Im| H$m Eogo hr ñne©
Zht hmoVm, O¡go {H$ AmH$me H$mo Yy{b`m| H$m ñne© Zht hmoVm &&11&&
AnZo-AnZo Ñ‹T> {ZíM` Ho$ AZwgma hr nXmW© Ho$ AZw^d _| g§{dV² H$s à_mUVm Am¡a
{MÎmd¥{Îm H$s gË`Vm R>rH$ Zht h¡, XohmË_^md _| nhbr H$s (g§{dV² H$mo) à_mUVm Zht h¡ Am¡a
~«÷gmjmËH$mad¥{Îm _| Xygar ({MÎmd¥{Îm H$s gË`Vm ) Zht h¡ Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
g§{dV² gË` (à_m) h¡ Am¡a {MÎmd¥{Îm gË` (A~m{YV) h¡ Eogm XmoZm| H$m {Z`_ Zht h¡Ÿ& {H$ÝVw
{ZíM` Bg Vah Ho$ gV² Am¡a AgV² AW© Ho$ AZw^d _| H$maU hmoVm hr h¡, `h Am~mbd¥Õ à{gÕ
h¡ & BgH$m H$m¡Z H¡$go Anbmn H$a gH$Vm h¡ ? ^md `h {H$ AZw^d {déÕ H$m Aml` boH$a
AZw^d H$m Anbmn Zht {H$`m Om gH$VmŸ&&12&&
Bg{bE gH$bdm{X`m| Ho$ A{^_V VV²-VV² dofm| H$mo YmaU H$aZo _| g_W© g§{dV² hr
AmË_m h¡, Eogm g~ dm{X`m| H$mo g_PmH$a g~ H¥$VH¥$Ë` (g\$b_ZmoaW) {H$ò Om gH$Vo h¢,
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Bg A{^àm` go H$hVo h¡§ Ÿ&
Mmdm©H$m| H$m A{^_V eara, gm§»`m| H$m A{^_V nwéf Am¡a _r_m§gH$ Am{X H$m A{^_V
Ord `m ^moŠVm g§{dV² go n¥WH²$ CnbãY Zht hmoVm, AV… g~ dm{X`m| Ho$ H$ënZmñWmZ Xoh Am{X
g§{dV² hr h¢ Ÿ& dh (g§{dV²) O¡gm AZw^d H$aVr h¡ d¡gm hr OJV² hmo OmVm h¡ &&13&& dh g§{dV²
gË` hmo AWdm AgË` hmo Cgo Ho$db AnZr H$ënZm Ûmam (n¥{Wdr Am{X H$maUm| H$s Anojm H$aHo$
Zht) Eogo Xoh H$m AZw^d hmoVm h¡ O¡go ñdßZ _|, nmVmb _|, AmH$me _|, Ob _| Am¡a ñdJ© _| Ho$db
H$ënZm go hr Xoh H$m AZw^d hmoVm h¡ &&14&& g§{dV² Mmho gË` hmo, Mmho AgË` hmo, g§{dX²_mÌ hr
AmË_m h¡ Ÿ& CŠV g§{dV²_mÌ AmË_m {Og àH$ma Ho$ {ZíM`dmbm hmoVm h¡ dh gË` CgH$s {H«$`m
(ì`dhma {H«$`m) _| g_W© hmoVm h¡ Bg_| V{ZH$ ^r gÝXoh Zht h¡ &&15&&
O~ g§{dV² hr g~ dm{X`m| Ho$ A{^_V AmË_mm{X Ho$ ê$n go [ñWV hmoVr h¡ Vmo Eogr n[a[ñW{V
_| gË` hmoZo Am¡a CgHo$ Ûmam H$[ënV nXmWmoª Ho$ VV²-VV² A{^_V AW©{H«$`m _| g_W© hmoZo Ho$
H$maU nydm}ŠV gH$bemóm| H$m àm_mÊ` AjwÊU hr ahm, `h H$hVo h¢ &
g§{dX²-_mÌ AmË_m go hr g~ emóm| H$m àm_mÊ` AjwÊU hmoVm h¡ Am¡a `h g§{dX²-AÛ¡VmË_dmX
{gÕmÝV hr g~ dm{X`m| H$m CnOrì` hmoZo Am¡a nwéfmW© hoVw hmoZo go g~ {gÕmÝVm| H$m {eamo_{U
{gÕmÝV h¡ &&16&&
Vmo Š`m g§{dV² hr VV²-VV² dm{X`m| Ho$ A{^_V Xohm{X Ho$ AmH$ma go VV²-VV² {ZíM` Ho$
AZwgma n[aUV hmoVr h¡ ? Bg na ZH$mamË_H$ CÎma XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
g§{dV² _| Omo A~moYVm `mZr A{dÚm h¡, dhr VV²-VV² dm{X`m| H$s O¡gr g§{dV² hmoVr h¡
n[aUm_ Ûmam àd¥{Îm Am{X Ho$ g_` d¡go hr ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dhr O~ VÎdkmZ ê$ngo n[aUm_ hmoZo
na {Z_©b ewÕ {MXmH$ma hmo OmVr h¡ V~ _moj\$b^m{JZr ~Z OmVr h¡ &&17&& Bg{bE nwÊ`
VrW©, nwÊ` nd© Am{X Xoe H$mb _| ñZmZ, XmZ Am{X H$_m] go, agm`Z, _ÝÌ, Am¡f{Y Am{X Ðì`m|
go, H$_©emó Ûmam Cn{XîQ> bmoH¡$fUm, YZ¡fUm Am¡a nwÌ¡fUm ê$n ^«m[ÝV`m| go dh A~moYVm Am¡a
Cggo CËnÝZ {djong§{dV² H$^r ^r ZîQ> Zhr| hmoVr &&18&&
~moY hmoZo na O~ A{dÚm {N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ hmo MwH$s nwZ… CgHo$ Am{d^m©d _| H$moB© H$maU Zht h¡
Am¡a Xygar ~mV `h ^r h¡ {H$ `{X CgH$m nwZ… Am{d^m©d _mZm Om`, Vmo _moj H$^r hmoJm hr Zht,
Š`m|{H$ O~-O~ kmZ Ûmam dh ~m{YV hmoJr, nwZ… CgH$m Am{d^m©d hmo OmòJm, Eogm H$hVo h¢ &
AmË`[ÝVH$ ~mY go jrU hþB© A{dÚm H$s nwZ… àm{ßV H$s Ame§H$m ^r Zht h¡ Ÿ& `{X A{dÚm
EH$ ~ma ~m{YV hmoH$a nwZ… jUâ _| Am{d^©yV hmo OmòJr, Vmo OrdH$m Xw…I H$~ {H$ggo emÝV
hmoJm `mZr H$^r ^r {H$gr go ^r emÝV Z hmo gHo$Jm &&19&& g§{dV² hr _Zwî`m| H$m Ord (OrdmË_m)
h¡ CgH$s O¡gr X¥‹T> ^mdZm hmoVr h¡ d¡gm hr nwéf gwIr `m Xw…Ir hmoJm, Eogm {ZíM` h¡ &&20&&
àË`JmË_ê$n g§{dV² hr O~ VÎdV… kmV hmoVr h¡ V~ AnZo H$m`©^yV ~ÝY H$mo Xya H$aVr h¡,
Bg{bE _w_wjw bmoJm| H$s dhr eaU h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ A^md _| gmam OJV² AÝYH$manyU© hmo OmòJm &
_moj H$s Amem Vmo Xwamem hr hmo OmòJr, Eogm H$hVo h¢ &
g§{dV² H$m `{X A[ñVËd h¡ Vmo km{Z`m| Ho$ g§gmaZme _| dhr eaU h¡, `{X dh Zht h¡, Vmo
{ebm Ho$ g_mZ O‹S> AÝYH$ma hr AÝYH$ma eof ah OmVm h¡ &&21&&
H¡$go AÝYH$ma hr eof ah OmVm h¡ ? Eogm H$moB© àíZ H$ao Vmo Cg na H$hVo h¢ &
My±{H$ ñdàH$meê$n Cgrgo àË`JmË_g§{dV²ê$n Ord H$mo {ZÐm Ûmam AnZr O‹S>Vm Ho$ gÑe
AÝYH$maVwë` AkmZ go `h àn§M àmßV hþAm h¡, `{X g§{dV² H$m Anbmn {H$`m Om`, Vmo
Agm{jH$ AÝYH$ma hr eof ah OmòJm &&22&&
H$^r ^r Bggo {dbjU OJV² Zht Wm `mZr OJV² H$m A^md Zht Wm Eogm _mZH$a Omo
_hmàb` Zhr§ _mZVo do emóeyÝ` _wX©o hr h¢, `m| AmnZo nyd© _| {OZH$s {ZÝXm H$s h¡, CZHo$ _V
Ho$ AZwgma Ñ‹T> {ZíM`dmbo bmoJm| H$s VÎdkmZ àm[ßV _| _w{ŠV h¡ `m Zht Bg {df` _| gÝXoh H$a
aho lram_MÝÐOr nyN>Vo h¢ Ÿ&
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ~«÷Z², Bg g¥[îQ> H$m nyd©, n{íM_, CÎma, X{jU Am{X AmR> {XemAm|
_| CÜd© {Xem _| (D$na) Am¡a ZrMo ^r AÝV Zht h¡, Z `h AmJo CËnÝZ hmoZodmbr hr h¡ Am¡a Z
BgH$m Zme hr hmoVm h¡ Bg Vah OJV² Ho$ àmJ² A^md, àÜd§gA^md Am¡a AË`ÝVA^md-BZ
VrZm| A^mdm| H$mo {Vbm§O{b Xo MwHo$, `h g~ {dkmZKZ hr h¡, `m| Bgo na_mW©VÎdê$n Z XoI aho,
O¡gm OJV² XrI ahm h¡, dhr gË` h¡ `m| g_P aho Am¡a OJV² H$m {dZme Z XoI aho {Og nwéf
Zo OJV² H$s CŠVar{V go gË`Vm H$s ^mdZm H$s, CgHo$ g§gmaê$nr Xw…I H$s {Zd¥{Îm _| H¡$gr
`w[ŠV h¡ ? ho ~«÷Z², ~moY H$s d¥{Õ Ho$ {bE _oao Bg gÝXoh H$mo nwZ… {Zd¥Îm H$aZo H$s H¥$nm
H$s{Oò &&23-25&& lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … lram_Or, `hm±na EH$ Vmo nydm}ŠV hr (emóeyÝ` do
h_ VÎdkm{Z`m| H$s Ñ{îQ> _| _¥V go hr h¢, CZHo$ gmW dmVm©bmn Zht H$aZm Mm{hò `hr) CÎma
C{MV h¡ AWdm nhbo nyd©dmXr Ho$ à{V Omo "`§ `§ {ZíM`_mXÎmo g§{dXÝVaI[ÊS>V_²' BË`m{X CÎma
H$hm h¡, dhr C{MV h¡ Ÿ& Eogr n[a[ñW{V _| M¡VÝ` go O~ VH$ g§{dV² H$m gå~ÝY Zht hmoJm V~
VH$ Vmo CgH$m d¡gm {ZíM` hmo gH$Zm g§^d Zht h¡, AV… Cgo ^r Wmo‹S>m ~hþV M¡VÝ` H$m ~moY
H$amH$a nyd© {ZíM` CgrH$m {ddV© h¡ `m| ì`wËn{Îm H$amH$a CgHo$ AZw_mZ _| AIÊS> AmZÝXKZ
CVmam Om gH$Vm h¡ &&26&& ho nwéfloîR>, Bg àH$ma Ho$ Amemdmbo {Og nwéf H$m AmnZo à{VnmXZ
{H$`m h¡ Š`m dh Xoh go A{V[aŠV MoVZ H$mo AmË_m _mZZodmbm h¡, `m {ZË` Am{Vdm{hH$ gyú_
Xoh H$mo AmË_m _mZZodmbm h¡ `m ewÕ g§{dV² H$mo AmË_m _mZZodmbm h¡ `m AkmZ go Amd¥V g§{dV²
H$mo AmË_m _mZZodmbm h¡ `m g§{dV² H$m Anbmn _mZZodmbm h¡ ? `{X dh MoVZm_mÌ H$m
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({MXm^mgê$n H$m) A[ñVËd ñdrH$ma H$aVm h¡ Vmo Cgo H«$_ go AmË_VÎd H$m AZw^d hmoVm hr h¡,
CgHo$ g§gma go CÕma _| H$moB© H${R>ZmB© Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ Xohm{X AmH$madmbr Cnm{Y H$m {dZme
hmoZo go dh na_mË_m Ho$ gmW {_b OmVm h¡, Bg_| H$moB© g§e` Zht h¡ Ÿ& `{X CgH$s {dZmer
AÝZ_` Xoh _| AmË_~w{Õ hmo, Vmo Cgo Mmam| Amoa go {dZme H$s e§H$m go Xw…I hmoJm hr Ÿ& CgH$mo
Xw…Iàm[ßV Zht hmo gH$Vr Š`m|{H$ Bg àH$ma H«$_e… CnXoe XoZo na-kmZMMm© gwZmZo na-dh ^r
AmË_VÎd H$mo àmßV hmo hr OmòJm &&27,28&&
Vrgao nj _| H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Ad`dK{Q>V ñWyb eara H$mo AmË_m g_PZodmbo Zo ñWyb Xoh Ho$ Adí`å^mdr {dZme H$m
{dMma Zht {H$`m Ÿ& Omo dñVw gmd`d hmoVr h¡, CgH$m {dZme Vmo {H$gr Ho$ amoHo$ amoH$m Zht
Om gH$Vm h¡-Adí`å^mdr h¡ & Bggo dh ^r ñWyb Xoh go A{V[aŠV AmË_m H$mo _mZVm h¡,
`h {gÕ hmoVm h¡ &&29&&
MVwW© nj _| H$hVo h¢ &
ewÕg§{dV² H$mo AmË_m _mZZodmbm OrdÝ_wwŠV gXm g~ OJh brbm go OJV² H$m Xe©Z H$aVm
hþAm ^r _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX {dXoh_mÌ go H¡$dë` H$mo àmßV hmoH$a {\$a g§gma H$mo Zht OmZVm h¡- Zht
XoIVm h¡ Ÿ& Omo g§{dV² VÎdkmZ go ewÕ Zht h¡, dh g§gma H$s àm{ßV Ho$ ~rO H$m Zme Z hmoZo go
g§gma Ho$ {~Zm Zht ahVr, Adí` g§gma _| AmVr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m ^r {H$gr Z {H$gr OÝ_ _| kmZ H$m
CX` hmoZo go g§gma go {ZñVma hmo OmVm h¡ &&30&&
N>R>o nj _| H$hVo h¢ &
AWdm `{X "g§{d{Îm Zht h¡' Bg àH$ma H$m {ZíM`dmbm (g§{dV² H$m Anbmn H$aZodmbm) hmo
Vmo Bg àH$ma Ho$ kmZ go dh {MaH$mb VH$ nËWa Ho$ g_mZ O‹S> hmoVm h¡ &&31&&
CgZo Cg AdñWm _| Š`m AWdm H¡$gm XoIm ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
_aUn`©ÝV ÑT>rH¥$V AnZo CŠV kmZ Ho$ AZwgma hr XohnmV Ho$ ~mX {deof {dkmZ O~
ZîQ> hmo J`m V~ Jm‹T> gwfw[ßV Ho$ gX¥e _¥Ë`w H$mo hr (Z¡`m{`H$m| Ho$ _moj Ho$ Vwë`) Xw…IeyÝ`
hmoZo go CgZo na_ lo` g_Pm, {H$ÝVw {Za{Ve` AmZÝX Ho$ AZw^d go Cg _yI© Zo lo` H$m
Xe©Z Zht {H$`m &&32&&
Omo eyÝ`dmXr h¢, {OZH$m AmË_m Ho$ A^md _| Ñ‹T> {ZíM` h¡, do O~ _aVo h¢ V~ {H$g J{V H$mo
OmVo h¢ ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
{OZHo$ _V _| ewÕ g§{dV² Ho$ A[ñVËd H$m g§^d Zht h¡, do O~ earaa{hV hmoVo h¢ `mZr _aVo
h¢ V~ O‹S> H$mo VÎd _mZZodmbo do O‹S> hmoH$a Xw^©oÚ AÝYH$ma go nyU© hmoVo h¢ & Bg [df` _| lw{V
^r H$hVr h¡ - "Agw`m© Zm_ Vo bmoH$m AÝYoZ V_gm d¥Vm… Ÿ& Vm§ñVo àoË`m{^JÀN>[ÝV ò Ho$
MmË_hZmo OZm… Ÿ&' (Omo AkmZr bmoJ h¢ do bmoJ _aH$a Jm‹T> AÝYH$ma go AmÀN>ÝZ Agw`© Zm_H$
bmoH$m| _| OmVo h¢) &&33&&
Omo {dkmZdmXr bmoJ j{UH$ {dkmZ_` OJV² ñdßZZJa Ho$ Vwë` h¡, `h _mZVo h¢, CZH$mo ^r
ì`dhma{g{Õ nydm}ŠV _Vdmbo Ho$ g_mZ h¡, Eogm H$hVo h¢ &
j{UH$ Am¡a {dH$ma {MV² H$mo AmË_m _mZZodmbo Omo {dkmZdmXr bmoJ gånyU© OJV² H$mo
ñdßZZJa Ho$ g_mZ XoIVo h¢, CZH$m `h gmam H$m gmam OJÁOmb àd¥Îm hr ahVm h¡, {Zd¥Îm
Zht hmoVm &&34&&
Omo bmoJ OJV² H$mo [ñWa _mZVo h¢ Am¡a Omo bmoJ j{UH$ _mZVo h¢, CZ XmoZm| Ho$ hr gwI-
Xw…I^moJn`©ÝV g^r ì`dhma g_mZ h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
[ñWaVm Am¡a j{UH$Vm go OJX²ì`dhma d¡{MÍ`~w{Õ _| Š`m AÝVa hmoJm Ÿ? ^yV (nXmW©)
Mmho [ñWa hm| Mmho A[ñWa (j{UH$) hm|, gwI Am¡a Xw…I Vmo g_mZ hr hm|Jo &&35&&
VÎdkm{Z`m| H$m ^y{_ Am{X ^yVm| H$s j{UH$Vm Am¡a [ñWaVm _| H$moB© AmJ«h Zht h¡ Ÿ& AÜ`ñV
nXmW© Ho$db A{YîR>mZ ~«÷ go hr gmadmZ² h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE ew[ŠV Am¡a aOV Ho$ _yë` Ho$ {dMma H$s
^m±{V CgH$s [ñWaVm Am¡a A[ñWaVm H$m {dMma ì`W© h¡, Bg A{^àm` go H$hVo h¢ &
n¥{Wdr Am{X _hm^yV [ñWa hm| Mmho A[ñWa hm| ò Ho$db {MX²^mZê$n hr h¢ Ÿ& O~ VH$ AkmZ
H$m gm_«mÁ` h¡, V^r VH$ BZH$s àVr{V hmoVr h¡ &&36&&
g§{dV² j{UH$ Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ dh AnZo AZ[ñVËdê$n Zme Am¡a O‹S>Vm H$mo ì`mßV Zht H$a
gH$Vr, g§{dV² H$s ì`m[ßV Ho$ {~Zm CZ XmoZm| H$s {g{Õ Zht hmo gH$Vr, AV… g§{dV² Ho$ j{UH$Ëd
H$m H$WZ g§^d Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{OÝhm|Zo H$mbV… AgÎmm j{UH$Vm Am¡a XoeV… AgÎmm O‹S>Vm XmoZm| H$m ñne© {H$ò {~Zm hr
ZîQ> hþB© j{UH$Ëdm{^_Vg§{dV² go g§{dV² H$s O‹S>Vm Am¡a j{UH$Vm H$m {ZU©`nyd©H$ ñdrH$ma
{H$`m h¡, Bg àH$ma Ho$ _yIm] go g§^mfU VH$ Zht H$aZm Mm{hòŸ&&37&&
Bg{bE Hy$Q>ñW {MV² go {ddV© ê$n go {MX² go ì`mßV Xohn`©ÝV O‹S>àn§M H$s CËn{Îm _mZZodmbo
YÝ` h¢, Š`m|{H$ CZHo$ _V _| "dmMmaåÛ§ {dH$mamo Zm_Yo`_²' dmMmaåÛÝ`m` go {dH$ma H$mo
AgË` g_PZo na {MV² hr Ad{eîQ> ahVm h¡ Ÿ& A{MX² Xoh Am{X go {MV² H$s CËn{Îm _mZZodmbo
Mmdm©H$, Z¡`m{`H$ Am{X _yI© h¡ Ÿ& {MV² Ho$ {dZme go O‹S> H$m n[aeof Z Vmo nwéfmW© h¡ Am¡a Z
nwéfmW© H$m gmYZ hr h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
{OZHo$ _V _| {MV² go earam| H$s CËn{Îm h¡, do nwéf loîR> dÝXZr` h¢ Ÿ& {OZHo$ _V _| eara
go {MV² H$s CËn{Îm hmoVr h¡, CZ nwéfmY_m| go ^mfU H$aZm ^r R>rH$ Zht h¡ &&38&&
Ordg_[îQ>ê$n EH$ {haÊ`J^© hr ZmZm Ordm| Ho$ ê$n go D$na ZrMo bmoH$m| _|§ J_Z Am{X Ûmam
ŸyÕ - 100] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2177
g§gmar ~ZVm h¡, `h H$ënZm ^r g_w{MV h¡, Eogm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go _Q>H$m| _| âr Om ahr Obam{e D$na, ZrMo Am¡a {VaN>o OmVr h¡ d¡go hr {MÐÿn Ordg_[îQ>
{haÊ`J^© hr _ÀN>‹a>m| Ho$ g_yh H$s Vah {VaN>o, D$na Am¡a ZrMo Ho$ bmoH$m| _| J_Z, AmJ_Z Ûmam
g§gma H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡ &&39&&
{haÊ`J^© H$s Omo H$V©¥ê$n ZmZm Ordm| H$s g_{îQ>ê$nVm h¡, dh ^r {haÊ`J^©{MV² H$s
ñdH$ënZm Ho$ AmJ«hde hr h¡, Eogm à{VnmXZ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
Omo {haÊ`J^©ê$n {MXm^mg ~rOm¡K^md go AnZr g_[îQ>Vm H$s ^mdZm H$a CZH$s dmgZm
Ho$ AZwgma hr g¥[îQ> Ho$ Am{X _| ~hþV àH$ma go {^ÝZ ì`[îQ>ê$n H$Vm© H$s AnZo AÝV…H$aU _|
^mdZm H$aVm h¡, dh CŠV ^mdZm _| AmgŠV hmoH$a Cgr ^mdZm go ZmZm H$V©¥ê$n H$m AÝV…H$aU
_| ñd`§ hr AZw^d H$aVm h¡ Am¡a O¡gm AZw^d H$aVm h¡ d¡go hr g§gma H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&&40&&
Bg àH$ma go ^r dhr {gÕ hþAm {OgH$s h_Zo nhbo à{Vkm H$s Wr, Eogm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Omo {Og nXmW© H$s {Og àH$ma ^mdZm H$aVm h¡, {MÐÿn dh Ord erK« hr CgH$mo àmßV hmoVm
h¡, `h ~mV ~mbH$m| go boH$a ~‹S>o-~y‹T>m| VH$ g~ na à{gÕ h¡ &&41&&
Bg{bE CZ OrdM¡VÝ`m| H$s {d{MÌ-{d{MÌ dmgZmAmo§ Ho$ AZwê$n VV²-VV² g¥[îQ> Ho$ MoVZm|
H$s {d{MÌVm go AZÝV g¥[îQ>d¡{MÍ` h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go AmH$me _| YwE± H$s {d{MÌ ^«{_`m± (AmdV©) hmoVr h¡ Am¡a O¡go _hmgmJa _| Obam{e H$s
{d{MÌ ^«{_`m± hmoVr h¢ d¡go hr g¥[îQ> Ho$ Amaå^ _| {MXmH$me _| OJËg¥{îQ> H$s {d{MÌ ^«{_`m± hmoVr
h¢ &&42&& O¡go ñdßZ _| {MXmH$me hr _Zwî` Ho$ à{V ZJar H$m ê$n YmaU H$aVm h¡ d¡go hr Am{X
g¥[îQ> go boH$a {MXmH$me hr OJV² H$m ê$n YmaU H$a [ñWV h¡ &&43&&
ghH$mar H$maUm| Ho$ {~Zm hr g¥{îQ> Ho$ Am{X _| Ho$db à{V^m_mÌ go {gÕ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ^r
OJV² H$s ñdßZ g_Vm hr h¡, Eogm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go ñdßZ _| ñdßZZJa Am{X H$s CËn[Îm Ho$ {bE ghH$mar H$maU Zht h¡ d¡go hr g¥[îQ>
Ho$ Amaå^ _| OJV²[ñW{V Ho$ ghH$mar H$maU n¥{Wdr Am{X _hm^yV Zht h¢ &&44&& ñdßZZJa
_| ZJa Ho$ Ad`dê$n _hb, Ka Am{X Ho$ CÎmamoÎma ^y{_H$m-ôX Omo AY©{dH$mgde AnyU©
{H$ò Jò Wo, do hr OJV²ê$n ñdßZZJa _| nyU© {dH$mg Ûmam nwîQ>Vm H$mo àmßV hþE h¢ &&45&&
Û¡V Am¡a EoŠ` go {dhrZ ò gH$b àOmOZ {MXmH$meê$n hr h¢ Ÿ& {MXmH$me _| Xygar a§OZm
(amJ-Û¡Vboe) Š`m hmo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& Omo `hm±na Û¡V-gm _mby_ n‹S>Vm h¡ dh g~ {MXmH$me
hr h¡ Ÿ&&46&& {Ì{dY Vmn H$s em[ÝV H$aZo Ho$ H$maU erVb, Am‡mXOZH$ {MV²ê$n Mm±XZr
Mmam| Amoa MoVZmê$nr àH$me (nXmW©àVr{Vê$nr àH$me) [~Ioa ahr h¡ Ÿ& CŠV MoVZmê$nr
àH$me H$m hr nXmW©ê$n go ñ\w$aU `h OJV² h¡ &&47&& g¥[îQ> Ho$ nyd© Am¡a g¥[îQ> Ho$ ~mX (àb`
_|) g¥[îQ>a{hV ñd^mddmbo {MÝ_` AmH$me _| Ho$db AmO hr (dV©_mZ jU _| hr) g¥[îQ> H$m
Xe©Z à{gÕ h¡ Ÿ& Am¡a dh AmH$meê$n ~«÷ hr h¡ Ÿ& dh AmË_{MV² Ho$ n[a{ÀN>ÝZê$n go CÝ_of
hmoZo na nbH$ â _| ñdßZ Ho$ Vwë` C{XV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a AmË_{MV² Ho$ An[a[ÀN>ÝZê$n go
{Z_of hmoZo na AnZo Amn ñdßZ H$s ^m±{V AñV hmo OmVm h¡ &&48&&
{M[V `{X AnZr gÎmm Ho$ ~b go gV² ~Zm H$a OJV² H$mo XoIVr h¡ V~ Vmo Hw$N> ^r AgV² Zht
H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡, Eogm H$hVo h¢ &
lw{Và{gÕ gV² dñVw ({M{V) AV… {Og-{Og dñVw H$mo g¥{îQ> Ho$ Am{X _| O¡gm-O¡gm
OmZVr h¡, CgH$m AmO ^r d¡gm hr AZw^d H$aVr h¡, Bg{bò gmam H$m gmam OJV² {MË_mÌ
Cg_| Zht h¡ Š`m ? Omo {H$ dh AgË` hmoJm ? &&49&& eaV² F$Vw Ho$ g_mZ {Z_©b kmZdmbo
emÝV{MÎm VWm na_ VÎd H$m gmjmËH$ma H$a MwHo$ nwéf {MV² go n¥WH²$ê$n go AgV² hr h¢
Am¡a {MÐÿn go Vmo gV² hr h¢ &&50&&
CZH$s Cg àH$ma H$s [ñW{V H$s bjU Ûmam nhMmZ H$amVo h¢ Ÿ&
_mZ Am¡a _moh go {dhrZ, g§Jê$nr Xmofna {dO` nm MwHo$ (ór, nwÌ Am{X H$s Amg[ŠV go
a{hV), bmoH$àdmhde AmË_H$V©ì` H$aZodmbo Am¡a Xmofboea{hV _hmnwéf `ÝÌ_` (nwéfà{V_m)
Ho$ g_mZ h¢, do Am¡am| H$s H$m`©ì`dhmaÑ[îQ> _| [ñWV hmoVo h¢ &&51&&
gm¡dm± gJ© g_mßV
EH$ gm¡ EH$dm± gJ©

gd©Ì gXm {Z_©b g§{dV²ê$nr EH$ AmË_m H$m gmjmËH$ma H$a aho nwéf H$s,
^` Ho$ hoVwAm| H$s àm{ßV Z hmoZo go, {Z^©`[ñW{V H$m dU©ZŸ&
Ho$db {MÝ_mÌ hr VÎd h¡, Eogm kmZ hmo OmZo na g^r dm{X`m| H$s A^` nX _| {Og Vah
à{VîR>m àmßV hmo Om`, d¡gm dU©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE ^y{_H$m aMVo h¢ Ÿ&
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, {MÝ_mÌ hr nwéf h¡ Ÿ& dhr ZmZm dm{X`m| Ûmam
n[aH$[ënV ñWm`r VWm j{UH$ Am{Xê$n go Ed§ OÝ_, _aU, ^`, emoH$ Am{X Ho$ ê$ngo
Ad[ñWV h¡ &&1&&
CgrH$m CnnmXZ H$aVo hþE CgH$m \$b H$hVo h¢ &
Am¡a dh {MÝ_mÌ {Z_©b AmH$me hr h¡ Ÿ& ÐîQ>m Am¡a Ñí`, ò XmoZm| CgHo$ {ddV©^yV h¢Ÿ&
{MÝ_mÌ hr O~ `h OJV² h¡, V~ ho lram_MÝÐOr Bg_| ho` Am¡a CnmXo` ~w{Õ H$hm± go hmo
gH$Vr h¡ ? &&2&&
ho` Am¡a CnmXo` Ho$ A^md _| amJ Am¡a Ûof H$s à{g{Õ Zht hmoVr-`h {dkmZ¡H$ñH$ÝYdmXr
ŸyÕ - 101] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2179
~m¡Õ H$mo ^r gå_V h¡, {H$ÝVw j{UH$ {dkmZ Agma h¡, Bg{bE CgH$m _V CnojUr` h¡, `h
H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
~¥hñn{V Ûmam () àUrV ~wÕemó Ho$ AZwJm_r {Og j{UH$dmXr ~m¡Õ Ho$ _V go j{UH$
{dkmZ go A{V[aŠV OJV² Zht h¡, CgHo$ _V _| ^r {df`m| H$m gd©Wm A^md hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
hr amJ-Ûof H$hm± go hmo gH$Vo h¢, CZH$s àm{ßV hr Zht h¡ Ÿ& {H$ÝVw g§{dV² go AÝ` CgHo$
_V _| {ZË` nwéfmW©ê$n gma hr Š`m h¡ {H$ {OgH$s g§^mdZm go dh Cg g§{dV² H$s {ZË`Vm
ñdrH$ma Zht H$aVm () &&3&&
Hy$Q>ñW g§{dV² H$m hr {ddV©ê$n ñdßZ OJV² h¡, Bg h_mao {gÕmÝV _| Vmo amJ-Ûof H$s {H$gr
Vah àm[ßV hr Zht, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, h_ doXm[ÝV`m| Ho$ _V _| Vmo `h OJV² Zm_H$m ñdßZ g§{dXmH$me_` hr h¡,
Bg_| BîQ> Am¡a A{ZîQ> H$s Ñ{îQ>`m± (`h BîQ> h¡, `h A{ZîQ> h¡ Bg àH$ma H$s àVr{V`m±) VWm
VÝ_ybH$ amJ Am¡a Ûof {H$g AmH$ma Ho$ hm|Jo, `h H${hò &&4&&
AWdm `h ho` h¡ Am¡a `h CnmXo` h¡ `m| {dH$ënmÜ`mg ^bo hr aho, Vmo ^r g§{dXmH$me _|
H$moB© AÝVa Zht h¡, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
`h ho` h¡ AWdm `h CnmXo` h¡, `h {dH$ënmÜ`mg ^r {Z_©b g§{dXmH$meê$n hr h¡ Ÿ& CŠV
{Z_©b g§{dXmH$me ^r {Z_©b AmË_m _| ( g§{dXmH$me _| ) hr Ad^m{gV hmo ahm h¡, AV… `hm± na
BîQ> `m `h A{ZîQ> h¡ `m| Xmo Vah H$s Ñ[îQ> H¡$gr ? &&5&&
g§gma Ho$ g^r nXmW© EH$_mÌ A{dZmer g§{dX²ê$n hr h¢, Bg{bE CZHo$ OÝ_, _aU Am{X
H$s ^r g§^mdZm Zht hmo gH$Vr, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, Za, A_a (Xod), ZmJ, ñWmda, VWm O§J_-ò g~Ho$ g~ g§{dX²ê$n hr
h¢ & ^md, A^md () Am{X ^r Bgr g§{dX²ê$n gmJa H$s Va§J, ^«{_ Am{X d¥{Îm`m± h¢ &&6&& _¢
g§{dXmH$meê$n hr hÿ±, Amn ^r g§{dXmH$meê$n hr h¢ VWm h_ XmoZm| Ho$ A{V[aŠV ò {OVZo Ord
h¢, ho lram_MÝÐOr, do ^r g~ g§{dXmH$meê$n hr h¢ Ÿ& h_ bmoJ H$^r _aVo Zht, Bg_| V{ZH$ ^r
gÝXoh Zht h¡ Ÿ& ~VbmBò Vmo ghr g§{dV² Š`m AmOVH$ H$^r _ar h¡ ? &&7&&
g^r g§{dÐÿn h¢ O~ `h EH$ {Z[íMV {gÕm§V h¡ Vmo g§{dV² go {^ÝZ g§doÚ ~MVm hr Š`m
() ~¥hñn{V Zo a{OnwÌm| VWm Agwam| H$mo {d_mo{hV H$aZo Ho$ {bE ~wÕemó H$s aMZm H$s
Wr, `h _Ëñ`nwamU Am{X _| à{gÕ h¡ &
() {dkmZ go A{V[aŠV OJV² Zht h¡, `h Vmo dh ^r _mZVm h¡, bo{H$Z {dkmZ H$mo dh
{ZË` Zht _mZVm, j{UH$ _mZVm h¡, {g\©$ Bgr EH$ CgHo$ j{UH$ A§e _| h_| dmX h¡ &
() OÝ_, _aU Am{X &
h¡ ? AnZo _| hr ñdg§doÚVm H$s H$ënZm Vmo AnZo H$§Yona AnZo H$mo M‹T>mZo H$s H$ënZm Ho$
O¡gr hr h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
ho {dembZ`Z lram_MÝÐOr, g§{dV² H$m H$moB© g§doÚ Zht h¡ Ÿ& `{X ñd`§ hr `h g§{dV²
g§doÚVm H$mo àmßV hmo Vmo {MX«yn Bggo AÝ` g§doÚVmbjU {H«$`m-H$_© ôXê$n {ÛËd AWdm Cggo
ì`md¥Îm EH$Ëd-ò XmoZm| H$hm± aho ? &&8&& H${hò, Cg g§{dV² Ho$ A{V[aŠV {ZË` gÛñVw Š`m h¡ ?
Am¡a Amn `h ^r H${hò {H$ `{X dh _aVr h¡, Vmo {\$a AmO ò h_ bmoJ Or H¡$go aho h¢ ? &&9&&
BZ g~ ~mVm| H$m {ZMmo‹S> `h {ZH$bm {H$ g§{dXmH$me hr g^r dm{X`m| Ho$ AnZo-AnZo
A{^_V nXmWm] Ho$ AmH$ma go gd©Ì àVrV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ {~Zm AÝ` H$moB© J{V Zht h¡,
ho lram_Or, gm¡JV Am{X Omo dmXr h¢ VWm bmoH$m`{VH$ (Mmdm©H$) Am{X Omo dmXr h¢, do
g~Ho$ g~ g§{dXmH$me Ho$ {gdm` Omo nXmW© _mZVo h¢, H${hò dh Š`m h¡ ? &&10&&
~«÷dmXr H$mo AmJo H$a, CgH$m gd©àW_ Zm_ boH$a CŠV AW© H$m {dñVma go dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bg g§{dXmH$me H$mo hr H$moB© ~«÷ H$hVo h¢, H$moB© {dkmZ H$hVo h¢ H$moB© eyÝ`
H$hVo h¢ &&11&& H$moB© (1) _{Xam _X Ho$ Vwë` (c) (XohmH$ma _| n[aUV ^yVY_©^yV), H$moB©
(2) nwéf, H$moB© (3) {MXmH$me VWm H$moB© (4) {ed Ed§ AmË_m H$hVo h¢ &&12&&
Bg Vah AZoH$ dm{X`m| Ûmam AZoH$ àH$ma H$s H$ënZm H$aZo na ^r {M{V Ho$ ñdê$n Ho$ {df`
_| {H$gr Vah j{V Zht hmoVr, Š`m|{H$ `h {M{V g_ñV {dH$ënm| H$s gmjr hmoZo go ñd`§
{Z{d©H$ënñdê$n h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Bg Vah BgHo$ ñdê$n Ho$ {df` _| AZoH$ Vah H$s H$ënZm hmoZo na ^r `h {MÝ_mÌ
ñdê$n dmbr {M{V e{ŠV H$ht AÝ`ê$nVm H$mo àmßV Zht hmoVr, Š`m|{H$ Bg Vah AZoH$
àH$ma go {dH$[ënV `h AnZo AmË_m H$mo ñd`§ VÐÿn hr OmZVr h¡, AÝ`ê$n Zht Ÿ&&13&&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, _oao gmao A§J MyU©-MyU© hmo Om`, `m gw_oé nd©V Ho$ gÑe {demb hmo Om`,
Bggo {MÝ_mÌ earadmbo _oar Š`m j{V hþB© Am¡a Š`m d¥{Õ hþB© ? &&14&& h_ bmoJm|§ Ho$ {nVm_h
Am{X Ho$ eara _a Jò, {H$ÝVw CZH$s {M{V Vmo Zhr§ _ar & `{X dh ^r _a OmVr, Vmo {\$a
_¥V AmË_mdmbo CZH$m nwZO©Ý_ hr Z hmoVm Am¡a Vwë`Ý`m` go h_ bmoJm| H$m ^r nwZO©Ý_ Z
hþAm hmoVm &&15&&
(c) O¡go AÝZm{X {d{dY dñVwAm| H$m g§{_lU hr _Xê$n _| n[aUV hmo OmVm h¡ d¡go hr
XohmH$ma _| n[aUV n¥{Wdr Am{X _hm^yVm| H$m Y_© hr MoVZ h¡, Cggo A{V[aŠV Zht h¡, `h
Mmdm©H$ H$m _V h¡ & (1) XohmË_dmXr Mmdm©H$ (2) gm§»` (3) `moJr (4) e¡d bmoJ Bgo {ed,
B©ída, AmË_m, AUw Am¡a Ord H$hVo h¢ &
ŸyÕ - 101] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2181
`h g§{dXmH$me Aj` h¡ Ÿ& Z Vmo `h H$^r OÝ_ boVm h¡ Am¡a Z H$^r _aVm hr h¡, Bg_|
V{ZH$ ^r gÝXoh Zht h¡ Ÿ& ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bg AmH$me H$m Zme Š`m hmoJm AWdm H¡$go
hmoJm, `h H${hò &&16&& Bg Vah g§{dX² Ho$ Zme H$m g§^d Z hmoZo go OJÐÿn ñ\w$aUdmbm
CX` Am¡a AñV go a{hV A{dZmer {MXmH$me AnZr AmË_m _| hr [ñWV h¡ Ÿ&&17&&
{MXmH$meê$nr ñ\${Q>H$-nd©V AnZo AÝXa ñd`§ OJV²àH$me H$mo YmaU H$aVm hþAm
ñdVÎdgmjmËH$maê$nr A{½Z go CgH$m Xmh H$aHo$ ñdÀN> AmË_ñdê$n _| Ad[ñWV ahVm h¡ &
`h Am{X, AÝV VWm _Ü` go eyÝ` h¡ (N) &&18&&
Á`mo§-Á`m| kmZ à~b hmoVm OmVm h¡ Ë`m|-Ë`m| AkmZO{ZV `h OJV² ^r ZîQ> hmoVm OmVm h¡,
O¡go AÝYH$ma Ûmam amV _| ~Zm`m J`m Hw$N> EH$ Vah H$m _oKg§KmV OJV H$m AmdaU, Omo
amV IwbVo g_` {XImB© XoVm h¡, H«$_e… {~bHw$b ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ `mZr Á`m| Á`m| gy`© H$m àH$me
~‹T>Vm OmVm h¡ Ë`m| Ë`m| ZîQ> hmoVm hþAm dh Hw$N> Xoa Ho$ ~mX nyU©ê$n go ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡, d¡go hr
ho lram_MÝÐOr, AkmZê$nr AÝYH$ma Ûmam g§nm{XV `h {díd ^r Á`m|-Á`m| kmZ ~‹T>Vm OmVm
h¡ Ë`m|-Ë`m| ZîQ> hmoVm hþAm kmZ H$m àm~ë` hmoZo na AÝV _| {~bHw$b ZîQ> hmoH$a ñdê$n _o| àmßV
hmo OmVm h¡ &&19&& O¡go gmJa ñd`§ hr AnZo ñdê$n^yV Obàdmh, Va§J Am{X _| AmdV©, \o$Z,
~wX²~wX Am{X ê$n A§J YmaU H$aVm ahVm h¡ d¡go hr {MXmH$me ^r AnZo ñdê$n_| hr OJÐynr A§J
YmaU H$aVm hþAm [ñWV h¡ &&20&& {MÝ_mÌ hr nwéf h¡, dh AmH$medV² {ZË` h¡, H$^r ^r ZîQ>
Zht hmoVm, Bg{bE _¢ ZîQ> hmoVm hÿ± Bg Vah Omo emoH$ H$aZm h¡, dh gd©Wm ì`W© h¡ &&21&&
OrU© eara Ho$ Ë`mJ go AË`ÝV ZyVZ eara H$s àm[ßV _| {Z{_Îm^yV _¥Ë`w Ho$ Cn[ñWV hmoZo
na hf© _ZmZm hr C{MV h¡, emoH$ H$aZm C{MV Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
OrU© earaË`mJ go AÝ` ZyVZ eara H$s àm[ßV hmoZo na Vmo EH$ _hmZ² ZdrZ CËgd hr _ZmZm
Mm[hò$& Aao _y‹T> nwéfm|, hf©ê$n _aU Ho$ Cn[ñWV hmoZo na Vw_ bmoJ {dfmX Š`m| H$aVo hmo ? &&22&&
nwZO©Ý_ H$Xm{n Zht hmoVm, `{X `hr _V Vwåhmao öX` _| ~¡R>m hþAm h¡, Vmo ^r Vwåh| {dfmX
H$aZm C{MV Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ EH$_mÌ _¥Ë`w go hr gd©{dY AZWm] H$m {ZdmaU hmo OmVm h¡,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
_¥V àmUr nwZ… CËnÝZ Zht hmoVm, `{X `hr Vwåhmam {Z[íMV _V h¡, Vmo Bg_| ^r dh _hmZ²
nwéfmW©CËH$f© hr h¡, Š`m|{H$ CËn{Îm Am¡a Zme VWm J«hU Am¡a Ë`mJ, BË`m{X g^r Áda EH$_mÌ
(N) O¡go ñdÀN> ñ\${Q>H$-nd©V AnZo ^rVa à{dîQ> à{V{~å~dZ H$mo nhbo YmaU H$aVm hþAm
H$Xm{MV² à{V{~å~ A{½Z^md H$mo àmßV hþE AnZo hr Ûmam Cg dZ H$mo ObmH$a ñdê$n_mÌ _|
Ad[ñWV ahVm h¡, d¡go hr `hm± ^r g_PZm Mm{hò, `h Ame` h¡ &
Cg _aU go hr em[ÝV H$mo àmßV hmo Jò &&23&&
Bg àH$ma O~ OÝ_ Am¡a _aU Ho$ ahVo ^r Xw…I H$s àm[ßV Zht h¡, Vmo {\$a BZH$s A^mdXem
_| ^bm Xw…I H$s àm{ßV H¡$go hmo gH$Vr h¡ ? Bg Ame` go Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, My±{H$ OÝ_ Zht h¡ Am¡a _aU Zht h¡, AV… gwI Zht h¡, Am¡a Xw…I
^r Zht h¡, Bg_| V{ZH$ ^r gÝXoh Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw EH$_mÌ {MXmH$me hr BZ g~Ho$ ê$ngo
ñ\w$[aV hmo ahm h¡ &&24&&
_¥V àmUr H$mo nwZ… Xoh H$m bm^ hmoVm h¡ `m Zht, `h gÝXoh ~Zm ahZo go _¥Ë`w go ^`
_mZZodmbo Ho$ à{V nydm}ŠV AW© H$mo hr nwZ… C[ŠVd¡{MÍ` go H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
`{X _¥V àmUr H$mo nwZ… Xoh H$m bm^ hmoVm h¡, Vmo `h ZyVZ _hmoËgd hr hþAm, Š`m|{H$ ~w‹T>mnm
VWm ZmZm{dY amoJm| go J«ñV H$mamJ¥h Ho$ gÑe nyd© eara H$m Zme hr Vmo _¥Ë`w h¡ Am¡a dh _¥Ë`w na_
gwI_` h¡ &&25&&
_¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX Hw$H${_©`m| H$mo ZaH$ Am{X Ho$ ldU go `{X ^` hmoVm h¡, Vmo {\$a Or{dV àm{U`m|
H$mo ^r, Omo Mmoar Am{X Hw${ËgV H$_© H$aZodmbo h¢, amOXÊS> H$m ^` ~Zm ahVm h¡ VWm "AË`wËH$Q>
nmn H$_m] H$m \$b àmUr H$mo Bgr bmoH$ _| OrVo Or ^moJZm n‹S>Vm h¡,' `m| nmn H$_m] Ho$ \$bldU
go `hm± ^r CÝh| ^` hmoVm hr h¡ &&26&&
Bg{bE g_mZ ^` hmoZo go Amn Hw$Hw$_© hr Z H$a|, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Hw$H$_m] go Omo ^` h¡, dh Vmo Bg bmoH$ _| VWm nabmoH$ _| ^r g_mZ hr h¡, Bg{bE XmoZm|
bmoH$m| H$s CÎm_ \$b-àm{ßV Ho$ {bE Hw$Hw$_© hr Zht H$aZo Mm{hò &&27&& _¢ _a OmD±$Jm, _a
OmD±$Jm, _a OmD±$Jm, `hr ~am~a H$hm H$aVo h¢, _aZo Ho$ ~mX ^r _¢ {MÐÿn go gXm [ñWV ahÿ±Jm,
ahÿ±Jm, ahÿ±Jm, Eogm {dMma Zht H$aVo &&28&&
na_mW© Ñ[îQ> go Vmo OÝ_ Am¡a _aU H$s àm[ßV Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
{dMma H$a Xo{Iò Z, dñVwV… OÝ_ Am¡a _aU H$hm± h¡ ? CËn{Îm Am¡a {dZme H$s ^y{_`m± H$hm±
h¢ ? `h g~ gdm©Ë_H$ {MXmH$me hr {MXmH$me _| {ddV©^md H$mo àmßV hmo ahm h¡ &&29&&
kmZn[anyU© _hmË_mAm| H$m BÀN>meyÝ` ì`dhma hmooZo go CÝh| H$Xm{n Xw…I àmßV Zht hmoVm,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
Amn EH$_mÌ g§{dXmH$meê$n hr h¢, Bg{bE __Vm N>mo‹S>H$a Amn Iy~ ImBò, nr{Oò & Amn
gm§gm[aH$ g~ ì`dhma H$aVo M{bò Ÿ& Amn Vmo AmH$meH$moe Ho$ gX¥e {Z_©b h¢ Ÿ& ^bm Amn_|
BÀN>m H$m CX` H$hm± go hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? &&30&& AnZo àdmh-~b go àmßV à`ËZ go VWm Xoe Am¡a
H$mb Ho$ de go àmßV hþE eãXm{X {df`m|, H$m Am¡a CZ_| ^r Omo nmdZ go ^r AË`ÝV nmdZ h¡,
CZH$m `mZr Omo _Z H$mo _{bZ ~ZmZo VWm CgHo$ {djon _| hoVw Zht h¢ CZH$m ^ì`mË_m nwéf
ŸyÕ - 102] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2183
{Z^©` hmoH$a Cn^moJ H$aVm h¡ &&31&&
~rM-~rM _| `mZr Xoe _| O~ {H$gr Vah H$m CnÐd AmH$a I‹S>m hmo OmVm h¡ `m Xw{^©j
n‹S> OmVm h¡ V~ ^r kmZr nwéf H$mo Xw…I Zht àmßV hmoVm, Š`m|{H$ Cg g_` dh H$ht EH$mÝV
nd©V H$s Jw\$m _| g_m{YgwI H$m AZw^d H$aHo$ Cg Xw…IJ«ñV H$mb H$s AdhobZm H$a XoVm
h¡, `h H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
~rM-~rM _| Am Q>nHo$ XoeH$mb Ho$ de C{XV hþE ZmZmàH$ma Ho$ Xmofm| H$m AZmXa H$aHo$
CZH$s AdhobZm H$aVm hþAm H$ht EH$mÝV nd©V H$s Jw\$m _| {Z{d©H$ën$g_m{Y _| gwßV~w{Õ nwéf
[ñWV ahVm h¡ &&32&& {Z{d©H$ën$g_m{Y _| {Z_½Z~w{Õ nwéf Z Vmo _¥Ë`w go Xw…I H$mo àmßV hmoVm
h¡ Am¡a Z OrdZ go gwI H$mo hr àmßV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh {H$gr dñVw H$s A{^bmfm Zht H$aVm Am¡a Z
{H$gr go Ûof hr H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh dmgZmeyÝ` hmoH$a g_m{Y _| [ñWV ahVm h¡ &&33&&
Bg gJ© _| H$hr JB© ~mVm| H$m g§{jßVê$n go Cng§hma H$aVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, OrdZ-_aU VWm OÝ_ H$mo OrU© V¥U g_PVm hþAm BÀN>meyÝ` VWm
dmgZm go a{hV OrdÝ_wŠV nwéf {d{XVdoÚ hmoZo na ^r A{V_yT> H$s Vah ^èyÝ` hmo Bg g§gma
_| Eogo {Zdmg H$aVm h¡, O¡go AMb &&34&&
EH$ gm¡ EH$dm± gJ© g_mßV
EH$ gm¡ Xmodm± gJ©

VÎdkmZr H$s bjUmd{bH$m, {OgHo$ Ñ‹T> Aä`mg go ~moY Ñ‹T> hmo Om`, nwZ… dU©ZŸ&
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ho ~«÷Z², Am{X Am¡a AÝV go eyÝ` na_ VÎd ~«÷ dñVw H$m ^br^m±{V
kmZ hmo OmZo na CÎm_ nwéf {H$Z-{H$Z bjUm| go {d{eîQ> (`wŠV) hmo OmVm h¡, `h H¥$nm H$a
H${hò &&1&& lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, ko` dñVw H$m {Ogo ^br^m±{V n[akmZ hmo
MwH$m h¡ Eogm OrdZ²_wŠV ZamoÎm_ H¡$gm hmoVm h¡ Am¡a OrdZ-n`©ÝV dh {H$g Vah Ho$ ñd^md go
VWm {H$g AmMma go `wŠV hmoH$a Ad[ñWV ahVm h¡, `h (_¢ Amngo H$hVm hÿ±) Amn gww{Zò &&2&&
CZ bjUm| _| ñd^md^yV Amä`ÝVa bjUm| H$mo nhbo H$hZo Ho$ {bò CnH«$_ H$aVo h¢Ÿ&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, O§Jb Ho$ ~rM _| ahVo hþE ^r Cg OrdÝ_wŠV nwéfloîR> Ho$ nËWa ^r
{_Ì, dZ Ho$ d¥j ^r ~ÝYw VWm _¥Jm| Ho$ ~ÀMo hr ñdOZ ~Z OmVo h¢ Ÿ& H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h
h¡ {H$ {_Ì VWm nËWa Am{X _| g§`moJ VWm {d`moJ hmoZo na ^r CgH$s [ñW{V EH$-gr ~Zr
ahVr h¡-{_Ì Am{X Ho$ g§`moJ Am¡a {d`moJ _| Cgo hf© Am¡a Xw…I Zht hmoVm &&3&& _hmZ² amÁ`
_| [ñWV ahZo na ^r Cg nwéf Ho$ {bE _Zwî`m| go R>gmR>g âm ñWmZ ^r {~ëHw$b eyÝ` h¡,
Cg _hmË_m Ho$ {bE Amn{Îm`m± ^r (YZ VWm ~ÝYw Am{X H$m Zme ^r) gån{Îmê$n h¢ Ÿ& dY,
~ÝYZ VWm nadeVm Am{X ZmZm àH$ma Ho$ Xw…I hr CgHo$ {bE _hmZ² CËgd Ho$ Vwë` ahVo
h¢ `mZr CZ Xw…Imo§ H$mo dh OrdÝ_wŠV _hmË_m _hmZ² CËgd Ho$ g_mZ _mZVm h¡ &&4&& CgHo$
{bE Ag_m{Y ^r g_m{Y h¡, Xw…I H$mo hr dh _hmZ² gwI g_PVm h¡, CgH$m dm{MH$ ì`dhma
hmoZona ^r dh _m¡Z h¡ Ÿ& `Ú{n CgHo$ g^r H$_© hmoVo hr h¢, {\$a ^r CgHo$ do g~ H$_© AH$_©
hr h¡ &&5&& dh OmJ«XdñWm _| [ñWV ahZo na ^r gwfwßV gÑe {Z{d©H$ënmË_m _| [ñWV ahVm
h¡ & Or{dV ahVm hþAm ^r AearamË_^md _| [ñWV hmoZo go _¥V àmUr Ho$ Vwë` h¡ Ÿ& g_ñV
AmMma ^r dh H$aVm h¡, {\$a ^r AH$Vm© AmË_m _| à{V[îR>V hmoZo go Hw$N> Zht H$aVm &&6&&
CgH$s {df`gwIm| _| EH$_mÌ AmË_gwI H$s Ñ[îQ> ahVr h¡, Bg{bE dh a{gH$ h¡, {H$ÝVw
{df`Ñ[îQ> go Vmo dh AË`ÝV {daŠV h¡ Ÿ& My±{H$ {H$gr ì`{ŠV{deof _| dh ñds`Vm~w{Õ Zht
aIVm, Bg{bE Cg_| H$éUm Vmo h¡ hr Zht, {H$ÝVw ñdmË_Vm ~w{Õ go {Zénm{Y ào_ hmoZo Ho$
H$maU dh ~ÝYwAm| _| dËgb h¡ Ÿ& X`m{df` {ÛVr` dñVw H$mo dh Zht XoIVm, Bg{bE X`meyÝ`
h¡, bo{H$Z AnZo eara H$s Cn_m Ûmam dh Xygao Ho$ eara _| ^r gwI-Xw…I H$m AdbmoH$Z
H$aZo go AË`ÝV H$éUm go `wŠV h¡ Ÿ& Bgr Vah n[anyU© hmoZo go dh V¥îUm go eyÝ` h¡, {H$ÝVw
AkOZm| H$m CÕma H$aZm CgH$m ñd^md h¡, AV… CZHo$ {hV H$s V¥îUm go A[ÝdV h¡ &&7&&
"{H$_mMmamo@d{VîR>Vo' Bggo nyN>o Jò ~mø bjUm| H$m dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
gdm©{^Z[ÝXV AmMmam| go `wŠV hmoZo na ^r dh g_ñV AmMmam| go ~{hîH¥$V h¡ Ÿ& emooH$, ^`
VWm Am`mg go a{hV hmoZo na ^r dh Ak OZm| H$m Xw…I XoIH$a CZHo$ {bE emoH$ H$aVm h¡, AV…
emoH$`wŠV-gm XrIVm h¡ &&8&& Z Vmo Cg OrdÝ_wŠV àmUr go g§gma ^`^rV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Z dhr
g§gma go ^`^rV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AÝ` OZH$s Ñ{îQ> _| g§gma _| a{gH$ (AZwaŠV) hmoH$a ^r dh g§gma
go na_ C{Û½Z `mZr d¡am½` H$mo àmßV hþAm ahVm h¡ &&9&& dh OrdÝ_wŠV nwéf gåàmßV hþB© dñVw
H$m Z Vmo A{^ZÝXZ H$aVm h¡, Am¡a Z AàmßV H$s A{^bmfm H$aVm h¡ VWm hf© Am¡a {dfmX _|
H$maU^yV nXmW© Ho$ AZw^yV hmoZo na ^r dh gÁOZ hf© VWm {dfmX Zht H$aVm &&10&& {H$gr
Xw…Ir àmUr H$mo XoI boZo na CgHo$ gmW ~¡R>H$a Cggo Xw…{IV H$Wm VWm {H$gr gwIgånÝZ nwéf
Ho$ {_b OmZo na Cggo gwI H$s H$Wm H$hVm OmVm dh {ddoH$s _hmË_m öX` go gånyU© AdñWmAm|
_| gwI Ed§ Xw…I go A{^^yV Z hmo gXm EH$-gm [ñWV ahVm h¡ &&11&& gwH¥$V H$_© go AÝ` Cgo
Hw$N> ^r AÀN>m Zht bJVm h¡ & ho lram_MÝÐOr, Aemór` MoîQ>m go Omo eyÝ` hmoZm h¡ dh CZ
_hmË_mAm| H$m ñd^md hr h¡, AWm©V² _hmË_m H$m `h ñd^md hr h¡ {H$ do bmoJ emód{O©V MoîQ>m
H$^r Zht H$aVo &&12&& dh OrdÝ_wŠV _hmË_m Z Vmo {H$gr _| Amg[ŠV H$m Adbå~Z H$aVm h¡
Am¡a Z H$ht {da[ŠV H$m hr Adbå~Z H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh YZm| Ho$ {bE AWu `mZr `mMH$ hmoH$a BYa-
CYa Zht ^Q>H$Vm {\$aVm Ÿ& dh drVamJ hmoH$a ^r amJ`wŠV-gm _mby_ n‹S>Vm h¡ &&13&& emómZwH$y b
ŸyÕ - 102] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2185
ì`dhma go H«$_e… àmßV hþE gwI-Xw…Im| go g§ñn¥îQ> Z hmoZo na ^r CZH$m ñne©-gm H$aVm h¡ VWm
CZgo dh hf© `m {dfmX H$mo H$^r àmßV Zht hmoVm h¡ &&14&&
gwI Am¡a Xw…I go dh EH$ Vah go ñn¥îQ>-gm hmoVm h¡, `h Omo D$na H$hm h¡, CgH$m hoVw Ho$
àXe©Z Ûmam {ddaU H$aVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, do _hmË_m bmoJ gwI-Xw…I Ho$ H$maUm| go àgÝZ{MÎm VWm Xw…{IV Adí`
^mgVo h¢, naÝVw AnZo {Za{VeÀmZÝXà{VîR>m go CËnÝZ Y¡`©nyU© ñd^md H$m do H$^r n[aË`mJ
Zht H$aVo, Š`m|{H$ do bmoJ g§gma ê$nr ZmQ²>èmbm Ho$ ZQ> h¢ &&15&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, VÎdXeu
_hmË_mAm| H$mo {_Ï`m^yV nwÌ Am{X AbrH$ nXmW©g_yhm| go Eogo hr ñZoh Zht hmoVm, O¡go {H$ Ob
Ho$ ~wX²~wXm| _| &&16&& ñZoha{hV hmoZo na ^r VÎdkmZr nwéf gwKZ ñZoh go AmÐ© öX`dmbo Ho$
g_mZ `Wm`mo½` AnZr dËgbVm Xem©Vm hþAm [ñWV ahVm h¡ Ÿ&&17&&
naÝVw AkmZr bmoJ VÎdkm{Z`m| H$s Vah AZmg[ŠVnyd©H$ {df`m| H$m ^moJ H$aZm Zht OmZVo,
`h H$hVo h¢ &
lram_MÝÐOr, bo{H$Z AkmZr bmoJ Vmo XohmË_gÎmmê$nr {df go _y{N>V© go hmoH$a H$m_m{X-gÝVmn
H$s em[ÝV Ho$ {bE AË`{YH$ Amg[ŠV Ho$ H$maU {df`m| Ho$ CXa _| brZ hmoVo h¢ VWm {df`m| Ho$ CXa
_| brZ hmoVo hþE ^r do CZ {df`m| H$m Hw$N> Wmo‹S>m gm Eogo hr ñne© H$a nmVo h¢, O¡go {H$ àVßV d¡VaUr
ZXr Ho$ n«dmh _| n‹S>o ZmaH$s` nwéf D$na ^mJ go Hw$N> Wmo‹S>m-gm ì`W© dm`wAm| H$m ñne© H$a nmVo
h¢ Ÿ& (VÎdV… {df` H$m AZw^d H$aHo$ do {dlm[ÝV H$mo Zht àmßV H$a gH$Vo, `h A{^n«m` h¡) &&18&&
VÎdkmZr nwéf ~mha go g_ñV {eîQ>m| Ho$ AmMmam| H$mo H$aVm hþAm ^r ^rVa g_ñV AWm] go erVb
~Zm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& dh gXm ^rVa g~go AZm{dîQ> n¥WH²$ hmoH$a ^r Am{dîQ>-gm [ñWV ahVm h¡ &&19&&
CŠV bjUm| go VÎdkmZr H$m n[aM` hmoZm ~‹S>m H${R>Z h¡ Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ _yI©, Xm[å^H$,
d‹§MH$, Vnñdr _| ^r ~bmV² gånm{XV hþE BZ bjUm| H$m Xe©Z hmo gH$Vm h¡, `m| lram_MÝÐOr
Ame§H$m H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ho _w{ZZm`H$, VÎdkmZr H$m Eogm ñdê$n gË` h¡ `m AgË` BgH$mo
H$m¡Z OmZ gH$Vm h¡ ? `h H${hò, Š`m|{H$ AmnHo$ Ûmam H$ho Jò bjUm| go `wŠV Xm[å^H$ AkmZr
nwéf ^r Bg bmoH$ _| XoI n‹S>Vm h¡ &&20&& ho _wZo, Aíd H$s Vah ~«÷M`©d«V H$m n[anmbZ H$aVo
hþE H$bw{fV {MÎmdmbo AkmZr Xm[å^H$ nwéf ^r kmZr _hmZw^mdm| H$s ZH$bH$a PyR>_yR> _| AnZr
Ñ‹T> Vn[ñdVm {XIbmZo Ho$ {bE `mZr {_Ï`m n[aH$[ënV AnZr Vnñ`m H$s Ñ‹T> à»`m{V H$aZo Ho$
{bE AWm©V² _wPo g§gma ~hþV ~‹S>m Vnñdr g_Po, Bg Ame` go Eogo hmoVo h¢ &&21&&
AnZo H$mo Vnñdr ~VbmZo Ho$ {bE Ñ‹T> {H$E Jò BZ bjUm| H$m \$b ew^ hr hmoVm h¡, Bg{bE
CZ bjUmo§ go `wŠV nwéfm| H$s Cnojm Zht H$aZr Mm{hE Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ d¡go nwéfm| H$m AZwgaU H$aZo
na ñd^md{gÕ bjUgånÝZ VÎdkmZr ^r AMmZH$ H$ht bãY hmo OmVm h¡, Bg Ame` go
lrd{gîR>Or CÎma XoVo h¢ &
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, Mmho AgË` hmo Mmho gË`, {H$ÝVw Eogm ñdê$n ha
hmbV _| AÀN>m hr h¡ `mZr Xwb©^ hmoZo go CŠV bjUm| go gånÝZ ñdê$n loîR> hr h¡ Ÿ& H$hZo H$m
VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ CZ bjUm| go gånÝZ nwéf H$s Cnojm AZw{MV h¡, Mmho ^bo hr dh Xm[å^H$
Š`m| Z hmo ? Am¡a Omo doXmW©VÎd{dV² nwéf h¢, CZ_| Vmo ò bjU ñd^mdAZw^d ~b go hr
à{V[îR>V hmoVo h¢ & hR>mV² gånm{XV Zht hmoVo &&22&& drVamJ VWm {H«$`m Ho$ \$bm| _| Amg[ŠVeyÝ`
^r do OrdÝ_wŠV nwéf amJr Ho$ g_mZ MoîQ>m H$aVo h¢, AË`ÝV X`m_` do hmg a{hV hmoVo hþE ^r
hmg go `wŠV hmoH$a Akm{Z`m| Ho$ D$na h±gVo h¢ &&23&& do bmoJ g_ñV Ñí` H$mo {MÎmê$nr Xn©U
_| à{V{~[å~V H$nQ> ^y{_ Ho$ Vwë` Eogo hr AgV² XoIVo h¢ O¡go {H$ ñdßZ _| n[akmV hñVJV
gwdU© H$mo AgÐÿn XoIVo h¢ Ÿ&&24&& O¡go MÝXZ H$s bH$‹S>r H$s gwJÝY H$mo H¥${_, H$sQ> Am{X OÝVw
Xya go Zht OmZ nmVo, d¡go hr BZH$s Cg AÝV…H$aU H$s erVbVm H$mo H$moB© Zht OmZ nmVo &&25&&
`Ú{n VÎdkmZr Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo AkmZr Zht OmZ gH$Vo VWm{n VÎdkmZr Vmo Adí` hr
OmZVo h¢, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Omo {dko` nXmW© H$m ^br-^m±{V kmZ H$a MwHo$ hm| Am¡a CÝht Ho$ g_mZ n{dÌ AÝV…H$aUdmbo
kmZr _hmZw^md h¢, do Vmo AnZo AÝV…H$aU _| CÝh| R>rH$ Cgr Vah go Eogo OmZVo h¢, O¡go {H$
gm±nm| Ho$ n¡am| H$mo gm±n OmZVo h¢ Ÿ&&26&&
Xm[å^H$ bmoJ gd©Ì AnZo _| VÎdk Ho$ bjUm| H$m àMma H$aVo {\$aVo h¢, naÝVw Omo gM_wM
VÎdkmZr h¢, do bmoJ AnZo ñdê$n H$mo {N>nmò {\$aVo h¢, CÝh| BgH$s Mm>h Zht hmoVr {H$ h_|
g~ bmoJ kmZr g_P| & ho lram_Or, Bgr {deofVm go do n{hMmZo Om gH$Vo h¢, Bg Ame`
go H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, do gdm}Îm_ kmZr _hmZw^md AnZo Cg CÎm_ ^mdH$mo {N>nmò-{\$aVo h¢,
Š`m|{H$ Jm±dm| VWm ZJa Am{X Ho$ YZm| go Omo IarXr Zht Om gH$Vr, Eogr {MÝVm_{U H$mo ^bm
~mOma _| ~oMZo Ho$ {bE H$m¡Z \¡$bmòJm ? &&27&&
O¡go ~oMZo Ho$ {bE ~mOma _| \¡$bmB© JB© {MÝVm_{U H$mo H$moB© ^r Zht H$h gH$Vm {H$ `h
Agbr {MÝVm_{U h¡ d¡go hr O~X©ñVr AnZo JwU H$m àMma H$aZo H$amZodmbm| H$mo g^r bmoJ
OmZ OmVo h¢ {H$ `h Xm[å^H$ h¡ -g§gma H$mo YmoIm XoVm h¡ Ÿ& dñVwV… `h VÎdkmZr Zht h¡,
ho lram_MÝÐOr, CZ VÎdkmZr _hmZw^mdm| H$m AnZo JwUm| H$mo {N>nm aIZo _| hr VmËn`©
ahVm h¡ Ÿ& Xygam| Ûmam AnZr gd©Ì »`m{V H$amZo _| Zht, Š`m|{H$ do bmoJ dmgZm go eyÝ`,
ŸyÕ - 102] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2187
Û¡Va{hV Ed§ A{^_mZ go a{hV hmoVo h¢ Bg_| gÝXoh Zht h¡ &&28&& ho lramMÝÐOr, CZ _hmË_mAm|
H$mo EH$mÝV godZ, gËH$ma Ed§ nyOZ Am{X H$m A^md, X[aÐVm VWm _Zwî`m| Ûmam An_mZ - ò
g~ O¡go gwIr ~ZmVo h¢ Ÿd¡go ~‹S>r-~‹S>r F${Õ-{g{Õ`m± gwIr Zht ~ZmVt, Š`m|{H$ gå_mZ VWm
YZ Am{X H$s g_¥{Õ hmoZo na OZg_mO Ho$ Ûmam àmßV hOmam| à{VîR>m Am{X go VÎdkmZr Ho$
AmË_gwImZw^d _| {dÀN>oX n‹S>Zo bJVm h¡ &&29&& {d{XVdoÚVm H$m (VÎdkVm H$m) Omo gma
({Za{Ve` AmZÝXê$n gma) h¡, dh EH$_mÌ ñdmZw^d go hr ko` h¡ Ÿ& dh {H$gr Xygao H$mo
{XIbm`m Zht Om gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ Cg AmX_r H$mo ^r dh Zht {XImB© XoVm Omo CgHo$ ñdê$n
H$mo OmZVm h¡, {H$ÝVw ñdàH$meê$n go dh AZw^yV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&&30&& _ooao Bg JwU H$mo g§gma OmZo
Am¡a _oar nyOm H$ao, `h A{^bmfm Ah§H$m[a`m| H$mo hmoVr h¡, OrdÝ_wŠV {ddo{H$`m| H$mo Zht
hmoVr &&31&& ho amKd, Bg g§gma _| AmH$meJ_Z Am{X Omo {H«$`m\$b h¢, do g~ _§Ì, Am¡f{Y Ho$
de go Akm{Z`m| H$mo ^r AŠga àmßV hmo OmVo h¢ &&32&& Omo O¡gm Šboe ghZ H$aZo _| g_W©
h¡, d¡gm hr dh Adí` \$b àmßV H$aVm h¡,ŸMmho dh à~wÕ hmo `m AkmZr hmo &&33&& MÝXZ Ho$
Am_moX H$s Vah {d{hV Am¡a {Z{fÕ H$_m] H$m \$b g^r OÝVwAm| Ho$ AnZo öX` _| hr Anyd©ê$n
go {dÚ_mZ h¡ Ÿ& g_` nmH$a Am{d^y©V hþE Cgo Adí` VÛmZ² OÝVw àmßV H$aVm h¡ &&34&&
{g{Õê$n Ñí` dñVwAm| _| "_¢ ^moŠVm hmoD±$' Bg àH$ma AhÝVm dmgZm{Xê$n n[a[ÀN>ÝZ
AmË_H$ënZm {OgHo$ ^rVa {dÚ_mZ h¡, dh AmH$meJ_Z Am{X {H«$`m \$b H$mo {gÕ H$a boVm
h¡ &&35&& Omo kmZr `h g~ AmH$meJ_Z Am{X {g{Õg_yh VwÀN> h¡ Am¡a _Zmo^«__mÌ h¡ AWdm
A{YîR>mZ {MXmH$me_mÌ h¡ `h OmZVm h¡, dh dmgZmeyÝ` VÎdk nwéf H$_©ê$nr Am±Yr go
^«_Uàm` AmH$meJ_Z Am{X {g{Õ\$bdmbr _ÝÌ-Am¡f[Y Am{X {H«$`mAm| H$s Š`m| {g{Õ H$aZo
OmòJm &&36&& VÎdkmZr H$m Bg g§gma _| Z Vmo H$_© go hr H$moB© à`moOZ h¡ Am¡a Z H$_© Ho$
A^md go H$moB© n«Ë`dm`àm[ßV ê$n AZW© h¡ VWm ~«÷m go boH$a ñWmdan`©ÝV gånyU© ^yVm| _| Bg
{ddoH$s H$m, {H$gr AmË_à`moOZ H$s Anojm H$aHo$, Aml` boZo `mo½` H$moB© ^r Zht h¡ &&37&&
n¥{Wdr na, ñdJ© _| XodVmAm| _|, AÝV[aj `m H$ht na ^r Eogr H$moB© dñVw Zht h¡, Omo CXmaMoVm
VÎdkmZr H$mo bw^m gHo$ &&38&& {OgHo$ {bE gmam g§gma V¥U Ho$ ~am~a h¡, {Og_| aOmoJwU H$m
boe ^r Zht h¡, Cg Yra VÎdkmZr _hmË_m Ho$ {bE AmË_m go AÝ` `mZr AZmË_^yV Š`m|H$a
CnmXo` hmoJm ? &&39&& bmoH$g§J«h Ho$ {bE OJV² Ho$ ì`dhmam| H$m {Zdm©h H$aZodmbo n{anyU©_Zm
_ZZerb, OrdÝ_wŠV nwéf ñdê$n _| Á`m| H$m Ë`m| [ñWa hmoH$a `WmàmßV {eîQ>mMma H$m AZwgaU
H$aVm h¡ &&40&& AÝV…H$aU _| erVb, _m¡Zr, gËdJwU_` _Zdmbm kmZr nwéf gd©Xm n{anyU©
gmJa Ho$ g_mZ Jå^ra Ed§ àH$Q> Ame`dmbm ahVm h¡ &&41&& VÎdkmZr nwéf A_¥V go âo
gamoda Ho$ g_mZ AnZo AmË_m _| ñd`§ AmZÝX H$r {hbmoa| boVm ahVm h¡ VWm {Z_©b n[anyU©
MÝÐ_m Ho$ g_mZ Xygao H$mo ^r AmZÝX àXmZ H$aVm ahVm h¡ &&42&&
dh AÝ` H$mo AmZÝX àXmZ H$aVm h¡, BgH$m ñnîQ> ê$n go dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
_ÝXma H$s _§Oar Ho$ Hw§$Om| go {nÝOa XodVmAm| Ho$ ZÝXZdZ H$s ^y{_ _Zwî` H$mo d¡gm AmZÝX
Zht Xo gH$Vr, O¡gm {H$ Am‡mX CnXoe Am{X Ûmam km{Z`m| H$s ~w{Õ`m± XoVr h¢ &&43&& gmaJ«mhr
{ddoH$s nwéf J«rî_ F$Vw gå~ÝYr AmbmoH$^mo{J`m| _| MÝÐ{~å~m| go, gwJ§Y^mo{J`m| _| dgÝV go VWm
gm¡^m½`^mo{J`m| _| VÎddoÎmmAm| Ho$ amJm{X go AZwnhV Ame`m| go gma J«hU H$aVm h¡ &&44&&
VÎdkmZr {H$g gma H$m J«hU H$aVm h¡, `{X H$moB© `h nyN>o, Vmo BgH$m CÎma `h h¡ {H$ dh
g~go nhbo OJV² H$mo {_Ï`m XoIVm h¡ CgHo$ ~mX H«$_e… g_ñV AnZr BÀN>mAmo§ H$m Ë`mJH$a
XoVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
gd©àW_ dh gmaJ«mhr _hmË_m `h gmam {díd BÝÐOmb Ho$ g_mZ AgÝ_` EH$_mÌ ^«m[ÝVê$n
hr h¡, Bg àH$ma H$m {ZíM` H$aHo$ {XZ-à{V {XZ AnZr BÀN>mAm| H$m Ë`mJ H$aVm OmVm h¡ &&45&&
VËníMmV² erVmoîUm{X ÛÝÛ H$s g{hîUwVmê$n `mZr gXu-J_u H$m Omo ghZ H$aZm h¡, VÐÿn
gma H$mo J«hU H$aVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
AnZo eara _| àmßV ^r erV, Vmn Am{X Xw…Im| H$mo kmZr nwéf AÝ` XohñW Ho$ g_mZ
AZmXa go XoIVm h¡ &&46&&
VXZÝVa g_ñV ^yVm| Ho$ D$na AZwH$ånmñdê$n X¥‹T> Adbå~Z, `WmàmßV Ob_mÌ go ^r
gÝVmof H$a boZm BË`m{X Omo JwU h¢, VÐÿn gma H$mo J«hU H$aVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
EH$_mÌ Xygao Ho$ Cn`moJ Ho$ {bE nwîn-\$b Am{X YmaU H$aZodmbr bVm Ho$ gÑe, H$éUm Ho$
H$maU CXma d¥{Îm go AÝ` Xw…Ir n«mUr H$m n[anmbZ H$aVm h¡ VWm ñd`§ {daŠV hmoH$a dh, Omo
{_b Om` Cggo gÝVmof H$a boZm Bg Vah H$s CÎm_ d¥{Îm go {Og_| gÝVmof H$m hoVw EH$_mÌ Ob
hr ahVm h¡, d¡gr d¥{Îm go [ñW{Vê$n gmaVm H$mo àmßV H$aVm h¡ &&47&& `WmàmßV bmoH$gm_mÝ`
ì`dhma H$m gånmXZ H$aVm hþAm dh OrdÝ_wŠV {ddoH$snwéf g_ñV MamMa àm{U`m| Ho$ D$na
(CËH$f© _| AWdm D$Üd©^yV ~«÷ _|) Ad[ñWV ahVm h¡ &&48&&
kmZr H$s D$na [ñW{V H¡$go ahVr h¡, `h {XIbmVo h¢ &
VÎdkmZr nwéf àkmê$nr _hb Ho$ D$na Amé‹T> hmoH$a ñd`§ AemoÀ` hmo Akm{Z`m| Ho$ {df`
_| emoH$ H$aVm h¡ & dh g~H$mo Eoogo XoIVm h¡, O¡go nd©V na I‹S>o _Zwî` ^y{_na [ñWV OZm| H$mo
XoIVo h¢ &&49&&
Cgr g_` dh {MaH$mb go nrN>o n‹S>o amJm{X {djonê$n Xw…Im| go _wŠV hmoH$a na_ {dlm[ÝV
àmßV H$a boVm h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
^«_ê$nr gmJa _| amJ, Ûof Am{X bham| go {MaH$mb VH$ {d{jßV (bWo‹S>m J`m) dh {Z_©b
ŸyÕ - 102] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2189
_Zdmbm nwéf kmZ Ûmam na~«÷ H$mo àmßV hmoH$a na_ {dlm[ÝV H$mo àmßV H$aVm h¡ &&50&&
n«mŠVZ g§gma H$s J{V`m| H$mo A{VemÝV d¥{Îm go h±gVm hþAm VWm Jm‹T> ^«_ go n[anyU©
`mZr _hmZ² AkmZ go âo OZg_yhm| Ho$ à{V AnZo AÝV…H$aU _| _wñH$amVm hþAm gm [ñWV
ahVm h¡ &&51&& ò AgÐÿn gm§gm[aH$ Ñ[îQ>`m±, Omo O§Jb _| amñVm Z {_bZo go AÝYm ~ZH$a
BYa-CYa ^Q>H$ aho AÝYnwéf go Cn{_V h¢, _wPo _mo{hV H$aVr Wt, Eogm {dMma H$a dh
kmZr nwéf ^rVa {dñ_` H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡ &&52&& `h _oam na_ gm¡^m½` h¡ {H$ AîQ>{dY
n[anyU© Eoíd`© _wPo A{ZîQ> VWm V¥U Ho$ g_mZ Ad^m{gV hmo aho h¢, Eogm g_PH$a Hw$N>
h±gVm hþAm ^r Jd© CnemÝV hmoZo go Jd© Zht H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&&53&&
kmZr Ho$ ñWmZm{X H$m {Z`_ Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
H$moB© kmZr nwéf nd©Vm| H$s Jw\$m H$mo AnZm Ka ~ZmH$a Cg_| ahVm h¡, H$moB© n{dÌ Aml_ _|
ahVm h¡, H$moB© J¥hñW Aml_ _| hr ahVm h¡ Am¡a H$moB© kmZr Vmo gXm BYa-CYa Ky_Vm ahVm h¡ &
kmZr nwéf H$m H$moB© EH$ {Z`V ñWmZ Zht ahVm &&54&& H$moB© {Î_§Jm| Ho$ AmMaU go `wŠV hmo
n`©Q>Z H$aVm h¡, Vmo H$moB© EH$mÝV _| Vnñdr ~ZH$a ahVm h¡, Vmo H$moB© _m¡Zd«VYmar hmoH$a ahVm h¡
Am¡a H$moB© _hmË_m Vmo ~«÷Ü`mZ _| hr namÙ ahVm h¡ &&55&& H$moB© {d»`mV n[ÊS>V hmoVm h¡, Vmo
H$moB© lw{V-ñ_¥{V H$m lmoVm ^r XrIVm h¡ & H$moB© amOm, Vmo H$moB© ~«m÷U VWm H$moB© AkmZr Ho$
g_mZ [ñWV ahVm h¡ &&56&& H$moB© Jw{Q>H$m, A§OZ `m IS>²J Am{X go {gÕ hmoH$a AmH$meJm_r
~Zm ahVm h¡ Vmo H$moB© {eën H$bm go AnZr Or{dH$m H$m gånmXZ H$aVm h¡ Am¡a H$moB© nm_a Ho$
g_mZ ê$n YmaU H$a [ñWV ahVm h¡ &&57&& H$moB© g_ñV AmMmam| go eyÝ` hmoVm h¡, Vmo H$moB©
AmMma-AZwîR>mZ _| lmo{Ì`m| H$m Zm`H$ hmoVm h¡, H$moB© CÝ_Îm nwéf Ho$ Vwë` M[aÌdmbm hmoVm h¡
Am¡a H$moB© g§Ý`mg Y_© YmaU H$a [ñWV ahVm h¡ &&58&&
lram_MÝÐOr Ho$ àíZdmŠ` _| "H$sÑe… nwéfmoÎm_…' Bg nX H$mo gwZH$a CgHo$ AW© H$s
{Okmgm H$s g§^mdZm H$aVo hþE lrd{gîR>Or nwéfdU©Znyd©H$ Cg_| CÎm_Vm {XIbmVo h¢ &
nwéf eara Am{X Am¡a {MÎm Am{X Hw$N> Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw dh EH$_mÌ MoVZ hr h¡ Ÿ& dh H$^r ^r
ZîQ> Zht hmoVm (N) &&59&& `h MoVZ nwéf {H$gr go N>oXm Zht Om gH$Vm, H$moB© Bgo Obm Zht
gH$Vm, H$moB© Bgo Ob go {^Jm Zht gH$Vm Am¡a H$moB© Bgo gyIm ^r Zht gH$Vm h¡,`h Vmo {ZË`,
gd©JV, ñWmUw, AMb VWm gZmVZ h¡ (c)Ÿ&&60&&
Eogo nwéfmoÎm_ Ho$ VÎdn[akmZ go dh ñd`§ ^r VÎdkmZr nwéf nwéfmoÎm_ h¡, Z {H$ dUm©l_-
_`m©Xm H$m n[anmbZ H$aZo go, Š`m|{H$ dUm©l_ _`m©Xm H$m nmbZ Z H$aZo na ^r CgH$s nwéfmoÎm_Vm
(N) dh H$^r ^r ZîQ> Zht hmoVm, Bg{bE dh A{dZmer h¡, AV… dhr CÎm_ h¡ &
(c) N>oXZ, ôXZ Am{X {dZme Ho$ H$maUm| H$m g§ñne© Z ahZo go ^r dhr CÎm_ h¡ &
_| {H$gr àH$ma H$s hm{Z Zht hmoVr, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
Bg àH$ma AÀN>r Vah Omo à~wÕ hmo J`m dh Ohm± O¡go ahZm Mmho d¡go hr `hm± `m dhm± Ohm±
H$htna [ñWV aho, CgH$mo dUm©l_ Y_© H$s _`m©Xm Ho$ n[anmbZ _| AmñWm aIZo go `m {H$gr Vah
Ho$ {Z`_ go H$moB© _Vb~ Zht h¡ &&61&& VÎdkmZr nwéf O~X©ñVr ñd`§ ZîQ> hmo OmZo H$s BÀN>m
go nmVmb _| àdoe H$a Om`, AmH$me H$mo bm±KH$a CgHo$ D$na Mbm Om`, {XJ²_ÊS>b _| ^«_U
H$ao, {Oggo {H$ _mZgmoÎma bmoH$mbmoH$m{X nd©Vm| go dh MyU©-MyU© hmo Om`Ÿ& naÝVw BgH$m Omo
{MÝ_mÌñdê$n h¡, dh AOa hr ~Zm ahVm h¡, H$Xm{n$ CgH$m Zme Zht hmoVm, Š`m|{H$ dh Vmo
AmH$meH$mo e Ho $ gÑe gd© X m emÝV, AO Am¡ a {edê$n hr h¡ - Cnßbda{hV {ZË`
{Za{Ve`mZÝXê$n hr h¡ &&62&&
EH$ gm¡ Xmodm± gJ© g_mßV
EH$ gm¡ VrZdm± gJ©

{M{V H$s {ZË`Vm, EH$Vm VWm ñdmV§Í` H$m gmYZ VWm Bg gV²-emñÌ H$s _{h_m Am¡a {hVmonXoe H$m dU©ZŸ&
g~go nhbo {M{Vgm_mÝ` H$s A{dZmerVm H$m g~Ho$ AZw^d ~b go gmYZ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, OmJ«V² VWm ñdßZmdñWm _| AÝV…H$aU Ho$ gmjrê$n
go VWm gwfw[ßV-Xem _| AkmZ, ñdßZm{X Ho$ gmjrê$n go àË`JmË_ àH$me_mÌ AWdm {df`-
àH$me_mÌ g~H$mo ^mgVm h¡, Bg{bE àË`j à_mU go Am¡a ì`dhma go VWm ñ_¥{V à_mUm| go Omo
Am{X Ed§ AÝV go a[hV, emÝV, {MÝ_mÌ h¡, dh Vmo {gÕ hr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m ^bm Zme {H$g H$maU
go hmoJm ? `{X H$hmo, Cggo Agm{YV H$maU go CgH$m Zme hmoJm Vmo Cggo Agm{YV H$maU hr
à{gÕ Zht h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ Ûmam Omo gm{YV h¡ CgH$m Vmo dh CnOrdH$ h¡, Bg{bE dh CgHo$ Zme
H$m hoVw H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? AV… CgH$m H$^r ^r Zme Zht hmo gH$Vm Ÿ& `{X Amn H$mb H$mo CgHo$
Zme H$m {Z{_Îm ~Vm`|, Vmo H$mb ^r CgHo$ Zme H$m {Z{_Îm Zht hmo gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ H$mb H$s ^r
{g{Õ Vmo Cgr Ho$ AYrZ h¡, AV… CgH$m ^r dh CnOrdH$ h¡ &&1&&
A{dZmer nwéf {MÝ_mÌñdê$n aho, Bggo àH¥$V _| Š`m Am`m ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
My±{H$ nwéf {MÝ_mÌñdê$n h¡, Bg{bE H$Xm{n dh ZîQ> Zht hmo gH$Vm Ÿ& `{X {MÝ_mÌ ZîQ> hmo
Om`, Vmo {\$a Š`m CËnÝZ hmoJm Am¡a H¡$go CËnÝZ hmoJm ? &&2&&
`{X H$moB© H$ho {H$ Zme Ho$ AZÝVa Xygar {M{V CËnÝZ hmo OmòJr, Cggo nwZ… g¥[îQ> hmoJr,
Vmo Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, {MÝ_mÌ go {^ÝZ H$moB© Xygam {MÝ_mÌ {H$gr n«H$ma H$Xm{n hmo hr Zht
gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ {M{V Vmo EH$_mÌ AZw^dñdê$n h¡, CgH$m nyd© Am¡a CÎmaH$mb go gdmªe _|
ŸyÕ - 103] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2191
gmÑí` h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s ^bm H¡$gr {^ÝZVm hmoJr ? AWm©V² dh AÝ`Vm {_Ï`m hr h¡ () &&3&&
`{X H$moB© H$ho {H$ nwéf Ho$ ôX go {M[VH$m ôX hmoJm, Vmo Cg na H$mbôX H$s Vah nwéfôX
go ^r {M[VH$m ôX {gÕ Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ {h_ Am{X _| e¡Ë` Am{X H$s Vah {M{V
_| ^r {H$grH$mo {dbjUVm H$m AZw^d Zht hmoVm, Eogm H$hVo h¢ &
O~ g^r bmoJm| H$mo {h_ erVb h¡, A{½Z CîU h¡ VWm Xw½Y _Ywa h¡ `m| ^mgVm h¡, Vmo {\$a
Bg {Z_©b {MÝ_mÌ _| hr ôX H¡$go ^mgoJm ? &&4&&
gwI-Xw…Iê$n kmZ Ho$ {gdm M¡VÝ` Hw$‹N> Zht h¡ Ÿ& [deof kmZ _| AdÀN>oXH$Vm gå~ÝY go
eara H$maU h¡ Ÿ& eara H$m Zme hmoZo go kmZ H$m Zme _mZZodmbo Mmdm©H$ Am¡a d¡eo{fH$m| H$s e§H$m
C^m‹S>H$a CgH$m {ZamH$aU H$aVo h¢ &
eara Ho$ Zme go hr `{X {MÝ_mÌ H$m Zme hmo J`m, Vmo _aU go hr g§gma H$m Zme hmo Om`,
{\$a hf© H$s OJh {dfmX Š`m| ? &&5&& eara H$m Zme hmoZo na {MXmH$me H$^r ZîQ> Zht hmoVm &
Š`m|{H$ ~ÝYwAm| H$m eara ZîQ> hmoZo na ^r åboÀN>m| Ûmam CZH$s {nemMVm XoIr JB© h¡ &&6&& O~
VH$ eara h¡ V^r VH$ MoVZ H$r gÎmm h¡, `{X `h H$hm Om` Vmo `h H$hZm ^r R>rH$ Zht h¡,
Š`m|{H$ AI[ÊS>V eara ahZo na ^r _¥VH$ Š`m| Zhr§ MbVm, BgH$m Š`m CÎma h¡ ? &&7&& {nemM
XoIZm Am{X Ord H$m Y_© h¡, Vmo {\$a dh Ord gd©Xm {nemM Š`m| Zht XoIVm ? ~ÝYw Ho$ _¥VH$
~Z OmZoo na hr Š`m| XoIVm h¡ ? &&8&& ~ÝYw_aU kmZ {d{eîQ> Ord h¡ VWm {nemMXe©Z CgH$m
Y_© h¡, `{X Eogm {Z`_ hmo, Vmo ^r ~ÝYw Ho$ Or{dV ahVo hr {_Ï`m XoemÝVa _| CgH$s H$[ënV
_¥Ë`w gwZZo na {nemMVm H$mo _Zwî` Š`m| Zht XoIVm ?&&9&& Bgr[bE {M[V Ho$ ôX Am¡a {dZme
H$m `moJ hmoZo go {MÝ_mÌ gdm©Ë_H$ {gÕ h¡, dñVwH¥$V n[aÀN>oX go ^r dh {Z`[ÝÌV Zht h¡ AV…
[Og-{Og dñVw H$mo {M{V O~ Ohm± OmZVr h¡, V~ dhm± AnZo ñdê$n H$mo hr VV²-VV² dñVw Ho$
ê$n go dh OmZVr h¡ Ÿ& H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ H$moB© ^r kmV dñVw {M{V go n¥WH$ Zht
h¡ &&10&& Bg àH$ma g¥[îQ> Ho$ Amaå^ _| gË`g§H$ën hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {OgHo$ _mJ© _| H$moB© {~¿Z~mYm
(ê$H$mdQ>) CËnÝZ Zht hmoVr Eogr g§{dV² AnZo g§H$ënmZwgma O¡gr hr hmoVr h¡ d¡gr hr Bg g_`
g~ bmoJm| H$s AZw^y{V h¡ Ÿ& g§{dV² H$m ñd^md hr Bg_| H$maU h¡ &&11&& gË`g§H$ën ~«÷ê$nr
() ^md `h {H$ nyd©H$mb H$s {M{V go CÎmaH$mb H$s {M{V H$m ôX qH$_ybH$ h¡ ? Š`m _Ü`
_| {dÀN>oXkmZ go CgH$s H$ënZm H$s OmVr h¡ `m dh nhbr go {dbjU h¡, Bg{bE ôX H$s
H$ënZm H$s OmVr h¡ ? {dÀN>oXkmZ go dh AÝ` Zht hmo gH$Vr, Š`m|{H$ AZw^d hr {M[V h¡,
AZw^d ahVo {dÀN>oX H$s {g{Õ Zht hmo gH$Vr Ÿ& nyd© {M[V go dh {dbjU ^r Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$
`{X {dbjU _mZr Om` Vmo (A{MV²' hmo OmòJr Ÿ& nyd© Am¡a CÎmaH$mb H$s {M[V _| gdmªe _|
AZw^d H$s g_mZVm h¡, AV… dh {^ÝZVm (AÝ`Vm) H¡$gr ? AWm©V² nyd© Am¡a CÎma {M[V H$s
{^ÝZVm {_Ï`m hr h¡ &
g§{dV² Ho$ {gdm` àYmZ (àH¥${V), na_mUw Am{X g¥{îQ> Ho$ Amaå^ _| H$maU H$Xm{n Zht hmo
gH$Vo Ÿ& ~«÷ go A{V[aŠV Omo ^r H$maU dm{X`m| H$mo O±MVm h¡, H¥$n`m do CgH$m ñdê$n VWm
CgHo$ H$maU hmoZo _| Omo `w[ŠV hmo, CgH$m CnnmXZ H$a| & _¢ CZH$m PQ>nQ> lw{V Am¡a `w{ŠV`m|
Ûmam IÊS>Z H$é±Jm &&12&&
`{X dmXr àíZ H$ao {H$ H¥$n`m Amn hr ~VbmBò AmnH$m H¡$gm {gÕmÝV h¡, Vmo Bg na
H$hVo h¢ &
Û¡V Z Vmo g¥[îQ> Ho$ Am{X _| hr CËnÝZ hþAm Am¡a Z AmO hr BgH$m Ad^mg hmoVm h¡, EH$_mÌ
{MXmH$me hr OJV² Ho$ ê$n go àVrV hmoVm h¡ &&13&&
`{X Ho$db {MXmH$me hr àVrV hmoVm h¡, Vmo g~ bmoJm| H$mo "Ñí`' ê$ngo {H$gH$m ~moY hmoVm
h¡ ? Bg àíZ na H$hVo h¢ &
`h Am^mg_mÌ ({ddV©_mÌ) "Ñí`' ê$n go bmoJm| H$mo kmV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& "Ñí`' ê$n go kmV hmo
aho Bg ew[ŠVaOV², _éZXr, Am{Xê$n {díd H$s {MXmH$me Ho$ {~Zm Š`m H$ht gË`Vm {XImB©
Xr ? &&14&& {MXmH$me AnZr M_ËH$ma MmVwar H$mo hr Amg[ŠVde OmJ«V Am¡a ñdßZ~moY _|
"Ñí`' g_PVm h¡ Am¡a gwfw[ßV AdñWm _| ~moY Z hmoZo go Zht OmZVm h¡ &&15&&
do ~moY Am¡a A~moY H$m¡Z h¢ ? Bg Ame§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
~moY Am¡a A~moY {MXmH$me H$m hr {Zam_` ({Z{d©H$ma) ê$n h¡, O‹S>H$m Zht h¡, Bg{bE
{MXmH$meê$n go dh EH$ hr h¡ Ÿ& ~moY Ho$ {~Zm A~moY H$m ê$n hr à{gÕ Zht hmoVm Am¡a
~moY hmo OmZo na A~moY H$m g§^d Zht h¡, Bg{bE "amhmo… {ea…' (amhþ H$m {ga), "{ea Ed
amhþ…' ({ga hr amhþ) BgHo$ g_mZ Ho$db dmUr_mÌ go ôX h¡, {H$ÝVw AW© _| Hw$N> ôX Zht
h¡ & Bg{bE X¥í`Vm h¡ hr Zht &&16&&
AWdm `h g_{Pò {H$ AmË_VÎd Ho$ A{dMma go hr {MV² _| Ñí`Vm Wr Am¡a Bg g_` {dMma
H$aZo na dh ZîQ> hmo JB© h¡, Eogm H$hVo h¢ &
Omo BZ bmoJm| H$s Ñí`Vm Wr, Cgo Amn A{dMmaUm Om{Zò `mZr AmË_VÎd Ho$ A{dMma H$m
hr dh \$b Wm Am¡a dh {dMma go A~ ZîQ> hmo MwH$s h¡, AV… Ñí`Vm H$hm± h¡ Ÿ? &&17&&
Bg{bE {dMma Ho$ {bE hr à`ËZ H$aZm Mm{hE `h ~mV _¢ AZoH$ ~ma H$h MwH$m hÿ±, Eogm
H$hVo h¢ &
Bg AmË_kmZ Ho$ {dMma _| hr ~w{Õ H$m `ËZnyd©H$ Cn`moJ H$aZm Mm{hò Ÿ& `ËZnyd©H$ {H$`m
J`m na_ {dMma Bg bmoH$ Am¡a nabmoH$ XmoZm| bmoH$m| _| {g{Õ XoZo dmbm h¡ Ÿ& gyÌ _| ^r H$hm h¡-
"Amd¥{ÎmagH¥$XwnXoemV²' (Xwk}` AmË_gmjmËH$ma Amd¥{Îm{d{eîQ> ldU Am{X go gmÜ` h¡, AV…
CgH$s Amd¥{Îm H$aZr Mmhò ), "Eo{hH$_àñVwVà{V~ÝYoZ VÔe©ZmV²' ({dÚm go A{dê$Õ \$bdmbo
ŸyÕ - 103] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2193
\$bmoÝ_wI g_P go à{V~ÝY H$m A^md hmooZo na Bg OÝ_ _| ^r {dÚm H$s CËn{Îm hmo gH$Vr h¡,
à{V~ÝY hmoZo na OÝ_mÝVa _| ^r hmo gH$Vr h¡, Bg àH$ma A{Z`_ h¡, CŠV A{Z`_ lw{V`m| _|
XoIm J`m h¡ &) &&18&&
`{X H$moB© e§H$m H$ao [H$ {ZË` Anamoj dñVw Ho$ {df` _| àd¥Îm CnXoe-dMZ EH$ ~ma H$s
àd¥{Îm go hr AkmZ H$m {dZme H$a dñVw H$mo àH$Q> H$a hr XoJm, {\$a Aä`mg H$s Š`m Amdí`H$Vm
h¡ ? Vmo Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
ho gÁOZ, `Ú{n Amn bmoJm| H$m `hm± na `h AkmZ {dZîQ> hmo MwH$m h¡ {\$a ^r Aä`mg Ho$
{~Zm dh OrdÝ_w{ŠV à{VîR>m H$mo Zht àmßV hmo gH$Vm h¡ &&19&&
Vmo {H$g J«ÝW H$mo boH$a {dMma H$m Aä`mg H$aZm Mmhò {Oggo OëXr go OëXr ~moY {g{Õ
H$mo àmßV hmo gH$Vm h¡, Eogm `{X H$moB© nwN>o Vmo Cg na H$hVo h¢ &
e_, X_ Am{X gmYZm| go gånÝZ nwéf H$mo Ambñ`, ~oM¡Zr Am{X CÛoJ Am¡a CZHo$ H$maU^yV
`WoîQ> ^moOZ, Hw$g§J{V Am{X H$m n[aË`mJ H$a Am¡a jUâ Ho$ {bE Jwégodm Am{X H$m {Z`_
boH$a Bg _hmam_mÙ Zm_H$ emó H$m à{VnmXZ {dMma H$aZm Mm{hò Ÿ& `h Bg bmoH$ Am¡a
nabmoH$-XmoZm| bmoH$m| _| {hVH$mar Am¡a H$ë`mUH$mar h¡ &&20&&
Cg na ^r ~hþV go ghnm{R>`m| Ho$ gmW {_bH$a Aä`mg H$aZm Amng _| EH$ Xygao Ho$
AZw^d Ho$ AmXmZ-àXmZ Ûmam ~hþV OëX kmZà{VîR>m H$m hoVw h¡, Eogm H$hVo h¢ &
`h AmË_kmZ Vah-Vah H$s Ag§^mdZm, {dnarV ^mdZm Am{X aIZodmbo Amn bmoJm| Ho$
{_bOwb H$a Aä`mg Z H$aZo go, kmV hmoVm hþAm ^r, AkmVàm` hmo OmVm h¡ &&21&&
kmZ Xwb©^ h¡, Bg ^` go ldU H$m Ë`mJ H$Xm{n Zht H$aZm Mm{hò, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Omo {Og dñVw H$mo MmhVm h¡, CgHo$ {bE `ËZ H$aVm h¡ Am¡a dh `{X WH$ H$a ~rM _| hr
AnZo {dMma Z ~Xb Xo Vmo Cgo Adí` àmßV H$aVm h¡ &&22&&
AZmË_emóm| Ho$ Aä`mg go {d_wI hþE nwéfm| H$mo Bg emñÌ H$m Aä`mg H$aZm Mm{hò, `h
H$hVo h¢ &
Bg{bE AgV² emóm| H$s {dMmaUm go Amn bmoJ {Zd¥Îm hmo OmBò Ÿ& O¡go `wÕ go {dO`bú_r
àmßV hmoVr h¡ d¡go hr Bg gV²emó Ho$ Aä`mg go Amn bmoJm| H$mo Adí` em§{V àmßV hmoJr &&23&&
`h _Zê$nr ZXr {ddoH$ Am¡a A{ddoH$ XmoZm| Amoa ~hVr h¡ {Og Amoa à`ËZ go ({damoYr Xygao òmoV
H$mo amoH$Zo Ho$ `ËZ go) ~hmB© Om`, dhr§na [ñWa hmo OmVr h¡ &&24&& Bg emó Ho$ {gdm {ddoH$ H$m
gd©loîR> gmYZ AmO VH$ Z Vmo H$moB© hþAm Am¡a Z AmJo hmoJm, Bg{bE na_ ~moY H$s àm{ßV Ho$ {bE
Bgr H$m nwZ… _ZZ H$aZm Mm{hE &&25&& Omo nwéf Bg loîR>V_ emó H$m {dMma H$a MwH$m h¡, Cgo
àË`jê$n go AmË_VÎd ~moY H$m AZw^d hmoVm h¡ Omo {H$ g§gmaê$nr _mJ© H$s WH$mdQ> Xya H$aZodmbm
h¡ & daXmZ AWdm emn Ho$ g_mZ {MaH$mb Ho$ {dbå~ go CgH$m AZw^d Zht hmoVm &&26&&
`h emó _mVm, {nVm Am{X H$s ^r Anojm AË`ÝV {hVH$mar h¡, Eogm H$hVo h¢ &
AmnH$m Omo {hV {nVm Zo Zht {H$`m `m Omo {hV _m±Zo Zht {H$`m AWdm Omo {hV nwÊ`m| Zo Zht
{H$`m dh {hV `h emó VwaÝV H$aoJm, `{X {dMma Ûmam Amn bmoJ Bgo OmZ b| &&27&& ho
gÁOZ{eamo_Uo, `h ^d~ÝYZê$nr {df`-{dfy{MH$m Agr_ h¡, AmË_kmZ Ho$ A{V[aŠV AÝ`
Cnm` go H$^r ^r BgH$m e_Z Zht hmo gH$Vm Ÿ&&28&& "Ah_²' `m| {_Ï`m hr I‹S>r hþB© _hm_moh_`r
_m`m H$m Am¡a CŠV _m`m go àmßV hþB© An[a{_V emoMZr`Vm H$m emómW©^mdZm Ûmam erK« hr
n[aË`mJ H$s{Oò &&29&& Amaå^ _| AmnmVV… _Ywa àVrV hmoZodmbo eyÝ`ñdê$n {df`m| H$m
AmñdmX bo aho Amn bmoJ EH$_mÌ AmH$meê${nUr Anma g¥[îQ> H$s Amoa-^yIo AVEd ageyÝ`
dm`w H$mo MmQ> aho gnm] Ho$ g_mZ-Z ~‹T>| &&30&& ~‹S>o IoX H$s ~mV h¡, {XZm| Ûmam hr _¥Ë`w H$s àVrjm
H$a aho Amn bmoJm| Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ gmao {XZ ì`dhma _| hr ì`VrV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& H$~ {XZ Am`m Am¡a H$~
J`m `h ^r Amn bmoJm| H$mo kmV Zht hmoVm &&31&& Hw$N> hr {XZm| VH$ O~ VH$ {H$ Am`w H$s
_aUê$n Ad{Y Zht AmVr h¡, g§gma gmJa _| {Z_½Z hþE Amn bmoJm| Ho$ {bE gV² emó H$m
Adbå~Z `mo½`Vm Ûmam `h AmídmgZ h¡Ÿ&&32&&
`{X H$moB© àíZ H$ao {H$ CgHo$ ~mX Š`m hmoJm ? Vmo Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
{XZ na {XZ g_rn _| Am ahr _¥Ë`w Ho$ n«mßV hmoZo na Eogm Xw…I n«mßV hmoJm {H$ {Og_|
A§J-A§J H$m N>oXZ ^r erVbMÝXZ bonHo$ g_mZ Adí` ^moJZm n‹S>oJm &&33&& _yI© bmoJ `wÕ
Am{X _| àmUm| H$s ~mOr bJmH$a ^r YZ Am¡a {dO`m{^_mZ H$m CnmO©Z H$aVo h¢, {H$ÝVw do
{ddoH$, d¡am½`, ldU Am{X Cnm`m| go àmßV hþB© VÎd ~w{Õ go AOa-A_a _mojnX H$m
CnmO©Z Š`m| Zht H$aVo ? &&34&& Omo {ddoH$erb nwéf AZm`mg (EH$_mÌ AmË_VÎdkmZ go)
~«÷mH$me _| ñWmZ ~ZmVo h¢, AkmZê$nr eÌw H$m dY H$aZo _| g_W© CZ gdm}ËH¥$îQ> nwéfm|
Ûmam CÎm_ emó H$s Cnojm go AnZo {ga na AkmZê$nr eÌw H$s bmV H¡$go ghr Om gH$Vr
h¡ ? &&35&& ho nwéfm|, Amn bmoJ A{^_mZ VWm _moh go a{hV {ddoH$ H$mo àmßV hmoH$a `mZr
VÎd OmZH$a _mojJ{V H$mo àmßV hm| AY_ g§gmaJ{V H$mo àmßV Z hm| Ÿ& AmË_~moY Ûmam ~‹S>r-
~‹S>r {dnXmAm| H$s O‹S> ImoXr OmVr h¡ &&36&&
`h d[gîR> {MaH$mb go h_ bm|Jm| Ho$ CX²~moYZ _| H$_a H$gH$a bJm h¡, _mao {MëbmhQ> Ho$
BgH$m H$ÊR> gyI J`m h¡, `h ~oMmam H$ÊR> gyIZo go ~M Om` `m| _oao D$na X`m go _oam dMZ
Ü`mZ go gwZH$a Amn bmoJ AnZm ñdê$n Om{Zò, `m| A{Ve` dmËgë`de H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Amn bmoJm| Ho$ CX²~moYZ Ho$ {bE Or-OmZ go bJo hþE, Amn bmoJm| Ho$ {bE amV-{XZ àbmn
H$a aho, H$ÊR> gyIZo Am{X Šboem| go {ZË` nr{‹S>V hmo aho _oar (OJV²à{gÕ Bg d{gîR> H$s) Amoa
ŸyÕ - 103] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2195
XoIH$a X`mde _oao dMZm| H$mo AmXa go gwZH$a, CX²~wÕ hmo, Xoho[ÝÐ`m{X n[a[ÀN>ÝZ AmË_^md H$m
n[aË`mJ H$a `WmW©~«÷mË_Vm àmßV H$s{OE &&37&&
AmO hr AmË_kmZ go Š`m à`moOZ h¡ AmJo MbH$a H$^r AmË_kmZ H$a b|Jo `m| gmoMZodmbo
Ho$ à{V H$hVo h¢ &
Omo nwéf, AmO hr _¥Ë`wê$nr Amn{Îm H$s {M{H$Ëgm (àVrH$ma H$m Cnm`) Zht H$aVm dh _y‹T>
_¥Ë`w O~ [ga na gdma hmoJr V~ ì`mHw$bmdñWm _| Š`m H$aoJm ? &&38&& AnZo Agbr ñdê$n H$m
kmZ H$amZo Ho$ {bE Bg J«ÝW H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Xygam J«ÝW Zht h¡, Bg{bò O¡go V¡bmWu (Vob
MmhZodmbo) {Vbm| H$m g§J«h H$aVo h¢ d¡go hr AnZm H$ë`mU MmhZodmbm| H$mo `h B{ÀN>V AW©
XoZodmbm h¡ Bg ~w{Õ go Bg J«ÝW H$m g§J«h H$aZm Mm{hò &&39&&
`{X H$moB© àíZ H$ao {H$ AÝ` AÜ`mË_ J«ÝWm| H$s Anojm Bg_| Š`m {deofVm h¡,? Vmo Bgna
H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
`h emó (J«ÝW) Xrn H$s ZmBª AmË_ê$n kmZ H$mo àH$m{eV H$aVm h¡, {nVm Ho$ g_mZ
{hVmonXoe XoVm h¡ Am¡a H$mÝVm Ho$ gm_mZ AË`ÝV AmZ§X XoVm h¡ &&40&& {ZË`àmßV ^r {Og
AmË_ê$n kmZ H$mo AZoH$ emóm| go bmoJ Zht OmZ gHo$, Cg Xw~m}Y _Ywa kmZ H$mo Bg J«ÝW Ho$
Aä`mg go OmZ Om`|Jo, Bg_| V{ZH$ ^r gÝXoh Zht h¡ &&41&& emóm| _| _w»` Am»`mZm| _| `h
gdmo©Îm_ h¡ `h AZm`mg kmZ XoZodmbm AË`ÝV _Zmoha Ed§ AZm{X h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| VÎddoÎmmAm| Ho$
gåàXm` _| à{gÕ dñVw go A{V[aŠV ñdH$nmobH$[ënV Hw$N> ^r dñVw Zht h¡Ÿ&&42&& {d{dY
Am»`mZm| Am¡a H$WmAm| go {dñ_ÒZH$ Bg emó H$m H$m¡VwH$de {dMma H$aVm hþAm nwéf
AmË_~moY àmßV H$a boVm h¡, Bg_| Oam ^r g§e` Zht h¡ &&43&& gånyU© emóm| _| nma§JV n[ÊS>Vm|
H$mo ^r Omo ~moY (AmË_kmZ) AmOVH$ àmßV Zht hþAm dh Bg emó go àmßV hmo OmVm h¡ O¡go {H$
gmoZo H$s ImZ _| MmbZo, YmoZo go AbJ {H$ò J`r ~mby go gwdU© àmßV hmoVm h¡ &&44&&
`{X H$moB© Ame§H$m H$ao {H$ Bgr emó go `{X kmZ hmoVm h¡, Vmo Bg emó Ho$ aM{`Vm H$mo
{H$g emó go kmZ hþAm ? Ohm± go Cgo kmZ hþAm dht go h_ ^r AmË_kmZ àmßV H$a b|Jo Ÿ& `{X
Bg emó Ho$ aM{`Vm Zo kmZ hþE {~Zm hr aMZm H$s h¡ Vmo Bg emó go kmZmoX` H$s H$m¡Z Amem
h¡ ? Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
`{X `h emó `w[ŠV`wŠV Z hmoVm Am¡a {dMma H$aZo na AZw^y{VàX Z hmoVm Vmo Bg emó
Ho$ H$Vm© H$mo H$hm± go ~moY hþAm `m| CgHo$ H$Vm© Ho$ ~moY Ho$ H$maUm|§ H$s N>mZ~rZ _| {ZaV hmoZm R>rH$
hmoVmŸ& `h emó Vmo ñdV… hOmam| `w[ŠV`m| go `wŠV h¡ Am¡a AZw^dàXmZ H$aZodmbm h¡ & BgHo$
{dMmaZo na ñdmZw^d go hr g~ e§H$mE± {Zd¥Îm hmo OmVr h¢, Bg{bE Bgr_| gXm {Z_½Z hmoZm R>rH$
h¡ & emó Ho$ aM{`Vm _| ~moY hmo `m Zht `h e§H$m H$ht H$^r Ü`mZ _| Zht bmZr Mm{hE &&45&&
AVEd Bg emó H$s AdhobZm H$aZodmbm| Ho$ gmW ^yb H$a ^r H$^r _¡Ìr Zht H$aZr
Mm{hò, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
AkmZ go, S>mh go AWdm _moh go Bg emó H$s AdhobZm H$aZodmbo A{ddoH$s AmË_hË`mam| (c)
Ho$ gmW H$Xm{n {_ÌVm Zhr§ H$aZm Mm{hò &&46&&
`{X àíZ hmo {H$ `{X Eogm h¡, Vmo Amn h_ bmoJm| Ed§ AÝ` Akm{Z`m| Ho$ gmW Š`m| {_ÌVm
H$aVo h¢ ? {_ÌVm Ho$ H$maU hr Vmo Amn X`mde CnXoe XoZo Ho$ {bE àd¥Îm hþE h¢ ? Bg na
H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
ho lram_Or, ò lmoVm bmoJ {Og àH$ma Ho$ A{YH$mar h¢, Amn O¡go A{YH$mar h¢ Am¡a O¡gr
ldU-YmaUm Ho$ Aä`mg _| nQw> Amn bmoJm| H$s ~w{Õ`m± h¢ Ed§ O¡go _¢ Amn bmoJm| H$mo CnXoe XoZo
Ho$ {bE AmnHo$ {nVmOr Ûmam AmkßV hþAm `h g~ _¢ ^br^m±{V OmZVm hÿ± Ÿ& AV… Amn bmoJm| Ho$
_hm^m½`moX` go OmJr hþB© H$éUm go Amn bmoJm| H$mo CnXoe XoZo _| àd¥Îm hþAm hÿ±, My±{H$ _oam ñd^md
hr Eogm h¡, XrZOZm| Ho$ à{V _oar X`m gXm OmJr ahVr h¡, {ZîRw>aVm H$m Vmo _wP_| Zm_ VH$ Zht
h¡, Bg{bE Amn bmoJm| H$m {hV MmhZodmbo _oao dMZm| na Amn bmoJ AmXa H$a|, `h ^md h¡ &&47&&
AWdm _¢ Amn bmoJm| H$m AmË_m hr hÿ± Amn bmoJm| Ho$ nwÊ` go ewÕ AmË_VÎd H$m Amn bmoJm| H$mo
CnXoe XoZo Ho$ {bE Am`m hÿ± Ÿ& Am¡a _oao ^r Amn bmoJ na_ ào_mñnX AmË_m hr h¢, Bg{bE Amn
bmoJm| H$m {_Ì-gm hmo J`m hÿ±, Eogm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
_¢ Z _Zwî` hÿ±, Z JÝYd© hÿ±, Z XodVm hÿ± Am¡a Z amjg hÿ±, {H$ÝVw Amn bmoJm| H$m emo{YV
g§{dX«yn gyú_mW© (AmË_m) hÿ± VWm Amn bmoJm| H$mo AmË_kmZ H$m CnXoe XoZo Ho$ {bE `hm± na [ñWV
hÿ± Ÿ& ho lram_Or, Amn bmoJ ^r g§d{Ðÿn hr h¢, A{V {Z_©b g§{dÐÿn hr _¢ Amn bmoJm| Ho$ nwÊ`moX`
go [ñWV hÿ± Ÿ& _¢ Amn bmoJm| H$s AmË_m go A{V[aŠV Zht hÿ± &&48,49&& _¢ Amn bmoJm| H$m AË`ÝV
AmßV hÿ± , Bg{bò O~ VH$ am{Ì Ho$ g_mZ AÝYH$manyU© _¥Ë`w{Xdg nmg _| Zht AmVo V~ VH$ _oao
Ûmam H$hm J`m g~ dñVwAm| _| d¡am½`ê$n nhbm gma nXmW© ~Q>moaH$a aI br{Oò &&50&& Omo nwéf
Bgr bmoH$ _| ZaH$ê$nr ì`m{Y Ho$ àVrH$ma H$m Cnm` Zht H$aVm, dh Am¡f{Ya{hV (Ohm± Am¡f{Y
Xwb©^ h¡) ñWmZ _| OmH$a ZaH$ê$nr amoJm| go N>Q>nQ>mVm hþAm Š`m H$aoJm ? &&51&&
`{X H$moB© Ame§H$m H$ao {H$ d¡am½` hr na_ gma Š`m| h¡ ? Vmo Bg na d¡am½` Ho$ {~Zm dmgZmAmo§
H$s VZwVm (AënVm) H$s {g{Õ Zht hmo gH$Vr, Eogm H$hVo h¢ &
O~ VH$ gH$b nXmWm] _| d¡am½` Zht àmßV hmoVm V~ VH$ nXmWm] H$s dmgZm H$_ ({Zd¥Îm)
Zht hmoVr &&52&&
dmgZm H$s {Zd¥{Îm _| AmnH$m BVZm ~‹S>m AmJ«h Š`m| h¡ ? Eogr Ame§H$m hmoZo na H$hVo h¢ &
(c) Bg _mojemó H$s AdhobZm H$aZo go AmË_kmZ H$s Aàm[ßV hr AmË_hË`m h¡ &
ŸyÕ - 103] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2197
ho _hm_Vo, AmË_m H$m nyU©ê$n go CÕma H$aZo Ho$ {bE dmgZm H$s {Zd¥{Îm H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Xygam
H$moB© ^r Cnm` Z H$^r Wm Am¡a Z hmoJm &&53&&
nXmWm] Ho$ ahVo CZH$s dmgZm H$s {Zd¥{Îm H¡$go hmo gH$Vr h¡ ? Bg e§H$mna H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
`{X nXmW© gË`ê$n go ah| Vmo CZ_| go AnZo AZwHy$b nXmWm] _| `h _oao {bE Amdí`H$ h¡
BgH$m _wPo gånmXZ H$aZm Mm{hò BË`m{X dmgZm hmoVr h¡, {H$ÝVw do nXmW© Vmo IaJmoe Ho$ gtJ
Am{X H$s Vah `hm± h¡ hr Zht, OJV² _| {OVZo nXmW© h¢, CZna O~ VH$ {dMma Zht {H$`m OmVm
V^r VH$ a_Ur` àVrV hmoVo h¢, dñVwV… CZH$s gÎmm h¡ Zht & {dMma H$aZo na do gm_Zo I‹S>o hr
Zht hmoVo h¢, Z _mby_ H$hm± {dbrZ hmo OmVo h¢ &&54,55&&
`Ú{n ò nXmW© doXm[ÝV`m| Ho$ {dMma _| Zht h¢ VWm{n H${nb, H$UmX Am{X Ho$ {dMma _| Vmo
h¢ hr, Eogr AdñWm _| AmnZo CÝh| AgË` hr H¡$go _mZ {b`m ? Bg e§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
àm_m{UH$ {dMma H$aZo na Omo OJËnXmW© Zht {Q>H$Vo h¢, do H¡$go h¢ ? CZH$m Š`m ñdê$n
h¡ ? do EH$ EH$ dñVwê$n h¢ `m gd© dñVwê$n h¢, gXm hr ahVo h¢, `m H$^r hr ahVo h¢ ?
g^r n«H$ma go nhbo g¡H$‹S>m| ~ma h_ CZH$m IÊS>Z H$a MwHo$ h¢, `h AW© h¡ &&56&& OJV²
Ho$ g^r nXmW© H$maU Ho$ AË`ÝV A^md go g¥[îQ> Ho$ àmaå^ _| CËnÝZ hr Zht hþE, Omo `h
àVrV hmoVm h¡ dh na_ ~«÷ hr h¡ Ÿ&&57&&
H$maU H$m A^md H¡$go h¡ ? Eogm àíZ hmoZo na H$hVo h¢ &
g^r B[ÝÐ`m| go Ako` ñdàH$me {MXoH$ag na~«÷ _| _Z g{hV nm±M kmZo[ÝÐ`m| go doÚ
hmoZodmbo nXmWm] Ho$ H$maU H$s àb`H$mb _| g§^mdZm VH$ Zht H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ &&58&&
Zm_ Am¡a ê$n `wŠV OJV² H$m AZm_ Am¡a Aê$n ~«÷ H$maU Zht hmo gH$Vm, `m| Xygar `w[ŠV
Xem©Vo h¢ &
{d{dY Zm_-ê$ndmbo nXmWm] H$m Zm_-ê$n{dhrZ H$maU H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? Bgr EH$ ar{V
go dñVw-AdñVw H$m H$maU VWm eyÝ` AeyÝ` H$m H$maU _Z hr H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
dñVw _| AdñVwVm H¡$go hmo gH$Vr h¡ Am¡a ì`mo_ _| Aì`mo_Vm H¡$go hmo gH$Vr h¡ ? &&59&& dQ>
Ho$ ~rO Ho$ g_mZ gmH$ma H$m gmH$ma hr ~rO hmo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& ~rO dh dñVw hmo Cggo gmH$ma
{dgÑe AÝ` H$s CËn{Îm H¡$go hmo gH$Vr h¡ ? &&60&& {Og_| V{ZH$ ^r AmH¥${Vdmbm Hw$N> ~rO
Zht h¡, Cggo AmH¥${Vdmbm {díd CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡, `h H$WZ {dS>å~ZmdñWm Ho$ g_mZ {ZaW©H$
h¡ &&61&& Cg na_ nX _| H$m`©H$maU ^mdm{X Zht h¡, ~H$dmg Ho$ H$maU Omo Cg_| H$m`©-
H$maU^mdm{X H$s H$ënZm H$s OmVr h¡, dh {Zar _yI©Vm h¡ &&62&& ghH$mar Am¡a {Z{_Îm H$maU Ho$
A^md _| H$maU go (CnmXmZ H$maU go) H$m`© H$s CËn[Îm Zht hmoVr ghH$mar Am¡a {Z{_Îm H$maU
Ho$ A[ñVËd _| hmoVr h¡, `h ~mV ~ÀMm| VH$ {d{XV h¡ &&63&&
OJX²kmZê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ^r {MV² OJËH$maU Zht hmo gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ KQ>kmZ _| KQ>H$maUVm
Zht {XImB© XoVr, Eogm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
H${hò Vmo ghr OJV²-_mÌ H$m AkmZê$n {MV² n¥{Wdr Am{X H$m H$maU H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡ ?
{MV² _| A{MV² H$s [ñW{V Zht hmo gH$Vr, Bg{bE ^r {MV² OJV² H$m H$maU Zht hmo gH$Vm,
Eogm H$hVo h¢ &
^bm H${hò Vmo ghr Yyn _| N>m`m H¡$go ah gH$Vr h¡ ? &&64&&
Bgrgo na_mUwH$maUdmXr ~m¡Õ Am{X Ho$ _V H$m IÊS>Z hmo J`m Ÿ& H$maU {H$ AVr[ÝÐ`
(B[ÝÐ`JmoMa) na_mUwg_yh B[ÝÐ`JmoMa Zht XoIm OmVm, Eogm H$hVo h¢ &
Omo ~wÕ Am{X bmoJ na_mUwAm| H$m g_yh hr OJV² h¡, Eogm H$hVo h¢ CZH$m H$WZ
dmñV{dH$ Zht h¡, O¡go H$moB© IaJmoe H$m gtJ YZwf Ho$ Vwë` h¡, Eogm H$ho d¡go hr `h ^r
AkmZ go H$hm OmVm h¡ &&65&&
`{X na_mUw Amng _| {_bH$a OJV² H$s aMZm H$a| Vmo CZH$m gXm AmH$me _| C‹S>Zm, {JaZm
{XImB© XoZo Ho$ H$maU àËòH$ Ka _| à{V{XZ nhm‹S> H$s MmoQ>r-gr Am¡a Hw$E± H$m J–m-gm hmo
OmòJm, Eogm H$hVo h¢ &
`{X na_mUwAm| H$m g_yh {_bH$a OJV² H$s aMZm H$aVm, Vmo Ad`d^yV do O~ MmhVo
V~ AmH$me _| C‹S>Vo Am¡a O~ MmhVo ZrMo {JaVo Bg àH$ma OJh-OJh, Ka-Ka à{V{XZ
CgH$s Anyd© Yy{b H$s Aå~ma bJ OmVr AWdm ~‹S>m J–m hmo OmVm Am¡a Xygar ~mV `h ^r
h¡ {H$ na_mUw Zm_H$ {Zad`d H$moB© Ðì` {H$gr H$mo {XImB© Zht XooVm h¡, Ombm| Ho$ AÝXa gy`©-
{H$aUm| _| gmd`d hr aO…H$U {XImB© XoVo h¢ Ÿ& `{X H${hò CÝhtHo$ Ad`d Ohm± VH$ hmo gH$Vo
h¢ CgH$s Ma_gr_m {Zad`d h¡ Eogm AZw_mZ hmoVm h¡, `h ^r R>rH$ Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ dh
nañna g§`moJ Ho$ A`mo½` hmoZo go AÐì` hmo OmòJm & {Zad` H$m AÝ` Ho$ gmW g§`moJ Zht
hmo gH$Vm Ÿ& g§`moJ EH$ Xoe _| hmoVm h¡ Eogm {Z`_ h¡ & g§`moJ Z hmoZo go ÛÙwH$ Am{X H$s
{g{Õ Zht hmoJr Ÿ& Xygar ~mV `h ^r {dMmaUr` h¡ {H$ AVr[ÝÐ` AmH$menwîn go na_mUwAm|
Ho$ g§`moOZ Ûmam OJV² H$s aMZm H$aZm {H$gH$m H$m_ h¡ Ÿ? Š`m {H$gr Ag§gmar nwéf H$m
dh H$m_ h¡ `m g§gmar H$m ? g§gmar H$s e[ŠV Vmo na_mUwAm| go OJV² H$s aMZm H$aZo _|
H$VB© Zht h¡, `h {~bHw$b gm\$ h¡ Ÿ& `{X H$hmo {H$ g§gma Ho$ A`mo½` B©ída `m O‹S> H$m `h
H$m_ h¡, Vmo CZgo B©ída H$m {~Zm à`moOZ Ho$ OJV² H$m {Z_m©U ì`W© h¡ Ÿ& {ZË`_wŠV B©ída
H$mo H$moB© à`moOZ H$s Anojm ^r Zht h¡ AWdm g¥[îQ> H$m H$moB© à`moOZ Cnn{ÎmV… {gÕ ^r
Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm Ÿ& Am¡a O‹S> na_mUw AnZo Amn OJV² g¥[îQ> _| àd¥Îm Zht hmo gH$Vo
h¢, `h ^md h¡ &&66-68&&
ŸyÕ - 103] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2199
`{X H$moB© e§H$m H$ao {H$ MoVZ H$mo ~w{Õnd©H$ {H$ò Jò H$m_ _| à`moOZ H$s Anojm hmoVr h¡
A~w{Õnyd©H$ {H$ò Jò H$m_ _| Vmo à`moOZ H$s Anojm Zht h¡, Vmo Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
ho lram_MÝÐOr, CŠV OJËg¥{îQ>ê$n H$m`© () {H$grH$m A~w{Õnyd©H$ Vmo Zht hmo gH$Vm
Am¡a ~w{Õnyd©H$ Vmo Cg ì`W© H$_© H$mo H$m¡Z nmJb H$aoJm ? &&69&&
Bg H$WZ go dm`w hr na_mUw H$m g§KmV H$aoJm, ~w{Õnyd©H$ ì`mnma Ho$ {~Zm hr AUwAm| H$m
g§KmV ([_bZ) hmo OmòJm, Bg Ame§H$m H$m ^r {ZamH$aU hmo J`m, Eogm H$hVo h¢ &
O‹S> dm`w H$s ~w{Õnyd©H$ MoîQ>m Zht h¡ Ÿ& ~w{Õnyd©H$ MoîQ>m Ho$ {~Zm na_mUwAm| H$m EH$ÌrH$aU
Zht hmo gH$Vm Ÿ& O‹S> Am¡a gd©k go (B©ída go) A{V[aŠV Ord, àb` _| eara Zht hmoZo
Ho$ H$maU, Ag_W© hr Wm, Bg{bE g¥[îQ> Ho$ Amaå^ _| BgHo$ {H$gr H$Vm© H$s Cnn[Îm Zht
hmo gH$Vr h¡ &&70&&
`{X H$Vm© Ho$ A^md go OJV² CËnÝZ hr Zht hþAm Vmo h_ bmoJm| H$m Š`m ñdê$n h¡ ? H¡$go
OJV² _| [ñWV h¡ ? Bg e§H$m na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
ò h_ bmoJ Xoh Am{X _yV©Vm go a{hV {MXmË_ê$n hr h¢ Ed§ AÝ` bmoJ ^r h_mar ZmBª hr
{MXmË_ê$n hr h¡ VWm{n O¡go ñdßZ _| AmnHo$ ñdßZ_mZd hmoVo h¢ d¡go hr AnZr H$ënZm go hr
[ñWV h¢ Ÿ&&71&&
Bg àH$ma g~ Hw$N> CËnÝZ hmoZo go ~«÷AÛ¡V {gÕmÝV hr {Z~m©Y h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Bg{bE Z Vmo OJV² Hw$N> CËnÝZ hr hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Z {dÚ_mZ hr h¡ & Bg àH$ma OJV² Ho$ ê$n
go {Z_©b {MXmH$me hr AnZo _| AnZo Amn {dH${gV hmoVm h¡ &&72&& O¡go dm`w _| ñnÝX, Ob _|
ÐdVm Am¡a AmH$me _| eyÝ`Vm BZgo (dm`w Am{X go) A{^ÝZ hr Mmam| Amoa {dlmÝV h¢ d¡go hr
{MXmH$me _| {dídmH$me A{^ÝZ hmoH$a hr Mmam| Amoa {dlmÝV h¡ &&73&&
OJV²-eyÝ` {MXmH$me H$m Omo ñdê$n nhbo ÑîQ>mÝVnyd©H$ AZoH$ ~ma AZw^d _| ~¡R>m`m J`m
h¡, CgrH$m ñ_aU H$amVo h¢ &
AË`ÝV Xya go ^r Xya EH$ Xoe go Xygao Xoe H$s àm[ßV _| XmoZm| Xoem| Ho$ _Ü` _| EH$ jUâ
Ho$ {bE g§{dV² H$m Omo ñdê$n h¡, dhr {Z{d©f` {MXmH$me H$m ñdê$n g_{Pò &&74&& g~
nXmWm] H$m g§{dXmH$me hr na_mW© ñd^md h¡, do g~ nXmW© g§{dXmH$me_`, {MXmH$megÑe
Am¡a {MXmH$meê$n hr h¢, Bg{bE {díd H$s {MXmH$meê$n go hr ^mdZm H$aZr Mm{hò eyÝ`ê$n
go ^mdZm Zht H$aZr Mm{hò Ÿ&&75&& nydm}ŠV {MXmH$me H$s ñd^md go A{^ÝZ hr {ddV©^md
go Omo na_ [ñW{V h¡ Cgr H$mo AmnmVXeu ì`dhmar "OJV²' Zm_ go nwH$maVo h¢ &&76&& Bg{bE
(){OgH$s gwÝXa aMZm _Z H$mo MŠH$a _| S>mb XoZodmbr h¡, AZoH$ ^wdZ, {J[a, ZXr,
Vmbm~ Am{X go `wŠV h¡ VWm Oam`wO, AÊS>O Am{X Mma àH$ma Ho$ àm{U`m|§ go nyU© h¡ &
OJV² Am¡a {MXmH$me ò Xmo H$Xm{n nañna {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ nXmW© Zht h¡ O¡go ndZ Am¡a ñnÝX
XmoZm| H$m EH$ hr ê$n h¡ d¡go hr BZH$m EH$ hr ñdê$n h¡ &&77&& jUâ _| EH$ Xoe go Xygao
Xoe H$s àm[ßV _| _Ü` _| kmZ H$m gH$b {deofm| go eyÝ` Omo ñdê$n h¡ dhr AZw^d H$m _w»`
ÑîQ>mÝV h¡ Cggo AÝ` Zht &&78&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, dhr Aeof {deofm| go eyÝ` {MXmH$me
g~ ^yVm| H$m ñd^md h¡, Cgr _| kmZr bmoJ g_m{Y Ûmam {ñWV ahVo h¢, {MXmH$meê$n Cggo
ò n¥{Wdr Am{X nXmW© {dM{bV Zht hmoVo Ÿh¢ &&79&& `h {díd {MX²ê$nr Xn©U _| Am^mgmH$me
hr h¡, CgH$m Ad^mgZ ^r {MV² H$s à^mê$n hr h¡ & {ZamH$ma A{dZmer {MV²ñd^md H$mo hr
{dÛmZ nwéf OJV² H$hVo h¢ &&80&& `h OJV² Z Vmo CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡, Z CËnÝZ hmoH$a {dZîQ>
hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Z H$^r ^{dî` _| hmoZodmbm hr h¡ & `h {MXmH$me go d¡go hr A{^ÝZ h¡ O¡go
{H$ AmH$me go eyÝ`Vm A{^ÝZ h¡ &&81&& Z OJV² h¡, Z H$^r Wm Am¡a Z H$^r hmoJm Ÿ& `h
na_ emÝV {MXmH$meH$m AmË_m _| hr Ad^mg hmo ahm h¡ &&82&& O¡go ñdßZ _| {MÝ_` hr
ZJa nd©V Am{X Ho$ ê$n go àH$me _| AmVm h¡ d¡go hr Bg OJV² Zm_H$ ñdßZ _| dh {MXmH$me
hr ñd`§ OJV² Ho$ ê$n go àH$m{eV hmo ahm h¡ &&83&& g¥[îQ> Ho$ Amaå^ _| n¥{Wdr Am{X nXmWm]
H$s gÎmm hr Zht h¡, Bg{bE nm{W©d Am{X Xoh H$m H¡$go g§^d hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? Bg{bE `h
^mg_mZ earaVm AmH$meê$n {M{V H$m ñdßZ hr h¡ &&84&& ñd`å^y Zm_ H$m AnZm eara
_hm{M{V H$m nhbm ñdßZ h¡ Ÿ& VXZÝVa ñd`å^y eara go CËnÝZ hþE h_ bmoJ Xwgao ñdßZ
Ho$ gÑe h¢ &&85&& Bg{bE O¡go JbJÊS> _| (JÊS>_mbm _|) {ZH$bo hþE ‹\$mo‹S>o H$m Jbo go
gmjmV² gå~ÝY Zht h¡ d¡go hr ~«÷ go h_mam ^r gmjmV² gå~ÝY Zht h¡ `m| ì`d{hV gå~ÝY
H$s Ñ‹T>-^«m[ÝV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU h_mam _Z ^r, Mmho {H$VZo hr à`ËZ go Š`m| Z ào[aV {H$`m
Om`, ~«÷ _| erK« Zht OmòJm &&86&& O¡go Jbm hr JÊS>_mbm Ho$ ê$n _| [ñWV hmoH$a
JÊS>_mbm Ho$ D$na {ZH$bo hþE \$mo‹S>o Ho$ ê$n go ^r [ñWV `mZr Cggo A{^ÝZ h¡ {\$a ^r
{^ÝZ-gm àVrV hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr ~«÷ hr {haÊ`J^© ì`[îQ>Ordê$n AgË` nwéf hmoH$a Xohê$n
go n¥WH$² àVrV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& O^r go ~«÷ Ordê$n hþAm V^r go `h {_Ï`m OJV² [ñWV
h¡ &&87&& ~«÷ go boH$a V¥Un`©ÝV gmam OJV² ñdßZOJV² Ho$ g_mZ AbrH$ (AgË`) hr
CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a ñdßZ OJV² Ho$ g_mZ hr ZîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ &&88&& O¡go ñdßZ _|
{MXmH$me hr OJV² H$m ê$n YmaU H$a brZ hmo OmVm h¡ d¡go hr OmJ«V Zm_H$ ñdßZ _| ^r,
OÝ_ YmaU {H$ò {~Zm hr, OJV² H$m ê$n YmaU H$a ZîQ> hmoVm h¡ &&89&&
`{X OJV² AgV² (AZ¥V) h¡ Vmo BgH$m AZw^d H¡$go hmoVm h¡ Am¡a H¡$go `h gË` H$s ZmBª
{ñWV h¡, Š`m|{H$ IaJmoe Ho$ gtJm| _|, Omo AgV² h¢, ò XmoZm| ~mV| Zht {XImB© XoVt ? Bg
e§H$m na H$hVo h¢ &
ŸyÕ - 103] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2201
O¡go ñdßZ _| g§{dV² hr ZJa, nd©V, ZXr Am{X Ho$ ê$n go C{XV hmoVr h¡ d¡go hr AbrH$
(AgV²) hmoVo ^r AZw^yV Am¡a AgV² hmoVo ^r gË`dV² [ñWV `h OJV² g§{dV² go hr C{XV
h¡, AV… g§{dX²ê$n hr h¡ & eyÝ`ê$n Zht h¡ &&90&& ñdßZZJa Am{X Ho$ g_mZ hr {ZamH$ma
hmoVr hþB© ^r gmH$ma-gr g§{dV² OJV² ê$n go [ñWV h¡ & O¡go _oé nd©V Ho$ Yy{b-H$U na_mUw
Ho$ g_mZ AUw h¢ d¡go hr g§{dXmH$me AmH$me go ^r AUw (gyú_) h¡ &&91&&
AmH$me go ^r ~‹T>H$a AUwVm Zm_ H$m Y_© H$hm± à{gÕ h¢ ? Omo {H$ g§{dXmH$me H$m (~«÷
H$m) Y_© hmoJm, Bg{bE AmH$me go ^r ~‹T>H$a AUwVm CgH$m Y_© Zht h¡ Ÿ& V~ AUwVm H$hZo
H$m VmËn`© Š`m h¡ ? Bg Ame§H$m na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
OJV² H$m AmH$ma ñWyb AmH$ma AUwê$n H$maU Ho$ {~Zm Zht ~Z gH$Vm, `h H$hZo Ho$
{bE Cgo AUw H$hm h¡ &&92&&
`{X H$moB© e§H$m H$ao {H$ Bª§Q> Am{X go ZJa Am{X H$s CËn{Îm {XIbmB© XoVr h¡, AV… OJV² go
hr OJV² H$s CËn{Îm hmo, Z {H$ ~«÷ go Ÿ& Bg na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Omo ZJa Am{X g¥[îQ> Ho$ Amaå^ _| CËnÝZ Zht hþAm dh OJV² go H¡$go CËnÝZ hþAm ? Xygar
~mV `h ^r h¡ {H$ ñdßZ _| BªQ> Am{X Ho$ {~Zm hr ZJa Am{X {XImB© XoVo h¢ Ÿ& OmJ«VdoXZmH$me _|
Omo ZJa h¡, dhr h_mao {gÕmÝV _| ñdßZ _| ^r ZJa h¡ Am¡a dhm± na ì`{^Mma ñnîQ> h¡, Š`m|{H$
dhm± BªQ> Am{X go ZJa {Z_m©U Zht hmoVm h¡ &&93&&
Bg àH$ma ñdßZnXmW© Am¡a OmJ«ËnXmWm] H$m nañna ôX Z hmoZo na ñdßZnXmWm] H$m
{MXmH$me go ôX Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU OmJ«ËnXmWm] H$m ^r {MXmH$me go AôX {gÕ hmo J`m,
Bg A{^àm` go H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go eyÝ` Am¡a AmH$me H$m nañna H$moB© ôX Zht h¡, XmoZm| EH$ hr h¡ d¡go hr ñdßZ-
nd©V Am¡a {MXmH$me _| ^r nañna ôX Zht h¡, XmoZm| A{^ÝZ h¡§ Ÿ& Omo {MXmH$me h¡, dhr
ñdßZ-ZJa h¡ &&94&&
CŠV AôX _| ñnÝX-dm`w Am¡a dm`w-AmH$me ÑîQ>mÝV h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go Omo hr ñnÝXZ h¡, dhr dm`w h¡ Am¡a O¡go ñnÝXZ Am¡a AñnÝXZ ñdê$ndmbm dm`w
AmH$me go A{^ÝZ h¡ d¡go hr {MXmH$me Am¡a ñdßZZJa A{^ÝZ h¢ Ÿ&&95&& Bg{bE {MXmH$me
hr OJV² Ho$ AmH$ma _| {XImB© XoVm h¡ Ÿ& `h g~ {MX²ê$nr gy`© H$m {ZamYma àH$meZ h¡ &&96&&
`h g_ñV OJV² OÝ_{dZmea{hV AIÊS>ñ\w$aUê$n {Z_©b {Z{d©H$ma nËWa Ho$ g_mZ ñVãY
emÝV (~«÷) hr h¡ &&97&&
Bg Vah {MV² H$s àn§MeyÝ`Vm {gÕ hþB©, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Bg{bE Oam Amn H${hE Vmo ghr H¡$go n¥{Wdr Am{X nXmW© h¢ ? H$hm± go ò CËnÝZ hþE h¢, H$hm±
nXmW©~w{Õ h¡ ? H$hm± Û¡V h¡ ? H$hm± AÛ¡V h¡ ? H$hm± _¢ hÿ± ? H$hm± nXmW© h¢ Am¡a H$hm± dmgZm
h¡ ? &&98&& ho lram_MÝÐOr, Amn {Z{d©H$ma ewÕ ~moYê$n VÎd Ho$ n[akmZ go CŠV VÎd _|
EH$ê$n hmoH$a gXm amÁ` H$m n[anmbZ Am{X ì`dhma H$aVo hþE ^r Cg_| "_¢ H$Vm© hÿ±', `h
A{^_mZ Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {dH$ma go a{hV nañna {damoYr Û¡V Am¡a AÛ¡V go `wŠV hmoH$a Am¡a
AÝXa AË`ÝV erVb hr {Za{Ve` AmZÝX H$mo àmßV hmoBò, Š`m|{H$ {djon Ho$ H$maU^yV ò
nXmW© h¡ hr Zht &&99&&
EH$ gm¡ VrZdm± gJ© g_mßV
EH$ gm¡ Mmadm± gJ©

O¡go AmH$me Am{X H$s dm`w Am{Xê$nVm AZw^d go {gÕ h¡ d¡go hr {MV² H$s AZw^dV… OJÐÿnVm H$m gmYZ &
{MÝ_mÌ hr ñdßZ H$s ^m±{V OJV² Ho$ AmH$ma go àVrV hmoVm h¡, Eogm Omo nhbo H$hm Wm,
AZw^d H$m Adbå~Z hmoZo na à_mUm| Ûmam nXmW© VÎd H$s {Okmgm H$a aho g^r H$mo Cgr H$s
eaU _| OmZm hmoJm CgHo$ {gdm Xygam Mmam h¡ hr Zht Ÿ& ^bo hr AmH$me Am{X Ho$ H«$_ go
g¥[îQ>H$ënZm naånamAm| go A{VXya OmH$a hr CgH$m g_ml` b|, Eogm à{VnmXZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE
AmH$mem{X H$s AmMm`©à{gÕ ñdén[ñW{V H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_Or, eãXVÝ_mÌ AmH$me h¡ Am¡a ñne©VÝ_mÌ dm`w h¡ Ÿ& CZ
XmoZm| Ho$ AË`ÝV g§Kf© go CËnÝZ hþAm ê$nVÝ_mÌ VoO h¡ Ÿ& CŠV VoO H$s em[ÝV (CîUVm
Am¡a ê$jVm Ho$ e_Z Ûmam erVbVm ÐdËdml`ê$n agVÝ_mÌ) Ob H$m ê$n h¡ Ÿ& AmH$me,
dm`w, VoO Am¡a Ob H$m g§K (BZH$m {_bZ hmoZo na KZr^md H$m hoVw JÝY^md) n¥{Wdr h¡ Ÿ&
Bg àH$ma {MV² go hr ñdßZ-gÑe OJV² ^mZ _| `h H«$_ h¡ & `hm± na h_mam àíZ h¡ {H$
A_yV© AmH$me go n¥{Wdr n`©ÝV _yV© nXmW©g§K H¡$go hþAm ?
BgHo$ CÎma _| `{X H$moB© H$ho {H$ AmH$me go {H«$`mñne© àYmZ dm`w hr CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
dh ê$n hr Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Hw$N> A§e _| _yV© Ho$ Vwë` h¡, Bggo ê$nVÝ_mÌàYmZ _yV© VoO H$mo
CËnÝZ H$aoJm, Vmo `h CÎma R>rH$ Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ [Zad`d Hy$Q>ñW AmH$me go dm`w H$s hr
[g{Õ Zht hmo gH$Vr Ÿ& H$moB© ^r {ZíMoîQ> VWm {Zad`d nXmW© Z Vmo Hw$N> ~Zm gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a
Z Cg_| {dH$ma hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& `{X dh gånyU© ê$n go {dH¥$V hmo Om`, Vmo AmH$me Ho$ A^md
go dm`w Am{X Ho$ {bE AdH$me hr Zht ahoJm Ÿ& `{X AmYm `m Cggo H$_ AmH$me {dH¥$V hmoVm
h¡, `h _mZmo Vmo AmH$me ^r Ad`ddmZ² hmo OmòJm & `{X H$hmo Ad`ddmZ² ^r hmo Vmo Š`m
hm{Z h¡ ? Vmo g_mZê$n go dhr ñne©dmZ² ^r hmo OmòJm, Eogr [ñW{V _| dm`w Am{X H$s CËn{Îm
H$s ì`W©Vm VWm {ZadH$meVm Am¡a EH$ AmH$me Am¡a CgHo$ Ad`dm| H$s ^r {ZadH$meVm hmo
ŸyÕ - 104] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2203
Omò J r Ÿ& Bg àH$ma ê$na{hV dm`w go ^r ê$nVÝ_mÌ H$s CËn{Îm H$m Amaå^ go
(Amaå^dmXmZwgma) `m n[aUm_ go (n[aUm_dmXmZwgma) {Zê$nU H$aZm H${R>Z hr Zht Ag§^d
hr h¡ Ÿ& H$maU {H$ H$maU Ho$ JwU H$m`© Ho$ JwUm| Ho$ Amaå^H$ hmoVo h¢, Eogm {Z`_ h¡ Ÿ& dm`w _|
ê$n H$m A^md h¡ Ÿ& n[anmH$ go n[aUm_ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a VoO Ho$ [~Zm n[anmH$ H$s ^r g§^mdZm
Zht h¡, Bgr àH$ma A{½Z, Ob Am{X CÎmadVu ^yVm| _| ^r g_P boZm Mm{hò &&1,2&&
`{X H$moB© H$ho {H$ AZw^d go hr Hy$Q>ñW AmH$me go MbZmË_H$ dm`w H$s CËn{Îm, ê$na{hV
dm`w go ê$ndmZ² VoO H$s CËn{Îm, Zrag VoO go agê$n Ob H$s CËn{Îm VWm JÝYhrZ Ob go
JÝYdVr n¥{Wdr H$s CËn{Îm H$s H$ënZm H$a|Jo Ÿ& AZw^dê$n ^JdVr g§{dV² hr h_ bmoJm| Ho$ gmao
{damoY H$mo hQ>mH$a AZw^dmZwê$n g~ nXmWm] H$m g_W©Z H$a XoJr & Bg na H$hVo h¢ &
`{X Xya H$s C‹S>mZ â H$a AÝV _| {\$a bmMma hmoH$a g§{dV² H$s hr eaU boZr n‹S>Vr
h¡, Vmo nhbo hr O¡go dh ñdßZ Am{X _| ñdßZ OJV² H$m dof YmaU H$aVr h¡ d¡go Ho$db {ddV©
go gmao OJV² H$m dof YmaU H$aVr h¡, Bg gdm©W©gmYH$ {Z_©b {gÕmÝV H$mo _mZ boZo _| H$m¡Z
Xmof h¡ ? &&3&&
Cgr {gÕmÝV H$m à{VnmXZ H$aVo h¢ &
A{V {Z_©b g§{dV² hr AnZo ñdê$n _| ^m{gV hmoVr h¡, `h H$WZ "dhr OJV h¡' `m|
na_mW© gË`ñdê$n A{YîR>mZ Ho$ ~b go VWm "`h g~ ~«÷ hr h¡' BË`m{X `WmW©dm{XZr lw{V
Ho$ ~b go gË` hr h¡, `h {gÕmÝV ahñ` h_ nhbo hr H$h MwHo$ h¢ &&4&& Z Vmo H$ht na
nm±M ^yV h¢ Am¡a Z KQ>>, Xrdma Am{X ^m¡{VH$ nXmW© hr h¢, {H$ÝVw {\$a ^r O¡go ñdßZ Am{X
_| ^yV^m¡{VH$eyÝ` {M{V hr ^yV^m¡{VH$ Ho$ g_mZ g~H$mo {XIbmB© XoVr h¡ d¡go hr OmJ«V _|
AgV² ^r ^yV^m¡¡{VH$ nXmW© {M{V~b go gË`-go AZw^yV hmoVo h¢ &&5&& O¡go ñdßZ _|
{MËñd^md AmË_m hr ZJa nd©V, Am{X Ho$ Vwë` àH$m{eV hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr OmJ«V _| ^r dh
gV² {MV² gwIê$n AmË_m OJV² Ho$ g_mZ àH$me _| AmVm h¡ &&6&& _¢ MoVZmH$me hr hÿ±, `h
OJV² ^r MoVZmH$me ê$n hr [ñWV h¡, Bg{bE _¢ Am¡a OJV² XmoZm| EH$ hr h¢ Ÿ& dñVwV… Ho$db
{ebm Ho$ g_mZ R>mog {MXmH$me H$m hr A[ñVËd h¡ &&7&& Omo Am{X g¥{îQ> _| OJV² H$s CËn{Îm
h¡ Am¡a H$ën _| (àb` _|) CgH$s {Zd¥{Îm h¡ AWdm Omo OJV² H$s [ñW{V h¡, dh {ZamH$ma
{MXmH$me hr h¡ &&8&& {Z_©b AmË_ñdê$n Ho$ kmV hmo OmZona Omo Xw…IboeeyÝ` Aj` gwIVm
(^y_mZÝXê$nVm) h¡, dhr _moj h¡ Ÿ& CŠV _moj Xoh Ho$ ahVo `m Z ahVo EH$ gm h¡ Ÿ&
(OrdÝ_w[ŠV Am¡a {dXoh_w{ŠV _| H$moB© ôX Zht h¡) Ÿ& Cg _moj _| nyU© {Z^©a {dlm_ AmnH$mo
àmßV hmo CVZo go hr AmnH$s H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm h¡ &&9&&
EH$ gm¡ Mmadm± gJ© g_mßV
EH$ gm¡ nm±Mdm± gJ©

{MV² H$m hr OmJ«V Ho$ Vwë` Am¡a {MV² H$m hr ñdßZ Ho$ Vwë` ^mZ hmoVm h¡,
Bg{bE OmJ«V Am¡a ñdßZ _| H$moB© AÝVa Zht h¡, `h dU©Z &
OJV² H$s nydm}ŠV ñdßZg_mZVm H$m {dñVma go dU©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE n¥îR>^y{_ V¡`ma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
{MËñd^md AmË_m AnZr H$bZmê$n AnZo go A{^ÝZ ñd^md OJXmH$maH$m ñd`§ AZw^d
H$aVm hþAm [ñWV h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V² ñdßZ _| {Og àH$ma AmË_m AnZo go A{^ÝZ AnZr H$ënZmê$n
nwa, ZJa Am{X H$m AZw^d H$aVm hþAm [ñWV ahVm h¡ d¡go hr OJXmH$ma AnZo ñd^md H$m
AZw^d H$aVm h¡, Omo AnZo go AZÝ` (A[^ÝZ) h¡ Am¡a AnZr hr H$ënZm h¡ &&1&& `h OmJ«V²
{Zam ñdßZ h¡, Omo {H$ OJV²ê$n go Ë`ŠV Z hmoVm hþAm AkmZê$n hr h¡, _ybV… {ebmê$n hr h¡
Am¡a A{YîR>mZ ê$n go eyÝ` AmH$me hr h¡ &&2&&
ñdßZ ^r Eogm hr hmoVm h¡, AV… dhr BgH$m R>rH$-R>rH$ CXmhaU h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
Bg {df` _| {d{dY ZJam| go Ab§H¥$V ñdßZ hr ÑîQ>mÝV h¡, ñdßZ _| OJV² H$m Zm_boe ^r
Zht ahVm {\$a ^r dh Bgr àH$ma XoXrß`_mZ àVrV hmoVm h¡ &&3&& O¡go ñdßZ _| `h AgV² hr
Ì¡bmoŠ` Ad^m{gV hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr Bg OmJ«V² AdñWm _| ^r Ad^m{gV hmo ahm h¡, Bg_| Oam ^r
ñdßZ go {ZambmnZ Zht h¡ &&4&& OJV²-eãX Ho$ AW© H$m (OJV² H$m) Z Vmo OmJ«V _| g§^d h¡ Am¡a
Z ñdßZ _| hr g§^d h¡, dñVwV… {MXmH$me H$m Omo ñdH$s` Ad^mgZ h¡ Cgo hr AkmZrOZ OJV²
_mZ ~¡R>o h¢ &&5&& AnZo Amn hmoZodmbo {MXmH$me Zo AÝYH$ma go Amd¥V AmË_ê$n AmH$me _| nd©V,
ZJa Am{X H$m ñdê$n YmaU H$aZodmbo AnZo M_ËH$maê$n V_ H$mo OmJ«V ñdßZ _| OJV² g_Pm
h¡ &&6&& `h OJV²² Hw$N> Zht h¡ (eyÝ` h¡), ^mñ`_mZ OJV² Ho$ eyÝ` hmoZo go CgH$m ^mgH$ {MV²
H$m ê$n ^r Hw$N> Zht h¡ Ÿ& ò AË`ÝV AgV² {MÎm Am¡a OJV² (J«mø Am¡a J«mhH$) ~«÷ _| {_Ï`m hr
^m{gV hmoVo h¢ &&7&& O¡go ñdßZmdñWm _| ^m{gV hþAm ÌobmoŠ` dmñVd _| Hw$N> Zht h¡, eyÝ` h¡ d¡go
hr OmJ«V² AdñWm _| ^r ^m{gV hmo ahm `h Ì¡bmoŠ` ñdê$nhrZ ({ZamH$m‹a) eyÝ` hr h¡ &&8&& ho
_hmË_Z², {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ J¥h, CndZ Am{X H$s {Z{_©{V`m| go emo^m`_mZ ñdßZ _| Amaå^
AZmaå^ hr h¡ ŸAm¡a AgV² gV² Ho$ g_mZ ì`mßV h¡ &&9&& ~«÷ hr AË`ÝV {dñV¥V eyÝ`ê$n AmH$me
nhbo ~Zm Am¡a ^yVmH$me hr H«$_e…dm`w Am{X ~ZH$a nd©Vg_yh Am¡a {d{dY ZJam| H$m g_yh ~Zm,
`h _hmZ² AmíM`© h¡ &&10&& O¡go ñdßZ _| _oKm|, gmJam| Am¡a nd©Vm| H$s JO©Z Am{X Üd{Z gmoò hþE
EH$ ñdßZÐîQ>m nwéf Ho$ à»`mV hmoZo na nmg _| gmoò hþE Xygao Ho$ (ñdßZ Ho$ AÐîQ>m Ho$) à{V eyÝ`
hr h¡, Š`m|{H$ nmg _| gmo`m hþAm nwéf OmJH$a ^r _oK Am{X `m CZHo$ JO©Z H$mo Hw$N> ^r Zht
gwZVm, d¡go hr OmJ«V² eãX Am{X ^r eyÝ` hr h¡§ &&11&& O¡go CËnÝZ Z hþAm ^r dÝÜ`mnwÌ ñdßZ
ŸyÕ - 105] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2205
_| CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr CËnÝZ Z hþAm ^r `h OmJ«V-OJV² CËnÝZ hþAm-gm àVrV hmoVm h¡
Ed§ O¡go _aH$a CËnÝZ hþAm ^r nwéf AnZr _¥Ë`w H$s {dñ_¥{V hmoZo na _¢ CËnÝZ Zht hþAm hÿ±, `m|
g_PVm h¡ d¡go `h OJV² CËnÝZ hþAm ^r AZwËnÝZ hr h¡ &&12&& O¡go ñdßZ _| gmoò hþE nwéf H$m
AnZr e`Z^y{_ H$m AZZw^d CgH$s AgÎmm {gÕ H$aVm h¡ d¡go hr gV² dñVw AgV² hmo OmVr h¡
Am¡a g~ Hw$N> {dn`m©g H$mo àmßV hmo OmVm h¡ O¡go {H$ am{Ì hr {XZ hmo OmVr h¡ &&13&& ñdßZ Omo
AgV² h¡ dh erK« hr g§^d hmo OmVm h¡ O¡go {H$ {XZ hr am{Ì hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a Ag§^d g§^d hmo
OmVm h¡ O¡go {H$ AnZr _¥Ë`w H$m Xe©Z &&14&& ñdßZ _| Ag§^d g§^d hmo OmVm h¡ O¡go {H$ AmH$me
_| OJV² H$m ^mZ, AÝYH$ma hr _hmZ àH$me ~Z OmVm h¡ Am¡a Omo {ZÐm`wŠV (am{Ì) h¡, dh {XZ
~Z OmVm h¡ &&15&& àH$me hr AÝYH$ma ~Z OmVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ Cëby Am{X H$s ZtX Eogr XoIr OmVr
h¡ {H$ Cg_| {XZ hr ñdßZhoVw (am{Ì) ~Z OmVo h¢ &&16&& ñdßZ _| J–o _| {JaZo H$m AZw^d hmoZo
na e`Z ^y{_ hr JVm©H$me (J–m) ~Z OmVr h¡ & O¡go ñdßZ _| AgË`ê$n hr OJV² H$m Bg Vah
^mZ hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr OmJ«V H$m ^r {_Ï`m hr ^mZ hmoVm h¡ & ñdßZOJV² Ed§ OmJ«V²-OJV² XmoZm|
_| V{ZH$ ^r AÝVa Zht h¡ &&17&& O¡go Xmo (H$b H$m Am¡a AmO H$m) gy`© EH$-go hmoVo h¢ O¡go Xmo
`w½_O `mZr Ow‹S>do nwéf EH$-go hmoVo h¢ d¡go hr ò OmJ«V Am¡a ñdßZ ^r EH$-go h¢ Ÿ& BZ_| V{ZH$
^r {dbjUVm Zht h¡ &&18&&
nydm}ŠV OmJ«V Am¡a ñdßZ H$s g_Vm H$m IÊS>Z H$a Cg_| {dbjUVm {XIbm aho
lram_MÝÐOr e§H$m H$aVo h¢ &
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ~«÷Z², OmJ«V² Am¡a ñdßZ _| V{ZH$ ^r AÝVa Zht h¡, Eogm Omo AmnZo
H$hm, dh R>rH$ Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ ñdßZ _| Vmo VwaÝV hr ñdßZ H$m ~mY H$aZodmbr OmJ«VàVr{V hmoVr
h¡, CgHo$ XoIZo go _Z _| AnZo Amn hr ñdßZ H$s Am^mgVm H$m AZw^d hmo OmVm h¡, AV… OmJ«V²
ñdßZ Ho$ Vwë` H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? &&19&&
Ho$db BVZo go hr OmJ«V²-OJV² H$s ñdßZ OJV² go {dbjUVm {gÕ Zht hmo gH$Vr,
Š`m|{H$ {^ÝZ Xoedmbr OmJ«V²àVr{V ñdßZàVr{V H$s ~mYH$ Zht hmo gH$Vr Ÿ& ñdßZ-ñWmZ
_| {ZÐm`wŠV ñdßZXohñW nwéf ñdmßZ ~ÝYw¥~mYdm| H$mo XoIVm h¡ ñdßZXoh Ho$ {Zd¥Îm hmoZo na
{ZÐma{hV OmJ«V²-XohñW hmoH$a ñdßZ _| XoIo hþE ~ÝYw Am{X H$s AgÎmm H$m AZw^d H$aVm
h¡ Ÿ& AÝ` Xoe _| AÝ` Xoh go XoIo Jò nXmWm] H$m-XohmÝVa Am¡a XoemÝVa _| AÝ` H$m Xe©Z
hmoZo na-AXe©Z CZH$m ~mY Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm Ÿ& nyd©OÝ_ Ho$ ~ÝYw-~mÝYdm| H$m Bg OÝ_
_| Xe©Z Z hmoZo go ~mY ^r Vmo h¡ hr, Bg àH$ma OmJ«V Am¡a ñdßZ _| g_Vm hr h¡, {df_Vm
Zht h¡, Bg Ame` go lrd{gîR>Or g_mYmZ H$aVo h¢ &
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … aKwda, `h ñdßZ XoIZodmbm nwéf ñdßZ g§gma _| ñdßZ g§gma Ho$
AnZo ~ÝYw-~mÝYdm| Ho$ gmW {dhma H$a ñdßZXoh-{Zd¥{Îm_` _¥Ë`w H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡, ñdßZ g§gma
_| _aH$a ñdßZ Ho$ àm{U`m| go {d`wŠV hmoH$a Ord OmJ«V g§gma _| AZoH$mZoH$ gwI-Xw…I XemAm|,
^«m[ÝV`m| VWm am{Ì Am¡a {XZ Ho$ {dn`m©gm| H$m AZw^d H$a ñdmßZ eara H$m Ë`mJ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a
ZtX Qy>Q> OmZo Ho$ H$maU {ZÐm Ho$ AÝV _| e`Z Xoe _| CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a OmJ«V²-Xoh go gå~Õ
hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& VXwnamÝV ò ñdßZ g§gma _| _¥Ë`w H$mo àmßV hmoH$a (ñdßZ eara H$m Ë`mJ H$aHo$) Xygao
OmJ«Ý_` ñdßZ H$mo XoIZo Ho$ {bE nwZ… OmJ«V²-eara go gå~Õ hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr OmJ«Ý_` ñdßZ
XoIZodmbm OmJ«Ëg§gma _| _¥Ë`w H$mo àmßV hmoH$a Xygao OmJ«Ý_` ñdßZ XoIZo Ho$ {bE {\$a n¡Xm
hmoVm h¡ &&20-25&& O¡go OmJ«V² _| _aH$a AÝ` OmJ«V² _| CËnÝZ hþAm nwéf nyd©OmJ«V-àn§M _|
dh ñdßZ VWm AgV² Wm Bg àH$ma H$s àVr{V H$mo àmßV Zht hmoVm d¡go hr EH$ ñdßZ go Xygao
ñdßZ H$mo àmßV hþAm nwéf CÎma (~mX Ho$) ñdßZ _| OmJ«V² àVr{V J«hU H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& CÎma ñdßZ
_| OmJ«V²àVr{V O¡go ^«m{ÝV h¡ d¡go hr nyd©OmJ«V² _| ñdßZVm Am¡a AgÎmm H$m J«hU ^r _yT>Vmà`wŠV
(^«_) hr h¡ Ÿ& {\$a ñdßZ _| ^r AÝ` ñdßZXe©Z H$m AZw^d H$aVm hþAm ñdßZ H$m hr OmJ«Vê$n
go AZw^d H$aVm h¡ Bg àH$ma OmJ«V ñdßZ Zm_ H$r XmoZm| AdñWmAm| _| Ord Z ñdV… CËnÝZ
hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Z _aVm h¡ {H$ÝVw VV²-VV² (OmJ«V ñdßZ Ho$) earam| _| A{^_mZ Ho$ J«hU Am¡a Ë`mJ
Ûmam OÝ_ boVm h¡ VWm _aVm h¡ &&26-28&& ñdßZ XoIZodmbm Ord ñdßZ _| _aH$a OmJ«V _|
OmJm hþAm H$hbmVm h¡ Am¡a `hm± (OmJ«V² _|) _am hþAm ñdßZ _| OmJm hþAm H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg Vah
ñdßZ Am¡a OmJ«V H$s g_Vm hr h¡ {df_Vm Zht h¡ &&29&& Bg àH$ma EH$ ñdßZ go Xygao ñdßZ _|
[ñW{V hmoZo na Xygam ñdßZ hr nhbo ñdßZ H$s Anojm dV©_mZ hmoZo go {deof Xe©Z `mZr OmJ«V²
hmoVm h¡ Bgr àH$ma OmJ«V _| _aH$a AÝ` OmJ«V²ê$n ñdßZ _| OmJo hþE nwéf H$m nyd© OmJ«V Adí`
ñdßZ h¡ &&30&& OmJ«V Am¡a ñdßZ XmoZm| hr CnÝ`mg_` (J«W § Ho$ H$Wm Ho$ AW© Ho$ g_mZ H$mën{ZH$)
hr h¢ `WmW© Zht h¡, Bg{bE XmoZm| nañna EH$ Xygao Ho$ Cn_mZ-Cn_o` ~Zo hþE h¢ Ÿ&&31&&
"BVrhmg_`m¡' Eogm XrK© nmR> hmoZo na "ñdßZ Am¡a OmJ«V² Hw$N> {dbjU hmoZo na ^r' `h AW©
h¡ & CŠV nmR> _| B{V, Bh, Ag_§ {df_§ `mV Ag_`m¡ Eogr ì`wËn{Îm H$aZr Mm{hò Ÿ& "BVrhmgÝ_`m¡'
`h nmR> R>rH$ h¡ Ÿ& Bg nmR> _| OmJ«V Am¡a ñdßZ XmoZm| hr Bg Vah AgÝ_` hr h¡, `h AW© h¡ Bg
nmR> _| OmJ«V Am¡a ñdßZ XmoZm| hr Bg Vah AgÝ_` hr h¡, `h AW© h¡ Ÿ&
dV©_mZ Xem _| Vmo ñdßZ ^r OmJ«V Ho$ Vwë` hr ñnîQ>V`m àVrV h¡, AVrV OmJ«V² ^r à{gÕ
ñdßZ Ho$ g_mZ hr C{XV hmoVm h¡ & dmñVd _| XmoZm| AgV² h¢ Ho$db {MXmH$me H$m hr ñdßZ OmJ«V
Ho$ ê$n _| ñ\w$aU hmoVm h¡ &&32&& ñWmda Am¡a O§J_ g_ñV àmUr {dMma H$aZo na {MÝ_mÌ Ho$
{gdm Am¡a Š`m R>haVo h¢, Hw$N> ^r Zht R>haVoŸ&&33&& O¡go _¥Ê_` ({_Å>>r H$m ~Zm) nmÌ {_Å>r go
a{hV hmo `h H$Xm{n g§^d Zht h¡ d¡go H$mR>, nËWa Am{X gH$b dñVwE± ^r {MV²-M_ËH$maê$n hr
ŸyÕ - 106] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2207
h¡, Cggo A{V[aŠV Zht h¡ &&34&& O¡go h_mao ñdßZ H$s gH$b dñVwE± {MV² Ho$ M_ËH$maê$n h¢ d¡go
hr OmJ«V H$s ^r g~ dñVwE± {MV²M_ËH$ma ê$n hr h¢ Ÿ& ^bm ~VmBò Vmo ghr ñdßZ _| Omo nËWa
{XImB© XoVm h¡ dh {MV² Ho$ M_ËH$ma H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Am¡a Š`m hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? ho àmk, Bg {df` _|
{dÛmZm| Ho$ gmW `w{ŠVnydH© $ {dMma {d{Z_` Ûmam {ZíM` H$s{Oò Ÿ& {dMma-{d{Z_` Ûmam VÎdÑ[îQ>
hmoZo na dh ñdßZ nËWa à{gÕ {MV² hr R>haoJm & O¡go ñdßZ H$m ñdê$n h¡ hÿ~hÿ R>rH$ d¡gm hr
ñdê$n OmJ«V² H$m ^r h¡ &&35,36&& Bg{bE AÜ`mamonnj _| {MÝ_mÌ ~«÷ hr OJV² Ho$ AmH$ma go
{d^ŠV h¡ Am¡a AndmXnj _| Vmo g_ñV OJV² {MÝ_mÌ ~«÷ hmo J`m h¡ &&37&& O¡go {_Å>r_`nmÌ
{_Å>r go {dhrZ Zht XrIVm d¡go hr {MÝ_`MoË` (OJV²) {MV²-eyÝ` ({MX²ì`{V[aŠV) Zht
{XImB© XoVm &&38&& O¡go nËWa H$m ~Zm hwAm nmÌ nËWa-{dhrZ Zht XrIVm d¡go hr {MÝ_` MoË`
(OJV²) ^r {MV²{^ÝZ Zht _mby_ hmoVm &&39&& O¡go Ðdê$n Ob ÐdhrZ Zht nm`m Om gH$Vm
d¡go hr {MÝ_` MoË` {MV²ì`{V[aŠV Zht hmo gH$Vm Ÿ& O¡go CîUVmê$n A[½Z CîUVmeyÝ` {_bo
`h H$Xm{n gå^d Zht h¡, d¡go hr {MÝ_` MoË` (OJV²) {MX²ì`{V[aŠV H$Xm{n àmßV Zht hmo
gH$Vm h¡ &&40,41&& ñnÝX_` (MbZ-ñd^md) dm`w H$Xm{n ñnÝXeyÝ` Zht n«mßV hmo gH$Vm
d¡go hr {MÝ_` MoË` {MV²-eyÝ` H$Xm{n Zht {_b gH$Vm &&42&& Omo dñVw {Oggo ~Zr h¡ CgHo$
{~Zm dh H¡$go àmßV hmo gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& AmH$me AeyÝ` H$hm± {_bVm h¡ Am¡a n¥Ïdr A_yV© H$hm± àmßV
hmo gH$Vr h¡ ? &&43&& O¡go ñdßZ _| KQ>, nQ> Am{X nXmW© {MXmH$me_` hr h¢ d¡go hr ò OJV² Ho$
nd©V, ZJa Am{X EH$_mÌ {MXmH$me Ho$ Am^mg h¢ &&44&& ho gwÝXa, O¡go ñdßZ _| à{gÕ ZJa,
nd©V, J¥h Am{X g§{dÝ_` ({MÝ_`) AmH$me hr h¢ d¡go hr OmJ«V _| à{gÕ ZJa, nd©V Am{X ^r
g§{dÝ_` JJZ hr h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma ñdßZ Am¡a OmJ«V {dH$ëneyÝ` Agr_ AIÊS> {MÝ_mÌê$n hr
{gÕ hþE Ÿ& Bg àH$ma Ho$ VÎd Ho$ {df` _| dm{X`m| H$m {ddmX d¥Wm h¡ &&45&&
EH$ gm¡ nm±Mdm± gJ© g_mßV
EH$ gm¡ N>R>dm± gJ©

{d{dY bjUm| go nwZ… {MXmH$me H$m àXe©Z-gm {H$`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a {MXmH$me hr OJV² h¡ BgH$m {dñVma go dU©ZŸ&
{dñVma go d{U©V OJV² H$s ñdßZ-Vwë`Vm go {Og àH$ma H$m {MXmH$me_mÌ VÎd kmVì` h¡,
CgHo$ ñdê$n H$m nhbo EH$ ~ma Zht g¡H$‹S>m| ~ma dU©Z hmo MwH$m h¡ VWm{n em`X {H$Ýht _ÝX_{V`m|
H$s g_P _| Z Am`m hmo Bg Vah H$s g§^mdZm H$a CgHo$ D$na X`mde nwZ… CgrH$m ñdê$nbjU
Am¡a VQ>ñWbjUm| go Iy~ ^br^m±{V CnnmXZ gwZZo Ho$ {bE lram_MÝÐOr nyN>Vo h¢ Ÿ&
lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ho ~«÷Z², {Ogo Amn na~«÷, {MXmH$me H$hVo h¢, CgH$m Š`m ñdê$n
h¡ ? H¥$n`m Am¡a H${hE Ÿ& `Ú{n Amn nhbo ^r CgH$m bjU H$h Amò h¢, {\$a ^r AmnHo$
_wIma{dÝX go Bg A_¥V Ho$ Vwë` _Ywa {df` H$mo gwZ aho _wPo V¥{ßV Zht hmo ahr h¡ &&1&&
nyd© àñVwV lram_MÝÐOr Ho$ àíZ H$m CÎma XoZo Ho$ {bE lrd{gîR>Or OmJ«V ñdßZ H$s
Vwë`Vm H$m am_MÝÐOr Ho$ àíZmoÎma H$s nyd©nr{R>H$m Ho$ ê$n go AZwdmX H$aVo h¢ &
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … O¡go g_mZ ê$naoImdmbo Xmo `_O (Ow‹S>do) ^mB`m| Ho$, ì`dhma Ho$
{bE, Xmo n¥WH²$ Zm_ aŠIo OmVo h¢ d¡go hr AIÊS> {MÐÿnr {ebm_` (AIÊS>-{MÐÿnr {ebm _|
à{V{~[å~Vàm`) g_mZ ê$naoImdmbo OmJ«V-ñdßZê$n XmoZm| àn§Mm| Ho$ Xmo Zm_ aŠIo OmVo
h¢ &&2&& Xmo Obm| H$s Vah dñVwV… BZ XmoZm| _| (OmJ«V² Am¡a ñdßZ _|) ôX Zht h¡, ò XmoZm| {Z_©b
{MÝ_mÌ AmH$meê$n EH$ hr h¢ &&3&&
CŠV {MXmH$me Ho$ nydm}ŠV bjU H$m ñ_aU H$amVo hþE àW_ H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
EH$ Xoe go Xygao Xoe _| nbH$ â _| JB© hþB© g§{dV² H$m _Ü` _| Omo {Z{d©f` ê$n h¡, dhr
{MXmH$me H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&&4&& O‹S>m| go n¥{Wdr H$m ag ItMVo hþE d¥j H$m O¡gm õmgd¥{ÕeyÝ`
Am‡mX^md à{gÕ h¡ d¡gm hr {MXmH$me H$hm OmVm h¡ &&5&& {OgH$s gH$b H$m_ZmE± {Zd¥Îm hmo
MwH$s hm|, {MÎm emÝV hmo MwH$m hmo, Cg nwaf H$m O¡go gH$b[df_VmeyÝ` ghOgwIñdê$nmZw^d h¡
(H$maU {H$ {Z{d©jon Xem _| "_¢ gwInyU© hÿ±' Eogm g~H$mo AZw^d hmoVm h¡) d¡gm hr {MXmH$me
h¡ &&6&& {ZÐm AmZo Ho$ nyd© Am¡a OmJaU Ho$ AÝV _| (ZtX Z AmB© hmo VwaÝV AmZo hr dmbr hmo,
OmJ«V _| _Z H$mo ^Q>H$mZodmbo {df`m| H$m Zme hmo J`m hmo `mZo OmJ«V Ho$ AÝV _|) ñdñW nwéf
H$m Omo ^md h¡, dh {MXmH$me H$hbmVm h¡ &&7&& dfm©F$Vw `m eaX²F$Vw _| d¥{Õ H$mo àmßV hmo aho
no‹S>, nm¡Yo Am¡a Pm{‹S>`m| H$m Omo __VmhrZ AmZÝX^md h¡, dh {MXmH$me H$hm OmVm h¡ &&8&& ~mø
{df` Am¡a Amä`ÝVa {df`m| Ho$ ^moJ go a{hV Or{dV nwéf H$m eaX F$Vw Ho$ AmH$me Ho$ g_mZ
ñdÀN> Omo ^md h¡, dhr {MXmH$me h¡ &&9&& ~«÷m Zo H$mR>, nËWa Am¡a nd©Vm| H$s Omo {ZíMoîQ> [ñW{V
H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m h¡ dhr `{X MoVZ Ordm| H$s gÎmmË_[ñW{Vê$n hmo Vmo dh {MXmH$me H$hm OmVm
h¡ &&10&& {Oggo gwfw{ßV Ho$ gmjr, ñdßZ Am¡a OmJ«V Ho$ X«îQ>m, Xe©Z Am¡a Ñí`ê$n {ÌnwQ>r H$m
CX` hmoVm h¡ Am¡a {Og_| AñV hmoVm h¡, Cgo Amn {Z{d©H$ma {MXmH$me Om{Zò &&11&& {d{dY
àH$ma Ho$ g^r nXmW©kmZ {Oggo hr C{XV hmoVo h¢ Am¡a {Og_| hr AmbmoMZ, {d_e©, AÜ`dgm`,
ho` Am¡a CnmXo`ê$n go CÎmamoVa n[aUV hmoVo h¢ dh {MXmH$me H$hm OmVm h¡ &&12&& {Og_| g~
Hw$N> brZ hmoVm h¡, {Oggo g~ C{XV hmoVm h¡, Omo gd©ñdê$n h¡, {OgZo g~H$mo gd©V… ì`mßV H$a
aŠIm h¡ Am¡a Omo gXm gd©_` h¡, dh {MXmH$me H$hm OmVm h¡ &&13&& ñdJ© _|, ^y{_ _|, ~mha VWm
AnZo AÝXa Am¡a Xygao Ho$ AÝXa Omo g_Zm_ H$m Á`mo{Vñdê$n na_VÎd ^mgVm h¡, dh {MXmH$me
H$hm OmVm h¡ &&14&& {Og {ZË` Agr_ {damQ²> _| _O~yV Vmam| _| _mbm H$s Vah _yV© Am¡a A_yV©
`h gmam OJV² [ñWV h¡ Am¡a {Oggo C{XV hþAm h¡, dh {MXmH$me h¡ &&15&& {Oggo g¥[îQ> Am¡a
ŸyÕ - 106] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2209
àb`ê$n g~ {dH$ma CËnÝZ hmoVo h¢, {Og_| brZ hmo OmVo h¢ Am¡a Omo g~H$m CnmXmZ H$maU h¡,
dh {MXmH$me h¡ & (Bggo "`Vmo dm B_m{Z ^yVm{Z Om`ÝVo' Bg lw{V go CŠV VQ>ñW bjU
{XIbm`m) &&16&& gwf{w ßV Am¡a àb`ê$n {ZÐm Ho$ {Zd¥Îm hmoZo na {Og n«Ë`JmË_m go {djone[ŠVde
OmJ«V ñdßZê$n Am¡a AmH$mem{Xñdê$n {díd H$m Am{d^m©d hmoVm h¡ Am¡a {djone{ŠV Ho$ emÝV
hmoZo na nydm}ŠV {díd {dbrZ hmo OmVm h¡, dh {MXmH$me H$hbmVm h¡ &&17&& {OgHo$ CÝ_of Am¡a
{Z_of go (nbH$ CR>mZo Am¡a {JamZo go) OJV² gÎmm Ho$ àb` Am¡a CX` () hmoVo h¢, ñdmZw^dê$n
Omo AnZo öX` _| [ñWV h¡, Cgo Amn {MXmH$me Om{Zò &&18&& `h Zht h¡, `h Zht h¡ Bg àH$ma
g~ Vah go ^br^m±{V {ZU©` H$a Omo Hw$N> Zht h¡, gXm gd©ê$n dh {MXmH$me H$hbmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg
n«H$ma gd©{ZfoY H$m Ad{Y gdm©Ë_ê$n CgH$m bjU ~Vbm`m h¡ Ÿ&&19&& AmYo nbH$ _| (PQ>nQ>)
Xya go EH$ Xoe go Xygao Xoe H$s n«m[ßV _| _Ü` _| Omo g§{dV² H$m ê$n h¡ dh {MÝ_mÌê$n H$hm J`m
h¡ Ÿ& (AYm}Ý_of Bg{bE H$hm {H$ {dbå~ hmoZo na d¥{Îm H$m {dÀN>oX hmoZo `m AÝ` {df` H$m gånH©$
hmoZo go ewÕ {MXmH$me Zht n{hMmZm Om gH$Vm Ÿ& CnH«$_ _| CŠV H$m nwZ… H$WZ Cng§hma
OVbmZo Ho$ {bE h¡ ) &&20&&
{MXmH$me Ho$ bjUm| Ho$ {Zê$nUH$a CgH$s A{ÛVr`Vm H$s {g{Õ Ho$ {bE {díd H$s VÝ_`Vm
Xem©Vo h¢ &
~mø {df` ^moJm| Am¡a Amä`ÝVa {df`^moJm| go `wŠV VWm Bg n«H$ma H$m `Wm^yV VWm
`Wm[ñWV `h gmam H$m gmam {díd {MÝ_` hr h¡ &&21&&
Eogr n[a[ñW{V _| n«bÀdñWm go g¥[îQ> AdñWm H$s ôXn«Vr{V H¡$go hmo J`r Bg Ame§H$m na
H$hVo h¢ &
{Z_©b AmH$madmbm AZÝ`ê$n (EH$ê$n) hmoVm hþAm ^r `h {MXmH$me Wmo‹S>o go {dH$mg go
AÝ`-gm ({^ÝZ-gm) hmo OmVm h¡ &&22&&
CŠV AÝ`Vm^«m[ÝV dmgZmde hmoVr h¡, {Ogo dmgZm Zht h¡, Cgo CŠV ^«_ Zht hmoVm, Eogm
H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
ho lram_MÝÐOr, B[ÝÐ`m| go nXmWm] H$m AZw^d H$aVo hþE hr Amn dmgZmeyÝ` AÝV…H$aU
hmoH$a {Za{Ve` AmZÝXê$n {MXmË_m Ho$ kmZ go `wŠV hmo gwfw{ßV H$s Vah [ñWV hmoBò &&23&&
dmgZm{dhrZ emÝV{MÎm Amn M¡VÝ` ahVo nmfmUdV² _m¡Z YmaUH$a AmË_mZÝX _| {Z_½Z hmoH$a
~mo{bò, ^«_U H$s{Oò, nr{Oò, ^moOZ H$s{Oò &&24&& `h Omo Ñí` AmnHo$ AmJo {XIVo h¢,
BgH$m _¥JV¥îUm-Ob Ho$ g_mZ VWm MÝÐ_m _| n«VrV hmo aho Û¡V ({ÛËd) Ho$ g_mZ {H$gr n«H$ma
() CÝ_of - Ma_ gmjmËH$mad¥[Îm Ho$ Am{d^m©d go - OJV² H$s gÎmm H$m b` hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
{Z_of go-ñdßZê$n Ho$ AmdaU go OJV²-gÎmm H$m CX` hmoVm h¡ &
^r g§^d Zht h¡ &&25&& H$maU Ho$ A^mdde `h g¥[îQ> Ho$ n«maå^ _| CËnÝZ hr Zht hþAm Ÿ& Š`m|{H$
H$maU Ho$ A^md _| H$m`© H$s CËn{Îm hmo hr Zht gH$Vr &&26&& `{X H${hò {H$ Omo H$moB© ~rO go
A§Hw$a Am{X H$m`©, AÝd`-ì`{VaoH$ Ho$ {XImB© XoZo go {~Zm H$maU Ho$ CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡, dh ^r
{~Zm H$maU Ho$ CËnÝZ Zht hmoVm CgH$s CËn{Îm ^r AÛ` ~«÷ go hr hmoVr h¡ &
e§H$m … {Z{d©H$ma A{ÛVr` ~«÷ go A§Hw$a Am{X H$s CËn{Îm H¡$go hmoJr ?
CÎma … `Wm[ñWV na_ê$n hr CX²^yV-gm ({dH${gV hþAm-gm) àVrV hmoVm h¡ &&27&& ho
lram_MÝÐOr, Á`m|-H$m-Ë`m|hr dh nyd©ê$n [ñWV ahVm h¡ {\$a ^r O¡go A{ÛVr` ^r MÝÐ{~å~
^«m[ÝV hmoZo na {ÛËd go `wŠV hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr dh ^r ^«m[ÝV go CX²^yV àVrV hmoVm h¡ &&28&&
A{ÛVr` ~«÷ hr dh h¡ Vmo Cg_| AÝ`Wm kmZ H¡$go hmoVm h¡ ? Eogr Ame§H$m hmoZo na
H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
A{ÛVr` ~«÷ _| `h OJV² h¡ Bg Vah H$m Omo Ñ‹T> n«Ë`` hmoVm h¡, dh AZm{X H$mb go àmßV
hmoVm AkmZ go hþAm ñdßZór g_mJ_ Ho$ Vwë` h¡ &&29&& Bg{bE Z Vmo Ñí` CËnÝZ hþAm h¡, Z
Bg g_` h¡ Am¡a Z AmJo hmoJm VWm Z ZîQ> hmoVm h¡, Omo h¡ hr Zht, CgH$m Zme Š`m hmoJm ? &&30&&
{díd (OJV²) na_ emÝV {MXmH$me hr h¡, {MXmH$me hr {díd Ho$ AmH$ma go [ñWV h¡ & dh
n[aUm_de OJV² Ho$ AmH$ma go n[aUV Zht hþAm, {H$ÝVw AnZo ñdê$n go À`wV hþE {~Zm ñdñW
gm¡å` dh OJV² gm C{XV hþAm h¡ &&31&&
`{X H$moB© àíZ H$a| {H$ n[aUm_ go dh OJÐÿn Š`m|§ Zht§ hmoVm ? Vmo Bgna CgH$s (Ñí`
H$s) ~«÷g_mZgÎmm H$m A^md hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CgH$m (ÐîQ>mH$m) OJÐÿn n[aUm_ Zht hmoVm,
Eogm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Omo `h Ñí` h¡ `h H$^r nhbo gV² Zht XoIm J`m h¡, nXmWm] Ho$ A^md go ÐîQ>m ^r Zht XoIm
J`m, AV… ÐîQ>Vm ^r Zht h¡ &&32&&
`{X ÐîQ>m Am¡a Ñí` AË`ÝV AgV² h¢, Vmo CZH$s àVr{V H¡$go hmoVr h¡ Ÿ? AË`ÝV AgV² H$m
Vmo H$ht ^mZ Zht {XImB© XoVm, `m| lram_MÝÐOr e§H$m H$aVo h¢ &
ho ~«÷Z², `{X ÐîQ>m Am¡a Ñí` AgV² h¢, Vmo H¥$n`m H${hò {H$ `h ÐîQ>m Am¡a Ñí` H$m
Ad^mg Š`m| Am¡a H¡$go hmoVm h¡ ? `Ú{n ho dŠVmAm| _| gd©loîR>, ^JdZ², Amn Bg {df` H$m
à{VnmXZ nhbo H$a MwHo$ h¢ VWm{n nwZ… H$hZo H$s H¥$nm H$s{Oò &&33&&
lram_MÝÐOr H$s e§H$m _| àW_ íbmoH$ Ûmam AgV² Ho$ ^mZ H$m g§^d ñdrH$ma H$a {ÛVr`
íbmoH$ Ûmam gV² na_mË_m H$m hr _m`m de d¡gm ^mZ hmoVm h¡, `h CÎma XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
H$maU Ho$ A^md go AgÐÿn Ñí` H$s CËn{Îm H$m hr g§^d Zht h¡, BgH$s "X¥í`Vm' dh ^r
àm¡{T>{ZX}e h¡, àm¡{T>dmX H$m AË`ÝV Ag§^d h¡ &&34&&
ŸyÕ - 106] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2211
AVEd `h ÐîQ>m, Ñí` AgV² H$m ê$n Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw na_mW© ~«÷ H$m ê$n h¡, Eogm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
ÐîQ>m Ñí` ^«_ê$n Omo `h OJV² Am{X Hw$N> ^mgVm h¡, Cgo Amn na_mË_m H$m na_ ê$n
Om{ZòŸ&&35&&
`h na_mË_m H$m hr ê$n h¡, `h H¡$go OmZm ? Bg Ame§H$mna ñdßZÑîQ>mÝV go OmZm,
`h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go ñdßZ _| {MÝ_mÌ ~«÷ hr AmH$me-CndZ ~ZVm h¡ d¡go hr {MÝ_mÌ AnZo _| AnZo Amn
OJÐÿn go ^m{gV hmoVm h¡ &&36&&
`{X H$moB© H$ho {H$ V~ BgH$s ñdßZg_mZVm H¡$go h¡, Vmo gH$b H$maUH$bmneyÝ` gwfw[ßVVwë`
àb` go Am{d^©yV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU hr `h ñdßZg_mZ h¡, Eogm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
`hm± Am{X g¥[îQ> go boH$a H$ht na ^r Hw$N> ^r CnmXmZ H$maU Zht h¡, Ho$db ~«÷ hr Bg
àH$ma OJV² Ho$ ê$n go ñ\w$[aV hmoVm h¡ &&37&& AnZo Amn AmË_m _| {MXmH$me H$m Omo {deof
ñ\w$aU hmoVm h¡, dh CgrH$m OJV² Zm_ go Am{d^©yV eara Ad^m{gV hmoVm h¡, {MXmH$me ñ\w$aU
Ho$ AYrZ BgH$m ñ\w$aU h¡, Bggo ^r `h ñdßZVwë` h¡ &&38&&
{ZY©_©H$ {MXmH$me H$s OJÕ_©H$Vm H¡$go ? Eogr Ame§H$m hmoZo na _m{`H$ {dH$ën go hr
CgH$s OJÕ_©H$Vm h¡, `m| ÑîQ>mÝV go CnnmXZ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go ^md nXmW© H$m ñd^md ^mdVm h¡ O¡go eyÝ` H$m eyÝ`Vm ñd^md h¡ VWm O¡go AmH$madmZ²
H$m AmH$ma ñd^md h¡ d¡go hr {MXmH$me H$m OJV² ñd^md h¡ &&39&& g¡ÝYdKZ Ho$ g_mZ EH$ag
na_mW©dñVw hr _m`m _| {MXm^mg Bg n«H$ma {ÌnwQ>rê$n hmoH$a [ñWV h¡, ÐîQ>m, Ñí`, Xe©Z Am{X
ê$n BgrH$mo Om{ZE &&40&& _m`m H$m Ë`mJ hmoZo na Vmo Û¡V H$m A^md hmoZo go Z ^mgH$ h¡ Am¡a Z
^mgZ h¡, A{ZdM©Zr`ê$n `h gV² h¡ `m AgV² h¡ `h H$m¡Z OmZVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ ~m{YV H$m {dMma
hr Š`m hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? &&41&& lram_MÝÐOr Zo H$hm … ho ~«÷Z², "Z ^mñ` h¡ Am¡a Z ^mgZ h¡'
AmnHo$ Bg H$WZ Ho$ AZwgma `{X na_mW© VÎd ÐîQ>m Am¡a Ñí` XmoZm| go eyÝ` h¡, Vmo H$m`©
H$maUVm{Xê$n ôX H¡$go h¡ ? ÐîQ>m Ho$ {~Zm {H$grH$s {g{Õ Zht hmo gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& Am¡a Xygar ~mV
`h {H$ dh {H$g CnXmZ H$maU `m {Z{_Îm H$maU go Am`m Ÿ& `{X AgË` hr h¡, H$h| Vmo H¡$go
gË`Vm H$mo àmßV hþAm AWm©V² H¡$go g~ bmoJm| H$mo gË`ê$n go ^m{gV hmoVm h¡ ? `h _wPo ~VbmZo
H$s H¥$nm H$a| &&42&& nhbo àíZ H$m CÎma XoVo hþE lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, AnZm
AmË_m ^r {MËàH$me (B©ída) ñd`§ O~ àm{U`m| H$s BÀN>m, H$_© Am¡a dmgZm Ho$ CX²~moYmZwgma
{OgH$s {Og àH$ma (gË`g§H$ënê$n go) ^mdZm H$aVm h¡, CgH$mo Cg g_` Amn d¡go hr XoIVo
h¢ Am¡a AmnHo$ ê$n go Cgr Zo nydm}ŠV ÐîQ>m Ñí` ^md H$m AZw^d {H$`m & Bggo H$m`©H$maU^mdm{X
ôX H$s {g{Õ h¡ &&43&& dh H$m`©H$maU ^mdm{X AmH$ma {MXmH$me hr h¡ O¡go {H$ {_Å>r hr K‹S>m h¡,
Bg{bE {MXmH$me hr BgH$m CnmXmZ H$maU h¡ Am¡a _moh (AkmZ) hr {Z{_ÎmH$maU h¡ &
e§H$m … `h H¡$go àVrV hmoVm h¡ ?
CÎma … My±{H$ `h ñdê$n^yV {MXmH$me H$m kmZ hmoZo na hr _moh H$mo àmßV Zht hmoVm AÝ`Wm
_moh H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go ñdßZ _| ñd`§ hr _moh H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡, AmË_~moY go _moh H$m Ë`mJ
H$aVm h¡ &
e§H$m … AmË_~moY _| g_W© B©ída ñd`§ Ord ~ZH$a Š`m| _moh H$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡, Š`m| à~wÕ
Zht hmoVm ?
CÎma … ñdVÝÌ B©ída go "Amn g_W© hmoH$a ^r Š`m| _moh _| n‹S>Vo h¢ ?' - Eogm àíZ `m
Amjon H$aZodmbm H$m¡Z h¡ ? AWm©V² H$moB© Zht &&44&& Xw½Y^md go X{Y^md H$s n«m[ßV _| Am¡a
{nÊS>^md go KQ>^md H$s àm[ßV _| nyd©^md H$s {Zd¥{Îm hmoZo Am¡a CÎma^md H$s CËn[Îm Z hmoZo na
_Ü` _| nbH$â Ho$ {bE Omo gÝ_mÌê$n go à{gÕ na_mW© gË` g§{dV² H$m ñdê$n h¡, dhr
{MXmH$me h¡, `h _¢ nhbo H$h MwH$m hÿ± Ÿ& dhr ({MXmH$me hr) `h g~ dñVwê$n go àVrV hmoVm h¡
AÝ` Zht, Bg{bE BZ g~ na gË`Vm H$s àVr{V hþB© h¡ &&45&&
O¡go B©ída H$s Ord^md H$ënZm na H$moB© Amjon H$aZodmbm Zht h¡ d¡go hr ŸOrd H$s ^r
AnZr A{dÚm go H$m`©H$maUê$n AdñWmAm| H$s (ÐîQ>m, Ñí` Am¡a Xe©Zê$n AdñWmAm| H$s)
H$ënZm _| ^r Amjon H$aZm `wŠV Zht h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ &
`h A{dÚm go CËnÝZ hþB© H$m`©H$maU^md Am{X Ñ[îQ>`m| H$s OJV² H$s ZmBª H$ënZm H$aVm
h¡ & BgHo$ à{V AmjonH$Vm© H$m¡Z hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? H$moB© ^r AnZo à{V "_¢ {H$g{bE Eogm H$aVm
hÿ± ,' - `m| àíZ `m Amjon Zht H$a gH$Vm h¡, `h ^md h¡ &&46&&
AmË_m go AÝ` Ho$ H$Vm© Am¡a ^mooŠVm hmoZo na Vmo àíZ `m Amjon hmo hr gH$Vm h¡, Eogm
H$hVo h¢ &
`{X ÐîQ>m, ^moŠVm Am¡a H$Vm© H$moB© Xygam hmo Vmo H$m`©H$maU Am{X ôX H¡$go h¡ Am¡a H$m¡Z
BgH$m CnmXmZ h¡ ? `h àíZ ~Z gH$Vm h¡, AÝ`Wm Zht &&47&& {Og ñdßZ _| {Zam^mg ewÕ
EH$ {MXm^mg hr AZoH$ ê$nm| go {damO_mZ hmoVm h¡, dhm± na H$m¡Z {H$gna Amjon H$ao ? &&48&&
ñd`å^y go boH$a hr `h g¥[îQ>^«m[ÝV VÎd Ho$ n[akmZ Ho$ A^md go {MÝ_mÌ _| àVrV hmoVr h¡,
VÎdkmZ hmoZo na Vmo dh VËH$mb ~«÷ hr hmo OmVr h¡ &&49&& `h g¥[îQ>^«m[ÝV hr VÎdV… n[akmV
Z hmoH$a emóm| _| _m`m Ho$ Zm_ go nwH$mar OmVr h¡, bmoH$ _| "OJV²' Zm_ go H$hr OmVr h¡,
Akm{Z`m| Ûmam "A{dÚm' H$hr OmVr h¡ Am¡a VÎdkm{Z`m| Ûmam "Ñí`' Zm_ go d{U©V h¡ &&50&&
O¡go A{dÚ_mZ {nemM ^r ~mbH$ H$mo AnZr H$ënZmde {dÚ_mZ-gm àVrV hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr
{MXmH$me àH$me H$mo AnZm {MËñd^md, Omo n¥WH²$ gV² Z hmoVm hþAm ^r gV²-gm OJV²-{nemM
ŸyÕ - 106] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2213
Ho$ ê$n _| kmV hþAm h¡ Ÿ&&51&&
O¡go ñdßZ _| AgV² _| gV² àVr{V Am¡a {Zad`d _| gmd`d àVr{V hmoVr h¡ d¡go hr `hm± na
^r g_PZm Mm{hò, Eogm H$hVo h¢ &
`Ú{n OJÎmm AgË` h¡, VWm{n {MXmH$me H$mo AnZo ñdê$n _| hr Cg H$m AZw^d hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
O¡go ñdßZ _| M¡VÝ` H$s ZJaVm Am¡a nd©VVm AgË` hmoVo hþE ^r gË`-gr {Zad`d hmoVo hþE ^r
gmd`d-gr àVrV hmoVr h¡ d¡go hr `h OJÎmm gË` Am¡a gmd`dr àVrV hmoVr h¡ &&52&& _¢ _oé,
{h_mb` Am{X nd©V hÿ±, _¢ éÐ hÿ±, _¢ g_wÐ hÿ±, _¡§ {damQ>² hÿ±, `m| ñdßZ _| nd©VVm Am¡a ZJaVm H$s
n«Vr{V H$s ^m±{V AmH$me _o§ {M[V hr Ah§Vm Ho$ AÜ`mg go AZw^d H$aVr h¡ &&53&&
{MV²-AZw^d hr gJ© h¡, `h Š`m| H$hVo h¢ ? àYmZ, na_mUw Am{X AÝ`mÝ` H$maUm| go hr `h
CËnÝZ hþAm h¡, `h Š`m| Zht H$hVo, Bg Ame§H$m na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
gmH$ma H$maU Ho$ A^md go Hw$N> ^r H$m`© CËnÝZ Zht hþAm, _hmàb`ê$nr {MXmH$me _|
{MV² Bg Vah OJÐÿn go [ñWV h¡ &&54&& Ad`deyÝ` {MÝ_mÌê$n `h AmH$me {~Zm {H$gr
H$maU Ho$ hr {MXmH$me Ûmam {MXmH$me _| OJÐÿn go AZw^yV hmoVm h¡ &&55&& g^r Ord-
OÝVwAm| Zo Xn©U Ho$ gÑe AnZo AÝXa OJX²ôX H$s H$ënZm H$a aŠIr h¡ & {dMma Z H$aZo
go (ñdê$nkmZ gm_Ï`© go eyÝ` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU) O‹S> hmoH$a do OrU© hmo Jò h¢ Ÿ& {H$ÝVw {dMma
H$a aho nwéfloîR> H$m Vmo na_ nwéfmW©, àË`JmË_ê$n go AnZo AÝXa hmoZo Ho$ H$maU,
g_rnJV hr h¡ &&56&& VV²-VV² Zm_ê$nñdê$n H$m Ë`mJH$a n[a{eîQ> {MÝ_mÌ AmH$me hr
h¡, `m| OJV² H$mo {MÝ_mÌ OmZH$a {MXoH$KZ H$mo nËWa Ho$ g_mZ AMb hmoZm Mm{hò Ÿ& Bggo
A{V[aŠV _m{`H$ XohmdñWm CÎm_ Zht h¡ Ÿ&&57&&
{MV² H¡$go OJV² Ho$ ê$n go [ñWV h¡ ? Bg àíZ na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
O¡go Ob AnZo eara H$mo n[aMm{bV H$aVm hþAm AmdV© (Ob^«{_), Va§J Am{X Ho$ ê$n go
OJV² _| Ðd hmoH$a [ñWV hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr {MV² "MoV{V' `m| ì`mnmaê$n {MV²Vm H$s AnZo _| H$ënZm
H$a OJX²ê$n go [ñWV h¡ &&58&&
O~ Aëne[ŠVdmbo H$ënÐw_ Am{X ^r g§H$[ënV dñVwAm| H$s H$ënZm H$aZo H$s e{ŠV
aIVo h¢ V~ gd©e[ŠV_mZ² na_mË_m _| CŠV e{ŠV h¡, Bg_| H$hZm hr Š`m h¡ ? Bg Ame`
go H$hVo h¢ &
O¡go H$ënd¥j A^rîQ> \$b XoVm h¡ Am¡a O¡go {MÝVm_{U _Z Mmhr dñVw XoVr h¡ d¡go hr {M[V
^r {Og dñVw H$s _Z _| ^mdZm H$s Om`, CgH$s VËjU ny{V© H$a XoVr h¡ &&59&& AmH$memË_H$
{M{V {MÝVm_{U Am¡a H$ënd¥j Ho$ g_mZ erK« hr AnZo go AnZo A^rîQ> (dm§{N>V) H$m gånmXZ
H$aVr h¡ &&60&& nbH$ â _| EH$ ñWmZ go Xygao ñWmZ _| àm{ßV hmoZo na _Ü` _| Omo {M{V H$m
Aeof{deofeyÝ` ñdê$n h¡, VÝ_` hr `h {díd h¡, Bg_| Û¡V Am¡a EoŠ` ^«_ H¡$go hmo gH$Vm
h¡ ? &&61&& Bg Vah AZÝV ^mñda {MËà^m hr OJV² Ho$ dof go ñnîQ>V`m ñ\w$[aV hmoVr h¡ & O¡go
AmH$me _| eyÝ`Vm ZrbVm Ho$ gÑe ñ\w$[aV hmoVr h¡ d¡go hr Ad`da{hV ^r dh Ñí`Vm h¡ &&62&&
g¥[îQ> Ho$ àmaå^ _| {MV² go {dgÑe ({dbjU `mZr O‹S>) H$m`© H$m CX²^d Zht hmo gH$Vm h¡,
H$maU {H$ {dgÑeVm _| {Z{_Îm^yV ghH$mar H$maUm| H$m A^md h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V² gwgX¥e ^r H$m`© Zht
hmo gH$Vm h¡, Š`m|{H$ ôXH$ H$moB© Zht h¡, AV… H$m`©Ëd H$s A{g{Õ h¡ Ÿ& AV… AmÚ {MV² hr Ñí`
h¡, Cggo A{V[aŠV AUw_mÌ ^r Zht h¡, `h ñdßZ ÑîQ>mÝV go {gÕ hmo MwH$m h¡ &&63&&
EH$ gm¡ N>R>dm± gJ© g_mßV
EH$ gm¡ gmVdm± gJ©

AMoË` n¥{Wdr Am{X H$s AdñVwVm VWm ñdßZ H$s ^m±{V OJV² {MV² H$m ñ\w$aU h¡, `h CnnmXZŸ&
{díd Ho$ MoË`^md H$m {ZamH$aU H$a Cg_| {MÝ_mÌ {gÕ H$aZo Ho$ {bE à{Vkm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
AMoË` {MÝ_` {díd {MXmH$me Mmam| Amoa ^m{gV hmoVm h¡, {díd H$s {g{Õ {MXmH$me_mÌ Ho$
AYrZ h¡, AV… Cgo {MXmH$meê$n H$hm & Bg_| {MV², MoVZ {H«$`m Am¡a MoË` `h {ÌnwQ>r {MÝ_`r
h¡ `h à{VkmW© h¡ & Bg à{Vkm _| ewÕ {MXmË_H$ à{VkmW© Ho$ ê$n go A{^àoV h¡, `h eof h¡ &&1&&
à{Vkm {g{Õ Ho$ Xmo \$b h¢ & [ñWV OJV² Ho$ OJX²^md H$s {Zd¥{Îm Am¡a Or aho h_ bmoJm| Ho$
Ord^md H$s {Zd¥{Îm, Eogm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Bg{bE OrVm hþAm ^r `h gmam àn§M _am garIm h¡ Ÿ& `h, _¢ Am¡a Vw_ ^r g~ OrVo hþE ^r
_ao-go h¢ &&2&&
AWdm CŠV à{Vkm{g{Õ H$m \$b g~ nXmWm] H$s Hy Q>ñWVm Am¡a A_yV©Vm h¡, Eogm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
ì`dhma _| à{V[îR>V ^r g~ àmUr H$mR> Ho$ g_mZ _m¡Z H$mo AWm©V² AË`ÝV {Z{îH«$`Vm
({ZíMoîQ>Vm) ê$n Hy$Q>ñWVm H$mo hr àmßV h¢ AWdm g^r ñWmda-O§J_ (Ma-AMa) nXmW©
AmË`[ÝVH$ A_yV©Vm H$mo àmßV h¢ &&3&&
AWdm AmH$me H$s ZrbVm Ho$ gÑe ^m{gV hmo aho {díd H$s AgË`Vm H$mo CŠV à{Vkm{g{Õ
H$m \$b Om{Zò, Eogm H$hVo h¢ &
AmH$me _| H$m±>M Am¡a Ho$em| H$s ZrbVm Ho$ g_mZ Omo Hw$N> `h ì`mßV h¡, Cgo Amn eyÝ` hr
(Hw$N> ^r Zht) Om{Zò & H$maU {H$ {MXmH$me go Š`m H$hm± go hmoJm ? AmH$me _| Ho$eg_yh Ho$
g_mZ ZrbVm, ZXr, aW, Yy_«n§{ŠV Am¡a _mo{V`m| Ho$ gÑe Omo AmH$me H$m ñ\w$aU hmoVm h¡, CgHo$
AZw^yV (AZw^d _| Amê$‹T>) hmoZo na ^r Cg_| dñVwVm Zht h¡ &&4,5&&
AmH$me _| ñ\w$[aV hmo ahr _mo{V`m| H$s _mbm Ho$ gX¥e hr OJV²-^«_ h¡, Cg_| ^moJmem H$aZm
ŸyÕ - 107] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2215
R>rH$ Zht h¡, Eogm \${bV H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
d¡go hr Bg OJV²-Zm_dmbo {MV² Ho$ ñ\w$aUê$n AZw^yV hmoZo na ^r {deofV… eyÝ` {MXmH$me
_| H$m¡Z AmñWm h¡ Am¡a AmñWmOZH$ H$m¡Z nXmW© h¡ ? &&6&& n¥{Wdr Am{X àn§M {MX²ê$nr ~mbH$
H$s H$ënZmAm| H$m am{eê$n h¡, eyÝ`ê$n h¡, ì`W© h¡, AdñVwê$n h¡, ^«m[ÝV_mÌ go AmH$me _|
C{XV h¡, AV… Bg_| ^moJmñWm H¡$go g§^d h¡ ? &&7&& ho _y‹T> bmoJm|, H$hmo Vmo "`h _oam h¡ `h _¢ hÿ±'
Bg àH$ma H$s AmñWm Š`m R>rH$ h¡ ? AWm©V² AZw{MV h¡ &
àíZ … `{X AmñWm AZw{MV hr h¡, Vmo Š`m| bmoJ Cg na AmñWm H$aVo h¢ ?
CÎma … hm±, R>rH$ h¡, O¡go ~mbH$ Ho$ g§H$ën _| ~mbH$ H$mo hr {XbMñnr h¡ AÝ` H$mo Zht d¡go
hr _yI©OZ hr Bg AgV²àm` àn§Mna AmñWm H$aVo h¢, ~w{Õ_mZ Zht &&8&&
AVEd {OÝh| V{ZH$ ^r {ddoH$ PbH$ àmßV hmo JB©, CÝh| AgV² n¥{Wdr Am{X H$m bm^
H$amZodmbm {dMma, Omo OÝ_ H$mo {Zî\$b ~ZmZodmbm h¡, N>mo‹S>H$a OÝ_ H$mo g\$b ~ZmZo dmbo
d¡am½` Am{X gmYZm| H$m ghmam boZm Mm{hò, Bg Ame` go H$hVo h¢ &
n¥{Wdr Am{X AgV²-nXmW© Ho$ {dMma-{d_e© go OÝ_ d¥Wm OmòJm, ho AmH$me H$mo YmoZo H$m
CÚmoJ H$aZodmbo _yI©Ord, Voao hmW Hw$N> ^r Z bJoJm Ÿ& O¡go gwdU©, aËZ Am{X Ho$ bmo^ H$s BÀN>m
go àd¥Îm AmX_r `{X gmoZo Am¡a hrao H$s ImZ H$m YmoZm-nm|N>Zm N>mo‹S>H$a AmH$me H$mo YmoZo-nm|N>Zo
bJo, Vmo Mmho {H$VZr hr _ohZV Š`m| Z H$ao \$b Hw$N> Z XoIoJm d¡go hr n¥{Wdr Am{X AgV² nXmWm]
H$m {d_e© ^r AmH$me YmoZo Ho$ Vwë` d¥Wm hr h¡, `h ^md h¡ Ÿ&&9&&
n¥{Wdr Am{X H$s gÎmm H$m, H$moB© H$maU Z hmooZo go AZwËn{Îm Ûmam, nhbo CnnmXZ H$a MwHo$ h¢,
Eogm H$hVo h¢ &
ghH$mar Am{X H$maUm| Ho$ A^md go Omo g¥[îQ> Ho$ àmaå^ _| hr CËnÝZ Zht hþAm ^bm
~VbmBò Vmo dh AmO H$hm± go CËnÝZ hmoJm ?&&10&&
Bg ì`dhma _| VëbrZVm {dÛmZm| Ho$ {bE hmñ`mñnX hr h¡, Eogm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Omo bmoJ H$^r CËnÝZ Z hþE AVEd AgV² AmH$meVwë` n¥{Wdr Am{X eyÝ` nXmW© go ì`dhma
H$aVo h¢ do _y‹T> AOmV (CËnÝZ Z hþE) _¥V nwÌ H$m bmbZ-nmbZ H$aVo h¢ &&11&&
Vm[ÎdH$ Ñ[îQ> _| n¥{Wdr Am{X H$s AË`ÝV Ag§^mdZm AnZo AZw^d-~b go H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
ò n¥{Wdr Am{X H$hm± go hþE, {H$ggo hþE Am¡a H¡$go hþE ? BZH$m ñdê$n Š`m h¡ ? Bg àH$ma
`h emÝV {MXmH$me hr AnZo _| AnZo-Amn ñ\w$[aV hmoVm h¡ &&12&&
_yT>Ñ[îQ> H$mo Vmo h_ à_mU Zht _mZ gH$Vo, Eogm H$hVo h¢ &
H$m`©, H$maU, H$mb Am{X H$s H$ënZmde ì`mHw$b {MÎmdmbo {OZ _y‹T>m| H$s Ñ[îQ> _| Bg Vah
n¥{Wdr Am{X h¢, CZ _y‹T>m| go h_| H$moB© _Vb~ Zht h¡ &&13&& VÎdkm| H$s Ñ{îQ> _| n¥{Wdr Am{X go
a{hV Am¡a _y‹T>m| H$s Ñ[îQ> _| n¥{Wdr Am{X go `wŠV OJV² {MXmË_H$ h¡ `m ñdßZ H$m n¥{Wdr Am{X
go a{hV OJV² Am¡a OmJ«V _| à{gÕ n¥{Wdr Am{X go `wŠV OJV² XmoZm| hr {MXmH$meê$n h¢ Ÿ& O¡go
ñdßZ Am{X _| {MV²ê$nr _{U n¥{Wdr Am{X Ho$ ê$n _| ñ\w$[aV hmoVr h¡ d¡go hr {MXmH$me Bg àH$ma
OJV² Ho$ ê$n go ñ\w$[aV hmoVm h¡ &&14&& ñdmZw^d¡H$ doÚ Omo Bg {MXmH$me H$m {ZamH$ma ñdê$n
h¡, dhr `h _hrVb Am{X ê$n go doÚ, Ñí` Zm_ YmaU H$a Cg Vah ñ\w$[aV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&&15&&
EH$ gm¡ gmVdm± gJ© g_mßV
EH$ gm¡ AmRdm±> gJ©

A{dÚm Ho$ {dZîQ> hþE {~Zm H$ht ^r OJV² H$m AÝV Zht h¡ &
Bg {df` _| {dñVma Ho$ gmW _Zmoa§OH$ A{dÚmAm»`mZ H$m dU©ZŸ&
nyd©d{U©V g§gmaê$nr A{dÚm H$m VÎdkmZ go Ì¡H$m{bH$ AgÎmmn{Îmê$n ~mY hþE {~Zm XoeV…
`m H$mbV… AÝV hmo gH$Vm h¡ `m Zht ? `m| gÝXoh _| n‹S>o hþE lram_MÝÐOr nyN>Vo h¢ &
ho _wZrída, `h {MXmH$me H$s ñdßZZJarê$n A{dÚm, Omo {dÚ_mZ hmoVr hþB© ^r eyÝ`ê$n
AWdm Ñí`ê$n h¡, ~mY Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {Og nwéf Ho$ à{V ñ\w$[aV hmoVr hþB© {dÚ_mZ h¡, Cg
AkmZr Ho$ à{V dh H$~ VH$ ahVr h¡, CgH$m Š`m ñdê$n h¡, Š`m CnmXmZ h¡ AWdm XoeV…
H$mbV… dh {H$VZr ~‹S>r h¡ `h g~ _wPgo nwZ… H$hZo H$s _hVr H¥$nm H$s{Oò &&1,2&&
CŠV gÝXoh H$s Xygar H$mo{Q> H$mo (XoeV… H$mbV… dh {H$VZr ~‹S>r h¡, Bg A§e H$mo) boH$a
d{gîR>Or Cgo nwîQ> H$aZo Ho$ {bE "{dn[íMV²' H$Wm gwZmZo Ho$ CÔoí` go lram_MÝÐOr H$mo
gmdYmZ H$aVo h¢ &
{OZ Akm{Z`m| _| ^yVb Am{Xê$n A{dÚm {dÚ_mZ h¡, CZH$m O¡go ~«÷ _| Xo>eV… H$mbV…
AÝV (n[aÀN>oX) Zht h¡ d¡go hr Bg_| ^r XoeV… H$mbV… AÝV Zht h¡ Ÿ& Bg {df` _| Cnn{Îm
H$amZodmbr Bg H$Wm H$mo gw{Zò &&3&& bmoH$mbmoH$ nd©V H$s gwdU©{ebm go ñdÀN> {H$gr dñVw _|
[ñWV {MXmH$me Ho$ H$moZo _|, Cg H$moZo Ho$ ^r {H$gr EH$ ^mJ _|, Bg Ì¡bmoŠ` Ho$ Vwë` H$moB© OJV²
Bgr OJËà{gÕ ^wdZ, Ûrn, Xoe, H$mb Am{X H$s ì`dñWm go `wŠV h¡ &&4&& Cg_| Oå~yXrn
Zm_H$ ^y{_ H$m ^yfU^yV H$moB© EH$ ^y{_^mJ h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| ^r nd©V, Mhma{Xdmar, ~mby Am{X go hmoZo
dmbr {df_Vm Z hmoZo _| (g_Vb ^y{_ hmoZo go) _Zwî`, hmWr, Kmo‹S>o, aW Am{X Ho$ J_ZmJ_Z
Am{X ì`dhma go `wŠV ^y{_ _| (g_^y{_ _|) VV{_{V Zm_ go {d»`mV EH$ ZJar Wr &&5&& Cg
ZJar _| {dn{íMV² Zm_ go {d»`mV amOm Wm, gH$b emóm| _| {deof {dÛmZ² hmoZo Ho$ H$maU,
{d{eîQ> gä`m|§ go nyU© AnZr amOg^m _| dh {deofê$n go emo{^V hmoVm Wm, O¡go H$_{bZr _|
amOh§g emo{^V hmoVm h¡, O¡go ZjÌ_ÊS>b _| MÝÐ_m {damO_mZ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a O¡go nd©V lo{U`m|
ŸyÕ - 108] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2217
_| gw_oé emo^m nmVm h¡, d¡go hr dh AnZr g^m _| emo^m nmVm Wm &&6,7&& gd©Ì CÎmamoÎma JwUm|
Ho$ CËH$f©-dU©Z _| àd¥Îm H${d`m| H$s gy[ŠV`m± Cg {dn[íMV²ê$n Ma_gr_m (Ad{Y) go JwUm| H$s
AZÝVVm Am¡a {ZénVm Ho$ H$maU dU©Z Z H$a gH$Zo go bm¡Q> OmVr Wt (dU©Z Zht H$a gH$Vr
Wt)Ÿ& {\$a ^r H${dOZ CgH$m gËg§J H$aVo hr Wo, Š`m|{H$ Cggo H${d`m| H$s nd©V Ho$ Vwë`
{demb [ñWa, gån{Îm, »`m{V Am¡a JwUm| Ho$ CËH$f© go CËnÝZ emo^m n«mßV hmoVr Wr Ÿ& O¡go _oé
AnZo Am{lV bmoJm| _¥Jm| , V¥Um| Am¡a Pm{‹S>`mo| H$mo AnZr H$m[ÝV go ñdU©_` ~Zm XoVm h¡ d¡go hr
dh ^r gån{Îm àXmZ H$a CÝh| ñdU©_` ~Zm XoVm Wm &&8&& O¡go AnZr H$m[ÝV go Xem| {XemAm|
H$mo OJ_JmZodmbo àmV…H$mb _| {Ibo hþE H$_b go gy`© Ho$ àH$me go CËnÝZ hþB© emo^m àH$Q> hmoVr
h¡ d¡go hr àgÝZ dXZ VWm AnZr H$m[ÝV go gH$b {XemAm| H$mo CX²^m{gV H$aZo _| CÚV amOm
{dn[íMV² go, àIa àVmn go Cnm{O©V gån{Îm`m± H${d`m| H$mo àmV… n«mV… n«mßV hmoVr Wt &&9&&
amOm {dn[íMV² H$mo gXm ~«m÷Um| Ho {hV H$m »`mb ahVm Wm, AVEd XodVmAm| _| d{• Ho$ ~«m÷U
hmoZo Ho$ H$maU dh XodVmAm| _| A[½Z H$s hr ^{ŠV Ho$ gmW nyOm H$aVm Wm, A[½Z Ho$ {gdm Am¡a
{H$gr XodVm H$mo OmZVm VH$ Z Wm &&10&& CŠV amOm Ho$ _[ÝÌ`m| _| go Mma _ÝÌr, Omo AË`ÝV
Yra, {dnwb~mhþ~bembr, {Z^©` goZm go à^mdm[ÝdV Wo, Mma {XemAm| _| Mma gmJam| H$s ^m±{V
eÌwgoZm Ho$ {ZamoY Ho$ gmW Xoeì`dñWm H$aZo Ho$ {bE {Z`wŠV Wo Ÿ& gmJa _N>{b`m| Am¡a _Jam| Ho$
PwÊS> Ho$ PwÊS> go âo ahVo h¢ Vmo _ÝÌr hmWr, Kmo‹S>m| go `wŠV Wo, g_wÐ AmdVm] H$s (Ob^«{_`m|
H$s) am{e`m| go âo hmoVo h¢ Vmo _ÝÌr goZm go {Kao ahVo Wo &&11,12&& CZ _[ÝÌ`m| Ho$ H$maU dh
amOm gH$b {Xemê$n n{h`m| H$m Zm{^ H$s Vah AmYma^yV ~ZH$a gwXe©Z MH«$ Ho$ g_mZ eÌwAm|
Ûmam A{VañH$aUr` Am¡a ñd`§ {dOoVm hmo J`m Wm &&13&& EH$ g_` nyd© {Xem go EH$ MVwa
JwßVMa CgHo$ nmg Am`m Ÿ& CgZo EH$mÝV _| amOm go H$mbJ{V Ho$ g_mZ A{Zdm`© hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
H$U©H$Qw> dMZ H$hm &&14&& "^JdZ², {demb ~mhþê$nr d¥jm|na Smbo hþE n¥Ïdrê$nr JD$ Ho$ ~ÝYZ
go Amn H$^r {d_wI Zht hþE `mZr gXm n¥{Wdr H$mo AmnZo AnZr ~mhþAm| na ~m±Y aŠIm h¡ Ÿ& Amn
H¥$nmH$a _oao _w±h go d¥ÎmmÝV gw{Zò Am¡a {\$a Omo g_`mo{MV hmo Cgo H$aZo H$s H¥$nm H$s{OòŸ&&15&&
_hmamO, nyd© {Xem Ho$ gm_ÝV H$s Áda go _¥Ë`w hmo JB© h¡ Ÿ& _mZm| eÌwAm| H$mo namñV H$a MwHo$
Amngo Amkm nmH$a do `_amO H$mo OrVZo Ho$ {bE `_bmoH$ Mbo Jò h¢ &&16&& CZHo$ _aZo Ho$
CnamÝV X{jU {Xem Ho$ A{Yn{V (AmnHo$ gm_ÝV) Mmam| Amoa go nyd© Am¡a X{jU {Xem H$mo
ñdm`Îm H$aZo Ho$ {bE CÚV hþE, {H$ÝVw CÝh| ^r eÌw Zo nyd© Am¡a n[íM_ H$s goZmAm| Ûmam
AmH«$_UH$a _ma S>mbm &&17&& CZHo$ _a OmZo Ho$ CnamÝV n[íM_ {Xem Ho$ A{YZm`H$ (AmnHo$
gm_ÝV) Á`m| hr goZm ~Q>moa H$a AmnH$s nyd© Am¡a X{jU {XemAm| H$mo eÌw go _wŠV H$aZo H$s BÀN>m
go Om aho Wo Ë`m| hr amñVo _| eÌwAm| Zo nyd© Xoe Am¡a X{jU Xoe Ho$ amOmAm| Ho$ gmW g§J«m_ _| CÝh|
_ma {X`m &&18,19&& lrd{gîR>>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝX«Or, CŠV JwßVMa OëXr amOm go `h
H$h hr ahm Wm {H$ àb` _| Obàdmh (~m‹T>) Ho$ g_mZ Xygam JwßVMa amO_hb _| à{dîQ>
hþAm &&20&& JwßVMa Zo H$hm … _hmamO, CÎma {Xem Ho$ A{YZm`H$ (AmnHo$ gm_ÝV) eÌwAm| Ûmam
AmH«$mÝV hmoH$a {OgH$m ~m±Y Qy>Q> J`m Eogo Obàdmh Ho$ g_mZ goZm g{hV BYa hr Am aho
h¢ &&21&& lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, `h gwZH$a amOm Zo {dbå~ H$mo g~ dñVwAm| Am¡a _hbm| Ho$
{bò IVaZmH$ g_PH$a gwÝXa _hb go {ZH$bVo hþE `h H$hm & "amOmJU, gm_ÝV Am¡a _[ÝÌJU
h{W`ma go b¡g H$a {Xò Om`, eómJma Imob {XE Om`, g~H$mo ^rfU Aó-eó ~m±Q>o Om`,
g¡{ZH$ H$dM nhZ b| n¡Xb goZmE± OëXr Hy$M H$a|, VwaÝV goZm H$s {JZVr H$s Om`, loîR> loîR>
g¡{ZH$m| H$mo àmoËgm{hV {H$`m Om`, goZmÜ`j H$s {Z`w{ŠV`m± H$s Om` Am¡a Mmam| Amoa JwßVMam| H$m
Omb {~N>m`m Om` &&22-24&& lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^`-M{H$V amOm Ëdamnyd©H$ `h g~ H$h
hr ahm Wm {H$ Ûmanmb Zo K~amhQ> Ho$ gmW àdoe H$a àUm_nyd©H$ amOm go `h H$hm Ÿ&&25&&
Ûmanmb ~mobm … _hmamO, CÎma {Xem H$m goZm{Yn{V S>çmo‹T>rna I‹S>m h¡ O¡go H$_b gy`© Ho$ Xe©Z
H$s AmH$m§jm H$aVm h¡ d¡go hr _hmamO{YamO Ho$ (AmnHo$) Xe©Z MmhVm h¡ &&26&& amOm Zo H$hm …
OmAmo, ~hþV OëX hr Cgo àdoe H$amAmo, CgHo$ _w±h go d¥ÎmmÝV Ho$ ^br-^m±{V ldU go {XJÝVm|
_| Š`m KQ>Zm KQ>r `h OmZ|Jo &&27&& lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … amOm Ho$ `h H$hZo na Ûmanmb Ûmam
^rVa àdo{eV goZmÜ`j CÎma {Xem Ho$ A{Yn{V H$mo amOm Zo àUm_ H$aVo XoIm, CgHo$ g§nyU© A§J
jV-{djV Wo, àËòH$ Ad`d _| àmU ì`mßV Wo, gm±g Omoa go Mb ahr Wr, {Z~©b hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
eÌw Ûmam OrVm J`m Wm Ÿ& CgZo YraVm go Xohì`Wm ghZH$a bJmVma gm±g boVo hþE àUm_nyd©H$
amOm go OëXr OëXr ò dmŠ` H$ho &&28-30&& goZm[Yn{V Zo H$hm … amOZ², VrZmo§ {XH²$nmb
~hþV ~‹S>r goZm Ho$ gmW _mZm| AmnH$s Amkm go `_ H$mo OrVZo Ho$ {bE `_nwa Mbo Jò h¢,
VXZÝVa CZHo$ Xoem| H$m n[anmbZ H$aZo _| AeŠV _oam nrN>m H$a ahoo ~hþV go amOm `hm±
O~X©ñVr nhþ±Mo h¢ & AmnHo$ _ÊS>b _| eÌwAm| H$s `h ~‹S>r ^mar goZm àmßV hþB© h¡, gmo h_mar
nam{OV goZm H$s O¡gr XwX©em BZ bmoJm| Zo H$s h¡ d¡gr hr BZH$s XwX©em H$s{Oò AmnHo$ {bE Hw$N>
^r XwO©` Zht h¡ &&31-33&& lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … BgHo$ ~mX `wÕ^y{_ _| jV{djV earadmbo
AVEd nr{‹S>V CÎma{Xem{Yn{V `h H$h hr aho Wo BVZo _| Xygao AmX_r Zo à{dîQ> hmoH$a amOm go
`h H$hm … _hmamO, Bg _ÊS>b Ho$ bmoJ nrnb Ho$ nÎmm| H$s gr H±$nH$±nr go {demb ~Z Jò h¢, Mmam|
Amoa eÌwAm| H$s goZmE± àMwa _mÌm _| ì`mßV h¢ & eÌwAm| Zo bmoH$mbmoH$ VQ>m| H$s Vah h_mar ^y{_ Koa
br h¡, CZHo$ IS²>J, JXm, àmg Am¡a ^mbm| Ho$ g_yhm| H$s H$m[ÝV M_H$ ahr h¡ & nVmH$m, eómó
Am¡a `moÕmAm| go âo hþE M§Mb Am¡a gwÝXa gånyU© gm_J«rdmbo aW BYa CYa Mb aho h¢ Ÿ& do C‹S>o
hþE {Ìnwamgwa Ho$ ZJam| Ho$ g_yh go àVrV hmoVo h¢ &&34-37&& dfm©F$Vw Ho$ _oKm| Ho$ gÑe hm{W`m|
ŸyÕ - 109] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2219
Ho$ PwÊS>, Omo _m§g Ho$ d¥jm| go âo dZHo$ Vwë` h¡, AmH$me _| gy‹±>S>m| H$mo CR>mVo hþE hmWr qMKm‹S> aho
h¢ &&38&& Kmo‹S>m| Ho$ PwÊS>, Omo J{V Ho$ H«$_ go n¥{Wdr H$s g_Vm, {df_Vm H$s ZmBª g_Vm {df_Vm
H$a aho h¢, dm`w go AmÝXmo{bV _hmgmJa H$s ^m±{V {hZ{hZm aho h¢ &&39&& jragmJa Ho$ Ob Ho$
g_mZ \o$Z`wŠV AmdVm] H$s (Ob^«{_`m| H$s) ^m±{V BYa-CYa d¥ÎmmH$ma Ky_ aho Kmo‹S>m| Ho$ d¥ÝX
eãX H$aVo h¢ &&40&& O¡go àb`H$mb Ho$ gmJa H$m àdmh ~‹S>o-~‹S>o Ádma ^mQ>m| go àËòH$ {Xem _|
àH$Q> hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr AmH$me Ho$ g_mZ ñdÀN> H$m[ÝVdmbo H$dM eómóm| go `wŠV goZm ^r
àËòH$ {Xem _| àH$Q> hmoVr h¡ &&41&& `moÕmAm| Ho$ eara na bJo hþE ~mU, Aó-eó, H$dM,
_wHw$Q> Am¡a AmdaUm| H$s H$m[ÝV`m± AmnHo$ àVmnm{½Z H$s Ádmbm H$s ^m±{V {dH${gV hmoVr h¢ &&42&&
O¡go _N>br Am¡a _Jam| Ho$ g_yh go `wŠV MH«$mH$ma Ob ^«{_dmbo H$ëbmob gmJa go Am{d^©yV hmoVo
h¢ d¡go hr _Ëñ`, _H$a H$s-gr AmH¥${V ì`yhm| go `wŠV, Vbdmam| Ho$ AmdV© go `wŠV goZmg§KmV
Am{d^y©V hmo ahm h¡ &&43&& ^mbo Am{X h{W`mam| H$s lo{U`m± nañna Q>H$amZo Ho$ H$maU _mZm|
H«$moYde ^rfU hþ§H$mam| go ObVr h¢ Am¡a H$R>moa eãX H$aVr h¢ &&44&& Cg _ÊS>b H$s gr_m _|
[ñWV N>mdZr go `wÕ Ho$ {bE OmVo hþE ñdm_r Zo `h {ZdoXZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE lr_mZ² Ho$ g_rn _wPo
ôOm h¡ &&45&& _hmamO, e[ŠV, F${îQ> Am¡a ~mUm| go `wŠV _¢ {OÝhm|Zo _wPo AmnHo$ nmg ôOm Wm
CZ ñdm_r Ho$ g_rn OmVm hÿ±, _¢Zo `hm± AmH$a g~ {ZdoÚ AmnH$s godm _| {ZdoXZ H$a {X`m, BgHo$
CnamÝV Amn OmZ| &&46&&
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … lram_MÝÐOr, Jw‹S> Jw‹S> eãX H$aHo$ {dbrZ hþB© g_wÐ H$s bha
Ho$ g_mZ dh nwéf amOm go `h {ZdoXZ H$a àUm_nyd©H$ erK«Vm go Mbm J`m &&47&& amOm
Ho$ _hb _| Ib~br _M JB©, CgH$s AdñWm Am±Yr go ì`mHw$b _hmdZ H$s-gr hmo JB© &
_ÝÌr, amOm, `moÕm, amOm Ho$ AmkmH$mar H$_©Mmar, {ñÌ`m±, hmWr, Kmo‹S>o, n[aMmaH$ Am¡a
ZmJ[aH$ g~Ho$ g~ ^`^rV hmo Jò Ÿ& g^r Ordm| Zo AnZo àmUm| Ho$ ^` go AnZo AnZo ~Mmd
Ho$ h{W`ma CR>m {bò &&48&&
EH$ gm¡ AmRdm±> gJ© g_mßV
EH$ gm¡ Zm¡dm± gJ©

_[ÝÌ`m| H$s gbmh go amOm H$m AnZo eara H$m hmo_ H$aZm,
VXwnamÝV A[½Z go Mma earam| go `wŠV amOm H$m àH$Q> hmoZm &
lrd{gð>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, O¡go _w{ZJU {OgHo$ ^ybmoH$ Am¡a AÝV[ajbmoH$ na
X¡Ë` AmH«$_U H$a MwHo $hmo d¡go BÝÐ Ho$ g_rn AmVo h¢ d¡go hr g~ _ÝÌr amOm Ho$ g_rn Amò &&1&&
_[ÝÌ`m| Zo H$hm … _hmamO, h_Zo g~ {dMma H$a {ZíM` H$a {b`m h¡ Ÿ& eÌw gm_, Xm_ Am¡a ôX-
BZ VrZ Cnm`m| Ûmam H$m~y _| AmZo bm`H$ Zht h¡, AV… Cgna XÊS> H$m {dYmZ H$s{Oò &&2&&
_hmamO, XmZ, gå_mZ Am{X go ñZoh Am¡a AZwàdoe (AnZo njdmbm| H$m hr eaUmJ{V Ho$ ~hmZo
H$mH$mobyH$s`Ý`m` go CZHo$ {dZme Ho$ {bE CZHo$ Xoe _| àdoe), {OgH$m AmOVH$ H$^r CZHo$
{bE à`moJ Zht {H$`m J`m, Bg g_` CZ eÌwAm| na ào_ Am¡a AZwàdoeê$n H$s{V© haZodmbo
Cnm` {H$ò Om`, BgH$s H$Wm hr Š`m h¡ &&3&&
{OZ na Wmo‹S>m ~hþV {dídmg {H$`m Om gHo$ Am¡a {OZH$mo Ð«ì` H$s H$_r hmo CZ na gm_, XmZ
Am{X Cnm`m| H$s Jw§Omè h¡, {H$ÝVw ò eÌw Vmo Eogo Zht h¡, Eogm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
nmnr, gr_màmÝV Ho$ {Zdmgr, àMwaYZgånÝZ, {d{dYXoer`, gwg§J{R>V, h_mar H$_Omoar
H$mo OmZZodmbo ~hþV go eÌw gm_, XmZ Cnm`m| Ho$ `mo½` Zht h¢ &&4&& Bg{bE BZHo$ {df`
_| gm_-XmZ H$m à`moJ H$aZm AË`ÝV gwgmhg h¡ (A{dMm[aV H$m`© h¡) BgH$m n[aË`mJ H$a
erK« hr `wÕ H$m CÚmoJ H$s{Oò Ÿ& BZHo$ à{VH$ma H$m Xygam Cnm` h¡ hr Zht Ÿ&&5&& dram| H$mo
`wÕ Ho$ {bE Amkm Xr{Oò, BîQ> XodVmAm| H$m On-nyOZ Am{X AZwîR>mZ H$s{Oò, gm_ÝVm|
H$m AmˆmZ H$s{Oò Am¡a aUô[a`m± ~OmB© Om` &&6&& g~ `moÕmAm| H$mo H$dM Am{X go
gwg[ÁOV H$s{Oò `wÕ H$m ~mZm nhZmBò, VXwnamÝV do g~Ho$-g~ `wÕ Ho$ {bE àñWmZ H$a|
Am¡a {XemAm| H$s JOKQ>mAm| go H$mbo H$mbo àb`_oKm| Ho$ O¡go nmQ> Xr{Oò &&7&& YZwf Iy~
(H$mZm| VH$) VmZo Om`, àË`§MmE± Q>§H$ma H$a|, AY©_ÊS>bmH$ma YZwfm| go {XemE± _oKí`m_bm
hmo, YZwfê$nr Hw$ÊS>bm| go XoXrß`_mZ Jå^ra qghZmXdmbo eyadraê$nr _oK, {OZ_| àË`§Mmê$nr
{~Obr H$m¢Y ahr h¡, ~mUê$nr ObYmamoAm| H$mo dfm©`| &&8,9&& amOm Zo H$hm … g§J«m_ Ho$ {bE
erK« àñWmZ H$s{Oò Ÿ& ZJa ajm, ì`yhaMZm Am{X H$s ì`dñWm H$s{Oò & _¢ ^r ñZmZ Ho$
CnamÝV A{½ZXod H$s nyOm H$a g§J«m_-^y{_ _| AmVm hÿ± &&10&& Eogm H$hH$a Amdí`H$
AÝ`mÝ` H$m`m] Ho$ ahVo ^r (AË`mdí`H$ AÝ`mÝ` H$m`m] H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a ^r) amOm Zo EH$ jU
_| O¡go dfm©F$Vw _| ZyVZ ~JrMm _oK Ûmam ñZmZ H$aVm h¡ d¡go hr J§JmOb go âo hþE K‹S>m|
go ñZmZ {H$`m &&11&& ñZmZ H$aZo Ho$ CnamÝV amOm Zo A{½ZJ¥h _| àdoe {H$`m Am¡a
{d{Ynyd©H$ lÕm go A{½Z H$s nyOmH$a {ZåZ{b{IV ~mVm| na {dMma {H$`m &&12&& _¢Zo
AZm`mg {dbmgd¡^dnyU© gån{Îm go Am`w ì`VrV H$s, g_wÐn`©ÝV emgZ_wÐmnyd©H$ AnZr
gmar àOm H$mo A^`àXmZ {H$`m Ÿ& n¥Ïdr na AmH«$_U H$aZodmbo eÌwAm| H$mo MaUm| na Zdm
S>mbm & O¡go bVmE± \$bm| Ho$ ~moP go ZV hmo OmVr h¢ d¡go hr H$a Am{X \$b Ho$ ^ma go Xgm|
{XemAm| H$mo _¢Z Zdm {X`m &&13,14&& àOm Ho$ {MÎmê$nr MÝÐ{~å~m| _| AnZm ew^« è â
{X`m, ^y{_ _| VrZm| bmoH$m| _| \¡$bZodmbr H$s{V©ê$nr bVm bJm Xr &&15&& gwöX, {_Ì, nyÁ`
~«m÷U (JwédJ©) Am¡a ~ÝYw~m§Ydm| H$mo {d{dY aËZm| go IOmZo Ho$ g_mZ â {X`m, g_wÐ Ho$
ŸyÕ - 109] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2221
{H$Zmao Zm[aoòbag H$m Amgd N>H$ H$a nr`m &&16&& eÌwAm| Ho$ àmUm| H$mo _oT>H$ H$s JX©Z H$s
ËdMm Ho$ g_mZ Iy~ H±$nm S>mbm, Ûrn ÛrnmÝVa Ho$ Hw$N> Hw$bnd©Vm| na _oao emgZ H$s N>mn
bJ MwH$s &&17&& {XJÝVm| _| à{gÕ {gÕ goZmAm| go nyU© Anyd© gwdU© ^y{_`m| _| _¢Zo Iy~ {dhma
{H$`m, bmoH$mbmoH$ nd©Vn`©ÝV nd©Vm| Ho$ Am¡a gr_màmÝVdVu amOmAm| Ho$ {gana _oKm| H$s brbm
go {dlm_ {H$`m Am¡a n¡a aŠIm &&18&& O¡go kmZnyU© EH$mÝV _| g_m{Y boZodmbr ~w{Õ go
na_moÀM ~«÷ _| {dlm_ {b`m OmVm h¡ d¡go hr àOmAm| H$m {hVgånmXZ H$aZodmbo _¢Zo amîQ´>m|
H$s A{^d¥{Õ H$s Am¡a CnmO©Z {H$`m &&19&& CÕV ({dZà{hV) b§H$m Am{X Ûrnm| _| ahZodmbo
amjgm| H$mo ^r _O~yV hWH${‹S>`m| Ûmam _¢Zo OH$‹S>m, nañna EH$ Xygao go A~m{YV, d¥{Õ-
õmgeyÝ` (g_mZ ê$n go g§{MV) Y_©, AW© Am¡a H$m_ Ûmam AdñWm ì`VrV H$s & Bg g_`
_mZm| AË`ÝV ènmZ H$aZo Ho$ H$maU A{VYdbVm H$mo àmßV hþAm _¢ V¥Um| na bXo hþE àMwa
~\©$ Ho$ g_mZ g\o$X ~w‹T>mno H$mo àmßV hmo J`m hÿ± Ÿ& ~w‹T>mno Ho$ D$n `mZr Bg ~w‹T>‹mno _| ^rfU
`wÕmH$m§jr ~bdmZ² eÌw Xb ~m§YH$a Mmam| Amoa go b‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE Cn[ñWV h¢ Ÿ& OrV hmoZo
_| gÝXoh h¡, Bg{bE {dO`àXmZ H$aZodmbo BZ A[½ZXod Ho$ {bE `htna Bg _ñVH$ H$s
Amhþ{V H$mo hr CR>mH$a XoVm hÿ± Ÿ& amOm Zo H$hm … ho A{½ZXod `h _oam {ga AmnHo$ {bE
Amhþ{Vê$n ~Z MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& O¡go _¢Zo nhbo AmnHo$ {bE nwamo‹S>me H$s Amhþ{V`m± Xr h¢ d¡go hr
BgH$s Amhþ{V AmO AmnH$mo XoVm hÿ± Ÿ& `{X _oao Bg H$m_ go Amn _oao D$na àgÝZ hm| Vmo
AmnHo$ Hw$ÊS> go _oao ZmamÙ H$s ^wOmAm| Ho$ g_mZ emo^m`wŠV ~bdmZ² Mma eara CËnÝZ
hm| &&20-26&& ho {d^mo, CZ earam| go _¢ Mmam| {XemAm| _| AnZo eÌwAm| H$m {~Zm {H$gr
{~¿Z~mYm Ho$ g§hma H$ê±$ Am¡a AmnHo$ Xe©Zm| H$s BÀN>m go AmnH$m ñ_aU H$aZodmbo _wPo Amn
Xe©Z X| &&27&& lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … lram_MÝÐOr, `h H$hH$a Cg amOm Zo O¡go ~mbH$
AZm`mg M§Mb H$_b H$mo Vmo‹S>Vm h¡ d¡go hr M§Mb {eaê$n H$_b H$mo IS²>J boH$a erK« H$mQ>
S>mbm &&28&& Á`m|hr dh amOm AnZo H$Q>o {ga H$m A[½Z _| hdZ H$aZo bJm Ë`m|hr eara Ho$
gmW A{½Z _| {Ja n‹S>m &&29&& Cg eara H$mo ImH$a (Amhþ{V ê$n go JhUH$a) A{½Z Zo Cgo
MVwJw©U eara {X`m & _hmZ² bmoJm| Ûmam ñdrH¥$V dñVw erK« hr d¥{Õ H$mo àmßV hmoVr h¡, Bg_|
Hw$N> gÝXoh Zht h¡ &&30&& BgHo$ níMmV² Mma _y{V© YmaUH$a amOm VoO H$s am{e`m| go
XoXrß`_mZ hmo A{½ZHw$ÊS> go Eogo hr {ZH$bm O¡go {H$ VoO Ho$ nw§Om| go XoXrß`_mZ ^JdmZ² gmJa
go {ZH$bo Wo &&31&& XrßVH$m[ÝVdmbo CgHo$ do Mma eara AË`ÝV gwemo{^V hþE, CZHo$ _mbm,
Am^yfU, Aó-eó Am¡a dó gmW hr CËnÝZ hþE Wo Am¡a H$dM, {eaómU ^r gmW hr
n¡Xm hþE Wo Ÿ& do _wHw$Q>, H§$H$U, ~mOy~§X go `wŠV Wo, hma Am¡a Hw$ÊS>bm| H$s H$m[ÝV go OJ_Jm
aho Wo & do g~ g~H$s ajm H$aZodmbo VWm _hmZ² Ame`dmbo Wo Ÿ& g~H$s ê$naoIm EH$gr
Wr Am¡a g~ EH$ go A§J-àË`§J go `wŠV Wo, g~Ho$ g~ M§Mb CÀM¡ldm Ho$ gÑe CÎm_ Kmo‹S>m|
na M‹T>o Wo &&32-34&& CZHo$ gmoZo Ho$ ~mUm| go âo VaH$g ~±Yo Wo, EH$gr àË`§Mmdmbo CZHo$
YZwf Wo, gwÝXa g_mZ earadmbo _hm_Zm do _§Jb_` nwéf {Og nwéf, hmWr, aW Am¡a
Kmo‹S>o-na gdma hmoVo Wo, dh eÌwà`wŠV _ÝÌ, VÝÌ, Am¡f{Y, `ÝÌ, eómó Am{X Xmofm| H$m
bú` hr Zht hmo gH$Vm Wm &&35,36&& do Mma Xoh Š`m Woo Mma gmJa hr Wo & _mZm| ~S>dm{½Z
Zo nhbo nrH$a {Ma H$mbVH$ CÝh| AnZo J^© _| YmaU {H$`m, VXwnamÝV CÝh| nwéf Ho$ AmH$ma
_| n[ad{V©V {H$`m, VËníMmV² CÝh| dhm± A{½ZHw$ÊS> _| aIm &&37&& aËZm| go {d^y{fV Am¡a
aËZ^yV Aídearam| _| nwînam{e`m| go nyU©Xohdmbo MÝÐê$nr AnZr _ÝX _wñH$mZ go Xem|
{XemAm| H$mo OJ_Jm aho do Mma {dn[íMV² Amhþ{V`m| Ûmam àgÝZ A{½Z go Mma {dîUw O¡go
`m Mma gXoh g_wÐ O¡go AWdm Mma _y{V©_mZ doX O¡go ~mha {ZH$bo &&38&&
EH$ gm¡ Zm¡dm± gJ© g_mßV
EH$ gm¡ Xgdm± gJ©

ZJa Ho$ g_rn nhþ±Mo hE eÌwAm| Ho$ gmW Mmam| Amoa hþE K_mgmZ g§J«m_ H$m {dñV¥V dU©ZŸ&
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, Bg ~rM _| dhm± Mmam| Amoa ZJa Ho$ g_rn nhþ±Mo hþE
eÌwAm| Ho$ gmW ^rfU g§J«m_ {N>‹S>m &&1&& CŠV `wÕ _| ZJa Am¡a Jm±d byQ>o Jò, àOm_ÊS>b _|
_hmì`mHw$bVm N>m JB©, AmJ H$s bnQ>m| go eara ObZo bJo, Yy_«ê$nr _oKm| Ho$ KZo ñVam| go AmH$me
_ÊS>b N>m J`m, ~mUm| H$s bJmVma KZr d¥[îQ> Am¡a {Z{~‹S> Yy_ go gy`© T>H$ J`m, AVEd Mmam| Amoa
AÝYH$ma \¡$b J`m Ÿ& dhm± na jU _| gy`©_ÊS>b XrI n‹S>Vm Wm Am¡a jUâ _| AmoPb hmo OmVm
WmŸ& A{½Z H$s bnQ>m| Ho$ VoO g§Vmn go dZm| Ho$ g~ nÎmo _waPm Jò Wo, M§Mb bmR>r, eyb, _ygb,
nËWa Am{X H$s am{e`m| go AmH$me nQ> J`m Wm, A{½Z Ho$ à{V{~å~m| Ho$ n‹S>Zo Ho$ H$maU h{W`mam|
H$s M_M_mhQ> XwJwZr hmo ahr Wr, aU _| H$m_ Amò hþE _hmeyadra `moÕmAm| H$mo AßgamE± Am¡a
gwYm àmßV hmo ahr Wr, _XmoÝ_Îm hm{W`m| H$s qMKm‹S> go g§J«m_moËgwH$ dram| H$mo Anma hf© hmo ahm
Wm, ~ÝXyH$m| H$s Jmo{b`m|, ^mbm|, eybm| Am¡a Vmo_am| H$s dfm© hmo ahr Wr, `moÕmAm| Ho$ H$mobmhb Ho$
Cëbmg Ho$ gwZZo _mÌ go öX` \$Q>Zo Ho$ H$maU AZoH$m| H$màm| Ho$ àmU-nIoê$ C‹S> aho Wo,
Yy{bnQ>bê$nr g\o$X _oK Zo AÝV[aj H$mo AmÀN>ÝZ H$a {X`m Wm, _aZo Ho$ {bE ì`mHw$b hþE
gm_ÝVm| Ho$ Xb Ho$ Xb {MëbmVo hþE Om aho Wo, BYa CYa {Ja ahr {~O{b`m| go (CëH$mnmVm| go)
àOm H$m {dZme hmo ahm Wm, A[½Z go Obo hþE AVEd {Ja aho J¥h A{½Z H$s dfm© H$aZodmbo Yy_«_`
_oKm| H$s g¥[îQ> H$a aho Wo & Ag§»` ~mUm| H$s d¥[îQ>ê$nr Ymamdmbo _oK _aUm‡mX àXmZ H$a aho
Wo &&2-9&& Aídê$nr Va§J gmJam| Ho$ H$ëbmobm| H$mo _mV H$a aho Wo, hm{W`mo§ Ho$ Xm±Vm| Ho$ nañna
ŸyÕ - 110] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2223
Q>H$amZo Ho$ H$maU H$U©H$Qw> Q>§H$ma Üd{Z hmo ahr Wr & XwJm] Ho$ g[ÝYàXoem| _| ~Zr hþB© Hw${Q>`m| H$s
Xrdmam| na loîR> `moÕm >H$m±Q>oXma ~mU amonZo _| ì`J« Wo, A[½Z H$s ÁdmbmAm| go do[îQ>V AVEd
^½Zàm` XwJ©g[ÝY[ñWV AQ>m[a`m| _| n`©Q>Z Ûmam A[½ZN>Q>m ZmM ahr Wr &&10,11&& KQ>mQ>mon Ho$
gmW Qy>Q>o \y$Q>o hþE MbZo _| éH$mdQ> S>mbZodmbo Vmo_a BYa CYa bw‹T>Ho$ hþE Wo, AQ>m[a`m| _|,
{OZHo$ D$na AmH$me _| dónVmH$mE± bham ahr Wt, nQ>-nQ> eãX hmo aho Wo, hm{W`m| Ho$ Xm±Vm|
Ho$ ewŠbVm{X JwUm| Ho$ {ZH$bZo go, h{W`mam| H$s nËWam| na aJ‹S> bJZo go Am¡a VrúU Q>§H$ma Am¡a
hþ§H$ma go `wÕmoËgmh Ho$ CËnmXZde {X½JOm| H$m _mZm| AmˆmZ hmo ahm Wm &&12,13&& bJmVma ~h
ahr ~mU-ZXr Ho$ doJ go AmH$meê$nr _hmgmJa â J`m Wm, Mb aho MH«$, ^mbo, Vbdmaê$nr
_Jam| go dh g§J«m_ gmJa ^`mdZm bJVm Wm & qghZmX H$a aho `moÕmAm| Ho$ nañna Q>H$amZo na
H$dMm| H$s VrúU Q>§H$mam| go hmo aho P§H$mam| go g~ Ûrn Jy±O CR>o Wo &&14,15&& n¡am| Ho$ AmKmV go
Iy~ nrgo Jò ~mUm| go Mmam| Amoa H$sM‹S> hmo J`m Wm, ~h ahr aŠV H$s ZXr Ho$ àdmh _| aW, hmWr
VH$ ~ho Om aho Wo &&16&& Am¡a C‹S> aho Wo, ~mUê$nr ObVa§Jm| go nr{‹S>V hþE `moÕmAm|§ Ho$
Am`wê$nr ObMa Qy>H$-Qy>H$ hmo aho Wo &&17&& H$ht na Amng _| Q>H$am aho eómóm| go {ZH$br hþB©
ÁdmbmAm|§ go AmH$me Ob ahm Wm, XodËd H$s àm{ßV go ~w‹T>mno Ho$ H$maU ~XZ na hmoZodmbr Pw[a©`m|
Am¡a g\o$Xr go _wŠV eyadra bmoJm| go ñdJ© nQ> ahm Wm &&18&& Yy{bê$nr _oKm| _| MH«$ê$nr
{~O{b`m± H$m¢Y ahr Wr, eómóm| go R>gmR>g âm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AdH$mea{hV ^yVb dhm± na
dmam| H$m AmYma Zht ah J`m Wm &&19&& ~mUm| H$s d¥[îQ> H$a aho _hm`moÕmAm| Ho$ KQ>mQ>mon go JaO
aho eÌw `moÕmAm| go g§J«m_-^y{_ ~‹S>r S>amdZr bJVr Wr, n¥{Wdr H$mo ì`mßV H$a aht (T>H$ aht)
Jm{‹S>`m| Ho$ AmKmVm| go Mya Mya hþE AÝ` Jm{‹S>`m| Ho$ Ad`d^yV H$mR>m| _| aW b‹S>-I‹S>m aho Wo,
g§J«m_ ^y{_ H$~ÝY hþE `moÕmAm| Am¡a doVmbm| go {_{lV eÌwAm| go R>gmR>g âr Wr, {Vb aIZo H$s
^r OJh Zht Wr, doVmb loîR>-loîR> `moÕmAm| H$m öX`H$_bê$nr _m§g Im aho Wo, eyadra nwéfm|
Ûmam dram| Ho$ {ga, hmW, O§KmE± Am¡a n¡a H$mQ>o Jò Wo, H$~ÝYm| Ho$ ^wOmê$nr d¥jm| H$s hbMb go
AmH$meVb dZ gm ~Z J`m Wm, V¡a aho M§Mb _wIdmbo doVmbm| Zo hf© Ho$ Am{YŠ` go h±>gr Iwer
go AnZr AnZr no{Q>`m± edm| go âr Wt, H$dM nhZZo Ho$ H$maU KQ>mQ>mondmbo `moÕmAm| H$s ^«Hw${Q>
go aU^y{_ ^`§H$a Wr Ÿ& dhm± na {Z`_V… ñd`§ _aZm `m Xygam|§ H$mo _maZm `hr dram| H$m EH$_mÌ
Am^yfU Wm dhm± àhmam| H$mo XoZo Am¡a AnZo D$na boZo _| Agm_Ï`© hr dhm± na _hVr {ZÝXm
Wr &&20-24&& CŠV g§J«m_ JOê$nr eyadra gm_ÝVm| Ho$ _XOb H$m emofU H$a ahm Wm, dhm±
Xygam| H$mo _maZo _| AË`ÝV a{gH$ dra`moÕm H$mb Ho$ AmZÝX H$s nw[îQ> H$a aho Wo, AnZo _w±h go
AnZr draVm H$m ~ImZ Z H$aZo go {N>no hþE eyadra `moÕmAm| H$m H$m_ hr aU _| CZH$s draVm
XoIZodmbo bmoJm| H$mo _w±h go CZHo$ em¡`© H$s KmofUm H$am ahm Wm, {N>no hþE H$màm| H$m ^r H$m_ hr
Xe©H$m| Ûmam à^w Ho$ g_rn CZH$s AeyaVm H$s KmofUm H$am ahm Wm, CŠV g§J«m_ gmoò hþE AnZo
em¡`© Am{X JwUm| H$m CX²~moYZ H$aVm Wm, ^wO~bembr AVEd amîQ´> _| Xw~©b bmoJm| Ho$ AmYma^yV
eyadram| H$m YZ Wm &&25-27&& hmWr na gdma hmoH$a `wÕ H$aZodmbo VWm a{W`m| Ho$ nañna `wÕ
_| ~oMmao hm{W`m| Ho$ JÊS>ñWb jV{djV hmo Jò Wo, gH$b _XmoÝ_Îm JÝYJOm| (N) Ho$ _XOb
CŠV `wÕ _| gyI Jò Wo, _ÝXmo_Îm hm{W`m| Ho$ Vmbm~m| _| KwgZo na gmagm| H$s Vah MrËH$ma Ho$
gmW ^mJ aho VéU gm_ÝV ^r dhm±na hm{W`m| H$mo N>mo‹S> Om aho Wo Ÿ& ~y‹T>o hmoZo na ^r IS²>J{dÚm
_| {gÕhñV ^Q>m| H$s goZm Ûmam AnZr IS²>Jn«haUVm àH$QZ H$m () g_W©Z {H$`m Om ahm WmŸ&
`moÕmAm| H$s goZm Ho$ Z AmZo na ^r CZHo$ AmJ_Z H$s ^«m[ÝV go ^JX‹S> hmoZo na nañna n¡am| go
Hw$Mbo Jò _Zwî` AY_ao hmo Jò Wo, AVEd {XZ O¡go gy`© H$s eaU _| ahVm h¡ d¡go hr amOm Ho$
n¡am| H$s eaU _| do AnZo Amn Mbo Jò Wo &&28-30&& A{^_mZê$nr CÝ_mX dm`w Ho$ H$maU
CÝ_Îm hþE `moÕmAm| Ûmam àUV (eaUmJV) bmoJm| na ^r àhma {H$ò Om aho Wo Ÿ& dh g§J«m_ñWb
àmUm| Ûmam àmßV H$aZo `mo½` YZm| H$m ZyVZ ~mOmaê$n ZJa Wm Ÿ& dóm| go ~§Yr hþB© nVmH$mAm| Ho$
g_yh hr bham aho hñVd¥j ~Z Jò Wo Ÿ& IyZ go AË`ÝV bmb hmoZo Ho$ H$maU dh aUm§JU
Ì¡bmoŠ`bú_r H$m ^yfU^yV _y±Jm ~Z J`m Wm &&31,32&& `wÕ^y{_ H$m JJZê$nr Am±>JZ _ÝXamMb
Ho$ AmKmV go CN>bo hþE jragmJa Ho$ Ob Ho$ g_mZ gwÝXa N>Ìm| go AmÀN>m{XV VWm eómóm| Ho$
g_yh ê$nr \y$bm| go `wŠV Wm & CŠV `wÕñWb _| à_WJUm|, JÝYdm] VWm XodVmAm| Ûmam eyadra
>`moÕmAm| Ho$ CËgmh Am{X Ho$ JrV Jmò Om aho Wo, CZH$s (JUm| Am¡a JÝYdm] H$s) H$m[ÝV go M§Mb
ÜdOmJ«m| go VWm h{W`maê$nr _Ú go CÝ_Îm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU `moÕm dhm± na ~bam_ê$n ~Z
Jò Wo &&33,34&& Cg `wÕ _| ~hþV ~‹S>m PwÊS> ~m±YH$a AZm`mg àhma H$aZodmbo Ag§»` amjgm|
Ûmam MwnMmn ñd`§ `moÕmAm| H$m >_m§g ImH$a edm| Ho$ T>oa Ho$ T>oa CR>m bo OmH$a nd©V Jwhmê$n AnZo
Ka _| AnZo n[adma Ho$ - {dfd¥jgÑe-g~ amjgm| H$mo ^moOZ H$am`m J`m Wm &&35&& M_M_m
aho ^mbm| H$s lo{U`m| go ^mbm| Ho$ dZ Eogo àVrV hmo aho ^mbm| go b‹‹S>Zodmbo `moÕmAm| Ûmam H$mQ>H$a
\|$Ho$ Jò {ga Am¡a hmWm| go aU^y{_ H$m AmH$me nQ> J`m Wm, jonUm| go (Jwbob H$s Vah H$m EH$
Xoer Aó {Oggo T>obo Xya XyaVH$ \|$Ho$ OmVo h¢ &) \|$Ho$ Jò nËWam| H$s am{e`m| go {Xemê$nr bVm
bm±Kr JB© Wr &&36&& Vmb R>moH$Zo Am{X go CËnÝZ _hmZ² MQ> MQ> eãXm| go {demb d¥jm| Ho$ Qy>Q>Zo
H$s-gr Üd{Z hmo ahr Wr Ed§ {ó`m| Ho$ hmhmH$ma eãXm| go ZJam| Ho$ Ka-Ho$-Ka Jy±O aho Wo &&37&&
AmH$me _| _ÝX-_ÝX Üd{Zdmbr A{½Z Ho$ Vwë` eómóm| H$s am{e`m± emo{^V hmo ahr Wt, g~H$s
(N) {OgHo$ _X H$mo gy±KH$a AÝ` JO ^mJ I‹S>o hmoVo h¢, dh JÝYJO H$hbmVm h¡ &
() AmgrH$doXZ-{OZH$m A{g (Vbdma) h{W`ma h¡ do AmgrH$ H$hbmVo h¢ & CZHo$ ^md
H$m àH$Q>Z AmgrH$doXZ h¡ Ÿ& _yb[ËWV AmgrH$doXZ H$m hr n`m`© IS²>JàhaUVm àH$Q>Z h¡ &
ŸyÕ - 111] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2225
g~ àOm AnZm Ka Ûma N>mo‹S>H$a XyaXoem| _| ^mJ JB© Wr, h{W`mam| Ho$ Mmam| Amoa MbZo go
`wÕXe©H$ bmoJm| Zo ^r ^` go Mmam| Amoa go `wÕ^y{_ H$m Ë`mJ H$a {X`m Wm, ^`^rV gm±nm| Zo
`wÕ^y{_ H$m J‹é‹S>m| Ho$ PwÊS> H$s Vah Ë`mJ H$a {X`m Wm VWm CŠV `wÕ^y{_ _| _Zwî`ê$nr A§Jyam|
H$mo nrgZo Ho$ H$mb Ho$ `ÝÌ Eogo JÊS>ñWb _| hm{W`m| Ûmam Xm±Vm| go {ng MwHo$ hþAm| go ~Mo hþE CÎm_
`moÕmAm| H$mo ~‹S>r _wgr~V hmo ahr Wr &&38-40&& AmH$me _| Mb aho h{W`ma àojUr Ûmam \|$Ho$
Jò nËWa H$s Q>ŠH$a go Mya-Mya hmo aho Wo Am¡a `moÕmAm| Ho$ qghZmX go, qMKm‹S> aho hm{W`m| Ho$
g_yh go, H$ÝXamE± â JB© Wt &&41&& Cg `wÕ _| eyam| Ho$ {g§hZmX nd©Vm| H$s Jw\$mAm| _| nhþ±MH$a
à{VÜd{Z`m| go {_b Jò Wo Am¡a OÝ_ go boH$a ~‹S>o à`ËZ go Cnm{O©V ~bgd©ñd H$mo àH$Q> H$a
aho eyadram| Ûmam dh Mbm`m J`m Wm &&42&& CŠV `wÕ^y{_ h{W`maê$nr A[½Z go VWm Mmam| Amoa
\¡$br hþB© A{½Z go ^yZr JB© Wr VWm nyd©d{U©V `wÕm| go VWm AÝ`mÝ` ÛÝÛ`wÕm| go dhm± `wÕ
g_m{ßV H$mo Zht àmßV hmo ahm Wm &&43&& _ao hþAm| go Ad{eîQ>, ~bembr, ñdm_r H$s d§MZm Z
H$aZodmbo, öX` _| Bída H$mo YmaU H$aZodmbo, CÎm_ `moÕmê$nr H¡$bmgm| go dh `wÕ Mmam| Amoa
n[ado[îQ>V Wm Ÿ& H¡$bmg ^r AË`ÝV n{dÌ, gmadmZ² Am¡a lre§H$aOr H$m AmYma h¡ Ÿ& {OZH$m aU
go ^mJH$a OrZm _aZo Ho$ g_mZ A{à` h¡ Am¡a aU _| _aZm OrZo Ho$ g_mZ {à` h¡ Eogo CXma
nwwéfm| go Ì¡bmoŠ` ^r OrVm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& do hr H$mb Ho$ ^r H$mb hmoVo h¢ `mZr na_nX àmßV h¢, O¡go
H$hm h¡-Xmo hr nwéf Vmo gy`©_ÊS>b H$m ôXZ H$a na_nX H$mo n«mßV-hmoVo h¢, `moJ`wŠV g§Ý`mgr
Am¡a aU _| gå_wI _mam J`m `moÕmŸ&&44,45&& AË`ÝV eyadra `moÕm H$Q>o hwE gwÝXa gwÝXa
hmWrê$n H$_bm| go âr hþB© `wÕ ^y{_ Ho$ AmH$me _| Vmbm~ _| gmagm| Ho$ g_mZ gwemo{^V
hþEŸ&&46&& Jwbob go \|$Ho$ Jò nËWam| Ho$ àdmhê$nr Z{X`m| H$s Üd{Z`m| go VwaÝV hr ~h H$a
AmH$me _| C‹S>o hþE _ñVH$m| H$s \w$\$H$mam| go, ~mUê$nr Ob ~agm aho g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ {g§hZmXm| go Am¡a
AmH$me _| \¡$b aho eómóm| H$s gagamhQ> go Ed§ gmVKmo‹S>m| VWm hm{W`m| Ho$ {hZ{hZmZo Am¡a
qMKm‹S>Zo go ì`mßV `wÕ Zo g~Ho$ H$mZm| H$mo ~{ham ~Zm {X`m Wm Ÿ& dh aUñWb H$ht na ^r
gyamIg[ÝY-gå~ÝY go a{hV nËWa Ho$ g_mZ O‹S> hmo J`m Wm &&47&&
EH$ gm¡ Xgdm± gJ© g_mßV
EH$ gm¡ ½`mahdm± gJ©

AnZr goZm H$s hma hmoVo Z hmoVo aU^y{_ Ho$ {bE {ZH$bo hþE
amOm Ûmam dm`ì`móm| go Mmam| Amoa eÌwAm| Ho$ g§hma H$m dU©ZŸ&
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð, Bg àH$ma àb`Vwë` K_mgmZ `wÕ Mb ahm Wm, g§J«m_ ^y{_ _|
goZmE± hma Am¡a OrV ahr Wt, Vyar, aUqgJm Am¡a _hme§Im| H$s Üd{Z`m± à{VÜd{Z Ûmam AmH$me
_| ~O ahr Wt, AmH$me _| Vbdma| gagamhQ> Ho$ gmW ~mob ahr Wt, dram| Ho$ YZwfm| H$s XrK© Q>§H$ma
Üd[Z`m± hmo ahr Wt, `moÕmJU nañna Omoa-emoa go Vmb R>moH$ aho Wo, {ZX©`Vm go Hy$Q>o (nrQ>o) hþE
H$dM Omoa Ho$ H$Q>-H$Q> eãX H$a aho Wo, amOm {dn[íMV² H$s goZmE± Hw$N> hma-gr ahr Wt, H$mQ>r
Om ahr bVmAm| H$s ^m±{V goZm H$m ~hþV ~‹S>m ^mJ _y{N>©V hmo ahm Wm, BVZo _| amOm {dn{íMV² Ho$
aU^y{_ à`mU H$s XwÝXw{^, Omo dO«`wŠV àb`H$mbrZ _oKH$s-gr Üd{Z go nyU© Wr, {XemAm| H$mo
AnZr Üd{Z go nyU© H$aVr hþB© ~Or & CŠV XwÝXw{^-Üd{Z EH$ gmW Qy>Q> aho Hw$bnd©Vm| H$s Üd{Z
Ho$ g_mZ àMÊS> Wr, CgZo àH$Q> hmo ahr AnZr J‹S>J‹S>mhQ> go gH$b {XH²$VQ>m| H$mo ñVãY H$a
{X`m WmŸ& dh amOm {dn[íMV² ^JdmZ² lr{dîUwOr H$s gXoh ^wOm O¡go Mma earam| go aU^y{_ Ho$
{bE Mm¡Va\$m {ZH$bm &&1-7&& MVwa§{JUr _hVr goZm go Mmam| Amoa {Kao hþE amOm Zo AQ>m[a`m| go
n[ad¥V ZJa go H${R>ZmB© Ho$ gmW {ZH$bH$a g§J«m_ g§b½Z AnZr goZm H$mo Imbr (~bhrZ) XoIm
Am¡a eÌwgoZm H$mo ~b`wŠV XoImŸ& eÌw goZm H$m Š`m H$hZm Wm, dh `wÕ Ho$ {bE g§b½Z JaO ahm
^`§H$a MbZodmbm g_wÐ hr Wr, ~mUê$nr ObH$Um| go Iy~ âr Wr, _H$amH$ma goZm Ho$ ì`yhm| go
nyU© Wr, hm{W`m| Ho$ PwÊS>m| go {Kar Wr, (c) Aídm| H$s H$Vmam| go {dñVma`wŠV Wr &&8-10&&
MH«$mH$ma AmdV© Ho$ g_mZ ~h aho goZm Ho$ ì`yhê$nr Ádma^mQ>mo§ go ì`mßV Wr, Mb aho g¡H$‹S>m| aW
hr Cg_| g¡H$‹S>m| Ob^«{_`m± Wt, nVmH$mE± hr N>moQr-N>moQ>r bha| Wt, M_H$ aho ídoVN>Ìê$nr \o$Z
go dh b~mb~ âr Wr, Kmo‹S>m| H$m {hZ{hZmZm hr Cg_| ObOrdm| H$s \w$\$H$ma Wr, h{W`maê$nr
Ob M_M_m ahm Wm, {dH${gV hmo ahr ~mUê$nr YmamAm| H$s dh CÎm_ AmJma Wr, V¡a aho M§Mb
hmWr Am¡a Kmo‹S>m| Ho$ PwÊS> hr Cg_| Va§J| Wt, h{W`ma ê$nr Ob _| H$mbo gnm] Ho$ O¡go åboÀN> Cg_|
XrI n‹S> aho Wo, Ð{dS> Am{X `moÕmAm| H$s ~mVMrV go Cg_| Jw‹S>Jw‹S> eãX hmo ahm Wm, H$ÝXamAm|
Ho$ H$Q>Zo go jw{^V hþE dm`w go Cg_| Kw_²Kw_² eãX hmo ahm Wm, D±$Mo ZrMo hmWr CgHo$ {demb
H$boda _| nd©Vm| Ho$ Sy>~Zo-CVaZo go hmoZodmbr _hm hbMb n¡Xm H$a aho Wo, Sy>~ aho hmWr Kmo‹S>o hr
Cg_| AZm`mg _mao Jò (n§I H$mQ>Zo go n§Jw ~Zmò Jò) nd©V Wo & Agr_ Mmam| Amoa \¡$bm hþAm
goZmg_yh hr CgH$s H$ëbmbm| go (_hmVa§Jm| go) Ab§H¥$V Anma Obam{e Wr Ÿ&&11-15&&
AH$mb (AZdga _|) _hmàb` Ho$ Am{d^m©d Ho$ gÑe CgH$m AmH$ma AË`ÝV KZm Wm, IyZ Ho$
_hmgmJam| Zo n¥{Wdr Am¡a AÝV[aj Ho$ _Ü`dVu AdH$me H$mo T>H$ {X`m Wm, XoXrß`_mZ eómóm|
Ho$ IÊS>m| H$s am{eê$nr CN>b aho aËZm| go CgH$m _Ü`^mJ nQ>m Wm, Mb ahr goZmAm| _| Mb aho
jonUr `ÝÌ Ho$ (Jwbob Ho$) nËWa ì`ñV Wo & aŠV Ho$ N>moQ>o N>moQ>o H$U Am¡a Hw$haoê$nr gÝÜ`m H$mb
Ho$ _oK go `wŠV Wr, H$ht na Yy{bê$nr _oK go Aóeóê$nr Ob H$m gmJa nr S>mbm J`m
Wm &&16-18&& CŠVg§J«m_ gmJa H$mo XoIH$a _¢ BgH$m AJñË` (AJñË` Zo {Og àH$ma gmJa
(c) gmJanj _| _Jam| Ho$ g_yhm| go âm hþAm Ÿ& Obh[ñV`m| Ho$ g_yh go âm hþAm &
ŸyÕ - 111] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2227
H$mo nr {b`m Wm d¡go hr Bgo nr S>mby±) Eogm _Z _| {dMma H$a CgZo g§J«m_ gmJa H$mo nrZo Ho$ {bE
dm`ì` Aó H$m ñ_aU {H$`m Am¡a O¡go _oéê$n YZwf _| {Ìnwamgwa Ho$ dY Ho$ {bE CÚV hþE
{edOr Zo Aó H$m gÝYmZ {H$`m Wm d¡go hr Mmam| Amoa CgZo CgH$m gÝYmZ {H$`m &&19,20&&
amOm Zo AnZo Xoe Ho$ g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ {hV Ho$ {bE eÌwdY Ho$ {bE A{½ZXod H$mo Z_ñH$ma H$aHo$ On H$a
erK« O¡go Cg ^rfU Aó H$mo N>mo‹S>m, d¡go hr CgH$s ghm`Vm Ho$ {bE _hmZ² Aó loîR> nO©Ý`mó
H$mo eÌwê$nr AmVn H$s em[ÝV Ho$ {bE N>mo‹S>m &&21,22&& Mmam| Amoa dm`ì`mó Am¡a nO©Ý`mó go
`wŠV AVEd AîQ>_y{V© Cg ^rfU YZwf go {XemAmo§ Ho$ AdH$me H$mo nmQ> XoZodmbr ~mUm| H$s
Z{X`m±, {Ìeybm| H$s Z{X`m±, MH«$m| H$s Z{X`m±, Hw$ëhm‹S>m| H$s Z{X`m±, Vmo_am| H$s Z{X`m± {^[ÝXnmbm|
(Vmonm|) H$s Z{X`m±, nËWam| H$s Z{X`m±, dO«m| H$s Z{X`m± Am¡a {~O{b`m| H$s Z{X`m± ~h {ZH$bt &
H$ënmÝV Ho$ (àb`) gyMH$ àMÊS> dm`w ~hZo bJo Ÿ& ObYmam H$s Z{X`m| Ho$ àdmh Vbdmam| H$s
d¥[îQ> Ho$ gmW ~h {ZH$bo Ÿ& `wJm| Ho$ AdgmZ _| Qy>Q> \y$Q>H$a Yame`r hþE Hw$bnd©Vm| go {ZH$bo hþE,
àMÊS> dm`w go ~‹T>o hþE, CËnmVm| Ho$ g_mZ _moQ>o VmOo gm±n ~mUm| Ho$ gmW ~h {ZH$bo Ÿ&&23-28&&
Cg eómó d¥[îQ> Ho$ doJ go dh nydm}ŠV {demb eÌw-goZm gmJa H$mo erK« hr Yyb Ho$ T>oa H$s
^m±{V Mmam| Amoa C‹S>m {X`m J`m Ÿ& Cg_| Hw$N> ^r g_` Zht bJm &&29&& Ob, dO« Am¡a eómóm|
H$s doJdVr d¥[îQ> VWm àMÊS> Am±Yr go eÌwgoZm ~m±Ya{hV Vmbm~ Ho$ Ob H$s ^m±{V Mmam| Amoa
^mJ I‹S>r hþB© Ÿ& dh MVwa§{JUr goZm `wÕ go {d_wI hmoH$a dfm©H$mb H$s nd©VZXr Ho$ _hmàdmh Ho$
Vwë` ^mJVr hþB© Mmam| {XemAm| H$mo Mbr JB© &&30,31&&
goZm nd©V ZXr H$s g_Vm H$m CnnmXZ H$aVo hþE ^mJ ahr goZm H$m dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
dm`w Ho$ àdmh _| `h ~h aho ngrZo go Va H$Qo hþE ~‹S>o-~‹S>o nVmH$m-XÊS> hr Cg
{J[aZXrê$n goZm _| d¥j Wo, {H$aUê$nr \y$bm| go {MVH$~ao ({_{lV) M§Mb IS²>J hr bVmAm|
Ho$ g_yh Wo, Xm¡‹S>Zo H$s e[ŠV Z hmooZo go b‹S>I‹S>m aho, _moQ>o VmOo nwéfê$nr nËWam| Ho$
{~ÝXwê$nr IyZ Ho$ nZmbo go dh AdU©Zr` Wr, ^`§H$a Kwa-Kwa eãXm| go dh H$màm| Ho$ öX`
H$mo Qw>H$‹S>o-Qw>H$‹S>o H$aZodmbr (S>amdZr) Wr, ~h aho _hmJOm| Ho$ Xm±Vê$nr d¥jm| Ho$ nañna
Q>H$amZo go àH$Q> hmo aho H$Q>-H$Q> eãX go JaO aho _oKm| H$mo _mV H$a ahr Wt, h{W`mam| go
nËWam| H$s VoO Q>ŠH$a hr Cg_| ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao Ho$ nwînd¥j na hþAm ^±dam| H$m P§H$ma Wm,
V¡a aho M§Mb VWm {Mëbm aho Kmo‹S>o hr CgH$s Va§J| Wt Ÿ& aWm{X Ho$ VWm eyad¥ÝX Ho$ nËWam|
go Q>H$amZo na hþE AmV©ñdaê$nr _oT>H$ VWm n{j`m| Ho$ eãX go `wŠV Wr, n¡Xb goZm, aW,
hmWr Am¡a Aídê$nr nmfmUmo§ Ho$ nañna Q>H$amZo go dh g§Hw$b Wr, H$U©H Qw> Q>§H$ma, MrËH$ma,
H«|$H$ma go nwîQ> Wr, h_ _ao h_ _ao Bg n«H$ma Ho$ OZH$mobmhb go âr Wr, goZmê$nr Ob
Ho$ ~‹S>o-~‹S>o AmdVm] _| Jw‹S>-Jw‹S> Üd{Z hmo ahr Wr, aŠV Ho$ H$U VWm Hw$hamê$nr gÝÜ`mH$mb
H$m _oK CgH$m M±Xdm Wm &&32-38&& eómóê$nr bham| go dQ>d¥jm| Ho$ g_mZ H$mQ>o Jò _oK
Ob go Z_« hþE Wo & dfm© go n§H$`wŠV hþE ^yàXoe Ho$ VQ> H$mo Vmo‹S>Zo go dh {deof emo{^V
Wr &&39&& _mJ© ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE ^mbo, {Ìewb, JXm, dëbm| H$mo YmaU H$aZodmbo ^mJ aho
`moÕmAm| go ~h aho Vmb~Z Ho$ g_mZ AX²²>^yV Wr, amo Ymo aho H$mVa bmoJ hr Cg_| {Ja aho
_¥JN>m¡Zo Wo &&40&& _ao hþE hmWr, Kmo‹S>o Am¡a `moÕmAm| Ho$ g_yhê$nr OrU©erU© nÎmm| go dh
AmÀN>Z Wr, nrgo Jò earam| Ho$ dgm Am¡a _m§g Ho$ H$sM‹S> go Cg_| Mmam| Amoa H$sM‹S> hr H$sM‹S>
hmo J`m Wm, Mya Mya H$s hþB© h{È>`m± hr Cg_| Hw$N> ñWyb ~mbydmbo VQ> Wo Am¡a Iwam| go Iy~
nrgr JB© _hm h{È>`m± hr Cg_| _hrZ ~mbydmbo VQ>àXoe Wo Ÿ& Cg_| ~h aho nËWag_yhm| VWm
bH${‹S>`m| H$s Mmo{Q`m| Ho$ Amng _| Q>H$amZo go H$Q>H$Q> eãX hmoVm Wm &&41,42&& JaO aho
àb`H$mb Ho$ _oKm| go, ~h aho àb`H$mb Ho$ àMÊS> dm`wAm| go,{Ja ahr àb`H$mbrZ _ygbmYma
d¥[îQ> go, àb`H$mb Ho$ dO«nmVê$nr g§H$Q>m| go, n§H$_` gH$b ^yVbm| go, Ob go CnÐdnyU©
ñWbm| go, VoO erV go O_ JB© dfm©Ymam| Ho$ AmH$ma Ho$ AmH$me _| ~Zo qnO‹S>m| go, g_ñV
ZJa, Jm±d Am¡a Kam| H$mo ObmH$a amI H$a MwH$s A[½Z`m| go, àOm, Kmo‹S>o, hmWr Am¡a n¡Xb
goZmAm| Ho$ amoXZ go, AmH$me Am¡a ^y{_ _| hmo aho VrúU Üd{Zdmbo aW Am¡a _oKm| Ho$ Ka-
Ka eãXm| go, Mmam| Amoa {dn[íMV² Ho$ YZwf Ho$ Mma VoO H«|$H$mam| go, {~Obrê$nr H§$H$U H$m
{dñVma H$aZodmbo _oKm| Ho$ nañna Q>H$amZo Am¡a aJ‹S> ImZo go, ~mUm|, e{ŠV`m|, _wX²Jam|,
~ëb_m|, ^mbm| Am¡a ~ÝXyH$m| H$s dfm©Am| go Mmam| Amoa ~bembr amOmAm| Ho$ Ag§»` g¡{ZH$
^mJVo hþE _À‹N>am| Ho$ g_yh H$s ^m±{V erK« ZîQ hmo Jò Ÿ& gr_mÝV Ho$ amOmAm| H$s goZmE± VrúU
d{•am{e Ho$ gÑe eómó g_yhê$nr _oKm| H$s AmJ go bmoJm| H$mo K~‹S>mhQ> _| S>mb XoZo dmbo
dO«nmVm| go ì`mHw$b hmoH$a M§Mb gmJaOb _| C~mbo Om aho ObMam| H$s ZmBª ~S>dm{½Z _|
àdoe H$a ahr Wt &&43-49&&
EH$ gm¡ ½`mahdm± gJ© g_mßV
EH$ gm¡ ~mahdm± gJ©

OrdZ boH$a ^mJ aho {Og {Og Xoe Ho$ n¡Xb ^Q> Ohm±-Ohm± {Og àH$ma {dZîQ> hþE CgH$m dU©ZŸ&
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … dËg, Mo{Xê$nr MÝXZm| H$m dZ, Ohm± _mo{V`m| Ho$ hma, dó Am¡a gm±n
Xe©Zr` hmoVo h¢, Hw$ëhm{‹S>`m| H$s YmamAm| go H$Q>H$a X{jU gmJa _| {Ja J`m &&1&& nmagXoe Ho$
`moÕm Aóàdmh go nÎmm| H$s ^m±{V ~hmò OmVo hþE _mohde Amng _| àhma H$a d§OwbmdZ _|
{dZîQ> hmo Jò &&2&& XaXXoe Ho$ `moÕm XXw©a nd©Vna Amanma a{hV (Agr_) Jw\$mAm| Ho$ {~bm| _|
^` go {dXrU©öX` hmoH$a XmZdm| H$s ^m±{V {dbrZ hmo Jò &&3&& ~mU, ~ëb_, Vbdma Am¡a
ŸyÕ - 112] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2229
Hw$ëhm‹S>rê$nr Mma eómóm| H$s Ymam Ho$ AJ«^mJ go hþE nËWa, H$dM Am{X Ho$ MyU©ê$nr ~\©$ H$mo
YmaU H$aZodmbo {~O{b`m| go Amdo[îQ>V dmê$Umó go CËnÝZ hþE _oK Mbo &&4&& Amng Ho$
AmKmVm| go ^½ZXÝV ({OZHo$ Xm±V Qy>Q> Jò Wo) Xohm| _| é{Ya am{e go bWnW nr‹S>mH«$mÝV hmWr
_¥Ë`w Ho$ noQ> H$s ny{V© H$aZodmbo J«mg Ho$ ~am~ma Ho$ {nÊS> Eogo hþE &&5&& ^rfU Vmo_am| go nrQ>o Jò
XaX Xoe Ho$ hr H$moB© `moÕm am{Ì _| AnZo ê$n go nwéfm| H$mo _mo{hV H$aZodmbr {nem{M`m| Ûmam
Cn^wŠV hwE Am¡a {\$a CÝhm|Zo CZHo$ A§J Amng _| ~m±Q> {bò, `m| ~oMmao a¡dVH$ nd©V _| {dbrZ
hmo Jò &&6&& XemU©Xoe Ho$ `moÕm >Vmb Am¡a V_mb go KZo nwamZo O§Jb _| qghm| Ûmam Jbo _| n¡a
S>mbH$a öX` MraH$a _ma S>mbo Jò &&7&& n[íM_gmJa Ho$ VQ>dVu Xoem| Ho$ `dZ`moÕm dobm^y{_
_| _Jam| Ho$ PwÊS>m| go {ZJb {bò OmZo Ho$ H$maU _a Jò &&8&& eH$ bmoJ aŠV_` ~mUam{e H$mo
jU â ^r ghZ Z H$a gHo$ Ed§ a_R>m| Ho$ àmU H$_{bZr g_yh H$s ^m±{V _mao ^` Ho$ H$m±n
CR>o &&9&& ldU ZjÌ Ho$ g§ñWmZ Ho$ (eara JR>Z Ho$) g_mZ VrZ {eIamJ«m| go `wŠV _hoÝÐ
nd©V ñdJ© _| Om aho `moÕm go n[ad¥V hmoH$a _oKm| go n[ad¥V-gm hmo J`m &&10&& V§JU`moÕmAm|
H$s goZm, {OgH$m AmH$ma gwÝXa gwdU© Ho$ gX¥e Wm, Mmoam| Ûmam dóm{XbwÊR>Znyd©H$ {N>ÝZ-
{^ÝZ H$s JB©, {\$a {ZemMam| Ûmam EH$mÝV _| MQ> H$a Xr JB© Wr, `m| _{Q>`m_oQ> hmo JB© Ÿ&&11Ÿ&&
V§JUgoZm Ho$ ^jU Ho$ g_` dhm± H$m ^y{_Vb Mmam| Amoa Ky_ aho Cë_wH$ (bmR>r) {bò hþE
AVEd M_H$ aho {ZemMam| go ZjÌ-_ÊS>b go AmH$me H$s ZmBª emo{^V hþAm &&12&& CŠV
{dn[íMV² H$s {dO` hmoZo na OJV²ê$nr J¥hJwhmdmbm AÝV[aj bmoH$ _oKm| Ho$ n¥{Wdr {~bm| _|
JO©Z H$s à{VÜd{Z go Jå^ra Kw_²-Kw_² Üd{Z`wŠV ({dnwb _¥X§JÜd{Z `wŠV) hmoH$a _mZm| CgH$m
àMwa è JmZo Ho$ {b` CÚV hþAm &&13&& _N>{b`m| Ho {dhmaê$n eodmb Ho$ N>moQ>o go Vmbm~ Ho$
^m½`de gyI OmZo na (ObeyÝ` hmoZo na) ~‹S>r-~‹S>r _N>{b`m| Ho$ Vwë` AeaU hmoH$a IS² Jm|
go OO©a hþE AÝ`mÝ` Ûrnm| Ho$ `moÕmAm| Zo AnZo àmUm| H$m n{aË`mJ {H$`m &&14&& OrVo hþE
gH$b Ûrnm| Ho$ `moÕm gøm{Ð _| {N>nH$a gmV {XZ VH$ {dlm_ H$a {M{H$Ëgm Am{X Ûmam Kmdm| Ho$
nyao hmoZo go ñdñW hmoH$a ~mUd¥[îQ>`m| go Šbo{eV hmoVo hþE H${R>ZmB© Ho$ gmW Yrao-Yrao AnZo Xoem|
H$mo Mbo Jò &&15&& _mao ^` Ho$ JÝY_mXZ nd©V Ho$ nw§ZmJ d¥jm| Hoo$ Pwa_wQ> _| BH$Æ>o hþE JmÝYma
Xoe Ho$ `moÕmAm| H$s {dÚmYaHw$_m[a`m| Zo ajm H$s &&16&& hÿU, MrZ Am¡a {H$amVm| Ho$ {ga {dn{íMV²
go N>mo‹S>o Jò _w±h _| AmJ go `wŠV doJdmZ² MH«$m| go H$_bm| H$s Vah H$mQ>o Jò &&17&& {Zbrn Zm_H$
Xoe Ho$ `moÕm H$_bZmb _| CJo hþE {ZíMb H$m±Q>m| Ho$ g_mZ {dn[íMV Ho$ ^` Ho$ _mao àËòH$ d¥j
_| d¥j_` go {ZíMb hmo {MaH$mb VH$ {Zdmg H$aVo aho &&18&& _¥Jm| Am¡a n{j`m| Ho$ {dhma Ho$
{bò gwÝXa a§J^y{_ê$n nd©V Am¡a dZ^y{_`m| _| {dn[íMV² Ho$ AmJ_Zm| go `m eómóm| Ho$ g§nmVm|
go Mmam| Amoa AË`ÝV K~‹S>mhQ> \¡$b JB© &&19&& H$a§OdZ Ho$ g_mZ H$R>moa H$ÊQ>H$-ñWbZm_H$
`moÕm Xñ`wAm|§ Ho$ Xoe _| H$a§O Am{XHo$ dZm| _| {N>n Jò &&20&& nmagr `moÕm >g_wÐ Ho$ Va§JdoJ go
nabrnma nhþ±M H$a, dm`w go nmH$ hmoH$a àb`H$mb Vmam| Ho$ g_mZ {Ja n‹S>o &&21&& g_wÐ H$mo
Va§Jm| Ho$ AmÝXmobZm| Ûmam Hy$Q>Zodmbo, nËWam| H$s _ma go nd©V{eIam| na {Mh²Z H$aZodmbo, g~
{XemAm| Ho$ dZm| H$mo PH$PmoaH$a {dZîQ> H$aZodmbo VWm àb` H$s Ame§H$m n¡Xm H$aZodmbo àMÊS>
ndZ ~hZo bJo &&22&& jwãY hþE eómóm| Am¡a dm`wAm| Ûmam _ygbmYma d¥[îQ> go gånÝZ hmoH$a
H$sM‹S> Am¡a Ob go gam~moa, J§^ra Kw_²-Kw_² eãX `wŠV VWm AÑí` hmo JB© &&23&& gm±` gm±`
eãX H$aZodmbo dm`wAm| go _hmgmJa Ho$ àdmh go ~a\$ N>n-N>n eãX Ho$ gmW n¥{Wdr na {JaZo
bJm &&24&& dm`w go C‹S>mò Om aho {dXyaXoe Ho$ a{WH$ bham| H$m-gm MrËH$ma H$aVo hþE H$_bm| go
^«_am| H$s Vah aWm| go Vmbm~ Ho$ Ob _| {Ja Jò &&25&& CZH$s n¡Xb goZm Vmo nmg _| eómó
am{e Ho$ ahVo ^r {dn[íMV² H$s MH«$am{e go Am±I Ho$ AlwAm| go â OmZo Ho$ H$maU, _ygbmYma
d¥[îQ> hmoZo na Yybam{e Ho$ g_mZ, ^mJZo _| g_W© Zht hþB© &&26&& hÿUXoe Ho$ `moÕm >CÎma gmJa
Ho$ aoVrbo VQ> na {ga VH$ Sy>~H$a ^y{_ _| Jm‹S>Zo Ho$ H$maU _Q>_¡bm hwAm bmoho H$m eyb O¡go _moaMo
(bmoho H$m O§J) go `wŠV hmoZo go ŠboX`wŠV hmo OmVm h¡, d¡go hr ŠboX `wŠV hmo Jò AWm©V² g‹S>
Jò &&27&& eH$`moÕmAm| H$mo nyd©gmJa H$s VQ>^y{_ H$s Ebm (B©bm`Mr) dZ lo{U`m| _| nhþ±MmH$a
{dn[íMV Zo CÝh| EH$ {XZ VH$ ~m±YH$a N>mo‹S> {X`m, AVEd do `_bmoH$ Zht Jò, Zht _ao &&28&&
_ÝÐXoe Ho$ `moÕm Yrao-Yrao {ggH$Vo-{ggH$Vo ÚwbmoH$ Ho$ g_mZ D±$Mr nd©V H$s MmoQ>r go _hoÝÐ
nd©V na {Jao Am¡a AnZo Aml_ Ho$ _¥Jm| H$s ^m±{V _w{Zdam| Zo ImZ, nmZ, ñWmZ Am{X àXmZ
Ûmam CÝh| AmídmgZ {X`m &&29&& Omo `moÕm gøm{Ð _| à{dîQ> hþE Wo, do Vmo _yH$m[å~H$m Ho$
g_rn Hw$Q>OmT>ç Zm_H$ gøm{Ð{eIa Ho$ Xod{~b _| ^m½`de à{dîQ> hþE, CŠV {~b go CÝh|
Eo{hH$ Am¡a nmabm¡{H$H$ {g{Õ`m± àmßV hmo JB© & H$^r-H$^r ^m½`moX` _| AMmZH$ AZW© go ^r
AW© (nwéfmW©) hñVJV hmo OmVm h¡, H$maU {H$ _aZo Ho$ [bE do gwa{~b _| Kwgo Wo, {H$ÝVw CÝh|
{g{Õ`m± {_b JB© &&30&& XmemU© Xoe Ho$ `moÕm nwamZo nÎmo Ho$ g_mZ XX©wamÊ` _| nhþ±MoŸ& do _yI©
{df\$b ImH$a dht na AnZo-Amn _a Jò &&31&& h¡h`Xoe Ho$ `moÕm {h_mb` _| H$mH$Vmbr`Ý`m`
go {deë`H$aUr Am¡f{Y H$mo ImH$a {dÚmYam| H$s ^m±{V AmH$meMmar hmoH$a AnZo Ka Mbo
Jò &&32&& Bgr àH$ma ~§J Ho$ `moÕm ^r {h_mb` H$s Am¡f{Y`m± ImH$a _Zwî`m| H$s ZmBª åbmZ
(Hw$åhbmE) eoIa nwînm| go `wŠV hmo ~mUm| Ho$ MwH$ OmZo go Ho$db YZwfm| go `wŠV hmo AnZo-AnZo
Ka Amò, _mao ^` Ho$ AmO ^r ~mha Z {ZH$bZo Ho$ H$maU {nemMVm H$mo àmßV hþE O¡go {XImB©
Zht n‹S>Vo &&33&& A§J Xoe Ho$ `moÕm {dÚmYam| H$m nX àXmZ H$aZodmbo dZ\$bm| Ho$ ^jU go
ñdJ© _| {dÚmYa hmoH$a dhm± {dÚmY[a`m| Ho$ gmW H«$rS>m H$aVo h¢ &&34&& nmagr `moÕm Vmb Am¡a
V_mb Ho$ g_yhm| _| à{dîQ> hþE, n«{dîQ> hmoVo hr eÌwAm| Zo CZHo$ A§J-A§J H$mQ> S>mbo, AVEd
ŸyÕ - 113] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2231
~oMmao _yÀN>m© H$mo àmßV hmo Jò Ÿ& dhm±na ^«m[ÝVde {d_mZMmar Eogo hmo Jò Ÿ&&35&& ho dËg,
H$qbJm| H$s M§Mb Am¡a {Zñgma hm{W`m| go `wŠV MVwa§J goZm A§J Xoedmgr `moÕmAm| go Km`b
hmoH$a V§JU Xoe _| nhþ±Mr &&36&& emëdXoe Ho$ `moÕm ~mU, nËWa Am¡a Ob go `wŠV eÌwgoZm Ho$
AmH«$_U H$aZo na AnZo à^w Ho$ gmW Yamem`r hmo Jò, do AmO ^r Cg Xoe Ho$ J«m_XodVmê$n
à{V_m ~ZH$a [ñWV h¢ &&37&& àËòH$ {Xem H$s Amoa ^mJ aho Ag§»` `moÕm Va§Jm| go ì`mßV
ZJam| _|, brZ hmo Jò &&38&& Ho$db gmJam| _| hr brZ Zht hþE {H$ÝVw IoVm| _|, O§Jbm| _|, ZJam|
_|, Obm| _|, ñWbm| _|, nhm‹S>m| _|, ZXr Am¡a g_wÐm| Ho$ VQ>m| _|, Zham| _o, ~«m÷Um| H$mo {Xò Jò
_m\$s J«m_m| _|, Z{X`m| _|, g_wX«m| _|, ^¥JwAm| _|, d¥jm| _|, H$g~m| _|, IwíH$ OJhm| _|, nd©Vm| _|,
Hw$Am| _|, JwhmAm| _|, J¥hm| _| {dZîQ> hþE ^Jmo‹S>o g¡{ZH$m| H$mo ~MmZo _| H$m¡Z g_W© Wm ? &&39&&
EH$ gm¡ ~mahdm± gJ© g_mßV
EH$ gm¡ Voahdm± gJ©

eÌwAm| Ho$ {dZme go {dO` Ho$ gmYZ^yV eómóm| Ho$ {dZme VWm g_wÐm| Ho$ d¡^d H$m {dñVma go dU©ZŸ&
VXZÝVa Bg àH$ma ^mJ aho eÌwAm| H$s goZm H$m nrN>m H$a aho do Mma {dn[íMV AË`ÝV Xya
Mbo Jò & gd©e{ŠVembr g~ Xohm| _| [ñWV EH$ MoVZ B©ída go {X[½dO` H$aZo Ho$ {bE ào[aV
Vwë` A{^àm`dmbo CZ g~m| Zo {X[½dO` {H$`m &&1,2&& Z{X`m| Ho$ àdmhm| H$s ZmBª CÝhm|Zo Xya go
AnZr goZmAm| H$m {ZaÝVa eÌw goZm go gånH©$ aIVo hþE g_wÐ Ho$ VQ> VH$ AZwgaU {H$`m Ÿ& Xya
VH$ {~Zm {dlm_ {bE MbZo go {dn[íMV Ho$ g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ do OrdZ{Zdm©h Am¡a `wÕ Am{X Ho$ gmYZ
à{V{XZ Ho$ ì`` go N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r Z{X`m| Ho$ Ob H$s ^m±{V jrU hmo Jò &&3,4&& Xm¡‹S> aho {dn{j`m|
H$s, AnZr Am¡a Xygam| H$s Xe©Zr` goZmE± _w_wjw OZm| Ho$ nwÊ`-nmnm| H$s Vah nyU©ê$n go _{Q>`m_oQ>
hmo JB© &&5&& BgHo$ CnamÝV O¡go A[½Z H$s ÁdmbmE± Xmø dñVwAm| Ho$ (bH$‹S>r Am{X Ho$) A^md go
emÝV hmo OmVr h¡ d¡go hr AnZm H$m`© gånÝZ H$a MwHo$ {Xì`mó ^r AmH$me _| brZ hmo Jò Ÿ&&6&&
VaH$g, å`mZ Am{X AnZo {Zdmg J¥hm| _|, aWm|, hm{W`m| Am¡a d¥jm| Ho$ g_yhm| _| Aó gm`§H$mb
Ho$ g_` {ZÐmbw n{j`m| Ho$ g_mZ brZ hmoH$a {ZíMoîQ> hmo Jò &&7&& CŠV Am`wY, O¡go bha| Ob
Ho$ AÝXa {dbrZ hmo OmVr h¢, O¡go Hw$ham ~mXb _| {dbrZ hmo OmVm h¡, O¡go ~mXb dm`w _| {dbrZ
hmo OmVo h¢ d¡go hr VaH$g, å`mZ Am{X _| {dbrZ hmo Jò &&8&& eyÝ`ê$nr Ob go âm {Z_©b
AmH$meê$nr EH$mU©d àb`H$mb _| à[gÕ EH$_mÌ AV… {dñV¥V gmJa ~Z J`m, Š`m|{H$ CgHo$
Aó-eóê$nr Ob OÝVw _ygbmYma d¥[îQ> go hþE H$sM‹S> _| {dbrZ hmoH$a emÝV hmo MwHo$ Wo,
MH«$ê$nr g¡H$‹S>m| AmdVm] go dh a{hV Wm AV… {Z_©b gm¡å`Vm Cg_| Mmam| Amoa {damO_mZ Wr,
~mUê$nr ObH$Um| H$s doJdVr d¥[îQ> Am¡a Hw$ham Cggo hQ> MwH$m Wm, ~mXbm| Ho$ KQ>mQ>mon go hþB©
Va§Jm| H$s ^m±{V D±$Mr D±$Mr ObYmamE± Cg_| emÝV hmo MwH$s Wt, ZjÌm|ê$nr aËZ-am{e AÝXa
{N>n MwH$s Wr VWm gy`©ê$nr ~S>dm[½Z CgHo$ EH$ Xoe _| [ñWV Wr &&9-11&& EH$mU©d-gm
{dñV¥V AmH$me, Omo {dñV¥V (\¡$bo hþE) gy`©àH$me go Jå^ra AVEd H$m[ÝV`wŠV Am¡a Yy{bnQ>b
go a{hV AVEd àgÝZ Wm, _hmË_mAm| Ho$ _Z H$s ^m±{V gwemo{^V hþAm Ÿ& _hmË_mAm| H$m _Z ^r
AmË_kmZ go Jå^ra hmoZo go àH$me_` VWm aOmoJwU go a{hV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU àgÝZ ahVm
h¡ &&12&& VXwnamÝV CŠV Mma {dn{íMVm| Zo AmH$me Ho$ N>moQ>o ^mB`m| Ho$ gÑe {dñVma`wŠV
{Z_©b AmH$madmbo, gånyU© {XemAm| VH$ \¡$bo hþE Mma g_wÐm| H$mo XoIm &&13&& CZ_| bham| Ho$
IÊS>m| Am¡a H$ëbm|bmo go Mmam| Amoa _hmZ Jw‹S>-Jw‹S> eãX hmo ahm Wm, n«Mwa ObH$Uê$nr Hw$hao H$mo
haZodmbo _oKm| go CZH$m H$boda ~‹S>m a_Ur` àVrV hmoVm Wm, amoJmHw$b nwéfm| H$s ^m±{V do AnZr
H$m`m H$mo ngmao hþE Wo, do dm`w go nr{‹S>V (AmÝXmo{bV) Wo, AVEd CZH$m H$boda M§Mb Wm Am¡a
do Va§Jê$nr ~mhþAm| H$mo ~ma-~ma D$na CR>m aho Wo ()Ÿ&&14,15&& do g§gma H$s ZmBª O‹S> hmoVo hþE
^r MoîQ>m_` Wo, H$ëbmobê$nr Q>o‹T>o-_o‹T>o ImoS>am| go âo Wo, (N) MH«$mH$ma AmdV©ê$n (Ob^«{_ê$nr)
XemAm| go ì`mHw$b VWm {dñVrU© Wo & aËZm| H$s am{e`m| H$mo YmaU H$aZodmbo VQ>m| H$s OJ_JmhQ>
go CX` g_` _| _mZm| do gy`© H$mo {demb ~Zm XoVo Wo Ÿ& e§Im| Ho PwÊS>m| _| àdoe H$a aho dm`w H$m
eãX hr _mZm| CZH$s VO©Z Üd{Z (S>m±Q>-S>nQ> H$s hþ±H$ma) Wr Ÿ& ~‹S>r-~‹S>r bham| H$s naånamAm|
H$s Üd{Z`m| go do _oKm| H$s J‹S>J‹S>mhQ> go nyU© AmH$me Ho$ AmS>å~a go `wŠV Wo, CZHo$ Jmob-Jmob
AmdVm] Ho$ {dñVma _| _y±>Jo Ho$ d¥j Omoa go Ky_ aho Wo, _Jam| Ho$ PwÊS>m| Ho$ Ka-Ka eãX hr CZHo$ noQ>
H$s Jw‹S>J‹S>mhQ> Wr, ìhob _N>{b`m| H$s ny§N>m| Ho$ AJbo ^mJ H$s _ma go \$Q>o hþE AVEd Sy>~ aho
OhmOm| Ho$ H$mobmhb go âo Om aho Wo, D$Zr dñÌ nhZo hþE Za{H$ÝZam| H$mo D$na JX©Z {ZH$mbo hþE
H$Nw>E Am¡a _Ja {ZJb aho Wo, hOmam| bham| _| à{V{~[å~V gy`m] go do {Og_| ghg« gy`© C{XV hþE
hm| Eogo AmH$me Ho$ Vwë` àVrV hmo aho Wo &&16-20&& _mb go bXo hþE VWm VZo hþE nmb na \$a-
\$a Üd{Z H$aZodmbo dm`wAm| Ho$ H$maU Mb aho OhmOm| H$s H$Vma D$na H$mo CN>b ahr Wr, bham|
_| CbPr hþB© aËZam{e`m| Ho$ {JaZo Ho$ YŠHo$ go CZ_| P±H$ma Üd{Z hmo ahr Wr, {d{dY Obm| go
`wŠV goZmAm| H$s ~mhþAm| Ûmam AZm`mg gy`©_ÊS>b H$m ñne© H$a aho Wo (`m {d{dY g_wXm`m| go
nyU© Va§Jê$nr ~mhþAm| go do AZm`mg gy`©_ÊS>b H$m ñne© H$a aho Wo) D$na H$mo {N>Q>H$ ahr {H$aUm|
go `wŠV _{U_m{UŠ`m| Ho$ g_yh CZ_| Sy>~ Am¡a CVam aho Wo, \$m±XZo go \o$Zdmbo AmdVm] _|
(Ob^«{_`m| _|) _Jam| Ho$ PwÊS> Ho$ PwÊS> Ky_-{\$a aho Wo, MŠH$a bJm aho Wo, H$ht na hm{W`m|
() amoJmHw$b Ho$ nj _| - gm±g amoJ go nr{‹S>V AVEd M§Mbeara VWm nr‹S>m Ho$ _mao ~ma-~ma
^wOmAm| H$mo D$na CR>m aho Ÿ&
(N) g§gmanj _| N>… C{_©`m| go (H$m_, H«$moY, bmo^, _moh Am{X go) Hw${Q>b Obme`m| go nyU© &
ŸyÕ - 113] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2233
Ho$ gy±S>m| H$mo D$na H$aZo go do jUâ Ho$ {bE ~m±g Ho$ ~Z go ~Zmò Om aho Wo, hm{W`m| H$s ny±N>
CZ_| bh[a`m| H$s ~m¡a-gr _mby_ n‹S> ahr Wr, hm{W`m| H$s nrR>ê$nr n§[ŠV`m| _| gQ>r hþB©
\o$Zam{e go do nw[înV ~g§V O¡go àVrV hmo aho Wo & H$htna (ídoV Ûrn Am{X _| ) _mby_ n‹S>Vm Wm
{H$ _mZm| ~g§V AnZo n[adma Ho$ gmW CZHo$ AÝXa {dlm_ H$a ahm h¡, CZHo$ EH$ ñWmZ na
Ag§»` ZmZm àH$ma Ho$ gwa Am¡a Agwam| Ho$ Amdmg ~Zo Wo, \o$Z Am{Xê$n Vmam| go `wŠV ZyVZ
Va§Jam{e`m| go do AmH$me H$m n[ahmg H$a aho Wo, Jw\$m _| [ñWV _ÀN>a H$s ZmBª nmVmbê$nr
J–o _| à{dîQ> hmoH$a ~mha {ZH$bZo _| ^`^rV nd©V CZ_| _ybmemIm go (O‹S>m| H$s emIm Ho$
Vwë`) àVrV hmo aho Wo, do AnZr Va§Jam{e`m| go VQ>dVu nd©Vm| H$mo N>moQ>o ~Zm aho Wo (VQ>dVu
nd©Vm| H$s Anojm Va§J am{e`m± ~hþV D±$Mr Wt, AV… do N>moQ>o {XImB© Xo aho Wo Ÿ&) &&21-26&&
CÝhm|Zo (Mma gmJam| Zo) AmH$meê$nr IoV _| ~hþV go aËZ {H$aUê$nr A§Hw$a bJm aŠIo Wo, ñdÀN>
grnm| Ho$ _w±h go {Jao hþB© _mo{V`m| go CZHo$ ~mby_` VQ>àXoe AmÀN>ÝZ Wo, {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ aËZm| H$s
{H$aUê$nr aoe_r gyÌm| go CZH$m H$boda {MÌ-{d{MÌ hmo ahm Wm, à{dîQ> hmo ahr Z{X`m± hr CZHo$
Vwar _| à{dîQ> {H$ò (bnoQ>o) Om aho VÝVw (gyV) Wo, Xem ({H$Zmam) ê$nr {XemAm| Ho$ Ûmam BYa
CYa do Mmam| Amoa \¡$bmò Jò Wo, AVEd ~wZo Om aho dñÌm| Ho$ Vwë` àVrV hmo aho Wo &&27-28&&
H$ht na do BÝÐZrb _{U`m| Ho$ VQ>m| go, {Og_| BYa CYa {~Iar hþB© _moVrdmbr g¡H$‹S>m| grn| O‹S>r
Wr, AnZr ZI emo^m H$mo g¡H$‹S>m| gwÝXa (nyU©) MÝÐ_mAm| `wŠV gr {XIbm aho Wo &&29&& do aËZm|
H$s {H$aUam{e`m| H$m gÝXoh H$amZodmbr Va§Jm| _| à{V{~[å~V VQ>^y{_ H$s {dH$[gV Vmb H$s
dZn§[ŠV`m| H$mo Va§Jm| Ho$ n[adV©Zm| go n[ad{V©V H$a aho Wo, Vra^y{_ Ho$ dZm| H$s bVmAm| go {Kao
hþE BbmBMr, bm¢J, H§$H$mobm| Ho$ \$bm| H$mo boZo H$s BÀN>m H$aZodmbo ObOÝVw CZ_| ~ma-~ma Am
Om aho Wo, Am_, ^yH$Xå~, H$Xå~ H$s Mmo{Q>`m| na ~¡R>o hþE n{j`m| H$mo {OZH$s Ob _| naN>mBª n‹S>r
Wr, ^ú` _m§g Am{X Ho$ àXe©Z Ho$ ì`mO go bha Ho$ g_rn bmH$a Im aho ObOÝVw CZ_| MwQ>H$s
~OmZo H$s gr Üd{Z H$a aho Wo, Z^Ma OÝVwAm| Ho$ à{V{~å~ n‹S>Zo Ho$ H$maU BYa-CYa Xm¡‹S> aho
ObOÝVw CZ_| à{V jU ~‹S>o-~‹S>o (nwb) Vmo‹S> aho Wo Am¡a ~m±Y aho Wo Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo Mma {XemAm| _|
Mma g_wÐm| H$mo XoIm Ÿ& do A_yV© Wo {H$ÝVw à{V{~[å~ go gmam Ì¡bmoŠ` H$mo öX` _| YmaU {H$ò hþE
Am¡a AmH$me Ho$ g_mZ ì`mnH$ ZmamÙ Ho$ g_mZ Wo Ÿ&&30-34&& AË`ÝV Jå^raVm, {Z_©bVm
Am¡a {dñVma Ho$ d¡^d go AnZo _| à{V{~[å~V AmH$me H$mo _mZm| öX` go {ZH$mb H$a {XIbm aho
Wo, do ObMa n{j`m| Ho$ AmH$me g{hV à{V{~å~ H$mo aËZam{e`m| Hr {H$aUm| go H$~w©[aV AnZo
öX`m| go YmaU H$a aho Wo, AVEd H$moe Ho$ ~rO _| [ñWV ^±dam| H$mo YmaU H$aZodmbo nÙm| Ho$
gÑe XrI aho Wo, Va§Jm| go M§MbVmnyd©H$ CN>bo hþE dm`wAmo| Ho$ Pm|H$m| go AmH$me Vb na AmKmV
H$a aho Wo, _Ü`dVu nd©Vm| H$s H$ÝXamAm| Ho$ Jmå^r`m] go do àb`H$mb Ho$ _oKm| Ho$ {Zdmgê$n Wo,
JwhmAm| _| AmdVm] H$s Jw‹S>Jw‹S>mhQ> Üd{Z`m| go do dO« H$s ^m±{V ^rfU Wo, AnZo H$mo nr S>mbZodmbo
AJñË`m| H$mo Am¡a ~‹S>dmZbm| H$mo AnZo Jwhmê$nr CXam| _| Iy~ J«go hþE Xem© aho Wo, Obê$nr dZm|
H$mo AmH$me _| nhþ±Mo hþE Xem© aho Wo, {OZ_| àMwa ObH$U hr nwîn Wo, Va§Jam{e`m± hr d¥j Wo,
N>moQ>r bha| hr _§Oar (~m¡a) Wt, C‹S>o hþE _N>br Am{X OrdOÝVwAm| go `wŠV Mb ahr Va§J-
am{e`m| H$mo AmH$me Ho$ eóm| go H$Q>Zo na IÊS> ê$n go ZrMo {Jao hþE Qw>H$‹S>o go Xem© aho jma g_wÐm|
H$mo CÝhm|Zo XoIm &&35-40&& AmH$me VH$ nhþ±Mo hþE nd©Vm| Ho$ {eIam| na VQ>m| Ho$ AmJo nyd©d{U©V
ar{V`m| go Va§Jm| Ûmam ñdmJV H$a aho jma-gmJa Ho$ VQ> na {dn[íMV² goZm Ho$ nhþ±MZo na Mmam|
Amoa Bbm`Mr, bm¢J, _m¡b{gar, Am±dbm, V_mb, qhVmb Am¡a Vm‹S> Ho$ nÎmm| Ho$ VmÊS>dm| go {d^ŠV
^±dam| Ho$ g_mZ H$mbr dZn§[ŠV emo{^V hþB© &&41&&
EH$ gm¡ Voahdm± gJ© g_mßV
EH$ gm¡ Mm¡Xhdm± gJ©

nmíd©dVu Ûmam {dnm[íMVm| Ho$ Xem©ò Jò dZ, d¥j, gmJa, e¡b Am¡a dZMam| H$m dU©ZŸ&
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ^Ð lram_MÝÐOr, BgHo$ níMmV² {dn[íMVm| Ho$ nmíd©dVu _ÝÌr
Am{X Zo dhm± nhþ±MZo Ho$ ~mX dhm±na ^m±{V-^m±{V Ho$ dZ, d¥j, gmJa, nd©V, _oK Am¡a dZoMa
H$m¡VwH$ Ho$ {bE {dn[íMVm| H$mo {XIbmò &&1&& _hmamO ! VbhQ>r, _Ü`^mJ VWm MmoQ>r Ho$
H«$_ go AmJo nmfmU_`Vm H$mo àmßV (AË`ÝV nWarbo) Bg nd©V H$s AmH$me go ~mV| H$aZodmbr
AVEd n«Mwadm`w go nyU© (AWdm H«$s‹S>m{dhma H$a aho JÝYd© Am{X go âr hþB©) {eIa-^y{_
H$mo Amn XoIZo H$s H¥$nm H$s{Oò &&2&& Xod, _m¡b{gar, Ho$ga, Zm[a`b Ho$ d¥jm| go âr hþB©
BZ dZñW{b`m| na ^r H¥$n`m Ñ{îQ>nmV H$s{Oò Omo {d{dY gwJ[ÝY`m| go nyU© dm`wAm| H$mo ~hm
ahr h¢ &&3&& `h _hmgmJa bharê$nr h±{g`m| go VamB© H$mo (nd©V Ho$ nmg H$s g_ ^y{_ H$mo)
Am¡a nd©V na emo{^V {ebmAm| H$mo H$mQ>Vm h¡ Am¡a MmoQ>r go boH$a O‹S> VH$ \$bm| Am¡a nëbdm|
go bXr hþB© dZn§[ŠV`m| H$mo ^r H$mQ>Vm h¡ &&4&& O¡go H$moB© ~mbH$ AnZo Ka H$s Yy_«-n§[ŠV`m|
H$mo n§Io go H$[ånV H$aVm h¡ d¡go hr `h gmJa dm`w go {hbmB© JB© d¥j Am¡a bVmê$nr ^wOmAm|
Ho$ A[^Z` go ZmM ahr, ñdmXVwë` AnZo ObH$Um| go ì`mßV, nd©Vm| H$s D$na H$s ^y{_ na
~¡R>r hþB© _oKn§{ŠV H$mo H$[ånV H$aVm h¡, H¥$n`m Xo{Iò &&5&& ny{U©_m Ho {XZ MÝÐmoX` Ho$ g_`
d¥{Õ H$mo àmßV g_wÐ Ho$ àdmhm| go {OZH$s emImAm| _| e§I CbP Jò Wo, Eogo ò VQ>d¥j
MÝÐ{~å~ Ho$ g_mZ A_¥V ag go âo Am¡a g\o$X \$bm| go nyU© H$ënd¥j go emo{^V hmo aho
h¡o, V{ZH$ Ñ[îQ>nmV H$s{Oò &&6&& bVmê$nr Y_©n[ËZ`m| go `wŠV ò d¥j, {OZHo$ bmb nëbdê$nr
hmW aËZm| Ho$ Vwë` nwînm| go âo h¢, AnZo Ka _| àmßV A{V{Wê$n AmnH$s _mZm| nyOm H$aVo
ŸyÕ - 114] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2235
h¢ &&7&& `h F$jdmZ² Zm_ H$m nd©V bham| _| CbPo hþE _Jam| H$mo AnZo J«gZodmbo g\o$X nËWaê$nr
Xm±Vmo§ go `wŠV Jwhmê$nr _wIm| go ^mby Ho$ g_mZ Kwa-Kwa eãX H$aVm h¡ &&8&& O¡go ~bdmZ²
`wÕ-Hw$eb `moÕm eÌwAm| H$mo O‹S> dMZm| go bbH$maVm h¡ d¡go hr `h _hoÝÐ nd©V D$na go
JaO aho _oKm| H$mo ZrMo go Jå^ra JO©ZmAm| Ûmam gm_Zo S>m±Q>-\$Q>H$ma ahm h¡ &&9&& MÝXZ
Ho$ d¥jm| go ì`mßV, A{Ve` emo^membr, A{V CÝZV `h _b` nd©V-ê$nr _ëb (nhbdmZ)
à{V_ëbê$nr gmJa H$s bhaê$nr ^wOmAm| H$s bnoQ> H$mo OrVZo Ho$ {bE CÚV-gm hmo ahm
h¡ &&10&& Mmam| Amoa go aËZ-{_{lV Va§Jm| go {ZaÝVa ì`mßV g_wÐ H$mo AmH$meMmar Ord,
^y{_ Ho$ aËZH§$H$U H$s ^«m[ÝV go XoIVo h¢ &&11&& dZg_yhm| go âo hþE N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o nd©V, {OZHo$
{eIam| na aËZ {damO_mZ h¢ dm`wde dZ Ho$ H$[ånV hmoZo na ZrMr D±$Mr J{V`m| go MbZodmbo
~ZH$a gnm] H$s ^m±{V gaH$Vo h¢ &&12&& Va§Jm| Ho$ {eIam| na Ky_ aho g_wÐr _Ja Am¡a O§Jbr
hmWr Va§J{eIam| Ho$ {ZH$bZo Am¡a à{dîQ> hmoZo na EH$ Xygao Ho$ J«hU Ho$ {bE gy±‹S>m| Am¡a Imobo
hþE _w±hm| go ~mXbm| go AZwÐþV ObH$U {JamZodmbo _oKm| H$s ^m±{V H$m¡VwH$ XoIZodmbm| H$m _Z
haVo h¢ &&13&& CZ_| go EH$ hmWr ^m½`de AJmY Ob _| ^±dam| H$s nH$‹S> _| AmH$a ObH$Um|
H$s _ygbmYma ~m¡N>mam| go {XemAm| H$mo ì`mßV H$a Sy>~Zo Ho$ H$maU Ob go â OmZo go {ga
CR>mZo _| Ag_W© hmo gy±‹S> D$na H$a _a ahm h¡, Oam Ñ[îQ>nmV H$s{Oò &&14&& O¡go gmJa
{d{dY àm{U`m| go nyU©, Ob go âo hþE VWm nd©Vm| go D±$Mo ZrMo {df_ h¢ d¡go hr g~ Ûrn^y{_`m±
^r h¢ &&15&& O¡go ~«÷ AnZo go A{^ÝZ hmoVo hþE ^r {^ÝZ go àVrV hmoZodmbo, {XImB© XoVo
hþE ^r AgÐÿn, O‹S> hmoVo hþE ^r MbZodmbo, emÝV hmoVo hþE Agr_ OJV² H$mo YmaU H$aVm
h¡ d¡go hr Ob{Y AnZo go A{^ÝZ hmoVo hþE ^r {^ÝZ go _mbw_ n‹S>Zodmbo {XImB© XoVo hþE
^r M§Mb, {dZmeerb hmoVo hþE ^r AÝV a{hV Agr_ AmdVm] H$mo YmaU H$aVm h¡ &&16,17&&
O¡go BÝÐ Agwam| go ajm H$aVo hþE _{U`m| H$mo AnZo AÝXa aIVo h¢ d¡go hr _ÝWZ Ho$ g_`
XodVm Am¡a Agwam| Ûmam öV-gd©ñd gmJa _ÝWZ Ho$ g_` XodVmAm| go n[aa{jV {OZ ~hþV
gr _{U`m| H$mo AnZo AÝXa aIVm h¡ Am¡a _hmVoOê$n AVEd nmVmb go ^r ^br^m±{V {XImB©
Xo aht {OZ _{U`m| H$mo à{V{~å~ê$ngo AgË` gr ~ZmH$a AÝXa {N>nmH$a aIVm h¡, CZ _{U`m|
_| go EH$ {Og _{U H$mo à{V{XZ n[íM_ gmJa _| aIZo Ho$ {bE AmH$me _| \|$H$Vm h¡, Cggo
{XZ hmoVm h¡, Eogr _oar _{V h¡ &&18-20&& O¡go `mÌm _| bmoJm| H$m H$bH$b Üd{Z go `wŠV
nañna g_mJ_ hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr {d{dY {XemAm| Am¡a Xoem| Ho$ Obm| H$m H$bH$b eãX go {_{lV
nañna g_mJ_ hmoVm h¡ &&21&& `wÕ _| CËgmh aIZodmbm| _| ObMa hr loîR>V_ hmoVo h¢, Eogm
_oam VH©$ h¡, Š`m|{H$ nyd© Am¡a n[íM_ gmJa Ho$ g§J_ _| BZH$m gX¡d nañna Amñ\$mbZde
H$^r ^r `wÕ emÝV Zht hmoVm &&22&& a{VIoX go lmÝV hþB© _N>{b`m| Ho$ bham| H$s Mmo{Q>`m|
na ZmMZo _o§ Omo AmdVm] H$m gm (Ob^«{_`m| H$m-gm) {dbmg hþAm CgH$mo C‹S>mò hþE ObH$Uê$nr
`m ObH$Ug{hV nm[aVmo{fH$ê$n _mo{V`m| go do[îQ>V H$aVm hþAm à^w H$s ^m±{V `h dm`w Am
ahm h¡, Xo{Iò Ÿ&&23&& ZXrê$nr _mo{V`m| H$s _mbmAm| Ho$ ~rM-~rM _| Jw±Wo hþE _oKê$nr CÎm_moÎm_
M§Mb aËZ gmJa Ho$ H$ÊR> _| g~go ~‹‹T>H$a bå~_mZ hmoZo go Amng H$s Q>ŠH$a go IZIZm
aho h¢ &&24&& _hoÝÐ nd©V H$s Aa{VH$m[aUr (CXmg) ^y{_`m| _| nhþ±MH$a CZ_| A{^é{M Z
hmoZo go Jwhmê$nr J¥hm| _| a{V Ho$ {bE g_wÐr _mJ© go bm¡Q>o {gÕ Am¡a gmÜ`ê$n Xod`mo{Z`m| Ho$
a{Vl_ H$mo hQ>mZo go gwIH$mar `h dm`w ~h ahm h¡ &&25&& `h _ÝXamMb nd©V H$ÝXamAm|
go {ZH$bo hþE dm`w Ho$ PmoH$m| go AmH$me _| nwîndfu _oKm| H$m {dñVma H$a ahm h¡ AWm©V² {eIa
na N>mò hþE _oKm| H$mo \y$bm| go nyU© H$a ahm h¡, Xo{Iò &&26&& ò {~Obrê$nr M§Mb ZoÌdmbo
_oKê$nr h[aU Am_, Yy{bH$Xå~ Am¡a H$Xå~m| go n[anyU© JÝY_mXZ H$s H$ÝXamAm| _| àdoe
H$a aho h¢ &&27&& {h_mb` H$s Jw\$mAm| go {ZH$bo hþE, _oKm| Am¡a g_wÐ H$s Va§Jm| H$mo {N>ÝZ-
{^ÝZ H$aZodmbo VWm bVmAm| H$mo ZMm aho _ÝX-gwJÝY erVb ndZ ~h aho h¢ &&28&& ho Xod,
Am_ Am¡a H$Xå~ H$s emImAm| H$s Mmo{Q>`m| Ho$ gånH©$ go gwJÝYdmbo JÝY_mXZ nd©V Ho$ ò
dm`w gmJa H$s Va§Jm| H$mo do{îQ>V H$a aho h¢ Ÿ&&29&& AbH$mnwar (Hw$~oaZJar) Ho$ AbH$ (~mbm|
H$s Owë\|$) ~Zo hþE _oKm| H$mo do[îQ>V H$a ahm VWm dZlo{U`m| _| nwîn_oK H$s aMZm H$a ahm
dm`w BYa hr Am ahm h¡ &&30&& Hw$ÝX Am¡a _ÝXma (nm[aOmV) H$s nwînam{e`m| H$s gw_Ywa gwJ[ÝY
Ho$ ^ma go _ÝXJ[V dmbo AVEd VwfmaH$Um| go g§`wŠV O¡go dm`wAm| H$m Bg JÝY_mXZ nd©V
na ñne© H$s{Oò &&31&& Zm[a`b d¥jm| VWm _{ëbH$m Am{X bVmAm| H$mo ZMmZo go H«$_e…
CZH$s VrjU _ÚJÝY Am¡a gwJÝY H$mo n«mßV ndZ nmagrH$ nwar _| {JaVo h¢, Xo{Iò &&32&&
^JdmZ² {edOr Ho$ {dH${gV n«_XdZ Ho$ Ho$bo Ho$ H$ny©a go gwa{^V, _oKm| H$mo H±$nm aho Am¡a
H¡$bmg Ho$ H$_bmH$am| H$mo {hbm aho dm`w ~h aho h¢ Ÿ&&33&& JOoÝÐm| Ho$ JÊS>ñWb go My aho
_XOb go _ÝWa _y{V©dmbo ò {dÝY`mMb Ho$ VmoVm| Ho$ gmW {ZH$bZo go CZHo$ a§J go hao go
àVrV hmoVo h¢ &&34&& e~[a`m| Ho$ earam| _| dóm| H$s H$ënZm Ûmam OrU©erU© nÎmm| Ho$ T>oadmbo
_b`mMb nd©Vna nÎmo nhZZodmbo e~am| go VWm ~mUm| go nyU© AVEd Wmo‹S>o go Ad{eîQ> _¥Jm|
n{j`m| go `wŠV _b`dZam{O`m± ZJa-gr _mby_ n‹S>Vr h¢ &&35&& ò {XemE± {OZHo$ gmJa,
nd©V, Z{X`m±, _oK, dZn§{ŠV`m± Ad`d h¢, AmnHo$ àVmn go n[anwîQ> hþB© gy`© H$s {H$aUm| go
_mZm| h±gVr h¡ &&36&& Bg àXoe _| nd©V VWm dZdr{W`m| Ho$ g_rn a{V Ho$ {bE {dÚmYam|
Ûmam aMr JB© nwîneæ`mE± _hmda H$s N>mn go `wŠV XmoZm| ~mOwAm| _| ñnîQ> ar{V go CR>o hþE
MaU {Mh²Z go nwéf Ho$ a{V lmÝV hmoZo na AYmoXoe go ì`md¥Îm hþB© _w½Yd{ZVm Ho$ nwéf AmMaUm|
H$mo gy{MV H$aVr h¢ &&37&& EH$ gm¡ Mm¡Xhdm± gJ© g_mßV
ŸyÕ - 115] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2237
EH$ gm¡ nÝÐhdm± gJ©

Mmam| {XemAm| _| dZ, nd©V, d¥j, ZXr, g_wÐ, dm`w, new-njr, _oK Am{X H$m dU©ZŸ&
nmíd©Mam| Zo H$hm … ho CXmame`, {OZH$s bbZmE± {dhmaH«$sS>mAm| _| gXm AmgŠV ahVr h¢,
Eogo {H$ÝZaJU CËH$Q> g§Mm[a^mdm| Am¡a g§^moJqgJma go {Xdg MoîQ>mAm| H$mo ^ybH$a Bg nd©Vna
bVm{ZHw§$Om| _| Añ\w$Q> _Ywa VmZdmbo JrV JmVo h¢ Am¡a gwZVo h¢Ÿ&&1&&
AË`ÝV D±$Mo ^r nd©V Xya go {XImB© XoZo Ho$ H$maU ~hþV N>moQ>o _mby_ hmoVo h¢ Eogm H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
_hmamO, Xo{Iò, {h_mb`, _b`mMb, {dÝÜ`mMb, gøm{Ð, H«$m¢Mm{Ð, _hoÝÐ, _Yw, _ÝXa,
XXw©a Am{X ò g\o$X _oKê$nr dóm| go T>Ho$ hþE nd©V Xya hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Xe©H$m| H$s Ñ{îQ> _| gwIo hþE
nÎmm| go do{îQ>V T>obm| H$s ê$naoIm H$mo YmaU H$aVo h¢ &&2&& amOZ², Xo{Iò, ò Hw$be¡b, Xya go XoIZo
na {OZHo$ _Ü`dVu _mJ©g_yh Xygam| H$mo Zht {XImB© XoVo, nañna gQ>o hmoZo go Mmam| Amoa ZJa Ho$
àmH$ma (Mhma Xrdmar) O¡go àVrV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& gmJam| _| àdoe H$a aht àdoeËdam go b‹S>I‹S>mVr hþB©
Z{X`m± dó Ho$ ^rVa bJr hþB© _hrZ g\o$X gyV H$s {H$Zmar-gr bJ ahr h¢ Ÿ&&3&& ho amOZ²,
gm_Zo Xgm| {XemE±, {OÝhm|Zo Mmam| Amoa nhm‹S>m| H$s Mmo{Q>`m| na _oKm| H$mo \¡$bm aŠIm h¡, {OZH$s
_oK Ho$ gÑe í`m_b AmH¥${V h¡, n{j`m| Ho$ H$bad hr {OZHo$ dmVm©bmn h¢, {OZH$s dZ-
lo{Uê$nr ^wObVmE± bVmAm| go dfm©E Jò \y$bm| go Ab§H¥$V h¢, AmnHo$ AÝV…nwa H$s am{Z`m| H$mo
h±>g ahr gm _mby_ n‹S>Vr h¡§ &&4&& Vm‹S>, V_mb, _m¡b{gar Ho$ no‹S>m| go âo hþE D±$Mo-D±$Mo nd©V-
{eIam| go `wŠV Xya go {eIam| Ho$ gÑe àVrV hmo aho e¡bm| _| EH$mH$ma VWm dm`w go M§Mb dZ
gmJa H$s Va§Jmo go AmHw$b Vra^y{_ go gQ>m hþAm godmag_yh gm _mby_ hmo ahm h¡ &&5&& Bg_|
^JdmZ² eofem`r gmoVo h¢, Bg_| CZHo$ eÌwAm| H$m (Agwam| H$m) {Zdmg h¡, Bgr_| BÝÐ Ho$ ^` go
eaU _| Amò nd©V {Z^©` hmoH$a gmoVo h¢, Bgr_| dS>dmZb ^r àb`H$mbrZ _oKm| Ho$ gmW dmg
H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Amoh ! gmJa H$m eara {H$VZm {dñVrU©, {H$VZm ~bdmZ² Am¡a {H$VZm ^mag{hîUw h¡ &
em`X hr BgHo$ g_mZ {dñV¥V, ~br Am¡a ^magh Xygam hmo &&6&&
H$moB© Xygam nmíd©Ma CÎma {Xem H$s Amoa _w‹S>o hþE {dn[íMV² go _oé H$s VamB© _| gwdU©_`
Oå~yZXr Ho$ VQ>m| H$mo {XIbmVm hþAm H$hVm h¡ Ÿ&
ò Oå~yZXr Ho$ VQ>, {OZ_| g~ Jm±d, dZ, ZJa, CndZ, nd©V, d¥j,Ry>±R> Am¡a {dàm| H$mo {Xò
Jò J«m_ gwdU©_` h¢, gy`© H$s {H$aUm| go ì`mßV hmoH$a Mmam| Amoa OJ_JmVo h¢ Ÿ& VWm ÁdmbmAm| H$s
n§{ŠV`m| go do[îQ>V AmH$me _| nhþ±MH$a Mmam| Amoa Xr[ßV`m| H$s ~m¡N>ma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& ho _hmamO, `hm±
na Bg àH$ma H$s `h gmar ^y{_ XodVmAm| Ho$ Cn^moJ `mo½` h¡, _Zwî`m| Ho$ Amdmg `mo½` Zht
h¡ &&7&& Bg nd©V H$s _oKgÑe H$Xå~dZê$nr H$å~b H$mo YmaU H$a ahr gy`© Ho$ _mJ© H$mo My_Zodmbr
{eIa ^y{_`m± emo^m nm ahr h¢ Ÿ& AV… BZ ^y{_`m| _| _oar ^y{_ H$s Vah hr ò ^r ^y{_`m± hr h¢ Eogr
AmnH$s ~w{Õ hmo, ò gy`© H$mo T>H$Zo dmbr AmH$meñW _oKam{e`m± h¢, Eogr e§H$m Amn Z H$a| &&8&&
Xygam nmíd©Ma X{jU {Xem H$s Amoa à[ñWV {dn[íMV² go _b`mMb H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE ~mobm &
_hmamO, g_rn _| {XIbmB© Xo ahm `h _b`mMb h¡, BgHo$ à^md H$m Š`m ~ImZ H$a|, loîR>
bdbrZbVmAm| go {d^y{fV MÝXZ-d¥jm| H$s àMwa _Zmoha gwJ[ÝY go BgHo$ Am¡a d¥j Ho$ ^r MÝXZ
~Z OmVo h¢, XodVm, Agwa Am¡a _Zwî` CZH$m _wIH$_b _| ^¥§J Ho$ Vwë` {VbH$ bJmVo h¢ Am¡a BgH$s
_Zmoha gwJ[ÝY go ^JdmZ² {edOr Ho$ H$nmobm| _| J_u n¡Xm H$aZodmbo VmÊS>d Z¥Ë` _| CËnÝZ hþE
Ja_ ñdoX{~ÝXw {ó`m| Ho$ gwaVl_ go CËnÝZ ñdoX{~ÝXwAm| H$s ^m±{V AË`ÝV erV ~Zmò OmVo h¢ &&9&&
Bg _b`mMb nd©V Zo, {OgHo$ gmJa go Ymoò Jò gwdU©_` VQ>m| na CJo hþE MÝXZ-d¥j gm±nm| go
n[ado{îQ>V ahVo h¢, {dÚmYa {ó`m| Ho$ dXZH$_b Ho$ H$m[ÝVnw§O go gH$b {ebmAm| H$mo gwdU©_`
~Zm {X`m h¡ &&10&& `h H«$m¢MmMb nd©V h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| ahZodmbo H$m¡E {ZHw§$Om|, {ebm_` àXoem| (nWarbr
^y{_`m|), Jw\$mAm| Am¡a Z{X`m| H$s VmbÜd{Z`m| go `wŠV ~O aho ~m±gm| Ho$ JrVm| H$mo gwZZo H$s Vrd«
BÀN>m go MwnMmn hmo Jò h¢ Ÿ& Bg_| BYa-CYa C‹S> aho _`yam| H$s Ho$H$mÜd{Z`m| go ^`^rV hþE gm±n
ImoIbodmbo nwamZo d¥jm| Ho$ VZm| _| AnZo eara H$mo {N>nmò ahVo h¢ &&11&& ho amOZ², `hm± Bg H«$m¢Mm{Ð
Ho$ VQ>na H$mo_b H$ZH$bVm go {Z{_©V {ZHw§$O _| H$mÝV Ho$ gmW H«$sS>m H$a aht bbZmAm| Ho$ aË`dñWm
_| M§Mb H§$H$Um| go {H$`m hþAm H$mZm| Ho$ {bE A{V_Ywa hmoZo go agm`ZnmZ Ho$ Vwë` Xya VH$ \¡$bo
^yfUeãX H$mo Amn gw{Zò &&12&& hm{W`m| Ho$ JÊS>ñWbm| go MwE hþE _XObm| go {_{lV AVEd M§Mb
^«_a-d¥ÝX Ûmam M~m`m hþAm gm nr{‹S>V H$Ug_yh gmJa _| _mZm| amoVm h¡ &&13&&
H$moB© nmíd©Ma gmJa _| à{V{~{å~V M§Mb MÝÐ{~å~ H$mo Xem©Vo hþE H$hVm h¡ &
ho amOZ², A_¥V-_WZo go CËnÝZ hþE ZdZrV Ho$ gÑe ñd`§ {Z_©b MÝÐ_m d¡gr hr gwÝXa
earadmbr gwÝX[a`m| go n[ad¥Îm hmoH$a jragmJa _| à{V{~[å~V hmo {nVm H$s JmoX _| ObH«$r‹S>m
H$aVm h¡ &&14&&
Xygam H$moB© nmíd©Ma _b` nd©V na amOm H$mo bVmZ¥Ë` {XIbmVm h¡ Ÿ&
{Z_©b _b`nd©V {eIa _| ~mbbVmE± ZmMVr h¢ Xo{Iò, _Vdmbo H$mo{H$bm| H$s _rR>r VmZ hr
BZH$m n§M_ñda h¡, M§Mb ^«_ad¥ÝX hr BZHo$ Z`Z h¢, ZyVZ H$_bê$nr hmWm| _| CÝhm|Zo \y$b bo
aŠIo h¢ Am¡a dgÝVmoËgd Ho$ {dbmgê$n nwînnamJm| H$m {VbH$ bJm aŠIm h¡ &&15&&
H$moB© VrZ CÎm_ _mo{V`m| H$s ImZm| Am¡a CZ_| go CÎm_ _mo{V`m| H$s CËn{Îm H$m dU©Z H$aVm h¡ &
nd©Vm| _| {deof ~m±gmo H$s Jm±R> Ho$ N>oX _| Am¡a gmJa _| ObmH$m§{jUr grnm| Ho$ ^rVa ñdm{V
ZjÌ _| Omo dfm©{~ÝXw à{dîQ> hmoVo h¢, do _moVr H$m ê$n YmaU H$aVo h¢ Ed§ _mo{V`m| H$s ò VrZ
à{gÕ Om{V`m± ñWmZew{Õ hmoZo na ñWybVmê$nr CËH¥$îQ> JwU go ^r CÎm_ JwUdmbr hmoVr h¡§ &&16&&
ŸyÕ - 115] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2239
Bgr àH$ma aËZm| H$s ^r {d{^ÝZ AmJmam| _| (ImZm| _|) CËn{Îm Am¡a {d{^ÝZ JwU Am¡a
H$m`©{g{Õ aËZemó _| à{gÕ h¡, `h H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
ho à^mo, nd©V _|, gmJa _|, nwéf _|, n¥{Wdr _|, _oK _|, _oT>H$ _|, nËWa _| Am¡a hmWr _| {d{dY
AmH$m‹admbr _{U`m± hmoVr h¢ Ÿ& H¥$n`m Amn CZHo$ H$m_ gww{Zò, g§Vmn{Zd¥{Îm, eÌwAm| H$m CÀMmQ>Z,
_maU, Áda, ^r{V, ^«m[ÝV, AÝYVm, IoX, CÎmmnZ VWm AnZo ñdm_r Ho$ à{V ì`d{hV ({N>nr hþB©)
VWm Xya[ñWV dñVwAm| H$mo àH$m{eV H$aZm, Xya J_Z H$s e[ŠV n¡Xm H$aZm `m ^y{_ _| {N>nH$a
J_Ze[ŠV, AmH$meJ{V CËnÝZ H$aZm, AVrV Am¡a ^{dî` H$mo {XImZm, amoJ VWm Xw{^©j H$m e_Z
H$aZm, Xygam| Ûmam à`wŠV {df, H¥$Ë`m, `ÝÌ, _ÝÌ Am{X H$m àVrH$ma H$aZm Am{X &&17&&
H$moB© Xygam nmíd©Ma MÝÐmoX` Ho$ g_` ZJa _| hf©de hþE {I‹S>H$s Am{X go OZKmof Am¡a
_ÝXa nd©V _| JV© Am{X Ho$ Kmof Ho$ Cn_mZmon_o` ^md go CËàojm H$aVm h¡ &
Bg àXoe _| ZJa, MÝÐ_m Ho$ C{XV hmoZo na {I‹S>H$s, PamoIo, XadmOo Am{Xê$nr _w±hm| go
A_¥V{gÝYw^yV MÝÐ_m H$s Eogo hr ñVw{V H$aVo h¢ O¡go {H$ _ÝXamMb JV©, _oK, Jw\$m, ~Z¡bo ~m±gm|
Ho$ {N>Ðm| go A_¥VgmJaê$n MÝÐ_m H$s ñVw{V H$aVm h¡ &&18&&
H$moB© {h_mb` Ho$ VQ>m| go _oKm| H$s C‹S>mZ _| ndZ Ûmam {H$ò Jò {eIahaU H$s VWm ^y{_ go
CR>o hþE AmH$me-nmVmb H$mo VmobZo Ho$ Iåô H$s CËàojm H$aVm h¡ &
AmH$me Am¡a nmVmb H$s JwéVm Am¡a bKwVm Ho$ narjmW© VmobZo Ho$ {bE ^y{_ Ho$ dO«ñVå^ H$s
ZmBª {h_mb` H$s VQ>dZ^y{_`m| go _oK D$na C‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& D$na H$s Amoa _w±h H$s hþBª _w½Y (^mobr)
{gÕm§JZmAm| Ûmam ~‹S>o Aml` Ho$ gmW XoIm J`m dm`w _mZm| Bg nd©V Ho$ {eIa bo OmVm h¡
Š`m ? &&19&& ho amOZ², J§JmVa§J Am¡a {h_-H$Um| go erVb _hoÝÐ nd©V Ho$ VQ>m| H$mo Xo{Iò & BZHo$
gwÝXa {ebmVbm| na {dÚmYa bmoJ ~¡R>o h¢ Am¡a BZHo$ nww[înV dZ \y$b Am¡a _oKm| go ì`mßV h¡§ &&20&&
nwÊ`V_ àXoe, dZ, VrW© Am{X Ho$ Xe©Z go Xw^m©½`{Zd¥{Îmê$n _hmZ² \$b h¡, Eogm H$hVo h¢ &
Xoe-XoemÝVam| _| \¡$bo hþE AÝ`mÝ` dZm|, nwîndm{Q>H$mAm|, CndZm| VWm ZJam| H$mo Am¡a VrWm]
_| n{dÌ ñWmZm| Am¡a Obm| H$mo XoIH$a Xw^m©½`^r{V ~‹S>o doJ go Xya ^mJ OmVr h¡ &&21&& {XemAm|
Ho$ _Ü`dVu AdH$me H$mo nmQ> XoZodmbo, _oK, Jw\$m Am¡a {ZHw§$Om| go n[anyU© AmH$meVwë` nd©V{eIam|
H$mo VWm {Z_©b goV~w ÝYm{X VrWm] H$mo XoIH$a ~‹S>-o ~‹S>o ~«÷hË`m Am{X nmn ^r ZîQ> hmo OmVo h¢ &&22&&
amOZ² , _b`mMb _| MÝXZd¥jm| H$s _Zmoha lo{U`m± h¢, {dÝÜ`mMb _| _Vdmbo hmWr h¢, H¡$bmg _|
loîR> gwdU© h¡, _hoÝÐmMb _| MÝÐ (hram) h¡, {h_mb` _o {Xì` Am¡f{Y`m± h¢, g~ ñWmZm| _| aËZ
h¢, {H$ÝVw ^m½`hrZ nwéf CZH$mo Z XoIH$a AÝYo Myho H$s Vah OrU©-erU© Ka _| d¥Wm {XZ {~VmVm
h¡ Ÿ&&23&& _oKê$nr AÝYH$ma go Amd¥V ò {XemE± àb` H$mb _| Ob go ì`mßV AÝV[aj bmoH$ VH$
âo OJX«ynr EH$ Vmbm~-gr _mby_ n‹S>Vr h¢ Am¡a CZ_| M§Mb {~O{b`m± Vmbm~m| _| _N>{b`m±-
gr \w$aVr h¢ Ÿ&&24&& ñd`§ {h_H$Um| go bXo hþE, ^y{_[ñWV Vwfman§[ŠV H$mo emofU Ûmam hëH$s ~ZmZodmbo
ObYmam dfm©Zodmbo VWm _oKm| H$mo _Vdmbo ~Zm aho erVñne© go earam| _| àMwa amo_m§M n¡Xm H$aZodmbo
ò dfm©F$Vw Ho$ dm`w gm±` gm±` ~hVo h¢ Ÿ&&25&& Ahm, Zrbo ~mXbm| H$m nrN>m H$aZodmbm `h Yra dm`w
~h ahm h¡ Ÿ& `h no‹S>m| Ho$ nëbd Am¡a \y$bm| Ho$ JwÀN>m| H$mo [~Ioa ahm h¡, A§Hw$a Am¡a no‹S>-nm¡Ym| Ho$
dZm| Ho$ AÝXa g§Mma go ^bm bJVm h¡ Ed§ _ygbmYma d¥[îQ> Ho$ ObH$Um| go AË`ÝV hr gwhmdZm
h¡ &&26&& O¡go ñdJ© go À`wV hwE Ord nyd© nwÊ`dmgZm Ho$ boe H$mo YmaU H$aVo h¢ d¡go hr gwaV go
ŠbmÝV (lmÝV) H$mÝVmAm| Ho$ {Zídmgm| go dm`w d¥{Õ Am¡a gwJ[ÝY H$mo YmaU H$aVo h¢ &&27&& ^y_ÊS>b
Ho$ H$_bm| H$mo {IbmZo Am¡a nwînbVmAm|§ H$mo ImobZo _| gMoîQ>, _oKê$nr dóm| H$s Mra\$m‹S> (N>oXZ-
ôXZ) _| Xj VWm CndZm| H$mo H$[ånV H$aZodmbo ò _ÝX gwJÝY erVb ndZ ~hVo h¢ &&28&& O¡go
\y$bm| H$s {d{dY {d{MÌ n§[ŠV`m| go gwg[ÁOV (\y$bm| go gOmò Jò) amOm Ho$ Am±JZ _| _ÝÌr Am{X
loîR> godH$ \y$bm| H$mo Hw$Mbo {~Zm OVZ go MbVo h¢ d¡go hr ò dm`w JJZVb _| _ÝX-_ÝX H$ånZ
Ho$ gmW gmÝÜ` _oKm| Ho$ g_rn OmVo h¢ &&29&& ò nd©V-{eIa Ho$ dm`w H$htna \y$bm| H$s gwJ[ÝY
go âo h¢ Vmo H$hr§ na {d{dY H$_bm| H$s ^rZr-^rZr JÝYdmbo h¢, H$htna gwÝXa Ho$gaam{e go bXo
h¢ Vmo H$htna ~\©$ go g\o$X h¢ Am¡a H$htna hao, nrbo Am¡a H$mbo nd©Vr` YmVwAm| go hao, nrbo Am¡a
H$mbo a§J Ho$ h¢ Ÿ& ò gwaV _| ŠbmÝV bmoJm| Ho$ ñdoX{~ÝXwAm| H$mo Xya H$aVo hþE ~h aho h¢ &&30&& H$htna
gy`© _yImo] H$s Hw$g§J{V _| n‹S>o nwéf H$s ZmBª godH$m| H$s ^m±{V AmkmH$mar gy`©H$mÝV_{U`m| go Jw\$m
Am{X _| Obmò Om aho àm{U`m| Ho$ hþ±H$ma Am¡a MrËH$ma nyU© am|XZm| go `wŠV A§Jmam| H$mo AnZr {H$aUm|
go (hmWm| go) \|$H$ ahm h¡ &&31&& nwéfê$n (g§J_ Ûmam AmñdmXZr`) agm`Z _| AV¥ßV AVEd
_Xde bÁOma{hV _{hbm Ûmam eara go Amqb{JV nwéf H$s gwaV H$s g_m[ßV Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$
AÝ`mÝ` H$m`© dU©Z ê$n d§MZmo[ŠV {df{d_yÀN>©Zm go hþB© AnZr _¥Ë`w Ho$ g_mZ Zht ghr OmVr
h¡ &&32&& H$_bm| H$s gwJ[ÝY go n[anyU©, erVb ObH$Um| go bXo hþE, MÝÐ{H$aUm| Ho$ g_yh H$s Vah
ñdÀN> bh[a`m|§ H$mo {N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ H$aZodmbo gm_Zo ~h aho ò dZ^y{_ Ho$ ñdÀN> eÌw {da{hUr Zm[a`m|
Ho$ {bE A[½ZnyU© Ho$ Vwë` g§VmnH$mar hmoVo h¢ &&33&&
ho amOZ², Bg nyd©gmJa Ho$ VQ>ê$n {ZMbr ^y{_ _| H$m±go Ho$ H$‹S>o nhZr hþB© ~‹S>o-~‹S>o nÎmo ê$nr
dódmbr e~a{ó`m±, Omo ZdrZ _Xê$n Amgd H$mo n¡Xm H$aZodmbo `m¡dZ go `wŠV h¢, Xo{Iò H¡$go
Mb ahr h¢ &&34&& `h _{hbm {dbjU gwaVmZÝX H$mo XoZodmbo _Xg§^moJ go `wŠV am{Ì Ho$ ~rVZo
Ho$ ^` go Xw…Ir hmoH$a gm_Zo {XImB© Xo ahr gm±nm| go do{îQ>V MÝXZbVm H$s Vah Ð{dV hþE AnZo
n{V H$mo Oam ^r Zht N>mS‹o >Vr h¡ Ÿ&&35&& Zm¡~VImZo _| ~Or hþB© àmV…H$mb H$s ehZmB© go H$mobmhb`wŠV
{Xdgm| Ûmam S>m±Q>r-S>nQ>r JB© AVEd {dXrU© öX`-gr Zmar AnZo n{V Ho$ dj…ñWb _| {dbrZ hmo
JB© h¡ &&36&& `hm± X{jU _hmgmJa Ho$ Vrana Bg dZn§{ŠV H$mo, {Og_| qH$ewH$ Ho$ no‹S> \y$bo h¢,
ŸyÕ - 115] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2241
AVEd Omo Obr hþB© gr {XImB© XoVr h¡, gmJa AnZr ObVa§Jm| go ~ma-~ma gtMVm h¡, XoIZo H$s
H¥$nm H$s{Oò &&37&& \y$bo hþE qH$ewH$d¥jm| go âr hþB© Bg dZn§[ŠV go Yy_« Ho$ g_mZ H$mbo-H$mbo
D$nar ^mJ go `wŠV _oKYy_ Ho$ g_mZ {ZH$bVo h¢ & qH$ewH$ Ho$ \y$b A§Jmam| H$s ^m±{V {ZH$bVo h¢
Am¡a njr VWm ^±da ~wPo hþE A§Jmam| H$s Vah {ZH$bVo h¢ &&38&&
{Og_| gÀMr AmJ Zht Wr, {H$ÝVw qH$ewH$ \y$bê$n H$[ënV AmJ Wr, Eogr dZn§[ŠV H$mo
{XIbmH$a Cg Amoa gÀMr AmJdmbr dZam{O H$mo H$moB© nmíd©Ma {XIbmVm h¡ &
_hmamO, `hm± go Xya nd©V H$s MmoQ>r na CÎma {Xem H$s Amoa gM AmJ go Ob ahr Eogr hr dZn§[ŠV
dm`w Ûmam AmH$me _| H±$nmB© OmVr h¡, H¥$n`m Ñ[îQ>nmV H$r{Oò &&39&& amOZ², H«$m¢MmMb H$s ^y{_
_| _ÝX-_ÝX MbZodmbo _oKd¥ÝX Ho$ J§^ra Am¡a VoO JO©Zm| go ZmM aho _`yam| go nyU© VWm VoO d¥[îQ>
Am¡a dm`w go {Jao hþE \y$b \$b Am¡a nëbdm| go nQ>o hþE D±$Mo dZg_yh H$mo H¥$n`m Xo{Iò &&40&& `h
gy`© H$m aW AñVmMb nd©V _| D±$Mo ZrMo gwdU© _` {eIam| H$s ZmoH$m| go Q>H$amZo Ho$ H$maU gwÝXa
Omo‹S>m| _| OO©[aV hmo n{h`m| H$s KaKamhQ> go VrúUVa Hy$daÜd{Zdmbm hmoH$a ZrMr ^y{_ _| CVa
ahm h¡ Ÿ&&41&& ^wdZê$nr ^dZ Ho$ àmH$ma (àmMra) ê$n CX`mMb nd©V Ho$ {eIana MÝÐ_mê$nr
_m§J{bH$ \y$b _§JbgyMH$ hmoZo go A_§Jb go ^`^rV hmo Mmam| Amoa H$m[ÝV go {dH${gV hþAm Ÿ& Cg
àH$ma Ho$ _§Jb_` \y$b Ho$ g_rn ^r A_§JbH$mar {d{Y Ûmam ào[aV hþAm H$b§H$ê$nr ^«_a àmßV
hmo hr J`m Ÿ& Eogr n[a[ñW{V _| Bg ^wdZ _| Eogr loîR> dñVw H$moB© ^r Zht h¡, {Ogo H$b_w±hm {d{Y
jUâ _| H$b§{H$V Z H$a Xo Ÿ& ^md `h {H$ n¥Ïdr H$m ñne© Z H$a nd©V{eIamH$me _| MbZo dmbo
MÝÐ_m H$s O~ `h Xem h¡, V~ Am¡a H$s Vmo H$Wm hr Š`m h¡ ? &&42&& `h MÝÐ_m H$s Mm±XZr àXmofH$mb
_| ZmM aho {Ì^wdZ g§hmaH$mar {edOr H$m AÅ>hmg h¡ `m ^wdZê$nr _hm^dZ H$s MyZo Am{X go hmoZdo mbr
g\o$Xr h¡ `m AmH$meê$nr g_wÐ Ho$ Xw½Yê$nr Ob H$m ñdÀN> àdmh h¡ &&43&& gÝÜ`m Ho$ YmVwamoJm|
go {_{lV àXmof_` _ÝXa go _Ü`_mZ MÝÐ_mê$nr jra gmJa CN>bo hþE Xw½YVa§J IÊS> Eogo \¡$b
aho à^mOmbm| go, Omo [edOr Ûmam N>mo‹S>r JB© J§JmOr Ho$ \¡$b aho àdmh O¡go ñdÀN> h¢, n[any[aV
Ad`d dmbr {XemAm| H$mo Xo{Iò &&44&& ho AZwn_, Vmb Ho$ d¥jm| Ho$ Vwë` H$amb doVmbm| Ho$ ~ÀMm|
go n[ad¥V ò JwøH$JU am{Ì Ho$ g_` em[ÝVnmR>, ñd[ñVdmMZ Am{X _§JbmMaUm| go a{hV AVEd
CËnmVmo§ go nr{S>V AmnHo$ eÌw hÿUoída Ho$ ZJadm{g`m| H$mo ImZo Ho$ {bE OmVo h¢Ÿ&&45&& AmH$me
_| nyU© MÝÐ_m V^r VH$ emo^m nmVm h¡ O~VH$ {H$ dYy H$m _w±h Ka Ho$ ~mha Iwbo Am±JZ _| Zht
AmVmŸ& Ka Ho$ ~mha Ho$ Am±JZê$nr AmH$me _| dYy_I w ê$nr MÝÐ_m Ho$ C{XV hmoZo na Vmo CgH$s gwÝXaVm
Ho$ gm_Zo \$sHo$ n‹S>o MÝÐ_m Am¡a g\o$X ~mXb Ho$ Qw>H$‹S>o _| H$moB© AÝVa Zht ah OmVm h¡ &&46&&
H$moB© AÝ` nmíd©Ma MÝÐ{H$aUm| go ì`mßV {h_mb` Ho$ [eIam| H$m dU©Z H$aVm h¡ &
ò {h_mb` nd©V Ho$ {demb {h_mÀN>ÝZ {eIa h¢ & ò MÝÐ{H$aUê$nr ZyVZ dó nhZo h¢,
J§Jm Ho$ àdmh go BZH$s {ebmE± {hb ahr h¢ VWm ~‹S>r-~‹S>r bVmE± BZH$s OQ>m-gr _mby_ hmo aht
h¢ &&47&& nm[aOmV Ho$ d¥jm| go {d^y{fV `h _ÝXamMb, {OgH$m ndZ Pyb ahr AßgamAm| Ho$
JrVm| H$mo \¡$bmVm h¡ Am¡a Omo H$ht na _{U`m| H$s à^m go {d{MÌñdê$n h¡, A{V D±$Mm hmoZo Ho$
H$maU AmH$me _| {XImB© XoVm h¡ &&48&& {Ibo hþE Am¡a \y$bm| go âo hþE Hw$Hw$a_wÎmmê$n nwînnyU©
A¿`©nmÌm| H$mo YmaU H$aZodmbo _hmZ² nd©V VoO _oK[ZKm}fm| go J§^ra H$ÝXamAm| ZjÌm| go nyU©
AmH$me H$s emo^m YmaU H$aVo h¢ &&49&& `hm± go CÎma H$s Va\$ à{gÕ H¡$bmgnd©V na Ñ[îQ>nmV
H$s{Oò {OgHo$ Mmam| Amoa ì`mßV hþE {dñV¥V à^md go AmH$me ZrMo H$s Va\$ ^JdmZ² {edOr Ho$
nwÌ lrñdm_r H$m{V©Ho$` H$m _moVr Ho$ MyU© go ~Zm H«$sS>mJ¥h O¡gm emo{^V hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& D$na H$s
Va\$ O¡go jragmJa _| Sy>~m MÝÐ_m emo{^V hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr emo{^V hmoVm h¡ &&50&& amOZ²,
H$m¡VwH$s BÝÐ Hw$ëhmS>m| go {OZH$s emImE± H$Q> JBª h¢ Eogo Ry>±R> Am¡a A{½Z Ûmam {OZH$s N>ßna Am{X
emImE± ZîQ> hmo JB© Eogr {_Å>r H$s Xrdma, Omo EH$ Xygao go Xya h¢ -XmoZm| _| d¥[îQ>goH$ go A§Hw$a n¡Xm
H$a XmoZm| H$mo Iwbr {eImdmbo-go ~ZmH$a dm`w Ûmam _mZm| nañna ~m±YZo Ho$ {bE BH$Æ>m H$aVm
h¡ &&51&& _hmamO, Xo{Iò ò {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ H$Xå~m| Am¡a Hw$ÝXm| go gwJ[ÝYV dm`w _H$aÝX H$s
(\y$bm| Ho$ agH$s ) dfm© go Iy~ KZ, ^«_aam{e go H$mbo Am¡a _oK Ho$ gÑe ~ZH$a VWm g~ Vahr
H$s gwJ[ÝY`m| go gZH$a O¡go _oK AmH$me H$mo ì`mßV H$aVo h¢ d¡go hr bmoJm| H$s ZmH$ H$mo ì`mßV H$a
aho§ h¢ &&52&& dfm© F$Vw _| H${b`m| H$s {dH${gV n±Iw[‹S>`m| go gwemo{^V dZñW{b`m| _| N>m`mXma
d¥jm| Ho$ PwÊS>m| VWm har-har Xy~ go AmÀN>ÝZ _¡XmZm| go _Zmoha O§Jbm| _| Ed§ H$Vma~Õ I‹S>o
\$bdmbo no‹S>m| go âo hþE Jm±dm| _o bú_r A{Ve` emo^m XoIZo Ho$ H$maU ahZo Ho$ {bE AnZo Amn
~g OmVr h¡ &&53&& `h gm_Zo Ho$ Jm±d, {OgHo$ Am±JZ PamoIm| VH$ AmB© hþB© bVmAm| go do{îQ>V
_hmZ² Kam| Ho$ _Ü` _| VmoaB© Ho$ \y$b Am¡a Ho$gam| H$mo bm aho dm`wAm| go KwQ>Zo VH$ \y$bm| go âo h¢,
dZXodVmAm| Ho$ ZJa-go _mby_ n‹S>Vo h¢ &&54&& _hmamO, Xo{Iò ò nd©V Ho$ a_Ur` J«m_ h¢, BZ_|
{Ibr hþB© {Z_©b MånH$ d¥jm| H$s bVm Ho$ Pybm| _| bbZmE± H«$s‹S>m H$a ahr h¢, PaZo H$m Ob Pa
Pa Üd{Z H$a ahm h¡, gr_mAm| _| Mmam| Amoa Vm‹S> Ho$ d¥j \y$bo h¢, {dH${gV MQ>H$sbr _§O[a`m| go
Ab§H¥$V bVmJ¥hm| _| _`ya ZmM aho h¢ VWm Mmam| Amoa D±$Mo-D±$Mo àmMra `m d¥jm| na _oK bQ>Ho$
h¢ &&55&& dm`wde {hb aht bmb, nrbo Am¡a hao nÎmm|dmbr N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r bVmAm| go BZHo$ hao-âo
_¡XmZ âo h¢, Jm¡[a`m, H$moH$ Am¡a Hw$ŠHw$Q> MhMhm aho h¢, e~am| H$s {ó`m± Jm ahr h¢, ~mbH$m| Ûmam
nm{bV hmoZo go BZ_| ~N>‹S>o AmZÝX_½Z h¢ `mZr CZ_| {H$gr àH$ma H$s K~‹S>mhQ> Zht h¡ Am¡a
~mbH$ VWm Aì`mHw$b ~N>‹S>o Xhr, ehX, XyY Am¡a Kr nrZo go Iy~ VJ‹S>o h¢ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma Ho$
nd©VJ«m_ ~«÷ Ho$ {dlm_ Ho$ {bE {Z{_©V _ÊS>n-go bJ aho h¢ &&56&&
EH$ gm¡ nÝÐhdm± gJ© g_mßV
ŸyÕ - 116] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2243
EH$ gm¡ gmobhdm± gJ©

g§J«m_, AmH$me, {d`moJr, nd©VJ«m_, nd©V-Jw\$m Ho$ _oK Am¡a H$m¡Am| H$m dU©Z &
AZwMam| Zo H$hm … _hmamO, `hm± na `wÕaV gr_màmÝV Ho$ amOmAm| Ho$ Aó-eóm| H$s
am{e`m± M_M_m ahr h¢ & MVwa§{JUr goZm {dbjU ar{V go BYa-CYa Mb ahr h¡, H¥$nmH$a
XoI| &&1&& _hmamO, Xo{Iò, Xo{Iò, Aßgam`| dram| Ûmam g§J«m_ _| A{^_wI _mao Jò hOmam| dra
`moÕmAm| H$mo M‹T>m-~‹T>mH$a {d_mZmo§ Ûmam AmH$me _| Om ahr h¢ &&2&& aU _| eÌwAm| H$m g§H$Q>
Cn[ñWV hmoZo na ~bdmZ² {dOoVm go Y_© Ho$ {~Zm CgH$m dY emo^m Zht XoVm, {H$ÝVw `wdmdñWm
_| Y_©`wŠV ({d{hV) gwaV Ho$ g_mZ Y_© go `wŠV `wÕ hr emo^m XoVm h¡ &&3&& bmoJm| Ho$ Ûmam
A{Z[ÝXV bú_r, lr`wŠV Amamo½`, Y_©`wŠV Am¡a Xygao Ho$ {bò OrdZ-ò hr OrdZ Ho$ CÎm_
\$b h¢ Ÿ& bmoH${Z{ÝXV gån{Îm Am{X OrdZ Ho$ \$b Zht h¢ &&4&& Omo `wÕ _| gm_Zo Amò hþE `moÕm
H$mo Y_© Ho$ A{damoY go `moÕm Ho$ AZwê$n () _maVm h¡, dhr eya ñdJ©Jm_r hmoVm h¡, Xygam
Zht Ÿ&&5&& ho amOZ², CÚV eómóê$nr ^yfUm| go ^mgwa Bg eyadra nwéf _| g§J«m_ bú_r Ho$
hmW _| [ñWV loîR> Vbdmê$nr Zrb H$_bm| H$s _mbm go í`m_, Kmo‹S>m| Ho$ Iwam| go CR>r KZr Yy{b
go hþAm AÝYH$maê$nr `h {ZemJ_ g§J«m_ ^y{_ _| H¡$go H«$_U H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Ame` `h {H$ Š`m
bú_r BgH$mo Bg am{Ì Ho$ g_`ê$n ñd`§da _| ~aVr h¡ `m Zht, `h H$m¡VwH$ Xo{Iò &&6&& ~mU,
e[ŠV, JXm, ~ÝXyH$, {Ìeyb, Vbdma, ^mbo, VoO Vmo_a, MH«$ Am{X h{W`mam| go bXo hþE ò `moÕm
BYa-CYa Ky_ aho Ho$eê$n {VZHo$ Am¡a H$mR>m| go M§Mb nd©V na àÁd{bV dZm[½Z H$s Vah
M_H$Vo h¢ & Am¡a CZna ea, e{ŠV Am{X Ho$ g_yh gmJa Ho$ Xoh Ho$ H$[ånV hmoZo na n¥{Wdr na
\¡$bo hþE dhm± Ho$ gnm©{Xg_yh O¡go M_H$Vo h¢ &&7&& _hmamO, ~bdmZ², _oKê$nr gmJa go âo hþE
AmH$me H$mo Xo{Iò, M§Mb Vmaoê$nr bå~o hma go `wŠV AmH$mena Ñ[îQ>nmV H$s{Oò, Iy~ KZo
AÝYH$ma Ho$ Vwë` H$mbo AmH$me H$mo Xo{Iò VWm {Z_©b ew^« MÝÐ{H$aUm| go Yd{bV AmH$me H$mo
Xo{Iò Ÿ&&8&& {Og AmH$meVb _| gwa Am¡a Agwam| Ho$ AZoH$ {d_mZ Vmam| Ho$ gÑe _mby_ n‹S>Vo h¢,
Omo A{íd{Z Am{X ZjÌm| H$m {ZdmgñWmZ h¡, Omo amV-{XZ MbZodmbo _hmoÝZV gy`©, MÝÐ Am{X
H$m ^r ñWmZ h¡, Cg Mm¡{JX© âo hþE ^r AmH$me _| _yI© OZm| H$s "eyÝ`' Eogr àVr[V AmO VH$
ZîQ> Zht hþB© Ÿ& Ohm± na Bg àH$ma H$m {demb Am¡a e[ŠVembr AmH$me Akm| Ûmam bJmò Jò
AndmX H$mo {_Q>mZo _| g_W© Zht hþAm dhm± Xygam H$m¡Z nwéf bmoH$mndmX H$mo {_Q>mZo _| g_W©
() `moÕm Ho$ AZwê$n H$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ `{X `moÕm EH$ hmo Vmo EH$ hr Cggo b‹S>o, `{X
{H$gr gdmar na hmo Vmo gdmardmbm hr, YZwfg{hV hmo Vmo YZwf`wŠV hr, I‹S²>J`wŠV hmo Vmo
IS²>J`wŠV hr, Am`wYa{hV hmo Vmo Am`wYa{hV hr ~mhþ`wÕ H$aVm hþAm b‹S>o, AÝ`Wm Zht &
hmoJm ? &&9&& _oKm| Ho$ AJ{UV AmS>å~am| go, àb`H$mb H$s Ag§»` A[½Z`m| go, nd©Vm| Ho$
H«$moYnyU© n§Im| Ho$ AmKmVm| go, Vmam| Ho$ d¥ÝXm| go VWm XodVm Am¡a X¡Ë`m| Ho$ g§J«m_m| go AmH$me AmO
VH$ ^r àH¥${V-{dH¥${V H$mo àmßV Zht hmoVm h¡ & gM_wM {OZHo$ [ñWame`Vmê$n JwU h¢, CÝht H$s
_{h_m H$m AÝV Zht {XImB© XoVm &&10&& ho gmYmo, ho AmH$me, Vw_ gy`© H$mo {ZaÝVa AnZr JmoX
_| PwbmVo hmo, Ho$db gy`© H$mo Zht, ^JdmZ² ZmamÙ, CZHo$ AZwMa AÝ`mÝ` XodVm, MÝÐ_m,
AÝ`mÝ` J«hm| VWm M_H$sbo {~Obr Am{X VoOm| H$mo ^r AnZr JmoX _| PwbmVo hmo, {\$a ^r AnZo
AÝXa Ho$ AÝYH$ma H$m (H$m{b_m H$m) Ë`mJ Zht H$aVo, `h _hmZ² AmíM`© h¡ &&11&& ho AmH$me,
Vw_ _{bZ hmo, Ohm±na MÝÐq~~ {N>Ðê$n Vw_go ì`mßV hmo H$mOb Ho$ Vwë` H$mbm hþAm dhm±na
H$b§H$ Ho$ ~hmZo _¡bm g~H$mo àË`j {XImB© XoVm h¡ & Eogr AdñWm _| Vw_ AnZo gånH©$ go gånyU©
MÝÐ{~å~ H$mo Omo H$mbm Zht H$aVo `h ~hþV ~‹S>o AmíM`© H$s ~mV h¡ Ÿ& AWdm _{bZ Ho$ g§gJ© go
{OgHo$ AÝXa ^r _¡b hmo, dhr ~mha ^r _{bZ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Omo AÝXa {Z_©b h¡ Cgo H$m¡Z
_{bZ H$a gH$Vm h¡ ? &&12&&
AWdm ^bo hr _{bZVm Am{X ^r Xmof Vw__| hm| {\$a ^r {Z{d©H$m[aVm Ho$ ~bna ^r Xmof`wŠV
g~ AZWm] go {dhrZVmê$n gwI Vwåh| gwb^ h¡, Bg A{^àm` go H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
`Ú{n AmH$me OJV² Ho$ gånyU© Xmofm|§ go âm h¡ {\$a ^r gXm A{dH$mar AmH$me H$mo VÎdkmZr
Ho$ g_mZ gd© AZW© H$s eyÝ`Vmê$n gwI h¡, Eogm _oam {dídmg h¡ &&13&& ho CXma_Vo, ho AmH$me,
Vw_ AnZr CÝZ{V MmhZodmbo àb`H$mbrZ _oKm|, d¥jm| Am¡a bVmAm| Ho$ AdH$me àXmZ Ûmam
CÝZ{V Ho$ H$Vm© hmo, gy`©, MÝÐ_m, _oK, {H$ÝZa, dm`wñVam| Am¡a XodVmAm| H$mo YmaU H$aVo hmo
(AmYma hmo), g_ Am¡a {Z_©b ñd^mddmbo Vwåhmao g~ H$m`© a_Ur` hr h¢, gwÝXa hr h¢, bo{H$Z
A[½Z Am¡a gy`© Ho$ àÁdbZ H$mo AdH$me XooZo Ho$ H$maU Vw__| Omo gÝVmnH$Vm h¡ Vwåhmam `h
H$m_ h_mao IoX Ho$ {bE h¡, gwI Ho$ {bE Zht h¡ Ÿ& `h dZm{½Z Am¡a gy`© Ho$ gÝVmn go gÝVßV
nwéf H$s C[ŠV h¡ &&14&& ho AmH$me, Vw_ AË`ÝV {Z_©b, ñdÀN>, M_H$Xma Am¡a CÝZV hmoZo
Ho$ H$maU CÎm_ XodVm Am{X Ho$ CÎm_ AmYma ^r hmo, {H$ÝVw AdH$me`wŠV Vwåhmam Amgam boH$a
`h Amobo ~agmZodmbm ~mXb bmoJm| H$mo Amobm| go Km`b H$aVm h¡Ÿ, CgHo$ Xmof go Vw_ AË`ÝV
AnH¥$îQ> hmo Jò hmo &&15&& ho AmH$me, _¢ Vwåh| gmoZo Ho$ g_mZ H$gm¡Q>r Ho$ nËWa na {KgZm
~hþV AÀN>m g_PVm hÿ± & H$gm¡Q>r Ho$ nËWa Ho$ {gdm Xygar Vwåhmar narjm boZo H$s OJh Zht
h¡ & Š`m|{H$ Vw_ eyÝ` hmoVo hþE ^r ~mXbm|, Vmam|, [d_mZm|, gy`©, MÝÐ Am¡a dm`wAm| H$mo YmaU
H$aVo hmo, M_H$Vo hmo Am¡a {Zîà`moOZ ^r Zht hmo & gmoZo Ho$ g~ JwU Vw__| {dÚ_mZ h¢, AVEd
Vwåhmao JwUm| H$s narjm Ho$ {bE ^r gmoZo Ho$ JwUm| H$s narjm boZo H$m ñWmZ g_w{MV h¡, `h ^md
h¡ &&16&& ho AmH$me, Vw_ {XZ _| gy`© Ho$ Vmn go M_H$Xma ahVo hmo, amV _| gÝÜ`m H$s bm{b_m
ŸyÕ - 116] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2245
go Vwåhmam H$boda bmb hmo OmVm h¡, am{Ì _| Vw_ H$mbo ~Z OmVo hmo Ÿ& AWdm gXm Hw$N> ^r gX²
dñVw H$mo YmaU Zht H$aVo hmo, Bg{bE gH$b dñVwAm|§ go [aŠV hmo AV… VÎdkmZrê$n Vwåhmao
M[aÌ H$mo H$moB© Zht OmZVm h¡ &&17&& ho AmH$me, Vw_ AqH$MZ hmo Vwåhmao nmg Hw$N> Zht h¡,
{\$a ^r {dnwb ~w{Õdmbo Vw_ g~ H$m`m] H$mo, AdH$me àXmZ Ûmam, {gÕ H$aVo hmo, AÝV…eyÝ`
hmo {\$a ^r g~H$s CÝZ{V Ho$ H$maU hmo &&18&& AmH$me_mJ© _| n{WH$ Ho$ {dlm_ Ho$ gmYZ Z
V¥U h¢ Am¡a Z Ob h¡, Jm±d Vmo h¡ hr Zht, H$g~o Am¡a ZJa H$s Vmo V{ZH$ ^r g§^mdZm Zht h¡,
nÎmm| H$s am{e`m| go gy`© AmH$me_mJ© _| à{V{XZ `mÌm H$aVo h¢ & gM h¡, gm[ÎdH$ nwéf àmaãY
{H$ò hþE H$m_H$mo N>mo‹S>Vo Zht h¢, Mmho dh {H$VZm hr H${R>Z Š`m| Z hmo &&19&& am{Ì AmH$me
H$mo AÝYH$maê$nr dó go, MÝÐ_m H$ny©a Ho$ àdmh Ho$ Vwë` ew^« {H$aUm| go, {XZ gy`© Hs Yynê$nr
ZyVZ dó go, ÚwbmoH$ am{Ì Ho$ Vmam g_wXm`ê$nr nwînam{e`m| go Am¡a g~ F$VwE± _oK, ~a\$
VWm Obê$nr nwînm| go ^y{fV H$aVr h¢ Ÿ& ò g^r {_bH$a g_` Am¡a H$bmË_H$ {Ì^wdZ Ho$
ñdm_r gy`© Am¡a MÝÐ_m Ho$ {dhmañWb AmH$me H$mo ^y{fV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&&20&& AmH$meê$nr Am±JZ
Yyn, ~mXb, Yy{bnQ>b, AÝYH$ma, gy`©, MÝÐ_m, Vmamd¥ÝX, {d_mZam{e, Jé‹S>, nd©V,gwa Am¡a
Agwam| Ho$ jmo^m| go ^r AnZr àH¥${V H$m (nydm©dñWm H$m) Ë`mJ Zht H$aVm h¡, H$maU {H$ _hme`
nwéf H$s [ñW{V AmíM`©_` VWm CÝZV {XImB© XoVr h¡ &&21&&
H$moB© Xygam nmíd©Ma {Ì^wdZ H$m EH$ OrU©-erU© J¥h Ho$ ê$n _| dU©Z H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
Xod, Bg {Ì^wdZê$nr OrU© J¥h H$mo XoIZo H$s H¥$n`m H$r{Oò, Omo {Xemê$nr Xrdmam| na I‹S>m
h¡, AÝV[aj bmoH$ {OgH$s N>V h¡, ^y{_ {OgH$m {ZMbm ^mJ h¡, _oK, ZJa Am¡a nd©V {OgHo$
~‹S>o-~‹S>o ~V©Z Am{X J¥hmonH$aU h¢, {dÚmYa, XodVm VWm _hmZ² ZmJ {Og_| _H$‹S>r Zm_ Ho$ H$s‹S>o
h¢ Ed§ Omo Oam`wO, AÊS>O, ñdoXO Am¡a C{ØÁO BZ Mma àH$ma Ho$ àm{UdJ©ê$nr Mt{Q>`m| H$s
~mamV go âm h¡ &&22&& O¡go _mbr Am¡a _m{bZ-n{V-nËZr {dH${gV (\$bo-\y$bo) ~mJ H$s ajm
H$aVo h¢ d¡go hr Bg àH$ma Ho$ Bg {Ì^wdZê$nr ^dZ H$s H$mb Am¡a {H«$`mê$nr n{V-nËZr {MaH$mb
go ajm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& `Ú{n H$mb Am¡a {H«$`m BgH$s ajm Zht H$aVo, A{nVw à{V{XZ BgHo$ Zme H$s
hr Ame§H$m H$aVo h¢ VWm{n `h AmOVH$ ZîQ> Zht hþAm Ÿ& ZîQ> hmoVm ^r h¡ Vmo àdmh go {\$a CJ
OmVm h¡ & Ahm ZîQ> hmoVm hþAm ^r ZîQ> Zht hmoVm, `m| {déÕY_©dmZ hmoZo go `h BÝÐOmb Ho$
gÑe h¡ &&23&& AmH$me d¥j Am{X d¥{Õerb dñVwAm| H$s A{YH$ CÝZ{V H$mo amoH$Vm h¡, CÝh| ~hþV
D±$Mm Zht ~‹T>Zo XoVm &
e§H$m … AmH$me _| H$moB© {ZamoYH$ ì`mnma Zht , AV… dh {ZamoY H$m H$Vm© h¡ hr Zht, Bg{bE
Cg_| {déÕ {ZamoYH$V¥©Ëd H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ?
CÎma … `Ú{n AmH$me AH$Vm© hr h¡, VWm{n _hmZ² AmH$me _| H$V©¥Vm _{h_m go hr C{XV
hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&&24&& {Og_| bmIm| OJV² {dbrZ hmoVo h¢ Am¡a {Oggo CËnÝZ hmoVo h¢ Cg AmH$me H$mo
eyÝ` H$hm OmVm h¡, AmH$meeyÝ`VmdmXr Ho$ Eogo àm¡‹T> nm[ÊS>Ë` H$s ~{bhmar h¡ Ÿ&&25&& AmH$me _|
g~ ^yV {dbrZ hmoVo h¢, AmH$me go hr CËnÝZ hmoVo h¢ Am¡a AmH$me _| hr [ñWa ahVo h¢, Bg{bE
"OÝ_mÚñ` `V…' `h emó{gÕ B©ídabjU AmH$me _| hr XrIVm h¡, Bg{bE AmH$me hr B©ída
h¡ & AmH$me B©ída go {^ÝZ h¡, Eogm ôX CÝ_ÎmVm H$mo àmßV (nmJb) dmXr Zo {H$`m h¡ &&26&&
`{X A{½Z go {MZJm[a`m| H$s Vah AmH$me go hr OJV² Ho$ OÝ_, [ñW{V Am¡a b` _mZVo hmo
Vmo AmH$me O‹S> Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw {MX²ì`mo_ê$n _¢ hr hÿ±, "_wP_| hr g~ CËnÝZ hþAm h¡, _wP_| hr
[ñWV h¡ Am¡a g~ _wP_| hr b` H$mo àmá hmoVm h¡Ÿ& dh A{ÛVr` ~«÷ _¢ hÿ±, Bg Ame` H$s ^JdVr
lw{V go _¢ hr B©ída hÿ±, `m| VQ>ñW B©ída nj IÊS>ZmW© h¡, Eogm H$moB© VÎdkmZr dhm± na H$hVm h¡ &
{Og_| g¥[îQ>`m± A{½Z go CËnÝZ hþB© {MZJm[a`m| H$s ZmBª CËnÝZ hmoVr h¢, ZîQ> hmoVr h¡, brZ
hmoVr h¢ Am¡a Am{d^yV© hmoVr h¢, Am{X, _Ü` Am¡a AÝVeyÝ` EH$ {Z_©b AmH$me _¢ hr hÿ,± B©ída Zm_H$m
Z¡`m{`H$m| H$m A{^_V VQ>ñW H$maU Xygam Zht h¡ &&27&& {Og_| `h OJX²^«m[ÝV H$m CX` Am¡a
AñV hmoVm h¡, Omo {Zñgr_ AmH$me AnZo eara _| Aeof dñVwAm| H$mo YmaU H$aVm h¡ VWm Ì¡bmoŠ`ê$nr
_{U`m| H$m {dñV¥V AmYma h¡ dh AmH$me hr {MÝ_` na ~«÷ê$n h¡ Eogm _oam {dídmg h¡ &&28&&
H$moB© nmíd©dVu nd©V na {deof H$m¡VwH$ {XIbmVm hþAm H$hVm h¡ &
nd©V Ho$ {eIa na dZ^y{_ _| dZoMa gwÝXa H$m_r no‹S> Ho$ a_Ur` Pwa_wQ> _| Omo JrV JmVm h¡,
ZrMo _mJ© _| Mb ahm `h {d`moJrnwéf Cg JrV H$mo gwZH$a qgJma agmHw$b hmo D$na XoIVm h¡ &&29&&
Xygam AZwMa d¡gm hr Xygam H$m¡VwH$ {XImVm hþAm H$hVm h¡$&
ho ZmW, nd©V{eIa Ho$ D±$Mo no‹S> Ho$ H$_bnwQ>gÑe {ZHw§$O _| {d`moJde Xw…Ir CËgwH$
{dÚmYam| H$s ór Zo b§~r gm±g boH$a é±Yo hþE H$ÊR> go Omo JrV Jm`m CgHo$ ZrMo Mb ahm
amhr CÀN>dmgnyd©H$ Cgo gwZH$a Pybo H$s ZmBª Pyb ahr M§Mb ~w{Õ go Z AmJo OmVm h¡ Am¡a
Z CgHo$ AZwJm_r hr Cgo ~wbmVo h¢, `h ~‹S>m AmíM`© h¡ &&30&& gm_Zo nd©V-{eIa Ho$ d¥j
_| nÎmm| H$s Am‹S> _| {d`mo{JZr AVEd ~ma-~ma Am±gy {Jam ahr dh {dÚmYar gm±g N>mo‹S>H$a
{~Zm H$moB© {VbH$ bJmò hr _Ywa ñda go ho ZmW, _¢Zo AmnHo$ JmoXê$nr Ka _| {M~wH$ nH$‹S>H$a
h±gVo hþE AmnHo$ Mwå~Z H$m ñ_aUH$a ~ma-~ma CgH$m AmñdmXZ H$a `hm± na BZ H$b_w±ho
dfm] H$mo Šboe go {~Vm`m Bg Ame` Ho$ JmZo JmVr h¡ &&31&&
Š`m| dh dht na ~¡R>r h¡, Eogr Ame§H$m hmoZo na H$hVm h¡ &
BgHo$ `wdH$ gwÝXa n{V H$mo ({dÚmYa H$mo) _w{Z Zo {H$gr AnamYde emn go ~mah df© VH$
Ho$ {bE d¥j ~Zm {X`m h¡, CÝht dfm] H$mo {JZ ahr `h `ht na ~¡R>r h¡ $& CËH$[ÊR>V hmoH$a Cgr
AnZo n{Vê$n d¥j Ho$ Am{lV hmoH$a JmVr h¡ $& ho amOZ² _mJ© _| {d`moJr n{WH$m| Ho$ _w±h go `h
ŸyÕ - 116] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2247
I~a _wPo {_br h¡ &&32&& ho amOZ² h_mam `hm± AmZm Am¡a h_mam Xe©Z hmoZm `hr _w{Z Zo BgHo$
emnmÝV H$s Ad{Y H$s Wr,Xo{Iò `h d¥j^yV {dÚmYa h_ bmoJm| Ho$ Xe©Z go hr emn_wŠV hmo J`m
h¡, AV… d¥jVm H$m Ë`mJH$a `wdVr {dÚmYar H$m emImAm| Ho$ ~hmZo CÝht ~mhþAm| go Iy~ AmqbJZ
H$aVm h¡ & {Ibo hþE \y$b hr CgHo$ hmg ~Z Jò h¢ &&33&&
Xygam AZwMa nd©Vm| H$m dU©Z H$aVm h¡ $&
nd©Vê$nr hm{W`m| Ho$ d¥jê$nr I‹S>o hþE am|JQ>m| _| nwînam{e {eIam| _| ~gÝV F$Vw Ho$ {h_H$U
Ho$ gÑe AmH$me go À`wV Vmam| H$s brbm go emo{^V hmo ahr h¡ &&34&& Ahm, nwînê$nr ew^« dó
Amo‹T>r hþB© H$mdoar ~‹S>r ^br bJVr h¡, Omo _N>{b`m| H$s VoO CN>mbm| go \$Q>r hþB© Ob bh[a`m| _|
Iob ahr eãXm`_mZ Hw$a[a`m| go ^`§H$a h¡ VWm {OgHo$ VQ> Am¡a Ob_` àXoe {Z…e§H$ _¥JHw$b
go âo h¢ &&35&& ho amOZ², Bg gwdobnd©V {eIa na gy`© M_M_m ahr nyar gmoZo H$s {ebm
VQ>àXoe _| M§Mb gmJa H$s Va§Jam{e`m| go ì`má ~‹S>dmZb Ho$ H$U H$mo Va§J _mbw_ n‹S>Vr
h¡ &&36&& amOZ², nd©Vm| na Ahram| H$s Q>mobr Ho$ Kam| H$s emo^m Xo{Iò $& BZHo$ ha EH$ Ka
{ZH$Q>dVu _moQ>o-_moQ>o _oKm| go T>Ho$ h¢ & Kam| H$s Amg nmg H$s ^y{_`m| _| dZd¥j \y$bo h¢, T>mH$ Ho$
no‹S>m| Ho$ Pwa_wQ>m| go BÝhm|Zo AmH$me H$mo nmQ> aIm h¡ &&37&& {Ibo hþE \y$bm| go AË`ÝV ew^«
nwîndm{Q>H$mAm| go âo hþE ò Jm±d {OZ_| _ÝXma Ho$ d¥jê$nr ~hþV go \y$bm| Ho$ ~V©Z h¢ Am¡a ZmZm
àH$ma Ho$ _`yam| Ho$ ZmMZo Ho$ ñWmZê$n R>ÊS>o àXoe h¢, ànmVm| H$s (~‹S>o-~‹S>o PaZm| H$s ) Obam{e`m|
Ho$ {dbmg hr {OZ_| _`yam| Ho$ ZmM Ho$ ~mOo H$m H$m_ H$aVm h¢ $& Ed§ à{VÜd{Z`m| go Jy±O ahr
JwhmAm| go nyU© O§Jbmo _| {OZH$s OZVm JmZm JmVr h¡, ñdJ© go ^r ~‹T>H$a h¢ &&38&& Bg nd©Vr`
J«m_ Ho$ PwÊS>m| Ho$ ~rM _| VwaÝV {Ibr hþB© H${b`m| H$s n±Iw{‹S>`m| Ho$ AÝXa {N>n-{N>no Jw§OZ H$a aho
_XmoÝ_Îm ^±dam| Ho$ Xe©Z go H$m_moÐoH$dmbo, nd©VJw\$m _| ahZodmbo nm_a bmoJm| H$mo Omo AmZÝX àmßV
hmoVm h¡, dh loîR> AmZÝX ZÝXZdZ _| {dhma H$aZodmbo XodVmAm| H$mo ^r gwb^ Zht h¡, Eogm _oam
{dídmg h¡ &&39&& _¥Jm| Ûmam PybZo Ho$ {bE Pybm ~ZmB© JB© bVmAm| go hbMb dmbo O§Jb Ho$
AÝXa Jw\$mAm| _| Jm ahr e~[a`m| Ho$ _w±hm| na gV¥îU Q>H$Q>H$s bJmò hþE AVEd l§¥Jm[aH$
MoîQ>mdmbo {H$amV gwÝXa ^mobo-^mbo _¥Jm| H$mo eÌw H$s Vah H¡$go _maVo h¢ ? Amohmo, AÝ`Ì Ñ[îQ>
bJmò Am¡a AÝ`_ZñH$ e~am| H$s M§Mb{ZemZo H$mo doYZo H$s MVwamB© VWm Eogo Adga na ^r
{Z©X`Vm {dñ_` n¡Xm H$aVr h¡ $& AWdm _¥Jm| go H$[ånV bVmAm| Ho$ gÑe nw{bÝX-bbZmAm| Ho$
ZoÌm| H$s gwÝXaVm haU Am¡a bVmnëbd ^moOZê$n Y_© H$m CZ_| n[akmZ hmoZo go CÝh| eÌw g_P
aho {H$amV X`m`mo½` g_` _| ^r CÝh| {Z©X`Vm nyd©H$ _maVo h¢ Š`m ? `m| CËàojm h¡ &&40&&
nd©VamO Ho$ dZm| Ho$ _Ü` _| [ñWV ò Jm±d {OÝhm|Zo ^m±{V-^m±{V Ho$ \y$bo hþE \y$bm| H$s am{e`m| go
erVbVm, gwJ[ÝY, namJ Am{X gma H$mo àmßV dm`w Ho$ bVmnÌm| Ho$ n[aMmbZm| go n{WH$m| Ho$ A§Jm|
H$mo erVbVm nhþ±MmB© h¡, {OZ_| Ob Ho$ JwU erVbVm go à»`mV dm`wAm| Ho$ àgma go Obme`m|
_| bh[a`m± V¡a ahr h¢, gwJ§Y Ho$ JwU H$s A{YH$Vm go MÝÐ_ÊS>b H$mo OrV aho h¢ & MÝÐ_ÊS>bñW
XodVmAm| H$s Anojm J«m_dm{g`m| H$mo A{YH$ gwI h¡, `h ^md h¡ &&41&& ñdJ©ñW MÝÐZJaHo$
CndZm| Ho$ ^mJ O¡go ò _Z_mohH$ nd©Vr` Jm±d, {OZ_| PaZm| H$m Ob A{daV H$bH$bÜd{Z H$a
ahm h¡, Mm¡{JX© Vm‹S> Ho$ no‹S> {Ibo h¢, {OZH$m AmH$me ñdm^m{dH$ Cëbmggo `wŠV Am¡a nëbdm| go
bXr hþB© bVmAm| Ho$ {dVmZm| go AmÀN>ÝZ h¡ Am¡a {OZ_| Amgnmg Ho$ D±$Mo-D±$Mo gmb Ho$ no‹S>m| na
_oK_ÊS>b bQ>H$m h¡, MÝÐm_¥V H$mo MyAmZodmbo AídËW go `wŠV ~«÷bmoH$ H$mo _mV H$aVo h¢ &&42&&
ò nd©V-J«m_, {OZ_| {~Obr do[îQ>V J±^ra JO©Z-VO©Zdmbo {ZH$Q>dVu ~mXbm| Ho$ JO©Z go ZmM
aho _`yam| Ho$ A{^Zd Z¥Ë`m| go {~Iao hþE _`yam| Ho$ PwÊS>m| Ho$ Zò-Zò _moan§Im| go MÝÐê$nr
_{Uam{e`m± C‹S>r h¢, {Xì` ~ZH$a ~«÷bmoH$ H$mo AnZo gÝ_wI \$sH$m ~Zm aho h¢ &&43&& EH$ ~Jb
_| Mb ahm MÝÐ_ÊS>b hr {OZH$m Am^yfU h¡, Ob go âo _oKê$nr hmWr {OZ_| Amam_ H$aVo h¢
Eogo nd©V{eIam| na ~go hþE BZ J«m_m| _| Omo A{Ve` gm¡ÝX`© h¡, dh A{Ve` gm¡ÝX`© d¡^dnyU©
~«÷m Ho$ amÁ` _| H$hm± gwb^ h¡ ? &&44&& AnZr _Zmohm[aUr gwJ[ÝY go ZÝXZdZ Ho$ Ho$ÝÐ H$s
Vah gwÝXa H$ënd¥j Ho$ \y$bm| Ho$ JwÀN>m| H$m n[ahmg H$aZodmbr {ZHw§$Om| go âr hþB© nd©V H§$XamAm|
_|, Omo nw[înV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU J§^ra Jw§OZ H$aZodmbo ^±dam| go ì`mßV Zr_ Ho$ no‹S>m| go nQ>r h¢, _wPo
~‹S>m AmZÝX {_bVm h¡ &&45&& h[a{U`m| Ho$ {ZZmX go a_Ur`, _Zmoha hmarV n{j`m| go gwÝXa
nd©V-J«m_m| _| H$m_ Ho$ ZJam| _| O¡gr bmoJm| H$s àr{V h¡ &&46&& amOZ², ñ\${Q>H$ Ho$ Iå^m| H$s
am{e`m| H$s Vah a_Ur` PaZm| Ho$ Obm| go gwemo{^V Bg J«m_ê$nr H$ÝXam _| Xo{Iò, ò _`y[a`m±
ZmMVr h¢ &&47&& amOZ² Xo{Iò, PaPa eãX H$a aho PaZm| Ho$ Ob go gwhmdZo Bg J«m_ _| {ZHw§$O
_| {dbmgdVr _`y[a`m± Am¡a \y$bm| go bXr hmoZo Ho$ H$maU PwH$s hþB© bVmE± ZmMVr h¢ &&48&& nd©V-
H$ÝXamAm| go AnZr JmoX _| {N>nmò Jò J«m_ Ho$ _¡XmZm| _|, {OZ_| ~JrMm| Ho$ no‹S> hmarV n{j`m| go
_Zmoha Am¡a hao h¢ Am¡a ~md{‹S>`m| Ho$ Amgnmg h§g,gmag Am{X H$s Hy$OZê$n {Z_©b _Ywa VmZ
gwZmB© XoVr h¡, _mby_ hmoVm h¡ H$m_ ñdoÀN>m go AmZÝX Ho$ gmW _m¡O boVm h¡ &&49&& ho lr_mZm| Ho$
ñd^md Ho$ g_mZ _hmCXma ñd^mddmbo, ho _hme`, ho gÝVmnhm[aZ², AË`ÝV CÝZV Am¡a J§^ra
AmH¥${Vdmbo ho _oK, Vw_ nd©Vm| Ho$ {eamo^yfU hmo Am¡a IoV, ndZ Am{X H$s g_¥{Õ Ho$ H$maU^yV
Ob Ho$ EH$_mÌ Aml` hmo & `m| hOmam| JwU Vw__| h¢ {\$a ^r hf© go ~ag aho Vw_Zo Omo AnmÌ^yV
D$ga àXoe, VmbVb¡`m,H§$Q>rbo no‹S> Am{X _| gwÝXa CnOmD$ IoVm| Ho$ g_mZ Ob{d^mJ H$m H«$_
AnZm`m h¡, `h Vwåhmam gV²-AgV² nmÌ H$m An[akmZ g‚mZm| Ho$ _Z H$mo H$m±Q>o H$s Vah ~oYVm
h¡ & `{X Vwåhmao Eogo gwnmÌm| Ho$ CËH¥$îQ> JwUm| H$m AmXa Z H$a|Jo, Vmo H$m¡Z H$aoJm ? (`hm± go bH$a
àm`… gJ© H$s g_m[ßV VH$ Ho$ g~ íbmoH$ AÝ`mo[ŠV go âo h¢ $& _oK Ho$ ~hmZo {H$gr XmZr _hme`
ŸyÕ - 116] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2249
Ho$ à{V ^r Omo nmÌ-AnmÌ H$m {dMma Zht aIVm h¡, `h C[ŠV bmJy hmoVr h¡)$&&50&& ho _oK, Vw_
{ZË` g_wÐ, J§Jm Am{X gwVrWm] H$s Obam{e go ñZmZ H$aVo hmo, D±$Mo ñWmZ na ~¡R>H$a g~ Ordm|
H$mo Ob XoVo hmo, ewÕ hmoH$a _w{Z`m| H$m-gm d«V boH$a dZ^y{_ _| {Zdmg H$aVo hmo Ed§ eaV²H$mb
_| `Ú{n Vw_ Imbr hmo OmVo hmo {\$a ^r Vwåhmao eara na A{VCËH¥$îQ> YdbH$m[ÝV hr emo^m nmVr
h¡ $& `m| gd©Wm loîR> hmoZo na ^r Vw_ ObXmZ Ho$ {bE CR>H$a Omo {~Obr Am¡a A{½Z Ho$ gmW
H Qw>eãX H$aVo hmo `h Vwåhmam AmMaU H¡$gm h¡ ? gd©Wm AZw{MV h¡ &&51&& AZw{MV ñWmZ na
n‹S>r hþB© gwÝXa dñVw ^r AgwÝXa hmo OmVr h¡ $& XwîQ> _oKê$n A`mo½` ñWmZ H$mo nmH$a ñdÀN> _Ywa
Ob ^r H$mbm Am¡a jma hmo OmVm h¡ &&52&& Ahm ! _oK Zo Ob ~agm`m, Ahm ! Ob go n¥{Wdr
Amßbm{dV hmo JB©, Ahm ! O¡go YZmT>ç nwéf AnZo XrZ-hrZ {_Ì H$mo YZ-Xm¡bV go nwï> H$aVo
h¢ d¡go hr Obm| Zo ^y{_ _| _waPmò hþE YmZ Am{X H$mo nwîQ> {H$`m h¡ &&53&&
H$moB© nmíd©Ma X`m, CXmaVm Am{X JwUm| Ho$ dU©Z Ho$ {gb{gbo _| CZgo {dn[aV {ZX©`Vm,
AZwXmaVm Am{X XwJw©Um| go `wŠV _yIm] H$s, Hw$Îmo Ho$ JwUm| go AXbm ~Xbr Ho$ gÝXoh àXe©Z Ûmam,
{ZÝXm H$aVm h¡ &
{ZX©`Vm, A[ñWaVm,AewÕVm, J{b`m| _| _mao _mao {\$aZm, gd©Wm {ZÝÚVm Am{X XwJw©U Hw$Îmm|
go _yIm] Zo grIo `m _yIm] go hr Hw$Îmo Zo {bò BgH$m _wPo gÝXoh h¡, {ZíM` Zht h¡ &&54&&
`{X _yI© gd©Wm {ZÝXZr` hr h¢, Vmo Zaoe Am{X CZH$mo AnZo nmg Š`m| aIVo h¢ ? Bg g§e`
na H$hVo h¢ $&
`Ú{n _yI©OZ Xmofm| Ho$ ^ÊS>ma hmoVo h¢ {\$a ^r O¡go H$moB© Hw$Z¥n{V Hw$Îmm| H$mo nmbVo h¢ d¡go hr
Hw$Îmo Ho$ gÑe H${Vn` eyaVm, gÝVmof, ñdm{_^[ŠV Am{X JwUm| Ho$ H$maU hr H$moB© Hw$Zan{V Am{X
_yIm|ª H$mo AnZo nmg aIVo h¢ &&55&& ^moJ-naånamAm| _| g§b½Z ({df`bånQ>) _yI© YVyam ImZo
go CÝ_Îm hþE, _{Xam Am{X nrZo go _X_Îm hþE, à_mX Am¡a H«$moYmdoem{Xde Hw$E± _| {JaZo Ho$ {bE
CÚV hþE, ^yVmdoe go BYa CYa Xm¡S‹ > aho VWm VÎdkmZ Ho$ CËH$f© go Xohm{X Ho$ n[aÀN>Xo H$s {dñ_¥{Vde
"_¢ ~«÷ hÿ±' `m| gdm}ËH¥$îQ> à_m H$s à{VîR>m hmoZo go fîR> Am{X ^y{_H$m _| Amé‹T> hþE nwéfm| H$mo AnZo
_| A{^kVm Ho$ Amamon go Omo V¥UVwë` g_PVm h¡, ho V¥UbdmJ«, Cgo Vwåht XoImo$& `h Bg {df`bånQ>
nwéf H$s BÀN>mgÎmm h¡ `m O‹S>Vm h¡ Bg ahñ` H$m Vwåht {dMma H$amo & `{X BÀN>mgÎmm h¡, Vmo dhr
Hw$Îmm| Ho$ Vwë` h¡, `{X O‹S>Vm h¡ Vmo {df`bånQ>Vm Am{X Xmofm| H$s A{YH$Vm go dh ñd`§ V¥Ubd
go ^r ZrM h¡, AV… {dMma H$aZo na CgH$s V¥U g_mZVm ^r Xwb©^ h¡, `h AW©V… {gÕ hmo OmòJm &
Eoogr AdñWm _| CÝ_Îm Am{X go ^r dh A{YH$ ZrM h¡, Bg_| H$hZm hr Š`m h¡ ? &&56&& `Ú{n
qgh Am¡a Hw$Îmm XmoZm| _| newVm g_mZ h¡ `mZr XmoZm| {V`©J² `mo{Z Ho$ Ord h¢, VWm{n _oKJO©Z Am{X
Ho$ H$mobmhb H$mo qgh {~Zm jmo^ Ho$ AZmXade Am±I| _y±XH$a ghVo h¢, {H$ÝVw Hw$Îmo jwãY hmo ^`de
Am±I| _y±XH$a ghVo h¢ `hr XmoZm| H$s nañna {dbjUVm h¡ &&57&& ho {ZË` An{dÌ, AnZo {àÒZ
Ho$ à{V hÿ-hÿ H$aZo _| àdrU, Jbr-Hy$Mm| _| Ky_Zo _| gmam g_` {~VmZodmbo Aao Hw$Îmo, _mby_ hmoVm
h¡ O¡gr _oar {MÎmd¥{Îm h¡ d¡gr hr BgH$s ^r h¡ `h XoIH$a Vwåh| AnZo JwUm| H$s {ejm H$m nmÌ g_P
aho {H$gr _yI© Zo {ZË` Aew{MVm Am{X AnZo JwU Vwåh| {gImò h¢ & Eogr n[a[ñW{V _| {eî` H$s
Anojm Jwé _| JwU H$s A{YH$VmXe©Z CnnÝZ hmoVm h¡ &&58&& H$_m] H$s {df_Vmde AË`ÝV {df_
OJV² H$s aMZm H$a aho {dYmVm Zo AnZo Xm¡{hÌ (ga_m Zm_ H$s XodewZr Ho$ nwÌê$n) Bg Hw$Îmo _o|
AZwê$n g~ Y_m] Ho$ Xe©Z Ho$ {bE dú`_mU g^r Hw$N> g_mZ ê$n go ~Zm S>mbm $& dh g~ Hw$N>
h¡, Hy$‹S>o H$aH$Q> Ho$ ñd{Z{_©V J–o _| {Zdmg, nwarf Am¡a nrd ^moOZ, g‹S>H$ Am{X Iwbr OJhm| _|
{MaH$mb VH$ J«[ÝWê$n Hw$[ËgV _¡WwZ _| Xw[aÀN>m VWm gd©{ZÝXZr` eara &&59&& Vw_go ~‹T>H$a
AY_ H$m¡Z h¡ Eogm nyN>Zodmbo Ho$ à{V h±gVo hþE H$hm … Omo AkmZ, An{dÌ Xohm{X _| A{^_mZ,
{dMmaÑ[îQ>eyÝ`Vm H$m godZ H$aVm h¡, dh _wPgo ~‹T>H$a AY_ h¡ $& {H$Z JwUm| go Vw_ _yI© H$s Anojm
loîR> hmo `h nyN>Zo na CgZo H$hm … eyaVm, Z¡g{J©H$ ñdm{_^[ŠV, Aën _| hr gÝVmof ò Omo _oao
JwU h¢, _yI© _| do JwU bmIm| à`ËZm| go Ty>±‹T>Zo na ^r Zht nmò Om gH$Vo &&60&& Hw$Îmm gXm An{dÌ
dñVw ImVm h¡, A{V An{dÌ {dîR>m Ho$ T>ao _| hr IobVm h¡, ~oMmao Or{dV ZoCa, Myho Am{X H$mo ^m½`de
nmH$a ~‹S>o Mmd go Im S>mbVm h¡, {Z~©b ~H$ar, ~N>‹S>o Am{X H$mo {~Zm {H$gr AnamY Ho$ H$mQ> ImVm
h¡, Hw${V`m| Ho$ gmW gQ>Zo na g~ bmoJ Cgo _maVo h¢ $& gM_wM ~«÷m Zo AË`ÝV Ag_W© Hw$Îmo H$mo
bmoH$ _| OÝ_â Xw…I ^moJZo Ho$ {bE hr aMm h¡ &&61&&
H$ht na ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao {Z_m©ë`, AjV Am{X ImZo Ho$ {bE {edqbJ Ho$ D$na H$m±d-H$m±d
H$a aho H$m¡do H$mo XoIH$a H$moB© AZwMa CgHo$ H$m±d-H$m±d H$aZo Ho$ Ame` H$s CËàojm H$aVm h¡ $&
{edqbJ Ho$ D$na H$m±d-H$m±d H$aVm hþAm H$m¡dm AnZo H$mo ÑîQ>mÝVê$n go Xem© ahm h¡, ho
bmoJm|, AYmoJ{V Ho$ hoVw^yV g~ nmVH$m| _| go {edñd^jU Ho$ {bE {edqbJ Ho$ Aml`ê$n
gdm}ËH¥$îQ> nmVH$ H$mo àmßV hþE àË`j H$mH$ê$n _wPo XoImo &&62&&
Xygam AZwMa Vmbm~ _| H$m±d-H$m±d H$aVo hþE Ky_ aho H$m¡E Ho$ à{V H$hVm h¡ &
Aao {ZÝÚ H$m¡E, Aao AnZr H$U©H$Qw> H$m±d-H$m±d go h§g, gmag Am{X Ho$ gwJwUm| H$mo _{Q>`m_oQ>
H$aZodmbo, Vmbm~ _| H$sM‹S> _| Ky_Vm hwAm Vy gwÝXa ^«_am| H$s Jw±Oma H$mo AnZr H$U©H$Qw> H$m±d-
H$m±d go Omo {Vamo{hV H$aVm h¡, Bggo _oao {gana eë`H$s-gr doXZm n¡Xm hmoVr h¡ &&63&&
AnZo {_Ì Ho$ à{V H$moB© H$hVm h¡ &
H$m¡Am ZmZm àH$ma H$s An{dÌ dñVwAm| H$mo ImVm h¡, _¥Umb H$s S>ÊS>r H$mo, Omo àmßV h¡, N>mo‹S>
XoVm h¡, Bg {df` _| AmnH$mo AmíM`© Zht H$aZm Mm{hE, Š`m|{H$ ì`gZ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Iy~
AmXV n‹S>r ahVr h¡, Vmo {ZÝXZr` dñVw ^r ~‹S>r ñdm[XîQ> bJVr h¡ O¡go {H$ bhgwZ {_{lV
ŸyÕ - 116] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2251
IQ>mB© {Z[ÝXV dñVwE± Aä`ñV bmoJm| H$mo AÀN>r bJVr h¢ &&64&& {d{dY dZnwînm| Ho$ Ho$ga go
Ydb Xohdmbo H$m¡E H$mo bmoJm| Zo h§g g_Pm & ~mX _| O~ Cgo g‹S>o-n‹S>o H$s‹S>o _H$mo‹S>o {ZJbVo XoIm
V~ OmZm {H$ `h H$m¡Am h¡ &&65&& g_mZ a§J Ho$ (EH$ go) n§Idmbr H$mo`bm| _| {hbo{_bo H$m¡E H$mo
H$m¡Z nhMmZVm `{X dh ñd`§ H$m±d-H$m±d Z H$a ~¡R>Vm &&66&& _hmAaÊ` H$s {_Å>r H$s ~Zr nwamZr
Xrdma Ho$ D$na ~¡R>m hþAm `h H$m¡Am O¡go am{Ì Ho$ g_` bmoJm| Ho$ gmo OmZo na Mmoa í_emZ d¥j na
M‹T>H$a Xgm| {XemAm| H$s Amoa Pm±H$Vm h¡ d¡go hr Mmam| Amoa XoIVm h¡ &&67&& doJ go C‹S> aho `m
H${b`m| Ho$ Amg-nmg _±S>am aho gmagm| Ûmam MQ>MQ> {Ib aho H$_bm| Ho$ _H$aÝX go (nwînag go)
_Zmoha Bg Vmbm~ _| H$m¡Am H¡$go H«$s‹S>m H$aVm h¡, {OgHo$ H$ÝYo Hy$‹S>o H$aH$Q> H$s C‹S> ahr Yy{b go
Yw_¡bo h¢ ? CgH$m `hm± H«$s‹S>m H$aZm AZw{MV h¡, `h ^md h¡ &&68&& ho amOZ², {Ibo hþE H$_bm| Ho$
AmH$ma ñdmZwê$n ñWmZê$n gamoda _| V¡a aho amOh§gm| Ho$ gmW Wßn‹S> ImZo `mo½` Hw$én _w±hdmbm
{nemMVwë` `h H$m¡Am ({Og gwÝXa gamoda _| amOh§g {dhma H$aVo h¢ Cg_| {dhma Ho$ A`mo½` `h
H$mbm-H$byQ>m H$m¡Am) Bg H$sM‹S>nyU© Vb¡`m _| KwgH$a amOh§gm| H$s ZH$b CVmaZo Ho$ {bE {d{dY
brbmE± H$aVm h¡, `h ~‹S>o IoX H$s ~mV h¡, H¥$n`m Xo{Iò &&69&&
d§MZm, Mmoar Am{X go _wPo àmßV hmooZo dmbo YZm{X ^mJ H$mo Ý`m``wŠV Cnm` go H$moB© gÁZZ
Z bo Om`, Bg Ame§H$m go gÝV Ho$ IÊS>Z Ho$ {bE amOg^m _| Adm§N>Zr` H$U©H$Qw> àbmn H$a aho
Ib Ho$ à{V AÝ`mo[ŠV Ûmam H$moB© H$hVm h¡ &
Aao H$m¡E, Aao H$R>moaad gwZZodmbo Ho$ H$mZm| Ho$ Mra S>mbZodmbo H$m±d-H$m±d eãXê$nr Amam hr
Vwåhmam EH$_mÌ bjU h¡ $& _oao ^mJ H$mo H$m¡E go {^ÝZ H$moB© Z Im Om` Bg Ame§H$m go Vw_ gXm
H$m¡Am| H$m AmˆmZ H$aVo hþE H$m±d-H$m±d H$s aQ> bJmVo ahVo hmo, Vwåhmam AmO Eogr e§H$m H$aZm
H$hm± Mbm J`m ? Vwåhr _oao EH$_mÌ ~ÀMo hmo, Vw_ {MaH$mb VH$ OrAmo Bg Amem go H$mo{H$b Ho$
~ÀMo H$mo Vw_ ì`W© nmbVo hmo & Vw_ EH$_mÌ H$Qw> ~mobZodmbo, nwÌ^«m[ÝVgo Vwåhmam gwñdadmbo
H$mo`b Ho$ ~ÀMm| H$mo nmbZm ^r _ZmoaW{g{Õ Ho$ {bE Zht hmoJm, A{nVw CnhmgmñnX hr hmoJm &&70&&
H$_bdZ _| {d{dY H«$sS>mE± H$a aho H$b§H$gÑe H$m¡E H$mo Omoa Omoa go H$m±d-H$m±d H$Qw>eãXm| Ho$
ldU go Xw…Ide ^m¡MŠH$m hmoH$a Omo Zht amoVm Cg AmX_r H$mo Amao Ho$ Vwë` H$Qw> dMZm| go Vwåh|
Mra S>mbZm Mm{hò, _¢ Vmo d¡gm Zht hÿ±, AV… Š`m|H$a _oao gm_Zo H$m±d-H$m±d H$aVo hmo ?&&71&&
Ibm| H$s g^m _| Ib hr `mo½` h¢ & dhm± na EH$ ^r gmYw H$m ahZm R>rH$ Zht h¡, `m| AÝ`mo[ŠV
Ûmam H$moB© H$hVm h¡ $&
BYa-CYa Ky_ aho qhgH$ ObOrdm| go nyU© ~Jwbo, ObH$mH$ Am{X go nQ>o hþE N>moQ>o go
H$sM‹S>_` Vmbm~ _| `{X M§Mb Cëby Am¡a H$m¡¡E ah|, Vmo `h Vmbm~ H$s g^m AnZo `mo½` gXñ`m|
go gånÝZ hmo &&72&& a§J, eara H$mo T>H$Zodmbo n§I Am¡a eara H$s JR>Z go H$m¡¡Am| Ho$ PwÊS>m| Ho$
Vwë` H$mo`b, _yIm] H$s g^m _| n[ÊS>V Ho$ gÑe dmUr Ûmam ì`ŠV hmoVm h¡ &&73&& \y$bm| H$s bVm
H$mo{H$b Ho$ Yrao-Yrao \y$bm| H$s n±Iw[a`m| Ho$ N>oXZ H$mo ^bo ghZ H$a gH$Vr h¡, {H$ÝVw Mrb, JrY,
ObH$mH$, ~Jwbm, _wJm© Am¡a H$m¡E Ho$ N>oXZ H$mo H$Xm{n Zht gh gH$Vr &&74&& ho _YwaH$ÊR> ho
H$mo`b, `hm± na H$mZm| Ho$ {bE CËgdê$n Vwåhmao H$bad H$mo H$m¡Z gwZVm h¡ ? Omo a{Vê$nr {dJ«h
H$m g[ÝYXyV h¡ & Š`m|{H$ `hm± Zr_ Ho$ Pwa_wQ> _| CëbwAm| Ho$ gmW gXm H$bh H$aZodmbo H$m¡Am| Zo
H$m±d H$m±d Ho$ H$mobmhb go g~Ho$ H$mZ ~hao H$a {Xò h¢ &&75&& CndZ _| VmZ gwZZo Ho$ ào_r bmoJm|
Ho$ AmJo H$mo`b H$m _Zmoha ~ÀMm H$mo_b dmUr go _hmoËgdVwë` H$Wm H$a AZm`mg g~ bmoJm| H$m
Á`m|hr _Zmoa§OZ H$aVm h¡ Ë`m|ht H$m¡¡E Zo AmH$me go ~mJ _| CVa H$a `h _oam ~ÀMm h¡, _¢ Zo nmbm
h¡, `m| H$m±d-H$m±dê$nr ê$j dmUr go g~ lmoVmAm| H$mo {ZéËgmh H$a {X`m &&76&&
A`mo½` lmoVmAm| Ho$ ~rM AZdga _| A`mo½`m| H$mo `mo½` g_PH$a ^«m[ÝV go AnZo JwUm| H$m
àXe©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE CËgwH$ {H$grHo$ à{V H$moB© Xygam AÝ`mo{ŠV go H$hVm h¡ Ÿ&
ho H$mo`b, Vw_ lmoVmAm| H$s `mo½`Vm Am{X H$m {dMma {H$ò {~Zm hr AnZo JwUm| Ho$ à»`mnZ
H$s CËgwH$Vm go CËnÝZ hf© go OëXr-OëXr Š`m| Hy$H$Vo hmo ? Jboê$nr H$moQ>a go hf©de hmo aho
Hw$hH$Zo Ho$ Cëbmg H$mo AnZo AÝXa àdoe H$am Xmo, _m¡Z hmo OmAmo & `h JwUm| Ho$ à»`mnZ H$m
Adga h¡ Am¡a ò lmoVm H$s `mo½`Vm aIVo h¢ Eogr ^«m[ÝV Vwåh| Z hmoZr Mm{hò $& `h \y$bm| H$s ~hma
go nQ>m hþAm dgÝVF$Vw H$m CÝ_of Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw ho_ÝV Zo BZ no‹S>m| H$mo nmbo H$s dfm©go gwIm S>mbm
h¡ $& BZHo$ ~rM Vwåhmar dmUr g\$b Z hmoJr &&77&& a§J-{~a§J Ho$ Zò-Zò A§Hw$am| go âo hþE M¡Ì
Ho$ _hrZo _| Omo {d`mo{JZr Zm{`H$m h¡, dh H$hVr h¡-ho {ZË` àe§gZr` AmH¥${Vdmbo, ho Hw$hH$ aho
H$mo`b, `h M¡Ì _hrZm {H$gH$m h¡ ? Bg Vah Ho$ _oao àíZ Ho$ CÎma _| Vw_Zo AnZo _Ywa ñda go
Omo _rR>r dmUr H$s h¡, IoX h¡, `h Xw…IXm`r H$m (_oam) dgÝV Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw AnZr ghMar Ho$
gmW Jm aho Vwåhmam hr dgÝV h¡ $& Eogr n[a[ñW{V _| Vwåh| "__ __' (_oam _oam) H$hZm Mm{hò,
"Vd Vd' Bg Vah H$m Vwåhmam AgË` dMZ _wPo nr{‹S>V H$aZo Ho$ {bE hr h¡ &&78&& H$m¡Am| Ho$
PwÊS> _| _m¡Z, MoîQ>m, n§Im{XMmbZê$n ì`dhma, dU©, a§J Am¡a AmH$ma EH$-gm hmoZo na ^r `h
H$m[ÝV go _Zmoha H$mo`b h¡, H$m¡¡Am Zht h¡, `m| H$mo`b _yI© bmoJm| Ho$ ~rM _| n[ÊS>V H$s Vah Xya
go nhMmZm OmVm h¡ $& AnZr AmH¥${V go AnZm CÎm_ JwU gy{MV H$aZodmbo g^r nwéf AnZo
AZwê$n öX` M_ËH$ma go, ^bo hr dh JwßV hmo, {d»`m{V H$mo àmßV hmoVo h¢ $&&79&& Aao ^mB©
H$mo`b, H$U©H$Qw> H$m±d H$m±d H$a aho H$m¡Am| Ho$ PwÊS> go âm hþAm dh {e{ea H$m g_` h¡,
dgÝVê$nr CËgd Zht h¡ & Bg g_` Hw$hH$Zo go CÎm_ JwU (àe§gmê$n JwU) àmßV Zht hmoVm,AV…
Hw$hH$Zo H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht h¡ $& H$ht {demb d¥j Ho$ ImoIbo _|, Omo {Jao hþE nÎmm| go T>H$m h¡,
MwnMmn ~¡R>o ahmo &&80&& `h H$mo`b H$m ~ÀMm AnZr H$m¡dr _mVm H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Omo Mbm J`m, dh
ŸyÕ - 117] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2253
EH$ AmíM`© h¡ $& CgHo$ ~mX `h H$m¡dr _m± Bg H$mo`b ~ÀMm| H$mo Mm|M Am¡a n§Om| go Km`b H$aVr
h¡, `h Xygam AmíM`© h¡, `m| jUâ O~ _¢ gmoMZo bJVm hÿ± V~ VH$ H$mo`b H$m ~ÀMm ^r CËgmh
go AnZr _m± Ho$ gÑe ~‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE VËna hmo J`m, `h Vrgam AmíM`© h¡ $& gM_wM ^m½`dmZ²
nwéf {Og {Xem H$mo AmVm h¡, dhr {Xem CgH$s _{h_m ~‹T>mVr h¡ &&81&&
EH$ gm¡ gmobhdm± gJ© g_mßV
EH$ gm¡ gÌhdm± gJ©

H$_b, Hw$Bª VWm ZrbH$_b go gwemo{^V Vmbm~ H$m dU©Z Am¡a
CgHo$ {gb{gbo _| H$_b, ^m¢ao, h§g, gmag Am{X H$m dU©ZŸ&
nhbo Voah íbmoH$m| Ûmam gamoda H$m hr _w»`ê$n go dU©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$moB© ^y{_H$m
~m±YVo h¡ &
gm{W`m| Zo H$hm … ho amOZ², `hm± gm_Zo nd©V{eIa na, Omo gamoda H$s emo^m ~‹T>mZo Ho$
H$maU H$m_moÔrnH$ hmoZo go H$m_ H$m àYmZ godH$-gm (Xm{hZm-hmW gm) h¡, bmb H$_b, ídoV
H$_b Am¡a Zrbo H$_bm| Ho$ g_yhm| H$s S>§{S>`m| _| _¥Umb Ho$ {bE {dMa aho ^m±{V-^m±{V Ho$ H$bad
H$aZodmbo n{j`m| go ì`mßV, AVEd ZjÌ (Vmao) Am¡a n{j`m| Ho$ gmW à{V{~[å~V hþE AmH$me
Ho$ Vwë` gamoda H$mo Xo{Iò &&1&& BÝÐZrb Ho$ nrT>o Ho$ gÑe ^«_am|, gmag, H«$m¢M Am{X n{j`m| Am¡a
~«m÷Um| Ûmam go{dV CŠV gamoda ^y{_ _| Am`m hþAm ~«÷m H$m Ka-gm _mby_ n‹S>Vm h¡ {Og_|
{Ibo hþE Am¡a D$na D$R>o XÊS>dmbo {d{dY H$_bm| Ho$ H$moeñWbm| _| ~¡R>o Am¡a CZH$s emo^m H$mo
YmaU H$aZodmbo amOh§g ~¡R>o hþE h¢ &&2&& amOZ², Bg gamoda H$mo Xo{Iò $& `h Mmam| Amoa {~Iao
hþE grH$am| go (ObH$Um| go) {XemAm| Ho$ _Ü`^mJm| H$mo ~\©$_` ~Zm ahm h¡, {Ibo hþE ZrbH$_b
Am¡a gmYmaU H$_bm| H$s am{e`m| Ho$ ~rM Ho$ nwînamJ go Mmam| Amoa nrbm ~Zm h¡, gwJ[ÝY go _ñV
hþE ^m¢am| Am¡a gmag, H«$m¢M Am{X n{j`m| VWm ~«m÷Um| Ûmam JrVm| go BgH$m è JmZ {H$`m OmVm
h¡, D$na VZo hþE M±Xdo Ho$ g_mZ AmH$meñW ~mXb Am¡a Hw$hao H$mo naN>m±B© Ho$ ì`mO go YmaU H$a
ahm h¡ &&3&& Xo{Iò, H$ht na Bg_| bå~r bha| V¡a aht h¢, H$ht na ^±dao A{YH$ _ñVr go Amng
_| b‹S>Vo hþE JwZJwZm aho h¢, H$ht na `h Jhao Am¡a ñdÀN> Ob go-{ZíMbVmde- gmo`m hþAm gm
h¡ Ed§ H$ht na H$_bm| Am¡a Hw$_wXm| go gmoIm hþAm-gm AmÀN>ÝZ h¡ &&4&& _moVr - O¡go N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o
Ob{~ÝXwAm| go `h bmoJm| Ho$ gÝVmn H$s {Zd¥{Îm H$aVm h¡, VQ>^y{_ _| qgh H$s à{V{~å~ê$n AÝ`
qgh H$s Ame§H$m go Ob nrZo _| hmoZodmbr {PPH$ H$mo d¥j H$s MmoQ>r go boH$a Ob VH$ bQ>H$s
bVmAm| Ûmam à{V{~å~ Ho$ Xe©Z _| éH$mdQ> S>mbH$a ^br^m±{V {Zd¥Îm H$aVm h¡, Va§Jm| Zo BgHo$
Amgnmg Ho$ nËWam| Am¡a H$sM‹S> go âo XbXbm| H$mo gm\$-gwWam ~Zm {X`m h¡ Ed§ `h Ag§»`
~mXbm| go AZÝV H$ÀN>dmbm (Obàm` Xoedmbm) AmH$me hr _mZm| ^yVb _| CVam h¡ &&5&& _oKm|
H$mo {N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ H$a XoZodmbo dm`w go H$[ånV H$_bm| H$s am{e`m| go {Jao hþE namJnw§O H$s Am^m
go BgH$m _Ü`^mJ {~Obr Ho$ àH$me go nyU©-gm _mby_ hmoVm h¡, Bg{bE EH$ Amoa ObH$Um| go
âm hþAm VWm Xwgar Amoa AÝYH$manyU© `h gamoda g§Ü`mH$mb Ho$ AmH$me H$s Vah Mmam| Amoa
àH$medmbm `m Aën àH$medmZ h¡ &&6&& AnZo ~ÀMm| Ho$ {bE Km|gbm| _| bo Omò Om aho H$_b-
Zmb, H$_b-H$ÝXê$nr J«mgm| Ho$ ^ma go WHo$ H$ÝYodmbo h§gm| go, Omo H$mb Ûmam BH$Æ>o {H$ò Jò
MÝÐ{~å~ O¡go h¡, {KaH$a _ÝXVm, gwJ[ÝY, erVbVm Am{X JwUm| go a{hV Ho$db dm`w`wŠV ^r `h
dm`w go {OgHo$ eaËH$mb Ho$ _oK {N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ {H$ò Jò Eogo AmH$me H$s Vah emo^ ahr h¡ `{X `h
_ÝXVm, gwJ[ÝY, e¡Ë` Am{X JwUm| go gånÝZ dm`w go `wŠV hmoVm Vmo {\$a BgH$s emo^m H$m Š`m
{R>H$mZm Wm ? &&7&& Bg Vmbm~ H$s bhar, gwJ[ÝY Ho$ ^ma go _mZm| _ÝXJm_r VWm nwînag Ho$
g§gJ© go Z_ dm`wAm| Ûmam H$[ånV Ob{_{lVn§H$^mJ Ho$ n§H$ H$mo ZrMo X~mH$a Ob go n¥WH$ H$aZo
H$s MVwamB©de {Oggo erK«Vm go nQ>-nQ> eãX hmo ahm h¡, AnZr Üd{Z go {IÝZ hmoH$a C‹S>o hþE
n{j`m| H$s {Zdmg^yV bVmAm| Ûmam N>mo‹S>r JB© nwînd¥[îQ> H$m {dñVma H$aVr h¡ &&8&& amOZ², Bg
gamoda H$m amOm H$m gm R>mQ>-~mQ> h¡ $& Xo{Iò Z, dm`wde {hb aho _hmH$_b Am¡a nëbdê$nr
n§Im| go `h g§dr{OV (Pbm J`m) h¡, gwÝXa \o$Z hr BgHo$ Sw>bmò Jò M±da h¢, ^m¢ao Am¡a H$mo`b
AnZo JrVm| go BgH$m JmZ H$aVo h¢ VWm H$_bbVmê$nr gwê$n, gwS>m¡b, gÀM[aÌ VWm gwÝXar
AZoH$ bbZmAm| go `h {Kam h¡ &&9&& ^±daê$nr loîR> gËnmÌ _Zmoha Jw{U`m| H$m Bg_| _Zmok JmZm
hmoVm h¡, BgH$m Ob H$_bnamJm| Ho$ gånH©$ go ì`mßV AVEd gwZhbm h¡ Am¡a BgZo VQ>dVu
CndZ H$s _ñVH$Ab§H$ma^yV nwînam{e H$mo \o$Z{nÊS>m| Ho$ g_mZ g\o$X H$_bam{e go gwemo{^V
H$a aŠIm h¡ &&10&& n{dÌ öX` Ho$ g_mZ {Z_©b H$_bm| go âm hþAm öX` H$mo AË`ÝV AmZÝX
XoZodmbm ObnyU© `h _Ywa gamoda n{dÌ ({Z_©b) öX`H$_bdmbo, öX` H$mo AË`ÝV Am‡m{XV
H$aZodmbo, àr{VnyU© VWm AË`ÝV _Ywa gËg§J Ho$ Vwë` h¡ &&11&& ho gm¡å`, O¡go ~«÷mH$ma d¥{Îm go
(Ma_ gmjmËH$mad¥{Îm go) _hmË_mAm| H$m {Z_©b _Z emo{^V hmoVm h¡ d¡go hr `h {Z_©b gamoda
AnZo _| à{V{~[å~V _éXoedV² {ZO©b AmH$me go emo{^V h¡ &&12&&
ho_ÝV F$Vw _| Bg gamoda H$s H¡$gr Xem hmoVr h¡ ? Bg àíZ na H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
ho_ÝV F$Vw _| gwÝXa gmagm| go nyU© `h gamoda ho_ÝV F$Vw Ho$ _oKm| H$s Vah emo{^V
hmoVm h¡, Hw$hao go Mmam| Amoa {Kao ahZo Ho$ H$maU Hw$N>-Hw$N> {XImB© XoVm h¡; Hw$ham Bgo AnZo
a§J _| a§J boVm h¡, AVEd BgH$s H$m{b_m Mbr OmVr h¡ Am¡a Ob{~ÝXwAm| go BgH$s hdm
A{V H$R>moa ~Z OmVr h¡ &&13&& ho amOZ², O¡go {dH$mam{XeyÝ` `h OJV² Hy$Q>ñW Zht h¡,
{H$ÝVw ~«÷_mÌ hr h¡, VWm{n ~«÷ _| n¥WH²$-gm àVrV hmoVm h¡ $& d¡go hr Ob _| Va§J Am{X
ŸyÕ - 117] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2255
Ob_mÌ hr h¢ {\$a ^r n¥WH²$ go _mby_ hmoVo h¢ &&14&& O¡go AnZo hr Ob go ~hmò Om aho
VWm MH«$mH$ma ^±da ~ZmZodmbo Obme`m| Ho$ H$ëbmobm| H$s naånam ~‹S>m AmíM`© n¡Xm H$aVr
h¡ d¡go hr AnZo AkmZ go hr g§gma Ho$ àdmh _| ~hmò Om aho gV²AgV²H$_©ê$n ^±dam| H$s
aMZm H$aZodmbo O‹S> bmoJm| Ho$ _ZmoaWm| H$s naånamE± AmíM`© _| S>mbVr h¢ &&15&&
O¡go Hw$Am±, ~md‹S>r, Vmbm~ Am¡a gmJa Am{Xê$n Cnm{Y Ho$ ôX go Ob _| VmaVå` H$s
(CËH$f©-AnH$f© H$s) àVr{V hmoVr h¡, d¡go Zmar, nwéf Am{X Ho$ eara Ho$ CËH$f© go CZH$s AmË_m
_| CËH$f© Am¡a AnH$f© Ho$ VmaVå` H$s àVr{V hmoVr h¡, Eogm H$hVo h¢ &
Hw$Am±, ~md‹S>r gamoda Am¡a gmJa Ho$ Ob _| Cnm{Y ôX go O¡gm AÝVa Ñ[îQ>JmoMa hmoVm h¡
d¡gm hr AÝVa Zmar, nwéf, ~mbH$ Am{X Ho$ eara Ho$ (Cnm{Y Ho$) CËH$f© go CZH$s AmË_m _| ^r
CËH$f© Am¡a AnH$f© H$m VmaVå` g_PZm Mm{hE &&16&& Ob _| CËnÝZ hmoZodmbo H$_b, godmb
Am{X Ho$ g§gJ© go OrU© hþE Bg gamoda Ho$ {d{dY `mo{Z`m| Ho$ gå~ÝY go OrU© hþE Ord Ho$ _Z H$s
Vah H$_b Am{X H$s (VV²-VV² Xohm| H$s) OO©a Xemn`©ÝV bh[a`m| Ho$ (^moJmoËgmhm| Ho$) ^«_ go
AË`ÝV ì`mßV hþE AmdVm] Ho$ gÑe BÀN>m, Ûof Am{X d¥{Îm`m| Ho$ n[adV©Zm| H$s ^m±{V AZ{JZV
H$_bm| Ho$ {JZZo _| H$m¡Z g_W© h¡ AWm©V² H$moB© ^r Zht &&17&&
`hm± go nÙm| H$m dU©Z Amaå^ H$aVo h¢ &
Ahm ! `h AmíM`© H$s ~mV h¡ {H$ {Og H$_b H$s bmoH$ _| gm¡ÝX`©, gwJ[ÝY Am{X gX²JwUm| H$s
ImZ Ho$ ê$n go à{g{Õ h¡, dh ^r _wHw${bVmdñWm _| Omo gwJ[ÝY, gm¡ÝX`©, _mYw`© Am{X JwUm| H$mo
Xmofm| H$s Vah Jbo _| {ZJbH$a AÝXa {N>nmVm h¡ Am¡a Hw$én H$m±Q>m| H$mo ~mha g~H$mo {XIbmVm h¡,
`h Ob H$s (O‹S>-_yI© H$s) g§J{V H$s ~{bhmar h¡ $& `{X _yI© H$s g§J{V Z hmoVr Vmo Eogm Š`m|
H$aVm ? (`hm± go boH$a àm`… g^r íbmoH$ AÝ`mo[ŠV_` h¢) &&18&&
Omo H$_b Ho$ JwUeãX go nwH$mao OmZodmbo VÝVw h¢ CZHo$ Vwë` Xmof-`wŠV JwUm| H$s gd©Ì
Cnojm hr H$aZr Mm{hò, `m| àg§Jde H$hVo h¢ &
Omo JwU H$_b Ho$ JwUm| Ho$ (VÝVwAm| Ho$) Vwë` N>oXdmbo (gXmof), H$ÀMo, Eogo gyú_ {H$ _mby_
^r Z n‹S>o, {N>nmò hþE, O‹S>VmnyU©, Wmo‹S>o Am¡a {Zñgma (VwÀN>) hm| CZH$s gd©Wm Cnojm H$aZm hr
R>rH$ h¡ $& do H$Xm{n CnmXo` Zht h¢ &&19&& gwJ[ÝY, gwÝXaVm Am{X go emo{^V hmoZodmbo ~‹S>o-~‹S>o
CËH¥$îQ> H$_bm| Ho$ (èê$nr gwJ[ÝY go AnZo Hw$b H$mo à»`mV H$aZodmbo _hmZ² nwéfm| Ho$) à^md
H$m ~ImZ H$aZo H$s gm_Ï`© eofZmJ _| ^r Zht h¡ &&20&& ^JdmZ² lrh[a Ho$ dj…ñWb _| {Zdmg
H$aZodmbr gH$b gm¡ÝX`m] H$s A{YXodr bú_rXodr {Og H$_b H$mo emo^m Ho$ {bE hr AnZo hmWm|§
_| YmaU H$aVr h¢, CgH$s Bggo ~‹T>H$a Xygar àe§gm Š`m hmo gH$Vr h¡ ? &&21&& H$_b Am¡a
ZrbH$_b H$s Ho$db g\o$X Am¡a H$mbo ê$nm| go hr nañna {dbjUVm h¡, {H$ÝVw BZH$s Ob go O‹S>
(AMoVZ) MÝÐgy`©Ûofê$n _yI©Vmñdê$n d¥{Îm g_mZ h¡ &&22&& Vmbm~m| _| {Ibo hþE H$_bm| H$s
Zdmo{XV emo^m H$s \y$bo hþE nm[aOmV dZ go VwbZm Zht H$s Om gH$Vr, Vmam| go âo hþE AmH$me
go Am¡a AZoH$ MÝÐ{~å~m| go ^r CZH$s ~am~ar Zht hmo gH$Vr h¡ &&23&& `{X CgH$s ~am~ar hmo
gH$Vr h¡, Vmo ZmM ahr ~hÿ Ho$ Mm±X Ho$ Qw>H$‹S>o O¡go _ÝX _wñH$mZ `wŠV _wIemo^m go hr hmo gH$Vr
h¡ &&24&& \y$b Am¡a bVmAm| H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a AÝ`Ì H$^r ^ybH$a ^r _Z Z bJmZodmbo {OZ ^±dam| H$s
bå~r Am`w \y$b Am¡a bVmAm| H$m hr AmñdmX boZo _| ~rVr, gM_wM do hr gm¡^m½èm{b`m| _| loîR>
h¢ (`m "gw^J CÎm_m' Xmo n¥WH²$ nX ^r hmo gH$Vo h¢ & d¡gr [ñW{V _| ho gw^J, do ^¥§J hr CÎm_ h¢,
Eogm AW© h¡ &) Omo ^«_a Am¡a H$mo`b Am_ H$s gwJ[ÝY, _H$aÝX Am¡a nëbdm| H$m H$fm` ag MIVo
h¢, CÝhtH$m OrdZ M_ËH$manyU© h¡, Am¡am| H$m Vmo Ho$db Am`w {~VmZm h¡ `m `mo{Z ^moJ_mÌ h¡ &&25&&
nÙm| Ho$ _H$aÝX H$mo MIZodmbo ^«_a nÙ go A{V[aŠV dZm| _| AmgŠV ^«_am| H$m _mZm|
n[ahmg H$aVo h¢, Eogm H$hVo h¢ $&
Omo ^«_a H$_b_Yw_X go CËnÝZ AmZÝX go _ñV hmoH$a H$_bm| na Jy±OVo h¢, do _mZm| AÝ` \y$bm|
Ho$ AmñdmXm| go gÝVwîQ> ^±dam| H$m n[ahmg H$aVo h¢ &&26&& Omo ^«_a eaXm{X F$VwAm| _| MÝÐ_m Ho$
H$moQ>a Ho$ Vwë` H$mo_b (gwÝXaV_) H$_bm| Ho$ AÝXa ahm, Iobm, gmo`m Am¡a J±yOm, hm± IoX h¡, dhr
`h ~oMmam ^«_a {e{ea F$Vw Ho$ AmZo na AÝ` Zrag d¥jm| go H¡$go àr{V H$aoJm ? &&27&& _mbVr
H$s H$ht go ^r V{ZH$ ^r Z \y$br hþB© eybgÑe H$R>moa H$br Ho$ D$na ~¡R>m hþAm ^«_a H$mbéÐ Ûmam
eybna {namo`m hþAm AÝYH$ma-gm _mby_ n‹S>Vm h¡ &&28&& Aao ^«_a, Vw_ ^m±{V-^m±{V Ho$ \$bm|
Ho$ ag MIVo hþE g~ nd©Vm| Ho$ {ZHw§$Om| _o| {ZË` MŠH$a bJmVo hmo, AmO VH$ Vwåh| gÝVmof Zht hþAm ?
nwînagbånQ> hmoZo Ho$ H$maU gM_wM Vwåhmam Ame` ewÕ Zht h¡ $& _mbw_ n‹S>Vm h¡, AmO VH$ Vwåh|
dZm| go gma àmßV Zht hþAm $& `{X gma dñVw Vwåh| {_b OmVr, Vmo Vw__| AgÝVmof Z ahVm Am¡a
Vwåhmao Bg Vah ^Q>H$Zo H$s ^r g§^mdZm Z ahVr &&29&& H$_bdZm| _| _H$aÝX MIZo _| àdrU ho
^«_a, Vw_ H$_bm| go âo gamoda _| OmAmo _H$aÝX go n[anwîQ> AnZo eara H$mo ~oam| H$s Pm{‹S>`m| _|
H$m±Q>oê$nr Amam| go _V Mramo &&30&& O¡go n[ÊS>V nwéf AnZo AZwê$n à^w, g_mO Am{X Z {_bZo
na {dÛmZ à^w H$s àm[ßV Ho$ {bE A`mo½` (_yI©) à^w Ho$ g_rn ^r ~g OmVm h¡, {H$ÝVw {H$amVm|
Ho$ ~rM _| dmg Zht H$aVm d¡go hr ho ^«_a, {OZ F$VwAm| _| ho_ÝV, {e{ea Am{X _| - Vwåh| H$_b
Zht {_bVo CZ F$VwAm| _| ^r AnZo a§J go {_bVo OwbVo Abgr Ho$ \y$bm| _|, ZrbH$_b g_yh _|
VWm \y$bo hþE V_mb _| `WmAdga àmßV hþE _Yw go AnZr JwOa H$amo, OrdZ {Zdm©h H$amo &&31&&
H$moB© nmíd©Ma h§gloUr H$m dU©Z H$aVm hþAm Cgo amOm H$mo {XIbmVm h¡ $&
amOZ², Xo{Iò, gamodam| H$s Zm{^ê$n Z{b{Z`m| Ho$ Cn`wŠV Ho$gam| go CZHo$ g_mZ
H$m[ÝVdmbo emo^m go nm{bV `h h§glo{Uê$nr gwÝXa bVm h¡, BgH$s Üd{Z gm_Jm`Z Ho$ g_mZ
ŸyÕ - 117] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2257
J§^ra h¡ &&32&& amOZ² Xo{Iò, AmH$me _| h§gr H$m nrN>m H$a ahm h§g Bg gamoda Ho$ _Ü`
_| à{V{~[å~V, Pybo Ho$ gÑe H$_bê$n Km|gbo _| [ñWV h§gmo H$mo XoIH$a CgHo$ {JaZo Am¡a
Sy>~Zo H$s Ame§H$m go _y[ÀN>©V hmo J`m h¡ &&33&&
h§g H$s-gr órì`g{ZVm H$s (órbånQ>Vm H$s) H$moB© AZwMa {ZÝXm H$aVm h¡ &
ho amOZ², AË`ÝV órbånQ>Vm {H$gr H$s ^r Z hmo $& Xo{Iò Z, Vmbm~ _| à{V{~[å~V Bg
h§gr H$m AZwgaU H$a aho (nrN>m H$a aho) ~oMmao h§gZo àmU J±dm {Xò &&34&& amOZ², amOh§g Zo
AZm`mg Omo _Z_mohH$ _Ywa Hy$OZ (Üd{Z) {H$`m, Cgo ~Jwbm nwao gm¡ dfm] _| ^r ~mobZm Zht
grI gH$Vm &&35&& amOh§g Am¡a h§g H$m OÝ_ñWmZ, AmH¥${V, Om{V, MoîQ>m, Amhma, Zm_ Am¡a
a§J g~ Hw$N> g_mZ h¡ $& {\$a ^r gmYmaU h§g Am¡a amOh§g _| _hmZ² AÝVa h¡, _hmZ² AÝVa h¡ $&
amOh§g gwdU© nÙm| _| {dMaVo h¢, g_wÐ _| JmoVm _maH$a _moVr MaVo h¢ Ed§ Ohm± {H$gr ^r njr H$s
nhþ±M Zht h¡ Eogo AmH$me Ho$ D$nar ^mJ _| C‹S>Vo h¢, gmYmaU h§gm| _| `h ~mV H$hm± h¡ ? `h ^md
h¡ &&36&& g\o$X S>¡Zm| go AmH$me _| [ñWV VWm Hw$_wXmH$a H$s emo^m ~‹T>mZodmbm h§g C{XV hþE
MÝÐ_m Ho$ g_mZ bmoJm| Ho$ {MÎmm| H$mo Am‡m{XV H$aVm h¡ ()$&&37&& D$na H$mo CR>o hþE ZmbXÊS>dmbr
Z{b{Z`m| Ho$ Zmbê$nr H$XbrñVå^m| go âo hþE H$_bdZ _| {dhma H$a aho h§gm| H$s emo^m H$mo H$m¡Z
Xygam njr nm gH$Vm h¡ ? `h gabmW© h¡ & `moJ go {OgHo$ Zmb D$na H$mo H$s JB© h¡ Eogr
öX`H$_bê$nr Z{bZr Ho$ àmUm`m_Aä`mg go {dH$mgde H$XbrñVå~dV² ñVå~ go ì`mßV öX`
H$_bÌ`ê$n dZ _| {Ì{dYVmnhmar {Za{Ve` AmZÝX Ho$ AmñdmX go gXm {dhma H$a aho `{V`m|
H$s OrdÝ_w[ŠVgwI gm_«mÁ`ê$n gån{Îm H$mo H$m¡Z XodVm nm gH$Vm h¡, `h JyT>mW© h¡ &&38&& `h
gagr (Vmbm~) O¡go Zmar Zynwam| go {damO_mZ hmoVr h¡ d¡go hr h§g Ho$ ~ÀMm| go gwemo{^V hmo ahr
h¡ $& Va§J hr BgHo$ H§$H$U h¢, M§Mb ObH$Uam{e hr BgH$m hma h¡, Hw$Bª, ZrbH$_b, bmbH$_b
Am{X \y$bm| Ho$ g§^ma go `h gwÝXa h¡, ^§da hr BgHo$ M§Mb Hw$ÝVb h¢, Hy$O aho gmag hr Zynwa h¢,
Jmob ^±da hr Zm{^ h¡ VWm M§Mb Va§J hr ZoÌ h¢, `h _ZmoaW H$mo nyU© H$aZodmbo (Ob Ho$ àdmh
H$mo ~‹T>mZodmbo) nd©Vê$nm n{V H$mo XoI ahr h¡ &&39-41&& ho h§g, ObH$mH$, ~Jwbm, H$m¡Am Am{X
qhgH$m| go âo Vmbm~ _| gXm AHo$bo _V ahmo, Š`m|{H$ Bg Amn{Îm _| ^r g_mZ erb, AdñWm
Am¡a ~mobrdmbo AnZo dJ© Ho$ gmW g§J{V go AÀN>m hr \$b hmoVm h¡ &&42&& AnZo n¡am| go JOamO
Ho$ _ñVH$na AmH«$_U H$aZodmbo EH$_mÌ nÙmH$a _| ahZodmbo VWm aŠVH$_b, ZrbH$_b, Hw$ÝX
Am¡a MånH$bVmAm| Ho$ ^moJê$n gm¡^m½` go `wŠV `h ^±da ^r ^m½`de ho_ÝV Am¡a {e{ea F$Vw
_| T>obo Am¡a nËWa MmQ>Vm hþAm ñWb _| ahZodmbo ~Jwbo Ho$ Vwë` AmMaU H$aVm h¡ $& Ahm ! {dn{Îm
Ho$ g_` _hmZ² nwéf ^r XrZVm _| _Z bJmVo h¢, XrZ-hrZ ~Z OmVo h¢ &&43&& ho amOZ², _¢Zo h§g
() M§Ð_m ^r ewŠbnj _| AmH$me _| [ñWV hmoVm h¡ d Hw$_wXmH$a H$mo {IbmVm h¡, `m| XmoZm| H$m gmå` h¡ &
Ho$ n§Im| go Mrao Jò H$_bdZ _| à{dîQ> hmoH$a XoXrß`_mZ H$_b Ho$ AÝXa ~¡R>o hþE h§g Ho$ ~ÀMo H$s
AnZo {nVm Ho$ à{V {ZH$b ahr Omo Omoa H$s MrËH$ma Wr, CgH$m ñ_aU {H$`m $& CgH$m dh dMZ
Wm, ho VmV ! H$_{bZr O¡go g\o$X _moVr Ho$ Vwë` Ob{~ÝXwAm| H$s d¥[îQ> H$aVr h¡ d¡go hr AmH$me
Ob {~ÝXwAm| H$s am{e ~agmVm h¡,D$na {gana Xmonha Ho$ g_` _| ^r Iy~ OdmZr H$mo nhþ±Mo hþE
~\©©$ H$mo àË`j Xo{Iò &&44&& ho amOZ², Bg gamoda _|, AmH$me _| MÝÐ_m H$s Vah àgÝZ
(ñdÀN>) Ob _| MwnMmn {MaH$mb VH$ V¡a aho h§g Ho$ n§Im| go àVm{S>V H$_bZmbm| Ho$ g§dbZê$n
{ZîH$ån Q>§H$mKmVm| go ~«÷ Ho$ AmgZ^yV H$_bnwQ> Ho$ g_mZ H$_bnwQ> go Omo Ob{~ÝXw BgHo$
D$na {Jao, CÝh| _N>br Am{X ObMa ~‹S>r àgÝZVm go J§JmOb Ho$ Vwë` erK« nrVo h¢ &&45&&
EH$ gm¡ gÌhdm± gJ© g_mßV
EH$ gm¡ AR>mahdm± gJ©

~Jwbo, ObH$mH$, _moa, {d`moJrn{WH$ _N>br Am¡a MmVH$m| Ho$ M[aÌ H$m dU©ZŸ&
ghMa Am¡a ghM[a`m| Zo H«$_ go H$hm … Xo{Iò, `h ~H$ `Ú{n àm`… {ZJw©U h¡ VWm{n Bg_|
EH$ JwU h¡, dh `h {H$ àmd¥Q>² -àmd¥Q>² H$hVm hþAm `h nmd¥Q>² H$m (dfm© F$Vw H$m) ñ_aU H$amVm h¡ &&1&&
Aao ~Jwbo, Vmbm~ _| ~¡R>m hþAm Vy a§J go (g\o$X n§Im| go) h§g-gm _mby_ n‹S>Vm h¡ & H$m¡Am| Ho$ gmW
{_ÌVm, Hy«$aVm (_N>{b`m| na {ZX©` àhma H$aZm) Am¡a H$Qw> dmUr H$m Ë`mJH$a Vy gM (Agbr)
h§g ~Z Om &&2&& ho MVwaloîR>, _N>{b`m| H$mo _maZo _| AË`ÝV àdrU {OZ ObH$m¡Am| Zo ObOrdm|
go n[anyU© Jå^ra Ob Ho$ AÝXa ~ma-~ma àdoe H$a nhbo ({ZJbZo Ho$ g_`) _N>{b`m| go Mm|M|
â H$a _N>{b`m± ImB©, do ò H$m¡E {OZHo$ Jbo _| ^m½`de {H$gr H$maU _ar hþB© "{V{_' Om{V H$s
_N>{b`m| Ho$ ^jU go amoJ CËnÝZ hmo J`m h¡, AË`§V jwYmg_` _| (AmH«$_U Ho$ g_` _|) Vra _|
H$Vma ~m±YH$a [ñWV hþE ^r, n§Jw hmoZo Ho$ H$maU, AnZo gm_Zo VQ>na AmB© hþB©, AZm`mg nH$‹S>
_| AmZo `mo½` _N>{b`m| na AmH«$_U Zht H$aVo, `h ~‹S>o AmíM`© H$s ~mV h¡ &&3&&
XwO©Zm| Zo bmoH$qhgm go ñdmW©{g{Õ H$aZm Ob Ho$ H$m¡Am| go grIm, ò àH$mam§Va go H$hVo h¢ &
Bgr Vah (ObH$m¡E Ho$ g_mZ hr) AnZr ñdmW©{g{Õ Ho$ {bE bmoJm| H$m Jbm KmoQ>Zm
C{MV h¡, Bg ~mV H$mo Xem©Vm hþAm ObH$m¡Am _oam Jwé ~Z J`m h¡, `m| XwîQOZ H$m¡E H$s
àe§gm H$aVo h¢ &&4&& AmH$me _| `h gm_Zo I‹S>m ~Jwbm, {OgZo gwÝXa JX©Z D±$Mr H$a aŠIr
h¡ Am¡a g\o$X gwÝXa n§I \¡$bm aŠIo h¢, h§g hr h¡ `m| bmoJm| Ûmam {ZUuV hþAm, O~ `h ^y{_
_| H$sM‹S> go âr N>moQ>r Vb¡`m _| _N>{b`m± nH$‹S>Vm h¡, V~ bmoJ `h ~Jwbm h¡, Eogm {ZíM`
H$aVo h¢ &&5&& H$sM‹S> go âr N>moQ>r-gr Vb¡`m _| _N>{b`m| H$mo nH$‹S>Zo Ho$ {bò {MaH$mb VH$
M§MbVm {XIbm MwHo$ Bgr gamoda _| VnH$m T>m|J ~m±Yo hþE ~Jwbm| H$mo XoIH$a YyVm] Ho$ M[aÌ
ŸyÕ - 118] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2259
H$mo ^br^m±{V OmZZodmbr H$moB© VraàXoe[ñWV _{hbm ~Jbm| Ho$ g_mZ hr AÝ`Ì {MaH$mb
VH$ {df`bånQ>Vmde M§MbVmde M§MbVmdmbo `hm± na Vnñ`m H$m T>m|J ~m±YZodmbo am{Ì H$s
àVrjm H$a aho YyVm|© H$mo XoIH$a AmíM`© _| n‹S> JB© &&6&&
n{WH$ H$s ór H$_b Vmo‹S>Zodmbr _{hbmAm| H$mo XoI aho AnZo n{V Ho$ (n{WH$ Ho$) à{V
H$hVr h¡ &
ho {à`V_, Bg Ob _| erV H$mo Hw$N> ^r Z {JZZodmbr J«m_rU {ó`m| H$mo XoImo, ò g\o$X
H$_bm| H$mo bo OmVr h¢ & Vw_ BZH$m AZwJ_Z H$aZm MmhVo hmo Bg{bò _¢ Vwåhmar {à`m Zht hÿ±,
AVEd _¢ OmVr hÿ± &&7&& ho ZaZmW, nydm}ŠV dMZ H$hZodmbr ê$R>r hþB© AnZr {à`m H$mo _ZmZo Ho$
{bE `h ~Q>mohr _mJ© Ho$ nwînbVm {ZHw§$Om| go âo H«$sS>mVQ> dZ _| ~‹S>o OVZ go AnZr ào`gr H$m
AZwZ` {dZ` H$aVm h¡, H¥$n`m Amn Xo{Iò &&8&&
H$moB© nmíd©Ma Bgr n{WH$ Omo‹S>o Ho$ (ór-nwéfm| Ho$) M[aÌ H$mo {T>R>mB© Ho$ gmW H$h ahr doí`m
H$mo amOm Ho$ {bò {XIbmVm h¡ &
ho amOZ² hmd, ^md, {dbmg, eara H$mo _Q>H$mZm, H$mon,H$Q>mj, Am¡a hmg H$a ahr doí`m CŠV
n{WH$ OmoS‹ >o H$m M[aÌ H$hVr h¡, H¥$n`m Amn XoI| &&9&& ~Jwbm, ObH$mH$ Am¡a Xygam| na KmV H$aZodmbo
_Nw>E Am{X {ZË` EH$ hr OJh ahVo h¢, {\$a ^r _yI© Am¡a {dÛmZm| H$s ~w{Õ Ho$ g_mZ BZH$s ~w{Õ
H$m Amng _| _ob Zht h¡ &&10&& I§OZ H$s Mm|M _| $nV§Jm n§I \$‹S>\$‹S>mVm h¡, H$m±nVm h¡ & CgH$m
n§I \$‹S>\$‹S>mZm Š`m| h¡ _mZm| dh nyd©OÝ_g§{MV nmn H$s D±$Mr OJh _| nVmH$m h¡ &&11&& N>moQ>r
Vb¡`m Ho$ VQ> Ho$ d¥j na Cëbmg Ho$ gmW dh Mnb ~Jwbm O~ Omoa go ~mobVm h¡ V~ Wmo‹S>o go Ob
go Jrbo Vb¡`mê$nr JmoIwa _| nyU©e[ŠV go ào_ go {à`V_ H$s N>mVr _| O¡go ^` go {MnQ> ahr {~Mmar
_N>br Zo _aH$a ^r AnZo eara H$s ajm H$s $& Bg g§gma _| _hm Amn{Îm àmßV hmoZo na öX` \$Q>Zo
go hþB© _¥Ë`w go ~‹T>H$a Xygam gwInX eaU Zht h¡ $& _aH$a ^r Omo CgZo AnZo eara H$s ajm H$s,
dh ^r C{MV hr {H$`m &&12&& ~Jwbm, AOJa Am¡a ObH$mH$ Ho$ noQ> _| {~Zm M~mòo {ZJbo hþò _N>br
Am{X àm{U`m| H$s Omo {MÎm[ñW{V h¡, _¢ g_PVm hÿ± dh gwfw[ßV-gr (Jhar ZtX-gr) `m _yN>m©-
gr hmoVr hmoJr &&13&& ObMa _N>br Am{X Ordm| H$mo g_rn _| ObH$m¡Am, ~Jwbm, Mrb, {~ëbr,
gm±n XoIZo go Omo ^` hmoVm h¡ Cg ^` Ho$ AmJo dO«nmV go hþAm ^` V¥U Ho$ g_mZ ZJÊ` h¡ & `h
ahñ` ~mV Om{Vñ_aU (nyd©OÝ_ Ho$ kmZ) go _N>br Am{X ObOrdm| H$s `mo{Z`m| Ho$ Xw…I H$m ñ_aU
H$aZodmbo {dÛmZ² nwéfm| Ûmam AZw^yV h¡, Bgo AgË` Zht g_PZm Mm{hò &&14&& ho amOZ², \y$bm|
H$s am{e go gwemo{^V `hm± gamoda Ho$ VQ> Ho$ no‹S> Ho$ ZrMo gm_Zo ^«_a ahZo na Z`Z Am¡a H$mZm|
H$mo emo^m go ZyVZ Zrb H$_b Am¡a Ho$VH$ {~Ioa aho ^mobo-^mbo gwÝXa _¥Jm| H$mo {à`m H$mo
{XIbmBò &&15&& _moa jwÐme` Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU BÝÐ go Ob _m±JVm h¡, AË`ÝV CXma BÝÐ
AjwÐ{MÎmËdê$n JwU go gÝVwîQ> hmoH$a _moa H$s àgÝZVm Ho$ {bò gmar n¥Ïdr H$mo Ob go nyU© H$a
XoVm h¡ &&16&& ò _moa ~N>‹S>o H$s Vah _oKm| Ho$ nrN>o-nrN>o MbVo h¢, _{bZ _{bZ H$m hr ~ÀMm h¡,
Eogm AZw_mZ hmoVm h¡ &&17&& n{WH$ _¥Jm| H$mo XoIH$a gm_Zo H$s dñVwAm| _| {à`m Ho$ ZoÌm| H$m {MÝVZ
H$aVm hþAm H$bgo MbZodmbr Jw{S‹ >`m-gm ~Z J`m h¡ &&18&& _moa ^y{_ H$m Ob VH$ J«hU Zht H$aVm,
{H$ÝVw gm±nm| H$s O~aXñVr Im S>mbVm h¡, `h gn© H$s XwamË_Vm h¡ AWdm _moa H$s XwîQ>Vm h¡, `h
_¢ Zht OmZVm &&19&& _moa g‚mZmo| Ho$ öX` Ho$ g_mZ ñdÀN> _hmZ² gamoda H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a _oK Ûmam
WyH$m hþAm Ob nrVm h¡, _mby_ n‹S>Vm h¡ CgH$m _oK H$m ObnmZ gamoda H$mo Z_ñH$ma H$aZm n‹S>oJm,
Bg ^` go h¡ $&&20&& ho amOZ² Xo{Iò, ò _`ya dfm© F$Vw Ho$ ~ÀMm| H r ZmBª ZmMVo h¢, {OZHo$ n§Iê$nr
_oK M_H$ aho h¢ Omo {nÀN> (n§Im| Ho$ MÝÐH$) ê$nr MÝÐ_m H$mo H±$nm aho h¢ &&21&& `hm± na _mo{V`m|
H$mo XoZo Ho$ H$maU gmJa hr gwÝXa dZ _| dZ Ho$ dm`w go \¡$bZodmbo VWm M§Mb MÝÐH$ê$nr gwÝXa
Va§Jm| go `wŠV _`yam| H$mo ZMmZodmbm hmoVm h¡, _oK ZMmZodmbm Zht h¡, Xo{Iò &&22&& ho M{H$V MmVH$,
Vwåhmam dZ^y{_ _| J_u Ho$ {XZ A{¾ go Xw{fV (gXm A{½Z H$s g§^mdZmdmbo) gyIo no‹S> Ho$ ImoIbo
_| {ZdmgHo$ AmJ«h go gy{MV A{V A{^_m{ZVm gwI Ho$ {bE Zht h¡ $& Vw_ Ho$bo Ho$ dZ Ho$ g_rndVu
erVb hao {VZH$m| H$mo Mamo, Zha Am{X _| Ob nrAmo Ed§ Ho$bo Ho$ dZ _| {dlm_ bmo $&&23&& ho _`ya,
`h gmJa Ho$ Ob go âm hþAm AV… AmH$me _| M‹T>Zo H$s BÀN>mdmbo _oK Zht h¡, `h Vmo nd©V go
CR>r hþB© dZm{½Z go Obo hþE dZd¥jm|§ Ho$ ImoIbo H$s A{½Z H$s Yy_«am{e h¡ &&24&&
AZmd¥[îQ> Ho$ g_` ^y{_ H$m Ob Z nrZodmbo _`ya Ho$ Ame` H$m H$moB© AZwMa dU©Z H$aVm h¡ &
{Og _oK Zo eaV² F$Vw _| ^r _`ya H$mo ObYmamAm| go V¥ßV {H$`m dh dfm©F$Vw _| ^r Vmbm~
H$mo Z âo Eogm CgH$m Omo M[aÌ h¡, dh ~mbOZmo{MV (jwÐmo{MV) h¡, Cg _hmZ² Ho$ `mo½` Zht h¡ &
CXmaVm Ho$ g_` _| ^r H$s JB© Bg AZwXmaVm H$mo XoIH$a nm_am| Ûmam {H$ò Jò Cnhmg go dh gÁOZ
Xw…Ir hmoJm, `h gmoMH$a _`ya gXm Ho$ {bE AnZr ß`mg hr Z ~wPmZo Ho$ {bE V¡`ma hmo J`m &&25&&
e§H$m … Vmo Š`m _`ya AZw{MVH$mar h¡ ?
g_mYmZ … Zht, _oK Ho$ noQ> go {ZH$bm hþAm, ñ\${Q>H$gm ñdÀN> Ob nrH$a _moa ß`mg go
nr{‹S>V hmoH$a ^r {\$a _mJ© _| {Jam hþAm H$sM‹S>dmbm Ob Zht nrVm &
e§H$m … V~ Vmo dh _mao ß`mg Ho$ _a OmVm hmoJm ?
g_mYmZ … Zht, Zht, dh _oK H$m ñ_aU H$a h{f©V hmoVm h¡ Am¡a _aVm ^r Zht $& Š`m|{H$
JwUdmZ² nwéf na Amem ~m±Yo hþE bmoJm| H$m n[al_ ^r gwIH$mar hmoVm h¡, Xw…IX Zht
hmoVm &&26&& `hm± na ò n{WH$ bmoJ ~agmV _| H$Wm-dmVm© Ho$ Ambmn Ûmam _mJ© _| hmoZodmbr
emoMZr` Xem H$mo ({d`moJ H$mo) d¡go hr {~VmVo h¢ O¡go {H$ àm`… _yI©OZ AnZm OÝ_ `mnZ
H$aVo h¢ & H$mÝVm{dahr n{WH$m| H$m dfm© F$Vw _| H$ht na H$Wmbmn Am{X go H$îQ>nyd©H$ d¡go
ŸyÕ - 119] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2261
hr g_mnZ hmoVm h¡ O¡go {H$ AmË_kmZeyÝ` _yIm] H$m OÝ_`mnZ hmoVm h¡, `h ^md h¡ &&27&&
ho amOZ², `hm± na Vmbm~ go H$_b, ZrbH$_b, Hw$Bª,g\o$X H$_b, ^gtS>, H$_bZmb,
aŠVH$_b, nÎmo Am¡a Ob Ho$ ~moP H$mo boH$a `wd{V`m± Mbt &&28&& BgHo$ ~mX BZ H$_b Am{X
Ho$ ~moPm| H$mo Š`m| bo OmVr hmo, `h nyN>Zo na CÝhm|Zo nyN>Zodmbo H$mo (_wPH$mo) `h CÎma {X`m-
ho n{WH$, h_ bmoJ {d`moJê$nr Xw…I Ho$ Áda go gÝVßV Zm{`H$m H$s ~mbg{I`m± h¢ Am¡a CgHo$
CnMma Ho$ {bE H$_b Am{X Ho$ ~moPm| H$mo bo OmVr h¢ &&29&& VXwnamÝV ào_nyU© öX`dmbr,
ñVZm| Ho$ ^ma go ZV (PwH$s hþBª) VWm {d{dY hmd^mdm| go _Zmoha A§Jmodmbr do bbZmE± XoI
aho n{WH$m| H$mo CZHo$ Ka H$s {à`mAm| H$m ~ma-~ma ñ_aU H$amVr h¢ &&30&&
dhm± na H$moB© n{WH$ AnZr {à`m H$m ñ_aU H$a H$hVm h¡ &
dh _oar {à`m Ob go âo _oKê$nr AÝYH$ma go H$mbo AmH$me H$mo {MH$Zo VWm _oK Am¡a
AÝYH$ma Ho$ g_mZ H$mbo eyÝ`dZ H$mo XoIH$a àbmn H$aVr hmoJr, ^y{_na {JaVr hmoJr VWm
MbVo-MbVo R>moH$a ImVr hmoJr &&31&& hm`, ^«_aloUr VWm ZrbH$_bm| go n[ado[îQ>V H$_bê$n
nmZnmÌ go (nrZo Ho$ ~V©Z-H$Q>moao go) C±S>obo Om aho H$_{bZ Ho$ _Yw H$mo nrZo go _ñV hþAm Am¡a
VQ> ^y{_ na CJo hwE d¥j, bVm Am{X Ho$ nëbdm| Ho$ Z¥Ë` go àmßV hþB© _Ywa J§^ra eãX am{e go
à»`m{nV erVbVm, _¥XwVm, gwJ[ÝY Am{X JwUm| go nyU© dm`w ~hVm h¡ &&32&&
EH$ gm¡ AR>mahdm± gJ© g_mßV
EH$ gm¡ CÝZrgdm± gJ©

n{WH$ H$m AnZr {à`m go ^|Q> hmoZo d CgHo$ AmJo CgHo$ {d`moJ go hþB© AnZr _aUmÝV Xem H$m dU©ZŸ&
ghMam| Zo H$hm … amOZ², Xo{Iò, _ÝXa H$s Pm‹S>r _| `h n{WH$ {MaH$mb Ho$ níMmV² àmßV hþB©
AnZr {à`m Ho$ AmJo ^yVnyd© AnZr {dah-H$Wm H$hVm h¡ &&1&&
{à`m Ho$ AmJo Cggo d{U©V {dah H$Wm H$m dU©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE ^y{_H$m ~m±YVm h¡ &
ho {àò, Vwåhmao {d`moJ H$s AdñWm _| _oar EH$ {XZ hþB© AmíM`©nyU© XwK©Q>Zm H$mo gwZmo $& Vwåhmao
g_rn AnZm g_mMma ôOZo Ho$ {bò XyV H$m {dMma H$aVo-H$aVo {dMma_½Z hþE _¢Zo `h H$hm &&2&&
Bg _hmàb`H$mb Ho$ Vwë` {d`moJ _| ({dahê$n _hVr Amn{Îm _|) `hm±na [ñWV _wPo g_mMma nhþM± mZo
Ûmam Cggo (_oar {à`m go) g§_m{ZV H$aZo Ho$ {bò Omo _oao Ka Om` Eogm X`mbw XyV H$m¡Z hmoJm ?
Omo Xygao Ho$ Xw…I H$s {Zd¥{Îm Ho$ {bò ào_ go gabVmnyd©H$ gXm à`ËZ H$ao, Eogm nwéf g§gma _| h¡
Zht &&3&& hm±± `mX AmB©, gm_Zo nd©V {eIa na `h {XImB© Xo ahm _oK ào_ go gXm naXw…I H$mo
{Zd¥Îm H$aZm Am{X JwUm| go `wŠV h¡ ? `h H$m_Xod Ho$ Kmo‹S>o Ho$ g_mZ erK« _oao Ka Om gH$Vm h¡ &
namonH$ma _| namÙ `h {~Obr H$s aoImê$n {dbmgdVr Zm{`H$m go do[îQ>V hmo [ñWV h¡ &&4&& Aao
^mB© _oK, Vwåhmao Jbo _| JwU h¡ `mZr Vw_ JwUdmZ² hmo $& JwUembr AnZo `mo½` BÝÐYZwf H$mo boH$a,
ho gwÝXa AmH$me_mJ©Mmar, Vw_ _oar {à`m Ho$ g_rn OmH$a {OZgo Ob H$s ~y±Xo {Ja ahr hm| Eogo AnZo
dm`wAm| go nhbo Cgo T>mT>g XoZm {\$a _oam gÝXoe nhþ±MmZo Ho$ {bò Yrao-Yrao JO©Zm, jUâ Ho$
{bò X`m H$aZm, H$maU {H$ Vwåhmao J§^ra JO©Z H$mo _oao {d`moJ Xw…I go AlwnyU©_wIr ~mbH$_bZmb
Ho$ gÑe H$mo_b earadmbr H¥$em§Jr _oar {à`m ghZo _| Ag_W© h¡ &&5&& ho _oK, Cg {à`m H$m {MÎmê$nr
Vy{bH$m go öX`ê$nr AmH$me na {MÌ {bIH$a _¢Zo AmqbJZ {H$`m, A^r hr Z _mby_ dh `hm±
go H$hm± Mbr JB© $&&6&& ho H¥$em§{J, Bg Vah _oK go H$hH$a Vwåhmar {MÝVm go namYrZ ~w{Õdmbo
_oao _Z H$m ì`mnma ^rVa hr ^rVa brZ hmo J`m, AVEd Vwåhmao hr gmW _oar ñ_¥{V (nyd©na Ho$
AZwgÝYmZ H$s e[ŠV) ^r Jw_ hmo JB© $& VXwnamÝV ñ_¥{VZme go _oam eara ~oH$m~y hmo J`m Am¡a
_oao g~ Ad`d H$mîR>bmoîR> Ho$ g_mZ {ZíMoîQ> hmo Jò & ^bm {d`moJXw…I go CËnÝZ nam^d H$mo H$m¡Z
gh gH$Vm h¡ ? &&7&& VXZÝVa _oar d¡gr AdñWm XoIH$a EH$Ì hþE OZg_yh _| _hm hmhmH$ma _Mm
Am¡a XoIZo Ho$ {bò Am ahr n{WH$ _{hbmAm| H$m ^r N>mVr nrQ>Zm ^ybH$a Ahm ~oMmam n{WH$ _a
J`m Eogm H$mobmhb hþAm & dhm± na {H$ÝhtZo Xw…I^ma go é±Yo hþE ñdadmbo XrZVmnyU© Ambmnm| go
_oK H$s {ZÝXm H$s &&8&& CgHo$ níMmV² n{WH$ bmoJm| Zo `h _a J`m h¡, Eogm {ZíM` H$a Am±Im| _|
Am±gy â H$a edmo{MV nyOm (MÝXZ, _mbm Am{X go gOmdQ>) H$s VWm bH${‹S>`m± CÛoOH$ VWm
AË`ÝV ^rfU í_emZ _| bo Jò $&&9&& ho H$_bm{j, dhm± na AlwnyU© ZoÌam{Odmbo Hw$N> n{WH$m|
Zo _wPo {MVmê$nr eæ`mna aŠIm & dhm± na Mmam| Amoa bmoH$n§[ŠV`m| H$s Vah {OgH$s n§[ŠV ~±Yr
Wr, Yy_«am{e Ho$ CX²Jma go {ZaÝVa OQ>m`wŠV (ì`mßV), _XmoÝ_Îm _¥Ë`w Ho$ _ñVH$ na CÎm_ My‹S>m_{U
Ho$ gÑe àH$me_mZ A{¾ê$n gmoZo Ho$ Wmo‹S>r-~hþV Ñí` hmoZo na ZrbH$_bbVm Ho$ g_mZ H$mo_b,
Ja_, H$mbr XrK©Vm Ho$ g§H$moM go Hw$~‹S>r, Yy_«n§[ŠV H$mo_b Jbo Ho$ gyamI Am¡a Zm{gH$maÝY« _|, Zodbo
go ^`^rV hþB© ~mbg{n©Ur N>moQ>o ^y{_ Ho$ N>oX _| O¡go àdoe H$aVr h¡ d¡go hr àdoe H$aZo Ho$ {bE àd¥Îm
hþB© &&10,11&& ho {àò, _¢ Vwåhmao AmH$maê$n A_¥V go H$dMmd¥V Wm, AVEd H$dMmd¥V _wPH$mo CŠV
Yy_«n§[ŠV Zo d¡go hr nr‹S>m Zht nhþ±MmB© O¡go {H$ dO«m§J ~«÷mOr H$mo Omoa go N>mo‹S>r J`r _¥Ë`w Ho$ ^mbm|
H$s loUr Zo nr{‹S>V Zht {H$`m Am¡a öX`ê$nr J¥hg_rnd{V©Zr H$m_ZXrê$n Vw_ _| JmoVo bJm aho
_wPH$mo A{¾Xmh go ^r __©ÀN>oX hmoZo na CËnÝZ hþB© nr‹S>m _mby_ Z hmoVr Ho$db YwE± go Vmo Š`m|H$a
nr‹S>m hmoVr ? &&12&& ho H¥$em§{J, _yÀN>m©dñWm _| BVZo H$mbVH$ AnZo öX` _| Vwåhmao gmW _¢Zo
brbm_Zmoha {Og gwI H$m AZw^d {H$`m, dh A^yVnyd© Wm & A_¥V Ho$ Hw$ÊS> _| JmoVo bJmZo go O¡gm
gwI hmoVm h¡ d¡gm hr dh gwI Wm $& Cg gwI H$m AZw^d hmoZo na `h à{gÕ Ì¡bmoŠàmÁ` Ho$ Am{YnË`
go hmoZodmbm gwI ^r nyd©d{U©V __©ÀN>oXZ Xw…I Ho$ g_mZ VwÀN> hr h¡, Eogr _oar am` h¡ &&13&& ho
{àò, Vwåhmar dh Ho$db ñdmZw^d go ko` {Za{Ve`mZÝXê$n AZwn_ brbm, d¡go hr ^m¢h _Q>H$mZm
ŸyÕ - 119] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2263
Am{Xê$n {dbmg, d¡gm hr AmZÝX_` dMZ, d¡gm hr _wñH$mZm, d¡go hr H$Q>mj VWm dhr àYmZ
Ab§H$maê$n _{U_`r EH$mdbr a{hV Amä`ÝV[aH$ AmZÝX Ho$ C{MV AmqbJZ, d¡gr hr ZIjV
Am{X MoîQ>mE±, d¡gm hr a{VHy${OV, d¡go hr h±gZm, MbZm {MÎm{djmo^ Am{X Wo $& BZ_| go {OgH$m
ñ_aU öX` _| A_¥V agm‡mX Z H$ao Eogm H$moB© Z Wm g^r öX` _| Am‡mX n¡Xm H$aVo hr Wo$&&14&&
ho _w½Yo, CgHo$ níMmV² _¢ Vwåhmao g§J_ go A{VV¥ßV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU WH$Zo go {e{Wb hmoH$a dhm± na
H$mo_b eæ`m na boQ> J`m, Omo eaV² F$Vw _| erVb {H$aUm| go `wŠV MÝÐ{~å~ O¡gr ñdÀN> Wr &&15&&
Bg ~rM _| EH$mEH$ _¢Zo O¡go MÝXZn§H$ Ho$ gÑe erVb {demb MÝÐ{~å~ go _oK{ZKm}f Ho$ gmW
dO« {ZH$bo d¡go hr AË`ÝV Ag§^mdZr` AnZr eæ`m go {ZH$br AnZr Xoh go ñn¥îQ> eãX`wŠV
{MVm Ho$ ZrMo Obr hþB© A{¾ H$mo jragmJa Ho$ ~‹S>dmZb Ho$ g_mZ XoIm &&16&& ghMam| Zo H$hm …
amOZ², CŠV {à` Ho$ Eogm H$hZo na H$hm "_¢ _ar' H$hVr hþB© dh _w½Ym Zm{`H$m _w½YVmde _hmZ²
àb` H$s Ame§H$m go _y[ÀN>©V hmo J`r &&17&& _y[ÀN>©V AnZr {à`m H$mo `h ~oMmam n{V Z{bZr Ho$
nÎmm| Ho$ n§Io go VWm Ob go H¡$go àH¥${VñW H$aVm hþAm _y[ÀN>©V {à`m H$mo Jbo bJmH$a `hm± _ÝXamMb
Ho$ {ZHw§$O _| ~¡R>m h¡ &&18&& {\$a {à`m Ho$ nyN>Zo na XoImo `h Cgr H$Wm H$mo nmg _| ~¡R>r hþB© AnZr
{à`m go CgH$s Rw>È>r nH$‹S>H$a H$hVm h¡ &&19&& ho {àò, _wPo O~ AmJ H$s bnQ>m| go Hw$N> nr‹S>m hþB©
Vmo Á`m|hr _¢Zo K~amhQ> Ho$ gmW "Aao Aao AmJ' H$hm Ë`m|hr PQ>nQ> AmZÝX _| _½Z hmo aho n{WH$m|
Zo I‹S>IS‹ > (MQ>MQ>) eãX go ì`mßV dh {MVm g~ bm{R>`m| H$mo hQ>mH$a jUâ _| emÝV H$a Xr &&20&&
VXwnamÝV _ao hþE Ho$ nwZ… Or OmZo go CËnÝZ hþE hf©de n{WH$ bmoJ M§Mb Vm{b`m| Ho$ {dbmgê$nr
~mOo Ho$ gmW _wPo {MVm go CR>mH$a ~hþV gr _m§J{bH$ d¥j _§O[a`m| go _oao eara H$mo {d^y{fV H$a,
_wPo Jbo bJmH$a, g~ _oao Mmam| Amoa I‹S>o hmo Jò $& _oao nwZé‚mrdZ Ho$ hf© go g~Zo AÅ>hmg {H$`m,
Jm`m, g~ {Ib{Ibmò Am¡a ZmMo Ed§ Ka H$mo Amò &&21&& BgHo$ níMmV² _¢Zo g§hmaH$mar éÐ Ho$
eara Ho$ g_mZ ^rfU í_emZ XoIm, dh A{V {dH$Q> Zm`H$hrZ {nemM Am{X Ho$ {bò gwIH$mar
Wm, amI, _m±g Am¡a _wXm] H$s Imon{‹S>`m| Ho$ T>oam| go ì`mßV Wm VWm MÝÐ_m Ho$ gÑe g\o$X h[È>`m±
Am¡a H$nmb Cg_| {~Iao Wo $& g§hmaéÐ H$m eara ^r {dH$Q> {dZm`H$ Am{X JUm| H$mo gwIXm`H$
h¡, {d^y{V, gn©hma Am¡a edH$nmbm| go ì`mßV h¡ Am¡a MÝÐ{H$aUm| go ew^« _wÊS>_mbmE± ^r Cg_|
h¢ &&22&& ^JdmZ e§H$a Ho$ Am^yfU `mo½` h[È>`m| Ho$ Q>§H$ma go H$R>moa eãX H$aZodmbo dm`w dhm± na
~hVo Wo, do g_rndVu dZ H$s h[a`mbr H$mo amI C‹S>mH$a ha aho Wo, Jb aho g‹S>o-n‹S>o Za H§$H$mbm|
H$s XwJ©ÝY H$mo \¡$bm aho Wo, àMwa ^ñ_am{e go Jm‹T> VaH$g _| MÝÐ_m go {Jao hþE ~mUm| H$m-gm CZH$m
AmH$ma Wm &&23&& dh í_emZ ^y{_, {OgHo$ d¥jm| Ho$ nÎmo YYH$Vr hþB© A{¾dmbr {MVmAm| Ho$ àdmhê$n
go {ZH$b aho YwE± Am¡a {MZJm[a`m| go nyU© _waPmH$a gyI Jò Wo, A{¾, dm`w Am¡a eZ¡íMa H$s H«$s‹S>m
Ho$ `mo½` Ka Ho$ Vwë` bjU YmaU H$aVr h¡ &&24&& _¢Zo d¡gm í_emZ XoIm, Omo Ag§»` ^rfU AmYo
Obo ZaH$H§$H$mbm| go AË`ÝV XwJ©[ÝYnyU© Wm Am¡a _Vdmbo {g`mam|, H$m¡Am|, MrVm|, JrYm|, {nemM
Am¡a doVmbm| H$s {Mëbnm| go ^`§H$a Wm &&25&& dhm± na ObmZo Ho$ {bò bmò Jò ZmZm _wXm] Ho$ ~ÝYw-
~mÝYdm| Ho$ amoZo-YmoZo go CgHo$ {XJÝV Am¡a Pm{‹S>`m± Jy±OVr Wr, Cg_| H$m¡E, Mrb Am{X go ItMr
J`r Jrbr A±V{‹S>`m| go AYObo no‹S> Am¡a bVmE± ~±Yr Wt $&&26&& H$ht na {MVmAm| Ho$ g§MmbZ go
_hmZ² àH$me hmo OmVm Wm, H$ht na ~hþV ~‹S>r Ho$eam{e Ûmam dhm± ~mXb Ho$ g_yh go ~Zmò Jò
Wo, H$ht na n¥{Wdr Vb é{YaYmam go bWnW Wm, AVEd am{Ì Ho$ g_` e¡beyÝ` dh JaO aho
_oK-gm eãX H$aVm Wm &&27&&EH$ gm¡ CÝZrgdm± gJ© g_mßV
EH$ gm¡ ~rgdm± gJ©

dm`w, d¥j, ^«_a, dZam{O, Xodm§JZm, g_wÐ H$s bha, gwdU©Mw‹S> njr Am{X H$m dU©ZŸ&
ghMam| Zo H$hm … ho H$_bZoÌ Bg Vah H$m {d`moJ H$m{bH$H$WmE± H$h ahm `h ór-nwéf H$m
Omo‹S>m Bg g_` CÎm_ AmgdnmZ H$aZo Ho$ {bò àd¥Îm h¡, Bgo Amn Xo{Iò $&&1&&
H$moB© ghMa {d{dY dm`wAm| H$m dU©Z H$aVm h¡ $&
Ho$bo Ho$ Jmo\$m| Ho$ gwÝXa JwÀN>m| H$mo \w$bmZo _| n[ÊS>V VWm \y$bm| Ho$ namJm| go {d^y{fV ò AZoH$
àH$ma Ho$ dm`w ~hVo h¢ &&2&& dZm| go {ZH$br hþB© ^m±{V-^m±{V H$s gwJ[ÝY`m| go öîQ>nwîQ>, ñdoX{~ÝXwAm|
H$m nmZ H$aZodmbo VWm bbZmAm| Ho$ BYa CYa {~Iao hþE Hw$ÝVbm| H$mo (_w±h H$s Amoa bQ>Ho$ Ho$em|
H$mo) ZMmZodmbo dm`w ~hVo h¢ &&3&& Hw$N> nd©Vm| Ho$ Jw\$mê$nr J¥hm| _| n¡R>H$a Kw_Zo _| CÚmoJr qghm|
H$s Vah jma g_wÐ Ho$ dm`w, amjgm| Ho$-go gw_oé {eIamH«$_U Ho$ CÚmoJm| go ~hVo h¢ &&4&& V_mb
Am¡a Vm‹S> Ho$ no‹S>m| _| M§Mb ~ÀMm| H$s Vah H«$s‹S>m Ho$ PybZm| go Pwbmò Jò, ObVa§Jm| go CN>bH$a
d¥jmJ«m| Ho$ H$mo_b nëbdm| na AmH«$_U H$aZodmbo VWm ZmM ahr ZdrZ bVmAm| go {ZH$br hþB©
nwînYy{b`m| go Yyga dm`w CÚmZm| _| amOmAm| H$s Vah _ÝXJ{V go MbVo h¢ &&5,6&& ~m±gm| Ho$ dZ
_| {dlm_ boVm hþAm `h dZdm`w h[ñVZmnwa H$s Zm[a`m| go {gIbm`m J`m hþAm-gm _rR>m JmZm
JmZo Ho$ {bE V¡`ma hþAm h¡ &&7&& O~ go H${U©H$ma Zo gwJ[ÝY, namJ Am{X Z XoH$a dm`w H$m {VañH$ma
{H$`m V^r go ^«_a ^r BgH$m (H${U©H$maH$m) Xya go Ë`mJ H$aVo h¢, BgHo$ g_rn Zht OmVo h¢ &&8&&
VmS> H$m no‹S> Iåô H$s Vah grYm hmoVm h¡, AV… Cgna H$moB© M‹T> Zht gH$Vm $& Bgr{bE dh {H$gr
AWu H$mo Z \$b XoVm h¡ Am¡a Z nëbd hr XoVm h¡ & BZH$s A{V CÝZV ^r AmH¥${V A{W©`m| H$s A{^bmfm
H$s ny{V© Ho$ {~Zm emo^m Zht XoVr &&9&& CXmaVm Am{X JwUm| go a{hV _yIm] H$s dó, Ab§H$ma Am{X
Ho$ AmS>å~a go eara H$s gOmdQ> hr emo^m Ho$ {bE hmoVr h¡, AÝ` Hw$N> Zht & amOZ², `h \y$bm hþAm
nbme H$m noS‹ > \y$bm| H$s gOmdQ> go hr amOm Ho$ Vwë` _mby_ n‹S>Vm h¡ $&&10&& AmAmo, `h gwJ[ÝYa{hV
H${U©H$ma {dfmXê$n {MÎm{dH$ma H$m hr nmÌ h¡, ì`W© hr h_Zo BgH$m Aml` {b`m h¡ & {ZJw©U Ord
ŸyÕ - 120] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2265
Ho$ Vwë` BgHo$ AZwgaU go Š`m bm^ h¡ ? &&11&& M§Mb _§Oaram{eê$nr {~Obr Ho$ g§J go `wŠV
VWm H$mbm V_mbd¥j MmVH$ H$mo ì`W© hr _oK H$s ^«m[ÝV H$amVm h¡ &&12&& ò D±$Mo ~m±g CÝZV Hw$b
Ho$ g_mZ h¢ & CÝZV Hw$b Ho$ bmoJ nUm] go (dmhZm| go -aW, hmWr, Kmo‹S>o, Am{X go) {d^y{fV hmoVo
h¢ Vmo ò nUm] go (nÎmm| go) {d^y{fV h¢$& CÝZV Hw$bm| H$m g§K Xw^}Ú hmoVm h¡ Vmo CZH$m ^r g§K Xw^}Ú
h¡, CÝZV Hw$b Ho$ OZ g‚mZm| Ho$ CnH$ma Ho$ {bE amOmAm| H$m Aml` ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢, Vmo BÝhm|Zo
CÎm_ N>m`mAm| go nd©Vm| H$mo AmÀN>m{XV H$a aŠIm h¡ $& CÝZV Hw$b Ho$ OZ gÝ_mZ Am{X _hmZ²
JwUm| Ho$ `mo½` hmoVo h¢, Vmo ò (~m±g) YZwfAdñWm _| àË`§Mmê$n JwUm| Ho$ `mo½` h¢ & `m| BZ ~m±gm| H$s
CÝZV Hw$bm| Ho$ gmW nyU©ê$noU g_Vm h¡ &&13&& O¡go gwdU©_` {eIaê$n AmgZ na ~¡R>Zodmbm
AVEd A{½Z _| [ñWV hmoZodmbm dm`wê$n ì`m{Y go `wŠV Amoa-N>moadmbm `h _oK {~Obr go nrbo
AmH$me H$mo jwãY H$aVm h¡ d¡go hr gwdU©_` {eIam| Ho$ Vwë` AmgZ na ~¡R>Zodmbo, gd©loîR>, dmV
ì`m{Y go (CÕd go) `wŠV g[ÝZ{Ydmbo CËH¥$ï> Eoíd`©gånÝZ h[a M_M_m aho {~Obr Ho$ gÑe
nrVmå~a H$mo YmaU H$aVo h¢ `m| h[a Am¡a _oK H$s g_mZVm h¡ &&14&& àdoe Am¡a {ZJ©_ _| CVmdbrdmbo
njr Am¡a ^«_aê$nr ~mU {Og_| g§Mma H$a aho h¢ Eogm `h \y$bm hþAm nbme H$m d¥j é{Ya go bWnW
dra Ho$ Vwë` _mbw_ n‹S>Vm h¡ &&15&& _hoÝÐnd©V Ho$ {eIa na _ÝXma_§O[a`m| H$s am{e`m| H$s am{e`m|
go nrbo _oKê$nr _[ÝXa _| ò H$m_r JÝYd© _ÚnmZ go _Îm hmoH$a gmoò h¢ &&16&& ho amOZ² Xo{Iò,
H$ënd¥jm| Ho$ dZ H$s erVb N>m`m _| {dlm_ H$a aho, CÎm_ drUm Am{X ~mOm| go `wŠV ò {gÕ Am¡a
{dÚmYa JmVo h¢ &&17&& _hmamO Xo{Iò, Bg H$ënÐw_ Ho$ dZ _| nëbd na ~¡R>r hþB© ({dlm_ H$a
aht) Xodm§JZmE± JmVr h¢ Am¡a h±gVr h¢ &&18&& gwÝXa-gwÝXa _[ÝXam| go âo hþE _ÝXamMb na _ÝXnmb
_w{ZH$m `h _[ÝXa h¡, {Og CXma _ÝXnmb H$s dh à{gÕ O[aVm Zm_ H$s J¥Yr ^m`m© h¡ $&&19&&
amOZ², ò _w{ZOZm| Ho$ Aml_, {OZ na Om{V d¡a H$m n[aË`mJ H$a Amng _| Jm‹T>m ñZoh aIZodmbo
qgh-hmWr, Zodbm-gm±n Am{X ào_-H«$s‹S>m H$aVo h¢ VWm ò g~ F$VwAm| _| \y$b XoZodmbo d¥jm| go
nyU© h¢, Xo{Iò &&20&& _y±Jm| Ho$ d¥jm| go CbPr hþB© gmJaVQ> H$s bVmAm| Ho$ nëbdm| na Ob{~ÝXw,
{OZ na gw`© H$m à{V{~å~ h¡, emo{^V hmoVo h¢ &&21&& aËZ Am¡a _{U`m| H$s ImZm| _| bha| ~ma-
~ma n[adV©Zm| Ûmam d¡go hr H«$s‹S>m H$aVr h§¡ O¡go {H$ hmd-^mddmbr `wd{V`m± AnZo {dbmgr n{V`m|
Ho$ djñWbm| na ~ma-~ma n[adV©Zm| go H«$s‹S>m H$aVr h¡ &&22&& amOZ² gw{Zò, ZmJbmoH$ Am¡a BÝÐbmoH$
H$s [ñÌ`m| Ho$ J_ZmJ_Z go hmoZodmbm _Zmoha Am^yfU-P§H$ma AmH$me go gwZmB© XoVm h¡ &&23&&
EoamdV Ho$ JÊS>ñWb go {Jao hþE _XOb go _ñV hþB© ^«_[a`m| H$s Jw§OmaÜd{Z`m| go EoamdV Ho$ ñZmZ
ñWmZê$n nd©V H$s Jw\$mE± _mZm| JmVr h¢ &&24&& H¥$îUnj _| {XZna {XZ KQ> aho AVEd H¥$eH$m`
gmJa H$s H¥$îUmÝVaoImê$n n§[ŠV`m± {Zdmg ñWmZê$n dobmVQ> na {XImB© XoVr h¢ &&25&&
H$moB© ghMa Xmo íbm|H$m| go dZm| H$m hr {dbm{gZr Ho$ (ór Ho$) ê$n go dU©Z H$aVm h¡ &
dZê$nr {dbm{gZr YÝ` h¡ & dZ H$s _Zmoha JÝY hr BgH$m gwJ[ÝYV {Zídmg h¡ & gwÝXa KZr
N>m`m hr erVb A§J h¡, `h (dZ^y{_) EH$mÝV _| ^JdXmH$ma H$mo {XIbmZodmbr h¡ (Am¡a Zm{`H$m
EH$mÝV _| AnZo ê$n H$mo {XIbmZodmbr h¡) & ^m±{V-^m±{V Ho$ Am^yfUê$n nwînm| go âr h¡, d¥jm|
H$m {Z{~‹S> {dÝ`mg hr BgHo$ dó h¡ $& {ZP©a (PaZm) hr {Z_©b hmg h¡ Ed§ BgZo \y$bm| H$s goO
{~N>mB© h¡ & (dZ^y{_ Am¡a {dbm{gZr XmoZm| _| g~ {deofU bJmZo Mm{hò) &&26,27&& CXma_{V
Xodd¥ÝX Am{X ZÝXZdZ _| d¡gm AmZÝX Zht boVo O¡gm {H$ gyZgmZ (eãXeyÝ`) ewÕ dZ^y{_`m|
_| AmZÝX byQ>Vo h¢ &&28&& AË`ÝV {daŠV _w{Z Ho$ {MÎm H$mo Am¡a AZwaŠV {df`r nwéf Ho$ {MÎm H$mo
_Zmoha {ZO©Z dZ^y{_`m± EH$-gm AmZÝX XoVr h¢ &&29&& gmJa Ho$ VQ>dVu nd©Vmo| Ho$, {OZHo$ VQ>
ObVa§Jm| go Ymoò gm\$ gwWao h¢, nmX (Vb¡{Q>`m±) g_wÐr` aËZam{e`m| go Zynwam| Ho$ g_mZ emo{^V
hmoVo h¢ Am¡a eãX H$aVo h¢ &&30&& nw§ZmJ Ho$ d¥jm| na {dlm_ H$a aho gwÝXa gwdU©H$s-gr H$m[ÝVdmbo
ho_My‹S> Zm_ Ho$ njr (EH$ àH$ma H$m nrbm njr) ñdJ© _| XodVmAm| Ho$ g_mZ emo^m nmVo h¢ &&31&&
^«_a Am¡a _oKê$nr YwE± go nyU© \y$bo hþE MånH$m| Ho$ dZ O~ dm`w go {hbVo h¢ V~ Ob aho nd©V go
_mby_ n‹S>Vo h¢, Xo{Iò &&32&& CËH$[ÊR>V H$mo`b (_mXm) H$Zoa Ho$ no‹S> H$s D$na H$s emImê$nr
Pybo _| Pyb aho AnZo {à` H$mo`b H$m AmqbJZ H$a _Ywa JmZm Jm ahr h¡ &&33&& ho amOZ²,
H$bH$bÜd{Znyd©H$ Cnm`Z (^|Q>) hmW _| {bò hþE amOmAm| go nyU© jrag_wÐ H$s BZ VQ>^y{_`m|
H$mo Xo{Iò $&&34&& nyd©, n[íM_, X{jU Am¡a CÎma jmagmJa VH$ Bg Oå~y Ûrn _| ^rfU `wÕ _|
~Mo hþE Zan{V`m| H$mo AnZo MaUm| Ho$ AmgZ ~ZmBò AWm©V² CZHo$ _ñVH$ na nXmn©U Ûmam CZna
AZwJ«h H$s{Oò $& Am¡a VV²-V²V _ÊS>bm| H$s n¥{Wdr H$m àËòH$ {Xem _| {MaH$mb VH$ ajm Ho$ {bE
emómZwgma (Zr{Vemó _| d{U©V àH$ma go) g_mYmZnyd©H$ emÝV ~w{Õ go emgZ {X{Oò, CgHo$
níMmV² Aó-eó {X{Oò Am¡a CgHo$ níMmV² {demb goZm Xr{Oò &&35&&
EH$ gm¡ ~rgdm± gJ© g_mßV
EH$ gm¡ BŠH$sgdm± gJ©

_ÊS>b_`m©Xm H$s ñWmnZm H$a A{½Z H$s eaU _| Jò hþE {dn[íMVm| H$m A{½Z Ho$ daXmZ go {XJÝVm| Ho$ Xe©Z H$m CÚmoJŸ&
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho aKwZm`H$, BgHo$ ~mX CZ g_wÐVQ>m| na ^y{_na ~¡R> H$a Mmam| {dn[íMVm|
Zo nhbo _[ÝÌ`m| Ûmam {Zdo{XV _ÊS>b_`m©XmñWmnZê$n gmam amÁ` à~ÝY {H$`m &&1&& Cg g_`
nX Ho$ H«$_ Ho$ AZwgma {Zdmg^y{_ ~ZmH$a CÝhm|Zo dht na {Zdmg {H$`m Am¡a _O~yV _ÊS>b_`m©Xm
H$s ñWmnZm H$s &&2&& BgHo$ ~mX lr_mZ² gy`© _mZm| CZHo$ ({dn[íMVm| Ho$) àVmn H$m dU©Z H$aZo Ho$
{bE g_wÐ Ho$ AÝXa àdoe H$a AÝ` bmoH$ H$mo (Á`mo{V{f`m| Ho$ _V go nmVmb bmoH$ H$mo Am¡a nm¡am{UH$m|
Ho$ _V go _oénd©V Ho$ CÎma ^mJ _| [ñWV Xygao df© H$mo) Mbm J`m &&3&& _oKn§[ŠV Ho$ g_mZ H$mbr
ŸyÕ - 122] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2267
am{Ì {dñVma H$mo àmßV hþB© Am¡a do {dn[íMV gmao X¡{ZH$ H¥$Ë` nyU© H$aHo$ gmoZo Ho$ {bE eæ`mAm| na
Amê$‹T> hþE &&4&& Xya go Z{X`m| Ho$ àdmh Ho$ g_mZ g_wÐ VH$ nhþM± o hþE AVEd AmíM`© _| Sy>~o hþE CÝhm|Zo
ZrMo H$hr OmZodmbr ~mVm| na {dMma {H$`m &&5&& Amohmo ! h_ bmoJ Xodm{YXod A{¾ Ho$ àVmn go {~Zm
{H$gr Šboe-Am`mg Ho$ ~hþV Xya _mJ© _| Am nhþM± o h¢ &&6&& `h Mmam| Amoa \¡$br hþB© Ñí` emo^m {H$VZr
{dñV¥V hmoJr & `hm± go Oå~yÛrn Ho$ ~mX jma g_wÐ h¡, jma Ho$ ~mX {\$a ßbjÛrn-^y{_ h¡, CgHo$
~mX {\$a _hmZ² (jma g_wÐ go XwJZw m ~‹S>m) Bjwag H$m g_wÐ h¡, Bjw-g_wÐ Ho$ ~mX Hw$eÛrn h¡, Hw$eÛrn
Ho$ ~mX gwam H$m gmJa h¡ $& Bg Vah H«$_ go gmV g_wÐ Am¡a gmV Ûrnm| Ho$ ~mX AÝV _| Š`m hmoJm ?
{\$a CgHo$ ~mX Š`m hmoJm ? `h Ñí`ê${nUr _m`m {H$VZr ~‹S>r Am¡a H¡$gr {d{MÌ dñVwAm|dmbr
hmoJr ? &&7,8&& `h g~ XoIZo Ho$ {bE h_ lrA{¾Xod H$s àmW©Zm H$a|, CZHo$ daXmZ go BZ g~
{XemAm| H$mo {~Zm n[al_ Ho$ AÝV VH$ XoI| $& Mma gmJam| Ho$ VQ>m| na ~¡R>o hþE CZ g~Zo `h {dMma
H$a EH$ hr gmW ^JdmZ² H$m AmˆmZ {H$`m &&9,10&& BgHo$ AZÝVa ^JdmZ² A{½Z CZHo$ gÝ_wI
AmH$ma YmaU H$a Ñí`_mZ hþE Am¡a CÝhm|Zo CZgo H$hm … "ho nwÌmo, da _m±Jmo' &&11&& {dn[íMVm| Zo
H$hm … ho Xodm{YXod, n§M^yVê$n Bg Ñí` H$m AÝV-Ohm± VH$ Bg eara go OmZm g§^d hmo Bg eara
go, Bg eara go AJå` ñWmZ _| d¡{XH$ _ÝÌm| Ho$ à^md go g§ñH¥$V Bgr eara go, Cggo AJå` ñWmZ
_| _Z go àË`j Ho$ `mo½` g~ nXmW©, AZw_mZJå` g~nXmW© VWm lw{V Am{X Jå` gH$b nXmW© (`m
gånyU© ñWyb àn§M, gH$b gyú_ àn§M Am¡a gH$b H$maU àn§M)$& O¡go h_ XoI|, ho ZmW, d¡gm CÎm_
daXmZ h_| Xr{Oò &&12,13&& ho à^mo, `moJà^md go Jå` _mJ©VH$ Ho$ Ñí` H$mo h_ Bg Xoh go XoI|
BgHo$ níMmV² `mo{J`m| Ûmam `moJà^md go AJå` Ñí` H$mo _Z go hr XoI| &&14&& `mo{J`m| Ho$ `moJà^md
go Jå` _mJ© _| Mb aho h_ bmoJm| H$s _¥Ë`w Z hmo, {Og _mJ© _| Xoh H$m g§^d Zht `mZr X{jUm`Z
VWm CÎmamÙ _mJ©ê$n _a H$a hr Omò, Om gH$Zo `mo½` nW _| h_mam _Z hr J_Z H$ao &&15&&
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … ho lram_MÝÐOr, da _m±JZo Ho$ níMmV² ~‹S>dmZbê$n go g_wÐ _| àdoe H$aZo
Ho$ {bE Ëdam H$a aho A{¾Xod "Eogm hr hmo' H$hH$a jUâ _| ghgm Mbo Jò &&16&& Bg Vah da
XoH$a A{½ZXod Mbo Jò, VXZÝVa am{Ì AmB© dh ^r Hw$N> Xoa R>haH$a Mbr JB©, VXwnamÝV gy`© ^JdmZ²
Amò Am¡a CZH$s {demb gmJa H$mo bm±KZo H$s BÀN>m ^r AmB© &&17&&
EH$ gm¡ BŠH$sgdm± gJ© g_mßV
EH$ gm¡ ~mB©gdm± gJ©

gmJa Ho$ Va§Jm| _| n¡am| go Mb aho {dn[íMV² Va§Jê$nr _Jam| H$mo MraH$a g_wÐ nma Jò, `h dU©ZŸ&
lrd{gîR>Or Zo H$hm … lram_Or, VXwnamÝV àmV…H$mb _[ÝÌ`m| Ho$ Z MmhZo na ^r O~aXñVr
Zr{Vemó Ho$ AZwgma n¥{Wdr Ho$ amÁ`{d^mJ, amÁ`-n[anmbZ Ho$ Cnm`m| H$m CnXoe, _`m©XmñWmnZ
Am{X H$s ^br^m±{V ì`dñWm H$a {XJÝV Ho$ Xe©Z H$s CËH$Q> CËH$ÊR>m go J«h, ^yV Am{X Ho$ Amdoe
go `wŠV VWm gmjmV² {ZfoY Z H$a gH$ aho loîR> _[ÝÌ`m| Ûmam Bemao go amoHo$ Om aho do Mmam| {dn[íMV²
amo aho AVEd AlwnyU© _wIm| go `wŠV g~ n[aOZm| H$mo {Zd¥ÎmH$a, ñZoheyÝ` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU A{^_mZ,
S>mh, bm^, eÌwAm| Ho$ nam^d H$s BÀN>m, amÁ`, ór, nwÌ Am{X H$s BÀN>m H$m Ë`mJH$a h_ bmoJ
g_wÐnma _| {XJÝV H$mo XoIH$a erK« hr AmVo h¢ `m| n[aOZm| H$s Vgëbr Ho$ {bE H$hVo hþE Jò &
A{½ZXod H$s àgÝZVm go àmßV _ÝÌ H$s gm_Ï`© go hr ^y{_, Ob Am{X ^yVm| na {dO` nmZo go
CÎm_Vm H$mo ({gÕVm H$mo) àmßV hþE CÝhm|Zo Cg g_` n¡am| go hr g_wÐ _| àdoe {H$`m &&1-3&&
do Mmam| {dn[íMV² ñZoh H$s A{YH$Vm go àËòH$ {Xem _| g_wÐ _| àdoe H$a aho ~hþV go àOmOZm|
(nmbZr` bmoJm|) VWm godH$m| go AZwJå`_mZ hmoVo hþE ñWb Ho$ g_mZ Ob _| ^r n¡am| go hr Jò &&4&&
^y{_Vb Ho$ g_mZ Ob Ho$ AÝXa Va§Jam{e`m| _| ^r n¡a aIH$a AHo$bo hr CÚV hþE do Mmam| {dn[íMV
AnZr goZm go AË`ÝV {d`wŠV hmo Jò &&5&& MaUm| Ho$ {dÝ`mg go hr _hmgmJa Ho$ AÝXa à{dîQ>
hþE CÝh| VQ> na I‹S>o hþE bmoJm| Zo V~ VH$ XoIm O~ VH$ {H$ do eaV²H$mb Ho$ AmH$me _| à{dîQ>
hþE _oKIÊS> Ho$ g_mZ AÑí`Vm H$mo àmßV hþE &&6&& Ñ‹T>{ZíM` go nmXJm_r CZ g^r Zo Cg g_wÐ
_mJ© H$mo Eogo nma {H$`m O¡go hmWrdmZ go ào[aV hmWr &&7&& nd©V Ho$ gÑe CVma Am¡a M‹T>md go D±$Mr
Am¡a ObVa§Jm| H$s emo^m H$mo ñd`§ ^r CgH$m J«hU H$aZo go, ha aho AVEd ^JdmZ² lrh[a H$s _y{V©
Ho$ Vwë` () _y{V©dmbo CÝhm|Zo _ñV _oK-KQ>m _| à{dîQ> hþE MÝÐ_m Ho$ g_mZ AnZo àdoe go emo^m`wŠV
hþE AmdVm] _| (Ob^±dam| _|) {H$gr àH$ma Ho$ ^`-{dñ_` Ho$ {~Zm {MaH$mb VH$ V¥Um| Ho$ g_mZ
^«_U {H$`m &&8,9&& do _ÝÌ, {dÚm, ~b Am¡a VoO[ñdVm go XwO©` Wo VWm hmW _| eó {bE hþE
Wo, AVEd H$ht na _ñV _Jam| Zo nhbo CZHo$ earam| H$mo {ZJbm {\$a nMmZo H$s e[ŠV Z hmoZo go
CJb {X`m &&10&& ObVa§Jm| _| {dlm_ bo aho dm`wAm| go J|X H$s Vah CN>mbo Jò earadmbo do EH$
hr jU _| gm¡-gm¡ `moOZ nhbo nhþ±Mmò Jò {\$a dmng bmò Jò $&&11&& ObVa§Jê$nr hm{W`m|
Ûmam H$s JB© Anyd© M_ËH$ma H$m[aUr Vw§JXohVm (CÝZVearaVm) go do AnZo amÁ` _| hm{W`m| H$s
nrR> H$s gdmar H$s emo^m YmaU H$a aho Wo &&12&& ~‹S>r {dñV¥V Va§Jam{eê$nr KQmAm| H$mo Vmo‹S>Zo
Am¡a CbQ>Zo _| nQw>VmAm| go, dm`wAm| go CÔr{nV {~O{b`m| H$s Vah Obê$nr _oK go ({ZH$bZm)
{XIbm {X`m &&13&& `Ú{n do V¡a aho M§Mb JOm| H$s Vah Va§Jam{e`m| go {dK{Q>V (YŠH$m-_wŠH$s
go nr{‹S>V) hþE Wo VWm{n CÝhm|Zo Vra^y{_ Ho$ à{gÕ gwÝXa nWarbo VQ>m| Ho$ g_mZ AnZm Y¡`© Zht
Imo`m &&14&& ~‹S>r-~‹S>r bham| _| _mo{V`m| Am¡a _{U`m| H$s am{e`m| _| à{V{~[å~V hþE do EH$mH$s
hmoZo na ^r Mmam| Amoa nwéfm| Ho$ g_yh go n[ad¥V O¡go _mbw_ hmoVo Wo &&15&& erK«Vm go g\o$X \o$Z
h[a_y{V© Zo ^r _ÝXamMb go _ÝWZ H$mb _| ObVa§Jm| Ho$ Amamoh Am¡a Adamoh go CÝZV-
()
AdZV bú_r H$mo ham Eogr à{g{Õ h¡$&
ŸyÕ - 123] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2269
Ho$ {nÊS>m| na n¡a aI aho CÝhm|Zo g\o$X H$_bm| na M‹T>o hþE amOh§gm| H$s emo^m YmaU H$s &&16&&
_oK Ho$ JO©Z H$s Üd{Z Ho$ gÑe ^`§H$a gmJa Ho$ Kw_-Kw_ eãX go, Omo {H$ VQ>^y{_ _| Q>H$amZo go
Am¡a VoO hþAm Wm, do amOm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU (c) {~bHw$b Zht S>ao &&17&& AmH$me H$mo Ny>Zodmbo Ob_`
nd©VamOm| Ho$ CN>bZo Am¡a {JaZo go YŠH$m_wŠH$s _| n‹S>o hþE do jUâ _o| nmVmb nhþ±MVo Wo Am¡a
jUâ _| gy`©_ÊS>b _| nhþ±M OmVo Wo &&18&& AMmZH$ D$na {Jao hþE Obàdmhê$nr dó go T>Ho$
hþE do CËnmVm| H$s àm[ßV hmoZo na {Ja aho _oKê$nr M±>Xdo go T>Ho$ hþE go _mby_ n‹S>Vo Wo &&19&& {demb
_oKm| go àH$Q> Am¡a AàH$Q> {H$aUam{edmbr Ky_ ahr _{U`m| Am¡a _mo{V`m| H$s am{e`m| go VWm ~rM
_| Ob_` d¥jbVmVwë` Va§Jm| Ho$ ObH$Um| go \y$bm| H$s Vah AnZo eara H$mo {d^y{fV H$a aho, ~‹S>o-
~‹S>o ~br _Ja Am¡a Ho$H$‹S>m| go ì`mßV Va§Jm| _| Mmam| Amoa go {Kao hþE VWm _Ja hr h¢ ghMa ({_Ì)
{OZHo$ Eogo do {dn[íMV² g_wÐ _| n¡am| go Mbo &&20&&
EH$ gm¡ ~mB©gdm± gJ© g_mßV
EH$ gm¡ VoB©gdm± gJ©
Ûrn Am¡a g_wÐ _| Jò hþE {dn[íMVm| H$s n[íM_ H$s Amoa Jò hþE H«$_ go {d{dY XemAm| H$m dU©ZŸ&
Bg ar{V go g_wÐ Am¡a Ûrnm| _| OmZodmbo do Mma {dn[íMV² n¡Xb Ñí`ê$n A{dÚm Ho$ AÝV Ho$
{dMma _| àd¥Îm hþE &&1&& eara Ho$ N>oX-ôX go a{hV {dn[íMVm| Zo g_wÐ go Ûrn H$mo, Ûrn go g_wÐ
H$mo Bg àH$ma Ûrn, nd©V Am¡a dZ H$mo erK«Vm go bm±Km &&2&& CZ Mma {dn[íMVm| _| go n[íM_ {XJÝV
H$mo XoIZo Ho$ {bE àd¥Îm {dn[íMV² H$mo AnZo H$mo A_a g_PZo dmbr {dîUw_rZ Hw$b _| CËnÝZ _N>br
{ZJb JB©, {OgH$m doJ AË`ÝV erK« ~hZodmbr ì`mg ZXr H$s Zm¡H$m Ho$ gÑe AË`ÝV VrIm Wm &&3&&
Cgo nMmZm gab Z Wm, AVEd Cg _N>br Zo jragmJa _| nhþ±Ma Cgo CJb {X`m & VXZÝVa
jragmJa H$mo bm±KH$a dh Xya {XJÝVa H$mo J`m &&4&& X{jU {XJÝV H$mo XoIZo Ho$ {bò àd¥Îm {dn[íMV²
H$mo Bjwag gmJa _| [ñWV Xj ZJa _| derH$aU{dÚm H$s {ejm _| {ZnwU `{jUr Zo XoIH$a AnZo
{dÚm~b go AnZr Amoa AmH¥$îQ> H$a AnZm ào_r ~Zm {b`m &&5&& nyd© {XJÝV H$mo XoIZo Ho$ {bE àd¥Îm
{dn[íMV² Zo J§Jm Ho$ hOma _whmZm| H$mo EH$-EH$ H$aHo$ XoIVo hþE O~ H$ht na _Ja H$mo, Omo Cgo
{ZJbZm MmhVm Wm, ItMH$a CgHo$ CÕma Ho$ {bE Cgo J§Jm _| bo OmH$a Mra S>mbm, V~ J§JmOr
Zo Cgo nrN>o dmng bmH$a H$mÝ`Hw$ãO ZJa (H$ÝZm¡O) _| N>mo‹S> {X`m &&6&& CÎma {XJÝV H$mo XoIZo
Ho$ {bE àd¥Îm {dn[íMV² Zo CÎma Hw$éXoe _| lrXodrOr Ho$ gmW brbm H$a aho ^JdmZ² H$s AmamYZm
H$a A{U_m, _{h_m Am{X Eoíd`© àmßV {H$`m & AVEd CŠV {dn[íMV² H$mo Eoíd`© Ho$ àVmn go {XJÝV
(c) ^y^¥V² eãX {ûcîQ> h¡ BgHo$ amOm Am¡a nd©V Xmo AW© h¢, nd©V g_wÐ H$s Va§Jm| go ^`^rV
Zht hmoVm ^y^¥V² hmoZo go do ^r Zht hþE &
_| ì`mßV _aUà`wŠV^` Xw…I Zht XoVo AWm©V² dh A_a hmo J`m &&7&& CŠV A{U_m Am{X Eoíd`©
Ho$ àVmn go hr _Ja Am¡a ObJOm| Ûmam nhbo {ZJbr {\$a CJbr JB© _y{V©dmbm dh AZoH$mZoH$ Ûrn-
ÛrnmÝVa Ho$ Hw$be¡bm| H$mo bm±K J`m$&&8&&
{\$a n[íM_ {XJÝV H$s Amoa àd¥Îm {dn[íMV² Ho$ d¥ÎmmÝV H$m dU©Z H$aVo h¢ &
n[íM_ H$s Amoa Mbo {dn[íMV² H$mo, {OgH$s A§Jemo^m Hw$eH$s-gr Wr, n{jamO Jé‹S> Zo
AnZr nrR> na ~¡R>mH$a doJ go Hw$eÛrn Am¡a AZoH$ gmJam| H$mo nma H$a {X`m &&9&&
{\$a nyd© {dn[íMV² H$m g_mMma H$hVo h¢ $&
H«$m¢MÛrn nd©V na dZ _| amjg nyd© {dn[íMV² H$mo {ZJb J`m$& VXZÝVa Cg amjg H$mo
{dn[íMV² Zo Am±V{‹S>`m| Ho$ N>oXZo Ûmam Mra S>mbm &&10&&
{\$a X{jU {dn[íMV² H$m d¥ÎmmÝV H$hVo h¢ &
emH$Ûrn _| X{jU H$s Amoa Mbm hþAm {dn[íMV²² Xj Ho$ emn go EH$ jU _| `j ~Z J`m EH$
df© VH$ `j ~Zo ahZo Ho$ ~mX CgH$s _w[ŠV hþB© &&11&&
{\$a CÎma H$s Amoa Mbo {dn[íMV² H$m d¥Îm H$hVo h¢ &
CÎma {dn[íMV² doJ go ~‹S>o-~‹S>o Am¡a N>moQ>o-_moQ>o ZXr-Zmbo VWm g_wÐ nma H$a ñdm[XîQ>
Obdmbo _hmgmJa Ho$ AmJo à{gÕ gwdU©^y{_ _| {gÕ Ho$ emngo {ebm ~Z J`m &&12&&
VXwnamÝV EH$ gm¡ df© ~mX A{¾Xod Ho$ AZwJ«h go dhm± Cgr {gÕ Zo Cgo emn go _wŠV H$a
{X`m Am¡a dh AË`ÝV àgÝZ hþAm &&13&&
{\$a nyd© {dn[íMV² H$m d¥ÎmmÝV H$hVo h¢ &
na_ Y_m©Ë_m nyd© {dn[íMV² H$mÝ`Hw$ãO Xoe go CÎma H$s Amoa J`m $& dhm± AmR> df© VH$
àYmZê$n go Zm[a`bm| H$s CËn{Îmdmbo Xoe _| ahZodmbo bmoJm| H$m amOm ~Z J`m & VXwnamÝV
Cgo nyd© OÝ_ H$m ñ_aU hmo J`m &&14&& Zm[a`b Ho$ \$bm| na {Zdm©h H$aZodmbm dh _oénd©V
Ho$ CÎma Va\$ [ñWV H$ënd¥j dZ _| Xe df© VH$ Aßgam Ho$ gmW ahm &&15&& n[íM_
{dn[íMV² n{j`m| H$s derH$aU {dÚm _| nma§JV Wm, AVEd nhbo Cgo Jé‹S> Zo nrR> na
~¡R>mH$a g_wÐ nma {H$`m Wm & dh emë_br Ûrn Ho$ emë_br no‹S> na njr Ho$ Km|gbo _| CgHo$
gmW H«$sS>mde Xg df© VH$ ahm &&16&& H$mo_b bVmAm| go âo hþE _ÝXamMb na, _ÝXma
d¥jm| Ho$ {ZHw§$Oê$n J¥hm| _| _ÝXar Zm_ H$s {H$ÝZar Zo Cg n[íM_ {dn[íMV² H$m EH$ {XZ
VH$ godZ {H$`m &&17&& BgHo$ CnamÝV nyd© {dn[íMV² Zm[a`b Ho$ dZ go jragmJa Ho$ VQ>
na J`m $& dhm± H$s H$ënd¥j Ho$ dZm| H$s n§[ŠV`m| _| ZÝXZdZ H$s Xo{d`m|-AßgamAm| Ho$ gmW
H$m_mHw$b BgZo gÎma df© {~Vmò &&18&&
EH$ gm¡ VoB©gdm± gJ© g_mßV
ŸyÕ - 124] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2271
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N<w_bh~> F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d, fi°fi°Ãtw° J¡°u ıæŸ° ≈®°›w FCN° N°Ãt° _b∫a FÙ N≈fiu tu* ≈®<w<f¿‡fw F°uw°
Fæ $ Ÿ ≈®J¡°≤ N<w_bh~> Ÿa<bwgt∫N°J¡°„ Ju¡ ıyÌ°J¡°≤ F°ufiu tu* Ì≈Õd J¡∑-ŸÙ N<w<fitÕÔ _bh~>w°
FÙ J¡°≤d Fæ $$2,3$$
ıywg ˚Ù b_wCw# <ªwg FÙ Fæ, ŸŸu N<w¿≤•w JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ $ ÎuŸÙ <_S<w tu* <ªwg J¡° FÙ <ªwg tu*
≈®<w<f‡f Jæ¡Ÿu ≈nuy° ÎuŸÙ ∫<Ì J¡°uoÕ „aJ¡° J¡≤u w°u Ÿ ≈≤ Â‹¸>°∏w ŸCfi°u, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu ÎJ¡t°` Ô°uFu Ju¡ ffiu FCÎ Ì≈Õd°u* J¡° N°≈Ÿ tu* ÎJ¡ Ì¥Ÿ≤u ≈≤ ≈®<w<f¿‡f ≈nw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ
≈≤t°SÕw# <ªBq≈ ˚Ù ∫u ≈Ì°SÕ N°≈Ÿ tu* ≈®<w<f¿‡fw F°uwu Fæ* $ t°∫°R¡≈ ≈°<@ J¡∑ „¿•w N<ª∏wfiÙ∫
(<bª°≤ŸÙt° Ju¡ ≈≤u) Fæ, Nw# y∏@bÕfiy≤, _k¡<¸>J¡ J¡∑ ÌÙb°≤R¡≈ N°J¡°„ tu* ª∏Bt°, Ÿ¥∫Õ N°æ≤ tu|
Ÿ<Fw tF°J¡°„ J¡° ˚Ù ≈®<w<f‡f <Ì©°oÕ Ìuw° Fæ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$4$$
NwÎb Nº∫_w ˚°uÀ∫ ıyÌ°J¡°≤ f®Ê <bT∫ N°æ≤ o¿∏B∫°u* J¡° Ÿa∫°uy F°ufiu ≈≤ fC<] Nb¿h~>∏fi
ıÙb Ju¡ ≈®<w N<≈®∫ <bT∫ ˚°uy Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ Ÿu ≈®<w<f¿‡fw F°uw° Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
oŸ<ÔÎ ıf <ıŸJ¡∑ ı°u-ı°u ˚°uÀ∫ b_wC, ÎJ¡t°` <ªÌg|fi_b˚°b F°ufiu Ÿu, o¿∏B∫Ÿ¿∏fiJ¡TÕ J¡°u
≈®°›w F°uwÙ Fæ-fC<] tu* ≈®<w<f¿‡fw F°uwÙ Fæ- Ÿ b_wC Ÿu bF ŸJu¡ ˚°uy Ju¡ <ÔÎ ŸtSÕ F°uw° Fæ $ ∫<Ì
˚°uÀ∫b_wC fC<] tu* ≈®<w<f¿‡fw fi F°u w°u ˚°fi FÙ fi F°u, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$5$$
ÎJ¡ FÙ b_wC fi°fi° N°æ≤ Nfi°fi° Ì°ufi°ua F°u ∫F <b”] Fæ, t°∫° π°≤° ˚Ù bF fi°fi° N°æ≤ Nfi°fi° Jæ¡Ÿu
F°uyÙ ? oŸ ≈≤ ∫C¿•w J¡FfiÙ ª°<F∫u, ÎuŸ° J¡°uoÕ J¡Fu, w°u Ÿ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
∫<Ì fi°fi°Ãbt°` J¡° <fiTu@ <J¡∫° ı°∫ w°u ∫F Nfi°fi° (<fi∫w ÎJ¡R¡≈ ) FÙ Fæ $ ∫<Ì fi°fi°R¡≈ J¡°
<fiTu@ fi <J¡∫° ı°∫ w°u fi°fi° ˚Ù Fæ N°æ≤ Nfi°fi° ˚Ù Fæ $ b°_wb tu* w°u fi fi°fi° Fæ N°æ≤ Nfi°fi°Ãb @tÕ J¡°
˚Ù <fiTu@ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d fi Nfi°fi° FÙ Fæ $ wS° Nfi°fi°Ãb @tÕ J¡° <fiTu@ F°ufiu Ÿu fi°fi° ˚Ù F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ $
∫FÙ fi°fi° N°æ≤ Nfi°fi° Ju¡ N<b≤°u@ tu* ∫C¿•w Fæ $$6$$
oŸÙ J¡°≤d <b≈¿ÿªw°u* Ju¡ fi°fi° <Ì„°N°u* tu* ˚°uy∫°uÀ∫ ≈Ì°S°u˘ Ju¡ ÎJ¡ FÙ Ÿt∫ ˚°uy Ìufiub°Ôu J¡tÕ
J¡° ≈¿≤≈°J¡ F°ufiu ≈≤ ÎJ¡ FÙ ÌuF¡ ª°≤ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡∑ F°u yoÕ wS° wwg-wwg Ìu„ Ju¡ <bT∫°u* J¡° wwg-wwg fC<]
tu* ≈®<w<f‡f ˚Ù ≈n y∫°, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
oŸ J¡°≤d <ıŸ <b≈¿ÿªwg Ju¡ Ÿ°tfiu ı°u b_wC N°oÕ ŸŸu bF Ÿa<bÃt∫w° J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uJ¡≤ ŸJu¡
b„ tu* F°u y∫° $$7$$
ıf Ny_Ã∫ N°<Ì ∫°u<y∫°u* J¡° ˚Ù, ı°u tÔ∫ N°<Ì <fi∫w ≈®Ìu„ tu* <fiÃ∫ ≤Fwu Fæ*, fi°fi° Ìu„°uua
tu* NwÙw, Nfi°yw N°<Ì J¡°Ô°u* tu* ∫°uyfÔ Ÿu Ÿa¿∏fi@°fi π°≤° Ÿf b_wCN°u* J¡° NfiC˚b J¡≤fi° ≈®<Ÿ]
Fæ wf <˚∏fi Ìu„°u* Ju¡ ≈®<w ªÔu FCÎ <b≈¿ÿªw°u* J¡° bF FCN° oŸtu* •∫° N°ÿª∫Õ Fæ ? oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ÎJ¡ Ìu„ tu* ¿_Sw ∫°uyÙ wÙfi°u* J¡°Ô°u* tu* ŸbÕ` F°uJ¡≤ ÎJ¡ FÙ Ÿt∫ tu* Ÿf J¡°t J¡≤wu Fæ*, ŸfJ¡°
NfiC˚b ˚Ù J¡≤wu Fæ* $$8$$
<b<˚∏fi-<b<˚∏fi ≈®Ìu„°u* tu* ÎJ¡ FÙ Ÿt∫ tu* ÎJ¡ J¡∑ <˚∏fi <J®¡∫°J¡°¿≤w° tu* wwg-wwg Ìu„°u* tu*
Δ∫°¿›w FÙ ≈∫°uyÙ Fæ, ıÙb˚uÌ J¡° J¡°uoÕ ≈∫°uy fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu @¥≈ Ÿu ≈Ù<nw Ô°uy°u* J¡°u ŸC© ≈FC≥ª°fiub°Ô° tu| ˚Ù tF°fig F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d FÙ fi°fi° fiy≤, ≈bÕw,
fiÌÙ, ©uw N°<Ì tu* Δ∫°›w F°uJ¡≤ ÎJ¡ FÙ J¡°Ô tu* tFÔ°u* J¡°u @°ufi°, w¸>°u* J¡°u w°unfi°, fiÌÙ J¡° ıÔ
f»°fi°, @°fi°u* J¡°u ≈C‹¸> J¡≤fi° N°<Ì <b<˚∏fi Δ∫°≈°≤ wwg-wwg ˚°y Ÿu J¡≤w° Fæ $ wÌgN<˚t°fiÙ ıÙb
(tu|J¡° N<@‹™>°w° ıÙb) ˚Ù tæ*fiu ∫u <J®¡∫°Î≥ J¡∑ ÎuŸ° NfiC˚b J¡≤w° Fæ bæŸÙ FÙ ∫F°≥ ≈≤ ˚Ù ≈≈<W
ŸtHfiÙ ª°<F∫u ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$9$$ N<dt° N°<Ì Îuÿb∫Õ J¡∑ ≈®°¿›w Ÿu oÕÿb≤wCv∫ FCÎ ∫°uyÙ ÎJ¡ FÙ Ÿt∫
tu* NŸa¶∫ J¡tÕ≈¥dÕ ıyw°u* J¡° <fit°Õd J¡≤wu Fæ* N°æ≤ fiJ¡° NfiC˚b ˚Ù J¡≤wu Fæ* $$10$$
ÎJ¡ FÙ <b‹dC ˚yb°fig N≈fiÙ ª°≤ ˚Cı°N°u* Ÿu NSb° N≈fiu <b<˚∏fi „≤Ù≤°u* Ÿu J¡FÙ* ≈≤ ∫°uy<fiB°,
J¡FÙ* ≈≤ w≈_∫°, J¡FÙ* ≈≤ o∏B Ju¡ NfiCı F°ufiu Ÿu fiJ¡∑ ŸF°∫w°, J¡FÙ* ≈≤ (bæJC¡^™>) <b<b@ ˚°uy-∫°u*
<b<b@ <J®¡∫°Î≥ J¡≤wu FCÎ ıywg J¡∑ ≤s° J¡≤wu Fæ*, b°≤°ayfi°N°u* J¡° ≈˚°uy J¡≤wu Fæ* Îba fiJ¡° NfiC˚b
˚Ù J¡≤wu Fæ* $$11$$ NfiuJ¡ ˚Cı°N°u*b°Ô° ≈C”T Ì°u F°S°u* Ÿu ıf Ì°u b_wCN°u* J¡° y®Fd J¡≤w° Fæ, wf <k¡≤
Nb<„‹¸> NfiuJ¡ f°FCN°u* Ÿu Ÿu ŸÌ° Ÿay®°t J¡≤fi° ≈nw° Fæ $ ÌŸ°u* <Ì„°N°u* tu* ¿_Sw bu <b≈¿ÿªwg
∫Ω<≈ ÎJ¡ Ÿ°<sªæw∏∫b°Ôu Su, <k¡≤ ˚Ù ∏F°u*fiu bæŸu FÙ Δ∫bF°≤ <J¡∫° N°æ≤ ŸC©, ÌC#© N°<Ì ≈®°›w
<J¡∫° $ ∏F°u*fiu ˚¥<t„˙∫°N°u* tu* „∫fi <J¡∫°, <b<˚∏fi πÙ≈-πÙ≈°∏w≤°u* tu* ŸC©-ÌC#© J¡° ≈˚°uy
<J¡∫°, bfiZu<d∫°u* tu* <bF°≤ <J¡∫° N°æ≤ t”˚¥<t tu* ˚®td <J¡∫° $ ≈bÕw≈a<•w∫°u* tu* <fib°Ÿ <J¡∫°,
Ÿ°y≤°u* Ju¡ y˚Õ tu* ˚®td <J¡∫°, <b<b@ πÙ≈°u* tu* <bZ°t <Ô∫° N°æ≤ tu|t°Ô° Ÿu ˚≤u FCÎ ≈bÕwõäy°≤°u* ≈≤
<~>≈J¡≤ ≤Fu b Ÿ°y≤ ≈a¿•w∫°u* tu* N°<b˚¥Õw FCÎ Îba ∏F°u*fiu N°≥<@∫°u* tu*, Ÿ°y≤ J¡∑ w≤ay°u* tu*, ≈bÕw N°æ≤
ŸyÕ - 125] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2273
ŸtCB°u* Ju¡ w¸>°u* tu* wS° fiy¿≤∫°u* tu* J®¡∑n° J¡∑ $ ≈¥bÕ <Ì„° J¡°u ≈®¿_Sw <b≈¿ÿªwg „°J¡πÙ≈ tu* ≈®¶∫°w
Ì∫≈bÕw Ju¡ w¸>≈≤ ÌÔ≤<Fw _fiCFÙb¨s Ju¡ bfi Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ ∫s π°≤° t°u<FfiÙ <bΩ° Ÿu t°u<Fw F°uJ¡≤ Ÿ°w
bTÕ wJ¡ Ÿ°u∫° ≤F° $ ≈¥bÕ <b≈¿ÿªwg FÙ oŸ ≈bÕw ≈≤ J¡FÙ* ≈ÃS≤ ffi° Ìufiub°Ô° ıÔ ≈ÙJ¡≤ ıfÌÕ_wÙ
≈ÃS≤ ffiJ¡≤ ˚¥<t Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ Ÿ°w bTÕ wJ¡ ≤F° $ ≈¿ÿªt <Ì„° J¡∑ N°u≤ ≈®¿_Sw <b≈¿ÿªwg „°J¡πÙ≈ tu*
N_w°ªÔ ≈bÕw Ju¡ <„©≤ ≈≤ tu|≈¥dÕ yCF°R¡≈Ù y¨F tu* <≈„°ªR¡≈Ù N›Ÿ≤° fiu ÎJ¡ tFÙfiu wJ¡ N≈fi°
J¡°tCJ¡ ffi° ±>°Ô° $ ≈¥bÕ <b≈¿ÿªwg „°∏wt∫ fi°t Ju¡ bTÕ (Ÿ›w πÙ≈) tu* ıÔ@°≤ fi°t Ju¡ tF°≈bÕw ≈≤
<J¡ŸÙ tC<fi Ju¡ „°≈ Ÿu F≤ÙwJ¡∑ Ju¡ bfi tu* F≤ÙwJ¡∑ b¨sw° J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uJ¡≤ Ô°uy°u* J¡∑ Â¿‹¸> tu* NÂÿ∫
ffiJ¡≤ ≤F° $ <„<„≤ fi°t Ju¡ bTÕ tu* ≤æbw fi°tJ¡ ≈bÕw ≈≤ ≈¥bÕ <b≈¿ÿªwg ∫s Ju¡ b„ tu* ≈nJ¡≤ ÌŸ
≤°<`∫°u* wJ¡ <Ÿ*F FCN° $ ∫F°≥ ≈≤ <≈„°ª°u* J¡∑ t°∫° Ÿu ~><Ôw F°uJ¡≤ ŸCbdÕ≈bÕw (ŸCtu”) N°<Ì J¡∑
yCk¡°N°u* tu* tu»J¡ ffi° FCN° bF ÌŸ bTÕ wJ¡ ≤F° $ W≤ J¡∑ N°u≤ ≈®¿_Sw FCN° <b≈¿ÿªwg J¡°æt°≤ bTÕ tu*
≈FC≥ªJ¡≤ „°J¡πÙ≈ tu* fiÙÔ<y¿≤ Ju¡ w¸> ≈≤ N∏@u J¡¥≈ tu* N∏@° tui>J¡ ffiJ¡≤ Ÿ°æ bTÕ wJ¡ ≤F° $ ≈¿ÿªt
J¡∑ N°u≤ ªÔu FCÎ <b≈¿ÿªwg fiu t≤ÙfJ¡ bTÕ tu* <bΩ°@≤w° ≈®°›w J¡≤°fiub°ÔÙ <bΩ° Ÿu ª°æÌF bTÕ wJ¡
<bΩ°@≤w° ≈®°›w J¡∑ $$12-23$$
<ıŸ b_wC J¡° NbÔ‡ffi J¡≤ Ÿfiu <bΩ°@≤w° ≈®°›w J¡∑, Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ŸC≤w tu* F°ufiub°Ôu ≈¿≤Zt Ÿu Z°∏w ˚yb°fig <„bıÙ J¡∑ NÃ∫<@J¡ „°u˚° Ÿu ªaªÔ Nay°u* Ju¡-J®¡t Ÿu
Ã≈∏fi FCÎ-_buÌ<f∏ÌCN°u* Ÿu Ÿa<t<Zw wS° oÔ°∫ªÙ J¡∑ Ôw°N°u* Ju¡ N°<Ô*yfi°u* Ÿu ŸCy¿∏@w w¸>bfi
J¡∑ b°∫C J¡° NbÔ‡ffi J¡≤ •w <b≈¿ÿªwg fiu <bΩ°@≤w° Ÿ‡≈°<Ìw J¡∑ $$24$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ª°æfÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ≈ªÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ
oŸ <b≈¿W tu* <b≈¿ÿªw°u* J¡° N°≈Ÿ tu* ÎJ¡ Ì¥Ÿ≤u J¡° ≈J¡°≤ J¡≤fi° wS°
ıÙb∏tC•w°u* J¡∑ ŸbÕ` NSÕ<J®¡∫° J¡° bdÕfi $
<b<˚∏fi <Ì„°N°u* tu* ˚®td J¡≤ ≤Fu <b≈¿ÿªw°u* J¡∑ N°≈Ÿ tu* ÎJ¡ ÌCŸ≤u J¡∑ ©°uı N°æ≤ <b≈<W∫°u* tu*
≈≤_≈≤ ŸF°∫w° J¡≤w° Fæ ∫° fiFÙ* oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡∑ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ J¡∑ N°„aJ¡° J¡°u oa<yw Ÿu w°nJ¡≤
ŸJ¡° <fi≤°J¡≤d J¡≤fiu J¡∑ oh~>° J¡≤fiub°Ôu ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ ≈FÔu ≈¥bÕ <b≈¿ÿªwg J¡∑ „°∏wt∫ bTÕ tu*
F≤ÙwJ¡∑ b¨sw°R¡≈ N°≈¿W tu* ≈¿ÿªt <b≈¿ÿªwg π°≤° NfiCy®F <J¡∫° y∫°, ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # „°∏wt∫ fi°t Ÿu ≈®<Ÿ] bTÕ tu* ıÔ@°≤°b°Ôu ≈bÕw≈≤ F≤ÙwJ¡∑ Ju¡ bfi tu*
F≤ÙwJ¡∑-b¨s ffiu FCÎ Jæ*¡ªÙR¡≈ ∫∏` Ju¡ ŸÂ„ ˚¥<t Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ Ju¡ ≈°T°d Ÿ‡f∏@Ù ıÔ J¡°u ın°u* Ÿu ≈Ùwu
FCÎ ≈¥bÕ <b≈¿ÿªwg J¡°u ≈¿ÿªtÙ <b≈¿ÿªwg fiu ŸJu¡ b¨w°∏w J¡°u ı°fiJ¡≤, bF°≥ N°J¡≤, „°≈ Ìufiub°Ôu tC<fi
J¡°u ≈®Ÿ∏fi J¡≤ ŸŸu ÌÙ yoÕ <bΩ°R¡≈Ù N°≤Ù Ÿu b¨sw° J¡° t°fi°u* ~>uÌfi J¡≤ ŸW≤ bT°u˘ tu* b¨sw° Ÿu tC•w
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≈®°›w FCN° S°, Ì<sd <Ì„° J¡°u ≈®¿_Sw FCÎ <b≈¿ÿªwg fiu bF°≥ ≈FC≥ªJ¡≤ y°ut°aŸ N°<Ì Ju¡ ≈®∫°uy Ÿu
<≈„°ª≈<w J¡°u ≈®Ÿ∏fi J¡≤ „Ù|® tC•w <J¡∫° $ N_w°ªÔ ≈bÕw Ju¡ ≈≤Ôu ≈°≤ ¿_Sw <„bfi°tJ¡ bTÕ tu*
y°uR¡≈ <≈„°ªÙ π°≤° b¨T˚R¡≈ <≈„°ª ffi°∫u y∫u ≈¿ÿª>t <b≈¿ÿªwg J¡°u Ì<sd <b≈<ÿªw fiu bF°≥ ≈F…≥ªJ¡≤
tC•w <J¡∫° $ ∫FÙ* ≈≤ („°J¡πÙ≈ tu*) sut bTÕ tu* N°¿‡fJu¡∫ ≈bÕw ≈≤ Ì<sd <b≈¿ÿªwg ∫sw°-J¡°u
≈®°›w F…N° ≈¿ÿªt <b≈¿ÿªwg Ÿu ≈®Ÿ°<Ìw ∫s≈<w fiu Ÿu tC•w <J¡∫° $ „°J¡πÙ≈ tu* FÙ b¨TJ¡ bTÕ tu*
Ju¡Ÿ≤ fi°tJ¡ ≈bÕw ≈≤ ≈¥bÕ <b≈¿ÿªwg <Ÿ*Fw° J¡°u ≈®°›w F…N°, ≈<ÿªtg <b≈¿ÿªwg fiu N°J¡≤ Ÿu ~>Cn°∫° $
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # tC<fib≤, ÎJ¡ Ìu„ tu* ¿_Sw ∫°uyÙ wÙfi°u* J¡°Ô°u* tu* ª°≤°u* N°u≤ Δ∫°›w F°uJ¡≤
Ÿf J¡tÕ (NfiCy®F, <fiy®F N°<Ì) Jæ¡Ÿu J¡≤wu Fæ*, oŸtu* J¨¡≈∫° ≈≈<W N°≈J¡°u J¡FfiÙ ª°<F∫u $$1-7$$
∫°u<y∫°u* J¡∑ Â<‹¸> Ÿu Ÿ°≤° ≈®≈aª tfi°ut°` Fæ N°æ≤ t°fiŸ J¡t°u˘ tu* tfi J¡° ŸbÕ` ÎJ¡ Ÿ°S Δ∫bF°≤
F°ufiu tu* J¡˚Ù <fi≤aJC¡„ _b°w∏c∫ J¡∑ F°<fi fiFÙ* Ìu©Ù ı°wÙ Nw# Ÿf <J®¡∫°N°u* J¡∑ ≈≈<W Fæ oŸ N°„∫
Ÿu ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ W≤ Ìuwu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, oŸ ıywg tu* NI°<fi∫°u* J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* ı°u ˚¥w, ˚°æ<wJ¡°<Ì
_S¥Ô b_wC Fæ ŸŸu Ft I°<fi∫°u* J¡° J¡°uoÕ b°_w° fiFÙ* Fæ $ Ft ŸJ¡∑ ≈≈<W J¡∑ <ª∏w° •∫°u* J¡≤u* ?
I°<fi∫°u* J¡∑ Â<‹¸> Ÿu ı°u tfi°ut°` b_wC Fæ, bF ŸbÕ` NSÕ<J®¡∫°J¡°≤Ù ıæŸu F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ bæŸ° J¡Fw°
Fq≥, ŸCfi°u $$8$$
<ª∏t°` FÙ b_wC, oŸ tC¶∫ ≈s tu* ŸbuÕÿb≤ J¡∑ FÙ ŸbÕ` Ÿb°ÕSÕ<J®¡∫°u≈≈<W Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
w[bI°u* J¡∑ Â<‹¸> Ÿu <ª∏t°`ŸW°Ÿ°t°∏∫ Ju¡ <ffi° ÌqŸ≤° ıyBq≈ <fi#_bR¡≈ Fæ $ Âÿ∫ Ju¡ NÃ∫∏w
N˚°b J¡° I°fi F°ufiu ≈≤ Ÿ¨<‹¸> N°æ≤ ≈®Ô∫ J¡∑ Â<‹¸> J¡° s∫ F°ufiu Ju¡ ≈ÿª°w <ª∏t°`ŸW°Ÿ°t°∏∫ tu*
<fi≤∏w≤ <bZ°∏w F…Î ŸbuÕÿb≤ J¡∑ ∫F°≥ ≈≤ ŸÌ° ŸbÕw° Ÿb°ÕÃtw° FÙ Fæ $ ˚Ô° fwÔ°o∫u w°u ŸJ¡° J¡°æfi
Jæ¡Ÿu J¡F°≥ ≈≤ •∫°u*J¡≤ <fi≤°u@ J¡≤ ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? ŸbÕy°tÙ N°æ≤ Ÿb°ÕÃt° J¡° ıf ıF°≥ ≈≤ ıæŸu ˚°fi F°uw°
Fæ wf bF°≥ ≈≤ bæŸ° ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ $ Ÿb°ÕÃt° tu* •∫° b_wC fiFÙ* Fæ $ NwÙw, bwÕt°fi N°æ≤ ˚<b‹∫wg, J¡°
Ã∫°y fi J¡≤ ≤Fu ŸW°Ÿ°t°∏∫_bR¡≈ Ÿb°ÕÃt° tu* ŸÌ° ¿_Sw FÙ Fæ*, ÎuŸ° N°≈ ı°fiuu* $ t°∫° Ÿu vÔ°Ÿ
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J¡∑ FÙ N°J¡°„ N°<ÌR¡≈ Ÿu ¿_S¿w Fæ $$9-15$$
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w°u ? JC¡~> ˚Ù Ì…#Ÿ°º∫ fiFÙ* Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ ŸÌ° Ÿf ıyF Ÿb°ÕSÕ<J®¡∫° J¡∑ ≈≈<W Fæ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $
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J¡°u ≈®°›w fiFÙ* F…oÕ wS° ÎJ¡ F°uwÙ F…oÕ ˚Ù NfiuJ¡R¡≈ Fæ, Ÿf ıyF Ÿf JC¡~> Ÿ‡˚b Fæ $$16-18$$
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≈Ì°SÕ-N°JC¡Ôw° <ªw Fæ $$19$$
ŸyÕ - 125] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2275
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ÃJ¡TÕ F°uw° Fæ bæŸu-bæŸu NJ¡°tFw[b≈®∫C•w N°fi∏Ì Ju¡ ÃJ¡TÕ Ÿu F°ufiu b°Ôu Îuÿb∫Õ≈®J¡TÕJ®¡t J¡∑ ˚Ù
≈≈<W F°uwÙ Fæ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $ oŸ w≤F Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ <Ì„°N°u* tu* ¿_Sw bu (<b≈¿ÿªwg) N°≈Ÿ tu* Ÿf JC¡~>
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J¡∑ ˚°≥<w NÃ∫∏w ≈≈∏fi Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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<J*¡<ªwg h∫C<wR¡≈ Ìu„ Ÿu ≠∫°u*-J¡°-Ã∫°u* ŸC¿_Sw F°uw° F…N° ˚Ù N∏∫w° J¡°u (ıyBq≈w° J¡°u) y®Fd
J¡≤w° Fæ $$21$$
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<b≈¿ÿªwg ˚Ù I°fiÙ Su, ∫°u* ŸtH ≤Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ „aJ¡° J¡≤wu Fæ* $
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Jæ¡Ÿu ffiu, J¨¡≈∫° tu≤u f°u@ Ju¡ <ÔÎ ∫F „Ù|® J¡<F∫u $ ˚°b ∫F Fæ <J¡ I°fiÙ ıfi Ÿb°ÕSÕ<J®¡∫° tu* _bw∏`
F°uwu Fæ*, Nw# <b≈¿ÿªw°u* J¡°u ≈≤w∏`w°b„ F°ufiu b°Ôu <Ÿ*F, fæÔ N°<Ì Ju¡ „≤Ù≤R¡≈ ŸaJ¡¸> ≈®°›w fiFÙ* F°u
ŸJ¡wu, Nw# fi Ô°uy°u* fiu ≈≤_≈≤ ÎJ¡ ÌqŸ≤u ≈≤ NfiCy®F <J¡∫°, ∫F J¡Sfi NŸayw Fæ $$22$$
ZÙ≤°tıÙ, N°≈fiu tCHŸu ≈¥~>° <J¡ ∫°uyÙ Δ∫°›w F°uJ¡≤ Jæ¡Ÿu <b<b@ J¡°t J¡≤wu Fæ* ? tæ*fiu ∫F°≥≈≤
≈®fC] ∫°u<y∫°u* J¡° bdÕfi <J¡∫° Fæ, <b≈¿ÿªwg w°u ≈®fC] ∫°uyÙ fiFÙ* Su, ∫°u* b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ Ÿt°@°fi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu <fi‹≈°≈ ZÙ≤°tıÙ, tæ*fiu N°≈Ju¡ ≈®ÿfi Ju¡ Ÿt°@°fi Ju¡ <Ô∫u <b≈¿ÿªw°u* Ju¡
<ŸÔ<ŸÔu tu* <ıfi ∫°u<y∫°u* J¡° bdÕfi N°≈Ÿu <J¡∫° Fæ, bu ≈®fC] Su, <J¡∏wC <b≈¿ÿªwg ≈®fC] fiFÙ* Su $$23$$
Fu tF°f°F°u, bu <b≈¿ÿªwg NÃ∫∏w ≈®fC] fi Su, bu f°u@ N°æ≤ Nf°u@ Ju¡ fÙª tu* Ì°uÔ°∫t°fi-Ÿu ¿_Sw Su $
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J¡°≤d @°≤d°∫°uyÙ Su, <ıfitu* N<bΩ° J¡° <bfi°„ F°u y∫°, ÎuŸu I°fi∫°uyÙ fi Su $$24-26$$ Fu J¡tÔfiu`
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ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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@°≤d°b„ ≈®°›w ∫°uy J¡°u ≈Fª°fi Ôuwu Fæ* bæŸu bu t°us J¡∑ ≈Fª°fi fiFÙ* J¡≤ ŸJ¡wu ıæŸu „FÌ N°<Ì J¡∑
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˚Ù Ju¡bÔ N°ÃtŸabuΩ FÙ Fæ $
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F°uw° Fæ ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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t°fifi° <ªw Fæ, f°fl ÌuF N°<Ì tu* Ÿu t°fifi° ™>ÙJ¡ fiFÙ* Fæ $$35$$
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≈®wÙ<w≈®Ÿ¿•w F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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ŸyÕ - 125] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2277
Nº∫°Ÿ Jæ¡Ÿu ? w°u oŸ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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N<πwÙ∫ N°Ãt° tu* ≈≤°∫d Ìu©u ı°wu Fæ* $$40-43$$ «≥¡ªu _b≤ Ÿu Ÿ°ty°∫fi tu* wÃ≈≤ f®Ê°ıÙ Ju¡
<„≤ J¡°u ˚yb°fig „aJ¡≤ fiu N≈fiu fi© Ÿu J¡°utÔ J¡tÔ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi J¡°¸> ±>°Ô° $ ŸtSÕ F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù
f®Ê°ıÙ fiu Ÿ <Ÿ≤ J¡°u (≈aªt <Ÿ≤ J¡°u) <k¡≤ Ã≈∏fi fiFÙ* <J¡∫° $ f®Ê w°u N°J¡°„Ÿt Fæ, Nw#
<tØ∫°R¡≈ ≈°≥ªbu <Ÿ≤ Ÿu fiJ¡°u •∫° ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ $$44,45$$
w°u fiJ¡° ª°≤ tC©°u* Ÿu buÌ°u≈Ìu„ J¡≤fiu J¡° •∫° ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
fi w°u fiJ¡° ∫F°≥ J¡tÕ Ÿu J¡°uoÕ ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ N°æ≤ fi NJ¡tÕ Ÿu J¡°uoÕ ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ $ ı°u b_wC ≈®°<d∫°u* Ju¡
J¡tÕb„ ıæŸu Ÿ‡≈∏fi F°u yoÕ bF bæŸu FÙ ≤Fu N∏∫ Ÿu •∫° ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ ? Ìu<©∫u fi oÕÿb≤ J¡° ˚Ù ≈®°<d∫°u*
Ju¡ J¡t°ÕfiCŸ°≤ FÙ Δ∫bF°≤ Fæ, N≈fiu <ÔÎ fiFÙ* $ ˚yb°fig ZÙ„aJ¡≤ıÙ, NfiCy¨FÙw J¡°tÌub Ÿu F¿≤d°sÙ
ÌubÙ J¡°u N≈fiu N@°˘y tu* ÎuŸu FÙ @°≤d J¡≤wu Fæ* ıæŸu sÙ≤Ÿ°y≤ N≈fiu N∏Ì≤ yC›w ª∏Bt° J¡∑ J¡Ô° J¡°u
@°≤d J¡≤w° Fæ, J¡°tÌub J¡° <fiy®F F°ufiu Ÿu ≈Bb<bFÙfi Ÿt°<@ tu* ≈®b¨<W F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d N≈fiu „≤Ù≤
tu* bæŸu N°fi∏Ì°ZC @°≤d J¡≤wu Fæ* ıæŸu ŸtCB N≈fiu N∏Ì≤ ª∏BJ¡Ô° J¡°u @°≤d J¡≤w° Fæ $$46,47$$
Wt N°„∫b°Ôu ∫u ˚yb°fig „aJ¡≤ıÙ ŸtSÕ F°uwu F…Î ˚Ù ≤°<yw° J¡° Ã∫°y fiFÙ* J¡≤wu Fæ*, J¡°tÌFfi Ju¡
Ÿt∫ fiJu¡ fiÙ≤°yw° N°<Ì yCd Ìu©fiu tu* N°∫u Fæ* $$48$$ fi w°u fiJ¡° J¡tÕ Ÿu J¡°uoÕ ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ N°æ≤ fi
NJ¡tÕ Ÿu FÙ J¡°uoÕ ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ $ fiJ¡° ŸJ¡Ô ˚¥w°u* tu* J¡°uoÕ ˚Ù ≈®∫°uıfi Ô°˚ fiFÙ* Fæ $$49$$ fiJ¡∑ ∫F
≤°<yw° FÙ ≤Fu NSb° ∫F ≤°<yw° tw ≤Fu $ N≤°<yw° Ÿu fiJ¡° J¡°æfi Ô°˚ Fæ ∫° J¡°æfi s<w Fæ $ ıÙb∏tC•w
˚yb°fig ZÙ<b‹dC NŸC≤<fiy®F N°<Ì J¡°t _b∫a ı°u≤ „°u≤ Ÿu J¡≤wu Fæ* N°æ≤ o∏B N°<Ì π°≤° J¡≤°wu Fæ* $
Nbw°≤ J¡∑ Ÿt°¿›w F°ufiu ≈≤ t¨Ã∫C _bÙJ¡°≤ J¡≤wu Fæ*, t¨Ã∫C _bÙJ¡°≤ Ju¡ NfiCJ¥¡Ô „≤˚ <„J¡°≤Ù N°<Ì
π°≤° t°≤u ı°wu Fæ* $ Ÿt∫-Ÿt∫ ≈≤ ≤°tN°<ÌR¡≈ Ÿu Ã≈∏fi F°uwu Fæ* N°æ≤ N<˚b¨<] J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uwu Fæ* $
ŸbÕS° ŸtSÕ F°uwu F…Î ˚Ù ˚yb°fi ZÙF¿≤ ≈®°<d∫°u* Ju¡ J¡tÕb„ ≈®°›w Δ∫bF°≤ Δ∫y®w° J¡° Ã∫°y fiFÙ* J¡≤
ŸJ¡wu $ fiJ¡° ≈®°<dJ¡tÕb„ ≈®°›w Δ∫bF°≤ Δ∫y®w° Ju¡ Ã∫°y Ÿu fi <J¡ŸÙ ≈®∫°uıfi J¡∑ <Ÿ<] Fæ N°æ≤ fi
ŸJu¡ y®Fd Ÿu FÙ <J¡ŸÙ ≈®∫°uıfi J¡∑ <Ÿ<] Fæ $ bF ∫F°≥ ∫S°¿_Sw FÙ ≤Fu, ≠∫°u*-J¡°-Ã∫°u* FÙ ≤Fu $
„C]<ª∏t°`R¡≈@°≤Ù oh~>°≤<Fw (<fi‹J¡°t) F¿≤ ˚yb°fig b°Ÿfi°<bFÙfi FÙ ≤Fwu Fæ* $$50-53$$
oh~>°<bFÙfi Ÿ¥∫Õ N°<Ì ˚Ù ≈®°<d∫°u* Ju¡ J¡t°ÕfiCŸ°≤ FÙ N≈fiu-N≈fiu N<@J¡°≤ J¡° ≈°Ôfi J¡≤wu Fæ*,
˚yb°fig ZÙŸ¥∫Õ ıywgR¡≈Ù |≤ Ju¡ N°J¡°„R¡≈Ù N°≥yfi tu* J¡°Ô J¡∑ yu*Ì ffiÙ F…oÕ N≈fiÙ ÌuF J¡°u
<fiÃ∫ <fi≤∏w≤ |Ct°wu ≤Fwu Fæ* $$54$$ <Ìfifi°∫J¡ Ÿ¥∫Õ N≈fiu „≤Ù≤ J¡°u ≤°uJ¡fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ŸtSÕ fiFÙ* Fæ*
Ÿ°u f°w fiFÙ* Fæ $ <k¡≤ ˚Ù <fi‹J¡°t ıÙb∏tC•w Ÿ¥∫Õ ≈¥bÕ Ÿu f≥@Ù F…oÕ N≈fiÙ t∫°ÕÌ° Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ FÙ
≤Fwu Fæ*, ŸÌ° ˚®td J¡≤wu ≤Fwu Fæ* $ ª∏Bt° J¡v≈°∏w wJ¡ ≤Ffiub°Ôu ≤°ı∫‚t° J¡°, ı°u J¡˚Ù fi‹¸>
fiFÙ* F°uw°, Δ∫SÕ FÙ NfiC˚b J¡≤w° Fæ ıÙb∏tC•w F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d <ffi° <J¡ŸÙ Ì…#©-≈Ùn° Ju¡ ıæŸÙ
t∫°ÕÌ° f≥@ yoÕ bæŸu FÙ ¿_Sw Fæ, ŸJ¡∑ <fib¨<W Ju¡ <ÔÎ <J¡ŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° ≈®∫Ãfi fiFÙ* J¡≤w° Fæ $
≤°ı° t”W Ju¡ ∫I tu* Ôy°w°≤ f°≤F bTÕ wJ¡ F°SÙ J¡∑ Ÿ¥≥±>-ŸÙ t°u¸>Ù <fi≤∏w≤ <y≤ ≤FÙ |Ù J¡∑ @°≤°
N°<ÌR¡≈ F<bT Ju¡ ˚sd Ÿu Ã≈∏fi F…Î NıÙdÕ Ÿu wS° _b°tÙ _J¡∏Ì J¡∑ Ã≈<W Ju¡ <ŸÔ<ŸÔu tu*
˚yb°fig „aJ¡≤ J¡° ˚ybwÙ ≈°bÕwÙıÙ Ju¡ Ÿt°yt Ju¡ Ÿt∫ Ìubw°N°u* π°≤° <bPfi J¡≤fiu ≈≤ N≈fiu _S°fi
Ÿu <bª<Ôw F…Î bÙ∫Õ J¡°u f®Ê° Ju¡ J¡Ffiu-ŸCfifiu Ÿu <fiyÔfiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d F…Î N∏wÌ°ÕF N°<Ì Ÿu N<Àfi
<©∏fiw° J¡°u @°≤d J¡≤w° Fæ $ ≈¥bÕ f≥@Ù F…oÕ ¿_S<w J¡° (t∫°ÕÌ° J¡°) J¡Ì°<≈ Ã∫°y fiFÙ* J¡≤w° $
ÌubyC” N°æ≤ NŸC≤yC”, f¨F_≈<w wS° „CJ®¡°ª°∫Õ ∫Ω<≈ ıÙb∏tC•w Fæ* wS°<≈ ˚°≥<w-˚°≥<w J¡∑
≈≤_≈≤ <bı∫uh~>°N°u* Ÿu J¨¡≈d ıæŸu (NI°fiÙ ıæŸu) ≤Fwu Fæ* $ ıÙb∏tC•w tC<fi ÎuuŸu ≤°ı° ıfiJ¡
ıywg tu* ˚ÙTd-˚ÙTd ∫C]°u* tu* N≈fiu „≤Ù≤ J¡°u sw-<bsw J¡≤wu F…Î ≤°≠∫ J¡≤wu Fæ* $ tF°≤°ı
fiÔ, t°∏@°w°, Ÿy≤, <ÌÔÙ≈, fiF…T N°<Ì ∫Ω<≈ ıÙb∏tC•w Su, <k¡≤ ˚Ù ∏F°u*fiu N°JC¡<Ôw ÎuŸu F°u
<ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡ ≤°≠∫ <J¡∫° $ Δ∫bF°≤ tu* ıæŸu FÙ NI°fiÙ Fæ, FqfFq bæŸu FÙ I°fiÙ ˚Ù Fæ $ b°Ÿfi° N°æ≤
Nb°Ÿfi° FÙ f∏@fi N°æ≤ t°us tu* J¡°≤d Fæ $ ≤°ı° f<Ô, ≈®á°Ì, fitC<ª, b¨`°ŸC≤, N∏@J¡°ŸC≤, tC≤
ŸyÕ - 125] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2279
N°<Ì ıÙb∏tC•w Su, bÙw≤°y Su <k¡≤ ˚Ù ∏F°u*fiu ≤°<y∫°u* J¡°-Ÿ° Δ∫bF°≤ <J¡∫° S° $$55-62$$
oŸŸu ıÙb∏tC•w Ô°uy°u* tu* ≤°y, πuT N°<Ì Ju¡ N°˚°Ÿ J¡° Ì„Õfi F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù tC¿•w Ju¡ ŸaÌuF J¡°
©^±>fi <J¡∫° y∫°, ∫F Ì„°Õwu F…Î ≈ŸaF°≤ J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ıÙb∏tC•w <ªÌ°J¡°„ Ju¡ ≈®<w ≤°y N°æ≤ πuT J¡° s∫ ∫° Ì∫ F°ufiu ≈≤ ŸCª¿≤`w° ŸW° N°æ≤
Ì…ÿª¿≤`w° J¡° N˚°b F°ufiu≈≤ N°<b˚¥Õw _bR¡≈b°Ôu t°us tu* w<fiJ¡ ˚Ù Ÿa„∫ fiFÙ* Fæ $$63$$
"tæ* f®Ê fiFÙ* Fq≥' ÎuŸÙ ˚uÌfC<] ≤Ffiu ≈≤ FÙ tC¿•w tu* Ÿa„∫ F°uy°, bFÙ fiJ¡°u fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
f®Ê°J¡°≤ Ju¡ wCv∫ „C] ª≤t Ÿ°s°ÃJ¡°≤ b¨<WR¡≈ I°fi Ÿu ı°u NŸay, N<πwÙ∫ ≈¥dÕ f®Ê˚°b Ÿu
N°J¡°„ ŸÂ„ @t°u˘ J¡°u (ÌuF, tfi, ≈®°d N°<Ì J¡°u @°≤d J¡≤fiub°Ôu ıÙb°u* J¡°u) ≈®°›w J¡≤wu Fæ* fi
ıÙb∏tC•w°u* tu* ˚uÌ˚®°¿∏w tu* FuwC˚¥w NI°fi Ju¡ fi‹¸> F°ufiu Ÿu <k¡≤ ˚uÌfC<] Jæ¡Ÿu F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ ? $$64$$
w[bŸ°s°ÃJ¡°≤ Ÿu ıÙbıyw ˚uÌ Jæ¡Ÿu f°<@w F°uw° Fæ, ÎuŸÙ ∫<Ì <J¡ŸÙ J¡°u N°„aJ¡° F°u w°u bF
Ju¡bÔ ˚®°¿∏w Ÿu <Ÿ] Fæ oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu ŸJ¡∑ Nb°_w<bJ¡w° J¡°u Â‹¸>°∏w Ÿu <Ÿ] J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ıæŸu „¥∏∫ () o∏B@fiCT fi°fi°-Ÿ° ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ ∫F Âÿ∫R¡≈ ˚®t N°˚°Ÿt°` Fæ,
b°_w<bJ¡ fiFÙ* Fæ $$65$$ ıæŸu <fi__bR¡≈ o∏B@fiCT tu* ˚°≥<w-˚°≥<w Ju¡ ≤ay ≈®wÙw F°uwu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ
N°J¡°„R¡≈Ù N°≥yfi tu* „¥∏∫˚¥w FÙ f®Ê°^±>R¡≈Ù ≈≤t°dC ˚°<Ÿw F°uwu Fæ* $$66$$ N°J¡°„ tu* „¥∏∫Ãb
J¡∑ w≤F ≈®J¡¸>w° J¡°u ≈®°›w F…N°, fi J¡˚Ù Ã≈∏fi F…N° N°æ≤ fi J¡˚Ù fi‹¸> F…N° ∫F NŸwg ıywg
Ÿwg-Ÿ° ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ $ ıywg Ÿ°<Ì N°æ≤ Ÿ°∏w F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù Nfi°<Ì N°æ≤ Nfi∏w, N„¥∏∫ F°ufiu ≈≤
˚Ù „¥∏∫, Ã≈∏fi F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù NfiCÃ≈∏fi N°æ≤ fi‹¸> F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù Nfi‹¸> FÙ Fæ $ <fiÃ∫, J¥¡¸>_S, NŸay,
N<πwÙ∫ b_wC Ju¡ ıywgR¡≈ y®Fd J¡≤fiu ≈≤ Ÿtu* N°<Ì-N∏w J¡∑ (ı∏tfi°„ N°<Ì J¡∑) ≈®Ÿ¿•w
fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$67,68$$
ıywg˚°b Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ıywg Ju¡ ı∏t<fi≤°u@˚°b J¡∑ ˚Ù f®Ê tu* J¡v≈fi° Ÿu FÙ ≈≈<W Fæ, ÎuŸ° ∫<Ì
J¡F°u w°u o‹¸>°≈<W Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ J¡v≈fi°t°` Ÿu ŸJ¡∑ J¥¡¸>_Sw° J¡∑ s<w fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ, oŸ N°„∫
Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Ã≈∏fi F…N°, fi‹¸> F…N° Fæ, ∫°u* f®Ê°J¡°„ FÙ ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ ıæŸu J¡°‹™>t∫_w‡˚ J¡°‹™>> FÙ Fæ N°æ≤
ıæŸu _w‡˚ Ju¡ ÎJ¡ <F_Ÿu tu* ffi°oÕ yoÕ ≈®<wt° ˚Ù J¡°‹™> FÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ f®Ê tu* J¡<v≈w ∫F f®Ê FÙ Fæ $
Ÿt_w J¡v≈fi°N°u* Ÿu ≤<Fw, <fiB°„¥∏∫, Ÿt Ju¡bÔ N°ÃtR¡≈ Ÿu Nb¿_S<wR¡≈ ı°u <ªÌ°J¡°„ Fæ,
Ÿt°<@Â<‹¸> Ÿu w∏t°` FÙ ıywg J¡°u ı°fiu $ ∫°fiÙ Ÿt°<@Â<‹¸> Ÿu J¡v≈fi°<bFÙfi ıywg f®Ê FÙ Fæ ∫°u*
NfiC˚b tu* fæ™>°∫u $$69,70$$
NŸt°<@J¡°Ô tu* ˚Ù „°©°ª∏BÌ„Õfi tu* fC<]b¨<W Ju¡ „°©°≈®Ìu„ Ÿu ª∏BÌu„≈®°¿›w tu* fÙª tu* ı°u
<fi<bÕT∫ b¨<WN<˚Δ∫•w Ÿa<bwg J¡° _bR¡≈ Fæ w∏t∫ ıywg J¡°u ı°fifi° ª°<F∫u, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ÎJ¡ ≈®Ìu„ Ÿu N∏∫ ≈®Ìu„ J¡∑ ≈®°¿›w F°ufiu ≈≤ tº∫ tu* <fi<bÕT∫ <ªÌ°J¡°„R¡≈ ı°u Ÿa<bwg J¡° _bR¡≈
Fæ w∏t∫ ıywg J¡°u ı°fifi° ª°<F∫u $ •w ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ <ªÌ°Ãt° tu* ı°u <b„uTR¡≈ πæw N°æ≤ Ÿ°t°∏∫R¡≈
Îu•∫ ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ bF ˚Ù •w <ªÌ°J¡°„_b˚°b Ÿu FÙ Fæ FÙ fiFÙ* ÎuŸ° tæ* tfifi Ÿu <fiÿª∫ J¡≤w° Fq≥ $
() tu||¸>° tu* <_Sw Ÿ¥∫Õ<J¡≤d FÙ o∏B@fiCT Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* Â<‹¸>y°uª≤ F°uwÙ Fæ, ∫F ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ $
bF Ju¡bÔ „¥∏∫ Fæ ÎuŸÙ ı°u ≈®wÙ<w F°uwÙ Fæ bF ˚Ù Fæ FÙ fiFÙ*, •∫°u*<J¡ Ÿ ≈¥d°Õfi∏ÌæJ¡≤Ÿ tu* „¥∏∫w° J¡°
˚Ù Ÿ‡f∏@ fiFÙ* Fæ $ „¥∏∫w° N°æ≤ ≈¥dÕw° ıæŸÙ Ÿ≈®<w∫°u<yJ¡ Ô°uJ¡ tu* ≈®<Ÿ<] Fæ, ıæŸu <J¡ ıÔ Ÿu „¥∏∫
|n° ∫° ıÔ Ÿu ≈¥dÕ |n°, ŸJ¡° N°Ãt° tu* Ÿ‡˚b fiFÙ* Fæ, <J¡∏wC ∫F ıywg ıywg˚°b Ju¡ N∏∫`
N≈®<Ÿ] F°ufiu Ÿu, N°J¡°„R¡≈ FÙ Fæ $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ N°Ãt° FÙ N°Ãt° tu* ¿_Sw Fæ, ∫°u* N∏∫<fi≤≈us ≈¥dÕw°
Fæ $ ıæŸu ˚°bÙ fiy≤ bwÕt°fi J¡°Ô tu* ≈®<w∫°u<y<fi≤≈us „¥∏∫R¡≈ Ÿu Â‹¸> F°uw° Fæ ıæŸu <b„°Ô <Ì„°,
J¡°Ô N°<Ì ≈®<w∫°u<y<fi≤≈us ≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu Ìu©u ı°wu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ ∫F ˚Ù Fæ $$71-73$$ Fu N°J¡°„ Ju¡ J¡°uT
Ju¡ ŸÌ¨„ <fitÕÔ N°„∫b°Ôu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, ı°u Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ Âÿ∫Ÿt¥F <„Ô°|fiR¡≈ „°∏w t°æfiR¡≈ ¿_Sw
Fæ, ŸJ¡° N°Ãt° FÙ ıywg ∫F fi°t @°≤d J¡≤ t°u<Fw-Ÿ° <_Sw Fæ, NF°u t°∫° N°ÿª∫Õ˚¥w Fæ $$74$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ≈ªÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ~>ÆfÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ
t≤u FCÎ Ÿf <b≈¿ÿªw°u* J¡° N≈fiu N∏Ì≤ ŸaŸ°≤˚®t J¡° bdÕfi $
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu tC<fifi°∫J¡, oŸJu¡ f°Ì ≈¥b°uÕ•w ≈¥bÕ N°<Ì <Ìy∏w°u* tu* Ÿ°w πÙ≈, Ÿ°y≤,
bfi N°æ≤ ≈bÕw°u* tu* y∫u FCÎ bu <b≈¿ÿªwg •∫° J¡≤wu ≤Fu ? $$1$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, w°n N°æ≤ wt°Ô Ju¡ b¨s°u* J¡∑ ≈a¿•w∫°u* Ÿu ≈¥dÕ πÙ≈, ≈bÕw N°æ≤ bfi°u* tu*
<bª≤fiub°Ôu fi <b≈¿ÿªw°u* J¡° bF°≥ •∫° F°Ô FCN°, Ÿu N°≈ ŸC<fi∫u $ fi <b≈¿ÿªw°u* Ÿu ÎJ¡ <b≈¿ÿªwg
J®¡°æaª πÙ≈ tu* ≈®<Ÿ] bTÕ (Ÿ›wπÙ≈) Ju¡ ŸÙt°R¡≈ ≈bÕw Ju¡ ≈¿ÿªt <J¡fi°≤u ≈≤ F°SÙ π°≤° ≈bÕww¸>bwÙÕ
b≈®<„Ô°≈≤ y^±>_SÔ wS° Ì°≥w°u* Ÿu ª¥≤-ª¥≤ <J¡∫u ı°fiu Ÿu t≤ y∫° (N) ÌqŸ≤u <b≈¿ÿªw J¡°u ≤°sŸ fiu
∫C] tu* sw<bsw ÌuF J¡≤ N°J¡°„ t°yÕ Ÿu Ôu ı°J¡≤ ŸtCBbwÙÕ fnb°<Àfi tu* H°u*J¡ <Ì∫° bF°≥ Ÿtu* ˚_t
F°u y∫° $$2-4$$ wÙŸ≤u <b≈<ÿªw J¡°u J¡°uoÕ <bΩ°@≤ o∏B Ÿ˚° tu* Ôu y∫°, bF°≥ ≈®d°t fi J¡≤fiu Ÿu J®C¡]
FCÎ Ìub≤°ı o∏B Ju¡ „°≈ Ÿu bF ˚_t ffi y∫° $$5$$ ª°æSu <b≈¿ÿªwg Ju¡, ı°u JC¡„πÙ≈ ≈bÕwbwÙÕ fiÌÙ Ju¡
ÌÔÌÔ tu* ŸwJÕ¡w° Ÿu ªÔ ≤F° S°, ıfÌÕ_w ty≤ fiu N°™> ¸C>J¡nu J¡≤ <Ì∫u NwÎb fuª°≤° t¨Ã∫C J¡°u ≈®°›w
FCN° $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ <Ìy∏w°u* tu* Δ∫°JC¡Ô fC<]b°Ôu bu ª°≤°u* ≤°ı° (<b≈¿ÿªwg) ÎuŸu FÙ t¨Ã∫C J¡°u ≈®°›w FCÎ
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Nfi∏w≤ N°J¡°„R¡≈Ù fi <b≈¿ÿªw°u* J¡∑ Ÿa<bwg fiu N°J¡°„°Ãt° ffiJ¡≤ ≈¥bÕı∏t Ju¡ Ÿa_J¡°≤ Ÿu N°J¡°„
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ıæŸ° ˚¥<tt^±>Ô ∏F°u*fiu Ìu©° ŸÙJ¡° bdÕfi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
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wS°<≈ NfiCt°fiw# I°w F°uwÙ Fæ $ ÎuŸ° FÙ N°yu ˚Ù ŸtHfi° ª°<F∫u $
ŸyÕ - 126] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2281
ŸJu¡ ≤°u*y¸>u Su, ≈®Ô∫ J¡∑ Ÿt°¿›w wS° Ÿ¨¿‹¸> Ju¡ N°≤‡˚ tu* ıæŸu ≈®St ŸıuÕ y∫u ≈®ı°≈<w <b„°Ô
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<b≈¿ÿªw°u* fiu t°fi<ŸJ¡ ≈®<w˚°Ÿt°` Ju¡ <bT∫ ≈®°<w˚°<ŸJ¡ ÌuF tu* N°<@˚°æ<wJ¡ ÌuFw°≈®∫C•w _S¥Ôw°,
ınw° N°<Ì ˚°b°u* J¡°u Ÿ°tfiu Ìu©° $$12$$ oŸ w≤F <fi¿ÿªwg ÌuF Ju¡ NI°fi°ÃtJ¡ F°ufiu≈≤ ∫F Âÿ∫
≈¨<SbÙ N°<ÌR¡≈ N<bΩ° <J¡wfiÙ fnÙ F°uyÙ ∫F Ìu©fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈¥bÕŸa_J¡°≤b„ bu ≈®_wCw FCÎ $$13$$
Âÿ∫ N°æ≤ Ì„Õfi tu* Ÿu ≈¨<SbÙt^±>ÔR¡≈ NfiC˚b°J¡°≤ N<bΩ° J¡° owfiÙ fnÙ Fæ ∫°u* ≈¿≤h~>uÌ J¡°u
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(≈¥<dÕt° Ju¡ <Ìfi) ≈¥dÕ ª∏Bt° Ju¡ <f‡f Ju¡ ≈°Ÿ N≈fiu „≤Ù≤ J¡° <ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡ (ıf wJ¡ Ÿtu* ª∏BÃb
J¡∑ ≈®°¿›w fiFÙ* FCoÕ wf wJ¡) ª∏Bt° Ju¡ Ÿt°fi º∫°fi J¡≤ ≈¥bÕ„≤Ù≤ Ju¡ fi‹¸> F°u ı°fiu Ÿu ª∏BÔ°uJ¡ tu*
¿_Sw FCN° $$18$$
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<J¡ŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿ‡˚b fiFÙ* Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ ÎuŸ° t°fifiu Ÿu tC¿•wR¡≈ k¡Ô ≈°<sJ¡ N°æ≤ ≈¿≤<h~>∏fi F°u ı°∫uy° $
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J¡∑ N°≈<W N°∫uyÙ $ Ì¥Ÿ≤u ≈s tu* fi∫u Ã≈∏fi FCÎ ıÙb°u* J¡°u J¡°t, J¡tÕ, b°Ÿfi° N°<Ì fÙı Ju¡ N˚°b tu*
ŸaŸ°≤≈®°¿›w fiFÙ* F°uyÙ $ ∫<Ì J¡F°u <J¡ ıæŸu ˚°uybæ<ªc∫ J¡° J¡t°u˘ π°≤° ∫° t°∫° Ÿu <ffi° <J¡ŸÙ <b≤°u@
Ju¡ <fib°ÕF F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ, ÎuŸ° fiFÙ* J¡F ŸJ¡wu •∫°u*<J¡ ≈®St w°u t°us J¡t°Õ@Ùfi fiFÙ* Fæ, Ì¥Ÿ≤u t°us tu*
ŸJ¡Ôt°∫°<fib¨<W J¡° ≈®<w≈°Ìfi J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ ZC<w Ÿu <b≤°u@ N°∫uy° $
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J¡°t, J¡tÕ N°æ≤ b°Ÿfi° Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ ŸaŸ°≤Ù-Ÿ° t°Ô¥t ≈nw° FCN° ıÙb J¡F° ı°w° Fæ $ N∏w#J¡≤d
ÌÙ≈J¡ J¡∑ w≤F fFCw°u* J¡°u <tÔ°fiu Ÿu ÎJ¡ N°æ≤ <b„°Ô F°uw° Fæ $ ÎJ¡ FÙ N∏w#J¡≤d ∫°uy, Ìubw° N°<Ì
Ju¡ NfiCy®F N°<Ì <fi<tW Ÿu ÎJ¡ FÙ J¡°Ô tu* <b”] NfiuJ¡ ≈®Ìu„°u* tu* ˚°uyfiu ∫°uÀ∫ J¡t°u˘ J¡° Ìgyt F°ufiu Ju¡
J¡°≤d NfiuJ¡ ˚Ù F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ $ ıf fFCw Ÿu ıÙb°u* J¡° Ÿt°fi Ìu„ N°æ≤ J¡°Ô tu* ˚°uyfiu ∫°uÀ∫ ÎJ¡ Ÿt°fi
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wJ¡ <b”] Ìu„ tu* ˚°uy Ju¡ J¡°≤d J¡tÕ J¡° Ì∫ fi F°u wf wJ¡ Ô°|b Ÿu ˚°uy°∫wfi (˚°uy_S°fi) ÎJ¡ FÙ
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o∏B Ju¡ tuÔfi Ÿu ÎJ¡ ıÙb ≤F°, ıæŸu NıCÕfi-ıÙb o∏B N°æ≤ fi≤ Ju¡ tuÔfi Ÿu ÎJ¡ ıÙb FCN°, ıæŸu
fiJC¡Ô-ŸFÌub J¡° o∏B N°æ≤ N¿ÿbfiÙ JC¡t°≤°u* Ju¡ tuÔfi Ÿu ÎJ¡ ıÙb FCN° wS° ıæŸu B°æ≈ÌÙ J¡° fi°≤°∫dÙ,
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≈®<Ÿ] Fæ $ NSb° ıæŸu N¿Àfi N°æ≤ b°∫C J¡° o∏B Ju¡ „°≈b„ Ny_Ã∫ Nbw°≤ tu* tuÔfi Ÿu ÎJ¡ ıÙb FCN°
oÃ∫°<Ì N°æ≤ ˚Ù NfiuJ¡ |¸>fi°Î≥ Fæ* $ ÎJ¡ ıÙb J¡∑, NfiuJ¡ ≈°<@∫°u* tu* <b˚°y F°ufiu Ÿu, NfiuJ¡ıÙbw° ˚Ù
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ŸyÕ - 126] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2283
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tu* N∏@J¡°≤ ≤Fw° Fæ N°æ≤ <J¡ŸÙ ˚°y tu* ≈®J¡°„ ≤Fw° Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ bF Ô°uJ¡°Ô°uJ¡ (Ô°uJ¡-NÔ°uJ¡)
Fæ $$12$$ Ô°uJ¡°Ô°uJ¡ ≈bÕw Ju¡ ≈≤Ôu ≈°≤ ¿_Sw N°J¡°„t^±>Ô Ÿu N<wÌq≤ ª°≤°u* N°u≤ fis`t^±>Ô
≈¿≤˚®td J¡≤w° Fæ $$13$$
fis` t^±>Ô fiÙªu N°æ≤ «¡≈≤ J¡F°≥wJ¡ <b_w¨w Fæ ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi Ju¡ W≤ tu* J¡Fwu Fæ* $
≈°w°Ô Ÿu ÔuJ¡≤ ΩCÔ°uJ¡ wJ¡ bF fis` t^±>Ô N°J¡°„ tu* f≥@° Fæ $ ŸfŸu «≥¡ªu ¿_Sw @®Cb J¡°u
~>°unJ¡≤ N°æ≤ Ÿ°≤° fis`t^±>Ô ª°≤°u* N°u≤ ˚®td J¡≤w° FCN° Ì„°u* <Ì„°N°u* tu* Ÿaª°≤ J¡≤w° Fæ $$14$$
∫F fis`t^±>Ô Ô°uJ¡°Ô°uJ¡ ≈bÕw Ju¡ <„©≤≈≤ ≈°w°Ô Ÿ<Fw Ÿ°≤Ù ≈¨ØbÙ J¡∑ ≈®Ì<sd° J¡≤w° Fæ N°æ≤
bF <ªwg J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° Ÿu N<w¿≤•w fiFÙ* Fæ $$15$$ Ô°uJ¡°Ô°uJ¡ ≈bÕw Ÿ<Fw ˚¥Ô°uJ¡ Ÿu ÌCyCfiu N°J¡°„t^±>Ô
Ju¡ Nfi∏w≤ ≈Ju¡ FCÎ N©≤°u¸> Ju¡ J¡nu <~>ÔJu¡ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi fis`t^±>Ô ¿_Sw Fæ $$16$$ ˚¥Ô°uJ¡ Ÿu ÌCyCfiu
ŸyÕ - 128] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2287
N°J¡°„ Ÿu fis`t^±>Ô J¡° N∏wÌÕÔ<b_w°≤ ÌCyCfi° Fæ <Ì„°N°u* tu* |Ctfiu J¡∑ ¿_S<w fuÔ Ju¡ <~>ÔJu¡ Ju¡
Ÿt°fi Fæ $$17$$ „fÔ f®Ê J¡° ŸÃ∫ ŸaJ¡v≈°ÃtJ¡ <ıŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° J¡Sfi Fæ, bFÙ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡
Ÿa<fibu„ Ÿu ∫°fiÙ f®Ê°^±> N°æ≤ ŸJu¡ Nb∫bR¡≈ Ÿu ıywg J¡∑ ¿_S<w Fæ $$18$$ ŸJu¡ f°Ì fis`t^±>Ô
Ÿu ÌCyCfi° ≈¥b°uÕ•w N°J¡°„ Ÿu Ì¥Ÿ≤° N°J¡°„ Fæ N°æ≤ bF J¡FÙ* ≈≤ ≈®J¡°„ Ÿu ıyty°w° Fæ N°æ≤ J¡FÙ*≈≤
y°» N∏@J¡°≤ Ÿu Δ∫°›w Fæ $$19$$ Ÿ N°J¡°„ Ju¡ N°<©≤Ù ~>°u≤≈≤ f®Ê°^±>J¡≈°Ô Fæ $ fitu* ÎJ¡
J¡≈°Ô «¡≈≤ Fæ N°æ≤ ÎJ¡ fiÙªu Fæ $ ofi Ì°ufi°u* Ju¡ fÙª tu* N°J¡°„ Fæ $$20$$ ÎJ¡ N≤f ∫°uıfi <b_wÙdÕ
bı® Ju¡ Ÿt°fi J¡n° N°æ≤ tıf¥w J¡v≈fi°t°`_bR¡≈ ≈≤t°SÕR¡≈ tu* N°J¡°„ J¡° <bJ¡°≤ ≈aªÙJ¨¡w
˚¥wJ¡°∫ÕR¡≈ N°J¡°„ <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ, ŸŸu ≈¨SJg¡ fiFÙ* Fæ, bF N°J¡°„ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $$21$$ tF°y°uÔ°J¡°≤
N°J¡°„ tu* ≠∫°u<wtÕ^±>Ô Ÿ˚Ù N°u≤ Δ∫°›w ≤Fw° Fæ $ ÎuŸÙ ≈¿≤¿_S<w tu* oŸ ≠∫°u<wÿªJ®¡ tu* •∫° «¡≈≤
Fæ, •∫° fiÙªu Fæ, •∫° ≈¥bÕ Fæ, •∫° ≈¿ÿªt Fæ ? ∫<Ì Fæ w°u Ÿ˚Ù «¡≈≤ Fæ, Ÿ˚Ù fiÙªu Fæ Ÿ˚Ù ≈¥bÕ wS°
≈<ÿªt Fæ $$22$$ Ÿf b_wCN°u* J¡° <y≤fi°, nfi°, <w≤~>u ªÔfi° wS° ÎJ¡ ıyF ©n° ≤Ffi° ı°u ≈®wÙw
F°uw° Fæ bF Ÿf ≈®Ã∫y°Ãt° J¡° Nb˚°Ÿfi FÙ Fæ, bF b°_w<bJ¡ fiFÙ* Fæ ∫°fiÙ b_wCw# b_wCN°u* J¡° fi
<y≤fi° Fæ, fi nfi° Fæ, fi ytfi Fæ, fi N°ytfi Fæ, fi ¿_S<w Fæ $ JC¡~> ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ, ≈wfi°<Ì F°ufiu tu*
Nπæw<b≤°u@ F°uy°, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$23$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ŸW°oÕŸb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ Nl>°oÕŸb°≥ ŸyÕ
N∏@J¡°≤≈¥dÕ y>±>gi>u J¡°u wS° f®Ê°^±> Ju¡ N°b≤d°u* J¡°u ≈°≤J¡≤ <b≈¿ÿªw°u* J¡° N<bΩ° tu* ˚®td J¡° bdÕfi $
∫<Ì ZÙ≤°tıÙ J¡∑ N°u≤ Ÿu ∫F N°„aJ¡° F°u <J¡ ≠∫°u<wÿªJ®¡ wS° ŸJu¡ <b_w°≤ N°<Ì J¡° ≈¿≤I°fi
N°≈J¡°u <J¡Ÿ ≈®t°d Ÿu FCN° w°u oŸ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ZÙ≤°tıÙ, Ft°≤u ŸÂ„ ∫°uyÙ ıfi°u* J¡°u ∫°uy I°fi°U∫°Ÿ Ÿu „°u<@w ı°u
„C] w[bf°u@ ∫°fiÙ ŸbÕıywg w[bŸ°s°ÃJ¡°≤ Fæ, wBq≈ N°<wb°<FJ¡ „≤Ù≤ Ÿu ofi ŸfJ¡° ≈®Ã∫s F°uw°
Fæ $ N°<@˚°æ<wJ¡ _S¥ÔR¡≈ Ÿu ≈®Ã∫s ∫° NfiCt°fi fiFÙ* F°uw° Fæ $ ∫F ı°u tæ*fiu Ô°uJ¡°-Ô°uJ¡, ≠∫°u<wÿªJ®¡
N°<Ì J¡° Nb∫bŸay™>fi N°≈Ÿu J¡F°, bF _b∫a Â‹¸> ıyÃ_b›fi tu* ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ N∏∫ Ô°uy°u* π°≤° Â‹¸>
ıyÃ_b›fi°u* tu* ≈®<Ÿ] tæ*fiu fiFÙ* J¡F° $ N∏∫°∏∫ f®Ê°^±>°∏w≤°u* Ju¡ ıyÃ_b›fi°u* tu* ˚Ù ÎuŸÙ FÙ _b˚°bw#
¿_S<w (Nb∫bŸa|¸>fi°) Fæ N°æ≤ J¡FÙ*≈≤ oŸŸu <bÔsd ˚Ù Fæ $$1,2$$
∫<Ì ZÙ≤°tıÙ J¡Fu* <J¡ ∫<Ì N∏∫°∫ f®Ê°^±>°u* J¡° _bR¡≈y™>fi <bÔsd Fæ, w°u Ÿu ˚Ù J¡Ffiu J¡∑
J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u, oŸ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
N∏∫°∏∫ ıyÃ_b›fi°u* Ju¡ Nb∫bŸay™>fi Ju¡ bdÕfi Ÿu ∫F°≥ •∫° ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ ? fC<]t°fig ≈C”T°u* J¡°u
≈∫°uyÙ f°w°u* Ju¡ <Ÿb° N°æ≤ f°wu* fiFÙ ”ªwÙ* $$3$$ Fu ≈¿^±>w Ô°uy°ua, Ÿ ÃŸyÕ Ÿu Ÿf f®Ê°^±>°u* Ju¡
tº∫ tu* Ÿf πÙ≈ N°æ≤ Ÿ°y≤°u* J¡∑ W≤ <Ì„° tu* tu” ≈bÕw Fæ, Ô°uJ¡°Ô°uJ¡ ≈bÕw Ì<sd <Ì„° tu* Fæ $ oŸ
≈®J¡°≤ Ÿt_w ˚¥wŸt¥F Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* <ıfiJ¡∑ <ıI°Ÿ° Fæ, fiJ¡° NfiCt°fi F°u $$4$$
ı°u Nb°∏w≤ <b„uT Fæ*, fiJ¡° bF°≥ Ju¡ ≤Ffiub°Ôu Ô°uy FÙ ≈®Ã∫s J¡≤wu Fæ* ∫F°≥ Ju¡ ≤Ffiub°Ô°u* J¡°u
fiJ¡° ≈®Ã∫s fiFÙ* F°uw°, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
bF°≥ ≈≤ ı°u N°æ≤ N°æ≤ ıyÌg˚®t Fæ*, fiJ¡° bF°≥ Ju¡ <fib°<Ÿ∫°u* J¡°u ≈®Ã∫s F°uw° Fæ $ Ÿ w≤F J¡∑
N≈fiÙ Nb∫b≤ªfi° Ÿu „°u<˚w F°ufiub°Ôu bu Ft Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ ≈®Ã∫s Ju¡ <bT∫ fiFÙ* Fæ* $ Ÿf πÙ≈ N°æ≤ Ÿ°y≤°u*
Ju¡ W≤ tu* tu” ≈bÕw Fæ N°æ≤ Ì<sd tu* Ô°uJ¡°Ô°uJ¡ ≈bÕw Fæ, ÎuŸ° <fiÿª∫ Ÿ°w πÙ≈°u* tu* ≤Ffiub°Ô°u* J¡° FÙ
Fæ, f®Ê°^±> Ÿu f°F≤ ≤Ffiub°Ô°u* J¡° ÎuŸ° <fiÿª∫ fiFÙ* Fæ $$5,6$$ Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, Nf N°≈ ≈®_wCw
<bT∫ J¡°u ŸC<fi∫u $ f®Ê°^±> Ju¡ Ì°u ©›≈≤ <ıfiJ¡° <J¡ <b_w°≤ ≈¥b°uÕ•w ÎJ¡ N≤f ∫°uıfi Fæ, fiŸu f°F≤
ÌŸyCfi° ıÔ (ıÔ°b≤d) ¿_Sw Fæ $ bu f®Ê°^±> Ju¡ ©›≈≤ FÙ ≈°<SÕb˚°y F°ufiu Ÿu N≈fiÙ N°J¡TÕd„¿•w
Ÿu ıÔ J¡°u ÎuŸu FÙ <fiÃ∫ @°≤d J¡≤wu Fæ* ıæŸu <J¡ w¨dªC‡fJ¡t<d N≈fiÙ N°J¡TÕd„¿•w Ju¡ _b˚°b Ÿu
w¨d°u* J¡°u @°≤d J¡≤wÙ Fæ NSb° ıæŸu J¡v≈b¨s N<SÕ∫°u* Ÿu b°a¿~>w ≤Ãfi°u* J¡°u @°≤d J¡≤w° Fæ $$7,8$$
wf w°u tu|°u* Ÿu <y≤u FCÎ ıÔ<f∏ÌC, N°uÔu N°<Ì ŸtCB, fiÌÙ N°<Ì tu* fiFÙ* <y≤u*yu, J¡°≤d <J¡ ıÔ tu*
N°J¡TÕd„¿•w J¡° N˚°b Fæ, <J¡∏wC Ì¥≤ Ÿu ˚Ù wÙ≤˚¥<t tu* N°J¡≤ bFÙ* <y≤u*yu, ÎuŸÙ N°„aJ¡° F°ufiu ≈≤
J¡Fwu Fæa $
ıæŸu J¡v≈b¨s ≤Ãfi°u* J¡° N°@°≤ Fæ, bæŸu FÙ ŸÌ° Ÿ˚Ù ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡° N°Z∫ ≈°<SÕb ˚°y FÙ Fæ,
oŸ<ÔÎ ∫u ıÔb¨¿‹¸> N°<Ì ≈¨<SbÙ≈≤ ≈®ªC≤t°`° tu* <y≤wu Fæ* $$9$$ ≈¥b°uÕ•w f®Ê°^±> Ju¡ N°b≤d˚¥w
ıÔ Ÿu f°F≤ ıÔ Ÿu ÌŸyCfi° N°J¡°„ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ÌuÌÙ›∫°t°fi o∏@fi„¥∏∫ wuı ¿_Sw Fæ $$10$$
f®Ê°^±>N°b≤d˚¥w wuı Ÿu f°F≤ ÌŸyCfi° <b_w°≤∫C•w b°∫C ¿_Sw Fæ, b°∫C Ÿu f°F≤ ÌŸyCfi° <fitÕÔ
N°J¡°„ ¿_Sw Fæ $ ŸJu¡ f°Ì ≈≤t„°∏w NŸÙt f®Ê°J¡°„ (N<bΩ°„f<Ôw f®Ê°J¡°„) Fæ, bF
N<bfi°„Ù, fi ≈®J¡°„ Fæ N°æ≤ fi N∏@J¡°≤ Fæ, tF°<bI°fi|fi ŸCTC¿›wwCv∫ Fæ $$11,12$$ N°<Ì, tº∫
N°æ≤ N∏w Ÿu (ı∏t, ¿_S<w N°æ≤ <bfi°„ Ÿu) „¥∏∫ tF°<ªwg fi°tb°Ôu, Ÿb°ÕÃtJ¡ Ô°uF|fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi
<~>B„¥∏∫ <fib°ÕdR¡≈Ù Ÿ f®ÊtF°J¡°„ tu* Ì¥≤-Ì¥≤ bæŸu J¡≤°un°u* f®Ê°^±> f°≤-f°≤ Ã≈∏fi F°uwu Fæ*
N°æ≤ <bÔÙfi F°uwu Fæ* $$13,14$$
bF J¡°æfi J¡°≤d Fæ, ı°u J¡≤°un°u* f®Ê°^±>°u* J¡°u <bJ¡<Ÿw J¡≤w° Fæ ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
J¡ªfiR¡≈Ù Ÿt f®Ê tu* J¡≤°un°u* f®Ê°^±>°u* J¡°u <bJ¡<Ÿw J¡≤fiub°Ô° J¡°uoÕ ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ, <J¡∏wC
J¡ªfi_b˚°b bF f®Ê FÙ N≈fiu tu* N<bΩ°b„ w°Â„R¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ $$15$$
≈®ÿfi°u* Ju¡ W≤ J¡° ≈ŸaF°≤ J¡≤ Nf ≈®_wCw <bT∫ ŸCfi°wu Fæ* $
Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, ∫F Âÿ∫°fiC˚b J®¡t N°<Ì Ÿu N∏w wJ¡ Ÿ°≤° J¡° Ÿ°≤° tæ*fiu N°≈Ÿu J¡F° Nf
N°≈ Ô°uJ¡°Ô°uJ¡ ≈bÕw≈≤ <b≈¿ÿªwg J¡° ı°u F°Ô FCN° Ÿu ŸC<fi∫u $$16$$ ©¥f NU∫_w ≈¥bÕ Ÿa_J¡°≤ Ÿu
(<Ìy∏wÌ„ÕfiΩ°uy Ju¡ Ÿa_J¡°≤ Ÿu) Ÿ‡≈∏fi Ÿ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ ŸıÙb <fiÿª∫ Ÿu ≈®u¿≤w <b≈¿ÿªwg Ô°uJ¡°Ô°uJ¡
≈bÕw Ju¡ <„©≤ Ÿu ≈≤u ≈¥b°uÕ•w N∏@J¡°≤ ywÕ tu* ≈®<b‹¸> FCN° $$17$$ bF°≥≈≤ Ÿfiu N≈fiu Ìub„≤Ù≤ J¡°u
≈bÕw<„©≤ Ju¡ ŸÂ„ NÃ∫∏w tF°fig yÙ@ N°<Ì π°≤° fi°uª-fi°uªJ¡≤ ©°∫° y∫° Ìu©° $ wÌC≈≤°∏w N≈fiu
≈¥bÕ<ª¿∏ww <Ìy∏w Ì„Õfi tu* N≈fiu tfi°ut∫ ÌuF J¡°u FÙ ≈®b¨W Ìu©° $$18$$ ıF°≥≈≤ ŸJ¡∑ t¨Ã∫C FCoÕ SÙ,
bF ≈®Ìu„ ≈C^∫t∫ S° ∫°fiÙ _S¥Ô ÌuF Ju¡ <bT∫ Ÿa_J¡°≤ Ju¡ Ìgf°u@J¡ ª°≤ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ ≈®°<dŸt¥F°u* Ÿu
„¥∏∫ S°, Ÿ Ìu„ J¡∑ t<Ft° Ÿu <fitÕÔ N°„∫b°Ôu <b≈¿ÿªwg J¡°u N°<wb°<FJ¡ „≤Ù≤ tu* N°<@˚°æ<wJ¡w°
ŸyÕ - 128] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2289
J¡∑ ≈®wÙ<w fiFÙ* FCoÕ NS°Õwg Ÿu N°<wb°<FJ¡w° J¡° <b_t≤d fiFÙ* FCN° $$19$$ •w <b≈¿ÿªwg <ıŸJ¡°
I°fi _S¥ÔÌuF Ÿu N<w¿≤•w Ju¡bÔ N°Ãt° J¡°u <bT∫ J¡≤w° S°, ŸŸu N<@J¡ _S¥Ô, Ÿ¥‚t N°æ≤ J¡°≤d
„≤Ù≤ Ÿu N<w¿≤•w „C] <ª∏t°` N°Ãt° J¡°u <bT∫ J¡≤fiub°Ôu f°u@ J¡°u ≈®°›w fiFÙ* FCN° S°, oŸŸu
<Ìy∏wÌ„ÕfiR¡≈ J¡°∫Õ J¡°u NŸt°›w ŸtHJ¡≤ ytfi _b˚°b Ju¡ NfiCJ¥¡Ô FCN° ∫°fiÙ <Ìy∏wÌ„ÕfiR¡≈
J¡°∫Õ Ÿu <b≤w fiFÙ* FCN° $$20$$
ÌuF<bFÙfi <ªW f°F≤ Jæ¡Ÿu ı°w° Fæ ? ÌuF Ju¡ <ffi° <ªW J¡° f°F≤ Ÿaª°≤ _bÙJ¡°≤ J¡≤fiu ≈≤ ˚Ù
≈FÔu <b≈¿ÿªwg J¡∑ Ìubw° Ju¡ „≤Ù≤ Ÿu ˚Ù N°J¡°„t°yÕ tu* N≈®<wFw y<w ≤FÙ $ Ìub„≤Ù≤ J¡° fi°„ F°ufiu
≈≤ ˚Ù tfi°ut∫ ÌuF Ÿu N°J¡°„t°yÕ tu* ªÔ ≤Fu Ÿ <b≈¿ÿªwg J¡° ≈¥bÕ Ìub„≤Ù≤ Ÿu tfi°ut°` ÌuF tu* •∫°
<b„uT FCN° ÎuŸ° ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ ≈¥~>wu Fæ* $
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # tC<fiÿb≤, ∫F <ªW „≤Ù≤ Ju¡ <ffi° J¡°∫Õ tu* Jæ¡Ÿu ytfi J¡≤w° Fæ ? ∫<Ì
„≤Ù≤ Ju¡ <ffi° ˚Ù ytfi t°fi <Ô∫° ı°∫ w°u ˚Ù N°<wb°<FJ¡ ÌuF Ÿu tfi°ut∫ ÌuF tu* N<@J¡ f°u@ Jæ¡Ÿ°
F°uw° Fæ ? $$21$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ •w ≈®ÿfi°u* tu* Ÿu ≈FÔu ≈®St ≈®ÿfi J¡° W≤ Ìuwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu N∏w#≈C≤ tu* <fib°Ÿ J¡≤fiub°Ôu J¡° ∫F tfi ŸaJ¡v≈R¡≈Ù ≈<SJ¡ Ju¡ R¡≈tu* f°F≤ ytfi J¡≤w° Fæ
bæŸu FÙ oŸJ¡° tfi f°F≤ ≈®Ÿ¨w FCN° $ ˚°b ∫F <J¡ ŸaJ¡v≈ J¡°u t°yÕytfi tu* ÌuF J¡∑ N≈us° fiFÙ* F°uwÙ
Fæ $$22$$ ˚®°¿∏w tu* , _b›fi tu*, tfi°u≤S tu*, <tØ∫° I°fi tu* wS° N°æ≈∏∫°<ŸJ¡ J¡S°N°u* Ju¡ Zbd tu* ıæŸu
tfiJ¡° Ÿaª°≤ F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ Ÿ tfi J¡° ≈®Ÿ°≤ FCN° $$23$$
Ì¥Ÿ≤u ≈®ÿfi J¡° W≤ Ìuwu Fæ* $
<ıŸ „≤Ù≤ tu* ˚®t, _b›fi, tfi°u≤°≠∫ N°<Ì J¡° ≈®Ÿ°≤ F°uw° Fæ, bF „≤Ù≤ N°<wb°<FJ¡ Fæ $ Ÿ
N°<wb°<FJ¡ ÌuF tu* FÙ J¡°Ôb„ N°<wb°<FJ¡w° Ju¡ <b_t≤d Ÿu N°≈J¡∑ N°<@˚°æ<wJ¡w°fC<] Ã≈∏fi
F°uwÙ Fæ $$24$$
J¡f N°<@˚°u<wJ¡w° J¡∑ <fib¨<W Ÿu N°<wb°<FJ¡w° J¡° „uT F°uw° Fæ, oŸ ≈®ÿfi≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<bª°≤ Ÿu Ÿ≈Õ≤≠ıC-˚®°¿∏w Ju¡ wCv∫ ∫F N°<@˚°æ<wJ¡ „≤Ù≤ ıf N∏w<FÕw F°u ı°w° Fæ wf
N°<wb°<FJ¡ „≤Ù≤ Nb<„‹¸> ≤Fw° Fæ $$25$$
N°<wb°<FJ¡ „≤Ù≤ J¡∑ <fib¨<W Ÿu <ª∏t°` J¡° „uT F°ufiu tu* ˚Ù <bª°≤ FÙ Ÿ°@fi Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Fu ZÙ≤°tıÙ, oŸ N°<wb°<FJ¡ ÌuF J¡° "wuıŸ° Ÿ°u‡∫ „Cayufi Ÿ∏t¥Ôt¿∏bh~>' (Fu Ÿ°æ‡∫, wuıR¡≈Ù
t¥Ô Ÿu Ÿ∏t¥Ô J¡∑ ©°uı J¡≤°u) oŸ ZC<w π°≤° ≈®Ì<„Õw w[bI°fi Ju¡ ≈°∫ Ÿu ˚ÔÙ-˚°≥<w wf wJ¡
<bª°≤ J¡∑<ı∫u ıf wJ¡ <J¡ oŸtu* <ª∏t°` Ÿu N<w¿≤•w JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ ∫F ≈®wÙ<w fi F°u $$26$$
<fi<bÕT∫ <ª∏t°` ≈®<Ÿ<] J¡° w°u ≈FÔu NfiuJ¡ f°≤ b°≤d <J¡∫° FÙ ı° ªCJ¡° Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu ≈FÔu
NfiuJ¡ f°≤ •w N°@u ÿÔ°uJ¡ J¡°u ≈Cfi# J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ÎJ¡ Ìu„ Ÿu Ì¥Ÿ≤u Ìu„ J¡∑ ≈®°<›w F°ufiu tu* tº∫ tu* ı°u Ÿa<bwg J¡° „≤Ù≤ Fæ ÎJ¡R¡≈ NŸÙt oŸ <ª∏t°`
J¡° bF R¡≈ ≈®<Ÿ] FÙ Fæ $$27$$
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w≤F N°@°≤ J¡∑ N≈us° fiFÙ* Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ Ÿ¿∏@ J¡° <b˚°y fi F°ufiu Ÿu <≈^±>J¡°u¸>≤ Ju¡ wCv∫ ÌuÌÙ›∫t°fi
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w°Ã≈∫Õ fwÔ°wu Fæ* $
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ŸyÕ - 129] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2293
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Ju¡ J¡°≤d ˚Ù ˚uÌ <ªwg Ÿu ≈¨SJ fiFÙ* Fæ $ bF f®Ê FÙ <ªÌ°˚°Ÿ Fæ, <˚∏fiw° <ªBq≈ FÙ Fæ $$18$$
I°fi<bFÙfi W≤ <b≈¿ÿªwg J¡°u ŸæJ¡n°u* ∫Cy°u* tu* ˚Ù N<bΩ° J¡° N∏w fiFÙ* <tÔ°, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ f®Ê°^±> t^±>≈ Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ ˚¸>J¡ ≤Fu NI°fiÙ <b≈¿ÿªw°u* J¡°u ŸæJ¡n°u* ∫Cy°u* tu* ˚Ù N<bΩ°
J¡° N∏w fiFÙ* <tÔ° $$19$$
W≤ <b≈¿ÿªwg J¡° f®Ê°^±> ©›≈≤ Ju¡ ı°un Ju¡ N°J¡°„t°yÕ Ÿu f°F≤ <fiJ¡Ôfi° Jæ¡Ÿu FCN° ?
f®Ê°^±>˚ay J¡° J¡°uoÕ FuwC J¡F° fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸÙ ≈¿≤¿_S<w tu* f®Ê°^±>N°J¡°„ J¡° FÙ Ÿ‡˚b fiFÙ* Fæ, oŸ
N<˚≈®°∫ Ÿu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ N°„aJ¡° J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # f®Êfig, •∫° <b≈¿ÿªwg J¡°u f®Ê°^±>J¡≈°¸> FÙ fiFÙ* <tÔ° $ Fu b°¿Àtb≤, Ÿu
w°unJ¡≤ ıæŸu bF f°F≤ <fiJ¡Ô° ∫F N°≈fiu tCHŸu •∫°u* fiFÙ J¡F° ? $$20$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ f®Ê°^±> Ju¡ Ì°u ©›≈≤°u* Ju¡ <b˚°y tu* ≈°T°d°u≈°¶∫°fi°u•w J¡°≤d J¡∑ ∫°Ì <ÌÔ°wu Fæ* $
≈C≤°fiu ıt°fiu tu* Ã≈∏fi F°uwu FÙ ZÙf®Ê°ıÙ fiu N≈fiÙ Ì°ufi°u* ˚Cı°N°u* Ÿu «¡≈≤ N°æ≤ fiÙªu J¡∑ N°u≤
f®Ê°^±>t^±>Ô J¡°u <bÌÙdÕ <J¡∫° $$21$$ ŸŸu «¡≈≤ J¡° ÎJ¡ ˚°y «¡≈≤ J¡∑ N°u≤ fFCw Ì¥≤ wJ¡ ªÔ°
y∫° N°æ≤ fiÙªub°Ô° ˚°y fiÙªu J¡∑ N°u≤ NÃ∫∏w Ì¥≤ wJ¡ ªÔ° y∫° $$22$$ ıÔ N°<Ì f®Ê°^±>N°b≤d
f®Ê°^±>©›≈≤°u* J¡∑ w≤F <b˚•w F°uJ¡≤ ∏FÙ* Ju¡ N°@°≤ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ* $ ©›≈≤R¡≈ N°@°≤b°Ôu bu ıÔ
N°<Ì N°b≤d fitu* ¿_Sw F°uJ¡≤ Ô¸>J¡wu Fæ* $ NbÔ‡ffiJ¡≤ ¿_S<w w°u ŸfJ¡∑ Ÿt°fi Fæ, <b˚°y Ju¡bÔ
ıÔ°b≤d J¡° FÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° ≈FÔu ≈≈°Ìfi J¡≤ ªCJu¡ Fæ* $$23$$ ofi f®Ê°^±>©›≈≤°u* Ju¡ tº∫ tu* N≈°≤
(≈°¿≤b°≤≤<Fw) fiÙÔ°-fiÙÔ°-Ÿ° ı°u ∫F <Ì©°oÕ Ìuw° Fæ Ÿu N°J¡°„ J¡Fwu Fæ* $ N°J¡°„ J¡°u N≈°≤
J¡Ffi° N∏∫ ˚¥w°u* J¡∑ N≈us° <b„°Ôw° Ju¡ ≈®<w≈°Ìfi Ju¡ <ÔÎ Fæ $ N∏∫S° f°flN°J¡°„°b≤d Ju¡ ≈¥b°Õb≤d
J¡∑ N≈us° ÌŸyCfiu ≈¿≤t°d J¡∑ ¿•w J¡∑ NfiC≈≈<W F°u ı°∫uyÙ $ ŸJu¡ N°yu f®Ê°^±>°J¡°„ J¡° bdÕfi
˚Ù fi F°u ŸJu¡y° $$24$$ •w N°J¡°„ tu* ıÔ N°<Ì N°b≤d°u* J¡° _≈„Õ fiFÙ* F°uw° Fæ N°æ≤ bu Ÿtu* Fæ* ˚Ù
fiFÙ* bF <fitÕÔ ıÙb„¥∏∫ ≈®Ô∫≈∫Õ∏w N∏∫ ˚¥w°u* J¡° N°@°≤ Fæ $$25$$ N<bΩ° J¡° N°≤ ≈°≤ Ìu©fiu Ju¡
<Ô∫u t°us F°ufiu wJ¡ •w <b≈¿ÿªwg fis`t^±>Ô J¡∑ w≤F N°J¡°„t°yÕ Ÿu y∫° $$26$$
wf w°u Â»w≤ ≈C”T≈®∫Ãfi Ju¡ N¸¥>¸> ≤Ffiu Ÿu N<bΩ° J¡° N∏w Ÿfiu •∫°u* fiFÙ* Ìu©° ? ÎuŸÙ ∫<Ì
<J¡ŸÙ J¡°u N°„aJ¡° F°u w°u N<bΩ° Ju¡ Nb°_w<bJ¡ Nfi∏w f®ÊR¡≈ F°ufiu Ÿu FÙ fiFÙ* Ìu©°, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Nfi∏wR¡≈° ∫F N<bΩ° f®Ê FÙ Fæ $ •∫°u*<J¡ f®Êt∫Ù Fæ $ ıf wJ¡ ŸJu¡ w[b J¡° ≈¿≤I°fi fiFÙ*
F°uw° w˚Ù wJ¡ ŸJ¡∑ ŸW° Fæ $ w[bI°fi F°ufiu ≈≤ ŸJ¡° N¿_wÃb fiFÙ* ≤Fw° Fæ $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ bu
<b≈¿ÿªwg f®Ê°J¡°„ tu* NÃ∫∏w Ì¥≤ ≈FC≥ªJ¡≤ N<bΩ° Ju¡ ıywgR¡≈ J¡<w≈∫ N∏∫°∏∫ _bR¡≈°u* tu* ˚®td
J¡≤wu Fæ* $ ÎJ¡ w°u fitu* tC¿•w ≈° y∫°, ÎJ¡ tÿ ffi° Fæ, J¡°uoÕ Ì°u ≈®°•wfi Â» ≈®fÔ Ÿa_J¡°≤ Ÿu <bb„
F°uJ¡≤ N°ı ˚Ù J¡FÙ*≈≤ ˚®td J¡≤wu Fæ* $$27-29$$ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu tC<fiÿb≤, ∫<Ì N°≈J¡∑
tu≤u «¡≈≤ J¨¡≈° Fæ w°u bu <b≈¿ÿªwg <J¡Ÿ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ <J¡wfiu Ì¥≤bwÙÕ ıyw°u* tu* ˚®td J¡≤wu Fæ*, ∫F tCHu
fwÔ°fiu J¡° NfiCy®F J¡∑<ı∫u $ Fu tC<fiÿb≤, <J¡wfiu t°yÕ tu* bu ŸaŸ°≤ Fæ*, <ıfitu* bu Ã≈∏fi FCÎ, ∫F tF°fig
N°ÿª∫Õt∫ b¨W°∏w Fæ, ı°u <J¡ N°≈fiu FtŸu J¡F° $$30,31$$ ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ZÙ≤°tıÙ,
<ıfi ıyw°u* tu* bu Ì°ufi°u* <b≈¿ÿªwg ¿_Sw Fæ* bu ıywg ≈®∫Ãfi Ÿu <bª°≤ J¡≤fiu ≈≤ ˚Ù Ft°≤Ù fC<] Ju¡ <bT∫
fiFÙ* FCÎ $ F°≥, wÙŸ≤° <b≈¿ÿªwg ıF°≥≈≤ tÿ ∫°u<fi J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uJ¡≤ ¿_Sw Fæ, bF f®Ê°^±> Ju¡ N∏wyÕw
Nfi∏w ŸaŸ°≤ Ju¡ Ÿ°S Ÿa˚bw# Ft°≤Ù fC<] Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $$32,33$$ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° #
Fu tF°twu, tÿw° J¡°u ≈®°›w FCN° <b≈¿ÿªwg <ıŸ ıywg tu* ¿_Sw Fæ, bF ıywg J¡F°≥ Fæ ? ∫S°SÕR¡≈ Ÿu
tCH Ÿu ŸJ¡° bdÕfi J¡≤fiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u $$34$$ ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # ≈≤f®Ê°J¡°„ tu* NÃ∫∏w Ì¥≤
ı°J¡≤ tÿ ffi° <b≈¿ÿªwg <ıŸ ıywg tu* ≤Fw° Fæ, Ÿ ıywg J¡°u N°≈ ŸC<fi∫u $$35$$ bFÙ ∫F ıywg
N°≈ ı°<fi∫u <ıŸtu* bF tÿ <b≈¿ÿªwg ¿_Sw Fæ, bFÙ ≈≤t°J¡°„ Fæ <ıŸtu* NÃ∫∏w Ì¥≤ wJ¡ ıywg
¿_Sw Fæ $$36$$ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, bF <b≈¿ÿªwg oŸÙ ıywg Ÿu Ÿ <Ìy∏wÌ„ÕfiR¡≈
y<w J¡°u y∫° $ ∫FÙ* ≈≤ N°ı bF tÿ ffi° Fæ, ∫F Jæ¡Ÿu ∫C¿•w∫C•w Fæ ? ıf wJ¡ bF Ô°æ¸>J¡≤ N°∫u fiFÙ*,
wf wJ¡ ŸJ¡° ∫F°≥ tÿı∏t Ÿa˚b fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$37$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # ıæŸu Nb∫bÙ ŸÌ° ŸJ¡Ô Nb∫b°u* J¡°u ı°fiw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ f®Ê°Ãt° tu*
¿_Sw ŸJ¡Ô f®Ê°^±>°u* J¡°u tæ* ı°fiw° F¥≥ $ ˚°b ∫F <J¡ ∫F Ì¥≤ Fæ, ∫F NÃ∫∏w Ì¥≤ Fæ, ∫F Ÿf <bª°≤
N°Ãt° J¡°u ≈¿≤¿h~>∏fi t°fifiub°Ô°u* tu* FÙ Ÿ‡˚b Fæ $ N°Ãt° J¡°u N≈¿≤<h~>∏fi ı°fifiub°Ô°u* J¡∑ Â¿‹¸>
tu* Nb∫bÙ J¡∑ Â¿‹¸> tu* Nb∫b°u* J¡∑ ˚°≥<w Ÿf JC¡~> N<w ŸtÙ≈ tu* FÙ Fæ, ∫F tæ* N≈fiu NfiC˚b Ÿu
J¡Fw° F¥≥, ∫F Ÿ°≤°a„ Fæ $$38$$
N∏∫ Ô°uJ¡°u* J¡∑ Â¿‹¸> tu* ı°u NÃ∫∏w NwÙw Fæ bF ˚Ù f®ÊÂ¿‹¸> Ÿu NÃ∫∏w ŸtÙ≈bwÙÕ FÙ Fæ J¡°Ôw#
˚Ù <J¡ŸÙ J¡∑ Ì¥≤w° fiFÙ* Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ f®Ê°^±>°u* J¡°u <b„uTd <b<„‹¸> J¡Fwu Fæ* $
N°yu <ª≤J¡°Ô tu* Ã≈∏fi F°ufiub°Ôu F°ufiu Ÿu oŸ Ÿt∫ NfiCÃ≈∏fi, ≈¥bÕ J¡°Ô tu* ≈®°›w FCÎ ŸaF°≤ Ÿu
∫C•w <b<b@ N°J¡°≤b°Ôu (NÃ∫∏w <bÔsd) ≈≤_≈≤ ÎJ¡ Ì¥Ÿ≤u Ÿu NÌ¨ÿ∫ F°uwu FCÎ ˚Ù ÎJ¡ <ªwg tu*
Nº∫_w F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ≈≤_≈≤ NfiC_∫¥w NwÎb ≈¨ØbÙ <bJ¡°≤R¡≈ b_`, w∏wC N°<Ì Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ¿_Sw
fFCw Ÿu f®Ê°^±>°u* J¡°u tæ* Ìu©w° F¥≥ $ fi f®Ê°^±>°u* Ÿu <J¡ŸÙ Ju¡ N∏∫ t°yÕ tu* oŸ f®Ê°^±> Ju¡ t°yÕ Ju¡
Ÿt°fi ¿_Sw F°ufiu ≈≤ ı°u |¸>fi° FCoÕ ŸJ¡°u tæ*fiu N°≈Ju¡ <ÔÎ oŸ f®Ê°^±> J¡∑-ŸÙ ffi°J¡≤ ∫FÙa≈≤
<b≈¿ÿªwg Ju¡ ı∏t, ≤°≠∫ N°<Ì Su, ∫°u* bdÕfi <J¡∫° Fæ •∫°u*<J¡ w[bw# N°æ≤ ≈®J¡°≤w# N∏∫ f®Ê°^±>
N°æ≤ ∫F°≥ J¡∑ |¸>fi°N°u* tu* J¡°uoÕ <b˚uÌ fiFÙ* Fæ $ <b≈¿ÿªwg Ô°uy Nfi∏w°J¡°„ tu* N≈fiÙ-N≈fiÙ b°Ÿfi°
Ÿu J¡¿v≈w N∏∫°∏∫ ŸaŸ°≤°u* tu* ŸÙ w≤F Ju¡ „≤Ù≤°u* Ÿu ≈¥b°uÕ•w fi fi <Ìy∏w≤°u* tu* |¥tu, ÎJ¡ tu* FÙ
fiFÙ* $ fitu* Ÿu ≈¥bÕ <b≈¿ÿªwg, <ıŸJ¡∑ t<w ŸaŸ°≤˚®td Ÿu wf wJ¡ <©∏fi fiFÙ* FCoÕ SÙ, NfiuJ¡°fiuJ¡
ıyÌg˚®°¿∏w J¡° ˚®td J¡≤ J¡°J¡w°ÔÙ∫∏∫°∫ Ÿu oŸÙ f®Ê°^±> tu* <J¡ŸÙ ÎJ¡ ≈bÕwyCk¡° tu* tÿ F°u y∫° $
bF ıyw°u* tu* ˚®td J¡≤w° FCN° <ıŸ Ì¥≤bwÙÕ Ÿ¨<‹¸> tu* <bΩt°fi Fæ, bF ∫F ŸyÕ J¡°J¡w°ÔÙ∫∏∫°∫ Ÿu
f®Ê°J¡°„ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $$39-43$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, ∫<Ì ÎuŸÙ f°w Fæ, w°u bF <J¡Ÿ <Ì„° tu*, <J¡Ÿ t^±>Ô tu*, <J¡Ÿ
≈bÕw≈≤ N°æ≤ <J¡Ÿ bfi tu* tÿ ffiJ¡≤ ¿_Sw Fæ ? •∫° J¡≤w° Fæ, Ÿ_∫ÿ∫°tÔ° ˚¥<t tu* <fib°Ÿ J¡≤fiub°Ô°
ŸyÕ - 130] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2295
bF <J¡Ÿ ≈®J¡°≤ Ì¥f ª≤w° Fæ ? fC»°≈u Ju¡ Ÿt°fi <„<SÔ I°fib°Ô° bF J¡f N≈fiu ≈¥bÕ <b≈¿ÿªwg-ı∏t
J¡° _t≤d J¡≤uy° ? $$44,45$$ ZÙb¿Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # <`ywÕ Ìu„°@Ùÿb≤ fiu ı°u tÿ ˚u¸> tu* N°≈J¡°u
<Ì∫° Fæ bF Nı°∫f|≤ tu* <bΩt°fi Fæ* Ÿu FÙ N°≈ <b≈¿ÿªwg ı°<fi∫u $$46$$
ZÙb°vtÙ<J¡ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Ÿ Ÿ˚° tu* ∫F f°w ŸCfiJ¡≤ ≤°tª∏BıÙ Ju¡ N°ÿª∫Õ J¡∑ ŸÙt° fi ≤FÙ $
∏F°u*fiu tÿ J¡°u Ô°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ HC^±> Ju¡ HC^±> f°ÔJ¡°u* J¡°u ˚uı° $ oŸJu¡ f°Ì f°ÔJ¡°u* π°≤° Ô°∫° y∫° bF
˚°uÔ°-˚°Ô° tÿ <b„°Ô Ÿ˚° tu* ≈®<b‹¸> FCN° $ Ÿ wynu N°æ≤ ≈®Ÿ∏fi tÿ J¡°u Ÿf ŸÌ_∫°u* fiu N°≥©u*
k¡°n-k¡°n J¡≤ Ìu©° $ bF N≈fiu J¡°Ôu „≤Ù≤ tu* Ÿku¡Ì <f∏ÌCN°u* Ÿu w°≤° R¡≈Ù <f∏ÌCN°u* Ÿu ∫C•w N°J¡°„
J¡∑ „°u˚° t°w J¡≤ ≤F° S°, Â<‹¸>≈°wR¡≈Ù fiÙÔ J¡tÔ°u* J¡∑ Ôy°w°≤ b¨¿‹¸> Ÿu ŸC∏Ì¿≤∫°u* J¡° ˚Ù <w≤_J¡°≤
J¡≤ ≤F° S° wS° ŸJu¡ Ì„Õfi°u* Ju¡ <ÔÎ Ô°Ô°<∫w Ÿ˚° J¡° ˚Ù Nfi°Ì≤ J¡≤fiu b°Ôu ŸC∏Ì≤ Ÿ˚∫
J¡¸>°sbÙsd°u* Ÿu Ÿ˚° Ju¡ ©‡˚°u* ≈≤ ınu FCÎ t≤J¡w°u* J¡∑ F≤u ≤ay J¡∑ J¡°¿∏w∫°u* J¡°u F≤u <wfiJu¡ ŸtHJ¡≤
©°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ o@≤-@≤ ªaªÔw° Ÿu Ì°æn ≤F° S° $ J¡°fi, fiu` N°æ≤ yÌÕfi «¡≈≤ ™>°J¡≤ N≈fiu N¿_S≤
N<fib°∫Õ ªaªÔ buy°u* Ÿu Ÿ˚Ù Ÿ˚°ŸÌ°u* J¡°u Ìu©fiu J¡∑ ÃŸCJ¡w° Ÿu ∫° ˚°yfiu J¡∑ N°„aJ¡° Ÿu Δ∫°JC¡Ô J¡≤
≤F° S° $ Ÿ tÿ J¡°u Ìu©J¡≤ ≤°ı°, tC<fi N°æ≤ t¿∏`∫°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S Ÿ˚Ù Ô°uy ˚yb°fi J¡∑ t°∫° Nfi∏w Fæ,
∫°u* J¡Fwu FCÎ N°ÿª∫ÕŸ°y≤ tu* ±¥>f y∫u $ Ÿf Ÿ˚°ŸÌ°u* Ju¡ NbÔ°uJ¡fiR¡≈Ù |fiÙ fiÙÔJ¡tÔ°u* J¡∑ bT°Õ Ÿu
fiÙÔ Ÿu ≤≥yu FCÎ Ÿu N°æ≤ Ÿ˚°˚bfi Ju¡ ©‡˚°u* tu* ınu FCÎ ≤Ãfi°u* J¡∑ <J¡≤d°u* Ÿu Δ∫°›w tÿ J¡°u Ìu© ≤FÙ bF
˚≤Ù Ÿ˚°, <ıŸJu¡ ŸfJu¡ Ÿf ŸÌ_∫ N°ÿª∫Õt∫ b¨W°∏w Ju¡ ≈Cfi# ≈Cfi# N°_b°Ìfi Ÿu N<w <b_t∫∫C•w
Su, <ª`<Ô<©w J¡t<ÔfiÙ-ŸÙ (J¡tÔ Ÿu ≈¥dÕ w°Ô°f-ŸÙ) F°u yoÕ SÙ $$47-53$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ fiwÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ wÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ
tÿ J¡° ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ Ju¡ º∫°fi Ÿu Ã≈∏fi N¿Àfi tu* ≈®bu„ wS°
<b≈¿ÿªwg-„≤Ù≤ J¡∑ ≈®°¿›w Ÿu ≈¥bÕı∏t J¡∑ _t¨<w J¡° bdÕfi $
ZÙb°vtÙ<J¡ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu tC<fib¨∏Ì, oŸJu¡ ≈≤°∏w ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ Ÿu f°uÔu # Fu
tC<fib≤, <J¡Ÿ ≈°∫ Ÿu <b≈¿ÿªwg ÌuF Ju¡ ≈Cfi# N°<b˚°Õbb„ N°æ≤ I°fi π°≤° b°_w<bJ¡ N°Ãt° Ju¡
N°<b˚°Õbb„ oŸ <b≈<ÿªwg J¡° ÌC#©°∏w F°uy° ? $$1$$ ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, <ıŸ ≈C”T J¡∑
<ıŸ <ª≤J¡°Ô ≈°<Ÿw Ìubw° Ÿu f°≤-f°≤ N<˚Ô°T°<Ÿ<] ≈FÔu J¡FÙ yoÕ Fæ, Ÿ ≈C”T J¡∑ Ÿ
Ìubw° Ju¡ <ffi° N<˚Ô°T° J¡∑ <Ÿ<] fiFÙ* F°uwÙ $ ∫<Ì |Cd°s≤∏∫°∫ Ÿu J¡Ì°<ªwg F°u ˚Ù ı°∫ w°u bF
„°u˚° fiFÙ* ≈°wÙ, J¡Ì°<ªwg „°u˚° ˚Ù ≈° ı°∫ ≈≤ ŸC©Ì°∫Ù fiFÙ* F°uwÙ, J¡Ì°<ªwg ŸC©Ì°∫Ù ˚Ù F°u
ı°∫ ≈≤ ≈≤Ô°uJ¡ <FwJ¡°≤Ù ŸÃk¡Ô≈®Ì J¡Ì°<≈ fiFÙ* F°uwÙ $ oŸ <bT∫ tu* ˚ybwÙ ZC<w ˚Ù Fæ - "∫#
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J¡° N<wJ®¡td J¡≤Ju¡ ∫I J¡≤w° Fæ bF h∫Cw F°uw° Fæ, ≈≤t y<w fiFÙ* ≈°w°, NÃ∫∏w ≈°<≈‹™> F°uw°
Fæ $) b¨]°u* J¡° ˚Ù J¡Sfi Fæ - Ãb°t<w∫ıuw ˚yb∏∫# JC¡ÔÌæba <πı°<wJC¡Ôı°w# $ ˚∫˚®‹¸>°u
fiÿ∫uÌU∫CÌ∫°u≈°a„C-∫°ıbÃŸ ın# $ NS°Õwg ˚ybfig, <πı°<wJC¡Ô tu* Ã≈∏fi FCN° ı°u ≈C”T JC¡Ô Ju¡
o‹¸>Ìub N°≈J¡° vÔa|fi J¡≤ ∫I J¡≤w° Fæ bF ın oŸ Ô°uJ¡ N°æ≤ ≈≤Ô°uJ¡ Ì°ufi°u* Ÿu ˚®‹¸> F°uJ¡≤
fi‹¸> F°u ı°w° Fæ $ N<Àfi FÙ <b≈¿ÿªwg J¡∑ o‹¸>°SÕ ≈®Ì°fi π°≤° ≤s° J¡≤fiub°Ô° Fæ, Ÿtu* ≈®bu„ J¡≤fiu
Ÿu ∫F tÿ <fitÕÔ ŸCbdÕ ıæŸu ≈¥bÕ ı∏t Ju¡ <b≈¿ÿªwg „≤Ù≤ J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uy° $ ∫F Ÿf tæ* N˚Ù J¡≤w°
F¥≥ $ N°≈ Ô°uy°u* J¡°u wt°„° <Ì©Ô°w° F¥≥ $ ∫F tÿ N˚Ù-N˚Ù N°≈ Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°tfiu N¿Àfi tu* ≈®bu„
J¡≤w° Fæ $$2-4$$
ZÙb°vtÙ<J¡ıÙ fiu J¡F° # ≈C^∫J¡t°Õ tC<fib≤ ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu ∫F J¡FJ¡≤, bF°≥≈≤ N≈fiu J¡t^±>Ô
Ju¡ ıÔ Ÿu <b<@≈¥bÕJ¡ N°ªtfi J¡≤ o∏@fiFÙfi ≠b°Ô°≈Caı_bR¡≈ N¿Àfi J¡° º∫°fi <J¡∫° $ ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ
Ju¡ º∫°fi J¡≤fiu Ÿu Ÿ˚° Ju¡ fÙª Ÿu N¿Àfi J¡∑ ≠b°Ô°Î≥ @@J¡ ™>Ù* $ fi ≠b°Ô°N°u* tu* Nay°≤°u* J¡° fi°t
<fi„°fi fi S°, ÔJ¡<n∫°u* J¡° fiŸu J¡°uoÕ Ÿ‡≈JÕ¡ fi S°, fi @CN°≥ S° N°æ≤ fi J¡°<Ô© FÙ SÙ $ bu Ÿ°ufiu ŸÙ
_bh~> ≠b°Ô°Î≥ @≈-@≈ ÌFJ¡ ≤FÙ SÙ* $ fiJ¡∑ N<w ŸC∏Ì≤ J¡°¿∏w <fi©≤ ≤FÙ SÙ, fiJ¡° ≈Caı Ÿ°ufiu Ju¡
t¿∏Ì≤ Ju¡ ŸÂ„ Ì„ÕfiÙ∫ S°, k¥¡Ôu FCÎ ≈Ô°„ J¡∑-ŸÙ N°J¨¡<wb°ÔÙ ≠b°Ô°≤°<„ Ÿ∏º∫° Ÿt∫ Ju¡ tu|
Ju¡ Ÿt°fi <Ìw FCoÕ SÙ $ Ÿ˚°ŸÌ ≠b°Ô°≤°<„ Ÿu Ì¥≤ F¸> y∫u Su $ Ÿ ≠b°Ô°≤°<„ J¡°u ≈¥bÕ ı∏t Ju¡
˚¿•w ˚°b Ÿu N°Ì≤ Ÿ<Fw Ìu© ≤Fu tÿ J¡°u ŸJu¡ Ì„Õfi°u* Ÿu fnÙ ≈®Ÿ∏fiw° FCoÕ $ Ÿ b<Ö J¡°u Ìu© ≤F°
bF <fi‹≈°≈ tÿ ≈®bu„ J¡≤fiu J¡∑ oh~>° Ÿu ~>Ô°≥yu ˚≤w° FCN° <Ÿ*F J¡∑ fi°o˘ ≈Ù~>u J¡∑ N°u≤ Ì¥≤ wJ¡
F¸>° $$5-10$$ oŸJu¡ fÙª tu* tC<fiZu‹™> ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu º∫°fi tu* <bª°≤ J¡≤ N≈fiu Â¿‹¸>≈°w°u* Ÿu tÿ J¡°u
sÙd≈°≈ J¡≤wu FCÎ b<Ö Ju¡ ≈®<w J¡F° # ˚ybfig N¿ÀfiÌub, oŸJ¡∑ ≈¥bÕ ı∏t J¡∑ ˚¿•w J¡° _t≤d J¡≤ oŸ
tfi°uF≤ tÿ J¡°u Ì∫°b„ <b≈¿ÿªwg ffi° ÌÙ<ı∫u $$11,12$$ ≤°ıŸ˚° tu* tC<fi tF°≤°ı Ju¡ ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu FÙ
ıæŸu buy Ÿu ~>°un° y∫° f°d N≈fiu Ô‚∫ tu* ≈®<b‹¸> F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ tÿ Ì¥≤ Ÿu Ì°ænJ¡≤ N¿Àfi tu* ≈®<b‹¸> F°u
y∫° $$13$$ ≠b°Ô°N°u* Ju¡ tº∫ tu* ≈®<b‹¸> FCN° bF Ì≈Õd tu* ≈®<w<f¿‡fw-Ÿ° wS° Ÿ∏º∫°J¡°Ô Ju¡ tu|
tu* <bZ°∏w FCN°-Ÿ° Ô°uy°u* J¡°u Ÿ°k¡-Ÿ°k¡ <Ì©Ô°oÕ ≈n° $$14$$ bF tÿ Ÿ˚°ŸÌ Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ Ìu©wu
Ìu©wu ıæŸu N°J¡°„ tu* F¿≤d-Ÿ° f°ÌÔ J¡° ¸C>J¡n° Ì¥Ÿ≤Ù „•Ô J¡° (tfiC‹∫ J¡∑ „•Ô) ffi ı°w° Fæ
bæŸu FÙ ≠b°Ô°N°u* Ju¡ tº∫ tu* tfiC‹∫ Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u y∫° $$15$$ oŸJu¡ ≈≤°∏w ≠b°Ô°N°u* Ju¡
N∏Ì≤ ŸCbdÕJ¡∑-ŸÙ J¡°¿∏wb°Ô°, ≤tdÙ∫ Nay ≈®Ã∫ay°u* Ÿu tfi°uF≤ ≈C^∫°J¨¡<w ≈C”T <Ì©Ô°oÕ <Ì∫° $
Ÿ¥∫Õ<f‡f tu* Ÿ¥∫Õ J¡∑ w≤F, ª∏B<f‡f tu* ª∏Bt° J¡∑ w≤F, tF°fig ıÔ≤°<„ tu* b”d J¡∑ w≤F NSb°
Ÿ°∏º∫J¡°ÔÙfi tu|©^±> tu* ª∏Bt° J¡∑ w≤F, N°≥©°u* J¡∑ ≈CwÔÙ Ju¡ tº∫ tu*, Ì≈Õd tu*, ıÔ tu* N°æ≤ t<d
tu* ≈®<w<f‡fw Ju¡ Ÿt°fi NÀ∏∫°@°≤ ˚¿•w FÙ t°fi°u* ≈C”T”≈ F°u Ÿ¥∫Õ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi J¡°¿∏wb°Ô° ≈C”T
<Ì©°oÕ <Ì∫° $$16-18$$ wÌfi∏w≤ b°∫C Ÿu fCHu FCÎ ÌÙ≈J¡ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi bF ≠b°Ô°≈Caı Ÿ˚° Ju¡ fÙª Ÿu
J¡FÙ* ÎuŸu FÙ <bÔÙfi F°u y∫° ıæŸu <J¡ N°J¡°„ Ÿu Ÿ∏º∫°J¡°Ô J¡° tu| J¡FÙ* <bÔÙfi F°u ı°w° Fæ $ Ìub°Ô∫
JC¡¸>Ù J¡∑ ÌÙb°≤°u* Ju¡ ¸¥>¸>-k¥¡¸>J¡≤ @≤°„°∫Ù F°ufiu≈≤ fiJu¡ tº∫ tu* ¿_Sw ˚yb°fig <b‹dC N°<Ì Ìubw° J¡∑
≈®<wt° J¡∑ w≤F wS° ≈ÌuÕ Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ Ÿu f°F≤ <fiJ¡Ôu FCÎ fi¸> J¡∑ w≤F bF°≥ bF ≈C”T ©n° ≤F
y∫° $$19,20$$ Ÿfiu ”B°s J¡∑ t°Ô° Ôu ≤•©Ù SÙ, ŸCbdÕt∫ ∫I°u≈bÙw ≈Ffi° S° N°æ≤ N<ÀfiÌ°F
Ÿu <fitÕÔ FCÎ b˜ @°≤d J¡≤ ≤•©u Su $ bF „°∏w N°æ≤ wC≤∏w <Ìw FCÎ ª∏Bt° Ju¡ Ÿt°fi J¡°¿∏wt°fig
S° $ NF° oŸJ¡∑ ≈®˚° (~><b) ! oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿ˚°ŸÌ°u* J¡∑ ¿•w π°≤° ŸJu¡ buT Ju¡ ≈®J¡°„fi Ÿu Ÿ¥∫Õ Ju¡
ŸyÕ - 131] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2297
wCv∫ tF°J¡°¿∏w bF ˚°Ÿ fi°t Ÿu ≈®¶∫°w FCN° $ t¥<wÕt°fig N°˚°Ÿ-Ÿ° ∫F ˚°Ÿ fi°t Ÿu ≈®<Ÿ] F°uy°,
J¡<w≈∫ ŸÌ_∫°u* fiu ÎuŸ° J¡F°, oŸ J¡°≤d bF ˚°Ÿ J¡FÔ°w° Fæ $$21-23$$ oŸJu¡ ≈≤°∏w º∫°fitÀfi
Ÿ ˚°Ÿfiu bFÙ*≈≤ fæ™>J¡≤ N≈fiu „≤Ù≤ tu* N≈fiu ≈¥bÕı∏t Ju¡ Ÿa≈¥dÕ b¨W°∏w J¡° _t≤d <J¡∫° $$24$$
ıf <J¡ Ÿ˚°ŸÌ ıfi N≈fiu N∏Ì≤ Ã≈∏fi FCÎ N°ÿª∫Õ Ÿu <fiÿªÔ fæ™>u Su, ˚°Ÿ tCF¥wÕ-˚≤ tu* N≈fi°
Ÿ°≤° J¡° Ÿ°≤° b¨W°∏w Ìu©J¡≤ ≈¥bÕ ı∏t°u* Ÿu Ô°æ¸> N°∫°, º∫°fiÔ°uJ¡ Ÿu ı°y y∫° $ Ÿfiu ™>J¡≤ tC<fi,
≤°ı°, Ÿ°t∏w N°<Ì Ju¡ J®¡t Ÿu Ÿ˚°≈≤ Â¿‹¸>≈°w <J¡∫° $ Ÿfiu ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ Ju¡ <fiJ¡¸> ı°J¡≤ ≈®Ÿ∏fiw°
Ju¡ Ÿ°S ∏Fu* ≈®d°t <J¡∫° N°æ≤ Fu I°fiŸ¥∫ÕR¡≈Ù ≈®°d Ìufiub°Ôu f®Êfig, N°≈J¡°u fit_J¡°≤ Fæ, ∫F
J¡F° $$25-27$$ ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu ŸJu¡ <Ÿ≤≈≤ N≈fiu F°S ku¡≤wu FCÎ ŸŸu J¡F° # Fu ≤°ıfig, N°ı
<ª≤J¡°Ô Ÿu Âÿ∫t°fi wC‡F°≤Ù N<bΩ° J¡° s∫ F°u $$28$$ oŸJu¡ f°Ì ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ Ju¡ ≈®<w ı∫ ı∫J¡°≤
J¡≤wu FCÎ ≈®d°t J¡≤ ≤Fu ŸŸu ZÙÌ„≤SıÙ fiu N°Ÿfi Ÿu JC¡~> ™>J¡≤ F≥Ÿwu FCÎ J¡F° $$29$$ ≤°ı°
ZÙÌ„≤SıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ≤°ıfig, N°≈J¡° _b°yw F°u, N°≈ oŸ N°Ÿfi ≈≤ fæ<™>∫u $ Fu NfiuJ¡ ı∏t
ı∏t°∏w≤°u* Ÿu ˚®td„ÙÔ, ∫F°≥≈≤ <bZ°t J¡∑<ı∫u $$30$$ ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # tF°≤°ı Ì„≤S Ju¡
∫°u* J¡Ffiu≈≤ ˚°Ÿ fi°t@°≤Ù <b≈¿ÿªwg <bÿb°<t` N°<Ì tC<fi∫°u* J¡°u ≈®d°t J¡≤ N°Ÿfi ≈≤ fæ™> y∫° $$31$$
ZÙÌ„≤S fiu J¡F° # ©uÌ Fæ, ıæŸu ıayÔÙ F°SÙ <ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡ f°≥@fiu Ju¡ ©¥≥¸>u Ÿu ÌC#© ≈°w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ
<b≈¿ÿªwg fiu N<bΩ° Ÿu <ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡ ÌC#© ≈°∫° Fæ $$32$$ NF°, NŸtÙªÙfi f°u@ Ÿu Ã≈∏fi FCoÕ
ÌCÌÕ¨¿‹¸> J¡∑ fnÙ <bTty<w Fæ $ •w ÌCÌ¨Õ¿‹¸> N°J¡°„ tu* FÙ Ÿ¨¿‹¸> J¡° N°±>‡f≤ ˚®t <Ì©Ô°wÙ Fæ $ ∫F
J¡t N°ÿª∫Õ J¡° <bT∫ fiFÙ* Fæ <J¡ ŸbÕΔ∫°≈J¡ N°Ãt° tu* ofi Ÿt_w <f©≤u FCÎ <J¡wfiu FÙ ıyw°u* tu*
<ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡ <b≈<ÿªwg fiu ˚®td <J¡∫° $$33,34$$ N°ÿª∫Õ Fæ <ªÌ°Ãt° J¡° N°b≤d J¡≤fiub°Ôu
t°∫°_b˚°bR¡≈ <b˚b J¡∑, ı°u <J¡ b_wCw# „¥∏∫ Fæ, Jæ¡ŸÙ t<Ft° Fæ $ ı°u t<Ft°„¥∏∫ F°uwÙ FCoÕ ˚Ù
≈≤t°Ãt|fi Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ oŸ w≤F Ju¡ <b<b@ <b<ª` ıywg ffiJ¡≤ ≈®wÙw F°uwÙ Fæ $$35$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ wÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ oJ¡wÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ
b¸>@°fi° ≤°ı≈C` J¡∑ J¡S° ŸCfi°J¡≤ ZÙ<bÿb°<t`ıÙ π°≤°
≈®u¿≤w <b≈¿ÿªwg J¡° N≈fiÙ ˚®°¿∏w J¡° <b_w°≤ Ÿu bdÕfi $
ZÙÌ„≤S fiu J¡F° # ofi <b≈¿ÿªwg fiu <Ìy∏w ˚®tdR¡≈ N≈C”T°SÕ˚¥w N<bΩ° Ju¡ œuÿ∫ Ÿu ı°u
NfiuJ¡ J¡‹¸> HuÔu, Ÿ ŸfJ¡°u tæ* N°ÃtI°fi<bFÙfi oŸJ¡∑ ˚®°¿∏wR¡≈ <fi≤SÕJ¡ ªu‹¸>° ŸtHw° F¥≥,
•∫°u*<J¡ <tØ∫°R¡≈ <Ìy∏wÌ„Õfi N°<Ì J¡°æwCJ¡ tu* "oŸu tæ* Nbÿ∫ J¡”≥y°' oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° Ì…≤°y®F
•Ôu„≈®Ì F°uw° FÙ Fæ $$1$$
tF°≤°ı Ì„≤S Ju¡ bªfi ŸCfifiu Ÿu ZÙ<bÿb°<t`ıÙ J¡°u b¸>@°fi° ≤°ı≈C`°u* J¡° b¨W°∏w Ÿa_J¡°≤
ÌgfC] F°u y∫° $ ≈®_wCw <b≈¿ÿªwgb¨W°∏wbdÕfi ≈®∫°uıfi J¡°u Â» J¡≤fiu tu* FuwC˚¥w F°ufiu Ÿu •w b¨W°∏w
J¡°u NfiC≈usdÙ∫ ŸtHJ¡≤ b°vtÙ<J¡ıÙ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ZÙb°vtÙ<J¡ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Ÿ NbŸ≤ tu* bF°≥ ≤°ı° Ì„≤S Ju¡ ŸtÙ≈ fæ™>u FCÎ ZÙ<bÿb°<t`ıÙ
fiu ≈®Ÿay≈®°›w b°•∫ J¡F° # ≤°ıfig, N°≈fiu fFCw ™>ÙJ¡ J¡F°, J¡°≤d <J¡ <ı∏Fu* w[bI°fi ≈®°›w fiFÙ*
FCN° ÎuŸu fFCw Ÿu Ô°uy Fæ*, <ıfiJ¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ <b<ª` ˚®°¿∏wI°fi Ÿu buΩ b°Ÿfi°t∫
Nfi∏w J¡°u<¸> ıywgR¡≈ fFCw Ÿu ≈Ì°SÕ Ã≈∏fi F°uwu FÙ ≤Fwu Fæ* $ N°yu J¡FÙ ı°fiub°ÔÙ ˚¥<t tu*
b¸>@°fi° fi°t Ju¡ ≤°ıJC¡t°≤ <b≈¿ÿªwg Ju¡ Ÿt°fi FÙ N°ı wJ¡ Ôy°w°≤ Ÿ`F Ô°© bTÕ Ÿu |¥t ≤Fu
Fæ* $ N°ı ˚Ù bu ˚¥<t J¡° N∏w Ìu©fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ <J¡ŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ πuy Ÿu ≤<Fw F°uJ¡≤ ≈®b¨W Fæ*, bu bæŸu
FÙ ŸŸu <fib¨W fiFÙ* F°uwu, ıæŸu <J¡ fi<Ì∫°≥ fFfiu Ÿu <fib¨W fiFÙ* F°uwÙ* $$2-5$$ ∫F ≈°w°Ô, ˚¥<t
N°<Ì ª°æÌF Ô°uJ¡°u* Ÿu ffi° FCN° tF°fig Ô°uJ¡ (˚¥bfi°u* J¡∑ Ÿt¿‹¸>) ˚¥Ô°uJ¡ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi FÙ y°uÔ
N∏w¿≤s Ô°uJ¡°u* Ÿu y°uÔ°J¡°≤ F°uJ¡≤ ˚¥<t Ju¡ ª°≤°u* N°u≤ N°J¡°„ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $ ∫F <F≤^∫y˚Õ J¡°
<fiÿª∫ ŸaJ¡v≈ FÙ Fæ, ŸŸu N<w¿≤•w fiFÙ* Fæ $ ∫F ≠∫°u<wT„°_` tu* ≈®<Ÿ] ˚¥y°uÔ, ª°æÌF ˚Cbfi
Ju¡ Ô°uy <ıŸJu¡ N°@°≤≈≤ ≤Fwu Fæ*, f°ÔJ¡ Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈-b¨s Ju¡ Ÿt°fi N°J¡°„ tu* <fi≤°@°≤ ¿_Sw Fæ*
J¡°≤d <J¡ ∫F ˚Ù f®Ê° J¡° ŸaJ¡v≈ <fiÿª∫ FÙ Fæ $$6$$
∫F <fi≤°@°≤ tF°fig Ô°uJ¡ ıfi°@°≤ Jæ¡Ÿu Fæ ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu N°J¡°„ tu* <¸>Ju¡ „FÌ Ÿu Ÿfiu FCÎ yu*Ì tu* ª°≤°u* N°u≤ ªÙ*<¸>∫°≥ |¥twÙ Fæ* bæŸu FÙ Ÿtu* wÌ°<Zw
≈®°dÙ <fiÃ∫ ª°≤°u* N°u≤ |¥twu Fæ* $$7$$ ˚¥y°uÔ Ju¡ fiÙªu J¡∑ N°u≤ Ju¡ ı°u Nay Fæ* N°æ≤ «¡≈≤ J¡∑ N°u≤ Ju¡ ı°u
Nay Fæ* fitu* ≈®bu„ J¡≤ ıF°≥≈≤ ı°u ıÙb ıf ≤Fwu Fæ*, wf bu bF°≥≈≤ ˚®td J¡≤wu Fæ* $$8$$ N∏w¿≤s Ô°uJ¡
tu* fFfiub°ÔÙ t∏Ì°<J¡fiÙ N°<Ì fi<Ì∫°≥ Ÿ°æ≤≈¿≤b°≤R¡≈Ù ª∏B, Ÿ¥∫Õ N°<Ì ∫C•w fis`t^±>Ô J¡° N°æ≤
Ÿ ˚¥y°uÔ J¡° Ì¥≤ Ÿu b°∫C f∏@fib„ NbÔ‡ffi J¡≤, fiJ¡° _≈„Õ <J¡∫u <ffi° FÙ ŸÌ° ©¥f ˚®td J¡≤wÙ
Fæ* $$9$$ ≠∫°u<wÿªJ®¡ Ÿ<Fw (fis`t^±>Ô Ÿ<Fw) ≈¨ØbÙ J¡°u ª°≤°u* N°u≤ Ÿu |u≤J¡≤ ΩCÔ°uJ¡ oŸÙ ˚¥Ô°uJ¡
tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $ N°J¡°„ ŸJu¡ Ÿf N°u≤ «¡≈≤ J¡°u FÙ Fæ N°æ≤ ≈¨ØbÙ wÔ ŸfJu¡ fiÙªu J¡∑ N°u≤ Fæ $$10$$
∫<Ì <J¡ŸÙ J¡°u „aJ¡° F°u <J¡ ˚¥y°uÔ Ju¡ fiÙªu ¿_Sw N°J¡°„ «¡≈≤ Jæ¡Ÿu N°æ≤ fiÙªu Ju¡ N°J¡°„ J¡∑
N≈us° ≈¨<SbÙwÔ fiÙªu J¡∑ N°u≤ Jæ¡Ÿu ? oŸ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Ÿ ≈¨<SbÙwÔ Ju¡ fiÙªu ı°u ≈Ì°SÕ |¥twu Fæ* bu ŸJu¡ ª°æwk¡°Õ wwg-wwg ≈®Ìu„°u* tu* ≈FC≥ªwu FCÎ Ÿaª°≤
J¡≤wu Fæ* $ <ıŸ N°J¡°„ tu* ≈sÙ N°<Ì nwu FCÎ ı°wu Fæ* bF ŸJu¡ «¡≈≤ J¡F° ı°w° Fæ fiÙªu NSb°
<w≤~>° fiFÙ* J¡F° ı°w° $$11$$ Fu ≤°ıfig, Ÿ ˚¥y°uÔ Ju¡ <J¡ŸÙ ÎJ¡ ˚°y tu* b¸>@°fi° fi°t Ju¡ Ìu„ NSb°
fiJu¡ N<@≈<w Fæ* $ fiJu¡ ba„ tu* wÙfi ≤°ıJC¡t°≤ ≈®°ªÙfi J¡°Ô tu* Ã≈∏fi FCÎ $ bu ≤°ıJC¡t°≤ <b≈¿ÿªwg
Ju¡ Ÿt°fi FÙ Âÿ∫ ˚¥<t N°<Ì ıywg J¡° N∏w J¡°æfi F°uy° ? ŸJ¡°u Ft Ìu©u*yu, ∫°u* Â» <fiÿª∫J¡≤ ŸJu¡
Ì„Õfi Ju¡ <ÔÎ |≤ Ÿu <fiJ¡Ôu $ πÙ≈ N°æ≤ ŸtCB Ju¡ <b˚°y Ÿu <k¡≤ ıÔ <k¡≤ ˚¥<t oŸ J®¡t Ÿu πÙ≈ N°æ≤
ŸtCB J¡°u <ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡ Ô°≥| ≤Fu t≤ J¡≤ <k¡≤ fi∫u „≤Ù≤ J¡°u ≈®°›w FCÎ fiJ¡° ÌÙ|ÕJ¡°Ô fÙw y∫° $
_bh~> yu*Ì tu* ÔyÙ FCÎ ÌÙtJ¡°u* J¡∑ ˚°≥<w ˚¥y°uÔ tu* <fi≤∏w≤ |¥t ≤Fu bu ıywg Ju¡ N∏w J¡°u fi ≈° ŸJu¡,
f¿vJ¡ ∏Fu* Ì¥Ÿ≤u Ì¥Ÿ≤u Ìu„ ≈®°›w F°uwu y∫u $$12-15$$ Fu ≤°ıfig, N°J¡°„ tu* ”Ju¡ FCÎ yu*Ì tu* |¥t ≤FÙ
ªÙ*<¸>∫°u* J¡∑ fi°o˘ N°ı ˚Ù bu |¥tfiu tu* Δ∫°JC¡Ô Fæ* N°æ≤ SJ¡wu ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ* $ oŸ ˚¥y°uÔ Ju¡ fiÙª Ju¡ «¡≈≤
NSb° NyÔ-fyÔ Ju¡ <ıŸ <J¡ŸÙ ≈®Ìu„ tu* bu ≈FC≥ªwu Fæ* bF°≥ ∫FÙ* J¡∑ w≤F Nh~>Ù w≤F «¡≈≤, fiÙªu
N°æ≤ <Ì„°N°u* J¡°u Ìu©wu Fæ* $$16,17$$ Fu tF°≤°ı, wf bu J¡Fwu Fæ* <J¡ Ft Ô°uy°u* J¡°u Ω°uy J¡≤fiu≈≤ ˚Ù
ŸyÕ - 131] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2299
˚¥<t J¡° N∏w ≈®°›w fiFÙ* FCN° $ oŸJu¡ f°Ì Ft N°yu f»u* $$18$$
J¡S° J¡° ≈ŸaF°≤ J¡≤ ŸJ¡∑ ≈®J¨¡w tu* ∫°uıfi° J¡≤wu Fæ* $
∫F f®Ê° J¡° ŸaJ¡v≈N°±>‡f≤ b°_wb tu* JC¡~> ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ $ <ªÃŸaJ¡v≈ _b›fi Ì¨ÿ∫ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi NŸÙt
N°æ≤ NI°fi Fæ $$19$$
ŸaJ¡v≈-J¡v≈fi° J¡° N<@‹™>°fi <ªwg FÙ Fæ oŸ<ÔÎ Ju¡bÔ <ªwg FÙ w[b Fæ, ∫F Ì¥Ÿ≤u i>ay Ÿu Â»
J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ŸaJ¡v≈-J¡v≈fi° ≈≤t f®Ê Ÿu N<w¿≤•w fiFÙ* Fæ $ ŸaJ¡v≈-J¡v≈fi° FÙ ≈≤t f®Ê Fæ $ ofi Ì°ufi°u* tu*
bæŸu FÙ J¡°uoÕ N∏w≤ fiFÙ* Fæ ıæŸu <J¡ „¥∏∫Ãb N°æ≤ N°J¡°„ tu* J¡°uoÕ ˚uÌ fiFÙ* Fæ $ ıæŸu ıÔ Ju¡ ≈®b°F tu* FCÎ
N°bwÕ, w≤ay N°æ≤ fCÌgfCÌ ıÔ FÙ Fæ* bæŸu FÙ ∫F°≥ ı°u JC¡~> ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ bF Ÿf <ª∏t°` FÙ Fæ* $ N∏∫
b_wC J¡° NÃ∫∏w NŸ‡˚b F°ufiu Ÿu NŸÂ„ bF N∏∫ŸÂ„ Jæ¡Ÿu F°uy° ? N°bwÕ N°<Ì tu* fi°<˚ywÕ N°<Ì
J¡° Ÿ°Ì¨ÿ∫ F°ufiu Ÿu J¡Ì°<ªwg Ÿtu* N∏∫-wCv∫w° F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ, <J¡∏wC oŸtu* w°u ŸÂ„ N°æ≤ NŸÌ¨„
N∏∫ b_wC J¡° NÃ∫∏w NŸ‡˚b F°ufiu Ÿu N∏∫wCv∫w° Jæ¡Ÿu F°uyÙ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$20,21$$ ∫F ıywg
Ÿ¨¿‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* N˚°bR¡≈ S° Nw# „¥∏∫ FÙ S°, Nw# Ÿ Ÿt∫ ≈≤t°J¡°„ (f®Ê°J¡°„) FÙ S° ∫F
f°w w°u <fÔJC¡Ô <fi<bÕb°Ì Fæ $ N°æ≤ bFÙ _b∫a f®Ê°J¡°„ oŸ Ÿt∫ ıywg Ÿ° t°Ô¥t ≈nw° Fæ $ oŸ
Â¿‹¸> tu* ≈®Ô∫ N°æ≤ ŸyÕ <˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ $ bF <ªBq≈ J¡°t, J¡tÕ N°æ≤ b°Ÿfi° Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ ıæŸu-ıæŸu J¡v≈fi°
J¡≤w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ bF°≥≈≤ N°Ÿ•w F°uJ¡≤ Â‹¸>°Â‹¸>-buΩ°buΩ-ın><ªB¥≈ N∏∫°u∏∫ tu* w°Ì°Ã‡∫Nº∫°Ÿb°Ôu
_b-ŸaŸ°≤°u* Ÿu ≈≤uu S°, bæŸu FÙ N°yu ˚Ù <ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡ ≤Fuy° $$22,23$$
fiJ¡∑ Â‹¸>°Â‹¸>R¡≈w° J¡° <bb≤d J¡≤wu Fæ*-Ì¥Ÿ≤u J¡∑ Ns∫w° <Ì©Ô°wu Fæ* $
N°J¡°„°ÃtJ¡ („¥∏∫R¡≈) <„Ô°tº∫ tu* N°J¡°„°ÃtJ¡ _bh~> <„Ô°N°u* J¡∑ w≤F <ªwg-NdC Ju¡
tº∫ tu* wwg-wwg N°J¡°≤b°ÔÙ b°Ÿfi°N°u* Ÿu Nb¿h~>∏fi ŸJ¡Ô ıywg NfiC˚b Fæ* $$24,25$$
<J¡∏wC „C] <ªÌdC Ju¡ tº∫ tu* ıywg NfiC˚b fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
N°b¨w N°Ãt_bR¡≈˚¥w •w ıywg NfiC˚b NΔ∫°J¨¡w°Ãt° tuu* FÙ ¿_Sw Fæ, <J¡∏wC N<bΩ°<bFÙfi
ªæw∏∫ tu* w°u bu ≤Fwu FÙ fiFÙ* Fæ*, •∫°u*<J¡ Ÿtu* Δ∫°bÃ∫Õ N∏∫R¡≈°u* Ju¡ ≈®<Ÿ] fi F°ufiu Ÿu •w ıyÌgNfiC˚b
NÃ∫∏w N<˚∏fi FÙ ≤Fwu Fæ* $$26$$ Fu ŸC<fi≈Cd N°„∫b°Ôu Z°uw°N°u*, ª¥≥<J¡ ≈≤t ≈Ì tu* ŸJ¡Ô ıywg
NfiC˚b Δ∫°bÃ∫Õ N∏∫R¡≈°u* Ju¡ N≈®<Ÿ] F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d-NÃ∫∏w N<˚∏fi Fæ*, oŸ<ÔÎ tæ*fiu ≈¥b°Õ≈≤ J¡°
˚ÔÙ-˚°≥<w <bª°≤J¡≤ bFÙ ŸbÕΔ∫°≈J¡ ≠∫°u<w-_bR¡≈ f®Ê ıywg Fæ, ∫F J¡F° $$27$$ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ „C]
<ªwg Ju¡ ÎJ¡ F°ufiu≈≤ N≈fiu ≈≤t≈Ì Ÿu h∫Cw FCÎ <ffi° ˚Ù ∫F ıÙb πæwfC<] Ÿu "tæ* ıÙb F¥≥' ∫°u*u <˚∏fi
F°uJ¡≤ ı°u t<Ôfi F°uw° Fæ, ÌC#©Ù F°uw° Fæ, ∫F fnu N°ÿª∫Õ J¡∑ f°w Fæ $$28$$
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ π°≤° b<dÕw <b≈¿ÿªwg Ju¡ ª¿≤w J¡∑ N≈fiÙ ¿•w π°≤° ≈C<‹¸> J¡≤ ˚°Ÿ Ju¡
tC© Ÿu ˚Ù ŸJ¡∑ ≈C¿‹¸> J¡≤°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ <bÿb°<t`ıÙ fiu J¡F° $
Fu ≤°ıfig, Fu <b≈¿ÿªwg N≈≤ fi°tJ¡ ˚°Ÿ, wCtfiu <J¡wfi° Âÿ∫ Ìu©°, <J¡wfi° ˚®td <J¡∫° Ÿtu*
<J¡wfiu J¡∑ wC‡Fu* ∫°Ì Fæ Ÿasu≈ tu* S°un°-fFCw J¡F°u $$29$$ ˚°Ÿ fiu J¡F° # Fu tC<fib≤, tæ*fiu fFCw Âÿ∫
Ìu©u, <ffi° SJ¡°b¸> Ju¡ fFCw ˚®td <J¡∫° wS° fFCw f°≤ fFCw-Ÿ° NfiC˚¥w b¨W tCHu ©¥f ∫°Ì ˚Ù
Fæ $$30$$ Fu ≤°ıfig, Ÿ NŸÙt tF°J¡°„ tu* ≈FC≥ªJ¡≤ <b<b@ „≤Ù≤°u* Ÿu fnu-fnu ŸC©°u* N°æ≤ ÌC#©°u* J¡°
<ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡ tæ*fiu NfiC˚b <J¡∫° N°æ≤ Ì¥≤-Ì¥≤ Ju¡ fnu-fnu ıywg Ìu©u $$31$$ Fu tF°Ãtfig, ˚yb°fig
N¿ÀfiÌub Ju¡ b≤ Ÿu <Ìy∏w Ìu©fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ Â»<fiÿª∫ F°uJ¡≤ tæ*fiu b≤ N°æ≤ „°≈b„ ≈®°›w FCÎ <b<ª`
„≤Ù≤°u* Ÿu Nfi∏w Âÿ∫ Ìu©u $ ∫Ω<≈ tæ* ≈®Ã∫uJ¡ f®Ê°^±> tu* <b<˚∏fi ÌuF Ÿu |¥tw° S° wS°<≈ ≈¥bÕ ı∏t Ju¡
Â» <fiÿª∫ J¡° _t≤d ≤Ffiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d Âÿ∫°ÃtJ¡ ≈¨<SbÙ N°<ÌR¡≈ N<bΩ° J¡° N∏w Ìu©fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ tæ*
ŸÌ° ı°u≤-„°u≤ Ÿu ≈®∫Ãfi„ÙÔ ≤F° $ wÌfi∏w≤ tCHu t¨Ã∫C Ju¡ Ÿt∫ <ªW Ju¡ b¨sÌ„Õfi-ı<fiw Ÿa_J¡°≤ Ju¡
buy Ÿu ÌuF @°≤d J¡≤fiu J¡∑ N<˚Ô°T° F…oÕ, NwÎb tæ* ÎJ¡ Fı°≤ bTÕ wJ¡ b¨s ffi° ≤F° $ b¨s°b_S° tu*
f°fl≈®b¨<W tu* <fi<tW˚¥w ≈®°dªu‹¸>° fi F°ufiu Ÿu tu≤° <ªW ˚Ùw≤ FÙ ≤Fw° S° f°F≤ fiFÙ* ı° ŸJ¡w° S°,
b¨s„≤Ù≤°<˚t°fiÙ tu≤° ıÙb Ì…#© J¡° ˚°uy J¡≤w° S° N°æ≤ ≈¥b°Õ≈≤ <bª°≤ tu* J¡°≤d˚¥w <ªW Ju¡ <ffi° FÙ
tæ* ≈C‹≈, k¡Ô N°<Ì J¡°u Ã≈∏fi J¡≤fiu tu* J¡∏Ì Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ˚¥<t Ju¡ ≤Ÿ N°æ≤ bŸ∏w-M¡wC N°<Ì J¡°Ô Ju¡
N@Ùfi ≤F° $ Ÿ°æ bTÕ wJ¡ tæ* tu”≈bÕw≈≤ tÿ F…N° $ tÿ°b_S° tu* tu≤Ù Ìqf Ju¡ <wfiJu¡ ª≤fiu N°æ≤ yÙw ŸCfifiu
tu* NÃ∫∏w N°Ÿ¿•w ≤FÙ Ÿ°ufiu Ju¡ Ÿt°fi tu≤° ≤ay ≤F° N°æ≤ ≈un Ju¡ ≈Wu Ju¡ wCv∫ J¡°fi ≤Fu $ bfib°ŸÙ
ŸJ¡Ô ıÙb°u* tu* tæ* ŸfŸu ~>°u¸>° S°, Nw# <J¡ŸÙ ≈≤ b°≤ fiFÙ* J¡≤w° S° $$32-35$$ tæ* ≈ª°Ÿ bTÕ wJ¡
J®¡°æ*ª ≈bÕw J¡∑ ŸCbdÕt∫ yCk¡°N°u* tu* „≤˚ ı°<w J¡° tÿ F…N° $ •w tÿ°b_S° tu* tu≤Ù ≈Ù™> N°™> ¸>°≥y°u*
Ÿu ∫C•w SÙ (c) wS° t≤fiu J¡° Ÿt∫ <fiJ¡¸> N°fiu≈≤ y≤ı ≤Fu tu| Ÿu ı°u N°uÔu N°æ≤ tu| J¡∑ f¥Ìu* tu≤u
«¡≈≤ <y≤Ù fiJu¡ J¡°≤d tu| Ju¡ Ÿ°S Ônfiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ tæ* ≈bÕw <„©≤ Ÿu ~>Ô°ayu* ˚≤fiu Ôy° $ ŸÙ •Ôu„
Ÿu tæ*fiu N°ÃtFÃ∫° J¡≤ ±>°ÔÙ $$36$$ wÌ…≈≤°∏w tCHu <bΩ°@≤ ∫°u<fi ≈®°›w F…oÕ $ Ÿ ∫°u<fi tu* tæ*fiu tÔ∫≈bÕw
Ju¡ <„©≤≈≤ N°æ≤ t∏Ì≤°ªÔ ≈≤ J¡°Ôu Ny” Ju¡ ≈un°u* J¡∑ Ôw°N°u* π°≤° N°<Ôa<yw NwÎb t∏Ì ŸCy∏@
„ÙwÔ b°∫C Ju¡ Ÿ°S <bΩ°@¿≤∫°u* Ju¡ ŸC≤w°u* tu* fiJ¡∑ <b<b@ J¡Ô°R¡≈ ŸC@° J¡° NfiC˚b <J¡∫° $$37$$
wÌfi∏w≤ tæ* f®Ê°ıÙ Ju¡ b°Ffi FaŸ J¡° fhª° ffi° $ FaŸ Ju¡ ı∏t tu* tæ*fiu ŸCtu” Ju¡ «¡≈≤ fFfiub°ÔÙ
t∏Ì°<J¡fiÙ Ju¡ Ì°ufi°u* w¸>°u* Ju¡ fÙª tu* <bF°≤ J¡≤wu F…Î ŸCbdÕJ¡tÔ°u* Ju¡ tJ¡≤∏Ì Ÿu ≈ÙÔu-≈ÙÔu ıÔ°u* J¡°
≈∏BF Ÿ°æ bTÕ wJ¡ ≈°fi <J¡∫° $$38$$ Ÿ°æ bTÕ wJ¡ tæ*fiu sÙ≤Ÿ°y≤ Ju¡ wÙ≤¿_Sw bfi Ju¡ t∏Ì ŸCy∏@
„ÙwÔ b°∫C Ÿu ªaªÔ fiÙÔ NÔJ¡°bÔÙb°ÔÙ t°@b (J¨¡‹d) ˚yb°fig J¡∑ <ÌΔ∫ ≤t<d∫°u* Ju¡ „°uJ¡ N°æ≤
fC»°≈u J¡°u F≤fiub°Ôu t@C≤ yÙw ŸCfiu $$39$$ ŸJu¡ f°Ì tæ* J¡°Ôaı≤ ≈bÕw ≈≤ k¥¡Ôu F…Î Ja¡ıu N°æ≤ |C≥|ªÙ
Ju¡ bfi tu* <Ÿ∫°≤ J¡Ù ∫°u<fi J¡°u ≈®°›w F…N° $ bF°≥≈≤ <J¡ŸÙ F°SÙ fiu N≈fiu ≈aıu Ÿu tCHu ª¥≤-ª¥≤ J¡≤ <Ì∫° $
Ÿ N@t≤Ù Ì„° tu* tæ*fiu tCHu JC¡ªÔfiu b°Ôu F°SÙ J¡°u <Ÿ*F Ju¡ F°S t≤° Ìu©° $$40$$ <Ÿ∫°≤ J¡∑ ∫°u<fi Ÿu
~C>¸>J¡°≤° ≈°fiu Ju¡ ≈ÿª°wg <J¡ŸÙ ÌqŸ≤u Ô°uJ¡ tu* Ÿ∏w°fiJ¡ Ju¡ (J¡v≈b¨s ˚uÌ Ju¡) HC≤tÇ> Ÿu ŸC„°u<˚w
Ÿfl°ªÔ Ju¡ <„©≤ ≈≤ J¡v≈b¨s Ju¡ <fiJCa¡ıy¨F tu* <Ÿ] Ju¡ „°≈ Ÿu ÎJ¡°<J¡fiÙ (NJu¡ÔÙ) ª∏BtC©Ù
N›Ÿ≤° Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* N°@u ŸÃ∫∫Cy wJ¡ tæ* ≤F° $ ŸJu ≈≤°∏w tæ*fiu Ÿfl°ªÔ Ju¡ ıÔ≈®°∫ (ÌÔÌÔ) ≈®Ìu„
tu* yu F…Î J¡fioÔ J¡∑ „°©° Ju¡ tº∫bwÙÕ |°u*ŸÔ°u* tu* ŸÌ° „ÆÌ J¡≤fiu b°Ôu b°vtÙJ¡ fi°tJ¡ ≈sÙ Ju¡ R¡≈
(c) ÎuŸÙ ≈®<Ÿ¿] Fæ <J¡ „≤˚ ı°<w Ju¡ tÿ tu* ≈Ù™> Ju¡ fÔ ˚Ù ª°≤ ª≤d°u* Ÿu ªÔfiu J¡∑ Ÿ°tØ∫Õ Fæ $
Ÿ Nb_S° tu* ≈u¸> ˚Ù ≈Ù™> t°fi° ı° ŸJ¡w° Fæ oŸÙ<ÔÎ ∫F°≥≈≤ <ıŸJ¡∑ Ì°u ≈Ù™>u* N°™> ª≤d°u* Ÿu ∫C•w
Fæ* ÎuŸ° J¡F° Fæ $
ŸyÕ - 131] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2301
tu* <fiÿ„aJ¡ F°u Ÿ°æ bTÕ <fw°∫u $ ıf tu≤u _`Ù-≈C` N°<Ì Ju¡ Ÿ°S FÙ J¡fioÔ J¡° ≈un fi‹¸> F°u y∫° wf
Ìq≤bwÙÕ Ô°uJ¡ tu* tFu∏B≈bÕw ≈≤ <b∫°uyı∏∫ Ì…#© Ÿu NÃ∫∏w ≈Ù<nw F…Î tæ*fiu N≈fiÙ N°∫C Ju¡ „uT <Ìfi
NJu¡Ôu <fw°∫u $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ •w Ì°u ı∏t°u* Ju¡ f°Ì <Ÿ] Ju¡ „°≈ Ÿu ~C>¸>J¡°≤° ≈°fiu ≈≤ <Ÿ] Ju¡ FÙ NfiCy®F
Ÿu <Ÿ<] J¡°u ≈®°›w F…Î tæ*fiu tFu∏B≈bÕw Ju¡ FÙ ~>°∫°∫C•w ª∏Ìfibfi°u* Ÿu bu¿‹¸>w N∏∫ <„©≤ ≈≤ Ôw°N°u*
Ju¡ H¥Ô°u* ≈≤ k¡Ô°u* J¡∑ fi°o˘ Ô¸>J¡ ≤FÙ* ÎJ¡ Ÿu ÎJ¡ f»J¡≤ <bÔ°Ÿb°ÔÙ <˜∫°≥ Ìu©Ù* $ ∫Ω<≈ fiJ¡° ⁄Ì∫
<Ÿ] ≈<SJ¡°u* π°≤° F≤ <Ô∫° y∫° S°, wS°<≈ tæ*fiu fiJ¡° ≈˚°uy ˚Ù <J¡∫° $ wÌfi∏w≤ <bbuJ¡<bFÙfi
F°ufiu Ÿu tu≤° <ªW N<bΩ° Ju¡ N∏wÌ„Õfi Ju¡ <ÔÎ Ã≈∏fi F…oÕ Ì…≤°y®FR¡≈Ù tF°t°≤Ù Ÿu <bb„ S°, NwÎb
tu≤Ù fC<] J¡°u ÀÔ°<fi F°u y∫Ù SÙ, oŸ J¡°≤d tæ*fiu N∏Ì≤ <b≤¿•w ≈®°›wJ¡≤ tFu∏B ≈bÕw Ju¡ tº∫bwÙÕ
ıÔ≈®°∫ ≈®Ìu„ tu* w≈_bÙ ffiJ¡≤ <Ìfi <fw°∫u $$41-44$$
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ N≈fiÙ ı∏t≈≤‡≈≤°N°u* Ju¡ bdÕfi Ju¡ fÙª tu* Ÿu NJ¡_t°wg N°ÿª∫Õt∫ J¡<w≈∫ N∏∫
b¨W°u* J¡° _t≤d F°u N°∫° $ ∏Fu* bF fnÙ ÃŸCJ¡w° Ÿu J¡Ffi° N°≤a˚ J¡≤w° Fæ $
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˜Ù-„≤Ù≤ N°<Ì ŸJ¡Ô ≈Ì°S°u˘ tu* ˚Ù ŸJ¡Ô ıywg R¡≈ y˚Õ ≈®Ã∫uJ¡ tu* Fæ ÎuŸ° ÎJ¡ ÌqŸ≤° N°ÿª∫Õ tæ*fiu
bF°≥ Ìu©° ∫F J¡Ffiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ <J¡ŸÙ ˜Ù J¡° Ì°F≤d Ìuw° Fæ $) ÎJ¡ ıyF tæ*fiu ÎJ¡ ˜Ù Ìu©Ù $ ŸJu¡
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b_wCŸt¥F tu* ı°u „C] Ÿb°Õb˚°<ŸJ¡° <ªwg Fæ, bF tæ* FÙ Fq≥ $ ∫u tF°ıywg tu≤u Nay Fæ*, t¥wÕ-Nt¥wÕ „≤Ù≤
Fæ*, •∫°u*<J¡ "πu b°b f®Êd°u R¡≈u t¥w˘ ªæb°t¥w˘ ª ' (f®Ê Ju¡ Ì°u R¡≈ Fæ* t¥wÕ N°æ≤ Nt¥wÕ) "∫_∫ Ÿb°Õ<d
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ÎJ¡t°` N°<wb°<FJ¡˚°b Ju¡ f]t¥Ô (Â») F°u ı°fiu≈≤ ≈®Ã∫uJ¡ b_wC J¡° ÎuŸ° _b˚°b I°w F°u ı°∫uy°
wf bu ˚Ù Nbÿ∫ FÙ ı°fiu*yu, oŸtu* Ÿa„∫ fiFÙ* Fæ $$48$$
∫F ∫C¿•w∫C•w fiFÙ* Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ tCHu N≈fiu ÌuF J¡° ŸbÕıywg|<¸>w R¡≈ Ÿu NfiC˚b fiFÙ* F°uw° $
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ŸJ¡°u Ÿa˚b fwÔ°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ Ÿfiu tCHŸu J¡F° $
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„°˜°<Ì „ÆÌŸ°t°∏∫ ºb<fi Fæ $ ŸÙJu¡ y˚Õ tu* <fiÃ∫ fiæ<t<WJ¡ J¡tÕ J¡° wS° „t, Ìt N°<Ì I°fi Ju¡ Ÿ°@fi°u*
J¡° Nbÿ∫ NfiC‹™>°fi J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u ∫u Ÿf <b<@∫°≥ <fi<Fw Fæ* wS° J¡Ôaı (ÎJ¡ ≈sÙ) J¡° ˚sd fiFÙ* J¡≤fi°
ª°<F∫u ∫F ŸJ¡Ô <fiTu@J¡ buÌ„°˜ ŸJu¡ N∏Ì≤ <fi<Fw Fæ* $ ŸJu¡ Zbd Ÿu FÙ ŸJu¡ N∏wyÕw <b<@
<fiTu@ „°˜ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ŸJ¡° NSÕ˚¥w ıywg ˚Ù ÌuF tu* Fæ, ÎuŸÙ N°≈ Ÿa˚°bfi° J¡∑<ı∫u, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$49$$
•w ∏∫°∫ Ÿu ©‡˚u, |nu N°<Ì tu* ˚Ù ŸJ¡Ô ıywg J¡° N¿_wÃb Fæ ÎuŸÙ Ÿa˚°bfi° J¡≤fiÙ ª°<F∫u,
oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu Nfi°Fw fi°Ì „ÆÌŸ°t°∏∫_b˚°b Fæ bæŸu FÙ ŸJ¡Ô ≈Ì°S°u˘ tu* NfiCyw ≈Ì°SÕŸW° ˚Ù ŸbÕıywg
|<¸>w Ÿ°t°∏∫ _b˚°bb°ÔÙ FÙ Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ oŸ ıywg tu* ≈®<Ÿ] ÌÙb°≤, ≈bÕw N°<Ì ˚Ù f®ÊŸW° R¡≈
FÙ Fæ* $ ÌÙb°≤ N°<Ì f°uÔwu fiFÙ* Nw# Nªuwfi Fæ*, ÎuŸÙ ˚®°¿∏w fiFÙ* J¡≤fiÙ ª°<F∫u, •∫°u*<J¡ bu ıæŸu _b›fi
N°<Ì tu* ≈®<Ÿ] ˚°T° tu* f°uÔwu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ tu≤u Ÿ‡tC© ˚Ù f°uÔwu Fæ* $ ıf NÃ∫∏w ın R¡≈ Ÿu ≈®¶∫°w
ÌÙb°≤ N°<Ì tu* ŸbÕıyÌg|<¸>w ªuwfiw° NŸtaıŸ (N∫C•w) fiFÙ* Fæ wf ≈®°∫# ªuwfiR¡≈ N°≈ Ô°uy°u* Ju¡
„≤Ù≤°u* tu* w°u ŸCw≤°a NŸtaıŸ fiFÙ* Fæ $$50$$
˜ÙŸab°ÌR¡≈ N°ÿª∫Õ J¡° N°≥©°u* Ìu©° bdÕfi J¡≤ ˚°Ÿ bæŸ° FÙ Ì¥Ÿ≤° N°ÿª∫Õ J¡Fw° Fæ $
ÎJ¡ Ÿt∫ tu* ÎuŸu Ô°uJ¡ tu* ı° ≈FC≥ª° ıF°≥ <˜∫°u* J¡° fi°t<fi„°fi ˚Ù fi S° $ tæ*fiu bF°≥ Ju¡ Ÿf ≈®°<d∫°u*
J¡°u ˜ÙŸ‡f∏@ J¡∑ N<˚Ô°T° Ÿu ≤<Fw Ìu©° $
„aJ¡° # wf bF°≥ ≈C`-≈°æ` N°<Ì Ÿ∏w<w <b_w°≤ N°æ≤ ≈¥bÕı°u* J¡° t≤d Jæ¡Ÿu F°uw° Fæ ?
Ÿt°@°fi # bF°≥≈≤ fFCw Ÿu ≈®°dÙ ÎJ¡ ˚¥w Ÿu <fiJ¡Ôwu Fæ*, ≈®J¡¸> F°uwu Fæ* N°æ≤ fFCw Ÿu ≈®°dÙ ÎJ¡ ˚¥w
tu* ≈®<b‹¸> F°uwu Fæ*, <bÔÙfi F°uwu Fæ*, oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ bF°≥ fibÙfi Ÿ¨<‹¸>J¡° N°<b˚°Õb N°æ≤ ≈®°ªÙfi Ÿ¨¿‹¸> J¡°
<w≤°u˚°b F°uw° Fæ, ∫F w°Ã≈∫Õ Fæ $$51$$ tæ*fiu Ã≈°w N°<Ì Ÿu J¡°uoÕ b°_w° fi ≤©fiub°Ôu Ì¥Ÿ≤u f°ÌÔ
N°J¡°„ tu* Ìu©u $ yıÕfib„ „˜°˜°u* Ju¡ N°≈Ÿ tu* ¸>J¡≤°fiu J¡∑ ŸÙ ºb<fi Ÿu fitu* HaHfi°F¸> F°uwÙ Fæ,
fiŸu b¨¿‹¸> π°≤° ı°u <fıÔÙ N°<Ì ıÔ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi <y≤wu Fæ* bu N≈fiu ¸C>J¡n°u* π°≤° Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ N°∫C@
(F<S∫°≤) F°uwu Fæ* $$52$$ Ì¥Ÿ≤Ù ıyF tæ*fiu Ì¥Ÿ≤° N°ÿª∫Õ Ìu©°, bF Fæ oŸ ıywg tu* <ıwfiu y®°t-y¨F
Fæ* bu ŸfJu¡ Ÿf N∏@J¡°≤ Ÿu fuJ¡°t FCoÕ Â<‹¸> Ÿu FÙ N°J¡°„t°yÕ Ÿu ı°wu Fæ*, Ì¥≤bwÙÕ <Ìy∏w tu* ≈®<b‹¸>
F°uwu Fæ* $ bF N°≈J¡° y°≥b ı°u ∫F°≥ S° bFÙ tCHu N∏∫` <tÔ° ∫F N°ÿª∫Õ Fæ $$53$$ ÎJ¡ ıyF tæ*fiu ÎuŸ°
N°ÿª∫Õ Ìu©° <J¡ _byÕ, ˚¥<t N°æ≤ ≈°w°Ô Ô°uJ¡°u* Ju¡ ıÙb°u* tu* ∫u Ìubw° Fæ*, ∫u tfiC‹∫ Fæ*, ∫u fi°y Fæ* oŸ w≤F
J¡° Nb°∏w≤ <b˚°y fiFÙ* Fæ NwÎb Ÿf ÎJ¡-Ÿu Fæ* $ N°J¡°„ Ÿu FÙ Ÿf ˚¥w°u* J¡∑ Ã≈<W F°uuwÙ Fæ N°æ≤
N°J¡°„ tu* FÙ bu ÔÙfi F°uwu Fæ* $ Ì¥Ÿ≤Ù ıyF tæ*fiu ı°u fn° Nª‡˚° Ìu©° bF ∫F Fæ-fi Ÿ Ô°uJ¡ tu*
ª∏Bt° Fæ N°æ≤ fi w°≤u FÙ Fæ* <k¡≤ ˚Ù bF°≥ N∏@J¡°≤ J¡° fi°t<fi„°fi fiFÙ* Fæ, J¡°≤d <J¡ bF°≥ Ju¡ <fib°ŸÙ
Ÿ˚Ù ≈®°dÙ _b∫a≈®J¡°„ Fæ $ NÃ∫∏w ≤tdÙ∫ Ÿ NÔ°æ<J¡J¡ ıywg J¡° ı°u ≠b°Ô° Ju¡ tº∫ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi
≈®J¡°„t∫ N°æ≤ <Ìfi-≤°<` Ÿu ≤<Fw Fæ tCHu <k¡≤-<k¡≤ _t≤d F°u N°w° Fæ $ ÎJ¡ Ì°u fiFÙ* NŸa¶∫ tF°
ıyw°u* J¡° tCHu _t≤d F°uw° Fæ, <ıfitu* ÌæÃ∫-Ì°fib, fi°y, fi≤, ŸC≤ N°<Ì ıÙb <bÔsd Fæ*, ≈un, fiy≤
ŸyÕ - 132] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2303
N≈¥bÕ Fæ*, fituu* N∏∫ Ô°uJ¡°u* Ju¡ Δ∫bF°≤°u* Ÿu <bÔsd Δ∫bF°≤ F°uwu Fæ* $$54-56$$ <ıŸtu* tæ*fiu <bF°≤
fiFÙ* <J¡∫° bF <Ì„° fiFÙ* Fæ, ı°u Ìu„ tæ*fiu fiFÙ* Ìu©° bF Ìu„ fiFÙ* Fæ, <ıŸ J¡°æwCJ¡ J¡° tæ*fiu NfiC˚b fiFÙ*
<J¡∫° bF J¡°æwCJ¡ fiFÙ* Fæ N°æ≤ tu≤u <bt„Õ Ÿu (NfiC˚bR¡≈ ŸbÕŸ°sÙ Ÿu) N<w¿≤•w N∏∫ tu* ≤Ffiub°Ô°
J¡°uoÕ <bt„Õ ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ $ Nt¨wtaSfi Ju¡ <ÔÎ sÙ≤ Ÿ°y≤ tu* |Ct°∫u y∫u t∏Ì≤°ªÔ Ju¡ ≤Ãfit∫ <„©≤°u* J¡∑
wÙ©Ù @°≤°u* Ju¡ Ny®˚°y°u* Ÿu <~>Ôfiu ≈≤ HfiHfi „ÆÌb°Ôu ˚yb°fig ZÙ F¿≤ Ju¡ f°ı¥faÌ°u* J¡∑ ºb<fi J¡° tCHu
_t≤d F°u ≤F° Fæ, <ıŸu ŸCfiJ¡≤ Ô°uy°u* J¡°u tu| J¡∑ yıÕfi° J¡∑ N°„aJ¡° FCoÕ SÙ $$57,58$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ oJ¡wÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ fWÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ
˚°Ÿ π°≤° ≈Cfi# N≈fiÙ <b<b@ ı∏t˚®°¿∏w∫°u* J¡°,
tF°fig N°ÿª∫°u˘ J¡° wS° ŸaŸ°≤ J¡∑ NŸ°≤w° J¡° bdÕfi $
˚°Ÿ N°ÿª∫Õt∫ |¸>fi°N°u* Ÿu Δ∫b<Fw N≈fiu ı∏t°u* J¡∑ ≈≤‡≈≤°N°u* Ju¡ bdÕfi J¡∑ J¡S° J¡° ≈Cfi#
NfiCŸ∏@°fi J¡≤w° Fæ $
≈bÕw Ju¡ tº∫˚°y Ju¡ J¡Ì‡f°u* Ju¡ HC≤tÇ> tu* w≈¿_bw° Ju¡ NfiC˚b Ÿu fFCw <Ìfi <fw°fiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d tCHu
<Ÿ<] ≈®°›w F°u yoÕ, NwÎb t∏Ì≤°ªÔ tu* tfi°uF≤ t∏Ì°≤ Ju¡ <fiJCa¡ıR¡≈Ù t¿∏Ì≤ Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ t∏Ì≤° fi°t
J¡∑ N›Ÿ≤° J¡° N°<Ô*yfi J¡≤ tæ* Ÿ°u∫° S° $ tCHu N≈fiu buy tu* <y≤u FCÎ <wfiJu¡ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi N°yu J¡FÙ
ı°fiub°ÔÙ fiÌÙ fF° Ôu yoÕ $ oŸJu¡ ≈≤°∏w ıÔ tu* |fn°oÕ FCoÕ t∏Ì≤° J¡°u N°ÿb°Ÿfi ÌuJ¡≤ tæ*fiu ŸŸu
≈¥~>° # "<≈®∫u ∫F •∫°u* FCN° ?' ∫°fiÙ Ft Ì°ufi°u* NJ¡_t°wg fiÌÙ tu* •∫°u* fF y∫u ?' Ÿ ªaªÔfi∫fi° fiu
tCHŸu J¡F° # <≈®∫b≤, oŸ ≈®Ìu„ tu* ª∏B°uÌ∫ F°ufiu≈≤ ª∏BJ¡°∏wt<dt∫ ≈bÕw Ju¡ tº∫˚°y°u* Ÿu <fiJ¡ÔÙ
FCoÕ ∫u fi<Ì∫°≥ ª∏BJ¡°∏w t<d∫°u* Ÿu <fiJ¡Ôu FCÎ ıÔŸ®°uw°u* Ÿu bæŸu FÙ twb°ÔÙ F°u ı°wÙ Fæ* ıæŸu <J¡ ≤°<`
Ju¡ Ÿt∫ N≈fiu <≈®∫wt Ju¡ Ÿ°S <˜∫°≥ J¡°tb°Ÿfi° Ÿu twb°ÔÙ F°u ı°wÙ Fæ* $$1-3$$
w°u fiÙ*Ì N°fiu Ju¡ ≈¥bÕ FÙ ∫F f°w wCtfiu tCHJ¡°u •∫°u* fiFÙ* fwÔ° ÌÙ, oŸ≈≤ bF J¡FwÙ Fæ $
N°≈Ju¡ Ÿt°ytı<fiw N°fi∏Ì°<w≤uJ¡ Ÿu tæ* N°≈Ÿu ∫F J¡Ffi° ˚¥Ô yoÕ $ ∫F J¡F J¡≤ ıæŸu ≈bÕw Ju¡
<„©≤ ≈≤ yay° Ju¡ _bdÕJ¡tÔ tu* fæ™>Ù FCoÕ ˚≥b≤Ù N≈fiu ŸFª≤ ˚®t≤ J¡°u ÔuJ¡≤ nwÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ bF tCHu
ÔuJ¡≤ N°J¡°„ tu* n yoÕ $ Ÿ ıÔ Ÿu ≈Ù<nw FCN° tæ* wÌfi∏w≤ Ÿ°w bTÕwJ¡ ŸJu¡ Ÿ°S J¡∑ªn Ju¡
_≈„Õ Ÿu ≤<Fw <fitÕÔ t∏Ì≤°ªÔ Ju¡ <„©≤ ≈≤ ≤F° $$4,5$$
ŸJu¡ f°Ì Ì¥Ÿ≤u ı∏t tu* N°ÿª∫Õ≈¥dÕ ıywg Ju¡ N∏wÌ„ÕfiJ¡° bdÕfi J¡≤w° Fæ $
Ì¥Ÿ≤u ı∏t tu* tæ*fiu Ì¥Ÿ≤° ıywg Ìu©°, ı°u ≠∫°u<wÿªJ®¡ Ÿu (Ÿ°æ≤≈¿≤b°≤ Ÿu) „¥∏∫ S° wS° Ju¡Ôu Ju¡
<~>ÔJu¡ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi y˚Õ Ju¡ y˚Õ tu* ¿_Sw ÎJ¡ Ÿu _b≈®J¡°„ Ô°uy°u* Ÿu N°J¡∑dÕ S° $$6$$
w°u bF°≥≈≤ Ô°æ<J¡J¡ N°æ≤ bæ<ÌJ¡ Δ∫bF°≤ Jæ¡Ÿu ªÔw° S° ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi≈≤ J¡Fw° Fæ $
ŸJu¡ f°Ì tæ*fiu N≈fiu Ÿu FÙ ≈®J¡°„t°fi bæŸ° ıywg Ìu©°, ıF°≥≈≤ fi w°u ≈¥bÕ, ≈¿ÿªt N°<Ì
<Ì„°N°u* J¡° ˚uÌ S°, fi <Ìfi Su, fi t∫°ÕÌ°_S°≈J¡ „°˜ FÙ Su, fi buÌb°Ì Su N°æ≤ fi ÌæÃ∫ N°<Ì,
ŸC≤ N°<Ì <b˚uÌ FÙ S° $$7$$
wÌfi∏w≤ Ì¥Ÿ≤u ı∏t J¡° b¨W J¡Fw° Fæ $
ŸtCB wÙ≤ Ju¡ <fiJ¡¸>bwÙÕ <bΩ°@≤ N°æ≤ Ìubw°N°u* Ju¡ <bF°≤ Ju¡ <ÔÎ <bt°fi°u* J¡∑ ˚¥<tR¡≈ yyfiªC‡fÙ
≈bÕw°u* Ju¡ tº∫˚°y tu* Nt≤Ÿ°ut fi°t J¡° <fiπÕ∏π y∏@bÕ tæ* ª°æÌF bTÕ wJ¡ w≈_bÙ FCN° $$8$$ wÌC≈≤°∏w
tæ* N¿ÀfiÌub Ju¡ b≤ Ju¡ ≈®˚°b Ÿu ıywg tu* ª°≤°u* N°u≤ N<bΩ° J¡°u Ìu©fiu J¡∑ oh~>° J¡≤ ≈bfi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi
Ôy°w°≤ ytfi∫C•w J®¡t N°æ≤ Ÿa¿∏fibu„b°Ôu ≤ay-<f≤ayu Nh~>Ù ı°<w Ju¡ |°unu N°æ≤ tu|°u* Ju¡ Ÿt°fi
N°J¡°≤b°Ôu Ô°uy°u* Ÿu wS° F°SÙ,tÿ, <Ÿ*F, b¨s N°æ≤ Ôw°N°u* Ÿu Îba N∏∫°∏∫ tÿ,≈bÕw, Ÿ≈Õ N°æ≤
≈<s∫°u* Ÿu Δ∫°›w Nfi∏wJ¡°u„b°Ôu N°J¡°„ tu* ≈¨ØbÙ Ÿu ı°J¡≤ y”n Ju¡ Ÿt°fi buy Ÿu N°yu f»° $$9,10$$
J¡FÙ* ≈≤ tæ* ıywg Ÿu <fiJ¡ÔJ¡≤ ÎJ¡t°` tF°dÕb Ju¡ Ÿt°fi <b_w¨w N°J¡°„ tu* <y≤°, bF°≥≈≤ <fib°Ÿ
J¡≤fiub°Ô°u* Ju¡ wCv∫ fis`Ÿt¥F tu* f≥@J¡≤ tæ*fiu <Ìfi, ≤°w, t°Ÿ, M¡wC N°<Ì Ÿt∫ J¡° NfiC˚b <J¡∫°
wS° <Ì„°N°u* tu* ≈wfi J¡° (ytfi J¡°) ˚Ù NfiC˚b <J¡∫° $ ≈¥b°uÕ•w ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu N°J¡°„J¡°u„ tu* ytfi J¡°
NfiC˚b J¡≤fi° FÙ tu≤Ù ÎJ¡t°` b¨<W SÙ wS° <ª≤J¡°Ô Ju¡ ytfi Ÿu tæ* SJ¡ J¡≤ ª¥≤ F°u y∫° S°, NwÎb
oŸJu¡ f°Ì <fiB° ÌubÙ fiu tu≤u ⁄Ì∫≈≤ N±>g±>° ıt°∫° $ Ÿ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ ∫°fiÙ Ÿf Ô°uy°u* tu* ≈®<Ÿ] ŸCTC›w
„≤Ù≤ J¡°u ÔuJ¡≤ ¿_Sw FCÎ tCHu oŸJu¡ f°Ì _b›fi°ÃtJ¡ ı°y®w tu* N≈fiu N∏Ì≤ FÙ Ÿ°≤° <bÿb ≈®°›w
FCN° $ bF°≥ ≈≤ ˚Ù ≈Cfi# <Ìy∏w, ˚Cbfi N°<Ì ytfib„ ≈®°›w FCoÕ ªaªÔw° Ÿu tæ* bæŸu FÙ ªaªÔ ffi°∫° y∫°
ıæŸu <J¡ <ıŸtu* b°∫C J¡° buy sÙd fi FCN° F°u Ÿ Ôw° π°≤° ≈sÙ ªaªÔ ffi°∫° ı°w° Fæ $ •w
ªaªÔw° J¡°u ≈®°›w FCN° tæ* ≈¥bÕ ŸaJ¡¿v≈w Âÿ∫ ≈¿≤h~>uÌR¡≈ ıyÌgyCk¡°N°u* tu* <y≤° $ ªsC ıF°≥ wJ¡
<bT∫°„° <b_w¨w Fæ bF°≥wJ¡ tæ* ÎJ¡ sd tu* ªÔ° y∫° $ <k¡≤ ŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ Ìu©w° FCN° <bT∫Ì„Õfi Ju¡
J¡°æwCJ¡ Ÿu <k¡≤ Âÿ∫ J¡°u ≈®°›w FCN° $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ı°y®w Nb_S° tu* N°æ≤ _b›fi°b_S° tu* Âÿ∫ N°æ≤
NÂÿ∫ <bT∫ Ju¡ œuÿ∫ Ÿu y‡∫ N°æ≤ Ny‡∫ Ìu„ J¡°u buy Ÿu Ô°≥| ≤Fu tu≤u fFCw bTÕ fÙw y∫u $ <J¡∏wC
Âÿ∫fi°tJ¡ N<bΩ° J¡° N∏w tCHu bæŸu FÙ fiFÙ* <tÔ° ıæŸu <J¡ <tØ∫° FÙ ⁄Ì∫ tu* ıtÙ FCoÕ <≈„°ªÙ J¡°
N∏w f°ÔJ¡ J¡°u ≈®°›w fiFÙ* F°uw° Fæ $ ∫Ω<≈ bF Ÿwg fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F Ÿwg fiFÙ* Fæ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ <bª°≤°fiC˚b
tu* tæ* ¿_S≤ ≤F° wS°<≈ ∫F ŸÃ∫ Fæ, ∫F NŸÃ∫ Fæ, ∫°u* ≈®Ã∫uJ¡ <bT∫ tu* tu≤Ù ÌCÂÕ¿‹¸> <fib¨W fiFÙ* FCoÕ,
•∫°u*<J¡ <ª≤J¡°Ô Ÿu NU∫_w πæwŸÃ∫w° J¡° tu≤° Ÿa_J¡°≤ ≈®fÔ S° $ ∫Ω<≈ tæ* <bª°≤ Ÿu ÌCÂÕ¿‹¸>∫°u* J¡°
<fib°≤d J¡≤fiu J¡° ∫Ãfi J¡≤w° S° <k¡≤ ˚Ù bu ≈®<wsd ≈®°›w FCÎ ŸC©, ÌC©,<˚∏fiÌu„, <˚∏fi J¡°Ô wS°
o‹¸> N°æ≤ N<fi‹¸> Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ Ÿt°yt°u* Ÿu fi<Ì∫°u* Ju¡ ıÔ J¡∑ ˚°≥<w fioÕ fioÕ N° ı°wÙ Fæ* N°æ≤ ªÔÙ ı°wÙ
Fæ* $ w°n, wt°Ô, t°æÔ<Ÿ≤Ù N°<Ì Ÿu NfiC≈t ∏fiw ÎJ¡ <„©≤ J¡∑ tCHu ∫°Ì N° ≤FÙ Fæ, Ÿtu* b°∫C J¡°
buy ©¥f Ÿ°≥∫-Ÿ°≥∫ „ÆÌ J¡≤w° Fæ $ ∫Ω<≈ bF Ÿ¥∫Õ N°<Ì Ÿu ≤<Fw Fæ wS°<≈ N≈fiÙ J¡°¿∏w Ÿu ıyty°w°
Fæ $ Ÿ°≤° J¡° Ÿ°≤° <bÿb Ÿ Zäy Ju¡ _S°b≤ N°æ≤ ıayt ≈bÕw w¸>°u* Ÿu ∫C•w ª°u¸>Ù _S°fiÙ∫ Fæ ∫°fiÙ
Ÿb°Õ<@‹™>°fi f®Ê FÙ ∫F°≥≈≤ N°ÿª∫Õ Zäy J¡F° y∫° Fæ $ ı°u ∫F <„©≤ ÎJ¡°∏w tu* <bF°≤ J¡≤fiub°Ôu
w[bI°<fi∫°u* Ju¡ tfi J¡°u F≤fiub°Ô°, _bh~>∏Ì ÎJ¡ wS° <bJ¡°≤ J¡∑ „aJ¡° Ÿu ≈≤u Fæ, <`<b@ ≈¿≤h~>uÌ Ÿu
„¥∏∫ Fæ, Ÿu tæ*fiu bFÙ* ŸC∏Ì≤ ıyw°u* tu* (f®Ê<bwgt^±><Ô∫°u* tu*) Ìu©° $ Ìub≤°ı o∏B J¡∑ N°æ≤ f®Ê° J¡∑
Ô‚tÙ ˚Ù ŸJ¡∑ f≤°f≤Ù fiFÙ* J¡≤ ŸJ¡wÙ $$11-20$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ fWÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ŸyÕ - 133] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2305
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ wæ*wÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ

J¡FÙ*≈≤ ˚°Ÿ fiu ı°u NÃ∫∏w Nª‡˚° N°J¡°„ Ÿu Ÿ°wπÙ≈°u* Ju¡ f≤°f≤ „bJ¡° <y≤fi° Ìu©°, ŸJ¡° bdÕfi $
oŸ N<bΩ°≈°¶∫°fi tu* NÃ∫∏w Nª‡˚°u* Ju¡ bdÕfi Ju¡ <ŸÔ<ŸÔu tu* „b°u≈°¶∫°fi J¡° ˚°Ÿ Ju¡ tC©
Ÿu bdÕfi J¡≤°fiu Ju¡ <Ô∫u ˚¥<tJ¡° f°≥@wu Fæ* $
<b≈¿ÿªwg fiu J¡F° # Fu tC<fib≤, oŸ ıywg Ÿu <˚∏fi <J¡ŸÙ Ì¥Ÿ≤u N≈¥bÕ ıywg tu* tæ*fiu N°yu J¡F°
ı°fiub°Ô° •∫° Nª‡˚° Ìu©°, Ÿu N°≈ ŸCfifiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u $ bF f®ÊFÃ∫° N°<Ì tF°≈°wJ¡°u*
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≈®Ã∫uJ¡ ı∏t tu* ≈≤t N°Z∫ Fæ* $ Fu ≈®˚°u, NfibŸ≤ tu* FÙ ∫F ≈®Ô∫ ≈®°›w Fæ, Nw# N°≈ tu≤Ù ≤s°
J¡∑<ı∫u $$2-10$$
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J¡≤fiub°Ôu ˚yb°fig N¿ÀfiÌub Ÿu ≈¥~>° # ˚ybfig, ∫F •∫° Fæ ? bF t°aŸt∫ „≤Ù≤ Jæ¡Ÿu <y≤°, ŸJu¡
Ÿ°S N°J¡°„ Ÿu Ÿ¥∫Õ Jæ¡Ÿu <y≤° N°æ≤ ≈bÕw, bfi N°æ≤ ıÔ<@Ÿ<Fw ˚¥<twÔ tu* ∫F •∫°u* fiFÙ* Ÿt°w°
Fæ ? $$11-25$$ ˚yb°fig N¿Àfi fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, ıf wJ¡ „b Ju¡ <y≤fiu Ÿu Ã≈∏fi F…N° Ã≈°w ≈¥dÕR¡≈
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ŸyÕ - 134] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2307
N°J¡°„ª°≤Ù <Ÿ], Ÿ°º∫, N›Ÿ≤°Î≥, ÌæÃ∫, y∏@bÕ, fi°y, <J¡∏fi≤, M¡<T, tC<fi, T°u±>T t°w≤, ∫I,
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J¡∑ $$27-29$$ N°J¡°„ª°¿≤∫°u* fiu J¡F° # ı°u ÌubÙ tF°≈®Ô∫ tu* ŸaF°≤ J¡°u ≈®°›w ˚yb°fig f®Ê°ıÙ J¡∑
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ffi°J¡≤, y”n Ju¡ ≈a©°u* Ÿu tCJC¡¸> ffi°J¡≤ wS° Ÿt_w ≈®°<d∫°u* J¡° ŸaF°≤ J¡≤ ≈bÕw˚¥wÔR¡≈ oŸ
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fiFÙ* F°uw° NwÎb ≠∫°u* <J¡ Ã∫°u* „C] <ª∏t°`_b˚°b Fæ, Ft Ô°uy°u*≈≤ NfiCy®F J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ „≤Ù≤
@°≤d J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ bF ÌubÙ Nbÿ∫ ≈°Ôfi J¡≤fiu ∫°uÀ∫ Ft Ô°uy°u* J¡° ≈°Ôfi J¡≤u $$30$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ wæ*wÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ª°æ*wÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ

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Ì≤˚°y J¡°u tæfiu Ìu©° $$1,2$$
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Ju¡ Ÿt°fi Ÿ°≤° ˚Cbfi Ô°Ô <Ì©°oÕ Ìuw° S° $
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NÔy-NÔy F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ª°≤°u* N°u≤ ˚ÙTd ºb<fi F°u ≤FÙ SÙ, Ÿ°≤° ˚Cbfi <Ft°Ô∫ N°æ≤ <b∏º∫ ≈bÕw
ŸyÕ - 134] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2309
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˚Cı°N°u* Ÿu |Ct°∫u y∫u <b<b@ F<S∫°≤°u* Ÿu N°J¡°„ Ÿ°≤° J¡° Ÿ°≤° ≈¸> y∫°, fiy≤ y°≥b N°æ≤ J¡Ÿfu ŸfJu¡
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˚¥w, ≈®uw N°æ≤ <≈„°ª°u* Ju¡ N<˚fi∫„ÙÔ F°S°u* Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ Ju¡ (N<˚fi∫„ÙÔ F_wR¡≈Ù) ≈<s∫°u* J¡°u
k≥¡Ÿ°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ kæ¡Ô°Î F…Î ı°Ô Ju¡ Ÿt°fi N°æ≤ N°J¡°„ tu* <πwÙ∫ ıywg J¡∑ ≤ªfi° J¡≤ ≤Fu f®Ê° Ju¡
fi°≈fiu Ju¡ Ÿ¥w°u* Ju¡ ıæŸu ˚¥<t Ÿu ÔuJ¡≤ Ÿ¥∫Õ t°yÕ wJ¡ «¡≈≤ fiÙªu N°æ≤ ÌŸ <Ì„°R¡≈Ù H°<n∫°u* Ÿu <w≤~>u
Ôyu Su, f®Ê°^±> Ju¡ Ì≤yw <bt°fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi `æÔ°u•∫ F°u y∫° S° $ ˚¥w≈¥bÕ ≈¨ØbÙ≈≤ ıtÙ F…oÕ
”<@≤@°≤°N°u* Ÿu ŸtCB°J¡°≤ ffiu F…Î NwÎb ≈¥b°uÕ•w ≈Bb Ÿu <bsCÆ@ ıywg J¡∑ bæŸÙ F°Ôw Ìu©J¡≤
Ÿ°w πÙ≈°u* Ju¡ ~>°u≤ ≈≤ •w „b Ju¡ JC¡¿ÃŸw Nay°u* Ÿu N_≈¨‹¸> Ô°uJ¡°Ô°uJ¡ ≈bÕw Ju¡ <„©≤≈≤ fæ™>u F…Î
Ìubyd N<w <©∏fi F…Î $$15-37$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # f®Êfig, <ıŸ „b Ju¡ N<w<b„°Ô F_w, ≈°Ì N°<Ì Nb∫b f®Ê°^±> Ÿu ˚Ù
f°F≤, ≈F…≥ª y∫u, Ÿfiu Ô°uJ¡°Ô°uJ¡ ≈bÕw J¡°u Jæ¡Ÿu fiFÙ* i>J¡° ?$$38$$ ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ZÙ≤°tıÙ,
Ÿ „b J¡° Ì≤°u≈Ô<sw tº∫„≤Ù≤ Ÿ°w πÙ≈°u* Ju¡ fÙª tu* ≤F° Fæ $ <Ÿ≤, ©C≤°u≈Ô<sw ≈æ≤ N°æ≤ f°F…
N°<Ì Nb∫b f®Ê°^±> Ju¡ f°F≤ ≤Fu $ F°≥, ∫F ı°u ˚°Ÿfiu J¡F° bF ŸÃ∫ FÙ Fæ wS°<≈ „b Ju¡ Ì°ufi°u* fyÔ,
ıa|°N°u* Ju¡ tº∫ Ÿu, J¡t≤ Ju¡ Ì°u ˚°y°u* Ÿu N°æ≤ <Ÿ≤ N°æ≤ J¡∏@°u* Ju¡ Ì°u tº∫ ˚°y°u* Ÿu <„©≤°u* Ju¡ fi i>J¡fiu
Ju¡ J¡°≤d bF Ô°uJ¡°Ô°uJ¡ ≈bÕw «¡≈≤ <Ì©°oÕ Ìuw° FÙ Fæ $$39,40$$
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˚°ŸJ¡°u I°w fi S° $
bF°≥ <„©≤°u* J¡∑ ª°u<¸>∫°u*≈≤ fæ™>u F…Î NÃ∫∏w „C] J¡°¿∏wb°Ôu Ìubw° „≤ÌM¡wC Ju¡ Ÿ¥∫Õ J¡∑ @¥≈
Ÿu <fiıÕÔ F…Î „C˚® tu|°u* Ju¡ Ÿt°fi <Ì©°oÕ Ìuwu Fæ* $ ıf ˚¥w≈®uw°u* J¡° ÌÔ Ÿf Nay-≈®Ã∫ay ~>°unJ¡≤
(kæ¡Ô°J¡≤) tC≥F Ju¡ fÔ <y≤u F…Î Ÿ „b J¡°u ©° ≤F° S° N°æ≤ Ÿ°uÔF°u* t°w¨J¡°Î≥ (Ìu<b∫°≥) ©¥f fi°ª
≤FÙ SÙ*, ”<@≤ Ju¡ ≈fi°Ôu fF ≤Fu Su, bŸ° J¡∑ Ì…yÕ∏@ kæ¡Ô ≤FÙ SÙ, ≈®Ã∫uJ¡ Ìubw°fiu Ì…#©Ù F°uJ¡≤ ∫F
<bª°≤ <J¡∫° $$41-43$$ F° ©uÌ Fæ, ≈¨<SbÙ J¡F°≥ ªÔÙ yoÕ, Ÿ°y≤ J¡F°≥ ªÔu y∫u, ıfiw° J¡F°≥ ªÔÙ
yoÕ N°æ≤ ≈bÕw≤°<„ J¡F°≥ ªÔÙ yoÕ ? $$44$$ F°∫, ª∏Ìfi N°æ≤ t∏Ì°≤ N°æ≤ J¡Ì‡f Ju¡ b¨s°u* Ju¡ bfi°u*
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<Ft°Ô∫ Ju¡ «≥¡ªu _bh~> <b„°Ô ˚¥˚°y°u* J¡°u N≈fiu J¡∑ªn Ÿu „Ù|® ÔS≈S J¡≤ ≤≥y ±>°Ô° $ J®¡°æ*ªπÙ≈
tu* J®¡°æ*ªfi°tJ¡ ≈bÕw≈≤ ı°u <b„°Ô J¡v≈b¨s S°, <ıŸJ¡∑ „°©°Î≥ f®ÊÔ°uJ¡ wJ¡ kæ¡ÔÙ F…oÕ SÙ*,
ŸJ¡° ˚Ù ª¥≤°-ª¥≤° F°u y∫° Fæ $$46,47$$ Fu J¡v≈b¨s, Ô‚tÙ, ª∏Bt° N°æ≤ Nt¨w J¡°u ≈æÌ°
J¡≤fiub°Ôu, Fu sÙ≤Ÿ°y≤, Fu Ì<@Ÿ°y≤, <ıŸJu¡ <J¡ fibfiÙw Ÿu ˚≤u F…Î ≈bÕw°u* ≈≤ buÔ°bfi y° Fæ,
<ıŸJu¡ wÙ≤¿_Sw fi°¿≤∫Ô Ju¡ b¨s°u* J¡∑ fF…w°∫wb°Ôu ŸC∏Ì≤ Ì„ÕfiÙ∫ ≈bÕw≈≤ ∫°uyuÿb¿≤∫°≥ <fib°Ÿ
J¡≤wÙ Fæ*, ÎuŸu Fu t@CŸ°y≤ N°≈ Ÿf „°uªfiÙ∫ Fæ* $ N°≈ Ô°uy oŸ Ÿt∫ J¡F°≥ ªÔu y∫u, NSb°
_k¡<¸>J¡ N°<Ì ≤Ãfi<„Ô°N°u* Ÿu Ìub°ayfi°N°u* N°æ≤ <Ì„°N°u* J¡∑ Ì≈Õdw° J¡°u J¡F°≥ ≈®°›w F…Î ? $$48$$
Fu J®¡°æ*ªπÙ≈, <ıŸtu* J¡v≈b¨s N°æ≤ <fitÕÔ J¡°aªfiÔw°N°u* Ÿu <fi≤b¿h~>∏fi |<fi‹¸> Ÿ‡f∏@ ≤©fiub°Ô°
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J¡°u ≈<b` J¡≤fiub°Ôu Fæ*, y°utu@ πÙ≈, ŸJu¡ J¡v≈b¨s°u* Ju¡ N°æ≤ bF°≥ J¡∑ ŸCbdÕÔw°N°u* Ju¡ wS° fiŸu
ŸC∏Ì≤ yCk¡°N°u* Ju¡ N°æ≤ J¡v≈b¨s°u* Ju¡ bfi°u* Ÿu bu<‹¸>w wS° J¡v≈b¨s°u* Ju¡ k¥¡Ô°u* Ÿu Ÿku¡Ì „°J¡πÙ≈ Ju¡
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t∏Ì-t∏Ì b°∫C Ju¡ <FÔ°u≤°u* Ÿu ªaªÔ ≈W°u*b°ÔÙ Ôw°N°u* Ÿu bu¿‹¸>w J¡v≈b¨s°u* Ÿu ÔFÔF°wÙ SÙ* bu
ŸfJu¡ Ÿf bfi F°∫ ºb_w F°u y∫u tu≤Ù ŸtH tu* fiFÙ* N°w° Nf Ft°≤u ŸÂ„ Ô°uy Jæ¡Ÿu <bZ°t Ôu*yu $
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fi¨Ã∫ J¡f Ìu©u*yu ? F°, ı‡f¥πÙ≈bwÙÕ ı‡f¥b¨s Ju¡ F°SÙ Ju¡ f≤°f≤ wS° ı°‡f¥fiÌ ŸCbdÕ J¡∑ Ã≈<W
Ju¡ FuwC F°ufiu Ÿu N<w ≈®<Ÿ] Ny®k¡Ô _t≤dÙ∫ F°u y∫u Fæ* ∏FÙ* k¡Ô°u* Ju¡ ≤ŸŸu ffiÙ fiÌÙ J¡°u ∫F
ı‡f¥πÙ≈R¡≈ ≈¨ØbÙ @°≤d J¡≤wÙ Fæ, N∏∫°∏∫ πÙ≈ N°æ≤ ŸtCB ŸJ¡∑ tu©Ô° R¡≈ Fæ $ JC¡JC¡≤tCW°
(ÎJ¡ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡∑ fÌf¥Ì°≤ bfi_≈<w, t„R¡t) Ÿu ª°≤°u* N°u≤ ˚≤u F…Î ≈F°n°u* J¡∑ yCk¡°N°u* tu* t<Ì≤° tÌ
Ÿu twb°ÔÙ <˜∫°u* π°≤° <J¡∫u y∫u ŸayÙw fi¨Ã∫ J¡∑ ªFÔ≈FÔb°Ôu ŸC≤°Ÿ°y≤ Ju¡ wÙ≤J¡° _t≤d J¡≤
≈®°w#J¡°Ô tu* ıæŸu J¡tÔ J¡∑ ≈≥©C¿≤∫°≥ Ì≤ Ì≤ ÎJ¡ Ju¡ f°Ì ÎJ¡ <bÌÙdÕ F°uwÙ Fæ wS° ıæŸu oŸ Ÿt∫
≈¨ØbÙ <bÌÙdÕ F…oÕ Fæ bæŸu FÙ tu≤° ⁄Ì∫ <bÌÙdÕ F°uw° Fæ $$49-55$$
Fu <t`, ı≤° N°J¡°„ J¡∑ N°u≤ Ìu©°u, Ô°Ô ıÔb°Ôu fi¥wfi Ÿ°y≤ Ju¡ «¡≈≤ ŸCbdÕt∫ tu” N°<Ì
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˚¥<t∫°u* J¡∑ ≈®°w# N°æ≤ Ÿ°∫a Ÿaº∫° Ÿu Ô°Ô FCoÕ JC¡~> JC¡~> <Ìw ª∏BJ¡Ô°N°u* J¡∑ w≤F N≈fiÙ J¡°¿∏w
Ÿu „°u<˚w F°u ≤FÙ Fæ* $ F°∫ Ft°≤Ù ›∫°≤Ù ˚¥<t, <ıŸJu¡ ≈¥bÕb<dÕw Ÿ°y≤R¡≈ ıÔ≤°<„ Ja¡J¡d Ju¡ wCv∫
Fæ, ı°u <b<˚∏fi πÙ≈°u* Ÿu NÔaJ¨¡w Fæ wS° _wfiŸÂ„ ∏fiw ≈bÕw°u* ≈≤ fæ™>u F…Î tu|R¡≈Ù fiÙÔJ¡tÔ°u*
ŸyÕ - 135] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2311
J¡∑ t°Ô° Ÿu ŸC„°u<˚w Fæ, ı°u b¨s, ≈vÔb, NaJC¡≤ N°<Ì ˚¥Td°u* Ÿu ∫C•w Fæ, <ıŸJu¡ Ÿ°uwu, fi<Ì∫°≥,
ıayÔ, bÙ≤°u* Ÿu ˚∫°fiJ¡ fiy≤, y®°t, Ny®F°≤ (f®°Êd°u* J¡°u Ì°fi <Ì∫u y∫u y®°t) b_` Fæ*, oŸ Ÿt∫
fi t°Ô¥t J¡F°≥ ªÔÙ yoÕ Fæ ? $$56,57$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ª°æ*wÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ≈æ*wÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ
˚¥w, ≈®uw°u* Ju¡ HC^±> π°≤° „b J¡° ©° Ôufiu N°æ≤ ”<@≤ ≈Ù Ôufiu Ju¡
Nfi∏w≤ bŸ° Ÿu ≈¨<SbÙ J¡∑ ≤ªfi° F…oÕ N°æ≤ fªu F…Î ”<@≤ Ÿu t<Ì≤° J¡° Ÿ°y≤ ffi°∫° y∫° $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # ∏tW ˚¥w-≈®uw°u* Ju¡ HC^±> fiu ©°fiu Ju¡ f°Ì „b J¡°u ıf S°un°fF…w fª°
<Ì∫° wf <Ì„°N°u* tu* ¿_Sw Ô°uJ¡°Ô°uJ¡ ≈bÕw≈≤ fæ™>u F…Î Ìub≤°ı Ÿ<Fw Ìubw°N°u* fiu ∫F J¡F° # ÌubÙ
Ju¡ yd°u* fiu bŸ° Ÿu ŸfiÙ F…oÕ NwÎb b°∫Cb„ nu F…Î <fitÕÔ tu|©^±>°u* Ÿu Δ∫°›w N°J¡°„ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi
fnÙ-fnÙ N°≥w<n∫°≥ <bΩ°@≤ N°æ≤ Ìubw°N°u* Ju¡ <bF°≤ Ju¡ Ÿ°@fi <bt°fi°u* J¡∑ Ÿaª°≤˚¥<t tu* (N°J¡°„
tu*) ˚Ù ŸC©°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ kæ¡Ô°oÕ Fæ* $ Ìu<©∫u, ˚¥w°u* fiu Ÿ°w°u* πÙ≈°u* tu* bŸ° J¡° ıÔ fF°∫° Fæ, t°aŸ ©°
±>°Ô° Fæ N°æ≤ ≤•w ≈Ù <Ô∫° Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ oŸ Ÿt∫ ˚¥<t JC¡~> Ì„ÕfiÙ∫ F°u yoÕ Fæ $ Ÿf ≈®°<d∫°u* J¡°u
N°fi∏Ì ≈®Ì°fi J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ ≈¨<SbÙ F°∫ oŸ Ÿt∫ bŸ°R¡≈Ù b_`°u* Ÿu Ÿ°≤Ù i>J¡∑ Fæ N°æ≤ ŸfJu¡ Ÿf
bfi bŸ° Ju¡ ffiu F…Î „≤ÃJ¡°<ÔJ¡ tu|Ÿt¥F°u* Ÿu @¥Ÿ≤ J¡‡fÔ°u* Ÿu i>Ju¡ F…Î Ÿu t°ÔCt ≈nwu Fæ* $ Ìu<©∫u,
Ÿ „bJ¡∑ ofi F<ß>∫°u* fiu tF°≈bÕw°u* J¡° R¡≈ @°≤d J¡≤ <Ô∫° Fæ $ ∫u <Ì„°-w¸> J¡°u i>J¡J¡≤ <Ft°Ô∫
J¡∑ ª°u<¸>∫°u* Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ©nu Fæ* $$1-5$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚°Ÿ, ıf <J¡ Ìubyd N°≈Ÿ tu* •w b°w°ÕÔ°≈ J¡≤ ≤Fu Su, bu ÌubÙ Ju¡
yd w¨›w F°uJ¡≤ ©°fiu ≈Ùfiu Ÿu fªu F…Î bŸ° Ÿu ≈¨<SbÙ J¡°u ÔÙ≈-≈°uwJ¡≤ ∏tW F°u N°J¡°„ tu* fi°ªfiu
Ôyu $ ˚¥w°u* Ju¡ HC^±> Ju¡ N°J¡°„ tu* fi°ªfiu ≈≤ Ìubw°N°u* fiu ≈¨<SbÙ J¡° Nb<„‹¸> ”<@≤ N≈fiu ŸaJ¡v≈
Ÿu ≤<ªw ÎJ¡ fi°Ôu Ÿu ÎJ¡ Ÿ°y≤ tu* ˚≤ <Ì∫° $ Ìubw°N°u* fiu <fiÿª∫ J¡≤ ŸÙ Ÿ°y≤ J¡°u t<Ì≤° J¡°
Ÿ°y≤ ffi°∫° $ wfŸu ÔuJ¡≤ N°ı wJ¡ bF t<Ì≤° J¡° Ÿ°y≤ ffi° Fæ $ bu ˚¥w N°J¡°„ tu* fi°ªJ¡≤ Ÿ
Ÿ°y≤ J¡∑ t<Ì≤° J¡° ≈°fi J¡≤wu Fæ* N°æ≤ N°fi∏Ì t¿∏Ì≤ N°J¡°„ tu* <k¡≤ fi°ªwu Fæ* $ fi ˚¥w°u* J¡∑ ˚°≥<w
N°ı-J¡Ô Ju¡ ˚¥w ˚Ù Ÿ t<Ì≤°Ÿ°y≤ Ÿu t<Ì≤° ≈Ùwu Fæ* N°æ≤ ∫°uyuÿb≤Ù Ju¡ yd°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S N°J¡°„
tu* fi°ªwu Fæ* $ fi ˚¥w°u* Ju¡ ≈Ùfiu Ÿu „uT ≤FÙ bF bŸ°≤°<„ ≈¨<SbÙ tu* kæ¡ÔJ¡≤ Ÿ¥© yoÕ Fæ, oŸÙ J¡°≤d
≈¨<SbÙ J¡° tu<ÌfiÙ fi°t ≈n° Fæ $$6-11$$
oŸÙ w≤F Ìubw°N°u* fiu Ÿ¥∫Õ J¡°u ˚Ù ≈FÔu J¡∑ fi°o˘ N≈fiu ≈Ì≈≤ ≈®<w<‹™>w J¡≤ <Ì∫°, ≈bÕw N°<Ì J¡∑
≤ªfi° ˚Ù ≈FÔu J¡∑ w≤F J¡≤ ±>°ÔÙ ∫F Ÿ¥<ªw J¡≤wu F…Î J¡Fwu Fæ* $
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ J®¡tŸu „b Ju¡ sÙd F°ufiu ≈≤ Ÿ¥∫Õ Ju¡ N≈fiu ≈Ì≈≤ ≈®<w<‹™>w J¡≤fiu N°æ≤ tu” N°<Ì
≈bÕw°u* J¡° ]°≤ J¡≤fiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d <Ìfi N°æ≤ ≤°<` Ju¡ J®¡t Ju¡ ≈Cfi# ª°Ô¥ F°ufiu≈≤ <k¡≤ ≈®ı°≈<w fiu fioÕ-fioÕ
≈®ı°N°u* J¡∑ Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡∑ $ oŸ ˚¥<t tu* bF Ÿ¨<‹¸> ≈¥bÕbw F…oÕ $$12$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ≈æ*wÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ~>WÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ

˚°Ÿ Ju¡ ≈¥~>fiu ≈≤ N¿Àfi π°≤° N°<Ì Ÿu ÔuJ¡≤ „b Ju¡ b¨W°∏w J¡°
ŸJ¡∑ NŸC≤, th~>≤, tÿ N°æ≤ Δ∫°@ ∫°u<fi∫°u* J¡° - bdÕfi $
˚°Ÿ fiu J¡F° # ≤°ıfig, oŸJu¡ f°Ì w°uwu Ju¡ ≈a©°u* J¡∑ ın Ju¡ J¡°ufiu≈≤ fæ™>u F…Î Ìub°<@Ìub ˚yb°fig
N<Àfi Ÿu tæ*fiu ∫F ≈¥~>°, ŸC<fi∫u # Fu ˚ybfig, Fu ŸJ¡Ô ∫I°u* Ju¡ oÕÿb≤, Fu _b°F°ÌubÙ Ju¡ N<@≈<w, Fu
N¿ÀfiÌub, <ıŸJ¡° oŸ Ÿt∫ "„b' fi°t ≈n° Fæ bF ≈FÔu <J¡Ÿ J¡°≤d Ÿu F…N° ? $$1,2$$ N¿Àfi fiu
J¡F° # Fu ≤°ıfig ŸCfi°u, tæ* `æÔ°u•∫ tu* ≈®J¡°„t°fi NŸÙt „bJ¡° Ÿ°≤° J¡° Ÿ°≤° b¨W°∏w N°<Ì Ÿu N∏w
wJ¡ wCtŸu J¡Fw° Fq≥ $$3$$ ŸbÕΔ∫°≈J¡, <fi≤°J¡°≤ <ª∏t∫ ≈≤t°J¡°„ Fæ, <ıŸtu* ∫u NŸa¶∫ ıywgR¡≈
≈≤t°dC Fæ* $ Ÿ ŸbÕΔ∫°≈J¡, Ÿb°ÕÃtJ¡, „C], <ª∏t°`N°J¡°„ tu* J¡FÙ*≈≤ N≈fiu N°≈ <bT∫°J¡°≤t∫
Ÿa<bwg Ìg˚¥w F…oÕ $ buÌfi°R¡≈ _b˚°b F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d FÙ Ÿfiu N≈fiu tu* wuı#≈≤t°dC˚°b bæŸu FÙ Ìu©°
ıæŸu <J¡ wCt ≈<SJ¡ J¡∑ ˚°bfi° J¡≤wu F…Î Ÿ°uJ¡≤ _b›fi tu* N≈fiu J¡°u FÙ ≈<SJ¡ R¡≈ Ÿu Ìu©wu F°u $
NI°fi°b¨wªæw∏∫ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ≈≤t°dC fiu J¡tÔ tu* Ã≈∏fi ≈≤°y Ju¡ J¡d Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ©¥f ªtJ¡ ≤FÙ
ŸaJ¡v≈R¡≈ N≈fiÙ NdCw° _b∫a Ìu©Ù $$4-7$$ ªtJ¡ ≤FÙ Ÿ NdCw° fiu f»J¡≤ N≈fiÙ b¨<] J¡∑ (kC¡Ô°b
J¡∑) ˚°bfi° J¡≤wu F…Î ªsC N°<Ì o¿∏B∫°u* J¡° NfiC˚b <J¡∫° <k¡≤ bu o¿∏B∫°≥ „≤Ù≤ tu* ŸaÔÀfi Fæ*, ÎuŸ°
NfiC˚b <J¡∫° $ N°yu ªsC N°<Ì fiu N≈fiu _b˚°b Ÿu „ÆÌ, _≈„Õ N°<Ì yCd°u* J¡° N°@°≤N°@u∫ Ÿ‡f∏@b°Ô°
˚¥wt∫ ıywg, _b›fi Ju¡ fiy≤ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi, Ìu©° $$8,9$$ buÌfi Ÿu ÔuJ¡≤ <bT∫≈∫Õ∏w Nº∫°≤°u≈R¡≈
J¡°∫Õ-J¡≤d°u* Ju¡ tº∫ tu* NŸC≤ fi°t J¡° J¡°uoÕ ≈®°dÙ S°, bF NŸC≤ _b˚°b Ÿu FÙ fn° N<˚t°fiÙ F…N° $
„aJ¡° # •∫° ŸJu¡ t°w°, <≈w° N°æ≤ <≈w°tF fiFÙ* Su ?
W≤ # Su, <J¡∏wC <bÌq≤S Ju¡ <≈w°, t°w° N°<Ì Ju¡ Ÿt°fi NŸÃ∫≈®<w˚°Ÿ-_bR¡≈ Su $ bF t°≤u
|t^±> Ju¡ k¥¡Ô° fi Ÿt°w° S°, NwÎb Ÿfiu bF°≥≈≤ <J¡ŸÙ tF°tC<fiJ¡° ŸC©„°¿∏wt∫ N°Zt
t<¸>∫°tu¸> J¡≤ ±>°Ô° $ wf tC<fifiu Ÿu „°≈ <Ì∫°-N≤u N@t, <b„°ÔJ¡°∫ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d w¥fiu tu≤°
∫F N°Zt wFŸ-fiFŸ J¡≤ ±>°Ô° Fæ, oŸ J¡°≤d w¥ t≤J¡≤ N<wsCB th~>≤ F°u $ oŸJu¡ ≈≤°∏w tC<fi
Ju¡ „°≈R¡≈Ù N¿Àfi fiu ŸÙ sd tu* Ÿ NŸC≤ J¡°u ıæŸu fnb°fiÔ ıÔ J¡°u ˚_t J¡≤ Ìuw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ
bF°≥ ˚_t J¡≤ <Ì∫° $$10-13$$
Ÿ Ÿt∫ bF N°ŸC≤ ªuwfi Jæ¡Ÿ° S°, oŸ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
N°J¡°„t^±>Ô Ju¡ wCv∫ <fi≤°J¡°≤ <fi≤°@°≤ ªæÃ∫<˚∏fi N°ŸC≤ ªuwfi ŸCTC›w t¥¿h~>Õw <ªW Ju¡ Ÿt°fi
S° $ bF NΔ∫°J¨¡w_bR¡≈ N°ŸC≤ ªuwfi, Ÿt°fiw° F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d, ˚¥w°J¡°„ Ju¡ Ÿ°S ÎJ¡w° J¡°u ≈®°›w
F…N° N°æ≤ wÌfi∏w≤ bF ˚¥w°J¡°„ N≈fiu tu* ≈®<w<‹™>w b°∫C Ju¡ Ÿ°S ÎJ¡w° J¡°u ≈®°›w F…N° $ ªuwfi°b°∫CR¡≈
(≈®°d R¡≈) bFÙ, <ıŸJ¡° <J¡ ÌuF≈®°¿›w F°ufiu≈≤ "≈®°dÙ' fi°t ≈nuy°, NdCR¡≈ ≈°<SÕb ˚°y, NdCR¡≈
ıÔ ˚°y, NdCR¡≈ wuı ˚°y N°æ≤ NdCR¡≈ N°J¡°„ ˚°y Ÿu Δ∫°›w F…N° $ Ÿ ≈aªw∏t°`°t∫ NdCR¡≈
<ª∏t°`Ôu„ tu* N°J¡°„ tu* b°∫CÔu„ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi _b˚°bw# <J®¡∫°„¿•w J¡° N°<b˚°Õb F…N° $$14-17$$
<J®¡∫°„¿•w Ÿu <Ô*yÌuF tu* I°fi„¿•w Ju¡ N°<b˚°Õb J¡°u J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ŸyÕ - 136] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2313
wÌ…≈≤°∏w ıæŸu bT°Õ M¡wC, ≈¥bÙÕ b°∫C, bT°Õ N°<Ì J¡° ıÔ - ofi ŸfŸu NaJC¡≤ ≈æÌ° J¡≤fiu tu* Ÿst
˚¥<t tu* f°u∫° F…N° fÙı k¥¡ÔJ¡≤ ı°y®w F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ ŸJ¡° b°∫C Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ ¿_Sw bF ªuwfi ÌgfCY
F…N° $ tF°tC<fi Ju¡ „°≈ J¡°u ı°fifiub°ÔÙ, th~>≤ J¡∑ ∫°u<fi J¡°u ≈®°›w F°ufiub°ÔÙ •w N∏w#J¡≤d tu*
<_Sw NŸC≤ J¡∑ <ª¿w •w Ÿa_J¡°≤°u* Ÿu <bY F°uJ¡≤ th~>≤ Ju¡ ≈a©, ≈æ≤ N°<Ì Nay°u* J¡°u ı°fiJ¡≤ _b∫a
th~>≤ F°u yoÕ $$18,19$$
_buÌı N°<Ì ªwC<bÕ@ ˚¥w∫°u<fi∫°u* tu* Ÿfiu J¡°æfi ∫°u<fi ≈°oÕ N°æ≤ <J¡wfiu J¡°Ô wJ¡ J¡∑ ŸJ¡∑ N°∫C
FCoÕ ? oŸ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
N<wsCB „≤Ù≤b°Ôu Ÿ _buÌı th~>≤ J¡° „≤Ù≤ N<w FÔJ¡° F°ufiu Ÿu k¥≥¡J¡ t°≤fiu Ÿu n ı°w° S°,
ŸJ¡∑ Ju¡bÔ Ì°u <Ìfi J¡∑ ≈≤tN°∫C FCoÕ $$20$$
N°≈fiu _b›fiŸaŸ°≤ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi FÙ ı°y®wŸaŸ°≤ ˚Ù Fæ, ∫F ÎJ¡ Ì°u fiFÙ*, ŸæJ¡n°u* f°≤ J¡F° Fæ $
_b›fi-ÌuF J¡° w°u ∫°u<fi Ÿu ı∏t fiFÙ* <Ì©°oÕ Ìuw°, ı°y®wÌuF J¡° ∫°u<fi Ÿu ı∏t <Ì©°oÕ Ìuw° Fæ, ŸJu¡
Â‹¸>°∏w Ÿu ı°y®w-ÌuF Ju¡ Ÿt°fi FÙ _b›fiÌuFJ¡° ˚Ù ı∏t ŸbÕ` ∫°u<fi Ÿu FÙ Fæ NSb° Ì¥Ÿ≤u ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu ˚Ù
F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ ∫°u* Ÿa„∫ tu* ≈nu FCÎ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ ≈®Ÿayw# ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ Ÿu ≈¥~>wu Fæ* $
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ≈®˚Cb≤, ∫F°≥ Ÿ˚Ù ≈®°<d∫°u* J¡° ∫°u<fi Ÿu FÙ ı∏t F°uw° Fæ NSb° N∏∫
≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu ˚Ù F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? $$21$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, f®Ê°ıÙ Ÿu ÔuJ¡≤ <wfiJu¡ ≈∫Õ∏w Ÿf ˚¥w°u* J¡∑ Ì°u ≈®J¡°≤ J¡∑ Ã≈<W
F°uwÙ Fæ-ÎJ¡ f®Êt∫ N°æ≤ Ì¥Ÿ≤Ù ˚®°¿∏wı $ ofi Ì°ufi°u* J¡°u N°≈ ŸC<fi∫u $ ≈FÔu J¡∑ ∫°u<fi Ju¡ NfiC˚b Ÿu
f]t¥Ô ≈FÔu Ju¡ „≤Ù≤w°Ì°Ã‡∫ J¡∑ Â» ˚®°¿∏w Ÿu wwg-wwg ˚¥w N°æ≤ ˚¥ww∏t°`°N°u* Ju¡ NfiC≤°yb„
wÌ°J¡°≤ Ÿu ≈®°<d∫°u* J¡° ı°u ı∏t F°uw° Fæ bF ˚®°¿∏wı ı∏t J¡F° y∫° Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ bF Âÿ∫ Ju¡ Ÿay Ÿu
F°uw° Fæ $ oŸ <bT∫ tu* "ÎwuU∫°u ˚¥wuU∫# ŸtCÃS°∫ w°∏∫ub°fiC-<bfiÿ∫¿∏w' "∫Ìg ∫Ìg ˚b¿∏w wÌ° ˚b¿∏w'
oÃ∫°<Ì ˚ybwÙ ZC<w∫°≥ Fæ* $ <fiÃ∫tC•w f®Ê° J¡°u ≈FÔu J¡˚Ù ˚Ù º∫°fi tu* fi N°oÕ FCoÕ ıyÌg˚®°¿∏w
F°ufiu≈≤ Ÿ¨¿‹¸> Ju¡ N°≤‡˚ tu* <bbÕwb„ F°u ≤F° ªwC<bÕ@ ıÙb R¡≈ Ÿu f®Ê J¡° ı°u ı∏t Fæ bF f®Êt∫
ı∏t J¡F° y∫° Fæ, bF ∫°u<fiı ı∏t fiFÙ* Fæ $$22-24$$
f®Êt∫ ı∏t J¡° NfiC˚b ı∏tw# <Ÿ] J¡<≈Ô, ŸfiJ¡ N°<Ì tF°tC<fi∫°u* J¡°u FÙ F°uw° Fæ, NI°fiÙ
th~>≤ N°<Ì J¡° f®Êt∫ ı∏t fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w° NwÎb ≈®_wCw th~>≤-ı∏t ˚®°¿∏wı FÙ S°, oŸ
N<˚≈®°∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, ÎuŸÙ ≈¿≤<_S<wtu* bF th~>≤ ıyÌg˚®°¿∏wb„ ı∏t° S°, f®Ê<bbwÕb„ fiFÙ*
ı∏t° S° $ Nf N°≈ ŸJ¡∑ J®¡<tJ¡ ªu‹¸>°N°u* J¡°u ŸC<fi∫u $ ≈¨ØbÙ≈≤ oÕ© Ju¡ HC≤tÇ>°u*, |fiÙ |°Ÿ Ju¡
<wfiJ¡°u*, J¡°„, t¥≥ı N°<Ì Ju¡ N‡f°≤ tu* y¥≥ıfiub°Ôu th~>≤°u* tu* _b∫a ˚Ù y¥≥ı ≤Fu N°æ≤ J®¡∑n° J¡≤ ≤Fu Ÿ
th~>≤ fiu Ì°u <Ìfi J¡∑ N≈fiÙ ≈¥d°Õ∫C J¡° N°@° <F_Ÿ° (ÎJ¡ <Ìfi) ˚°uy <Ô∫° $$25,26$$
N°@Ù N°∫C (ÎJ¡ <Ìfi) fÙwfiu Ju¡ ≈≤°∏w Ì¥Ÿ≤u <Ìfi J¡∑ ŸJ¡∑ ªu‹¸>° J¡° bdÕfi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
Ÿ th~>≤ fiu f°Ô-J®¡∑n°b„ _b∫a F≤Ù|°Ÿ Ju¡ tº∫R¡≈ H¥Ôu tu* <ª≤J¡°ÔwJ¡ N≈fiÙ ≈ÃfiÙ th~>≤Ù
Ju¡ Ÿ°S H¥Ôfi° N°≤‡˚ <J¡∫° $ H¥Ôfiu J¡∑ SJ¡°fi Ÿu SJ¡° FCN° bF ≠∫°u*FÙ J¡FÙ* <bZ°t J¡≤fiu Ôy°
Ã∫°u*FÙ* «¡≈≤ F¿≤d Ju¡ ©C≤°y®˚°yR¡≈ ≈bÕw Ju¡ <y≤fiu Ÿu ª¥≤ F°u y∫° $ Ÿfiu F¿≤d J¡∑ N°J¨¡<w Ju¡ Ì„Õfi
Ÿu ≈®°d Ã∫°yu Su oŸ J¡°≤d ≈FÔu th~>≤ J¡∑ ÌuF y®Fd J¡≤fiu tu* ı°u J®¡t J¡F° y∫° Fæ ŸÙ J®¡t Ÿu f°fl
N°æ≤ N°U∫∏w≤ o¿∏B∫°u* J¡° y®FdJ¡≤ wÌfi∏w≤ bF F¿≤d F°u y∫° $ N≤^∫ tu* o@≤ @≤ ˚¸>J¡ ≤Fu
F¿≤d J¡°u Δ∫°@ fiu @fiCT Ÿu t°≤ ±>°Ô° $ t≤wu Ÿt∫ ŸJ¡∑ Â¿‹¸> Δ∫°@ Ju¡ tC©≈≤ ≈nÙ, NwÎb NyÔu
ı∏t tu* bF Δ∫°@ FÙ FCN° $ <b<b@ bfi°u* tu* ˚¸>J¡ ≤F° Δ∫°@ NJ¡_t°wg tC<fi Ju¡ bfi tu* ı° ≈FC≥ª° $ bF°≥≈≤
Ÿfiu <bZ°t <J¡∫° $ ŸJu¡ ŸÃŸayÔ°˚R¡≈ Ÿ°æ˚°À∫ Ÿu tC<fi fiu Ÿu I°fi°u≈Ìu„ <Ì∫° # N≤u Δ∫°@, wCt
˚®t tu* ≈nu F°u $ oŸ sd˚ayC≤ ıywg tu* ÌÙ|Õ ÌC#© Ju¡ <ÔÎ tÿ°u* J¡°u @fiCT f°d Ÿu •∫°u* t°≤wu F°u ?
tF°k¡Ô Ìufiub°ÔÙ N<F*Ÿ°, N˚∫Ì°fi N°<Ì „°˜t∫°ÕÌ° J¡° •∫°u* ≈°Ôfi fiFÙ* J¡≤wu ? $$27-32$$
Ìu©°u fi oŸ ŸaŸ°≤ J¡∑ NŸ°≤w° ! N°∫C b°∫C Ÿu ¸>J¡≤°Î FCÎ tu|t^±>Ô tu* Ô¸>J¡ ≤Fu ıÔ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi
sd tu* fi‹¸> F°ufiub°ÔÙ Fæ, ˚°uy tu|≤°<„ Ju¡ tº∫ tu* J¡°æ*@ ≤FÙ <fıÔÙ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ªaªÔ Fæ* $ ∫°æbfi<bÔ°Ÿ
ıÔJu¡ buy Ju¡ ŸÂ„ ªaªÔ Fæ $ „≤Ù≤ sd˚ayC≤ Fæ $ Fu ≈C`, oŸ<ÔÎ ≈°≤Ô°æ<J¡J¡ NfiSÕR¡≈ ŸaŸ°≤b„
`°Ÿ J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uJ¡≤ N˚∫Ì°fi, N<F*Ÿ° N°<Ì ≈°∫°u* Ÿu N°Ã∫¿∏wJ¡ NfiSÕ<fib¨¿W Ÿu ∫C•w <fiÃ∫
<fi≤<w„∫ N°fi∏ÌR¡≈ f®Ê J¡∑ yC” wS° „°˜R¡≈ ≈°∫ π°≤° ©°uı J¡≤°u $$33$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ~>WÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ Ÿæ*wÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ
Δ∫°@ Ju¡ ≈¥~>fiu ≈≤ tC<fi J¡° @°≤d° Ju¡ NU∫°Ÿ Ÿu ≈≤J¡°∫≈®bu„ π°≤° Ìu©u y∫u ŸJu¡ _b›fi J¡° bdÕfi $
Δ∫°@ fiu J¡F° # Fu tC<fiıÙ tF°≤°ı, ∫<Ì <F*Ÿ°<Ì J¡°∫Õ ÌC#©J¡° FuwC Fæ w°u ÌC#© Ju¡ <bfi°„ tu*
J¡°≤d˚¥w Δ∫bF°≤, ı°u fi J¡™>°u≤ Fæ N°æ≤ fi J¡°utÔ Fæ, Jæ¡Ÿ° Fæ ? J¨¡≈∫° Ÿu tCHŸu J¡<F∫u $$1$$ tC<fiıÙ
fiu J¡F° # oŸÙ Ÿt∫ f°d°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S @fiCT J¡° ŸbÕÌ° Ju¡ <ÔÎ Ã∫°yJ¡≤ tC<fiıfi°u* Ju¡ ∫t, <fi∫t, <bª°≤
N°<Ì N°ª≤d J¡∑ ÌÙs° ÔuJ¡≤ <fiπÕ∏Ì F°u ∫F°≥≈≤ <fib°Ÿ J¡≤°u $$2$$ ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # •w tC<fi
Ju¡ ∫°u* ≈Ìu„ Ìufiu≈≤ @fiCT N°æ≤ f°d°u* J¡° ≈¿≤Ã∫°y J¡≤ bFÙ*≈≤ Ÿfiu tC<fiıfi°u* Ju¡-Ÿu N°ª≤d N≈fi°∫u*
N°æ≤ N∫°<ªw ı°u JC¡~> <tÔ ı°w° S° ŸŸu N≈fiÙ yCı≤ J¡≤u Ôy° $ wÌC≈≤°∏w tC<fi∫°u* Ju¡ Ÿu N°ª≤db°Ôu
ŸJu¡ ⁄Ì∫ tu* S°unu FÙ <Ìfi°u* tu* Ÿ°≤°Ÿ°≤ <bbuJ¡„ÙÔw° fiu bæŸu FÙ ≈®bu„ <J¡∫° ıæŸu k¥¡Ô N≈fiÙ J¡ÔÙ Ju¡
<bJ¡°Ÿ N°<Ì J®¡tŸu F°ufiub°ÔÙ tfit°uFfiÙ ŸCy∏@ Ÿu Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ ⁄Ì∫ tu* ≈®bu„ J¡≤w° Fæ $$3,4$$ Fu „`Cw°≈fi
tF°≤°ı Ì„≤SıÙ, oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ⁄Ì∫ tu* <bbuJ¡ J¡° NaJC¡≤ ≈æÌ° F°u ı°fiu Ju¡ f°Ì ÎJ¡ <Ìfi Ÿ Δ∫°@ fiu
tF°tC<fi Ÿu ≈¥~>° # ˚ybfig, ≈®°<d∫°u* Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ ¿_Sw _b›fi ı°y®w J¡∑ w≤F f°F≤ Jæ¡Ÿu <Ì©°oÕ Ìuw° Fæ ?
f°F≤ ¿_Sw ∫F ıywg-≈®≈aª _b›fi ffiJ¡≤ ≈®°<d∫°u* Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ Jæ¡Ÿu <Ì©°oÕ Ìuw° Fæ ? ≈®°<d∫°u* Ju¡ N∏Ì≤
¿_Sw _b›fi <J¡Ÿ Ÿ°@fi Ÿu <Ì©Ô°oÕ ≈nw° Fæ ? oŸ w≤F f°F≤ N°æ≤ ˚Ùw≤ ¿_Sw _b›fiR¡≈ ≈®≈aª
Jæ¡Ÿu <Ì©°oÕ Ìuw° Fæ N°æ≤ ∫<Ì ≈®≈aª _b›fi FÙ Fæ w°u ˚Ùw≤ f°F≤ Ì°u ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu ¿_Sw Jæ¡Ÿu <Ì©°oÕ Ìuw°
Fæ ? oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ NfiuJ¡ Ÿa„∫°u* Ÿu yC≥Su FCÎ ÎJ¡-Ÿ°S ≈°≥ª ≈®ÿfi <J¡∫u $$5$$
≈®ªC≤ wJ¡°u˘ Ÿu y<˚Õw ≈®ÿfi J¡°u ŸCfiJ¡≤ ≈®°≤¿‡˚J¡ ˚¥¿tJ¡° J¡∑ Nb_S° tu* ıf <J¡ tu≤° <bbuJ¡ ≈®°æ»
fiFÙ* FCN° S°, tu≤u tfi tu* ˚Ù ÎuŸu FÙ NfiuJ¡ <bwJÕ¡ ™>u Su $ tæ*fiu ∫°uy@°≤d° Ju¡ NU∫°Ÿ Ÿu _b∫a ≈≤J¡°∫≈®bu„
ŸyÕ - 137] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2315
π°≤° ŸJu¡ _b›fi N°<Ì J¡° ≈Cfi# ≈Cfi# NbÔ°uJ¡fiJ¡≤ N∏b∫-Δ∫<w≤uJ¡ Ÿu f°≤-f°≤ ≈≤Ùs° J¡≤Ju¡ wØ∫
wJ¡ ≈FC≥ªJ¡≤ fiJ¡° Ÿt°@°fi <J¡∫° S°, ∫F <b_w°≤≈¥bÕJ¡ J¡Ffiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ wÙŸ≤u ≈®ÿfi J¡° W≤ Ìuwu FCÎ
tC<fi ≈J®¡t J¡≤wu Fæ* $
tC<fi tF°≤°ı fiu J¡F° # Fu Ÿ°@°u, ≈FÔu N°≤‡˚Nb_S° tu* ıf<J¡ tu≤° <bbuJ¡ J¡°utÔ S°, tu≤u tfi tu*
˚Ù N≈fiu-N°≈ fi ı°fiu J¡F°≥ Ÿu ÎuŸ° FÙ <bwJÕ¡ N°J¡°„ tu* f°ÌÔ Ju¡ ¸C>J¡nu Ju¡ wCv∫ ™>° $ ŸJu¡ f°Ì
ŸJ¡° ≈w° Ôy°fiu J¡∑ oh~>° Ÿu tæ*fiu ∫°uy-<J®¡∫° J¡° ©¥f NU∫°Ÿ <J¡∫°, <ıŸŸu tæ* Nfi°∫°Ÿ ≈≤J¡°∫
≈®bu„ J¡≤ ŸJ¥≥¡ $ ≈μ°Ÿfi f°≥@J¡≤ Ÿf ≈®°<d∫°u* J¡∑ N°Ãt˚¥w ŸbÕ≈®<Ÿ] Ÿa<bwg tu* FÙ ¿_S≤ FCN° ∫°fiÙ
<ªWŸt°<@ Ôy°oÕ $ ıæŸu Ÿ¥∫Õ Ÿ°∫aJ¡°Ô Ju¡ Ÿt∫ <f©≤u FCÎ N≈fiu ≈®J¡°„ J¡°u N≈fiu t^±>Ô J¡∑ J¡°¿∏w
Ÿu f¸>°u≤w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ •w Ÿa<bwg tu* Ÿt°<@_S FCN° tæ* ŸÙ Ÿa<bwg Ÿu Ì¥≤ <b<s›w N≈fiu <ªW J¡°u
N≈fiu ⁄Ì∫ tu* Ô°æ¸>° Ô°∫° $ tæ*fiu ≈®°d Ju¡ N∏wyÕw <ªW J¡∑ ≈®u≤d° Ÿu ∫°uy„°˜ tu* ≈®<Ÿ] ≈®∫Ãfi Ÿu, ı°u
≈®°d Ju¡ Ÿ°S ıÙb Ju¡ f°F≤ <fiJ¡Ôfiu tu* ŸF°∫J¡ Fæ, ıÙb°u≈°<@ <ªW Ju¡ Ÿ°S ≈®°d J¡°u „≤Ù≤ Ÿu f°F≤
≤uªJ¡ π°≤° <fiJ¡°Ô° $ f°F≤ N°J¡°„ tu* ¿_Sw ıÙb°u≈°<@ <ªW Ÿu ∫C•w f°F≤ ≤u<ªw N≈fiu ≈®°db°∫C J¡°u
tæ*fiu N≈fiu Ÿ°tfiu ¿_Sw <J¡ŸÙ ıÙb Ju¡ (~>°` Ju¡) tC© Ju¡ Ny®˚°y tu* ¿_Sw ≈®°d tu* <tÔ° <Ì∫° $ tu≤u
≈®°d Ÿu Ÿa<t<Zw Ÿ ≈®°dÙ J¡° ı°u ≈®°d S°, Ÿfiu tCHu ŸJu¡ ⁄Ì∫ Ju¡ ˚Ùw≤ bæŸu FÙ ≈FC≥ª°∫° ıæŸu <J¡
˚°Ô¥ <fÔ tu* tC≥F ±>°ÔJ¡≤ tC≥F Ju¡ b°∫C Ÿu N≈fiu N°F°≤˚¥w Ÿ°≥≈ J¡°u ıfÌÕ_wÙ f°F≤ ©Ù*ª tC≥F tu* ±>°Ô
J¡≤ t°≤J¡≤ N≈fiu ≈u¸> tu* ≈FC≥ª°w° Fæ $ ŸJu¡ ⁄Ì∫ tu* ≈®<b‹¸> F°ufiu Ju¡ f°Ì ≈®°dR¡≈Ù |°unu Ÿu ≈≤_≈≤ <tÔu
FCÎ •w Ì°ufi°u* ≈®°d°u* J¡° NfiCytfi J¡≤ tæ* ŸJu¡ ÌuF tº∫ tu* ≈®<b‹¸> F°u N≈fiÙ fC<] Ÿu ŸaJ¡¸> tu* k≥¡Ÿ y∫°
ıæŸu f°fl ≈®Ìu„ tu* <Ÿ*ª°oÕ Ju¡ <ÔÎ ~>°u¸>Ù fnÙ fFCw-ŸÙ fiF≤°u* J¡° ı°Ô <f~>° ≤Fw° Fæ bæŸu ıÙby¨F tu*
≤Ÿb°<FfiÙ fFCw ŸÙ fi°<n∫°u* J¡° ı°Ô kæ¡Ô° FCN° S° $ •w ıÙby¨FR¡≈Ù „≤Ù≤ ≈ŸÔÙR¡≈Ù <≈*ınu,
›ÔÙF°, ∫J¨¡w, ”<@≤ N°<Ì Ju¡ <≈^±>°u* Ÿu ™>ÙJ¡ bæŸu FÙ ŸaJ¡¸>°J¡∑dÕ S° ıæŸu <J¡ ˚°≥nu, fwÕfi N°<Ì Ju¡
N‡f°≤°u* Ÿu |≤ ŸaJ¡¸>°J¡∑dÕ F°uw° Fæ $ ıæŸu y®Ù‹t M¡wC tu* w≈Ù FCoÕ ÔF≤°u* Ÿu Ÿ°y≤ Δ∫°›w ≤Fw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ
Ì≤°¿Àfi tu* fÔfiu Ÿu „Ôg „Ôg „ÆÌ J¡≤ ≤Fu y≤t y≤t Ÿf Nb∫b°u* Ÿu ıÙby¨F „≤Ù≤ <|≤° S° $ ıÙbfi
Ju¡ <ÔÎ <ªW N°æ≤ ≈®°d N°<Ì b°∫CN°u* π°≤° <fi≤∏w≤ ©Ù*ªu y∫u f°F≤ Ju¡ fi¥wfi fi¥wfi „æÃ∫ Ju¡ fi°<ŸJ¡° Ju¡
Ny®˚°y Ju¡ ˚Ùw≤ ≈®bu„ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d bF ıÙby¨F ªuwfi°t∫ S° $ ”<@≤ J¡°u fi°<n∫°u* π°≤° f°≥¸>fiub°Ôu
N∏fi≤Ÿ, J¡k¡ N°<Ì Ju¡ fF°b Ÿu bF NÃ∫∏w <f~>Ô≤ S°, Ÿtu* ª°≤°u* N°u≤ N∏@J¡°≤ FÙ N∏@J¡°≤ S°,
ytÙÕ ˚Ù J¡t fi SÙ, NwÎb fi≤J¡ Ju¡ wCv∫ tF°fig ŸaJ¡¸>°JC¡Ô S° $ fFW≤ Fı°≤ fi<Ì∫°u* tu* J¡FÙ*≈≤
”<@≤, ≤Ÿ, J¡k¡ N°æ≤ <≈W Ju¡ Ì∫ Ÿu J¡FÙ*≈≤ <b<˚∏fi Nay°u* tu* <ª≈J¡fiu Ÿu wS° J¡FÙ*≈≤ Ÿaª°≤ Ju¡
Ÿ°æJ¡∫Õ Ÿu Δ∫•w N°æ≤ J¡FÙ*≈≤ t°yÕ tu* ”J¡°b¸> F°ufiu Ÿu Δ∫•w fi FCÎ ≈®°d N°<Ì b°∫CN°u* J¡∑ ÔÙÔ°N°u* Ÿu
Ÿ°w @°wCN°u* J¡∑ ŸW° N°æ≤ <bfi°„ J¡∑ <bTtw°b„ bF ıÙbt¿∏Ì≤R¡≈ „≤Ù≤ N°fiub°Ôu ≤°uy°u*J¡∑ _b›fi
N°<Ì tu* Ÿ¥ªfi° Ìuw° S° $$6-18$$ buy Ju¡ Ÿ°S ©CÔ ≤Fu N≈°fi N°<Ì b°∫CN°u* Ju¡ <~>B°u* tu* <fiJ¡Ôu FCÎ
b°∫C Ÿu Ÿtu* „ÆÌ F°uw° S° wS° ⁄Ì∫J¡tÔfi°Ô Ju¡ ~>uÌ Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ Ÿ°y≤ tu* f±>b°¿Àfi J¡∑ w≤F ı™>≤°¿Àfi
<fi≤∏w≤ ıÔ ≤FÙ SÙ $ tF°u≈<fiTÌg tu* J¡F° Fæ -"≈μJ¡°u„≈®wÙJ¡°„a ⁄Ì∫a ª°›∫@°utC©tg "oÃ∫CJ®¡‡∫
"w_∫°y®u ŸC<T≤a Ÿ¥‚ta w¿_tfig ŸbÕ ≈®<w¿‹™>wtg $ J¡°uT Ju¡ wCv∫ ⁄Ì∫ J¡° tC≥F fiÙªu J¡°u F°uw° Fæ $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤
N°≤‡˚ J¡≤ ŸJu¡ N∏w tu* ~>°u¸>°-Ÿ° ~>uÌ Fæ $ Ÿtu* Ÿf JC¡~> ≈®<w<‹™>w Fæ $ ŸJu¡ fÙª tu* N¿Àfi J¡∑
~>°u¸>Ù-ŸÙ Ô¥≤ ¿_Sw Fæ $$19$$ ª°≤°u* N°u≤ Ÿu ÎJ¡` F°u ≤Fu b°Ÿfi°t∫ ≈Ì°S°u˘ Ÿu bF ÎuŸ° ™>Ÿ°™>Ÿ ˚≤°
f≥@° S°, Ÿ°sÙ˚¥w N°Ãt° Ju¡ _b˚°b Ÿu NÃ∫∏w <b„Ì ˚Ù S°, <ªWb¨¿W Ju¡ ˚uÌ°u* Ÿu wS° ≈®Ìu„ ˚uÌ°u*
Ÿu J¡FÙ*≈≤ bæŸu FÙ sCÆ@ S° ıæŸu <J¡ ≤°w tu* ª°u≤°u* π°≤° fiy≤ sCÆ@ F°uw° Fæ N°æ≤ J¡FÙ*≈≤ NÃ∫∏w „°∏w
S° $$20$$ J¡°u‹™>yw N∏fi≤Ÿ tu* yCn-yCn „ÆÌ ≈æÌ° J¡≤fiu tu* wÃ≈≤ NwÎb fi°nÙ t°y°u˘ tu* y° ≤Fu <bΩ°@≤
≈<SJ¡ Ju¡ ŸÂ„ o@≤ @≤ Ÿaª°≤ J¡≤ ≤Fu wS° <πt°` ÎJ¡t°` N°æ≤ N@Õt°` ∫C•w y<wb°Ôu b°∫CN°u* Ÿu
<|≤° S° $$21$$ tæ* ≈®°dÙ Ju¡ NÃ∫∏w fn ©°fn wS° ˚Ùn-˚°nb°Ôu Ÿ ⁄Ì∫ tu* bæŸu FÙ ≈®<b‹¸>
FCN° ıæŸu <J¡ Zu‹™> ≈C”T ≈C”T°u* Ju¡ Nb∫b°u* Ÿu ™>Ÿ°™>Ÿ ˚≤u fi≤-Ÿt¥F tu* ≈®<b‹¸> F°uw° Fæ $ ŸJu¡ f°Ì
wuı _bR¡≈ tæ* ŸJu¡ ⁄Ì∫ Ju¡ tº∫ tu* Ì≤°<ÀfiR¡≈ wuı Ju¡ Ÿ°≤ J¡°u, ı°u ŸtÙ≈_S F°ufiu≈≤ ˚Ù <b<b@
fi°nÙt°yÕ Ÿu ≈®°›∫ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d Ì¥≤ ¿_Sw-Ÿ° S°, ≈®∫°Ÿ Ÿu bæŸu FÙ ≈®°›w FCN° ıæŸu <J¡ ≤°<` tu*
Ÿ¥∫Õ≈®˚° ª∏Bt° J¡°u ≈®∫Ãfi Ÿu ≈®°›w F°uwÙ Fæ $$22,23$$
∫<Ì J¡°uoÕ J¡Fu <J¡ bF N°uı wuı# Ÿ°≤ Jæ¡Ÿu Fæ ? w°u oŸ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ª¥≥<J¡ ŸJu¡ N∏Ì≤ `æÔ°u•∫ J¡° ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ, Nw# bF `æÔ°u•∫ J¡° Ì≈Õd Fæ, `æÔ°u•∫¿_Sw ≈Ì°S°u˘
J¡° bF ÌÙ≈J¡ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ≈®J¡°„J¡ Fæ, Ÿf ≈Ì°S°u˘ Ju¡ N¿_wÃb J¡° (ŸW°) Ÿ‡≈°ÌJ¡ Fæ wS° ıÙb
(ıÙbbu„@°≤Ù ≈≤t°Ãt°) Ÿ wuı tu* ≤Fw° Fæ $ ˚ybwÙ ZC<w fiu ˚Ù J¡F° Fæ-ŸJu¡ tº∫ tu* Ã≈∏fi
Ÿ¥‚t N¿Àfi J¡∑ Ô¥≤ Fæ Ÿ Ô¥≤ Ju¡ fÙª tu* ≈≤t°Ãt° fæ™>° Fæ, bF f®Ê Fæ, bF <„b Fæ, bF N<bfi°„Ù Fæ,
bF ≈≤t _b≤°¸>g Fæ $$24$$
∫<Ì J¡°uoÕ „aJ¡° J¡≤u <J¡ "Ÿ ÎT oF ≈®<b‹¸> N°fi©°y®uU∫#' oÃ∫°<Ì ZC<w∫°u* tu* ıÙb J¡∑ ŸJ¡ÔÌuF
Δ∫°≈J¡w° ŸCfifiu tu* N°wÙ Fæ, ÎuŸÙ ¿_S<w tu* bF wuı°u@°wC tu* (N°uı tu*) FÙ Jæ¡Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ ? oŸ≈≤
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu ∫Ω<≈ Ÿ¥∫Õ π°≤° <bJ¡<Ÿw ≈C‹≈ tu* ŸJ¡∑ ŸCy¿∏@ N°æ≤ „ÙwÔw° ŸbÕ` <bΩt°fi Fæ <k¡≤ ˚Ù
Ju¡Ÿ≤ Ÿu ∫C•w ŸJu¡ tC≥F tu* ŸCy¿∏@ N°æ≤ „ÙwÔw° <b„uTR¡≈ Ÿu ≤FwÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ ∫Ω<≈ ŸbÕΔ∫°≈Ù
N°Ãt° ıÙb ffiJ¡≤ fi© Ÿu ÔuJ¡≤ <„©° wJ¡ ŸbÕ` ≈®<b‹¸> FCN° wS°<≈ wuı°u@°wC tu* (N°uı tu*) bF
<b„uT R¡≈Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ $$25$$ ıæŸu |nu N°<Ì Ÿu i>J¡∑ FCoÕ ÌÙ≈≠∫°u<w J¡∑ |nu Ju¡ ~>°u¸>u ~>°u¸>u ~>uÌ°u* Ÿu
≈®<b‹¸> FCÎ b°∫CN°u* Ÿu ≤s° F°uwÙ Fæ •∫°u*<J¡ ∫<Ì ~>uÌ <fÔJC¡Ô f∏Ì J¡≤ <Ì∫u ı°∫ w°u ÌÙ≈J¡ fCH ı°∫,
bæŸu FÙ ª°≤°u* N°u≤ o¿∏B∫°<˚t°fiÙ Ìubw°N°u* π°≤° ª°≤°u* π°≤°u*≈≤ ŸC≤<sw •w ıÙb°@°≤ N°uı tu*
(wuı°u@°wC tu*) tæ* ªC≈ª°≈ <ffi° <J¡ŸÙ Ju¡ ı°fiu f¥Hu ≈®<b‹¸> F°u y∫° $ ŸJu¡ ≈≤°∏w tæ* Ÿ°s°wg •w
ıÙb Ju¡ ≈°<@˚¥w tfi°ut∫ <bI°fiJ¡°u„ Ÿu ≈¿≤b¨w N°fi∏Ìt∫ J¡°u„ tu* ı°u N°fi∏Ìt∫ J¡°u„ <πwÙ∫°
Ju¡ ª∏Bt° Ju¡ <J¡≤d°u* Ju¡ (ª°≥ÌfiÙ Ju¡) ŸÌ¨„ _bh~> S°, Ÿku¡Ì f°ÌÔ Ju¡ ¸C>J¡nu Ju¡ Ÿt°fi tfi°uF≤ S°,
t•©fi Ju¡ y°uÔu Ju¡ Ÿt°fi J¡°utÔ N°æ≤ Ì¥@ Ju¡ fCÌgfCÌg Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ŸC∏Ì≤ S° ÎuŸ° ≈®<b‹¸> FCN° ıæŸu <J¡
tfi°uF≤ y∏@ b°∫C tuu* ≈®<b‹¸> F°uwÙ Fæ ,ıæŸu Ÿ¥∫Õ ª∏Bt° tu* ≈®<b‹¸> F°uw° Fæ NSb° ıæŸu Ì¥@ <t¸g¸>Ù Ju¡
≈°` tu* ≈®<b‹¸> F°uw° Fæ $ ≈¥bÕ _S°fi°u* tu* ≈®bu„b„ ı°u SJ¡°fi tCHu FCoÕ SÙ bF ∫F°≥ <fÔJC¡Ô fiFÙ* FCoÕ $
ıæŸu N≈fiu ⁄Ì∫ tu* ¿_Sw N°uı tu* tæ* _b_S ≤Fw° S° bæŸu FÙ bF°≥≈≤ ˚Ù _b_Sw° Ju¡ Ÿ°S ≤Fwu FCÎ
ŸyÕ - 137] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2317
tæ*fiu N≈fiu _b›fi ıywg J¡∑ ˚°≥<w ŸJ¡° _b›fiR¡≈ ıywg ˚Ù ≈¥≤° J¡° ≈¥≤° Ìu©° $ ŸJu¡ _b›fi ıywg
tu* ˚Ù Ÿ¥∫Õ Su, ≈bÕw Su, Ÿ°y≤ Su, Ìubw°, ≤°sŸ N°æ≤ tfiC‹∫ Su, fiy≤ Su <b„°Ô ıayÔ Su, N∏∫°∏∫
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N<w„∫ufi ¿_Sw FÙ ≤F°, •∫°u*<J¡ ı°y®wg Ju¡ N∏w tu* <fiB° N°oÕ FÙ fiFÙ* $$26-32$$ Fu Δ∫°@, tCHu
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ı°fi° $ bF ∫F <J¡ oŸ <ªÌg@°wCR¡≈ ≈®Ã∫y°Ãt° J¡° ∫F Îuÿb≤ _bR¡≈ Fæ $ ∫F oÕÿb≤ N°J¡°„R¡≈
N≈fi° |¸> R¡≈Ÿu ≈¸> R¡≈Ÿu NSb° ıyw-R¡≈ Ÿu ∫° ıÙbR¡≈ Ÿu ıæŸ° FÙ fi°t ∫° R¡≈ ≤©w° Fæ
_b∫a wwg-wwg _bR¡≈ @°≤d J¡≤ ıywg fi°t ≤© Ôuw° Fæ $ ∫F <ªÌg@°wCR¡≈ ≈®Ã∫y°Ãt° ıF°≥ ıF°≥ Fæ
bF°≥ bF°≥ ŸbÕ` N≈fiu b°_w<bJ¡ R¡≈ J¡° Ã∫°y <J¡∫u <ffi° FÙ ıyBq≈ N≈fiu „≤Ù≤ J¡°u Ìu©w° Fæ $ oŸ
≈®J¡°≤ _b<ªwg <bJ¡°Ÿt°` ı°u ∫F ıywg <Ì©Ô°oÕ Ìuw° Fæ, oŸÙ J¡°u Ô°uy _b›fi J¡Fwu Fæ*, F°∫ ∫F
N°ı tu≤Ù ŸtH tu* N°∫° $$33-36$$
∫<Ì b°_w<bJ¡ <bª°≤ <J¡∫° ı°∫ w°u ı°y®w ˚Ù _b<ªÌg<bJ¡°Ÿt°` FÙ ™>F≤w° Fæ ŸŸu N<w¿≤•w
fiFÙ*, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<ªÌg@°wC J¡° ı°u _b<bJ¡°Ÿ Fæ bFÙ JC¡~> w°u _b›fi J¡FÔ°w° Fæ N°æ≤ JC¡~> ı°y®w, N°æ≤ _b›fi J¡°uoÕ
<˚∏fi ≈Ì°SÕ fiFÙ* Fæ $$37$$
≈≤_≈≤ J¡∑ Â¿‹¸> Ÿu ∫u Ì°ufi°u* FÙ Fæ* N°æ≤ N≈fiÙ N≈fiÙ Â¿‹¸> Ÿu Ì°ufi°u* ı°y≤d FÙ Fæ*, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
_b›fi tu* ı°y®w w°u _b›fi FÙ Fæ $ ı°y®w tu* _b›fi _b›fi FÙ Fæ $ _b›fi w°u N≈fiÙ Â¿‹¸> Ÿu ı°y®w FÙ
Fæ ıf oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ _bÂ¿‹¸> Ÿu <Ì©°oÕ Ìuw° Fæ wf ı°y®w FÙ Ì°u w≤F Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ $$38$$
wf t¨Ã∫C, _b›fi N°æ≤ ı°y®w Ÿu N<w¿≤•w •∫° Fæ ? oŸ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Fu tF°twu, t¨Ã∫C fi°tJ¡∑ J¡°uoÕ b_wC Fæ FÙ fiFÙ*, •∫°u*<J¡ ≈C”T <ª∏t°` Fæ $ bF Fı°≤°u* „≤Ù≤°u* Ju¡
t≤fiu ≈≤ ˚Ù J¡f t≤°, <J¡ŸJ¡° t≤°, Jæ¡Ÿu t≤° ? ∫°u* wÙfi°u* ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu bF ≈®<Ÿ] fiFÙ* Fæ $$39$$
J¡v≈fi° J¡≤Ju¡ „≤Ù≤ N°æ≤ ŸJu¡ t≤fiu J¡∑ f°w J¡FÙ, b°_wb tu* fi „≤Ù≤ Fæ N°æ≤ fi ŸJ¡° t≤d FÙ
Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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t¥wÕNt¥wÕN°J¡°≤ Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ $$40$$ Nt¥wÕN°J¡°≤_b˚°b <fiÃ∫ Nfi∏w <Ìw <ªBq≈ ≈≤t°dC J¡° Ÿ°≤
FÙ ˚®°¿∏wb„ ıywg J¡F° y∫° Fæ $$41$$ <ªÌ°J¡°„ Ju¡ Ì≤ tu* ŸJ¡Ô NfiC˚b°dC bæŸu FÙ ≈®wÙw F°uwu Fæ*
ıæŸu <J¡ Nb∫bÙ Ju¡ <b<ª` R¡≈≤u©°b°Ôu Nb∫b ≈®wÙw F°uwu Fæ* $$42$$ ı°y®w J¡° ˚°uy J¡≤°fiub°Ôu J¡tÕ
Ju¡ sÙd F°ufiu≈≤ f°fl Ÿu (ı°y®w Ÿu) <fib¨W F°uJ¡≤ ıÙb°@°≤ ⁄Ì∫ tu* ¿_Sw FCN° ıÙb f°fl Ÿa_J¡°≤ Ju¡
NfiC≤°u@ Ÿu N≈fiu _bR¡≈ J¡°u FÙ ∫F f°fl _b›fiŸ¨<‹¸> Fæ, ÎuŸ° ŸtHw° Fæ $$43$$ <ıŸ Ÿt∫ <ªW
f<FtÕC© F°uw° Fæ Ÿ Ÿt∫ ∫F ıÙb N≈fiu ı°y®wg ŸaIJ¡ <bJ¡<Ÿw R¡≈ J¡°u Ìu©w° Fæ $ ıf <ªW
NawtCÕ© F°uw° Fæ wf ∫F ıÙb N≈fiu R¡≈J¡°u _b›fiR¡≈ Ÿu Ìu©w° Fæ $$44$$ ÎJ¡°ÃtJ¡ FÙ ıÙb f°F≤ N°æ≤
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Fæ $$45$$ ıæŸu Ÿ¥∫Õ Ÿ¥∫Õt^±>Ôtu* ¿_Sw F°uJ¡≤ ˚Ù N≈fiÙ N°˚° Ÿu ∫F°≥ ˚Ù ¿_Sw Fæ, bæŸu FÙ ıyBq≈
ıÙb f°F≤ N°æ≤ ˚Ùw≤ ¿_Sw Fæ $$46$$
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≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ I°fi Ÿu FÙ tC¿•w F°uwÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<ªÌ°ÃtJ¡ tæ* FÙ ˚Ùw≤ _b›fi N°æ≤ f°F≤ ı°y®wg F¥≥, ∫<Ì ÎuŸ° ∫S°SÕ f°u@ F°u ı°∫, w°u J®¡t„#
≈®St, <πwÙ∫ N°<Ì ˚¥<tJ¡°N°u* Ju¡ ≈¿≤≈°J¡ Ÿu b°Ÿfi°<bFÙfi F°uJ¡≤ tC•w F°u ı°w° Fæ $$47$$ ∫Ω<≈ ∫F
ıÙb Nh~>uΩ Fæ (~>uÌfi-˚uÌfi Ju¡ ∫°uÀ∫ fiFÙ* Fæ) N°æ≤ NÌ°fl Fæ (ıÔ°fiu Ju¡ ∫°uÀ∫ fiFÙ* Fæ) wS°<≈ N≈fiu
J¡°u N∏∫S° ı°fiw° FCN° πæwŸaJ¡v≈R¡≈Ù ∫I Ÿu f°ÔJ¡ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi t°uF J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uw° FÙ Fæ $$48$$
N∏wtCÕ© ıÙb N∏w≤°ÃtR¡≈ N≈fiu J¡°u N∏wıÕywgR¡≈ tu* Ìu©w° FCN° _b›fi N°æ≤ f<FtCÕ© ıÙb N°Ãt°
J¡°u f°F≤ ıywgR¡≈ tu* Ìu©w° FCN° _b∫a FÙ ı°y®wg F°uw° Fæ $ bu FÙ oŸJu¡ _b›fi N°æ≤ ı°y®w Fæ* $$49$$
≈®Ÿayw# ŸCTC¿›w N°æ≤ wC≤Ù∫J¡° w[b, ı°u ≈¥~>° fiFÙ* y∫° S°, J¡Fwu Fæ* $
oŸ w≤F ı°y®w N°æ≤ _b›fi Ju¡ w°¿[bJ¡ _bR¡≈ J¡° <bª°≤ J¡≤ ≤Fu tu≤u tfi tu* ŸCTC¿›w J¡° •∫°
_bR¡≈ F°uy° ? ÎuŸÙ t<w <Ìw FCoÕ $ oŸ<ÔÎ tæ* ŸCTC¿›w J¡∑ ©°uı tu* ≈®b¨W FCN° $$50$$ Âÿ∫ Ju¡
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_bR¡≈ fiFÙ* Fæ $$51$$
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J¡∑ N°„aJ¡° J¡≤ <b„uTR¡≈ Ÿu NF∏w°R¡≈ Ÿu <b<Ìw fi F°ufiu≈≤ ˚Ù fi©, Ju¡„ N°<Ì Ju¡ Ÿt°fi Ÿ°t°∏∫w#
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ŸCTC¿›w Ÿ°sÙ tu* _kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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Ÿ°sÙ tu* ŸCTC¿›w _kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ $$52$$ ı°y®w N°æ≤ _b›fi°u* Ju¡ ˚®td Ÿu tæ* fFCw SJ¡ y∫° F¥≥ $ tCHu
<b„uT Ÿa<bwg Ÿu •∫° J¡≤fi° Fæ $ tæ* JC¡~> J¡°ÔwJ¡ tfi Ju¡ Δ∫°≈°≤ Ÿu ≤<Fw „°∏w ≤F¥≥, oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡°
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J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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ŸyÕ - 138] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2319
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Bbw° y®Fd J¡≤w° Fæ $$61$$
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„ÆÌ N°<Ì <bT∫°u* J¡° NbÔ°uJ¡fi J¡≤ ≤Fu tæ*fiu ŸJu¡ ⁄Ì∫ J¡° ≈¿≤Ã∫°y fi J¡≤wu F…Î Ÿ ≈®°dÙ Ju¡
ı°y®ÌgΔ∫bF°≤R¡≈ <Ìfiª∫°Õ J¡° NfiC˚b <J¡∫° $ wÌfi∏w≤ Ÿ°∫aJ¡°Ô Ju¡ Ÿt∫ ıæŸu J¡tÔ ŸaJ¡°uª J¡°u
≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ bF ≈®°dÙ N∏fi ©°J¡≤, ıÔ ≈ÙJ¡≤ wS° <Ìfi Ju¡ J¡°∫°u˘ Ÿu SJ¡J¡≤ _buh~>° Ÿu FÙ
@Ù≤u @Ù≤u <fiB°ÌubÙ J¡∑ y°uÌ tu* ªÔ° y∫° $ <fiB° Ju¡ N°≤‡˚ tu* ŸJu¡ ≈®°d fiu f°F≤ ÌŸ°u* <Ì„°N°u* tu* kæ¡Ôu
F…Î R¡≈°<Ì <bT∫°u* Ju¡ Ì„Õfi tu* ŸaÔÀfi N≈fiu <ªW J¡°u ıæŸu Ÿ¥∫Õ Ÿ°∫aJ¡°Ô Ju¡ Ÿt∫ N≈fiÙ N°˚° J¡°u
f¸>°u≤ Ôuwu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ f¸>°u≤ <Ô∫° $ ŸJu¡ f°Ì <ªW Ju¡ Ÿ°S Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ <ªWb¨<W∫°≥ ŸaJC¡<ªw F°uJ¡≤ J¡~C>Î
Ju¡ Nay°u* J¡∑ fi°o˘ ⁄Ì∫J¡°u„ tu* ≈®<b‹¸> F°u yoÕ $ ªsC N°<Ì o¿∏B∫°≥ ŸaJ¡°uª J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uJ¡≤ ⁄Ì∫≈μ°J¡°≤
F°u yoÕ $ t¨Ã∫C F°ufiu≈≤ ≈S≤°oÕ F…oÕ-ŸÙ bu <ª`<Ô<©w J¡∑ w≤F Δ∫°≈°≤„¥∏∫ F°u yoÕ $ Ÿtu* ¿_Sw tæ*
ŸJu¡ <ªW J¡° NfiCy°tÙ S°, NwÎb ŸJ¡∑ <ªWb¨<W Ju¡ Ÿ°S FÙ ŸJ¡∑ o¿∏B∫°u* J¡° ŸFŸ° Ã∫°yJ¡≤
ŸJ¡∑ fi°<n∫°u* Ju¡ π°≤° ŸJu¡ ⁄Ì∫ tu* ≈®<b‹¸> F°u y∫° $ f°F≤Ù NfiC˚b J¡°u F¸>°J¡≤ ˚Ùw≤ FÙ „˙∫° Ju¡
Ÿt°fi J¡°utÔ ŸJu¡ N°uı tu* (≈¥b°uÕ•w wuı Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ ¿_Sw N°fi∏Ìt∫ J¡°u„ tu*) „¥∏∫R¡≈ ŸCTC¿›w J¡°
tæ*fiu sd˚≤ NfiC˚b <J¡∫° $ Ÿ Ÿt∫ Ÿt°fi fi°t J¡° b°∫C <~>B∫C•w NÃ∫∏w |fiÙ fi°¿n∫°u* tu* Z°¿∏w
Ÿu wS° fF…w Ÿu N∏fiıÔ≤Ÿ Ju¡ <bJ¡°≤°u* Ÿu ∫` w` ”J¡°b¸> ≈nfiu Ÿu f°F≤ w°u <fiJ¡Ôw° FÙ fiFÙ*, <k¡≤
˚Ù N<wt∏Ì y<w Ÿu Ÿaª°≤ J¡≤w° Fæ $$1-20$$
ıf oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡∑ ŸCTC¿›w F°uwÙ Fæ wf ∫F ≈®°d o¿∏B∫ Ÿ<Fw <ªW J¡°u •∫° J¡≤w° Fæ ? oŸ ≈≤
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıf oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡∑ ŸCTC¿›w F°uwÙ Fæ wf ≈®°d ≈®°dR¡≈ N<πwÙ∫ Ÿa≈®Ÿ∏fi ı°u N°Ãt° Ju¡bÔ Ÿtu*
≈≤°∫d F°uJ¡≤ ≈C≤Ùwwg fi°nÙ tu* ≈®bu„J¡≤ N≈fiu Ÿ°S ¿_Sw <ªW J¡°u y®ŸJ¡≤ N≈fiu N°@Ùfi J¡≤ Ôuw° Fæ,
•∫°u*<J¡ ≈®Ã∫y°ÃtR¡≈ ≈≤t°SÕ ∫° ≈C”T°SÕ J¡° ÎuŸ° FÙ _b˚°b Fæ $ •w _b˚°bb„ ≈¿≤„uTR¡≈
ŸC©<bZ°¿∏w tu* bF N°Ÿ•w ≤Fw° Fæ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$21$$
bF _b°SÕ tu* N°Ÿ•w ≤Fu, <k¡≤ ˚Ù Ÿu tfi, o¿∏B∫ N°<Ì ÌqŸ≤°u* J¡° J¡°∫Õ ˚Ù J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u, Ÿ°u
•∫°u* fiFÙ* J¡≤w°, oŸ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ª¥≥<J¡ <fi≤<w„∫ N°fi∏Ì_bR¡≈ _b°SÕŸW° tu* (ŸCTC<›w tuu*) ∫FÙ <fi≤<w„∫°fi∏Ì_bR¡≈ <bJ¡<Ÿw
F°uw° Fæ, <bsu≈Ì…#© J¡° Ôu„ ˚Ù Ÿ Ÿt∫ fiFÙ* ≤Fw°, oŸ<ÔÎ ŸJu¡ N∏Ì≤ _b°SÕt°` ≈≤J¨¡Ã∫ fiFÙ*
J¡≤w° Fæ $$22$$
≈®°d <ªW J¡°u y®Ÿ J¡≤ N≈fiu N°@Ùfi J¡≤ Ôuw° Fæ, ÎuuŸ° ı°u J¡F°, Ÿ≈≤ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ
ŸyÕ - 138] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2321
N°„aJ¡° J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu tF°tCfiu, tfi oŸ Ÿt∫ tu* ˚Ù ≈®°db„ FÙ tfifi N°<Ì Δ∫°≈°≤ J¡≤w° Fæ $
∫<Ì ≈®°d π°≤° _b°∫WÙJ¨¡w F°uJ¡≤ tfifi N°<Ì Δ∫°≈°≤ fiFÙ* J¡≤w° Fæ w°u oŸ Ÿt∫ tu* ˚Ù •∫°u* fiFÙ*
J¡≤w°, •∫°u*<J¡ ≈®°d Ÿu ≈¨SJg¡ <J¡∫u F…Î tfi J¡° JC¡~> _bR¡≈ fiFÙ* Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ ≈®°d<b<fitCÕ•w tfi •∫°
Fæ ? ∫°fiÙ JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ $$23$$
N<@‹™>°fit°` Ÿu ≈¨SJg¡ J¡≤fiu≈≤ ÌuF, ≈®°d N°<Ì ıywg J¡° JC¡~> ˚Ù _bR¡≈ fiFÙ* <¸>J¡w°, ŸŸu
N≈¨SJg¡ J¡≤fiu≈≤ w°u ŸJ¡∑ ŸW° Ÿu Ÿf JC¡~> Fæ FÙ $ ÎuŸÙ ¿_S<w tu* ≈®°d Ÿu ≈¨SJg¡J¨¡w NJu¡Ôu tfi
J¡° N¿_wÃb fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸÙ N°≈fiu ı°u „aJ¡° J¡∑, bF ~>°u¸>Ù „aJ¡° Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ W≤
Ìuwu Fæ* $
_b°fiC˚¥w ˚Ù ∫F N≈fi° „≤Ù≤ b°_wb tu* Fæ FÙ fiFÙ*, •∫°u*<J¡ ıæŸu _b›fi tu* tfi N≈fiu N∏Ì≤ FÙ
≈bÕw J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ ∫F „≤Ù≤ ˚Ù tfi J¡∑ J¡°u≤Ù J¡v≈fi° Fæ $ oŸ<ÔÎ tfi Ÿu ≈¨SJg¡J¨¡w
„≤Ù≤ J¡° N¿_wÃb fiFÙ* $$24$$
oŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ <ªW ˚Ù ªuÃ∫ ≈Ì°S°u˘ Ÿu <fiR¡≈dÙ∫ Fæ, Nw# ªuÃ∫ ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡° N˚°b F°ufiu≈≤
ªuÃ∫≈¨SJg¡J¨¡w <ªW J¡° _bR¡≈ fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F ˚Ù ŸC© Ÿu J¡F° ı° ŸJ¡w° Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ªuÃ∫ ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡° N˚°b F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d •w <ªW J¡° ˚Ù N¿_wÃb Fæ FÙ fiFÙ* $ ∫<Ì J¡F°u <J¡ ≈¥bÕ
≈¥bÕ ªuÃ∫ <ªW-<fiR¡≈J¡ F°uy°, Ÿ°u ˚Ù ™>ÙJ¡ fiFÙ*, •∫°u*<J¡ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°≤‡˚ tu* J¡°≤d J¡° N˚°b F°ufiu Ÿu
Âÿ∫ J¡∑ Ã≈<W FÙ fiFÙ* Fæ $$25$$
f®Ê Ÿb°ÕÃtJ¡ Fæ oŸ J¡°≤d ∫<Ì ŸJ¡∑ ŸW° Ÿu tfi N°<Ì J¡° N¿_wÃb J¡<F∫u, w°u tfi N°<Ì Ÿf
b_wCÎ≥ Fæ* FÙ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Nw# ∫F Ÿf f®Ê Fæ $ ıf f®Ê Ÿb°ÕÃtJ¡ Fæ wf ∫F <bÿb ª°≤°u* N°u≤ ∫S°SÕw# Fæ FÙ $ <ªW, ÌuF
N°<Ì Ÿf JC¡~> Fæ FÙ $ f®ÊI°u* J¡∑ Â<‹¸> Ÿu ∫F Ÿf f®Ê FÙ Fæ $ ı°u f®ÊbuW° fiFÙ* Fæ, fiJ¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* ∫F
<ªW, ÌuF N°<Ì ıæŸ° Fæ bF Ft w[bI°<fi∫°u* J¡∑ ŸtH Ju¡ f°F≤ J¡∑ f°w Fæ $$26,27$$ Fu ≤°ıJC¡t°≤
ZÙ≤°tıÙ, ıæŸu ∫F <`ıywg f®Ê FÙ Fæ N°æ≤ ıæŸu ∫F <b<b@ R¡≈ Fæ oŸ <bT∫ tu* N°yu J¡F° ı° ≤F°
Nº∫°≤°u≈ J®¡t N°≈ ŸC<fi∫u $$28$$
≈FÔu N<@‹™>°fi J¡° <fiÌuÕ„ J¡≤wu Fæ* $
<fitÕÔ, Nfi∏wN°J¡°„_bR¡≈, Ÿfi°wfi N°æ≤ ŸbÕ_bR¡≈ <ª∏t°` FÙ Fæ, fi ıywg Fæ N°æ≤ Âÿ∫w°
Fæ $$29$$ ŸbÕI F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d •w <ª∏t°` fiu t°fi<ŸJ¡ ≈Ùn° Ÿu „¥∏∫ N≈fiu „C] fC] _bR¡≈ J¡°
Ã∫°y <J¡∫u <ffi° FÙ () _b tu* tfi_Ãb J¡° Nº∫°≤°u≈ <J¡∫° $$30$$ tfi Ÿu Ÿfiu ı°u N≈fiu Ÿaª≤d
J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡∑, Fu Zu‹™>wt buÌI, Ÿu N°≈ ≈®°db°∫C ı°<fi∫u $$31$$ ıæŸu oŸ ≈®°dw° J¡°u bF
J¡¿v≈w ŸÙ ı°fiw° Fæ, bæŸu FÙ o¿∏B∫, ÌuF N°<Ì N°æ≤ <Ì„°, J¡°Ô N°<Ì J¡°u ˚Ù J¡¿v≈w Ÿu FÙ
ı°fiw° Fæ $$32$$ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ∫F Ÿ°≤° J¡° Ÿ°≤° <bÿb ª°≤°u* N°u≤ Ju¡bÔ <ªW FÙ ™>F≤w° Fæ, ŸŸu
N<w¿≤•w fiFÙ*, <ªÌ<@<‹™>w <ªW w°u f®Ê FÙ Fæ, oŸŸu <Ÿ] F…N° <J¡ ∫F <b_w¨w ıywg f®Ê FÙ
() oŸŸu N<@‹™>°fi J¡° N∏∫S°˚°b fiFÙ* F…N°, ∫F fwÔ°∫° $
Fæ ŸŸu N<w¿≤•w fiFÙ* Fæ $$33$$ <fi≤°J¡°≤, Nfi°<Ì, Nfi∏w, <fiÌ°uÕT „°∏w Ÿ∏t°`, <ª∏t°` f®Ê
FÙ ıyBq≈ ¿_Sw Fæ $ ª¥≥<J¡ f®Ê ŸbÕ„¿•w Fæ, Nw# bF ≈®°S<tJ¡ tfi#„¿•w Ÿu ≈¥bÕ<Ÿ] N≈fiu
_bR¡≈ J¡° FÙ ∫` w` ı°y®w ∫° _b›fi tu* ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu NfiC˚b J¡≤w° Fæ $$34,35$$ ŸaJ¡v≈°ÃtJ¡
tfi FÙ J¡°∫Õ f®Ê Fæ bF ıæŸu ˚¥ N°<Ì Ô°uJ¡°u* J¡∑ N°æ≤ N∏∫°∏∫ b_wCN°u* J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤w° Fæ bæŸ°
FÙ NfiC˚b J¡≤w° Fæ, ∫F f°w f°ÔJ¡°u* wJ¡ J¡°u I°w Fæ $ Fu ZÙ≤°tıÙ, N°J¡°„_bR¡≈ ªuwfi°Ãt°
N°<Ì ≈C”T fiu N≈fiu _bR¡≈ J¡°u ≈FÔu <ªW Ÿu FÙ ≈®°dÙ ffi°∫°, ŸÙ w≤F Ÿu ÌuFÙ ffi°∫°, ≈bÕw
ffi°∫° N°æ≤ <`˚CbfiR¡≈ <J¡∫°, _b›fi°u* tu* J¡¿v≈w N≈fiu N≈fiu „≤Ù≤°u* tu* ∫F f°w ŸfJ¡°u NfiC˚¥w
Fæ, oŸu FÙ •w NSÕ tu* Ì°F≤d ŸtHfi° ª°<F∫u $$36,37$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ NnwÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ fiw°ÔÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ
≈®°d J¡∑ N≈us° <ªW J¡∑ ≈®@°fiw° J¡° bdÕfi N°æ≤ ŸCTC¿›w Nb_S° Ÿu
_b›fiNb_S° tu* N°fiu≈≤ tC<fiJ¡° <b_w°≤≈¥bÕJ¡ ≈®Ô∫Ì„Õfi bdÕfi $
<ªW ŸÌ° FÙ ≈®°d Ju¡ N@Ùfi Fæ ∫F _bÙJ¡°≤ J¡≤ Nº∫°≤°u≈ J®¡t Ÿu <ªW J¡∑ ≈®St Ã≈<Wt°` Ÿu
ı°y®wg N°æ≤ _b›fi Nb_S° tu* <ªW N°æ≤ ≈®°d Ì°ufi°u* J¡∑ ≈®@°fiw° Fæ, <J¡∏wC ŸCTC¿›w Nb_S° tu* ≈®°d J¡∑
FÙ ≈®@°fiw° Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ Ju¡ ≈®ÿfi J¡° Ÿt°@°fi ≈FÔu <J¡∫° ı° ªCJ¡° $ oŸ Ÿt∫
≈®°d N°<Ì ŸJ¡Ôıywg Ju¡ <fit°Õd tu* ¿ªW J¡∑ FÙ, _bw∏`w° F°ufiu Ÿu, <ªW FÙ ≈®@°fi Fæ, Ôu<J¡fi ŸCTC¿›w
Ju¡ N°≤‡˚J¡°Ô tu* <ªW Z°∏w F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ªu‹¸>° J¡≤fiu tu* NŸtSÕ ≤Fw° Fæ, N≈fiÙ <bZ°¿∏w Ju¡ <ÔÎ
FÙ bF ≈®°d J¡∑ ≈®@°fiw° _bÙJ¡°≤ J¡≤w° Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu ŸJ¡° Ÿt°@°fi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚B, b°_wb tu* <ªW FÙ ıywg J¡° ≤ª¿∫w° Fæ $ bF <ıŸJ¡°-ª°Fu bF NŸwg
(<tØ∫°) F°u, ª°Fu Ÿwg (Δ∫°bF°¿≤J¡ Ÿwg) F°u, ª°Fu ŸwgNŸwg (≈®°<w˚°<ŸJ¡) F°u-ıæŸ° ŸaJ¡v≈ J¡≤w°
Fæ, bF ŸJu¡ Ÿ°tfiu bæŸu FÙ ©n° F°uw° Fæ $ <ªW fiu ≈®°d J¡° ŸaJ¡v≈ <J¡∫°, ≈®°d FÙ tu≤Ù y<w (tu≤u
ŸJ¡Ô Δ∫bF°≤°u* J¡° <fib°ÕFJ¡) Fæ N°æ≤ ŸJu¡ <ffi° tæ* fiFÙ* <¸>J¡ ŸJ¡w°, ∫F ˚Ù Ÿfiu J¡v≈fi° J¡∑, oŸÙ
J¡°≤d <ªW ≈®°d°@Ùfi J¡FÔ°w° Fæ $$1,2$$
_b›fi, tfi°u≤S N°<Ì Ju¡ „≤Ù≤°u* tu* ≈®°d Ju¡ N˚°b tu* ˚Ù tfiJ¡° Δ∫°≈°≤ Â<‹¸>y°uª≤ F°uw° Fæ, Nw#
"ŸJu¡ <ffi° tæ* fiFÙ* <¸>J¡ ŸJ¡w°', ∫F ŸaJ¡v≈ Δ∫<˚ª¿≤w F°u y∫°, ÎuŸÙ „aJ¡° J¡≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ŸªtCª tæ* ≈®°d Ju¡ <ffi° <¸>J¡ fiFÙ* ŸJ¡w° Fq≥ , <J¡∏wC _b›fi, tfi°u≤°≠∫ N°<Ì J¡∑ ÌuF°u* tu* JC¡~> J¡°Ô
Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈®°d Ju¡ <ffi° ˚Ù Nbÿ∫ ≤F ŸJ¡w° Fq≥, ÎuŸÙ ˚Ù Ÿfiu J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ $$3$$ Fu ≤°tıÙ, ıF°≥ ıF°≥
tfi fiu ≈®°d Ju¡ Ÿ°S „≤Ù≤ J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡∑, bF°≥-bF°≥ ŸbÕI wC≤∏w t°∫° Ÿu J¡¿v≈w fiy≤ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi
<b_w¨w oŸ ıy≠ı°Ô J¡°u sd˚≤ tu* <Ìw FCN° bF Ìu©w° Fæ $$4$$ ÌuF N°æ≤ ≈®°d J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤fiu
Ju¡ f°Ì tæ* <k¡≤ J¡˚Ù ˚Ù ÌuF N°æ≤ ≈®°d Ÿu <b∫C•w F°uJ¡≤ fiFÙ* <¸>J¡ ŸJ¡w°, N∏Ì≤ ÎuuŸ° Â» <fiÿª∫b°Ô°
bF ıÙb F°u ı°w° Fæ <J¡∏wC tæ* <ª∏t°` _b˚°b Fq≥, ÎuŸ° Ì¨» <fiÿª∫b°fig <k¡≤ fiFÙ* F°uw° $$5$$
oŸ<ÔÎ Nv≈ <bª°≤b„ Ã≈∏fi F…Î Ÿa„∫≈®°∫ NI°fi Ÿu <fi_w°≤ ≈°fi° J¡<™>fi F°u ı°w° Fæ,
ŸyÕ - 139] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2323
•∫°u*<J¡ <b≈¿≤w Ì¨» <fiÿª∫ J¡∑ ∫S°SÕ Ì¨» <fiÿª∫ Ju¡ <ffi° <fib¨<W fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wÙ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Ÿ∏ÌuFb„ H¥Ôu J¡∑ ˚°≥<w J¡˚Ù ÎJ¡ ≈s tu* J¡˚Ù ÌqŸ≤u NŸwg≈s tu* ±>°uÔfiub°Ô° JC¡¿ÃŸw <fiÿª∫°u*
Ÿu Ìq<Tw <ªW Ì…#©Ù ≤Fw° Fæ $ oŸ w≤F J¡° oŸJ¡° NÃ∫∏w Â» ∫F ˚®°¿∏wI°fi w[bI°fi Ju¡ <Ÿb°
<bJ¡v≈ Ÿu J¡Ì°<≈ fiFÙ* F¸>uy° $$6$$ <ıŸ ≈C”T J¡° ∫F tæ* Fq≥ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° ˚®°¿∏wI°fi Fæ, ŸJ¡° bF
˚®°¿∏wI°fi N°ÃtI°fi Ju¡ <Ÿb° N∏∫ <J¡ŸÙ Ÿ°@fi Ÿu „°∏w fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ $$7$$
Â»w≤ w[bI°fi J¡∑ ≈®°¿›w Ju¡ <ÔÎ ∫F y®∏S FÙ Wt ≈°∫ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
t°us-≈®°¿›w Ju¡ ≈°∫˚¥w „°_` Ju¡ <bª°≤ Ju¡ <ffi° N∏∫ Ÿu I°fi ≈®°›w fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w° oŸ<ÔÎ
∫Ãfi≈¥bÕJ¡ t°us Ju¡ ≈°∫˚¥w oŸ „°˜ J¡° <fi≤∏w≤ <bª°≤ J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u $$8$$ "NFtg' (tæ*) "oÌtg'
(∫F) ∫F ÌC<b@° (πæw) FÙ N<bΩ° Fæ, oŸŸu N∏∫ N<bΩ° J¡FÙ* ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ, •w NI°fi (N<bΩ°)
t°us≈°∫ Ju¡ <Ÿb° N∏∫ <J¡ŸÙ ˚Ù Ÿ°@fi Ÿu fiFÙ* F¸>w° (fiFÙ* <bfi‹¸> F°uw°) $$9$$ tfi fiu ıæŸ°
NU∫°Ÿ <J¡∫° bæŸ° FÙ ŸJ¡°u ≈®°›w FCN° $ ≈®°d FÙ tu≤° ıÙbfi Fæ ≈≤t <≈®∫ Fæ oŸ w≤F tfi tu* ©¥f
NU∫°Ÿ <J¡∫° S°, oŸ<Ô∫u tfi ≈®°d J¡∑ N@Ùfiw° tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $$10$$
oŸÙ w≤F tfi ÌuF Ju¡ N@Ùfi ˚Ù Fæ ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ÌuF Ju¡ Ÿ°æ‡∫ ≤Ffiu≈≤ ÌuFyw Ÿ°æ‡∫w° J¡°u ≈®°d tu* Ìu© ≤F° tfi tfifi J¡≤w° Fæ $ ÌuF tu* s°u˚ F°ufiu ≈≤
ÌuFyw s°u˚ J¡°u ≈®°d tu* Ìu© ≤Fu tfi J¡°u N∏∫ JC¡~> ∫° N°Ãtw[b<bbuJ¡ fiFÙ* <Ì©°oÕ Ìuw° $$11$$
NwÎb ≈®°d <fi≤°u@ Ju¡ NU∫°Ÿ Ju¡ <ffi° J¡Ì°<≈ N°ÃtI°fi°u∏tC© fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w°, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıf ≈®°d _≈∏ÌR¡≈ N≈fiu J¡°∫Õ tu* ©¥f Δ∫y® ≤Fw° Fæ wf tfi Ju¡ oÕ<Fw°u* (ow_ww# Ÿaª°≤°u* tu*)
Δ∫°JC¡Ô FCN° ≈®°d N°ÃtI°fi Ju¡ <ÔÎ Ω°uy„ÙÔ fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w° $ ∫u ≈®°d N°æ≤ tfi ≈≤_≈≤ ≤S N°æ≤
Ÿ°≤SÙ Fæ* $ J¡°æfi ÎuŸu ≤S N°æ≤ Ÿ°≤SÙ Fæ* ı°u <J¡ ≈≤_≈≤ ÎJ¡ Ì¥Ÿ≤u J¡° NfiCŸ≤d fiFÙ* J¡≤wu NS°Õwg
ıæŸu ≤S N°æ≤ Ÿ°≤SÙ ÎJ¡ Ì¥Ÿ≤u J¡° NfiCŸ≤d J¡≤wu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ tfi N°æ≤ ≈®°d ˚Ù N°≈Ÿ tu* NfiCŸ≤d
J¡≤wu Fæ* $$12,13$$
tfi N°æ≤ ≈®°d ÎJ¡ Ì¥Ÿ≤u J¡° NfiCŸ≤d •∫°u* J¡≤wu Fæ* $ oŸ ≈®ÿfi≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
∫°u* ≈≤_≈≤ ÎJ¡ Ì¥Ÿ≤u J¡° _b˚°bw# NfiCŸ≤d J¡≤fiu b°Ôu ≈®°d N°æ≤ tfiJ¡° R¡≈ @°≤d <J¡∫u FCÎ
≈≤t°Ãt° fiu Ÿ¨¿‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* oŸÙ w≤F N°Ãt° J¡° ŸaJ¡v≈ <J¡∫° $ oŸ J¡°≤d NI°<fi∫°u* J¡∑ ∫F ≈®J¨¡<w
N°ı ˚Ù <fib¨W fiFÙ* F°uwÙ Fæ $ ≈≤t ≈Ì tu* N°R¡» fi FCÎ ∫°fiÙ NΔ∫CÃ≈∏fi tfi, ≈®°d N°æ≤ ıÙb°u* Ju¡ ÌuF°u*
tu* Ìu„, J¡°Ô, J¡tÕ N°æ≤ BΔ∫°u* Ÿu ≈®°›w FCÎ <b<b@ Δ∫bF°≤ ≈®b¨W F°uwu Fæ* $$14,15$$ ≈®°d N°æ≤ tfi
ıfwJ¡ Ÿt°fiR¡≈ Ÿu N≈fi° J¡°∫Õ J¡≤wu ≤Fwu Fæ* wf wJ¡ Ÿt°fi Δ∫bF°≤R¡≈ ı°y®w ªÔw° Fæ, ıf
≈®°d o¿∏B∫°u* J¡°u ≈®u¿≤w J¡≤fiu Ÿu <b≤w F°uJ¡≤ <bTtw° J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ wf <bTt _b›fi fi°tJ¡° Ju¡bÔ
t°fiŸ Δ∫bF°≤ ªÔw° Fæ N°æ≤ tfi Ju¡ „°∏w F°ufiu≈≤ ŸJ¡Ô <bsu≈°u* J¡∑ „°¿∏wR¡≈ ŸCTC¿›w ªÔwÙ Fæ $$16$$
J¡f tfi „°∏w F°uw° Fæ ? ÎuŸ° ∫<Ì J¡°uoÕ ≈®ÿfi J¡≤u, w°u Ÿ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
fi°<n∫°u* Ju¡ N∏fi≤Ÿ, <≈W N°<Ì π°≤° ”] F°ufiu≈≤ ŸaJC¡<ªw ≈®°d ıf t∏Ìy<w F°uJ¡≤ J¡FÙ*≈≤ „°∏w
F°uJ¡≤ ≤Fw° Fæ wf tfi „°¿∏w Ÿu ŸCTC¿›w J¡° Ì∫ F°uw° Fæ $$17$$ fi°<n∫°u* Ju¡ N∏fi≤Ÿ N°<Ì Ÿu ≈¥dÕ F°ufiu
NSb° Ztb„ J¡tı°u≤ F°u ı°fiu≈≤ ıf ≈®°d y<w≤<Fw F°u ı°w° Fæ wf ŸCTC¿›w J¡° Ì∫ F°uw° Fæ $$18$$
tÌÕfib„ fi°¿n∫°u* tu* t¨ÌCw° N°fiu Îba f°d Ju¡ |°b, b®d N°<Ì Ÿu ≈¥dÕ F°ufiu Ÿu ˚Ù ŸCTC¿›w F°uwÙ Fæ,
tÌÕfib„ fi°<n∫°u* Ju¡ J¡°utÔ F°ufiu Ÿu NSb° f°d J¡∑ ª°u¸>, |°b, b®d, ”<@≤ N°<Ì Ÿu ˚≤ ı°fiu
Ÿu ≈®°d Ju¡ J¡FÙ* <bÔÙfi F°ufiu≈≤ <fi_≈∏Ì ŸCTC<›w F°uwÙ Fæ $$19$$ tF°tC<fi fiu J¡F° # wÌ…≈≤°∏w <ıŸJu¡
⁄Ì∫ tu* tæ* ≈®<b‹¸> FCN° S°, bF ≤°<` Ju¡ Ÿt∫ N°F°≤ Ÿu ©¥f w¨›w F°uJ¡≤ ŸCTC¿›w Ju¡ Ÿt°fi |fiÙ <fiB°
Ÿu Ÿ‡≈∏fi F…N° $ bF°≥≈≤ tæ*fiu ŸJu¡ <ªW Ju¡ Ÿ°S ŸCTC¿›w J¡∑ ©¥f y°»Ù fiÙ*Ì J¡° NfiC˚b <J¡∫° $
oŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°wg Ÿ ≈®°dÙ Ju¡ Ì≤_S N∏fi ≈ª ı°fiu≈≤ fiæŸ<yÕJ¡ fi°nÙt°yÕ tu* _≈‹¸> F…Î ≈®°d J¡° ıf
Ÿaª°≤ F°ufiu Ôy° wf ŸCTC¿›w (y°»Ù fiÙ*Ì) JC¡~> FÔJ¡∑ F…oÕ $ ŸCTC¿›w Ju¡ FÔJ¡∑ F°ufiu≈≤ tæ*fiu Ÿ¥∫Õ N°<Ì
Ÿu ∫C•w ˚Cbfi J¡°u bFÙ*≈≤ Ìu©°, ı°u ⁄Ì∫ Ÿu ≈®°Ì…˚Õ¥w F…N°-Ÿ° S° $ Ÿ ˚Cbfi J¡°u tæ*fiu ≈®Ô∫ J¡°Ô tu*
sCÆ@ F…Î tF°Ÿ°y≤ Ÿu <fiJ¡ÔÙ F…oÕ ıÔ≤°<„ Ÿu ≈¥∫Õt°d Ìu©° $ bF ıÔ≤°<„ ÎuŸÙ bæŸÙ fi SÙ, ≈®Ô∫
J¡°Ô Ju¡ tu|°u* π°≤° t¥ŸÔ°@°≤ b¨<‹¸> Ÿu ~>°unÙ FCoÕ-ŸÙ SÙ, Ÿtu* N°J¡°„ J¡°u ~¥>fiub°ÔÙ fnÙ-fnÙ
w≤ayu* ™> ≤FÙ SÙ*, ŸJu¡ ≈®b°F tu* ≈bÕw fFu ı° ≤Fu Su, fnu fnu N°bw°u˘ (˚≥b≤°u*) Ÿu tF°fig J¡°uÔ°FÔ
F°u ≤F° S°, fFÙ ı° ≤FÙ bfi≤°<ıR¡≈ w¨d≤°<„ Ÿu ≈¥dÕ ≈bÕw ª°≤°u* N°u≤ <f©u≤u Su, b¨s N°æ≤ ≈bÕw°u*
wJ¡ J¡°u ©°nJ¡≤ ku*¡J¡ Ìufiub°ÔÙ N°≥@Ù Ÿu wS° N¿Àfi J¡∑ ≠b°Ô° Ÿu ≈FÔu FÙ ıÔJ¡≤ ©°J¡ F…oÕ
<`Ô°uJ¡∑ Ju¡ fnu fnu ©^±>°u* Ÿu, ı°u N°J¡°„ tu* ¿_Sw Ìubw°N°u* Ju¡ fiy≤°u*, ≈bÕw°u* N°æ≤ ˚¥<t Ju¡ ˚Àfib„uT
Su, bF ª°≤°u* N°u≤ ˚≤Ù F…oÕ SÙ $ bFÙ*≈≤ tæ* •∫° Ìu©w° Fq≥ <J¡ tæ* <J¡ŸÙ ÎJ¡ Ìu„ tu* <J¡ŸÙ fiy≤Ù tu*
<J¡ŸÙ |≤ tu* fFq Ju¡ Ÿ°S fæ™>° Fq≥, •w ıÔfiu tCHu ˜Ù-≈C`, f∏@C-f°∏@b, fi°æJ¡≤-ª°J¡≤, Ÿ°ı-
Ÿ°t°fi, |≤-f°≤ Ju¡ Ÿ°S fF° <Ì∫° $ bF |≤ N°æ≤ bF fiy≤ ≈®Ô∫J¡°Ô J¡∑ ıÔ≤°<„ π°≤° fF°∫°
ı° ≤F° S°, ≈un Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ J¡∑ «≥¡ªÙ-«≥¡ªÙ ÔF≤u* Ÿu Ô°≥| ≤FÙ SÙ*, ıÔ≤°<„ Ÿu ª°≤°u* N°u≤ Ÿu
˚≤ ≤FÙ SÙ, Ÿtu* fn° ˚°≤Ù J¡°uÔ°FÔ F°u ≤F° S° $ NwÎb bF (|≤ N°æ≤ fiy≤) Ÿ°y≤ J¡°u ıÙwfiu Ju¡
<ÔÎ J¡<¸>f]-Ÿ° t°Ô¥t ≈nw° S° $ Ÿ |≤ Ju¡ <fib°ŸÙ Ô°uy NÃ∫∏w Ã≈Ù<nw Su, N°æ≤ w°u N°æ≤
N≈fiu f°Ô-fhª°u* J¡∑ ˚Ù <J¡ŸÙ J¡°u ŸC<@ fi SÙ $ N°bw°u˘ Ÿu bF fF°∫° y∫° S°, ≤°ufiu <ªvÔ°fiu Ju¡
Ÿ°S-Ÿ°S ~>°wÙ J¥¡¸>fiu tu* ŸaÔÀfi Ô°uy°u* Ÿu wS° J¡∑ªn Ÿu bF fn° ˚∫°bfi° Ôyw° S° $ i>F ≤FÙ
ÌÙb°≤°u*, k¥¡¸> ≤Fu J¡°™>°u* N°æ≤ ¸¥>¸> ≤FÙ J¡∑Ô°u* J¡° Ÿtu* |°u≤ „ÆÌ F°u ≤F° S°, ~>›≈≤ N°æ≤ <©n<J¡∫°u*≈≤
fæ™>Ù F…oÕ <˜∫°u* Ju¡ tC≥F o@≤-@≤ <y≤ ≤Fu Su $$20-32$$
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° wt°„° sd˚≤ Ìu© ≤F°, fF°b Ju¡ ª≈u¸>u tu* ≈n° F…N° tæ* ≠∫°u* FÙ ÌÙfiFÙfi F°uJ¡≤
≤°ufiu Ôy° Ã∫°u*FÙ |≤ J¡∑ ÌÙb°≤°u* Ju¡ ª°≤°u* N°u≤ Ÿu i>Ffiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d f°ÔJ¡, f¥»u N°æ≤ <˜∫°u* Ÿu ≈¥dÕ bF
Ÿ°≤° J¡° Ÿ°≤° |≤ ≈ÃS≤ ≈≤ <y≤u F…Î H≤fiu Ju¡ Ÿt°fi w≤ay°u* tu* ≈nJ¡≤ ¸C>J¡nu-¸C>J¡nu F°u y∫° $
wÌfi∏w≤ ≈®Ô∫ J¡∑ ıÔ≤°<„ tu* tæ* w≤°fiu Ôy° $ ˜Ù N°<Ì <J¡ŸÙ J¡° ˚Ù tCHu _t≤d wJ¡ fi ≤F°,
N≈fiu ≈®°d fª°fiu J¡∑ FÙ tCHu <ª∏w° SÙ $ w≤ay°u* fiu ÎJ¡ ∫°uıfi Ÿu ŸæJ¡n°u* ∫°uıfi Ìq≤ tCHu ku*¡J¡ <Ì∫° $
ıÔ tu* wæ≤ ≤Fu b¨s°u* J¡∑ ª°u<¸>∫°u* tu* @@J¡ ≤FÙ N¿Àfi≠b°Ô°N°u* Ju¡ ˚Ùw≤ ≈nfiu Ÿu tu≤° „≤Ù≤ ııÕ≤
F°u y∫° $ J¡°™>, ÌÙb°≤, w¸>, w¶wu N°<Ì J¡∑ NŸfl ¸>•J¡≤ Ôyfiu Ÿu tu≤° „≤Ù≤ sw-<bsw F°u
y∫° $ tæ* J¡˚Ù N°bw°u˘ Ju¡ ˚®td tu* ≈nJ¡≤ ≈°w°Ô ≈F…≥ªJ¡≤ fF…w Ìu≤ f°Ì «¡≈≤ w≤°∫° $ ≈®ªC≤
ŸyÕ - 139] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2325
w≤ayb°ÔÙ ıÔ≤°<„ tu*, <ıŸJu¡ ªÔfiu, ”J¡fiu, N°fiu N°æ≤ F¸>fiu Ÿu ©¥f yCn-yCn ºb<fi F°uwÙ SÙ,
tæ* f°≤-f°≤ ±¥>fw° N°æ≤ w≤°w° S° $ tæ* ıÔJu¡ N°|°w Ÿu i>Fu F…Î «≥¡ªu ≈bÕw Ÿu J¡∑ª-J¡∑ª F…Î
ıÔ tu*, ÌÔ-ÌÔb°Ôu ≈°u©≤u tu* F°SÙ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi, sd˚≤ ±¥>f°,<J¡∏wC Ìæbb„ ≈®°›w F…Î _bh~> ıÔfiu
tu≤° <fi_w°≤ J¡≤ <Ì∫° $ ŸtCB Ju¡ y°ı N°æ≤ ≈F°n Ju¡ i>°u*Ju¡≈≤ fæ™>J¡≤ ≠∫°u*FÙ tæ* ŸCŸw°fiu Ôy° Ã∫°u*
FÙ „`C J¡∑ w≤F tF°ıÔ≤°<„ fiu N°J¡≤ tCHu ÔSun <Ì∫° $ ª»fi°, w≤fi°, N°fi°, ı°fi°, |¥tfi°
N°<Ì <b<b@ <J®¡∫°Î≥ J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ w≤ay°u* Ÿu ≈¥dÕ •w ıÔ≤°<„ Ju¡ ª•J¡≤ tu* k≥¡Ÿu F…Î NwÎb Ì…#<©w
<ªWb°Ôu tæ*fiu ı°u Ì…#© fiFÙ* HuÔ° bF Ì…#© FÙ fiFÙ* Fæ ∫°fiÙ Ÿ˚Ù Ì…#© tCHu HuÔfiu ≈nu $$33-41$$
Fu J¡tÔfi∫fi ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, () owfiu tu* Ÿ Ÿt∫ bF°≥≈≤ ı∏t˚≤ J¡° <ª≤J¡°<ÔJ¡ NU∫°Ÿ F°ufiu
N°æ≤ <ªW Ju¡ NÃ∫∏w <©∏fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d tCHu Ÿt°<@t∫ N≈fiu ≈¥bÕ_bR¡≈ J¡° _t≤d F°u N°∫° $
N≤u N∏∫ ıywg tu* tæ* w≈_bÙ S° $ <J¡ŸÙ ÌqŸ≤u ≈®°dÙ J¡° _b›fi Ìu©fiu J¡∑ oh~>° Ÿu ŸJu¡ ⁄Ì∫ tu*
≈®<b‹¸> F°uJ¡≤ tæ* _b›fi tu* ∫F ˚®t Ìu© ≤F° Fq≥ $ ŸJu¡ f°Ì _b›fi ≈®≈aª Ju¡ Â» NU∫°Ÿ Ju¡ J¡°≤d
≈æÌ° F…Î <tØ∫° I°fit∫ ÌuF tu* w≤ay°u* π°≤° fF°∫u ı°wu F…Î ˚Ù tæ*fiu ŸC© J¡∑ Ÿ°≥Ÿ ÔÙ $ ≈®Ô∫-J¡°Ô
Ju¡ ŸtCB J¡∑ ∫F ªFÔ-≈FÔ Ÿf tæ*fiu <tØ∫° FÙ Ìu©Ù, <ıŸtu* ≈bÕw, fiy≤, y°≥b, ˚¥˚°y N°æ≤ ≈un
fF ≤Fu Su, Ìubw°, Ÿ≈Õ≤°ı, fi≤-fi°≤Ù wS° N°J¡°„ª°≤Ù fF ≤Fu Su wS° tF°fig N°≤‡˚b°Ôu Ô°uJ¡≈°Ô°u*
Ju¡ fiy≤ N°æ≤ y¨F fF ≤Fu Su $ oŸJu¡ f°Ì ≈F°n°u* Ÿu <t<Zw ıÔJ¡vÔ°uÔ°u* J¡∑ ≈F°n°u* Ÿu f°≤-f°≤
¸>•J¡≤°u* J¡° <fi≤Ùsd J¡≤ ≤Fu tæ*fiu ∫F <bª°≤ <J¡∫° $ N°ÿª∫Õ Fæ ∫F ˚yb°fig <`fi∫fi ˚Ù ŸtCB tu*
ıÙdÕ„ÙdÕ ≈Wu J¡∑ w≤F fF°∫u ı° ≤Fu Fæ* $ F°∫, Ì…‹¸> Ìæb J¡° JC¡~> ˚Ù NJ¡wÕΔ∫ fiFÙ* Fæ, bF Ÿf JC¡~>
J¡≤ ŸJ¡w° Fæ $ ıæŸu ≈®°w#J¡°Ô ıÔ tu* Ÿ¥∫Õ<J¡≤du* <bJ¡<Ÿw (<©Ôu F…Î) J¡tÔ <Ì©Ô°wÙ Fæ bæŸu
FÙ ∫u |≤ ˚Ù ª°≤°u* w≤k¡ J¡∑ ÌÙb°≤°u* Ju¡ i>F ı°fiu Ÿu ≈®J¡¸>°„∫w° J¡∑ „°u˚° J¡°u <Ì©° ≤Fu Fæ* $ <b<b@
<bÔ°Ÿ°u* Ÿu <b˚¥<Tw ≈≤°y°u* Ÿu Ÿku¡Ì ffiu F…Î ˚≥b≤°u* J¡∑ ≈a¿•w ÎuŸu F°≤ @°≤d J¡≤ ≤FÙ* wS° tC©,
F°S, ª≤d N°<Ì R¡≈ J¡tÔb°ÔÙ ∫u y∏@bÕ, <J¡∏fi≤, tfiC‹∫, Ìubw° N°æ≤ fi°y°u* J¡∑ fi°¿≤∫°≥ fF…w Ÿu
N°bw°u˘ Ÿu ∫C•w, ≈≤°y@bÔ ˚®t≤≈a¿•wR¡≈Ù F°≤ @°≤d J¡≤ ≤FÙ wS° J¡tÔbwÙ fi<Ì∫°≥ FÙ Fæ $
≈®<Ÿ] fi<Ì∫°≥ fi w°u Ÿ°≤Ù J¡∑ Ÿ°≤Ù <fitÕÔ FÙ Fæ* N°æ≤ fi ıayt FÙ Fæ*, ∫u w°u fiŸu <bÔsd Fæ*, NwÎb
w≤ay≤°<„∫°u* tu* <b<ª`R¡≈ Ÿu vÔ<Ÿw F°uwÙ Fæ $$42-51$$ ≈®Ô∫-J¡°Ô J¡∑ ıÔ≤°<„ tu* Ìubw°,
Ì°fib, N°æ≤ fi°y°u* Ju¡ tFÔ°u* J¡∑ ÌÙb°≤°u* Ju¡ <F_Ÿu, _bdÕt∫ fi°æJ¡°N°u* Ju¡ Ÿt¥F J¡∑ fi°o˘ |¥t ≤Fu Fæ*
<ıfiJu¡ t<d<fi<tÕw H≤F≤u H≤°u©°u* J¡∑ „°u˚°Î≥ <bΩ°@≤°u* J¡∑ ≤t<d∫°u* J¡∑ ˚CıÔw°N°u* Ÿu ≈¿≤bu<‹¸>w
ª∏BJ¡°∏w t<d∫°u* tu* ta<ıÔ <b˚°y ıæŸÙ t°Ô¥t ≈n ≤FÙ Fæ* $$52$$ i>F ≤Fu t<dt∫ tFÔ Ju¡ N∏Ì≤
fæ™>u F…Î ∫u Ìub≤°ı o∏B oŸ ≈®Ô∫-J¡°Ô J¡∑ ıÔ≤°<„ tu* k≥¡ŸJ¡≤ JCa¡JC¡t-Ju¡Ÿ≤ Ÿu Na<J¡w tÌ°u∏tW
F°SÙ Ju¡ JC¡‡˚ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi <b„°Ô o∏B°dÙ Ju¡ _wfit^±>Ô tu* ≤<wı<fiw ©uÌ Ÿu SJ¡J¡≤ ≤<w©uÌ J¡°u
Ìq≤ J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ t°fi°u* ıÔJ®¡∑n° ŸC© Ju¡ <ÔÎ w≤ayR¡≈Ù H¥Ôu tu* H¥Ôwu Fæ* $ ©uÌ Fæ, fis`R¡≈Ù
() "w°t≤Ÿusd' oŸ ≈°™> tu* tF°tC<fi (w°≈Ÿ) Ju¡ b°•∫ J¡° NfiCb°Ì J¡≤ ≤Fu ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ
J¡° ≤°tª∏BıÙ Ju¡ <ÔÎ Ÿ‡f°u@fi Fæ $ "w°tŸusd' oŸ ≈°™> tu* Ÿ°s°wg tF°tC<fi J¡° Δ∫°@ Ju¡ <ÔÎ
Ÿ‡f°u@fi Fæ $
J¡¿‡≈wJC¡ŸCt°u* J¡°u ¿f©u≤ ≤Fu ∫u b°∫C, ıÔ°u* Ju¡ bu‹¸>fi Ÿu N°J¡°„ J¡°u bu<‹¸>wJ¡≤ <ıŸtu* Ìubw°N°u*
Ju¡ <bt°fi <y≤ ≤Fu F°u* ÎuŸu ŸCtu” ≈bÕw Ju¡ Ω°fi J¡∑ ©°uF tu* F…Î N°æ≤ tayÔ Ju¡ <ÔÎ Nsw Ÿ<Fw
k¥¡Ô°u* J¡∑ b¨<‹¸> J¡≤ ≤Fu ıfi°u* J¡∑ ˚°≥<w fF ≤Fu Fæ* $ ≈bÕw Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ˚∫°fiJ¡ tnÙ F…oÕ ÔF≤°u* J¡∑
ª°u<¸>∫°u* π°≤° «¡≈≤ N°J¡°„ tu* ku*¡J¡° y∫°, ∫∏` Ÿu N°J¡°„ tu* ku*¡Ju¡ y∫u Ÿ°ufiu Ju¡ i>uÔu Ju¡ wCv∫ ∫F
ıÔJ¡° R¡≈ f®ÊÔ°uJ¡ tu* ≈a©C¿≤∫°u* Ÿu bu<‹¸>w f®Ê° Ju¡ N°Ÿfi˚¥w J¡tÔ wJ¡, <ıŸJu¡ fÙª tu* f®Ê°
Ÿt°<@_S Fæ, ≈F…≥ªJ¡≤ Ô°æ¸>w° Fæ, fÙª Ÿu fiFÙ* Ô°æ¸>w° $ ∫u ˚∫°fiJ¡ ÔF≤u* N°J¡°„ tu* tu|°u* J¡∑ w≤F
|¥twÙ Fæ*, <ıfiJ¡° R¡≈ F°SÙ, |°unu, <Ÿ*F, Ÿ≈Õ, b¨s, ≈bÕw, ffi N°æ≤ ©uw°u* Ju¡ wCv∫ Fæ $ ∫u NÃ∫∏w
J¡™>°u≤ |Ctg-|Ctg „ÆÌR¡≈Ù yıÕfi Ÿu ˚∫°fiJ¡ Fæ* N°æ≤ fF ≤Fu ŸCbdÕt∫ fiy≤ FÙ ofitu* <fıÔÙ-Ÿu
J¡°æa@ ≤Fu Fæ* $ o@≤ Ÿu @≤ fF ≤Fu ≈®Ô∫-Ÿ°y≤ tu* ≈æÌ° F…oÕ NÔŸÙ Ju¡ k¥¡Ô Ju¡ ŸÂ„ J¡°ÔÙ ÔF≤°u*
tu* ∫F ∫t ˚Ù ıÔbuyR¡≈Ù ÌqŸ≤u ∫t Ÿu t°fi°u* Ôu ı°∫° ı°w° Fæ $ ∫u Ô°©°u* ŸJ¡Ô Ô°uJ¡≈°Ô N°æ≤
<ÌÀyı N≈fiu-N≈fiu N°Z∫ tu” N°<Ì ≈bÕw°u* N°æ≤ fiy≤°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S ıÔ tu* ±¥>fwu Fæ* $ <fi<@-N°<Ì
Ô‚tÙ Ju¡ N°J¡°≤R¡≈ ≈bÕwtº∫bwÙÕ yCk¡°N°u* tu* ≈æ™>u F…Î ıÔ≈®b°F J¡°u Ô°æ¸>°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ <fiJ¡Ô ≤Fu,
b°∫C J¡∑ fCn-fCn ºb<fi∫°u* Ÿu fiJu¡ _S°fi°u* J¡∑ ≈¥<wÕ J¡∑ ≈®wÙ<w F°u ≤FÙ Fæ $ ≈°w°Ô, ˚¥wÔ, N°J¡°„
N°æ≤ <Ìy∏w°u* tu* N≈°≤ Ì…<fiÕb°≤ ıÔ≤°<„ Ju¡ Δ∫°›w F°u ı°fiu≈≤ o∏B, ∫t, ∫s, Ìubw° N°æ≤ Ì°fib°u*
Ju¡ HC^±> Ju¡ HC^±> N≈fiu y®°t, fiy≤, <bt°fi N°æ≤ ≈bÕw°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S t~><Ô∫°u* J¡∑ w≤F |¥twu Fæ* $ F°∫,
≈®Ô∫-ıÔ π°≤° o@≤ @≤ fF°∫u ı° ≤Fu, ˚yb°fig ZÙJ¨¡‹d ª∏B J¡° ıÔR¡≈Ù „≤Ù≤ FÙ ŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤
f∏@fi ffi y∫° Fæ ıæŸu <J¡ Ì…Ffiu Ju¡ Ÿt∫ ›˙°°≤Ù t°w° J¡∑ ıa|° f~>n°u* Ju¡ <ÔÎ f∏@fi ffi ı°wÙ
Fæ $$53-60$$ F°, ≈≤_≈≤ ÎJ¡ ÌqŸ≤u ≈≤ <Ô≈¸> ≤Fu ÌæÃ∫ N°æ≤ Ì°fib°u* J¡° N≈fiu <ÔÎ ∫° N≈fiÙ
¿_`∫°u* Ju¡ <ÔÎ <J¡∫u y∫u FvÔu Ÿu ˚≤° F…N° fCn-fCn „ÆÌ ŸCfi°oÕ Ìuw° Fæ $ F°F°J¡°≤ ªÙÃJ¡°≤ Ÿu ≈¥dÕ
Ìubw° N°æ≤ Ì°fib°u* Ju¡ Wt-Wt fiy≤°u* Ju¡ buy Ju¡ Ÿ°S <y≤fiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d sCÆ@ F…oÕ ıÔ≤°<„ Ÿu ª°≤°u*
N°u≤ ≈¿≤bu<‹¸>w ÌŸ°u* <Ì„°Î≥ t°fi°u* |¥t ≤FÙ tu|≤°<„ Ÿu N°h~>∏fi ŸÙ F°u yoÕ F°u fitu* ıÔJ¡∑ Ÿ°k¡
ÌÙb°≤ ©nÙ <Ì©°oÕ ÌuwÙ Fæ $$61,62$$ F°∫, ©uÌ Fæ, ŸbÕıfi ≈®<Ÿ] Ÿ¥∫Õ J¡°u ıÔ≤°<„ ˚≥b≤°u* Ju¡
ª•J¡≤ tu* Ô≈u¸>J¡≤ buy Ÿu fF…w fiÙªu Ôu yoÕ Fæ $ ∫u JC¡fu≤, ∫t, fi°≤Ì, o∏B N°<Ì ıÔ≤°<„ N°æ≤
tu|t^±>Ô Ÿu ≈Ù<nw (ıÙbfi Ju¡ N∫°uÀ∫) F°uJ¡≤ ≈®°d-Ã∫°y ≤Fu Fæ* $ ≈¥bÕb<dÕw ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ f®Ê°, o∏B
N°æ≤ <b‹dC ˚yb°fig Ju¡ fiy≤°u* Ju¡ ©a±>F≤°u* Ÿu ŸaJ¡¸>≈¥dÕ ıÔ J¡∑ ¸>•J¡≤ Ôyfiu Ÿu J¡™>°u≤ N°|°w J¡°
≈®Ã∫s J¡≤fiub°Ôu Ô°uy°u* tu* ı°u w[bbuW° Fæ* bu ıÔ tu* fF ≤Fu t¨w NwÎb ın N≈fiu „≤Ù≤ J¡°u NFa˚°b
Ÿu <b≤<Fw F°uJ¡≤ @°≤d J¡≤wu Fæ* $ oŸ<ÔÎ „≤Ù≤ Ju¡ ~>uÌfi-˚uÌfi, N°|°w N°<Ì J¡° Ì…#© ∏Fu* fiFÙ*
F°uw° Fæ $$63,64$$ F°∫ ! ©uÌ Fæ, N@JC¡ªÔ° F…N° <˜∫°u* J¡° HC^±> ∫F°≥≈≤ N°w° Fæ $ ≈¨<SbÙ tu*
N<wt¥©Õ R¡≈Ÿu ≈®¶∫°w oŸu (˜ÙŸt¥F J¡°u) fª°fiu J¡∑ Ÿ°tØ∫Õ ÌqŸ≤u <J¡Ÿtu* Fæ $ ıf ∫F Ÿt¥F,
ı°u ∫t≤°ı J¡∑ J¡°Ô J¡∑) Ì°i>°u* Ÿu ªf°∫° ı° ≤F° Fæ, N°≈Ÿ tu* ÎJ¡ ÌqŸ≤u J¡°u fª°fiu tu* ŸtSÕ fiFÙ*
Fæ $ ≈bÕw°u* J¡°u t<¸>∫°tu¸> J¡≤fiub°Ôu wS° Ÿ°≥≈°u* J¡∑ w≤F Ÿ≤J¡fiub°Ôu ∫u <b„°Ô ıÔJ¡vÔ°uÔ o@≤
Ÿu @≤ fFwu Fæ* $ ofitu* Ìubw°N°u* Ju¡ fiy≤ ≈FÔu _bR¡≈ J¡°u fi°b J¡∑ w≤F «¡≈≤ w≤°J¡≤ <k¡≤ fiÙªu
±¥>f ı°wu Fæ* $ ©uÌ Fæ, ıÔ≤°<„ Ÿu ©¥f ÔSunu F…Î N°Ô¥fit¥Ô J¡tÔ°u* J¡∑ w≤F πÙ≈, tF°≈bÕw,
ŸyÕ - 140] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2327
Ìubw°, ÌæÃ∫, Ÿ≈Õ, tfiC‹∫, fi°y, N›Ÿ≤°Î≥ N°æ≤ ª°≤d°u* Ÿu Δ∫°›w J¡°Ô π°≤° ©°nJ¡≤ <t\>Ù tu*
<tÔ°∫° F…N° <`˚Cbfi ÎJ¡t°` Ÿ°y≤R¡≈Ù w°Ô°f Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $ F°∫ ! ≈®ªC≤ Ÿt¨<]b°Ôu ıyw°u*
Ju¡ N<@≈<w o∏B Ìubw° fi t°Ô¥t J¡F°≥ ªÔu y∫u $$65-67$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ fiw°ÔÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ª°ÔÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ
≈®Ô∫-Ÿ°y≤ F¸>fi°, y°≥b tu* tC<fi J¡∑ f®Ê°^±>R¡≈ Ÿu ¿_S<w, ≈®°dÙ Ju¡ „≤Ù≤ Ÿu f°F≤ <fiJ¡Ôfi° N°<Ì bdÕfi $
Δ∫°@ fiu J¡F° # tF°tCfiu, I°fi∫°uy <Ÿ] N°≈Ju¡ ŸÂ„ ≈C”T ˚Ù ≈¥bÕb<dÕw fi°fi° ≈®J¡°≤ J¡∑ ≈®Ô∫ıÔ
Ÿ®bfi N°<Ì <b<b@ ˚®°∏wNb_S° J¡°u Jæ¡Ÿu ≈®°›w F…Î ? NwÙw N°æ≤ Nfi°yw ŸJ¡Ô b_wCN°u* Ju¡ Ì„Õfi tu*
≈°∫˚¥w º∫°fiR¡≈ ∫°uy°ay Ju¡ ≈®∫°uy Ÿu N°≈J¡∑ ŸJ¡Ô ˚®°¿∏w∫°u* J¡∑ <fib¨<W •∫°u* fiFÙ* F…oÕ ? $$1$$
tF°tC<fi fiu J¡F° # Fu Δ∫°@, N°J¡°„ tu* ˚®°¿∏wI°fiR¡≈ ∫u ŸJ¡Ô ıywg J¡v≈°∏w°u* tu* ˚®°¿∏wR¡≈ fi°fi°
≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ <bfi°„°u* Ÿu <bfi‹¸> F°uwu Fæ* $$2$$
J®¡<tJ¡ ≈®Ô∫ tu* ∫°uy π°≤° ˚¥w N°æ≤ ˚°bÙ ≈Ì°S°u˘ Ju¡ ≈∫°ÕÔ°uªfiJ¡° NbŸ≤ ≤Fw° Fæ, <J¡∏wC
N°J¡¿_tJ¡ ≈®Ô∫ tu* w°u tCHu oŸJ¡° t°æJ¡° FÙ fiFÙ* <tÔ°, ∫°u* W≤ Ìufiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈®Ô∫ <π<b@ F°uw° Fæ,
J¡˚Ù J¡v≈°∏w tu* J®¡t„# fi°„ F°uw° Fæ, J¡˚Ù Ÿ°w°u* ŸtCB°u* J¡∑ ŸFŸ° ÎJ¡°J¡°≤R¡≈ <bJ¨¡<w F°u
ı°fiu Ÿu NJ¡_t°wg <bfi°„ F°uw° Fæ $ •w ıÔ ıf oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ H¸>≈¸> <bJ¨¡w F…N°, wf w°u ıfwJ¡
f®Ê°ıÙ Ÿu <fibuÌfi J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ Ìubyd°u* fiu f®Ê°ıÙ Ju¡ ≈°Ÿ ı°fi° ª°F°, owfiu tu* FÙ ∏Fu* ıÔ≤°<„
fiu fF° ±>°Ô° $ <ıŸ ŸFŸ° F…Î ≈®Ô∫ Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* Ìubw° ˚Ù ª¥J¡ ı°wu Fæ* ŸJu¡ <bT∫ tu* tu≤° ª¥J¡fi°
J¡°æfi fnÙ f°w Fæ $$3,4$$
NSb° J¡°Ô J¡∑ ≈®fÔw°b„ Ÿ Ÿt∫ tu≤Ù º∫°fi-@°≤d° kC¡¿≤w fiFÙ* F…oÕ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Fu bfi°<@≈<w Δ∫°@, ∫F J¡°Ô ŸbÕ<bfi°„J¡ Fæ, <J¡ŸÙ J¡°u ˚Ù fiFÙ* ~>°unw° $ <ıŸ Ÿt∫ tu* ı°u
Nbÿ∫‡˚°bÙ F°uw° Fæ Ÿ Ÿt∫ tu* bF F°u J¡≤ FÙ ≤Fw° Fæ ª°Fu J¡°u<¸> ≈°∫ •∫°u* fi <J¡Î ı°∫ $ <bfi°„
J¡° Ÿt∫ N°fiu≈≤ tF°fig Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ ˚Ù fÔ, fC<] N°æ≤ wuı ŸbÕ` ŸbÕS° <b≈≤Ùw F°u ı°wu Fæ* $$5,6$$
ÌqŸ≤Ù f°w ∫F ˚Ù Fæ <J¡ _b›fi tu* N∏∫ Ju¡ <ªW J¡° NfiCytfi J¡≤wu tæ*fiu ∫F Ÿf Ìu©° S°, _b›fi tu*
w°u tF°Ãt°N°u* J¡° ˚Ù <bbuJ¡ JC¡<^™>w F°u ı°w° Fæ ∫F ŸbÕ<b<Ìw Fæ, ∫°u* ≈¿≤F°≤°∏w≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Fu bfi°@Ù„, tæ*fiu N°≈Ÿu ∫F _b›fi tu* Ìu©° b¨W°∏w J¡F° Fæ $ _b›fi tu* •∫° Ÿa˚b fiFÙ* Fæ ? •∫° ∫F
f°w Ÿf Ô°uy°u* J¡°u <b<Ìw fiFÙ* Fæ ? $$7$$ Δ∫°@ fiu J¡F° # ≈®˚°u, ∫F ∫<Ì NŸwg Fæ, Ju¡bÔ _b›fiÂ‹¸>
˚®°¿∏wR¡≈ FÙ Fæ w°u Fu J¡v∫°d°u* Ju¡ buW° tF°tCfiu, oŸJu¡ bdÕfi Ÿu •∫° Ô°˚ Fæ ? $$8$$
J¡v∫°d°u* Ju¡ <b„uTI N°≈tu* <fi≤SÕJ¡ b°•∫b•w¨w° J¡° Ÿ‡˚b fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F Ÿ¥<ªw J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ
"J¡v∫°dJ¡°u<bÌ' Ÿ‡f°u@fi <Ì∫° Fæ $ N≈fiÙ J¡v∫°d <b„uTw° ≈®J¡¸> J¡≤wu F…Î tC<fi W≤ Ìuwu Fæ* $
Fu t<wtfig, ∫F tu≤° _b›fiÂ‹¸>-bdÕfi <fi‹k¡Ô fiFÙ* Fæ, oŸtu* wCtJ¡°u f°u<@w J¡≤fi° tF°fig
≈®∫°uıfi Fæ $ <ıŸŸu <J¡ b<dÕw _b›fi≈®≈aª J¡∑ wCÔfi° Ÿu wCt ≈¿≤Âÿ∫t°fi ≈®≈aª J¡°u ˚Ù Ju¡bÔ
˚®tR¡≈ ŸtH°u $ Ì¨ÿ∫t°` tu* ˚®tÃb <Ÿ] F°u ı°fiu≈≤ ÂJg¡_bR¡≈ oŸ J¡S°a„ J¡°u wCt tCHŸu ŸCfi°u $
oŸJu¡ f°Ì ≈°yÔ ıæŸu Ÿ ÎJ¡t°` Ÿ°y≤ Ju¡ buy tu* •w ≈®°dÙ Ju¡ N°uı tu* ≈æ™>u F…Î ˚®t-≈≤‡≈≤°N°u*
Ÿu ≈¿≤≈¥dÕ tæ*fiu _b›fi tu* ˚®°¿∏w Ìu©Ù $ ıf bF Ÿ°≤° J¡° Ÿ°≤° ≈®Ô∫ıÔ JC¡<≈w bı® Ÿu ˚∫˚Ùw F…Î
≈a©b°Ôu tF°≈bÕw°u* Ju¡ Ÿt¥F J¡∑ w≤F J¡FÙ* ı°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ wæ∫°≤ F…N° wf ≈®Ô∫ıÔ≤°<„ tu* w≤°
≤Fu tCHu ˚°À∫b„ ≈bÕw<„©≤ Ju¡ ~>°u≤ J¡∑ w≤F ÎJ¡ w¸> <tÔ° $ tæ* ŸJu¡ ŸF°≤u ™>F≤ y∫° $ oŸJu¡
≈≤°∏w ÎJ¡ sd tu* bF Ÿ°≤Ù ≈®Ô∫≤°<„, <ıŸfiu ÔF≤°u* J¡∑ ª°u<¸>∫°u* Ju¡ <~>w≤°∫u F…Î ıÔJ¡d°u* Ju¡
ŸÂ„ fis` N°<Ì Ìubw°N°u* Ÿu N°J¡°„ J¡°u w°≤<J¡w (w°≤°u* Ÿu ≈¸>° F…N°) ffi° ±>°Ô° S°, ı°u
≈®b°Fb„ ≈°w°Ô tuu* ≈F…≥ªu F…Î JC¡~> w°≤°u* Ÿu t<dt∫ y˚Õb°ÔÙŸÙ ÔywÙ SÙ, ˚≥b≤°u* tu* ≈nJ¡≤
N@°utC© F…Î ≈bÕwÙ∫ ≈C≤°fiu w¨d°u* Ÿu ≈®ª≤w° J¡°u ≈®°›w F…oÕ SÙ, ŸCbdÕπÙ≈ Ju¡ wCv∫ <b„°Ô Ìubfiy≤
N°æ≤ t¿∏Ì≤°u* Ÿu Δ∫°›w SÙ, ∫F°≥-bF°≥ w≤° ≤FÙ Ìub°ayfi°R¡≈ <~>≈Ù F…oÕ J¡tÔ≤°<„ Ÿu t°∫°∫C•w
SÙ, <ıŸJu¡ fÙª tu* ≈®Ô∫J¡°ÔÙfi tu| Ju¡ Ÿt°fi J¡°Ô° Ÿub°Ô J¡° N‡f°≤ o@≤ Ÿu @≤ ª•J¡≤ Ôy°
≤F° S°, ı°u <fıÔÙR¡≈Ù y°u≤°uªfi°ŸÂ„ ≈≤°yb°Ôu ≈®Ô∫J¡°ÔÙfi tu|R¡≈ fiÙÔJ¡tÔ°u* Ÿu ˚≤Ù-≈C≤Ù
SÙ, <ıŸJu¡ ª°æ<yÌÕ ıÔJ¡d°u* J¡∑ HnÙ Ôy° ≤Fu JC¡F≤u, tu| N°æ≤ ≈F°n°u* fiu w¸> ffi° ±>°Ô° S°, <ıŸtu*
N°J¡°„ J¡° _≈„Õ J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ ªaªÔ «≥¡ªÙ-«≥¡ªÙ ÔF≤°u* tu* J¡v≈b¨s°u* Ju¡ fFfiu J¡° Ÿ∏ÌuF F°uw° S°,
Ÿ‡≈¥dÕw∫° J¡FÙ* ªÔÙ yoÕ $ oŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°wg bF ÎJ¡t°` Ÿ°y≤ J¡° Ÿ°≥ª° Ju¡bÔ Ÿ¥©° yâ° ≤F y∫° $
Ÿtu* J¡FÙ*≈≤ Ÿfl°ªÔ yÔ° ≈n° F…N° S°, J¡FÙ*≈≤ ıÙdÕ„ÙdÕ F°u ı°fiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ∫F t∏Ì≤°ªÔ
Fæ ∫° N∏∫ J¡°uoÕ ÌqŸ≤° ≈bÕw Fæ, ∫°u* t∏Ì≤°<B Ÿa„∫∫°uÀ∫ Nb_S° tu* ≈n° S°, J¡FÙ*≈≤ ª∏Bt°, ∫t,
o∏B N°æ≤ wsJ¡ J¡∑ªn tu* N°J¡^™> ±¥>fu Su, J¡FÙ*≈≤ J¡v≈b¨s°u* Ju¡ Ÿt¥F J¡∑ fiÙªu J¡∑ „°©°Î≥ J¡∑ªn
tu* ±¥>fÙ SÙ*, J¡FÙ*≈≤ Ô°uJ¡≈°Ô°u* Ju¡ <Ÿ≤ N°æ≤ F°S J¡tÔ°u* J¡∑ w≤F <f©≤u Su, J¡FÙ*≈≤ J¡tÔ°u* J¡∑ w≤F
<bZ°t Ôu ≤Fu ©¥fi Ju¡ w°Ô°f°u* Ÿu bF Ô°Ô S°, J¡FÙ*≈≤ N°J¡^™> J¡∑ªn tu* ±¥>fÙ F…oÕ <bΩ°@¿≤∫°≥
J¡≤°F ≤FÙ SÙ*, J¡FÙ*≈≤ t°fi°u* _b›fi tu* t≤u F…Î F°SÙ ıæŸu <b„°ÔJ¡°∫ ∫tb°FfiR¡≈ ˚ÙTd ˚æŸ°u* Ÿu
<|≤° S°, J¡FÙ*≈≤ tF°J¡°∫ y”nR¡≈ ŸCtu” ≈bÕw NbŸ°Ì J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uJ¡≤ ≈n° S°, J¡FÙ*≈≤ Ÿtu*
˚¥<t≈≤ ≈nu F…Î ∫t Ju¡ Ì^±> Ÿu N<J¡<ª*wgJ¡≤ (tW J¡∑ fi°o˘ ıÔ Ju¡ <fi≤°u@ tu* NŸtSÕ) tF°ŸuwC
ffi° S°, J¡FÙ*≈≤ t≤u F…Î f®Ê° Ju¡ b°Ffi˚¥w FaŸ Ÿu ≈aJ¡t∫ ˚¥<t t∏ÌF°Ÿ ∫C•w-ŸÙ ÔywÙ SÙ,
J¡FÙ*≈≤ Ìub≤°ı o∏B Ju¡ Îu≤°bw J¡° N°@° „≤Ù≤ J¡∑ªn tu* k≥¡Ÿ° S° $$9-23$$
oŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°wg w¸>bwÙÕ ≈bÕw Ju¡ <„©≤ ≈≤ ≈F…≥ªJ¡≤ SJ¡ ı°fiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d <J¡ŸÙ tC<fi Ju¡ N°Zt
tu* ıf tæ*fiu <bZ°t <Ô∫° wf tCHu ©¥f fiÙ*Ì N°oÕ $ ŸJu¡ Nfi∏w≤ Ÿ b°Ÿfi° Ÿu ∫C•w F…Î tæ*fiu N≈fiu
N°uı tu* ¿_Sw F°uJ¡≤ ˚Ù ŸCTC¿›w Ju¡ f°Ì ≈®°›w FCoÕ <fiB° Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ Ÿ J¡v≈°∏w J¡°u ıæŸ° •w
≈®°dÙ Ju¡ N°uı tu* ¿_Sw F°uJ¡≤ Ìu©° S° bæŸ° FÙ Ìu©° $ <ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡ Ÿ Ì…yCfiu Ì…#© J¡° NfiC˚b
J¡≤ Δ∫°JC¡Ô F…N° tæ* ıf ı°y° w°u tæ*fiu Ÿ ≈®°dÙ Ju¡ ⁄Ì∫ tu* ¿_Sw ŸÙ ≈bÕw <„©≤ J¡°u Ìu©° $
oŸJu¡ f°Ì ÌqŸ≤u <Ìfi tæ*fiu bF°≥≈≤ ˚yb°fig ˚°_J¡≤ Ju¡ Ì∫ Ÿu tfi°uF≤ ˚Cbfi J¡°u Ô°uJ¡, N°J¡°„, ˚¥<t
N°æ≤ ≈bÕw°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S Ìu©° $ ΩCÔ°uJ¡, ≈¨<SbÙ, b°∫C, N°J¡°„, ≈bÕw, fi<Ì∫°≥ N°æ≤ <Ì„°Î≥ ∫u ŸfJu¡ Ÿf
ıæŸu „°©° Ÿu ≈Wu Ã≈∏fi F°uwu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ tu≤u <ªW Ÿu Ã≈∏fi F…Î $ oŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°wg ≈¥b°ÕfiC˚¥w <bT∫
ŸyÕ - 140] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2329
J¡°u ˚¥ÔJ¡≤ ≈¥b°uÕ•w ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu Â<‹¸>≈°w F…Î ˚¥Ô°uJ¡ tu* wwg-wwg ≈Ì°S°u˘ Ÿu Δ∫bF°≤ J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ
tæ* ≈®b¨W F…N° $ N°ı tCHu ≈æÌ° F…Î Ÿ°uÔF bTÕ F°u y∫u Fæ*, ∫u tu≤u <≈w° Fæ*, ∫F tu≤Ù t°≥ Fæ, ∫F tu≤°
|≤ Fæ, ÎuŸÙ tu≤Ù Δ∫bF°≤≈®<w˚° Ã≈∏fi F…oÕ $ tæ*fiu ÎJ¡ ~>°u¸>°-Ÿ° y°≥b Ìu©°, Ÿtu* ÎJ¡ f®°Êd°Zt
Ìu©°, ÎJ¡ |≤ Ìu©°, bF°≥≈≤ <J¡ŸÙ N°Zt tu* tu≤° J¡°uoÕ f∏@C F…N° $ oŸJu¡ f°Ì y®°‡∫ |≤ tu* f∏@C-
f°∏@b°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S <fib°Ÿ J¡≤ ≤Fu tu≤u ÎJ¡Juu¡ f°Ì ÎJ¡ <Ìfi-≤°w fÙwfiu Ôyu $ bF°≥ ı°y®w N°<Ì
Nb_S°N°u* J¡° NfiC˚b J¡≤ ≤Fu tu≤° bFÙ y®°t N°<Ì f°fl <bJ¡°Ÿ ∫S°SÕ-Ÿ° F°u y∫° $$24-32$$
ŸJu¡ f°Ì Ÿt∫ fÙwfiu ≈≤ @Ù≤u-@Ù≤u tu≤Ù ≈¥bÕı∏t J¡∑ f°u@fC<]<b_t¨w F°u yoÕ $ ıæŸu ≈¥bÕb<dÕw
Ì°tΔ∫°ÔJ¡¸>°¶∫°fi tu* b°Ÿfi°„¥∏∫ J¡¸>J¡∑-t~><Ô∫°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S ŸFb°Ÿ J¡° NU∫°Ÿ F°ufiu Ÿu-
≈¥bÕf°u@<b_t¨<w π°≤° tÃ_∫w° F°u yoÕ SÙ bæŸu FÙ tu≤Ù ˚Ù y®°tb°_wΔ∫w° Ÿ‡≈∏fi F°u yoÕ $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤
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≈μ°Ÿfi Ôy°∫° FCN° tu≤° „≤Ù≤ ≈FÔu J¡∑ w≤F FÙ ≠∫°u* J¡° Ã∫°u* fæ™>° Fæ $$45-51$$ tu≤Ù ≤s° J¡≤fiu
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ŸyÕ - 142] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2331
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F°ufiub°Ô°) FÙ F°uy°, Nw# bF Δ∫b_S°≈J¡ F°u ŸJu¡y° $ wf ˚Ù <t\>Ù Ÿu <˚∏fi tu* ŸFJ¡°¿≤<b„uTŸ‡f∏@
ŸyÕ - 142] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2333
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NŸ‡˚b Fæ $ <≈^±>, J¡≈°Ô, |¸>, ª¥dÕ N°<Ì fFCw Ÿu J¡°∫°uÕÃ≈°Ìfi tu* ŸtSÕ <t\>Ù N°<Ì N°J¡°≤ Ju¡
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w°u F°u FÙ ªCJ¡° Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ Ÿf J¡°∫°u˘ J¡∑ ∫Cy≈wg ≈®Ÿ<•w F°uyÙ $ ∫<Ì oŸJu¡ ≈¿≤F°≤ Ju¡ <ÔÎ ÎJ¡
J¡°∫°uÕÃ≈<W J¡°u Ì¥Ÿ≤Ù J¡°∫°uÕÃ≈<W tu* ≈®<wf∏@J¡ t°fi°u w°u ≈≤_≈≤ ≈®<wf∏@J¡-≈®<wf∏º∫w° Ÿu JC¡~> ˚Ù
Ã≈∏fi fiFÙ* F°uy°, oŸŸu ŸyÕ N°<Ì <fi‹J¡°≤d Fæ*, ∫F ≈s FÙ Nb<„‹¸> ≤F° $ Nw# ŸyÕ „ÆÌ N°æ≤ NSÕ
ŸbÕS° Fæ FÙ fiFÙ*, ∫F w[b <fidÙÕw FCN° $$6$$
wf Ô°uJ¡ tu* ŸyÕ „ÆÌ N°æ≤ NSÕ Jæ¡Ÿu ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ* ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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≈≤t°ÃtR¡≈ FÙ ŸyÕ „ÆÌ N°æ≤ NSÕ Fæ* $
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F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d NI°fi-I°fiR¡≈ Fæ $
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N°æ≤ NSÕ J¡° N¿_wÃb f]t¥Ô Fæ, ŸJ¡° <J¡ŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ ˚Ù Ÿa˚b fi F°ufiu Ÿu tCHu JC¡~> ˚Ù ≈w° fiFÙ* Fæ,
I°fi°a„ N°æ≤ NI°fi°a„ Ÿu Ã≈∏fi ≈®wÙw F°u ≤F° ∫F ıywg Ju¡bÔ <ª∏t°` J¡° FÙ <bJ¡°Ÿ Fæ $$8,9$$
<Ÿ]°∏w≈s tu* „≤Ù≤ N°<Ì J¡∑ ≈®<Ÿ<] FÙ fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
J¡F°≥ „≤Ù≤ Fæ, J¡F°≥ ⁄Ì∫ Fæ, J¡F°≥ _b›fi Fæ, J¡F°≥ ıÔ N°<Ì Fæ, J¡F°≥ f°u@ Fæ, J¡F°≥ f°u@<bfi°„ Fæ
J¡F°≥ ı∏t, t≤d N°<Ì Fæ* $$10$$
wf <Ÿ]°∏w tu* •∫° Fæ, ÎuŸ° ≈®ÿfi ™>fiu≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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Fæ, fi Δ∫bF°¿≤J¡ ıywg Fæ N°æ≤ fi ˚¥w°J¡°„ Fæ Ju¡bÔ <fi≤°J¡°≤ Nfi°<Ì Nfi∏w (N<bfi°„Ù) <ªÌ°J¡°„
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N°æ≤ fi Ì„Õfi Fæ ∫°fiÙ B‹¸°>N°<Ì <`≈Ç>Ù Fæ FÙ fiFÙ* $ _b∫a _≈‹¸>R¡≈ Ÿu NfiC˚¥w F°ufiu≈≤ ˚Ù JC¡t°≤Ù
Ju¡ ŸC© J¡∑ w≤F <ıŸJ¡° bdÕfi J¡≤fi° NŸa˚b Fæ, Nfi°<Ì Nfi∏w ÎJ¡ (N<πwÙ∫) πæw N°æ≤ Îu•∫
Ÿu „¥∏∫ Ÿ „C] <ª∏t°` J¡° FÙ ıywgR¡≈ Ÿu ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ $$13-17$$
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J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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N°æ≤ k¡Ô_bR¡≈ Ÿu _b∫a FÙ ¿_Sw F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ f®Ê ˚Ù Ÿb°ÕÃtJ¡-πæw-Îu•∫ Ÿu ∫C•w Fæ $$18$$
wf w°u f®Ê πæw N°æ≤ Îu•∫ ∫C•w FÙ Fæ, πæw N°æ≤ Îu•∫ Ÿu b<ıÕw fiFÙ*, oŸ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ı°u ÎJ¡ J¡∑ Â¿‹¸> tu* tF°fi ÌÙb°≤R¡≈ Fæ, bF Ì¥Ÿ≤u J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* <fitÕÔ N°J¡°„ R¡≈ Fæ ∫F f°w
<ª≤_S°∫Ù _b›fi, tfi°u≤S, ˚®°¿∏w N°<Ì tu* Ìu©Ù yoÕ Fæ $ ∫<Ì f®Ê ≈≤t°SÕR¡≈Ÿu πæw N°æ≤ Îu•∫ ∫C•w
F°uw° w°u ŸfJu¡ ≈®<w bæŸ° <Ì©°oÕ Ìuw°, <J¡∏wC Ÿf ŸJ¡°u bæŸ° Ìu©wu fiFÙ*, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$19$$ ıæŸu
N°Ãt° ÎJ¡ _bh~> <ª∏t°`N°J¡°„ F°uJ¡≤ ˚Ù _b›fi tu* ı°y®wg Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ ı°y®wgt∫
_b›fi tu* ˚Ù ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ, NdCt°` ˚Ù _b›fi Ÿu ı°y®w tu* N∏∫S° fiFÙ* ≈®wÙw F°uw°, ŸÙ w≤F oŸ
Ÿt∫ tu* ˚Ù ŸJ¡∑ N<πwÙ∫w° FÙ Fæ $$20$$
∫<Ì ≈®ÿfi F°u <J¡ ≈®Ô∫ N°æ≤ ŸCTC¿›w tu* oŸJ¡° ıywg ¿_Sw fiFÙ* ≤Fw°, oŸ<ÔÎ ∫F ŸÌ°
ÎJ¡Ãb˚°b Fæ, ∫F Jæ¡Ÿu ? Ju¡bÔ NÌ„Õfit°` Ÿu ıywg Ÿ Ÿt∫ fiFÙ* ≤Fw° ∫F <fidÕ∫ fiFÙ* <J¡∫°
ı° ŸJ¡w°, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu fiu`°u* Ÿu NÌ¨ÿ∫ b°∫C tu* NÌ¨ÿ∫ ŸCy¿∏@ ¿_Sw Fæ, ∫F |®°dı NfiC˚¥<w Ÿu ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ
Nt¥wÕ F°ufiu Ÿu ≈®<w|°w Ju¡ N∫°uÀ∫ <ª∏t°` tu* Nt¥wÕ ıywg ¿_Sw Fæ ŸCTC<›w N°æ≤ ≈®Ô∫ J¡° NfiC˚b
J¡≤fiub°Ôu ≈C”T π°≤° NÂÿ∫ ˚Ù ıywg N∏∫ ≈C”T°u* J¡∑ Â¿‹¸> Ÿu Âÿ∫ FÙ Fæ $$21$$
tfi π°≤° tfifi J¡° Ã∫°yJ¡≤ ∫<Ì Ìu©° ı°∫ w°u J¡FÙ*≈≤ J¡˚Ù ˚Ù fi ıywg S°, fi Fæ N°æ≤ fi F°uy° oŸ
≈®J¡°≤ <fi≤∏w≤ FÙ N°Ãt° N<πwÙ∫ ŸC¿_S≤ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Ÿt_w tfifi J¡° (tfi°uΔ∫°≈°≤ J¡°) Ã∫°y J¡≤fiu≈≤ w°u wCt b_wCw# ı°u <fi≤°t∫ Ÿ∏t°` F°u, bFÙ
F°u $ f°F≤ ˚Ùw≤ ŸbÕ` Nfi∏w N°ÃtR¡≈ Ÿu <fi≤∏w≤ ¿_Sw F°u $$22$$
wf w°u ≈®°•wfi J¡t°u˘ Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ FÙ tfi tfifi J¡≤w° Fæ, N∏∫S° fiFÙ* J¡≤w°, oŸ<ÔÎ N∏w°uyÃb°
ŸyÕ - 142] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2335
J¡tÕ FÙ ŸaŸ°≤ J¡° fÙı ™>F≤w° Fæ, <ıfiJ¡° J¡tÕ <fiÿ„uTR¡≈ Ÿu fi‹¸> F°u ªCJ¡° F°u fiJ¡° Ÿt_w tfifiÃ∫°y
<Ÿ] F°uw° Fæ ÎuŸ° ŸtH ≤F° Δ∫°@ •w J¡tÕ <J¡fiJ¡° Fæ, <J¡fiJ¡° fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫°u* ≈¥~>w° Fæ $
˚ybfig, ∫F°≥ ≈®°•wfi J¡tÕ <J¡fiJ¡° Fæ N°æ≤ <J¡fiJ¡° fiFÙ* Fæ $ <ıfiJ¡° ≈®°•wfi J¡tÕ fiFÙ* Fæ, fiJu¡
≈®°•wfi J¡tÕ Ju¡ <ffi° ˚Ù tfifi N°æ≤ tfifiÃ∫°y Jæ¡Ÿu F°uwu Fæ* ? $$23$$
<ıfiJ¡° N<@J¡°≤ <ÌÔ°fiub°Ôu ≈°Ÿfi° k¡Ô Ju¡ N∏wyÕw FÙ "ŸF<Ÿ]a ªwC‹¸>∫tg' oŸ ∏∫°∫ Ÿu
w[bI°fi _b°˚°<bJ¡ (Ã≈<WJ¡°<ÔJ¡ ) FÙ Fæ fiJ¡° J¡tÕ fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° tC<fi W≤ Ìuwu Fæ* $
f®Ê°, ŸfiJ¡, J¡<≈Ô N°<Ì ı°u _b∫‡˚¥ (N≈fiu-N°≈ F°ufiub°Ôu) Ÿ¨¿‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* _b∫a ˚°<Ÿw
F°uwu Fæ* bu I°fit°`ÌuFb°Ôu Fæ*, fiJu¡ ı∏t N°æ≤ J¡tÕ fiFÙ* F°uwu Fæ* $$24$$ fi tF°Ãt°N°u* J¡° fi ŸaŸ°≤ Fæ,
fi πæw Fæ N°æ≤ fi fitu* <b<b@ J¡v≈fi°Î≥ FÙ Fæ* $ <b„C] I°fiR¡≈ÌuFb°Ôu bu N°Ãt° F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d FÙ
Ÿb°ÕÃt° Fæ* N°æ≤ ŸÌ° ≠∫°u* Ju¡ Ã∫°u* ffiu ≤Fwu Fæ* $$25$$
J¡tÕ„¥∏∫ bu tF°Ãt° f®Ê° N°<Ì J¡tÕb°fi Ju¡ N°Ãt° Jæ¡Ÿu Fæ*, ÎuŸÙ N°„aJ¡° ≈¿_Sw F°ufiu≈≤ Ÿ
Ÿt∫ <J¡ŸÙ J¡° ˚Ù J¡tÕ fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°≤‡˚ tu* ∫F°≥ <J¡ŸÙ J¡° ˚Ù J¡tÕ fiFÙ* ≤Fw° $ Ÿ¨¿‹¸> Ju¡ N°≤a˚ tu* f®Ê FÙ oŸ w≤F
Ÿ¨¿‹¸>R¡≈ Ÿu <bJ¡°Ÿ J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ $ ıæŸu Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°≤‡˚ tu* ≈≤f®ÊR¡≈Ù f®Ê° N°<Ì ˚°<Ÿw F°uwu
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f°u@ fiFÙ* FCN°, J¡tÕf∏@fiR¡≈ Ì°uT Ÿu ≤<Fw bu ∫u f®Ê°, <b‹dC, F≤ N°<Ì Fæ* $ Ÿb°ÕÃtR¡≈Ÿa<bwg J¡∑
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N≈fi° ıÙbbwg ˚°fi Ìu©w° Fæ $$28-31$$
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∫S°¿_Sw _bR¡≈ J¡°u ŸaŸ°≤ fi°t Ÿu @°≤d J¡≤w° Fæ $ J¡°Ô ≈°J¡≤ _b∫a FÙ N≈fiu NŸÔÙ _bR¡≈
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NŸwg FÙ ∫°u* ≈®<Sw F°uw° Fæ $ ŸbÕ„¿•wt°fig N°æ≤ ŸÃ∫ŸaJ¡v≈ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d f®Ê FÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸>,
˚¥w_bR¡≈, J¡tÕ N°æ≤ ı∏t ÎuŸÙ J¡v≈fi°Î≥ J¡≤w° FCN° _b∫a FÙ J¡¿v≈w ≈Ì°S°u˘ Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu ˚°<Ÿw
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tu* ¿_S<w J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° Ju¡ f°Ì <ªBq≈ bF ıÙb ÌuF N°<Ì π°≤° _bJ¡tÕ J¡°u _b∫a <fi‹≈∏fi J¡≤ ŸJ¡°
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J¡tÕ fiFÙ* F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸ Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* „C] Ÿ°<[bJ¡ „≤Ù≤ tu* <ª∏t°` _bR¡≈b°Ôu ıÙb°u* Ju¡ J¡tÕ
fiFÙ* ≤Fwu $$37-40$$
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J¡tÕ≈°„ Ÿu <bb„ F°uJ¡≤ fi°fi° ∫°u<fi∫°u* tu* ˚®td J¡≤wu Fæ* NS°Õwg „C] Ÿ°<[bJ¡ „≤Ù≤°u* tu* J¡tÕ
oŸ<ÔÎ fiFÙ* ≤Fwu <J¡ fiJ¡∑ ŸyÕw° f]t¥Ô fiFÙ* F°uwÙ $$41$$ ıF°≥ ∫F Ÿ¨¿‹¸> Ÿ¨¿‹¸> FÙ fiFÙ* Fæ,
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ŸJ¡wu Fæ* ? $$42$$
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˚Ôu FÙ N°≈ Ÿu J¡tÕfÙı J¡Fu* ≈≤ bF NI°fi Ÿu N<w¿≤•w fiFÙ* Fæ* ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
≈≤t°Ãt° J¡° ı°u _b∫a N≈fiu _bR¡≈ J¡° N≈¿≤I°fi Fæ bFÙ ∫F J¡tÕ f∏@fiJ¡° J¡°≤d Fæ N≈fi°
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oŸŸu <Ÿ] FCN° <J¡ J¡tÕ ˚Ù N<bΩ°R¡≈ FÙ Fæ oŸ<ÔÎ ≠∫°u* ≠∫°u* I°fi≈®J¡TÕ F°uw° Fæ Ã∫°u* Ã∫°u* J¡tÕ
J¡° s∫ F°uw° Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ≈®<w|°wŸF „°∏w Ÿ∏t∫ FÙ Fæ $ f®Ê ıyBq≈ Ÿu Ã≈∏fi F°uJ¡≤ N°æ≤ ≈®Ô∫R¡≈ Ÿu t≤J¡≤
Âÿ∫°fiC˚bR¡≈Ù F°ufiu Ÿu Ÿb°ÕÃt Δ∫bF°≤ tu* Âÿ∫°fiC˚bR¡≈ Fæ, <J¡∏wC ≈≤t°SÕ tu* Nı≤, Nt≤, „°∏w,
ÎJ¡ <ª∏t°` FÙ ¿_Sw Fæ $$11-21$$ ıæŸu ≈C”T fiu fiy≤Ù Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ <t\>Ù, |n° N°<Ì ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡∑ J¡°∫Õ-
J¡°≤dw° J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤ ≤•©Ù Fæ bæŸu w°u f®Ê° fiu N°J¡°„, b°∫C N°<Ì ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡∑ Âÿ∫ tu* ı°u J¡v≈fi°
J¡≤ ≤•©Ù Fæ bF bæŸu FÙ ≤Fu $ ∫F „°˜ <fi∫t˚ay Ju¡ <ÔÎ fiFÙ* Fæ, <J¡∏wC ŸJ¡∑ ŸÃ∫w°, <˚∏fiw°
N°<Ì Ju¡ <bfi°„ Ju¡ <ÔÎ Fæ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$22$$
ıywg J¡∑ ŸÃ∫w° J¡° ˚ay F°ufiu≈≤ _b°›fi b_wCN°u* J¡∑ ≈®J¨¡<w Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ıywg J¡° <ª∏t°` tu* FÙ
≈∫ÕbŸ°fi F°uw° Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu wC‡F°≤u ⁄Ì∫ tu* _b›fifiy≤Ù Fæ bæŸu FÙ f®Ê° Ju¡ ⁄Ì∫ tu* ∫F Ÿ¨¿‹¸> Fæ ıæŸu _b°›fiÙ J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤dw°
tæ*fiu wCtŸu J¡FÙ Fæ bæŸÙ FÙ J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤dw° Ÿtu* Fæ $$23$$ ıæŸu wCt N≈fiu _b›fifiy≤ J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤wu
F°u bæŸu FÙ f®Ê fiu Ÿ¨¿‹¸> Ju¡ N°≤‡˚ tu* J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤dw° J¡° ŸaJ¡v≈ <J¡∫° S° $ ŸaJ¡v≈t∫ oŸ Ÿ¨¿‹¸> tu* bæŸÙ
J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤dw° N°ı ˚Ù ¿_Sw Fæ $$24$$
ŸyÕ - 143] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2339
wCtfiu ˚Ù N≈fiu ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ tu* _buh~>°fiCŸ°≤ J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤dR¡<≈dÙ Δ∫b_S° J¡≤ ≤•©Ù Fæ, ∫°u* <Ÿ]bwg
t°fiJ¡≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
wCtfiu N≈fiu _b›fifiy≤ tu* ıæŸÙ J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤dR¡<≈dÙ Δ∫b_S° _S°<≈w J¡≤ ≤•©Ù Fæ Ÿ¨<‹¸>R¡≈Ù
_b›fifiy≤ tu* ŸaJ¡v≈R¡<≈dÙ <ª<w fiu ˚Ù bæŸÙ FÙ J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤dR¡<≈dÙ Δ∫b_S° f°≥@ ≤•©Ù Fæ $$25$$
ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ N°æ≤ ŸJ¡∑ N∏ÌR¡fiÙ Δ∫b_S° Ju¡bÔ <ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡° <bJ¡°Ÿ FÙ w°u Fæ, ∫F f°w N≈fiu
NfiC˚b Ÿu <Ÿ] Fæ $ ∫F ≈¿≤Âÿ∫t°fi Ÿ¨¿‹¸> ˚Ù <F≤^∫y˚Õ Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈ Ÿu Ìg˚¥w F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ŸaJ¡v≈-
Ÿ¨¿‹¸> Ju¡ N∏w˚Õ¥w FÙ ZC<w, ≈C≤°d N°<Ì tu* J¡FÙ ı°wÙ Fæ, ŸŸu ≈¨SJg¡ fiFÙ* Fæ $$26$$ ⁄Ì∫ tu* ¿_Sw
ŸaJ¡v≈-fiy≤ tu* <ªÌ°<ÌÃ∫ J¡∑ (<ªwgŸ¥∫Õ J¡∑) _b≈®J¡°„w°R¡≈ Nb_S° ŸÌæb ≤FwÙ Fæ bFÙ ∫F
J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤dw° Ÿ¨¿‹¸> Ju¡ ≈Ì°S°u˘ tu* Ã≈∏fi _b˚°b<Ÿ] Fæ $$27$$ "Ÿ ˚¥¿≤<w Δ∫°F≤wg' (Ÿfiu "˚¥'
hª°≤d <J¡∫° N°æ≤ ˚Cbfi J¡∑ Ÿ¨¿‹¸> J¡∑) oÃ∫°<Ì ZC<w∫°u* Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ <F≤^∫y˚Õ Ju¡ (f®Ê° Ju¡) ⁄Ì∫
ªæw∏∫ tu* Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°≤a˚ tu* FÙ bwÕt°fi Fæ $ Ÿ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu ¿_Sw ŸÙ J¡∑ _b˚°b (≈¨<SbÙ J¡° y∏@ wS°
J¡°<™>∏∫ _b˚°b, ıÔJ¡° BbÃb _b˚°b, wuı J¡° ‹d N°æ≤ ≈®J¡°„ _b˚°b, b°∫C J¡° ytfi N°æ≤ Ÿ¥‚tw°
_b˚°b oÃ∫°<Ì R¡≈ Ÿu), J¡°Ô (NwÙw, Nfi°yw N°<Ì J¡°Ô Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu) wS° Ìu„ N°<Ì Ÿu (≈¥bÕ,
≈¿ÿªt N°<Ì Ìu„°u* Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu) wwg-wwg ŸaI°Î≥ J¡∑ yoÕ Fæ* $$28$$
oŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ y«¡ |n° N°<Ì Ÿftu* ŸtHfi° ª°<F∫u, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ı°u <ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡∑ „¥∏∫w° H¸>≈¸> <ıŸ b_wCR¡≈ tu* ˚°<Ÿw F°uwÙ Fæ Ÿ b_wCw° Ÿu bæŸu FÙ
J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤d˚°b J¡° N°Z∫ <J¡∫° y∫° Fæ $ ıæŸu <J¡ y«¡ Ì¥@ J¡° J¡°≤d Fæ N°æ≤ |n° Ì¥@ Ju¡ @°≤d J¡°
J¡°≤d Fæ $$29$$
<ıŸJ¡° tfi Ÿu º∫°fi J¡≤w° Fæ, ŸJ¡° b°dÙ Ÿu hª°≤d J¡≤w° Fæ, oŸ ZC<w Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ ≈FÔu
R¡≈J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ yoÕ, ŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°wg fi°t J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° FCoÕ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ŸaJ¡v≈R¡≈Ù Ÿ¨¿‹¸>-Ÿ° t°Ô¥t ≈nfiub°Ôu oŸ ÎJ¡t°` <ªwgªtÃJ¡°≤ tu* ≈FÔu ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡∑ Ÿ¨¿‹¸>
F°uwÙ Fæ ŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°wg Ÿ¨¿‹¸> N°<Ì fi°t ≈nwu Fæ* $$30$$ Fu Ÿ°æ‡∫, ıæŸu b°∫C tu* ¿_Sw _≈∏ÌŸW° J¡°
b°∫C Ÿu N<w¿≤•w _bR¡≈ fiFÙ* Fæ ŸŸu N<˚∏fi FÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* ¿_Sw ı°u <`ıywgR¡≈
„¥∏∫w° Fæ ŸJ¡° <ªÌ°J¡°„Ÿu ≈¨SJ¡ _bR¡≈ fiFÙ* Fæ, bF <ªÌ°J¡°„ Ÿu N<˚∏fi FÙ Fæ $$31$$
oŸŸu <Ÿ] FCN° <J¡ <ªÌg|fiw°J¡° FÙ ˚®°∏w Ô°uy°u* J¡∑ Â¿‹¸> tu* ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* _kC¡≤d F°uw° Fæ,
ıæŸu N°J¡°„ tu* |fi° NbJ¡°„ FÙ fiÙÔR¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ªwg tu* ªæw∏∫ J¡∑ |fiw° FÙ ŸyÕR¡≈
Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ $$32$$
J¡f f®Ê tu* Ÿ¨¿‹¸> J¡° N˚°b I°w F°uw° Fæ ? ÎuŸ° ≈®ÿfi ™>fiu≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıf J¡<™>fi°oÕ Ju¡ Ÿ°S Ÿ°@fi°u* Ju¡ NU∫°Ÿ Ÿu Ìu„J¨¡w, J¡°ÔJ¨¡w N°æ≤ b_wCJ¨¡w-<`<b@ ≈¿≤h~>uÌ
Ÿu „¥∏∫ <ª∏t°` J¡° _b˚°bw# I°fi F°uw° Fæ wf ı°J¡≤ oŸ Ÿ¨¿‹¸> tu* <bŸyÕw° (Ÿ¨¿‹¸> J¡° N˚°b)
≈®wÙw F°uwÙ Fæ ıæŸu <J¡ ≤≠ıCŸ≈Õ J¡° ∫F Ÿ≈Õ fiFÙ* Fæ, ≤≠ıC Fæ, ∫°u* I°fi F°ufiu≈≤ <k¡≤ ≤≠ıCJ¡° R¡≈ I°w
F°uw° Fæ $$33$$
ÎuFÔ°æ<J¡J¡ Ÿ¨¿‹¸> Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ≈°≤Ô°æ<J¡J¡ Ÿ¨¿‹¸> ˚Ù ÎuŸÙ FÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
bF t≤J¡≤ _b›fi J¡∑ w≤F Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ ıywg J¡°u ≈¨SJg¡ Ìu©w° Fæ, ŸJu¡ f°Ì F°ufiub°ÔÙ ≈°≤Ô°æ<J¡J¡
N∏∫ ÌuF J¡° bF Ÿ°≤° ıywg Nt¥wÕ <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ $$34$$ Δ∫°@ fiu J¡F° # Fu tC<fib≤, oŸ ÌuF Ju¡ ~¥>¸>
ı°fiu Ju¡ f°Ì N∏∫ ÌuF Jæ¡Ÿu Ã≈∏fi F°uwÙ Fæ ? ŸJ¡° J¡°æfi ≈°Ì°fi J¡°≤d Fæ N°æ≤ J¡°æfi <fi<tW N°æ≤
ŸFJ¡°≤Ù J¡°≤d Fæ ? $$35$$
ı°u Ô°uy ∫F t°fiwu Fæ* <J¡ @t°Õ@tÕ FÙ _b˚°uy°SÕ J¡≤wu Fæ*, fiJu¡ tw tu* J¡tÕ<fi<tÕw J¡∑ I°fi Ÿu
<fib¨<W fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d t°us Ju¡ N˚°b J¡∑ N°≈¿W ≈®°›w F°uyÙ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fw° Fæ $
∫<Ì @tÕ N°æ≤ N@tÕ ÌuF N°<Ì J¡° <fit°Õd J¡≤wu Fæ* $ ÌuF°<Ì˚°b Ÿu ¿_Sw oŸJ¡° <fiÃ∫ t°usfi°tJ¡R¡≈
J¡tÕ J¡≤wu Fæ* ∫F J¡Sfi NŸtaıŸ Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ ı°u J¡tÕ <fi<tÕw F°uw° Fæ ŸJ¡° <≈^±> N<fiÃ∫w° fiFÙ*
~>°unwÙ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$36$$
Ÿa_J¡°≤R¡≈ Ÿu <b<Fw N°æ≤ <fi<T] Ju¡ N°ª≤d @tÕ N°æ≤ N@tÕ J¡FÔ°wu Fæ*; Ÿa_J¡°≤-≈C≥ı FÙ tfi
Fæ, <ªÌ°˚°Ÿ Ÿu Δ∫°›w tfi FÙ ıÙb Fæ N°æ≤ ıÙb ≈®°d°<Ì ªu‹¸>°≈®@°fi F°ufiu Ÿu J¡t°ÕÃt° Fæ N°æ≤ bFÙ
N≈fiÙ b°Ÿfi° Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ ÌuF N°<Ì J¡° ŸaJ¡v≈ J¡≤w° FCN° ıÙb°Ãt° Ÿ° ffiw° Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ ∫u <ªwg Ju¡
≈®<w˚°Ÿ <b„uT FÙ Fæ*, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu Ì¥Ÿ≤u ≈®ÿfi J¡° W≤ tC<fi J¡Fwu Fæ* $
@tÕ-N@tÕ, b°Ÿfi°, J¡tÕ, N°Ãt°, ıÙb ∫F Ÿf ≈∫°Õ∫b°ªÙ „ÆÌ°u* J¡∑ ≤°<„ J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° Fæ, <J¡∏wC
NSÕ˚uÌ ofitu* w<fiJ¡ ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ $$37$$
<ªÌ°J¡°„ fiu J¡°uoÕ Âÿ∫ÌuF°<Ì≈®≈aª ˚Ù Fæ ∫°u* <ªW π°≤° J¡¿v≈w <ªÌ°˚°ŸR¡≈Ÿu N≈fiu <ªÌ°J¡°„
_bR¡≈ tu* _b∫a ∫u @tÕ, N@tÕ N°<Ì, ofiJu¡ k¡Ô ŸC©, ÌC#© N°<Ì fi°t ≤©u Fæ* $$38$$
ıÙb°Ãt° ıæŸu _b›fi N°æ≤ tfi°u≤S tu* ≈FÔu Ÿu N<bΩt°fi ÌuF J¡°u <bΩt°fi-Ÿ° ı°fiw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ
t≤J¡≤ ˚Ù N<bΩt°fi N°J¡°„R¡≈ ÌuF J¡°u <ªwg F°ufiu Ÿu _b∫a <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* <bΩt°fi-Ÿ° ı°fiw° Fæ $$39$$
t≤fiu Ju¡ f°Ì J¡° Ÿt∫ N°æ≤ ÌuF N°<Ì J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° _b›fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi FÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
t≤u FCÎ J¡°u ≈≤Ô°uJ¡fC<] _b›fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi N≈fiu-N°≈ ˚°<Ÿw F°uwÙ Fæ t≤J¡≤ bF <ª≤ J¡°ÔwJ¡
≈≤Ô°uJ¡ J¡°u Ìu©w° Fæ, <J¡∏wC _b›fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi Ÿtu* ŸÃ∫w° fiFÙ* Fæ $$40$$
<≈w° N°<Ì NSb° oÕÿb≤ t≤u FCÎ J¡° ≈Cfi# <fit°Õd J¡≤wu Fæ*, oŸ ∫C¿•w J¡° ©^±>fi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
∫<Ì J¡°uoÕ Ì¥Ÿ≤°-<≈w° NSb° oÕÿb≤-t¨w J¡∑ Ÿ¨¿‹¸> J¡≤w° Fæ, w°u bFÙ ∫F Fæ ÎuŸÙ ≈®Ã∫<˚I°
Jæ¡Ÿu F°uyÙ ? •∫°u*<J¡ "wÃŸ¨¸>gb° wÌub°fiC≈®°<b„wg' (ŸJ¡∑ Ÿ¨¿‹¸>J¡≤ ŸÙ tu* ≈®bu„ J¡≤ y∫°) oŸ
ZC<w Ÿu <fit°ÕdJ¡w°Õ Ju¡ FÙ ≈®bu„ J¡° Zbd Fæ $ ∫<Ì J¡F°u <J¡ o‹¸>°≈<W Fæ, w°u ŸJ¡∑ _wfi≈°fi N°<Ì
≈®b¨<W Ju¡ NfiCR¡≈ _t¨<w Jæ¡Ÿu F°uyÙ ? ≈¥bÕ<Ÿ] N°Ãt° J¡° FÙ NbÔ‡ffi J¡≤Ju¡ Ã≈∏fi FCÎ tu* ı°u
ªuwfiÃb ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ bF ˚Ù „¥∏∫ FÙ Fæ $ oŸŸu <Ÿ] FCN° <J¡ t¨Ã∫C F°ufiu Ju¡ f°Ì <k¡≤ Ã≈∏fi fiFÙ* F°uw°,
<J¡∏wC Ju¡bÔ <ªW Ÿu FÙ ∫F°≥≈≤ ∫F tæ* oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ã≈∏fi FCN° F¥≥ ∫°u* ı∏t°<Ì <bJ¡°≤„¥∏∫ N°Ãt°
tu* J¡v≈fi° π°≤° ı°fiw° Fæ $$41,42$$
ŸÙ ˚°b J¡∑ NU∫°Ÿb„ ıf _≈‹¸> ≈®wÙ<w F°uwÙ Fæ wf Ô°uJ¡ N°æ≤ buÌ tu* ŸÙtu* ı∏tΔ∫bF°≤
F°uw° Fæ, Ôu<J¡fi bF b°_w<bJ¡ fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ŸyÕ - 143] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2341
NU∫_w _b˚°b J¡° FÙ <ª≤J¡°ÔwJ¡ NfiC˚b J¡≤ ≤F° ıÙb Ÿtu* Â» ≈®wÙ<w J¡≤ Ôuw° Fæ,
NwÎb Ÿu ŸbÕS° ŸÃ∫ FÙ ŸtHw° Fæ $$43$$ N°J¡°„°Ãt° ŸÙ tu* N°J¡°„R¡≈ _b›fiwCv∫ Âÿ∫
J¡° NU∫°Ÿ J¡≤w° FCN° <k¡≤ _t≤d J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤w° Fæ, ≈Cfi# ı∏t J¡∑ N°æ≤ ≈Cfi# ıywg J¡∑ J¡v≈fi°
J¡≤w° Fæ $ oŸ w≤F <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* NÔÙJ¡ (NŸÃ∫) ≈≤‡≈≤° J¡°u Ìu© ≤F° ıÙb Δ∫¿‹¸>˚°b J¡°u ≈®°›w
F°uJ¡≤ NÔÙJ¡ ıy≠ı°Ô J¡°u ı°y®w N°æ≤ _b›fi tu* Ìu©w° Fæ, N≈fiÙ Ÿ¿∏fi<@t°` Ÿu _b tu* Nº∫_w
J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤d°u* J¡°u <bT∫°u* tu* ≈®b¨W J¡≤°w° Fæ Îba ŸCTC<›w,≈®Ô∫ N°æ≤ t°us tu* ıywg J¡° ˚sd J¡≤w°
Fæ $ Ôu<J¡fi b°_wb tu* fi w°u JC¡~> <J¡ŸÙ J¡° ˚sdÙ∫ Fæ N°æ≤ fi J¡°uoÕ ˚sJ¡ FÙ Fæ $$44,45$$ oŸ
≈®J¡°≤ J¡°u<¸> J¡°u<¸> ıywg Fæ* $ ∫<Ì fiJ¡° ≤F_∫ w[b ı°fi <Ô∫° ı°∫ w°u buu Ÿf f®ÊR¡≈ FÙ Fæ*
N∏∫S° (w[b I°w fi F°u w°u) bu Ju¡bÔ ÎJ¡t°` Âÿ∫ FÙ Fæ* $$46$$ •w J¡°u<¸>-J¡°u<¸> ıyw°u* π°≤°
<J¡ŸÙ J¡° JC¡~> ˚Ù N°b¨w fiFÙ* FCN° $ b°_wb tu* bu Fæ* FÙ fiFÙ* $ fi ıyw°u* tu* ≈®Ã∫uJ¡ ıÙb ∫FÙ Ju¡bÔ
ÎJ¡ ıywg Fæ N∏∫ ıywg fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° ı°fiw° Fæ $ •w J¡°u<¸>-J¡°u<¸> ıyw°u* Ju¡ ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì ≈aª˚¥w
N°æ≤ ı≤°∫Cı, N^±>ı, _buÌı N°æ≤ Ìg<˚≠ı ˚uÌ Ÿu ª°≤ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ ≈®°dÙ wwg-wwg ıÙb°u* Ju¡ N˚Ù‹¸>
ıywg tu* bæŸu FÙ (Ÿ ıywg Ju¡ NfiCR¡≈ FÙ) Fæ* ŸJu¡ NfiCJ¥¡Ô fiFÙ* Fæ* $ bu ŸfJu¡ Ÿf NŸÃ∫ Δ∫bF°≤
Â¿‹¸> Ÿu ŸÃ∫ Fæ, ŸÃ∫ ≈≤t°SÕ Â¿‹¸> Ÿu Nı∏t° f®ÊR¡≈ FÙ Fæ* $$47,48$$
oŸ<ÔÎ I°fiÙ N°æ≤ NI°fiÙ J¡∑ Â¿‹¸> tu* ŸÃ∫ N°æ≤ NŸÃ∫ ≈≤_≈≤ <b≈≤Ùw Fæ ∫°fiÙ <ıŸJ¡°u
I°fiÙ ŸÃ∫ ŸtHw° Fæ Ÿu NI°fiÙ NŸÃ∫ N°æ≤ <ıŸu I°fiÙ NŸÃ∫ ŸtHw° Fæ Ÿu I°fiÙ ŸÃ∫,
w[bI°w° J¡∑ Â¿‹¸> Ÿu ı°u (≈≤ f®ÊR¡≈ b_wC) ŸÃ∫ Fæ bF NI J¡∑ Â¿‹¸> tu* J¡˚Ù <fib¨W fi F°ufiub°Ô°
NŸÃ∫ Fæ N°æ≤ ı°u I°fiÙ J¡∑ Â¿‹¸> tu* NŸwg Fæ bF NI°fiÙ J¡∑ Â¿‹¸> tu* N<w_≈‹¸>R¡≈ Ÿu ŸÃ∫ Fæ $$49$$
NSb° ŸÃ∫ N°æ≤ NŸÃ∫ Ì°ufi°u* FÙ ≈≤t°SÕ ŸÃ∫ <ªwg tu* ˚°fiR¡≈ F°ufiu Ÿu Ÿf JC¡~> ŸÃ∫ FÙ Fæ, Nw#
I°fiÙ N°æ≤ NI°fiÙ tu* ≈≤_≈≤ N<b≈≤Ùww° FÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ª¥≥<J¡ ≈≤t°SÕ ŸÃ∫<ª<w J¡° ı°u ı°u ˚°fi ıæŸ°-ıæŸ° F°uw° Fæ bF bF Ÿf ŸÃ∫ Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ ∫u Ÿf
˚¥w ≈≤_≈≤ ŸÃ∫ FÙ Fæ* $$50$$
NSb° <ıŸJu¡ ≈®<w ıf <ıŸ ıywg J¡° ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ, ŸJu¡ ≈®<w wf bF ŸÃ∫ Fæ, ∫F ŸÃ∫w° J¡∑
Δ∫b_S° Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<ıŸ-<ıŸ ıywg J¡° <ıŸ-<ıŸ Ÿa<bwg Ju¡ ≈®<w ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ bF bF Ÿ Ÿa<bwg Ju¡ ≈®<w <fiÃ∫
ŸÃ∫ Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ ıyBq≈ ŸÃ∫ Fæ NSb° NŸÃ∫ Fæ oŸ f°w J¡° N≈fiÙ ŸÃ∫ Ÿa<bwg Ÿu FÙ <fidÕ∫ J¡≤fi°
ª°<F∫u $ bF ˚ybwÙ Ÿa<bwg "ŸÃ∫ Fæ' ÎuŸ° <fidÕ∫ J¡≤wÙ Fæ, w°u Ì¥Ÿ≤° J¡°æfi ŸJu¡ <fidÕ∫ J¡°u
<b≈≤Ùw <Ÿ] J¡≤ ŸJ¡w° Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ ŸJ¡° <fidÕ∫ Nt°u| Fæ $ ∫<Ì ∫F Ÿf Ÿa<bÌg-t°` Ÿu <fidÕ∫
Fæ w°u ıF°≥ ıæŸ° Ÿa<bwg J¡°u ˚°Ÿw° Fæ, bæŸ° FÙ Fæ $ ŸabuÌfi°fiCŸ°≤ ≈®wÙw FCoÕ b_wC≤°<„ tu* •∫° ˚uÌ
Fæ •∫° N˚uÌ Fæ ? •∫° <πÃb N°æ≤ ÎJ¡Ãb J¡∑ FÙ J¡S° Fæ ? ∫F Iu∫ I°fiR¡≈ FÙ Fæ ∫°u* I°fi N°æ≤
Iu∫ J¡° N˚uÌI°fi F°ufiu Ÿu ∫F Âÿ∫Ÿt¥F I°fi FÙ F°u ı°w° Fæ, oŸÙŸu ŸJ¡Ô πæw J¡∑ <fib¨<W F°ufiu
Ju¡ J¡°≤d <ªÌg-Nπæw <Ÿ] FCN°, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $
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Ÿt°@°fi - F°≥ ™>ÙJ¡ Fæ, I°fi FÙ Iu∫ Fæ ∫°u* Âÿ∫J¡° ≈¿≤„uT w˚Ù Ÿ‡˚b Fæ ıf <J¡ I¿›w (I°fi)
NŸÃ∫ F°u $ N°æ≤ ∫<Ì I°fi J¡°u NŸÃ∫ t°fi°u w°u I¿›w≤<Fw Iu∫ J¡∑ <Ÿ<] FÙ fiFÙ* F°uyÙ, ∫F ˚°b
Fæ $$51-53$$ oŸ<ÔÎ ≈¿≤„uT ≤Ffiu Ÿu ∫<Ì I°fi FÙ Iu∫ Fæ w°u ∫F ≈®≈aª I°fi Ÿu N<w¿≤•w ¿_Sw
fiFÙ* Fæ $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ŸJ¡Ô b_wCN°u* Ju¡ I°fiR¡≈ <Ÿ] F°ufiu≈≤ ∫F B‹¸>° N°Ãt° Ju¡ NI°fi Ÿu FÙ N≈fiu
I<›w_b˚°b Ÿu h∫Cw F°uw° Fæ, b_wCw# fiFÙ* $$54$$ oŸ<ÔÎ ı°u I°fi Fæ bFÙ Iu∫ Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ I°fi
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tuu* Δ∫•w F°uwÙ Fæ $ bæŸu FÙ Nt¥wÕ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ≈®<w|°w J¡≤fiu ∫°uÀ∫ ∫F Ÿf ÎJ¡t°` „C] I°fi
FÙ Fæ, ıF°≥≈≤ ıæŸ° ˚°fi F°u ı°w° Fæ bF°≥≈≤ bæŸ° F°uw° Fæ $ ÎJ¡ FÙ Ÿa<bwg Ÿ¨¿‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* N¿Àfi,
ıÔ, N°J¡°„ N°<Ì F°uwÙ Fæ, Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡∑ <Ÿ<] Ju¡ <ÔÎ bFÙ _b›fi N°æ≤ ŸaJ¡v≈ J¡∑ w≤F ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì
F°uwÙ Fæ $$58-62$$ ª¥≥<J¡ Ÿa<bwg, ı°u N°J¡°„R¡≈ FÙ Fæ, ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì fi°tb°ÔÙ ≈®wÙw F°uwÙ Fæ,
oŸ<ÔÎ ∫F Ÿa<bÌgR¡≈ FÙ "ıywg' R¡≈ Ÿu ˚°Ÿw° Fæ $$63$$ Ÿa<bwg <bfi°„Ù t¥wÕ ≈Ì°SÕ J¡∑ w≤F
˚°ŸwÙ Fæ N°æ≤ N<bfi°„Ù Nt¥wÕ J¡∑ w≤F ˚Ù bFÙ ˚°ŸwÙ Fæ $ b_wCw# w°u fi°„ ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡
bF ≈®<w|° (fi°„) ˚Ù N∏w tu* <fib¨W F°u ı°wÙ Fæ, Ju¡bÔ Ÿa<bwg J¡° FÙ ≈¿≤„uT ≤Fw° Fæ $$64$$
Fu Δ∫°@, wCt tfi Ÿu ≈¥bÕ <Ì„° N°æ≤ ≈¿ÿªt <Ì„° J¡°u <ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡ ı°wu F°u, bF°≥≈≤ Â‹¸>, ZCw
N°æ≤ NfiC<tw ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡° Ô°˚ J¡≤wu FCÎ N≈fiu J¡°u ı°fiwu F°u, bF°≥ Ÿa<bwgR¡≈ wC‡F°≤° fi°„ Fæ FÙ
fiFÙ*, oŸŸu <Ÿ] FCN° <J¡ Ÿa<bwg J¡FÙ*≈≤ ˚Ù <bfi°<„fiÙ Fæ FÙ fiFÙ* $$65$$
∫<Ì „aJ¡° ™>u <J¡ fFCw Ÿu ıÙb<ªwg Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈ t°u| (<fi‹k¡Ô) Ìu©u ı°wu Fæ*, bFÙ Ÿa<bwg J¡°
<bfi°„ ™>F≤° $ oŸŸu Ÿa<bwg J¡∑ <bfi°<„w° F°u yoÕ, w°u oŸ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Â‹¸> (≈®t°d Ÿu <Ÿ]) N°æ≤ ŸaJ¡<v≈w b_wC J¡° ı°u ≈C”T <fi≤∏w≤ <ª≤J¡°ÔwJ¡ NU∫°Ÿ J¡≤w° Fæ
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ŸaJ¡v≈ J¡∑ t°u|w° <fifÕÔw°b„ FÙ Fæ $ J¡tı°u≤ ŸaJ¡v≈ J¡°∫Õst fiFÙ* F°uw° oŸŸu <ªwg tu* <bfi°<„Ãb
ŸyÕ - 143] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2343
fiFÙ* Fæ, <ªwg tu* <bfi°<„w° t°fifiu Ÿu ŸbÕ` <bfi°<„w° J¡° ≈®Ÿay ≈®°›w F°uy° $$66$$
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NÌ¨» ŸaJ¡v≈ ˚Ù t°u| fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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tu* Ìu©Ù yoÕ Fæ $ Ì¥Ÿ≤u ≈C”T J¡° ı°u <J¡ ŸaJ¡v≈ fiFÙ* J¡≤w° Fæ ˚Ôu FÙ bF _b°Ãt° tu* NSb° N∏∫
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∫°fiÙ fiFÙ* <Ì©°oÕ Ìuwu $ oŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ tæ* Ì<sd Ìu„ W≤ <Ì„° J¡°u ı°«≥¡ ∫°u* N<±>y <fiÿª∫b°Ôu
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ŸaJ¡v≈ <Ÿ] F°u ı°wu Fæ* N°æ≤ oŸJu¡ N<w¿≤•w Ì°ufi°u* J¡° fi°„ F°u ı°w° Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ fi Ì°ufi°u* J¡°
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(πæw) I°fi Ÿu ÎJ¡t°` N©^±> ªæw∏∫ NI°fiÙ ıÙb°u* J¡∑ Â¿‹¸> tu* Nfi∏w F°u ı°w° Fæ $$67-71$$
∫<Ì <ªwg FÙ „≤Ù≤ N°<Ì Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ Ÿu <bΩt°fi Fæ w°u „≤Ù≤ Ju¡ <bfi°„Ù ∫° Ÿ°J¡°≤ F°ufiu Ÿu <ªwg tu*
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tu* N°æ≤ ≈≤Ô°uJ¡ tu* ıÙb J¡° FÙ Fæ <ªwg J¡° fiFÙ* Fæ $ ˚°b ∫F Fæ <J¡ <ªBq≈ Ÿu „≤Ù≤ N<bfi°„Ù FÙ F°u NSb°
N∏∫R¡≈ Ÿu <bfi°„Ù F°u oŸŸu <ªwg tu* J¡°uoÕ ˚Ù N°≥ª fiFÙ* N° ŸJ¡wÙ, J¡°≤d <J¡ <tØ∫° ≈Ì°SÕ Ju¡ yCd-
Ì°uT°u* Ÿu N<@‹™>°fi tu* JC¡~> ˚Ù Ì¥Td fiFÙ* N° ŸJ¡w° $$72$$
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Fæ* oŸtu* J¡Ffi° FÙ •∫° Fæ ? $$74$$
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ı°w° Fæ, N<@‹™>°fi-<bbuJ¡ Ju¡ NI°fi Ÿu ¿_S≤ t°Ô¥t ≈nw° Fæ $ ıæŸu N<w≈®<Ÿ] fiy≤ J¡∑ ffi°b¸>
<ª≤J¡°Ô tu* Ì¥Ÿ≤Ù ffi°b¸> J¡°u (Ì¥Ÿ≤Ù R¡≈≤u©° J¡°u) ≈®°›w F°uwÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ ıywg ˚Ù ıÔ Ju¡ N°bwÕ
ŸyÕ - 144] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2345
<bbwÕ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi N∏∫ R¡≈w° J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ $ <ıŸÙ Ÿt∫ ˚¥<t, ıÔ, N°J¡°„, „æÔ N°<Ì ∫F
ıywg sd˚≤ tu* NŸwg F°uw° Fæ ŸÙ sd, Ôb, `C<¸> N°<Ì Nb∫b°u* Ju¡ b¨W°∏w°u* Ÿu <bπ°fi°u* fiu ∫Cy,
J¡v≈ N°<Ì ŸaI°Î≥ J¡∑ Fæ* $$1-4$$ ∫F Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ ıywg NŸwg F°uw° FCN° ˚Ù _b›fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi NfiC˚b tu*
N°w° Fæ $ ∫<Ì ıywg fiFÙ* Fæ ÎuŸ° ıywg J¡° N≈Ô°≈ J¡∑<ı∫u w°u Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ <ªwg FÙ oŸ w≤F <bJ¡°Ÿ J¡°u
≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ $$5$$ Ft Ô°uy°u* J¡° ≈®<Ÿ] ∫F ıywg ıæŸ° Fæ bæŸu FÙ N°J¡°„ tu* Fı°≤°u* Ô°©°u* ıywg N∏∫
tfiC‹∫°u* Ju¡ Fæ* ÎuŸÙ N°≈ Ÿa˚°bfi° J¡∑<ı∫u, <J¡∏wC fiJ¡°u ≈≤_≈≤ J¡° NfiC˚b fiFÙ* F°uw° $ w°Ô°f tu*
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N∏∫°u∏∫ J¡° NfiC˚b Ìu©° y∫° Fæ bu N≈fiu N°Z∫ Ÿu N∏∫ Âÿ∫°<Ì <fi∫<w J¡° N°≈Ÿ tu* J¡FÙ* ˚Ù
NfiC˚b fiFÙ* J¡≤wu Fæ* $$6,7$$ ıæŸu ÎJ¡ fiy≤ tu* ŸæJ¡n°u* _b›fifiy≤°u* J¡° ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ N°æ≤ fiFÙ* ˚Ù F°uw°
bæŸu FÙ N°J¡°„ tu* ıyw°u* J¡° ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ N°æ≤ fiFÙ* ˚Ù F°uw° $ <J¡∏FÙ* Ju¡ (NI°<fi∫°u* Ju¡) NfiC˚b tu*
N°fiu Ÿu bu Fæ* N°æ≤ <J¡∏FÙ* Ju¡ (I°<fi∫°u* Ju¡) NfiC˚b tu* fi N°fiu Ÿu fiFÙ* Fæ $ ıæŸu ŸæJ¡n°u* Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ _b›fi-
fiy≤ ÎJ¡ |≤ tu* <bJ¡<Ÿw F°uwu Fæ* N°æ≤ fiFÙ* ˚Ù F°uwu oŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ N°J¡°„ tu* ıywg Fæ* ˚Ù N°æ≤ fiFÙ* ˚Ù
Fæ* $$8,9$$ <ªwg J¡° ªtÃJ¡°≤R¡≈ Âÿ∫ _b°Ãt° Ju¡ <fiı Nay°u* J¡∑ w≤F N<˚∏fi Fæ $ (N<πwÙ∫ Fæ) ÎJ¡
J¡∑ Â¿‹¸> tu* Ÿ°J¡°≤ ˚Ù bF Ì¥Ÿ≤u J¡∑ Â¿‹¸> tu* <fi≤°J¡°≤ Fæ $ ÎJ¡J¡∑ FÙ Â<‹¸> tu* ÎJ¡ Ÿt∫ Ÿ°J¡°≤ ˚Ù bF
N∏∫ J¡°Ô tu* <fi≤°J¡°≤ Fæ $ w°<[bJ¡ Â¿‹¸> Ÿu bF ŸÌ° FÙ <fi≤°J¡°≤ Fæ $ oŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ ÎJ¡J¡∑ Â¿‹¸> tu*
ŸJ¡°≤d (J¡°≤dŸ<Fw) ˚Ù ∫F N∏∫ J¡∑ Â¿‹¸> tu* NJ¡°≤d FÙ Fæ $ ÎJ¡J¡∑ FÙ Â¿‹¸> tuu* ÎJ¡ J¡°Ô tu*
ŸJ¡°≤d ˚Ù N∏∫ J¡°Ô tu* NJ¡°≤d Fæ $ b°_wb tu* ∫F NJ¡°≤d FÙ Fæ $$10$$ ıÙb°u* Ju¡ ∫u ıywgŸa_J¡°≤
•∫° ÌuF tu* Fæ* ∫° <ªwg tu* Fæ* ? ∫<Ì <ªwg tu* Fæ* w°u bu ŸfJu¡ <ÔÎ Âÿ∫ F°u*yu $
∫<Ì ÌuF tu* Fæ* w°u ÌuF J¡° fi°„ F°ufiu≈≤ fiJ¡° ˚Ù <bfi°„ F°u ı°∫uy°, ÎuŸÙ N°„aJ¡° F°ufiu≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
∫u ıyÃŸa_J¡°≤ fi w°u Ju¡bÔ <ªwg Ju¡ Fæ* N°æ≤ fi ÌuF Ju¡ FÙ Fæ*, <J¡∏wC wwg-wwg <b<˚∏fi Âÿ∫°J¡°≤ Ju¡
≈¿≤d°t J¡°u @°≤d J¡≤ ≤FÙ wS° <ªÌ°˚°Ÿ J¡∑ Δ∫°¿›w Ÿu <ªÃ_b˚°bb°ÔÙ fC<] Ju¡ FÙ Ÿa_J¡°≤ N°<Ì
fi°t <J¡∫u y∫u Fæ* $ fC<] Ju¡ FÙ ≈®˚°b Ÿu ≈®˚°b„°ÔÙ ÌuF≈®<wt° Ÿu Ÿa_J¡°≤ N°<Ì NÔy fiFÙ* Fæ* $$11$$
∫<Ì ıywg Ju¡ Ÿa_J¡°≤°u* J¡°u @°≤d J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ fCC<] J¡° FÙ ≈¿≤d°t ıywg Fæ w°u ŸaJ¡v≈-≈Ì°SÕ
NfiC˚b _t¨<w FÙ F°u*yu, oŸ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ŸaJ¡v≈≈Ì°SÕNfiC˚b ∫Ω<≈ ≈¥bÕÂ‹¸> ≈Ì°S°u˘ Ju¡ wCv∫ Fæ* wS°<≈ fiJ¡∑ _t¨<w FÙ N≈¥bÕ F°ufiu Ÿu
∫°fiÙ ≈¥b°ÕfiC˚¥w wW°a„ Ju¡ Ã∫°y Ÿu _b›fi F°uwÙ Fæ ty≤ N≈fiÙ t¨Ã∫C Ju¡ NfiC˚b N°<Ì oŸ ı∏t tu*
NfiC˚¥w F°uwu FCÎ ˚Ù N∏∫ ı∏t°u* tu* NfiC˚¥w FÙ Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ bu fiJu¡ Ÿa_J¡°≤ Ÿu ∫C•w fC<] tu*
Nº∫_w F°uwu Fæ*, ∫F fitu* <b„uTw° Fæ $$12$$ ∫F ı°y®wŸ¨¿‹¸>R¡≈ ıywg ˚Ù Ÿ¨¿‹¸> Ju¡ N°≤a˚ tu*
<ªÌ°J¡°„R¡≈ _bh~> _b›fi≈®<w˚° Ju¡ Ÿt°fi <bJ¡°Ÿ J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ, ∫F ıywg ŸŸu N<w¿≤•w
JC¡~> <Ÿ] fiFÙ* F°uw° $$13$$
"ŸbÕS° ˚°b°˚°buTC' oÃ∫°<Ì <b<b@ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu J¡FÙ yoÕ <•w∫°u* Ju¡ <Ÿ]°∏w˚¥w <fi‹J¡TÕ J¡°u oJ¡l>°
J¡≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ofi „<•w∫°u* Ÿu f®Ê FÙ ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu ˚°<Ÿw F°uw° Fæ, ∫F ¿•w <Ÿ] F°uwÙ Fæ $ bF fibÙfi
˚°<Ÿw ∫°fiÙ ≈FÔu fiFÙ* ˚°<Ÿw FCN° <J¡∏wC Nfi°<Ì˚°R¡≈ ∫°fiÙ ŸŸu N<˚∏fi ıyw Nfi°<Ì f®Ê FÙ
Fæ, ∫F w°Ã≈∫Õ <fi‹≈∏fi FCN° $$14$$ bF ≈≤t°Ãt° FÙ J¡°≤d N°æ≤ J¡°∫Õ ˚Ù J¡F° y∫° Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ bFÙ
≈¥bÕbwÙÕ Ÿ°t°∏∫R¡≈ J¡°≤d Fæ N°æ≤ bFÙ <b„uTR¡≈ J¡°∫Õ Fæ $ J¡°∫Õ Ÿa_J¡°≤ J¡° N°@°≤ ∫F N°Ãt° FÙ
"J¡°≤da Ÿ‡∫Jg¡ J¡≤°uwÙ<w J¡°∫Õtg' oŸ Δ∫CÃ≈<W Ÿu Ÿa_J¡°≤ J¡F° y∫° Fæ "Ÿ‡∫Jg¡ J¡≤da Ÿa_J¡°≤#' Δ∫CÃ≈<W
Ÿu J¨¡<wR¡≈ Ÿa_J¡°≤ ˚Ù N°Ãt° FÙ J¡F° ı°w° Fæ $$15$$ _b›fi N°<Ì tu* ı°y®wg≈Ì°S°u˘ Ÿu <bÔsd N°æ≤
ı°y®wg≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡° Â‹¸>°∏w˚¥w ı°u ≈Ì°SÕ ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ, bFÙ Ÿ¥‚t F°ufiu Ÿu Ÿa_J¡°≤, b°Ÿfi°, ≤°y, πuT,
oh~>° N°<Ì fi°t Ÿu J¡F° y∫° Fæ $ ŸŸu N∏∫ J¡°uoÕ Ÿa_J¡°≤ fi°tJ¡ f°fl ≈Ì°SÕ <ªW tu* ¿_Sw fiFÙ* Fæ $
bF Ÿa_J¡°≤ fi°t J¡∑ b_wC _b›fi tu* Ì¨¿‹¸>y°uª≤ F°uwÙ Fæ, ı°y®w tu* fiFÙ* F°uwÙ $ NÌ„Õfit°` Ÿu ı°y®wg tu*
bF fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° ŸtHfi° ˚¥Ô Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ <ªW°J¡°„ tu* ıæŸu ªuwfi° ŸÌ° ≤FwÙ Fæ, bæŸu FÙ bF ˚Ù
(Ÿa_J¡°≤ fi°t J¡∑ b_wC ˚Ù) ŸÌ° ≤FwÙ Fæ $ bF „¥∏∫_bR¡≈ F°uwÙ FCoÕ ˚Ù Ÿ°<s_b˚°bb„ _b›fi tu*
≈®wÙw F°uwÙ Fæ N°æ≤ ı°y®w tu* Â‹¸> ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡∑ w≤F NÃ∫∏w <b_w°≤ J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uwÙ Fæ $$16,17$$ bFÙ
„t, Ìt N°<Ì Ÿ°@fiŸ‡≈<W Ÿ‡≈∏fi Zbd, tfifi N°<Ì π°≤° <fi¿ÿªw N<πwÙ∫ ≈®Ã∫ygf®ÊR¡≈
buÌ°∏wb°•∫°u* J¡° NSÕ F°uJ¡≤ ≈FÔu Ÿu ≈®<Ÿ] πæwŸ¨¿‹¸> J¡° f°@J¡ F°u N≈fiu ∫S°¿_Sw (∫S°SÕ) _b˚°b
tu* ≈®b¨W F°uw° Fæ $ oŸJu¡ oŸ w≤F Ju¡ _b˚°b J¡° <fidÕ∫ J¡≤ I°fiÙıfi ≈≤t ≈C”T°SÕ J¡∑ <„‹∫°u* tu* ˚Ù
<Ÿ¿] F°u oŸ N<˚t°fi Ÿu ≈FÔu NI°w N°Ãt° FÙ ıywg J¡° N°@°≤_w‡˚R¡≈ Ÿ°≤ Fæ $$18$$
Nf N∏∫ π°≤° <fi@°Õ¿≤w _b›fiÌ„Õfi Ju¡ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° NfiCCb°Ì J¡≤ ©^±>fi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
_b›fi tu* ı°u ı°y®wg J¡° Ÿa_J¡°≤ Fæ, bF ı°y®wg π°≤° <J¡∫° FCN° N≈¥bÕR¡≈ Fæ Ÿ Nı°y®wgR¡≈
ı°y®wgN°˚°Ÿ J¡°u ı°y®wg-NfiC˚b fiu ffi°∫° ÎuŸ° J¡°uoÕ _b›fi_bR¡≈buW° J¡Fwu Fæ* $$19$$ fiJ¡°
•w J¡Sfi ™>ÙJ¡ fiFÙ* Fæ, J¡°≤d <J¡ ıæŸu b°∫C tu* ª°≤°u* N°u≤ _≈∏Ì _bw# ¿_Sw Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ªW tu*
_b›fiR¡≈ ≈Ì°SÕ _bw# FÙ ¿_Sw Fæ $ bu _bw# _b›fi Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ tu* i>Ôwu Fæ*, Nw# fitu*
ı°y®wgŸa_J¡°≤J¡w¨ÕÃb Jæ¡Ÿ° ? $$20$$
<ªW tu* Ÿf ≈Ì°SÕ ¿_Sw Fæ*, ∫F Jæ¡Ÿu I°w F°uw° Fæ ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Ìu<©∫u fi, _b›fi tu* ÎJ¡ FÙ <ª∏t°` Ô°©°u* R¡≈°u* tu* ¿_Sw F°uw° Fæ, _b›fi tu* ¿_Sw Ô°©°u* R¡≈°u* Ÿu
ŸCTC¿›w tu* ı°J¡≤ ÎJ¡ FÙ F°u ı°w° Fæ, oŸŸu <ªW tu* Ÿf ≈Ì°SÕ ¿_Sw Fæ* ∫F _≈‹¸> Fæ $$21$$ <ªÌ°J¡°„
tu* ı°u _b›fi ≈®wÙ<w Fæ bFÙ ıywg J¡FÔ°w° Fæ, <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* ı°u ŸCTC¿›w Fæ bFÙ ≈®Ô∫ J¡FÔ°w° Fæ,
oŸ<ÔÎ ∫FÙ ∏∫°∫ ŸtC<ªw Fæ $$22$$ ÎJ¡ FÙ <ªÌ°J¡°„ N≈fiu „C], fC], tC•w _bR¡≈ J¡° Ã∫°y <J¡∫u
<ffi° FÙ ı°u _b›fi J¡∑ w≤F Ÿ°J¡°≤w° N°æ≤ NfiuJ¡w° @°≤d J¡≤w° Fæ, bF ıywg Fæ $$23$$ oŸ ≈≈<W
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¿_Sw <b_w°≤∫C•w ∫F ıywg <ªW Ÿu N<˚∏fi FÙ Fæ $ ≈≤t°dC Ju¡ Ÿt°fi NÃ∫∏w Ÿ¥‚t, <b_w°≤∫C•w,
N°<Ì, tº∫ N°æ≤ N∏w≤<Fw Ÿa<b∏t°` ı°u <ªÌ°J¡°„ Fæ bFÙ ıywg J¡FÔ°w° Fæ $$24,25$$ oŸ<ÔÎ
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Nb∫bÙ J¡∑ w≤F ŸŸu N<˚∏fi Fæ, ∫F <Ÿ] FCN° $$26$$ <ª∏t°` tu* FÙ ˚Cbfi ¿_Sw Fæ, "Ãbtg' (wCt)
"NFtg' (tæ*) oÃ∫°<Ì ıywg <ª∏t∫ FÙ Fæ, oŸ w≤F yC”, „°˜ N°<Ì π°≤° •w ∫C¿•wŸt¥F Ÿu ı∏∫
ŸyÕ - 144] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2347
I°fi Ÿu J¡˚Ù Ã≈∏fi fi FCN° ıywg ≈≤t°dC Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ wJ¡ ªÔ° ı°w° Fæ ∫°fiÙ N≈fiÙ _S¥Ôw° J¡°
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¿_Sw F¥≥ $$28$$ <ªÌ°J¡°„R¡≈ tæ* <ª∏t°` ≈≤t°dC F°uJ¡≤ ˚Ù ıyBq≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw F¥≥ N°æ≤ ıF°≥ <ªÌ°J¡°„R¡≈
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ÎJ¡˚°b°≈∏fi F°uw° Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ ˚ybwÙ ZC<w J¡FwÙ Fæ -"∫S° ıÔa ıÔu <s›wtg' ("ıæŸu ıÔ tu* ~>°un°
y∫° ıÔ, Ì¥@ tu* ~>°un° y∫° Ì¥@ N°æ≤ |¨w tu* ~>°un° y∫° |¨w N≈fiÙ ≈¨SJg¡ ŸW° J¡° Ã∫°y J¡≤ Ìuw° Fæ bæŸu
FÙ ≈≤t°Ãt° tu* <tÔ° FCN° ıÙb°Ãt° N≈fi° ≈¨SJg¡ N¿_wÃb ~>°un Ìuw° Fæ $$30$$
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Fæ w°u oŸJ¡∑ <Ÿ<] Jæ¡Ÿu Fæ ? •∫°ua<J¡ NJ¡°≤d ©≤y°u„ Ju¡ ŸÙ*y N°<Ì J¡∑ _bR¡≈ <Ÿ<] fiFÙ* <Ì©°oÕ
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Ÿ¨<‹¸>fC<] <J¡Ÿ J¡°≤d Ÿu F°uwÙ Fæ, ∫°u* Ÿ∏ÌuF tu* ≈nu FCÎ Δ∫°@ J¡° ≈®ÿfi Fæ $$31-35$$
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J¡° N˚°b Fæ, Nw# <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ Ÿ¨¿‹¸>R¡≈ Fæ $$36$$ oŸ Ÿ¨¿‹¸> tu* <fi‹J¡°≤d ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡° NÃ∫∏w
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J¡°∫Õ <Ì©°oÕ Ìuwu Fæ* $$72$$ b°w, <≈W N°<Ì @°wCN°u* Ju¡ Ÿt F°ufiu≈≤ ∫F ıÙb wuı°u@°wC Ju¡ tº∫ tu*
¿_Sw F°uJ¡≤ FÙ oŸ Ÿt Ô°æ<J¡J¡ N°æ≤ „°˜Ù∫ Δ∫bF°≤ t∫°ÕÌ° J¡° _b∫a NfiC˚b J¡≤w° Fæ wS° ∫S°¿_Sw
fiy≤, y°≥b, J¡Ÿfu N°æ≤ ıayÔ J¡∑ ZudÙ J¡° NfiC˚b J¡≤w° Fæ $ <fiÿªÔ ıÔ N°æ≤ b¨s~>°∫°b°Ôu ≈®Ìu„°u*
tu* f¸>°uFÙ Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu ytfi°ytfi, N°fi∏ÌÌ°∫J¡ ≈®J¡°„b°Ôu ª∏Bt°, Ÿ¥∫Õ, w°≤°, ≤°<` N°æ≤ <Ìfi Ÿu
<b˚¥<Tw oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° NŸBq≈ ∫F ıywg ŸÌgR¡≈-Ÿ° ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ $ ıæŸu ≈bfi tu* _≈∏Ìfi Fæ bæŸu FÙ
<ªwg w[b tu* ı°u ∫F Âÿ∫°u≈Ô‡˚ Fæ bF NŸwg F°uw° FCN° ˚Ù Ÿwg Ÿ° ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ, N<˚∏fi F°uw° FCN°
˚Ù <˚∏fibwg ¿_Sw Fæ $ <fi‹≈®≈aª f®Ê Ÿu „¥∏∫˚¥w Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ ıywg <Ìw Fæ, NwÎb <fi‹≈≈®≈aª f®ÊR¡≈
bF ŸŸu w<fiJ¡ ˚Ù N<w¿≤•w fiFÙ* Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ f®Ê oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ≈¿≤Âÿ∫t°fi R¡≈ Ÿu Ã≈∏fi fiFÙ*
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≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ, b°_wb tu* ŸJ¡° ≈¨SJg¡ N¿_wÃb fiFÙ* Fæ $$73-77$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ≈æ*w°ÔÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ <~>∫°ÔÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ

≈®_wCw _b›fiÌ„Õfi Ju¡ f°Ì tC<fi tF°≤°ı J¡° _bŸCTC¿›w bdÕfi≈¥bÕJ¡
_b›fi Ju¡ ≈®Ÿay Ÿu f®ÊNπæw J¡° <b_w°≤ Ÿu bdÕfi $
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≈¥~>w° Fæ $
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N°≈J¡° ŸJu¡ ≈≤°∏w Jæ¡Ÿ° _b›fiÌ„Õfi N°<Ì b¨W°∏w Ÿ‡≈∏fi FCN° Ÿu J¨¡≈∫° fwÔ°o∫u $$1$$ tC<fi
tF°≤°ı fiu J¡F° # Fu Δ∫°@, ŸJu¡ f°Ì Ÿ ≈®°dÙ Ju¡ N°uı tu* fæ™>u FCÎ wS° ŸJu¡ ıÙb Ÿu <t<Zw <Ô*y
ÌuFb°Ôu tu≤° bF°≥≈≤ Ÿ Ÿt∫ ı°u b¨W°∏w FCN° Ÿu wCt ŸCfi°u $$2$$
Ÿ Ÿt∫ ıf <J¡ N<w ˚∫°fiJ¡ ≈®Ô∫ J¡° N°±>‡f≤ N≈fiÙ ≈¥≤Ù „¿•w Ju¡ Ÿ°S J¡Ìt ™>°∫u Su,
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yoÕ $ ÎuŸÙ b¨¿‹¸> <J¡ <ıŸtu* fnu-fnu bfi, ≈bÕw, <„©≤, y°≥b, fiy≤ n ≤Fu Su $ ıf tæ* Ÿ ≈®°dÙ Ju¡
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tu* ‹dw° N<Àfi N°<Ì Ÿu N<˚∏fi Fæ, ıæŸu ıÔ N°<Ì tu* ¿_Sw w≤Ôw° ıÔ N°<Ì Ÿu N<˚∏fi Fæ N°æ≤
ıæŸu <tªÕ N°<Ì tu* ¿_Sw wÙ‚dw° <tªÕ Ÿu N<˚∏fi Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ªÌ°J¡°„ Ÿu ıywg N<˚∏fi Fæ $ ª°≤°u* N°u≤
kæ¡Ô° FCN° ÎJ¡t°` <ªÃ_b˚°bR¡≈ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d _b›fiıywgR¡≈Ù Âÿ∫ ŸCTC¿›wR¡≈Ù t°≥ Ju¡ Ì≤ Ÿu
f°ÔJ¡ J¡∑ w≤F Ã≈∏fi FCN° Fæ $$3-12$$
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N<_wÃb J¡° J¡Sfi ŸCfiJ¡≤ ŸJ¡°u NŸa˚b ŸtH ≤F° Δ∫°@ ≈¥~>w° Fæ $
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Δ∫≈Ìu„ J¡≤wu Fæ*, oŸ<ÔÎ ŸCTC›wÂÿ∫ JC¡~> Fæ, ÎuŸ° N°≈J¡° N<˚≈®°∫ I°w F°uw° Fæ, Ÿ°u J¨¡≈∫°
ŸCTC›wÂÿ∫ J¡° •∫° _bR¡≈ Fæ, ∫F tCHu ŸtH°o∫u $$13$$ •∫° <ıŸ ≈®°dÙ Ju¡ ⁄Ì∫ tu* N°≈ ≈®<b‹¸>
FCÎ Su Ÿ ≈®°dÙ Ju¡ ŸCTC¿›wÂÿ∫ Ÿu N°æ≤ N°≈ Ju¡ ŸCTC<›wÂÿ∫ Ÿu ˚Ù ı∏∫ ıywgR¡≈ Âÿ∫ Ì¥Ÿ≤°
ŸyÕ - 146] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2355
Ã≈∏fi F°uw° Fæ ? N∏∫w° J¡° ≈®∫°uıJ¡ ı∏t •∫° Fæ, NSb° ŸbÕÂÿ∫≈®Ô∫ tu* N∏∫ ŸCTC<›w •∫°
Fæ ? oŸu J¨¡≈∫° N°≈ ŸtH°o∫u $$14$$
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Fæ, ∫F ≈¥~>wu F°u ? ≈®St ≈s tu* Âÿ∫ N°<Ì Ju¡ NŸwg F°ufiu Ÿu bu JC¡~> ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ*, ÎuŸ° W≤ ZÙtC<fi
tF°≤°ı Ìuwu Fæ* $
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<bJ¡<Ÿw F°uwu Fæ*, ∫F Ÿf πæw Ÿu Ÿaw›w FCÎ t¥©°u˘ J¡∑ J¡≈°uÔJ¡v≈fi°R¡≈ ≈®Ô°≈ J¡° tæ*fiu NfiCb°Ì <J¡∫°
Fæ, ∫F J¡°uoÕ w°<[bJ¡ b°Ì fiFÙ* Fæ $$15$$
≈¿^±>w°u* Ju¡ <bª°≤ tu* w°u ı°w N°<Ì „ÆÌ°u* J¡° Ÿ∏t°` FÙ NSÕ Fæ, Ì¥Ÿ≤° J¡°uoÕ NSÕ fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ°
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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@°wC "ıfiÙ ≈®°ÌC˚°Õbu' ∫°u* ≈°<d<fi N°<Ì π°≤° ≈®°ÌC˚°Õb NSÕ tu* J¡F° y∫° Fæ $ Ÿtu* ≈®°ÌC# N∏∫ @°ÃbSÕ
J¡∑ ≈®J¡¸>w° J¡°u Ω°u<ww J¡≤w° FCN° N≈®@°fi Fæ $ ˚¥@°wC J¡° ŸW°t°` NSÕ FÙ ≈®°ÌC˚°Õb J¡° ≈®@°fi
„≤Ù≤ Fæ $$16$$
F°u ÎuŸ°, oŸŸu ≈®J¨¡w tu* •∫° N°∫° ? oŸ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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Ÿwg FÙ ŸyÕ„ÆÌ Ÿu J¡<Sw F°uw° Fæ $$17$$
ÎuŸÙ ≈¿≤¿_S<w tu* <bπ°fi°u* J¡∑ Â¿‹¸> Ÿu NI°<fi∫°u* J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* ≈®<Ÿ] ı∏t N°<Ì <J¡ŸÙ b_wC J¡∑
˚Ù <Ÿ<] fiFÙ a F°uwÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
w[bI°fiÙ Ft Ô°uy°u* J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* JC¡~> ˚Ù Ã≈∏fi fiFÙ* F°uw° N°æ≤ JC¡~> fi‹¸> ˚Ù fiFÙ* F°uw° Ÿf JC¡~>
„°∏w, Nı∏t° Ÿ∏t°` Fæ $$18$$
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ŸbÕŸW°ÃtJ¡ f®Ê tu* N¿_wÃb N°æ≤ fi°¿_wÃb J¡° NSb° <b<@ N°æ≤ <fiTu@ J¡° NbJ¡°„
fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ŸbÕŸW°ÃtJ¡ f®Ê Fæ, ŸbÕŸW°ÃtJ¡ ıywg Fæ ı≤° fwÔ°N°u w°u ŸbÕŸW°ÃtJ¡ f®Ê tu* J¡°æfi-ŸÙ
<b<@∫°≥ N°æ≤ J¡°æfi Ÿu ≈®<wTu@°u* J¡° ŸaŸyÕ F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? $$19$$
wf "N¿_w' (Fæ) "fi°¿_w' (fiFÙ* Fæ) oŸ Ô°uJ¡≈®<Ÿ] Δ∫bF°≤ J¡° J¡°æfi <bT∫ Fæ ? oŸ ≈®J¡°≤
•w Δ∫bF°≤ Ju¡ <bT∫ J¡°u Ì„°Õwu FCÎ <πwÙ∫ ≈s tu* J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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F°ufiu Ÿu NI°<fi∫°u* J¡∑ Â¿‹¸> tu* t°∫°ÃtJ¡ Fæ $ ıæŸu ıæŸu t°∫°„<•w ÃJ¡TÕ J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uwÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ
ŸbÕ„<•w |<¸>w _bR¡≈b°Ô° bF wÌ°ÃtJ¡ J¡F° ı°w° Fæ $$20$$
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Fæ*, <b<@, ≈®<wTu@ w°u Ì¥≤ ≤Fu, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
w[bI°fi Ÿ‡≈∏fi <bπ°fi°u* J¡∑ ı°y®wg, _b›fi, ŸCTC¿›w N°<Ì Nb_S°Î≥ fiFÙ* Fæ*, fiJu¡ <ÔÎ Ÿf JC¡~>
∫S°¿_Sw f®Ê FÙ Fæ $$21$$
≈®Ã∫sw# NfiC˚b°R¡» b_wCN°u* J¡° N≈Ô°≈ J¡≤fi° <J¡ŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ ˚Ù Ÿa˚b fiFÙ* Fæ, oŸ „aJ¡° J¡°
Â‹¸>°∏w°u* π°≤° <fi≤°Ÿ J¡≤wu Fæ* $
∫Ω<≈ _b›fi N°æ≤ ŸaJ¡v≈ Ju¡ fiy≤ NfiC˚b°”» F°uwu Fæ* <k¡≤ ˚Ù ıæŸu fiJ¡° b°_w<bJ¡ R¡≈ JC¡~> ˚Ù
fiFÙ* Fæ bæŸu FÙ ŸyÕ Ju¡ N°<Ì tuu* ıywg J¡° w<fiJ¡ ˚Ù _bR¡≈ fiFÙ* Fæ $$22$$
wf w°u ıæŸu _b›fi N°æ≤ tfi°u≤S tu* ≈®°d°<Ìt°fig ıÙb B‹¸>° Fæ bæŸu FÙ Ÿy°Õ<Ì tu* ˚Ù ≈®°d N°<Ì ∫C•w
FÙ f®Ê J¡∑ <Ÿ<] F°uwÙ Fæ, <fi<bÕ„uT f®Ê <Ÿ] fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w°, oŸ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
_b›fi N°æ≤ tfi°u≤S ıÙb°u≈°<@Ÿ¨¿‹¸> Ju¡ W≤J¡°ÔbwÙÕ Fæ*, NwÎb oŸ _b›fiÂ¿‹¸> J¡° B‹¸>°
≈®°d°<Ìt°fig ıÙb F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ, <J¡∏wC ªuÃ∫<˚∏fi (ªuÃ∫ŸaŸyÕ „¥∏∫) <ªwg Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* N°J¡°„ Ÿu
˚Ù N<@J¡ _bh~> Fæ NwÎb Ÿ¨¿‹¸> Ju¡ N°≤‡˚ tu* ≈®°d°<Ìt°fig f®Ê J¡Ì°<≈ <Ÿ] fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w°, <J¡∏wC
<fi<bÕ„uT FÙ Fæ, ∫F <Ÿ] FCN° $$23$$
ŸyÕ J¡°u _bÙJ¡°≤ J¡≤ ŸJ¡° B‹¸>° „C] Fæ ∫F J¡F° Fæ $ b°_wb tu* w°u B‹¸>°, Ì„Õfi N°æ≤ Âÿ∫R¡≈
<`≈Ç>Ù Ÿ‡≈¥dÕw∫° oŸ „C] tu* <fib¨W F°uwÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
fi ∫F°≥ B‹¸>° Fæ N°æ≤ fi ˚°u•w° Fæ ∫F°≥ Ÿf JC¡~> <ªÌuJ¡≤Ÿ FÙ Fæ, ı°u JC¡~> fi F°uw° FCN° ˚Ù JC¡~> Fæ
N°æ≤ ı°u t°æfi FÙ N<w„<∫w b°dÙb°Ô° ˚Ù Fæ $$24$$
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≤Fw° ˚Ù Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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tfi°u≤S Ju¡ fiy≤ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi bF R¡≈ ≈®Ô∫ wJ¡ ≠∫°u* J¡° Ã∫°u* ≤Fw° Fæ $ ıæŸu <J¡ f°ÔJ¡ N≈fiu „≤Ù≤
≈≤ <ª<`w f°|, Ÿ≈Õ N°<Ì Ju¡ <ª`°u* Ÿu ˚∫˚Ùw F°uw° Fæ, Ôu<J¡fi b∫_J¡ ≈C”T fiŸu ˚∫˚Ùw fiFÙ*
F°uw° $ bæŸu FÙ NI°fiw° tu* πæwb„ N∏∫ J¡∑ ˚®°¿∏w Ÿu ıÙb N°Ãt˚¥w ªuwfi Ÿu FÙ ˚∫ ©°w° Fæ,
f°u@ F°ufiu≈≤ ˚∫˚Ùw fiFÙ* F°uw° $ w°<[bJ¡ R¡≈ Ÿu ı∏t, ¿_S<w, <bfi°„„¥∏∫ NŸÙt NÃ∫∏w <fitÕÔ
f®Ê FÙ ∫S°¿_Sw F°u ˚®°¿∏w Ÿu N<w<bJ¡°≤Ù N°æ≤ fi°fi° F°uJ¡≤ Nb˚°<Ÿw F°uw° Fæ $ ≈®J¡°„t°fi
N„°∏w ˚Ù ∫F ıywg b°_wb tu* ≈®f°u@ ≈¿≤„°∏w FÙ Fæ $$25-27$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ <~>∫°ÔÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ Ÿæ*w°ÔÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ
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≈¥bÕÂ‹¸> JC¡¸C>‡f N°<Ì Ju¡ Ì„Õfi Ju¡ ≤F_∫ J¡° bdÕfi $
tF°tC<fi fiu J¡F° # Fu tF°f°F°u, oŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°wg ıf tæ* ŸCTC¿›w Ÿu f°F≤ N°∫° wf _b›fi tu* tu≤°
ŸyÕ - 147] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2357
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<fiÿª∫ Fæ $$29$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ Ÿæ*w°ÔÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ŸyÕ - 148] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2359
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ Nnw°ÔÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ

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Ju¡ k¡Ô Ju¡ ≈®˚°b Ÿu Ã≈∏fi _b˚°b Ÿu bF bæŸÙ bæŸÙ F°u ı°wÙ Fæ $$5$$
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""w]æwvÔ°uJ¡<ıÌub'' oŸ ZC<w Ÿu <Ÿ] _bÔ‚∫ k¡Ôb°Ô° Jæ¡Ÿu F°uy° ? oŸŸu <Ÿ] Fæ <J¡ <F≤^∫y˚Õ
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ı°wÙ Fæ N°æ≤ "ŸÃ∫ Fæ ∫° fiFÙ* Fæ' oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ Ÿ∏ÌuF Ÿu Ÿa„∫y®_w F°u ı°wÙ Fæ $$7,8$$
_b›fi Ÿa<bwg J¡∑ ŸÃ∫w° J¡°J¡w°ÔÙ∫bwg Fæ ÎuŸ° ı°u ≈FÔu J¡F° S°, ŸJ¡° ≈≈°Ìfi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
∫F _b›fiB‹¸>° ıÙb N∏∫ ≈°∫ Ÿu ˚Ù ≈®°›w FCÎ k¡Ô J¡°u, _b›fi tu* ŸÃ∫Ãb J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° Ÿu, ∫F
k¡Ô _b›fi π°≤° FÙ Ÿ¥<ªw Fæ, ÎuŸ° ŸtHw° Fæ $$9$$
oŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ ı°y®wg tu* ≈®<Ÿ] |¸>, ≈¸> N°<Ì J¡∑ Ÿa<bwg ˚Ù J¡°J¡w°ÔÙ∫ FÙ Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ fitu* ˚Ù Ìu„
N°æ≤ Ÿt∫ Ju¡ ˚uÌ Ÿu N∏∫S°˚°b Ìu©fiu tu* N°w° Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
`æÔ°u•∫ tu* wwg-wwg (<b<˚∏fi) ≈C”T°u* J¡∑ N≈fiÙ <fiı Ÿa<bwg π°≤° <ª≤ NU∫_w NSÕ<J®¡∫° N°<Ì
Ÿu f]t¥Ô |¸>°<Ì_b˚°bb°Ôu ˚Ù Ÿ˚Ù ≈Ì°SÕ „Ù|® ∫° <ª≤J¡°Ô tu* Ìu„, J¡°Ô wS° tCÌgy≤ Ju¡ N°|°w°<Ì
≈®∫Ãfi Ÿu N∏∫S°˚°b J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uwu FCÎ Δ∫<˚ª¿≤w F°uwu Fæ*, ≈¥bÕ<fiÿªw _b˚°b J¡° Ã∫°y J¡≤wu Fæ* $$10$$
Ÿ¨¿‹¸> Ju¡ N°≤‡˚ tu* <ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡° N<bfiÿb≤ ˚°fi FÙ ıywg Fæ $ NwÎb Ÿ¥‚t <ª<w FÙ b_wCŸW° J¡°
∫Su‹¸> <b_w°≤ J¡≤wÙ Fæ $$11$$
oŸ<ÔÎ Ju¡bÔ Ÿ∏t°` FÙ <fi∫w ŸW°b°fig Fæ ŸŸu N<w¿≤•w ŸfJ¡∑ ŸW° N<fi∫w Fæ*, ÎuŸ°
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Ju¡bÔ Ÿ∏t°` f®Ê J¡°u ~>°unJ¡≤ N°æ≤ ŸfJ¡°u wCt ŸÌ° ŸÃ∫-NŸÃ∫, <fi∫w-N<fi∫w R¡≈ Ÿu
¿_Sw ŸtH°u $$12$$ Nw# ÎJ¡ ŸÌg f®Ê FÙ Ÿb°ÕÃtJ¡ (ŸbÕR¡≈) Fæ ŸŸu N∏∫ JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ
ŸŸu N<w¿≤•w ŸÃ∫ ∫° NŸÃ∫ •∫° F°uy° ? NS°Õwg JC¡~> ˚Ù fiFÙ* $$13$$
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ <bª°≤ J¡≤fiu ≈≤ _b›fi ˚Ù J¡FÙ* <J¡ŸÙ J¡°Ô tu* ŸÃ∫ N°æ≤ J¡FÙ* <J¡ŸÙ J¡°Ô tu* NŸÃ∫ ˚Ù
Ÿa<bwgR¡≈ Ÿu ŸÃ∫ N°æ≤ N∏∫ R¡≈Ÿu NŸÃ∫ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ofi NI°<fi∫°u* Ju¡ <ÔÎ J¡FÙ*≈≤ _b›fi ŸÃ∫ N°æ≤ J¡FÙ*≈≤ NŸÃ∫ FÙ Fæ, <J¡∏wC I°fib°fig ıfi°u* Ju¡
<ÔÎ fi NŸBq≈ Fæ N°æ≤ fi Ÿ∏t∫ Fæ $$14$$ ıywg fi°tJ¡ N°J¡°≤bwÙ ∫F Ÿa<bwgR¡≈ ˚®°¿∏w ˚°<Ÿw
F°uwÙ Fæ ∫F _b∫a tæ* ˚®°<∏w F¥≥, ÎuŸ° J¡FwÙ Fæ, oŸtu* ∫S°SÕ Ÿa<bwg J¡°æfi Fæ ? <ª<w FÙ <ªW ffiJ¡≤ ıÔ
tu* Bb J¡∑ w≤F ı°u N≈fiu tu* ıyty°wÙ Fæ Ÿ°˚°Ÿ _kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ, bFÙ ∫F ıywg Fæ $$15,16$$
ı°y®w, _b›fi N°æ≤ ŸCTC¿›w ıtu FCÎ N°æ≤ JC¡~> <≈|Ôu FCÎ |¨w Ju¡ Ÿt°fi N<˚∏fi FÙ Fæ*, ∫F ≈≈°Ìfi
J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ˚¥<tJ¡° f°≥@wu Fæ* $
ıæŸu _b›fi Ìu©J¡≤ ŸCTC¿›w J¡° NfiC˚b F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ ı°y®w J¡° NbÔ°uJ¡fi J¡≤ <fiB° J¡° NfiC˚b
<J¡∫° ı°w° Fæ $$17$$
ŸyÕ - 148] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2361
F°u ÎuŸ°, oŸŸu ≈®J¨¡w tu* •∫° N°∫° ? oŸ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu ıt° FCN° J¡n° |Ù FÙ JC¡~> <≈|Ôw° Fæ JC¡~> <≈|Ô° FCN° FÙ ıtJ¡≤ <k¡≤ J¡n° F°u ı°w° Fæ ∫°u*
Ì°u |¨w°u* tu* ≈≤_≈≤ ˚uÌ fiFÙ* Fæ •∫°u*<J¡ bFÙ ∫F |¨w Fæ ÎuŸÙ ≈®Ã∫<˚I° Ì°ufi°u* Nb_S°N°u* tu* F°uwÙ Fæ, Fu
tF°twu, bæŸu FÙ wCt ı°y®wg FÙ ∫F _b›fi Fæ ÎuŸ° ı°fi°u N°æ≤ _b›fi J¡°u ı°y®wg ı°fi°u, ∫u Ì°ufi°u* ÎJ¡
N<bfi°„Ù f®Ê FÙ Fæ* $$18$$
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ N<bΩ°J¨¡w <ª∏t°`R¡≈ ÎJ¡ ŸCTC¿›w FÙ |¨wbwg ŸÌ° B‹¸>Δ∫ Fæ $ Ÿ˚Ù fi°tR¡≈ Ju¡ ˚uÌ
ŸÙ Ju¡ ≈∫°∫Õ Fæ* ÎuŸ° <fi‹J¡TÕ <fiJ¡Ô°, ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
NªuÃ∫ <ª∏t°` ˚°fiR¡≈ ÎJ¡ ∫F N°J¡°„ FÙ ª°≤°u* N°u≤ Δ∫°›w Fæ $ ∫F°≥ ı°y®w, _b›fi N°æ≤ ŸCTC¿›w
N°<Ì ŸÙ Ju¡ fi°t°∏w≤ (≈∫°Õ∫) Fæ* $$19$$
_b›fi N°<Ì Ju¡ k¡Ô J¡° <fi∫t N°æ≤ N<fi∫t ˚Ù ŸŸu ≈¨SJg¡ fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
∫F°≥ fi <fi∫<w Fæ N°æ≤ fi N<fi∫<w Fæ $ ı≤° fwÔ°N°u w°u <tØ∫°˚¥w _b›fiŸa<bwg tu* <fi∫t N°æ≤
N<fi∫t J¡° FÙ Jæ¡Ÿu Ÿa˚b F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ, ∫°fiÙ <tØ∫° F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ˚Ù <fi∫t N°æ≤ N<fi∫t
N<bΩ°b¨w <ª∏t°` Ÿu ≈¨SJg¡ fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$20$$ NI°fi Ÿu N°b¨w N<fi∫¿∏`w <ª¿w ı°y®wg
N°æ≤ _b›fi Fæ, ≈¿≤Zt N°<Ì <fi<tW Ÿu <fi∫¿∏`w FCoÕ bF ŸCTC¿›w Fæ wS° ≈®∫Ãfi Ÿu <fi∫∏`d tu* Ô°oÕ
yoÕ •w <ª¿w Ÿt°<@ Fæ $ NI°fi J¡° <bfi°„ F°u ı°fiu≈≤ bFÙ tC¿•w J¡FÔ°wÙ Fæ $ ÎuŸÙ ≈¿≤¿_S<w
tu* ı°y®wg Ju¡ <fi≤°u@ Ÿu tfi°uΔ∫°≈°≤t°`R¡≈ N∏∫ „°uJ¡ Fæ $ ıf wJ¡ Ÿa<bwg-˚°fi J¡° <fi∫∏`d ≤Fw°
Fæ wf wJ¡ ŸCTC¿›w tu* N°Ãt° FÙ ŸbÕ „°uJ¡°∏w≤ Fæ ÎuŸ° ı°fiJ¡≤ „°uJ¡≤<Fw Ÿt°<@ ŸC©R¡≈Ù <bZ°t
ª°Ffiub°Ô° ≈C”T <fi∫tfi FÙ J¡≤u* $$21$$
∫<Ì J¡°uoÕ „aJ¡° J¡≤u <J¡ Ÿa<bwg J¡° ≈bfi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi <fi∫tfi J¡≤fi° N<w ÌC‹J¡≤ Fæ $ •w Ÿa<bwg J¡°
_b›fi N°<Ì Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ tu* _kC¡¿≤w F°ufiu J¡° <fi∫t Fæ, oŸ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
b°∫CÔu©° J¡∑ w≤F _bh~>∏Ì _kC¡¿≤w F°u ≤FÙ Ÿa<bwg J¡° <bT∫°J¡°≤ tu* _kC¡≤d F°ufi° _b˚°b fiFÙ* Fæ,
•∫°u*<J¡ ŸCTC¿›w tu* ŸJ¡° <bT∫°J¡°≤ _kC¡≤d fiFÙ* <Ì©°oÕ Ìuw° $ N°æ≤ _b›fi tu* Ÿa<bwg Ju¡ <bT∫°J¡°≤
_kC¡≤d tu* <J¡ŸÙ J¡°≤d J¡° ˚Ù <fiR¡≈d fiFÙ* <J¡∫° ı° ŸJ¡w°, <ıŸJ¡°u <J¡ <fi<tW t°fiJ¡≤ <fi∫<w F°u,
oŸ<ÔÎ <fi∫<w J¡°æfi N°æ≤ Jæ¡ŸÙ ? $$22$$
∫<Ì J¡°uoÕ J¡Fu <J¡ f°fl, |¸>, ≈¸> Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ FÙ Ÿa<bwg Ÿu N≈fi° Ÿ‡f∏@ F°ufiu≈≤ Ÿa<bwg J¡∑
_b°J¡°≤w° tu* J¡°≤d F°u*, oŸ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
|¸>, ≈¸> N°<Ì J¡° N°J¡°≤ Ÿa<bwg Ju¡ _b°J¡°≤ tu* ≈¿≤dw F°ufiu tu* wf J¡°≤d t°fi° ı° ŸJ¡w° Fæ
ıf<J¡ Ÿ¨¿‹¸> tu* <J¡ŸÙ Ì¥Ÿ≤u J¡°≤d J¡° <fiR¡≈d J¡≤fi° Ÿa˚b F°uw° $ Ôu<J¡fi ıf ≈¥b°uÕ•w ∫C<•w Ÿu
Ÿ¨<‹¸> NJ¡°≤d (J¡°≤d Ju¡ <ffi° FÙ Ã≈∏fi) Fæ wf <ªwg Ÿu Nfi∏∫ (N<˚∏fi) N°J¡°≤ N°<Ì <ªwg Ju¡ |¸>
N°<Ì Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ tu* ≈¿≤dw F°ufiu tu* J¡Ì°<≈ J¡°≤d fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w° $$23$$
w°u •∫° Ÿ°≤° J¡° Ÿ°≤° <fi∫<wR¡≈Ù tFÔ i>F y∫° ? ÎuŸÙ N°„aJ¡° F°ufiu≈≤ fiJ¡°≤°ÃtJ¡ W≤
Ìuwu Fæ* $
∫F°≥ ı°u <ª<w ıf ıæŸu _kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ bF b_wC wf bæŸÙ ≈°≤t°<SÕJ¡, Δ∫°bF°¿≤J¡ ∫° ≈®°<w˚°<ŸJ¡
F°uwÙ Fæ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡∑ FÙ <fi∫<w Δ∫bF°≤≈∫Õ∏w ≤FwÙ FÙ Fæ N∏∫S° fiFÙ* F°uwÙ Fæ $$24$$
_b›fi J¡∑ ŸÃ∫w°<fi∫<w w°u ŸbÕ` „°˜°fiCŸ°≤ F°uwÙ Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ J¡°J¡w°ÔÙ∫bwg ÎuŸ° Ftfiu J¡F°
<fi∫<w Ju¡ N˚°b Ÿu FÙ _b›fi tu* J¡˚Ù J¡˚Ù ŸÃ∫w° N°æ≤ J¡˚Ù NŸÃ∫w° F°uwÙ Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ
_b›fiŸÃ∫Ãb J¡°J¡w°ÔÙ∫ FÙ Fæ $$25$$
t<d, t∏`, N°æT@ N°<Ì R¡≈Ÿu ≈®∫C•w _b›fiŸÃ∫w°-<fi∫<w w°u ı°y®wg ≈®wÙ<w tu* ˚Ù wCv∫ Fæ,
t<d, t∏` N°æ≤ N°æT<@R¡≈ _b°Ãt° Ÿu _b›fi N°<Ì J¡∑ ı°u ŸÃ∫w° <fi∫w Fæ bF ŸÃ∫w° w°u ı°y®w
tu* ˚Ù <Ì©°oÕ ÌuwÙ Fæ $$26$$ ı°y®wg N°æ≤ _b›fi Ì°ufi°u* FÙ Ju¡bÔ <ªwg˚°fi FÙ Fæ*, NwÎb ofitu* <b<˚∏fiw°
Jæ¡ŸÙ ? ı°y®w N°æ≤ _b›fi Ju¡ fiy≤ NfiC˚b Ÿu ŸÂ„_bR¡≈ FÙ Fæ* NS°Õwg fiJ¡° buΩ _bR¡≈ NSb°
buÌfi _bR¡≈ NfiC˚bw# wCv∫ FÙ Fæ $$27$$
NwÎb <fiB°<bFÙfi N°Ãt° tu* ı°y®wg N°æ≤ _b›fi Ì°ufi°u* J¡° FÙ Δ∫<˚ª°≤ F°ufiu Ÿu N˚°b FÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ°
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<fiB°<bFÙfi N°Ãt° tu* ı°y®w J¡° J¡Ì°<≈ Ÿa˚b fiFÙ* Fæ $ ı°u ı°y®w Ju¡ fi°t Ÿu ≈®<Ÿ] R¡≈ Fæ, bF
_b›fi FÙ Fæ $ <fiB°<bFÙfi N°Ãt° tu* _b›fi J¡° ˚Ù Ÿa˚b fiFÙ* Fæ, ı°u _b›fi fi°t Ÿu ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ bF ŸC›w N°æ≤
ı°y®wg ÎJ¡R¡≈ f®Ê J¡∑ I°fiR¡≈w° FÙ Fæ $$28,29$$
ÎuŸÙ ¿_S<w tu* <fiB°<bFÙfi N°Ãt° J¡∑ ŸCTC<›w ˚Ù Fæ FÙ fiFÙ*, oŸ N<˚≈®°∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<fiB°<bFÙfi N°Ãt° Ju¡ bu ı°y®wg, _b›fi N°<Ì J¡°uoÕ J¡Ì°<≈ fiFÙ* Fæ Îba Âÿ∫ J¡° N°Ã∫¿∏wJ¡
NÌ„ÕfiR¡≈ NSb° N°Ãt° J¡° h~>uÌ N°<ÌR¡≈ t¨Ã∫C ˚Ù Fæ FÙ fiFÙ*, •∫°u*<J¡ N<bÔC›w <ªwgŸW° t¨Ã∫C˚®t
Ju¡ Nfi∏w≤ wC≤∏w FÙ Âÿ∫ J¡°u Ìu©wÙ Fæ $$30$$ ıæŸu ıÔJ¡d°u* J¡∑ ÔF≤u*, tu| N°æ≤ <Ìyg˚®t F°ufiu ≈≤
<Ì„°Î≥ ∫u Ÿf Nfi∏∫ F°uwu FCÎ ˚Ù <ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡ <fi≤∏w≤ ŸbÕS° N∏∫bwg ≈®wÙw F°uwu Fæ*, bæŸu FÙ
N<˚∏fi ≈≤t f®Ê tu* <„Ô° Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ J¡∑ ≤u©°N°u* J¡∑ w≤F Ÿ¨¿‹¸>∫°≥ _kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ* $ fituu* ı°y®w,
_b›fi N°<Ì J¡° Jæ¡Ÿu Ÿa˚b Fæ ? $$31,32$$ Fu Δ∫°@, ∫F N°Ãt_bR¡≈, ı°u ı°y®wg, _b›fi N°æ≤ ŸCTC¿›w
_bR¡≈b°Ô° N°æ≤ fiŸu <b≈≤Ùw wC≤Ù∫°b_S° _bR¡≈b°Ô° wS° N°J¡°≤ ≤<Fw F°uJ¡≤ ˚Ù R¡≈ „≤Ù≤
@°≤d J¡≤w° FCN° „¥∏∫ oŸ <ªÌgb≈C Ÿu N°æ≤ „¥∏∫R¡≈ FÙ Âÿ∫ Ÿu N°J¡°„R¡≈ <~>B J¡°u Δ∫°›wJ¡≤
¿_Sw Fæ wS°<≈ N°J¡°„°ÃtJ¡ <ª∏t°` ∫F N≈fiu „C] <ª∏t°` R¡≈ Ÿu w<fiJ¡ ˚Ù <˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ $
N°J¡°„, b°∫C, N<Àfi, ıÔ, ≈¨<SbÙ, N∏∫°∏∫ Ô°uJ¡, tu| N°<Ì ˚¥w ˚°æ<wJ¡ Ÿ<Fw Âÿ∫ (ıywg)
Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* ˚Ù Ì¥Ÿ≤u <J¡ŸÙ ˚Ù J¡°≤d J¡° ≈®t°d°u* π°≤° NfiC˚b fi F°ufiu Ÿu Ju¡bÔ <F≤^∫y˚Õ<ªW°ÃtJ¡
Fæ $ <ªWR¡≈ tfi°u≤SR¡≈ oŸJu¡ fi°tR¡≈°u* J¡° N¿_wÃb fi F°ufiu Ÿu ∫F fi°t Ÿu b<ıÕw (≤<Fw) FÙ Fæ
f°u@„≤Ù≤b°Ôu tfi Ju¡ Ÿ°sÙ Ÿu Ÿa∫C•w FÙ Fæ $ N∏w tu* tfi J¡° <bÔ∫ F°ufiu≈≤ Ÿ°≤° J¡° Ÿ°≤° Âÿ∫
buÌfit°` FÙ Fæ, N∏∫ b_wC fiFÙ* Fæ $$33,34$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ Nnw°ÔÙŸb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ŸyÕ - 149] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2363
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ fiª°Ÿb°≥ ŸyÕ

≈¥b°uÕ•w _b›fi b¨W°∏w Ju¡ <ŸÔ<ŸÔu tu* |≤ tu* N°∫u FCÎ <J¡ŸÙ N∏∫ tC<fi Ju¡ tC≥F Ÿu
ZCw fFCw Ÿu Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ wCv∫ (ÎJ¡ Ÿu) ŸC©, ÌC#© N°<Ì Ju¡ <fi<tW J¡° tC<fi π°≤° J¡Sfi $
Δ∫°@ fiu J¡F° # Fu tF°tC<fiıÙ, N°≈Ju¡ ≈®Ô∫ N°<Ì ŸæJ¡n°u* tF°b¨W°∏w°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S NfiuJ¡ Ÿ¨¿‹¸>∫°≥
(ŸaŸ°≤) „°∏w F°u ªCJu¡ Su ÎuŸu N°≈J¡° ıf y¨F_S°Zt tu* ≈C`-˚°∫°Õ, f∏@C-f°∏@b N°æ≤ o‹¸>-<t`°u*
Ju¡ Ÿ°S Ÿt°yt FCN° wf bF°≥≈≤ NfiC˚b tu* N° ≤Fu ıywg J¡° •∫° F°Ô FCN°, ŸJ¡° w[b J¨¡≈∫°
tCHŸu J¡<F∫u $$1$$ tC<fi fiu J¡F° # Fu ŸÌ°ª°≤ tu* _≈¨F° ≤©fiub°Ôu, Fu Ÿ°@°u Δ∫°@, ŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°wg Ÿ
≈®°dÙ Ju¡ ⁄Ì∫¿_Sw N°uı tu* Ÿ Ÿt∫ ı°u N≈¥bÕ b¨W°∏w FCN°, Ÿu wCt ŸCfi°u $ •w N°uı tu* fæ™>fiu
Ÿu tu≤° N°ÃtI°fi J¡° Ÿ°≤° bæ˚b <b_t¨w F°u y∫° $ M¡wC, bTÕ N°<ÌR¡≈ Ÿt∫ ª•J¡≤ J¡°¸> J¡°¸>J¡≤
fÙwfiu Ôy° $ ˜Ù-fhª°u* ≈≤ N<wNfiC≤°y ≤©fiub°Ôu wS° N°Ãt° J¡° J¡˚Ù tfifi fi J¡≤fiub°Ôu tu≤u
bF°≥≈≤ y¨F_S°Zt tu* Ÿ°uÔF bTÕ fÙw y∫u $$2-4$$ oŸJu¡ f°Ì <J¡ŸÙ Ÿt∫ tF°w≈_bÙ N°ÃtI°fiÙ
tfifi„ÙÔ J¡°uoÕ Ÿat°∏∫ <bπ°fi N<w<S Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* tu≤u |≤ ≈@°≤u $ tæ*fiu fiJ¡° ©¥f N°Ì≤ ŸÃJ¡°≤
<J¡∫°, ŸŸu ≈®Ÿ∏fi F°uJ¡≤ ∏F°u*fiu ˚°uıfi <J¡∫° N°æ≤ wÌfi∏w≤ N°≤°t <J¡∫° $ tæ*fiu fFCw Ÿu Ô°uy°u* Ju¡
wCv∫ ŸC©-ÌC#© Ju¡ J®¡t J¡° <bª°≤ J¡≤ fiŸu ∫F ≈¥~>° # Fu ˚ybfig, ª¥≥<J¡ N°≈ tF°I°fiÙ Fæ*, ıywg
J¡∑ Ÿf y<w<b<@∫°≥ ı°fiwu Fæ*, J®¡°u@ J¡° w°u N°≈tu* fi°t<fi„°fi ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ wS° <bT∫ŸC©-Ôu„ tu*
N°≈J¡∑ w<fiJ¡ ˚Ù N°Ÿ¿•w fiFÙ* Fæ $ ıæŸu „≤Ìg M¡wC tu* k¡Ô°SÙÕ <J¡Ÿ°fi°u* J¡°u @°fi N°<Ì N∏fi ≈®°›w
F°uwu Fæ*, bæŸu FÙ J¡tÕ„°ÔÙ ıÙb°u* Ju¡ „C˚ N„C˚ J¡t°u˘ Ÿu ŸC© N°æ≤ ÌC#© ≈®°›w F°uwu Fæ* $ w°u •∫° ∫u
Ÿ˚Ù Ô°uy Ÿ°S FÙ N„C˚ J¡tÕ J¡≤wu Fæ* <ıŸŸu <J¡ ofi ŸfJu¡ ˚‚∫ N°æ≤ N˚‚∫°u* J¡°u Fn≈ ı°fiub°Ôu
ÌC<˚Õs N°<Ì Ì°uT Ÿ°S FÙ N°wu Fæ* ? ÌC<˚Õs, Nfi°b¨<‹¸>, vJ¡°≈°w N°<Ì ≈Bb, ı°u Ÿf ˚‚∫,
N˚‚∫ N°<Ì J¡°u Fn≈ ı°wu Fæ*, Ÿf Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S FÙ F°uwu Fæ*, w°u •∫° Ÿa≈¥dÕ ıfi≤°<„ J¡° Ÿt°fi FÙ
ÌC‹J¡tÕ k¡<Ôw F°uw° Fæ ? $$5-10$$ tu≤° ∫F ≈®ÿfi ŸCfiJ¡≤, tu≤Ù N°u≤ Ìu©J¡≤, <bª°≤J¡≤ tC_J¡≤° ≤Fu
fi tC<fi tF°≤°ı fiu N∏∫tfi_J¡ Ÿu F°uJ¡≤ Nt¨w Ju¡ H≤fiu Ju¡ Ÿt°fi tfi°uF≤ DÔ°P∫ bªfi J¡F° $$11$$
Ÿt°yw N∏∫ tC<fi fiu J¡F° # Fu Ÿ°@Cb≤, N∏w#J¡≤d Ju¡ ∫F <ªwg Fæ, ∫F N<ªwg Fæ, ÎuŸu <bbuJ¡ Ÿu
Ÿ‡≈∏fi F°ufiu≈≤ oŸ Âÿ∫ J¡° ı°u Ÿwg ∫° NŸwg J¡°≤d Fæ Ÿu N°≈ ˚ÔÙ˚°≥<w ı°fiwu Fæ* $ Ÿu <J¡ŸŸu
ı°fiwu Fæ*, ∫F N°≈ tCHŸu J¡<F∫u $$12$$
•w <bT∫ tu* <bbuJ¡ J¡∑ Ÿ°tØ∫Õ fi F°ufiu Ÿu tCHu ªC≈ FCÎ Ìu©J¡≤ fi tC<fi tF°≤°ı fiu ≈¥bÕı∏t°u* Ju¡
Ÿf b¨W°∏w°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S fiJu¡ Ÿ°sÙ N°Ãt° J¡° _t≤d J¡∑<ı∫u, ∫F J¡F°, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
N°≈ J¡°æfi F°u N°æ≤ J¡F°≥ ≈≤ <_Sw F°u, Ÿ‡≈¥dÕw# N°Ãt° J¡° _t≤d J¡∑<ı∫u J¡F°≥≈≤ F¥≥ ∫F Âÿ∫
•∫° Fæ •∫° ∫F Ÿ°≤˚¥w b_wC Fæ N°æ≤ •∫° NŸ°≤ FÙ Fæ ? $$13$$ Fu tCfiu, NÔÙJ¡ (<tØ∫°) ∫F Ÿf
Ju¡bÔ _b›fit°` J¡° ˚°fi Fæ ÎuŸ° N°≈ •∫°u* fiFÙ* ı°fiwu, •∫°u*<J¡ tæ* N°≈Ju¡ <ÔÎ _b›fi fi≤ F¥≥ N°æ≤ N°≈
˚Ù tu≤u <ÔÎ _b›fi ≈C”TwCv∫ Fæ* $$14$$ ∫F ıywg <fi≤°J¡°≤, fi°t≤<Fw, N°<Ì≤<Fw, J¡v≈fi°„¥∏∫
<ª∏t°`R¡≈ J¡°≥ª J¡∑ ªtJ¡ R¡≈ Ÿu (ıyty R¡≈ Ÿu) ¿_Sw Fæ $$15$$
ŸFı <ª∏t°`R¡≈ _b°º∫_w tu* buÌfi°fiCŸ°≤ Ÿ[b°<Ì J¡° <fib°ÕFJ¡ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ŸbÕΔ∫°≈J¡ oŸ <ª∏t°` J¡° ÎuŸ° _b°˚°<bJ¡ R¡≈ Fæ <J¡ ıF°≥≈≤ ∫F ıæŸ° ı°fiw° Fæ bF°≥ ≈≤ bæŸ°
FÙ F°u ı°w° Fæ $$16$$
oŸÙ<ÔÎ Ÿf b_wCÎ≥ ŸJ¡°≤d Fæ* NSb° NJ¡°≤d Fæ* oÃ∫°<Ì b°Ì°ua J¡∑ ˚Ù ŸJ¡∑ J¡v≈fi° Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤
FÙ Δ∫b_S° Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıf ∫F Ÿf b_wCÎ≥ ŸJ¡°≤d Fæ* ÎuŸÙ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤w° Fæ wf Ÿf JC¡~> ŸJ¡°≤d Fæ ıf ∫F Ÿf
NJ¡°≤d FÙ Fæ ÎuŸÙ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤w° Fæ wf Ÿf NJ¡°≤d FÙ Fæ $$17$$
Ÿt¿‹¸> Δ∫¿‹¸>˚°b J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° FÙ Ft°≤u <ªwg Ju¡ N@Ùfi Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<ıŸ ≈®°dÙ Ju¡ ⁄Ì∫bwÙÕ N°uı tu* Ft Ô°uy ¿_Sw Fæ* bF ofi ≈®ı°N°u* J¡° ∫°fiÙ Ft°≤° <b≤°¸> N°Ãt°
Fæ $ bF Ft°≤Ù <ªwg J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° Ÿu FÙ <b≤°¸>g˚°b J¡°u ≈®°›w FCN° Fæ $ N≈fiÙ J¡v≈fi° Ÿu w°u N°æ≤°u* Ju¡
Ÿt°fi Δ∫¿‹¸> FÙ Fæ $$18$$ oŸ ≈®°dÙ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi Ì¥Ÿ≤° ˚Ù ≈®°dÙ N∏∫ ≈®ı°N°u* J¡° <b≤°¸> N°Ãt° F°uy°
ÎuŸÙ Ÿa˚°bfi° F°uwÙ Fæ $ Ÿ ÌuF tu* bFÙ ŸC©-ÌC#©, Ÿ‡≈<W, <b≈<W, ≈C^∫-≈°≈R¡≈ J¡tÕ N°<Ì J¡°
˚°u•w°R¡≈ Ÿu J¡°≤d Fæ $$19$$
Ÿf Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ ÌC<˚Õs, Nfi°b¨¿‹¸> N°<Ì ŸbÕŸ°@°≤d ÌC#© w°u ı°u <ıŸJ¡° _S¥Ô Ÿt¿‹¸>R¡≈ <b≤°¸>
Fæ ŸJ¡° @°wC<bJ¡°≤ ˚uÌ FÙ <fi<tW Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<b≤°¸> Ju¡ <bTt _≈∏Ì N°<Ìb°Ôu @°wC<bJ¡°≤ Ÿu <b≤°¸> Ju¡ Nay Ju¡ Nb∫bR¡≈ oŸ ıfiŸt¥F J¡°
Ÿt°fi ÌC<˚Õs, Nfi°b¨<‹¸> N°æ≤ ≈®Ô∫ N°w° Fæ NSb° „°∏w F°uw° Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ <b≤°¸>g J¡∑ ı°u ŸW° Fæ bFÙ
oŸ ŸyÕ J¡∑ ŸyÕw° Fæ $$20,21$$
fi ≈®°<d∫°u* J¡° ÎJ¡ FÙ Ÿt∫ tu* ≈¿≤≈°J¡ J¡°u ≈®°›w FCN° ÌC‹¸> J¡tÕ ˚Ù Ÿtu* Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Fu ŸÃ≈C”T, <b≤°¸>g tu* Ÿf ≈®°<d∫°u* Ju¡ JC¡~> ÌC‹J¡t°u˘ Ju¡ ≤Ffiu≈≤ ıæŸu NfiuJ¡ ≈un°u*≈≤ bı® <y≤w° Fæ
bæŸu FÙ NfiuJ¡°u* ≈≤ ÎJ¡Ÿ°S ÌC#© N°<Ì J¡° ≈F°n <y≤w° Fæ $$22$$
bæŸ° J¡tÕ ∫<Ì <ª¿w Ÿu FÙ ≈FÔu J¡¿v≈w F°uw° Fæ, w°u <ª¿w •w J¡tÕk¡Ô˚°<yfiÙ F°uwÙ Fæ N∏∫S°
fiFÙ* F°uwÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
J¡tÕ-J¡v≈fi° Ÿu <ª¿w J¡tÕk¡Ô˚°<yfiÙ F°uwÙ Fæ ∫<Ì <ª¿w J¡t°u˘ J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° Ÿu <fitCÕ•w F°u w°u
J¡tÕk¡Ô˚°<yfiÙ fiFÙ* F°uwÙ $$23$$ ıF°≥ ≈≤ ı°u ı°u J¡v≈fi° S°unÙ ∫° |fiÙ ıæŸÙ <Ìw F°uwÙ Fæ bF°≥ bF
bF J¡v≈fi° bæŸÙ FÙ ŸFuwCJ¡J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° Ÿu ŸFuwCJ¡ N°æ≤ NFuwCJ¡J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° Ÿu NFuwCJ¡ F°uwÙ Fæ $$24$$
Ju¡bÔ ŸFuwCJ¡ t°fifiu Ÿu FÙ _b›fi tu* |nu N°<Ì J¡∑ ŸFuwCJ¡w° fiFÙ* F°u ı°wÙ oŸ<ÔÎ <fiFuÕwCJ¡
ıywg J¡∑ <Ÿ<] fi F°ufiu Ÿu ≈≤t°SÕw# <ª∏t°` f®Ê FÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
_b›fi Ju¡ fiy≤ tu* ŸFJ¡°≤Ù J¡°≤d N°<Ì J¡°uoÕ J¡°≤d fiFÙ* Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ bF (_b›fifiy≤) N°<Ì Nı≤
ªuwfi tayÔt∫ ≈≤t f®Ê FÙ Fæ $$25$$ ∫F _b›fi˚®t J¡°uoÕ w°u <ffi° J¡°≤d Ju¡ FÙ ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ ª¥≥<J¡
Ÿwg NŸwg R¡≈ Fæ, NwÎb „¥∏∫ (<tØ∫°˚¥w) Fæ $$26$$
_b›fiıywg tu* •w ∏∫°∫ wCv∫ ≈®wÙ<w F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d FÙ ı°fifi° ª°<F∫u, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
_b›fi J¡∑ ŸJ¡Ô ≈®wÙ<w∫°u* J¡° J¡°J¡w°ÔÙ∫ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ ∏FÙ*Ju¡ wCv∫ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d
ŸyÕ - 149] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2365
∫F <b_w¨w ıywg <ªwg ∫° _b›fi Ÿu <˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ $$27$$
∫F°≥ <ıŸJ¡∑ ŸJ¡°≤d R¡≈ Ÿu ≈®<Ÿ<] Fæ bF ŸJ¡°≤d J¡F° ı°w° Fæ N°æ≤ ı°u NJ¡°≤d R¡≈ Ÿu
≈®<Ÿ] Fæ bF NJ¡°≤d J¡F°w° Fæ $$28$$ _b›fi tu* J¡°∫Õ-J¡°≤dR¡≈ J®¡t Ÿu <Ìw b_wC Ju¡bÔ <ª<w J¡°
˚°fi FÙ Fæ ÎuŸ° <fidÕ∫ ı°y®wgfi°tJ¡ _S¥Ô ≈®≈aª J¡° ˚Ù Ÿt°fi FÙ Fæ $ oŸ J¡°≤d f®ÊbuW°ıfi Ÿ°≤°-
J¡°-Ÿ°≤° ≈®≈aª ≈≤t f®Ê FÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° ı°fiwu Fæ* $$29$$
∫<Ì J¡°uoÕ „aJ¡° J¡≤u <J¡ ŸÃ∫ f®Ê FÙ Ÿf ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡° J¡°≤d F°u, ŸÃ∫ J¡°≤d Ÿu Ã≈∏fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d
bu ˚Ù Ÿf ŸÃ∫ F°u* $ ÎuŸÙ Nb_S° tu* Ÿf JC¡~> f®Ê FÙ Jæ¡Ÿu NSb° f®ÊNπæw Jæ¡Ÿu ? oŸ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Fu tF°twu, •w „aJ¡° J¡° W≤ N°≈Ÿu J¡Fw° F¥≥, N°≈ ŸCfiu* $ bu ≈Ì°SÕ J¡°æfi Fæ* <ı∏Fu* N°≈ ŸÃ∫
J¡°≤db°Ôu t°fiwu Fæ* ? _b˚°b°u* Ju¡ ŸÃ∫ J¡°≤d Ÿu N°≈ J¡° •∫° twÔf Fæ ? •∫° ŸÃ∫ _b˚°bb°Ô°u* J¡°
ŸÃ∫ J¡°≤d N°≈J¡°u N˚Ù‹¸> Fæ ∫° <tØ∫° _b˚°bb°Ô°u* J¡° ŸÃ∫ J¡°≤d ? •∫° Ÿı°wÙ∫°u* J¡° ŸÃ∫
J¡°≤d N°≈J¡°u N˚Ù‹¸> Fæ ∫° <bı°wÙ∫°u* J¡° ŸÃ∫ J¡°≤d ? ≈®St Ì°ufi°u* ≈s°u* tu* f®Ê Ÿu f®Ê FÙ Ã≈∏fi
F°uy° fi <J¡ ıywg $ Ì¥Ÿ≤u Ì°ufi°u* ≈s°u* tu* f®Ê Ÿu Ã≈∏fi J¡∑ ŸÃ∫w°<Ÿ<] fi F°uyÙ, ∫°u* ıywg J¡∑ NJ¡°≤dw°
FÙ <Ÿ] FCoÕ <k¡≤ N°≈fiu •∫° <Ÿ] <J¡∫° ? ≈¥b°uÕ•w Ÿ˚Ù ≈s°u* tu* Ft N°≈Ÿu ≈¥~>wu Fæ* $ ∫F°≥ N°J¡°„ J¡°
•∫° J¡°≤d Fæ ? ≈®St Ì°ufi°u* ≈s°u* tu* N°J¡°„≈Ìb°h∫w° Nbh~>uÌJ¡ ¿bÔsdw° J¡∑ N<Ÿ<] Fæ Ì¥Ÿ≤u
Ì°ufi°u* ≈s°u* tu* ŸJ¡Ù ŸÃ∫w° J¡∑ N<Ÿ<] Fæ $$30$$ wS° ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì |fi<≈^±>R¡≈ Ÿ¨¿‹¸> J¡° •∫°
J¡°≤d Fæ ? N<bΩ° J¡° •∫° J¡°≤d Fæ N°æ≤ f®Ê J¡° •∫° J¡°≤d Fæ ? Ÿ¨¿‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* b°∫C J¡°, ıÔ J¡°
•∫° J¡°≤d Fæ, wuı J¡° •∫° J¡°≤d Fæ ? buÌfi Ÿu N<w¿≤•w ofiJ¡° J¡°uoÕ Ì¥Ÿ≤° _bR¡≈ fi F°ufiu Ÿu ∫u
buÌfit°`R¡≈ b°Ôu Fæ* $ J¡°uoÕ Ÿ°@fi fi F°ufiu Ÿu FÙ ∫u N<Ÿ] Fæ, NwÎb N°J¡°„°ÃtJ¡ („¥∏∫R¡≈) Fæ* $
N°æ≤ t≤u FCÎ Ô°uy°u* J¡° <≈^±>y®FR¡≈ ÌuF≈®°¿›w tu* •∫° J¡°≤d Fæ ? Ÿf Ÿ¨¿‹¸>∫°≥ ≈FÔu Ÿu oŸÙ w≤F
NJ¡°≤d F°uwÙ ªÔÙ N° ≤FÙ Fæ* $$31-33$$
oŸŸu <Ÿ] FCN° <J¡ ŸJ¡Ô Ÿ¨¿‹¸>∫°≥ NJ¡°≤d N°æ≤ ˚®tR¡≈ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıywg tu* ŸJ¡Ô Ÿ¨¿‹¸>∫°≥ ∫°u* FÙ F°uwÙ ªÔÙ N° ≤FÙ Fæ* $ <ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡ Ìu©fiu Ÿu ˚®°¿∏wÂ¿‹¸> Ÿu ıæŸu
N°J¡°„ tu* Ju¡„°u* Ju¡ y°uÔu |¥twu <Ì©°oÕ Ìuwu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ ∫u Ÿ¨<‹¸>∫°≥ ıywg tu* ≤°<„-≤°<„ R¡≈Ÿu ª•J¡≤
J¡°¸>wÙ Fæ* $$34$$ oŸÙ w≤F ≈®b¨W FCoÕ <F≤^∫y˚ÕR¡≈Ù Ÿ¨¿‹¸>fiu ≈Ù~>u ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì ”≈b°Ôu N≈fiu _bR¡≈
J¡Ù FÙ ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì ŸaI°Î≥ J¡∑ $ NwÎb ≈FÔu Ÿ¨<‹¸>∫°≥ <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* b°∫C Ju¡ _≈∏Ì J¡∑ w≤F wS°
tfi°u≤°≠∫ J¡∑ w≤F NÃ∫∏w Ÿ¥‚tR¡≈ Ÿu ≈®wÙw F°uwÙ Fæ* <ª≤J¡°Ô Ju¡ NU∫°Ÿ Ÿu _S¥Ô ffiJ¡≤ ÌuF, J¡tÕ
N°<Ì J¡°≤d°u* J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤wÙ Fæ* $$35,36$$ ≈®St J¡v≈fi° tu* <ıŸ ≈Ì°SÕ J¡∑ ıæŸÙ J¡v≈fi° J¡∑
ı°wÙ Fæ bF bæŸ° „≤Ù≤ @°≤d J¡≤w° Fæ bFÙ <fi∫<w ffiwÙ Fæ $ ª¥≥<J¡ J¡<v≈w <ª<w J¡° ÎuŸ° ∫F <fiı
_b˚°b Fæ $ N≈fiu Ÿu J¡¿v≈w ≈Ì°S°u˘ tu* ∫F f°w NfiC˚b¿Ÿ] Fæ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$37$$
<ıŸ <ıŸ ˚°fiR¡≈ _bR¡≈ J¡° Ÿ¨¿‹¸> Ju¡ NfiCJ¥¡Ô <F≤^∫y˚Õ J¡∑ <ª<w fiu ≈FÔu <ªwg tu* FÙ N≈fiu
N°≈ "tæ* FÙ NtCJ¡ F¥≥' ÎuŸ° ŸaJ¡v≈ <J¡∫° bF N°ı ˚Ù bæŸ° FÙ ¿_Sw Fæ $$38$$
N°<Ì J¡v≈fi° J¡°u Ô¸>fi° tF°fig ≈C”T°u* Ju¡ tF°fig ≈®∫Ãfi°u* Ÿu J¡Ì°<ªwg F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<k¡≤ ŸŸu ÃJ¨¡‹¸> w≈_∫° N°<Ì tF°fi N∏∫ ≈®∫Ãfi°u* Ÿu bFÙ <ª¿w ŸJ¡°u Ô¸>fiu tu* ŸtSÕ
F°uwÙ Fæ $$39$$
J¡FÙ* ≈≤ ıæŸu <J¡ Ì¥@ N°<Ì tu* Ì<@˚°b J¡∑ ≈®°¿›w Ju¡ <ÔÎ ıt°bfi, Ÿt∫, ytÙÕ N°<Ì J¡°≤d J¡∑
J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ ı°wÙ Fæ, b°∫C N°<Ì Ju¡ |fiÙ˚°b, w≤Ôw° N°<Ì Ju¡ <ÔÎ ŸJ¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤fi° „•∫ fiFÙ*
Fæ* ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıF°≥ ≈≤ <bπ°fi π°≤° J¡°≤d J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ ı°wÙ Fæ bF°≥ ≈≤ J¡°≤dR¡≈ Ÿ°≤ Fæ ıF°≥≈≤ J¡°≤d J¡∑
J¡v≈fi° fiFÙ* J¡∑ ı°wÙ bF NJ¡°≤d Fæ $$40$$ NI°fib„ <b_t¨w ∫F ıywg NŸwg F°uw° FCN° FÙ ≈FÔu
N°≥@Ù Ju¡ fba±>≤ J¡∑ w≤F ≈®J¡°„ tu* N°∫° $ ıæŸu ≈®J¡°„ tu* N°∫° bæŸ° FÙ NΩ°b<@ ¿_Sw Fæ $$41$$
ı°u tæ*fiu tF°tC<fi Ÿu ∫F ≈¥~>° S° <J¡ •∫° ∫u Ÿf Ô°uy ÎJ¡Ÿ°S FÙ N„C˚ J¡tÕ J¡≤wu Fæ* ? oŸÙ J¡°
W≤ Ìuwu FCÎ ≈ŸaF°≤ J¡≤wu Fæ* $
J¡°uoÕ ıÙb Ÿ°S <tÔ-ıCÔJ¡≤ ˚Ù „C˚-N„C˚ ≈C^∫-≈°≈ J¡tÕ J¡≤wu Fæ* ŸJ¡° k¡Ô ˚Ù bu
<tÔıCÔJ¡≤ FÙ ≈°wu Fæ* $ Ôu<J¡fi J¡°uoÕ Fı°≤°u* ıÙb∏tC•w ≈C”T (tæ* J¡w°Õ F¥≥) oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ N<˚t°fi Ÿu
„¥∏∫ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d NJ¡w°Õ F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù ıæŸu ≈bÕw<„©≤ Ju¡ ≈ÃS≤ ≈°≈ <J¡∫u <ffi° FÙ bı®≈°w J¡°
NfiC˚b J¡≤wu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ NJ¡°≤d FÙ ÌC#© ≈°wu Fæ* $$42$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ fiª°Ÿb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ≈ª°Ÿb°≥ ŸyÕ
tC<fi Ju¡ bªfi°u* Ÿu N°ÃtI°fi, tC<fi Ju¡ Ÿ°S N≈fiÙ ¿_S<w,
≈¥bÕ ÌuF tu* ytfi J¡∑ N„¿•w J¡° ≈®ÿfi F°ufiu ≈≤ ÌuF Ju¡ Ì°F N°<Ì J¡° bdÕfi $
tC<fi tF°≤°ı fiu J¡F° # Fu Δ∫°@, Ÿ Ÿt∫ oŸ w≤F J¡∑ ∫C¿•w Ÿu fi tC<fiıÙ π°≤° ∫F tæ* Ÿ
˚°≥<w f°u<@w F…N° <ıŸŸu <J¡ Iu∫ w[b tu≤Ù ŸtH tu* N° y∫° $$1$$ ŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°wg tæ*fiu fiJ¡° ≈vÔ°
fiFÙ* ~>°un° $ <ª≤ ≈®°SÕfi°, ˚¿•w, NfiCytfi N°<Ì yCd°u* Ÿu b„Ù˚¥w F…Î fi tC<fi tF°≤°ı fiu
N°Ãt<bª°≤„¥∏∫ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ÎJ¡ w≤F Ÿu t¨wwCv∫ (N) tu≤u |≤ tu* tu≤Ù w≤F FÙ <fib°Ÿ <J¡∫° $$2$$
<ıfi tC<fi tF°≤°ı fiu ª∏B°uÌ∫ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ŸC∏Ì≤ ∫F bªfi tCHŸu J¡F° S°, Ìu©°u bu ∫u tC<fi wC‡F°≤Ù fyÔ
tu* FÙ fæ™>u Fæ* $ tu≤u NI°fi J¡°u <~>∏fi-<˚∏fi J¡≤fiub°Ôu wS° Âÿ∫ Ju¡ ≈¥b°Õ≈≤ J¡° I°fi ≤©fiu b°Ôu o∏FÙ*
tC<fi tF°≤°ı fiu, ı°u t¥<wÕ@°≤Ù tu≤u ∫I°<Ì ≈C^∫ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi Fæ*, ≈®°SÕfi° Ju¡ <ffi° ∫F Wt bªfi tCHŸu
J¡F° $$3,4$$ N¿Àfi fiu J¡F° # Fu <b≈<ÿªwg, Ÿ Ÿt∫ tC<fi J¡° bF bªfi ŸCfiJ¡≤ fuª°≤° Δ∫°@ _b›fi tu*
Ìg˚¥w N°≈J¡°u ≈Ìu„ Ìufiub°Ôu tC<fi tF°≤°ı oŸ Ÿt∫ tu≤u ≈®Ã∫s Jæ¡Ÿu F°u ŸJ¡wu Fæ* ? ÎuŸÙ NŸa˚°bfi°
Ÿu t°≤u N°ÿª∫Õ Ju¡ N≈®<wt F°u y∫° $$5$$
Δ∫°@ N≈fiÙ NŸa˚°bfi° J¡°u _≈‹¸>w∫° J¡Fw° Fæ $
Δ∫°@ fiu J¡F° # Fu tC<fib≤, tF°fi N°ÿª∫Õ J¡∑ f°w Fæ, ŸaŸ°≤-Ì…#© J¡° <bfi°„ J¡≤fiub°Ôu N°≈fiu
(N) b¨]°u* fiu J¡F° Fæ - "yh~>w¿_w‹™>w°u b°<≈ ı°y®w# _b≈w°u&<≈ b° $ fi <bª°≤≈≤a ªuw°u
∫_∫°&Ÿ°æ t¨w h∫wu $$' ªÔwu-”J¡wu NSb° Ÿ°uwu-ı°ywu <ıŸ ≈C”T J¡° <ªW w[b<bª°≤ ≈≤°∫d
fiFÙ* ≤Fw° Fæ bF t≤° F…N° J¡F° ı°w° Fæ $
ŸyÕ - 150] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2367
∫F NÃ∫∏w N°ÿª∫Õ N°ı tCHŸu J¡F° Fæ, ı°u <J¡ tu≤u tfi tu* fiFÙ* fæ™> ≤F° Fæ $$6$$ Fu tC<fib≤, _b›fi
tu* N≈fiu ≈Ìu„J¡R¡≈ Ÿu <ıfiJ¡° N°≈fiu tCHŸu bdÕfi <J¡∫° S° fiJ¡∑ N°≈ ı°y®w tu* ≈®Ã∫sw° J¡F
≤Fu Fæ* N°æ≤ tæ* ˚Ù ≈®Ã∫sw# Ìu©w° Fq≥ ∫F <b<ª` f°w tu≤Ù ŸtH tua fiFÙ* N° ≤FÙ Fæ $$7$$ Fu tC<fifi°∫J¡,
f°ÔJ¡ Ju¡ buw°Ô J¡∑ w≤F ∫F tF°fig _b›fi≈C”T ı°y®w Nb_S° tu* ˚Ù Jæ¡Ÿu ¿_S≤ F°u y∫° ? oŸ
w≤F J¡° N°ÿª∫Õt∫ ∫F Ÿ°≤° N°¶∫°fi J¨¡≈∫° N°Ω°u≈°∏w tCHŸu J¡<F∫uu $ oŸ Ÿt∫ _b›fi≈C”T J¡°
∫F Ì„Õfi <J¡Ÿ <fi<tW Ÿu F…N°, ∫F Ì„Õfi <J¡ŸJ¡° Fæ NSb° ∫F _b›fi Fæ ∫° ı°y®w Fæ ? $$8,9$$
tC<fi tF°≤°ı fiu J¡F° # Fu tF°˚°y, wÌ…≈≤°∏w ∫F°≥ tu≤Ù •∫° N°ÿª∫Õt∫ |¸>fi° F…oÕ Ÿu ŸCfi°u $ tæ*
Ÿasu≈ tu* ŸJ¡° bdÕfi J¡≤w° Fq≥ $ wCt ŸFŸ° ıvÌf°ıÙ fi J¡≤°u $ wC‡F°≤u ŸtÙ≈ fæ™>u F…Î ofi tC<fi
tF°≤°ı fiu bF°≥≈≤ Ÿ Ÿt∫ tCHJ¡°u ≈®fC] ffi°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ∫F b°dÙ J¡FÙ $ ofi tF°Ãt° J¡∑ Ÿ ŸC∏Ì≤
b°dÙ Ÿu tæ* wC≤∏w ≈®fC] F°u y∫° $ wÌ…≈≤°∏w ofiJ¡∑ •w b°dÙ Ÿu tCHu N≈fiu Nfi°<Ì<Ÿ] Ÿ∏t°`R¡≈
<fitÕÔ _b˚°b J¡° bæŸu FÙ _t≤d F°u y∫° Fæ ıæŸu <J¡ Fut∏wM¡wC Ju¡ fÙwfiu≈≤ N°J¡°„ J¡°u N≈fiu <fitÕÔ
_b˚°b J¡° _t≤d F°uw° Fæ $$10-12$$
ŸJu¡ f°Ì tCHu N≈fiu ≈FÔu Ju¡ tC<fi˚°b J¡° _t≤d F°u N°∫°,ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
wÌfi∏w≤ NF° ∫F tæ* ≈FÔu tC<fi S°, ÎuŸ° tu≤° ¶∫°Ô F°u N°∫° <k¡≤ w°u ıtu F…Î ≈®ªC≤ N°ÿª∫Õb„
⁄Ì∫ Ÿu _fi°fi <J¡∫° F…N°-Ÿ° tæ* N°BÕ F°u y∫° $$13$$
N≈fiÙ Ÿ y¨F_S°Zt Nb_S° ≈≤ „°uJ¡ J¡≤wu Fæ* $
NF°u, ıæŸu SJ¡°b¸> Ÿu ª¥≤ ª¥≤ F…N° ›∫°Ÿ° NI°fiÙ ≈<SJ¡ ıÔ Ju¡ <ÔÎ ˚¸>J¡w° F…N° <tØ∫°˚¥w
tÿw¨‹d° Ÿu Ì…#©Ù F°uw° Fæ, bæŸu FÙ <bT∫˚°uy J¡∑ N°Ÿ¿•w Ÿu tæ* oŸ Nb_S° J¡°u ≈®°›w F…N° Fq≥ $$14$$
N°uF, ıæŸu Ju¡bÔ ˚®tR¡≈ buw°Ô Ÿu f°ÔJ¡ ~>Ô° ı°w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ Âÿ∫ J¡∑ ≈Ô¿Æ@ Ÿu, ı°u <J¡ Ju¡bÔ
˚®°¿∏wt°` Fæ, I°fib°fig ˚Ù tæ* ~>Ô° y∫° Fq≥, ∫F J¡t Ì…#© J¡∑ f°w fiFÙ* Fæ $ N°uF, <b_w°≤ J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u
≤Fu oŸ Ÿb°ÕSÕ„¥∏∫ (wCh~>°<wwCh~>) <tØ∫°I°fi Ÿu (˚®°¿∏wŸu), tæ* <J¡Ÿ Ì„° J¡°u ≈F…≥ª°∫° y∫° Fq≥, ∫F
tF°fig N°ÿª∫Õ J¡Ù f°w Fæ $$15,16$$ NSb° ı°u "Ÿ°u&Ftg' (bF tæ* Fq≥) oŸ w≤F J¡∑ ≈®Ã∫<˚I° J¡°
<bT∫ wW°, NF∏w° N°<Ì Fæ, bF ˚Ù Ju¡bÔ ˚®°¿∏w FÙ Fæ, Ÿwgt∫ fiFÙ* Fæ $ oŸ ¿_S<w tu* <J¡ŸJ¡°
N°ÿª∫Õ ÎuŸ° fiFÙ* J¡Ffi° ª°<F∫u $ <k¡≤ ˚Ù <ıŸ Ÿ°sÙ π°≤° NŸBq≈ J¡° _b°ay <J¡∫° ı°w° Fæ, Ÿtu*
ŸæJ¡n°u* N°ÿª∫Õ Fæ* FÙ $$17$$ fi w°u tæ* Fq≥, fi ∫F ˜Ù Fæ, fi ∫F |≤ Fæ N°æ≤ fi ∫F ˚®t Fæ - ∫F Ÿf <tØ∫°
Fæ <k¡≤ ˚Ù Ÿwg J¡∑ w≤F ¿_Sw Fæ $ ∫FÙ tF°fig N°ÿª∫Õ Fæ $$18$$ oŸ Ÿt∫ ∫F°≥ tCHu •∫° J¡≤fi°
ª°<F∫u $ tu≤u f∏@fi J¡°u w°un ±>°Ôfiub°Ô° N°U∫∏w¿≤J¡ f®Ê°J¡°≤b¨<WR¡≈ NaJC¡≤ Fæ $ Ôu<J¡fi bF ˚Ù w°u
~>uΩ FÙ Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ wf wJ¡ ŸÙ J¡° ≈¿≤Ã∫°y J¡≤w° Fq≥ $$19$$
ıyÌg˚®°¿∏w w°u N<bΩ° F°ufiu Ÿu <bΩ°b¨<W Ÿu FÙ ¿h~>∏fi F°u FÙ yoÕ, Nw# bF oŸ Ÿt∫ Ã∫°≠∫
∫F ıyÌg˚®t <tØ∫°R¡≈ N<bΩ° FÙ Fæ oŸŸu •∫° F°<fi Fæ $ oŸ NŸÌg˚®°¿∏w J¡° <bΩ°b¨<WR¡≈
˚®°¿∏w Ÿu tæ* N˚Ù Ã∫°y J¡≤ FÙ ªCJ¡° Fq≥ $$20$$ ∫F°≥ ∫u ≈Ìu„J¡ tC<fi tF°≤°ı ˚Ù Ju¡bÔ ˚®°¿∏wR¡≈ FÙ
Fæ* $ ∫u ≈Ìu„ Ìufiub°Ôu tC<fiıÙ tCH <„‹∫ J¡∑ w≤F f®ÊR¡≈ FÙ Fæ*, ∫°fiÙ f®Ê FÙ yC”, <„‹∫R¡≈ Ÿu
≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ, Nw# ∫F°≥ Ã∫°y J¡≤fiu ∫°uÀ∫ N∏∫ b_wC fiFÙ* Fæ $ ∫F Ÿf Ì¨ÿ∫ <Ìfi tu* Ìu©u y∫u ≈C”T°J¡°≤
tu| Ju¡ Ÿt°fi sd˚ayC≤ Fæ $$21$$ oŸ<ÔÎ, I°fiŸ‡≈∏fi tF°tC<fiıÙ Ÿu ÎuŸ° Ÿf tæ* J¡Fq≥y° ∫F Ÿ°uªJ¡≤
tæ*fiu bF°≥ fi tC<fiıÙ Ÿu ∫F J¡F° $$22$$
Fu tC<fib≤, tæ* N°Zt tu* ¿_Sw N≈fiu tC<fi-„≤Ù≤ J¡°u N°æ≤ <ıŸ ≈®°dÙ Ju¡ „≤Ù≤ J¡°u Ìu©fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ
≈®b¨W Fq≥ Ÿu ˚Ù Ìu©fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ f°F≤ ı°w° Fq≥ $$23$$ ÎuŸ° ŸCfiJ¡≤ fi tC<fifi°∫J¡ fiu Ÿ Ÿt∫ F≥Ÿwu
F…Î tCHŸu J¡F° # bu Ì°ufi°u* „≤Ù≤ J¡F°≥ Fæ* ? bu Ì°ufi°u* Ì°F Ÿu ˚_t F°uJ¡≤ fF…w Ìq≤ ªÔu y∫u Fæ* $$24$$ Fu
b¨W°∏wNI, NSb° ı°N°u, _b∫a ı°J¡≤ N≈fiu N°≈ FÙ Ÿ b¨W°∏w J¡°u Ìu©°u $ ıæŸÙ |¸>fi° F…oÕ Fæ Ÿu
Ìu©°u, Ìu©J¡≤ N∏w tu* ı°fi ı°N°uyu $$25$$ tCC<fi tF°≤°ı Ju¡ ∫F J¡Ffiu≈≤ N≈fiu ≈CC≤°fiu „≤Ù≤ J¡°
©∫°ÔJ¡≤ bF°≥ ı°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ tæ* wæ∫°≤ F…N° $ bF°≥ ı°fiu J¡∑ oh~>° Ÿu tæ*fiu _b›fi˚¥w ŸW° Ÿu ≈°<SÕb
„≤Ù≤ FÙ tæ* Fq≥ ∫°u* J¡v≈fi° Ÿu ≈®°›w R¡≈ J¡° Ã∫°y J¡≤ ≈®°d°u* Ÿu ≈<Fw <ªÌ°ÃtR¡≈ N≈fiu ıÙb J¡°u ≈®°d
π°≤° ≈bfi Ÿu Ÿa∫°u<ıw <J¡∫° $$26$$ Fu tC<fitF°≤°ı, ıf wJ¡ tæ* N≈fiu ≈C≤°fiu „≤Ù≤ J¡°u Ìu©J¡≤
Ô°æ¸>w° wf wJ¡ N°≈ J¨¡≈∫° ∫FÙ* ≤Fu*, ∫F J¡FJ¡≤ tæ* b°∫C tu* ≈®<b‹¸> F…N° $$27$$ oŸJu¡ f°Ì b°∫CR¡≈Ù
≤S≈≤ Ÿb°≤ F°uJ¡≤ k¥¡ÔJ¡∑ ŸCy∏@ J¡∑ w≤F tæ*fiu N°J¡°„ tu* <ª≤J¡°ÔwJ¡ Ãb≤° Ÿu ˚®td <J¡∫° $ N∏w
J¡°u fi ≈®°›w F°uJ¡≤ <k¡≤ tæ*fiu <ª≤J¡°ÔwJ¡ ˚¸>J¡J¡≤ <fi≤∏w≤ ªÔwu ªÔwu f°F≤ <fiJ¡Ôfiu J¡° t°yÕ Ÿ
≈®°dÙJ¡° yÔu J¡° ~>uÌ ∫° N∏∫ π°≤ fiFÙ* ≈°∫° $ wf b°w°„∫ tu* fæ™>° F…N° tæ* ©uÌ J¡°u ≈®°›w F…N° $
wÌ…≈≤°∏w N≈fiu f∏@fi_w‡˚R¡≈ _by¨F tu* <k¡≤ N°∫u F…Î tæ*fiu ofi Wt N≈fiu yC” tC<fi J¡°u N≈fiu N°yu
≈°∫° $ wÌ…≈≤°∏w Ÿ°b@°fi F°uJ¡≤ |≤ tu* tæ*fiu yC”ıÙ Ÿu ∫F ≈¥~>° # Fu ≈¥b°Õ≈≤ ı°fifiuu b°Ô°u* tu* Zu‹™>
yC”b≤, N°≈ I°fiªsC Ÿu ıæŸ° F…N° F°u bæŸ° FÙ Wt ≤Ù<w Ÿu Ìu©wu Fæ*, oŸ<ÔÎ J¨¡≈∫° J¡<F∫u <J¡ ∫F
•∫° F…N° ? <ıŸJu¡ „≤Ù≤ tu* ≈®<b‹¸> F…N° S°, bF ≈®°dÙ N°æ≤ tu≤° „≤Ù≤ bu Ì°ufi°u* J¡F°≥ y∫u ? •∫°u* tCHu
≈®°›w fiFÙ* F…Î ? tæ*fiu _S°b≤≈∫Õ∏w N≈fiu <b_w°≤≈¥dÕ ŸaŸ°≤t^±>Ô tu* <ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡ ˚®td <J¡∫° <k¡≤
˚Ù f°F≤ <fiJ¡Ôfiu J¡° t°yÕ yÔu J¡° <~>B tCHu fiFÙ* <tÔ° ? $$28-34$$ ∫F Ÿf tæ*fiu tC<fi Ju¡ ŸtÙ≈
ı°J¡≤ fiŸu ≈¥~>° $ tF°„∫ tC<fi tF°≤°ı fiu tCHŸu J¡F° # Fu J¡tÔfi∫fi, „≤Ù≤ J¡° b¨W°∏w tCHŸu
≈<Ì‹¸> ≈°∫ Ju¡ <ffi° FÙ wCt _b∫a N≈fiÙ fC<] Ÿu Jæ¡Ÿu ı°fi y∫u ? $$35$$
w°u ŸJu¡ Ì„Õfi J¡° •∫° ≈°∫ Fæ ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
∫<Ì wCt ∫°uy Ÿu ÎJ¡°y® fC<] Ÿu oŸJ¡° _b∫a NbÔ°uJ¡fi J¡≤wu F°u w°u I°fiÂ<‹¸> Ÿu oŸu F°S tu* ¿_Sw
J¡tÔ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi Ÿ‡≈¥dÕw# Ìu©wu FÙ F°u $ <k¡≤ ˚Ù ∫<Ì tu≤u bªfi Ÿu oŸu ŸCfifiu J¡∑ wC‡F°≤Ù oh~>° Fæ w°u
ŸCfi°u, ıæŸÙ |¸>fi° |¸>Ù Fæ Ÿu N°Ω°u≈°∏w Ÿ‡≈¥dÕw∫° wCtŸu J¡Fw° Fq≥ $$36,37$$
≈FÔu wCt N≈fiu ıÙbw[b J¡°u ŸtH°u, ŸJu¡ f°Ì tæ* wC‡F°≤u ≈¥bÕ„≤Ù≤ J¡° b¨W°∏w J¡Fq≥y° $ ÎuŸ°
Ÿ°uª ≤Fu tC<fiıÙ Δ∫<‹¸>ıÙb˚°b <tØ∫° Fæ Ÿt<‹¸>ıÙb˚°b FÙ ŸÃ∫ Fæ ∫F "`Ù<d R¡≈°dÙÃ∫ub ŸÃ∫tg'
oŸ ZC<w Ÿu ≈®Ì<„Õw ∏∫°∫ J¡° NbÔ‡ffi J¡≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
wCt ıæŸ° <J¡ N≈fiu J¡°u ŸtHwu F°u bæŸu Δ∫<‹¸>ıÙbR¡≈ fiFÙ* F°u, <J¡∏wC ŸJ¡Ô ≈®°<d∫°u* Ju¡ w≈R¡≈Ù
J¡tÔ°u* J¡°u <bJ¡<Ÿw J¡≤fiu tu* Ÿ¥∫ÕR¡≈, ŸJ¡Ô J¡v∫°d°u* Ju¡ (t°fiCT N°fi∏Ì Ÿu ÔuJ¡≤ ≈®ı°≈Ã∫
N°fi∏Ì≈∫Õ∏w ŸC©°u* Ju¡) J¡tÔ°J¡≤ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi Ÿt¿‹¸>R¡≈ F¿≤ ˚yb°fig Ju¡ fi°<˚J¡tÔ J¡∑ J¡<dÕJ¡° ∫°fiÙ
ŸyÕ - 150] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2369
J¡<dÕJ¡° tu* N°R¡» ŸbÕıÙb Ÿt<‹¸>R¡≈ <F≤^∫y˚Õ FÙ F°u $$38$$
w°uu tu≤° Δ∫<‹¸>˚°b Jæ¡Ÿu F…N° N°æ≤ Ÿtu* (Δ∫<‹¸>˚°b tu*) ∫u ŸJ¡Ô ˚®°¿∏w∫°≥ Jæ¡Ÿu N°oÕ ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi
≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Δ∫<‹¸>˚°bR¡≈ _b›fi J¡°u Ìu©fiu J¡∑ oh~>° Ÿu <J¡ŸÙ Ÿt∫ tfi°u≤SR¡≈ w≈ tu* fæ™>u F…Î wCt N°Zt
tu* w≈_bÙ F…Î $ bF°≥ ≈C‹¸> F…oÕ Δ∫<‹¸>˚°bfC<] Ÿu N∏∫ Ju¡ „≤Ù≤ Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ _b›fi°<Ì-J¡°æwCJ¡ J¡°u Ìu©fiu
J¡∑ oh~>° Ÿu <J¡ŸÙ ıÙb Ju¡ ⁄Ì∫ tu* ≈®<b‹¸> F…Î $$39$$ wCtfiu ıÙb Ju¡ ⁄Ì∫ tu* ≈®<b‹¸> F°uJ¡≤ bF°≥ ∫F
<b_w°≤∫C•w <`˚Cbfi Ìu©° S°, <ıŸJ¡° ≈¨<SbÙÔ°uJ¡ N°æ≤ _byÕÔ°uJ¡ tF°fig Ì≤ Fæ $ oŸ ≤Ù<w Ÿu
ıf wCt ≈≤J¡∑∫ „≤Ù≤ Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ _b›fi Ìu©fiu tu* Δ∫y® Su wf wC‡F°≤u „≤Ù≤ tu* N°æ≤ Ÿ tF°bfi tu*
Ÿ°u∫u F…Î Ÿ ≈®°dÙ Ju¡ „≤Ù≤ tu*, <ıŸJu¡ N∏Ì≤ wCt ≈®<b‹¸> Su, ˚∫aJ¡≤ N°y Ôy yoÕ $ Ÿ N°y J¡°
•∫° J¡Ffi° S°, @CÎ≥ Ÿu @CtæÔu tu|R¡≈Ù b˜°u* J¡°u N°u»° F…N° N°J¡°„ FÙ ŸJ¡° ª≥Ìb° S°, ªtJ¡ ≤FÙ*
N°æ≤ ı°u≤ Ÿu |¥t ≤FÙ Ô°<™>∫°u* Ju¡ ª•J¡≤°u* Ÿu Ÿfiu NfiuJ¡ Ÿ¥∫Õt^±>Ô N°æ≤ ª∏Bt^±>Ô ffi° ±>°Ôu Su $
fiÙÔu N°J¡°„©^±> N°æ≤ <Ì„°N°u* J¡∑ N°ª≤d π°≤° ≤s° J¡≤fiub°Ôu ıÔu F…Î tu|°u*≈≤ ˚_t Ÿu ˚≤u F…Î
@¥t® Ju¡ tu|R¡≈Ù J¡°Ôu J¡‡fÔ°u* π°≤°, •w N¿Àfi fiu N°J¡°„ J¡°u N°h~>∏fi J¡≤ <Ì∫° S° $$40-43$$
N¿Àfi Ÿu yCk¡°R¡≈Ù |≤ Ÿu f°F≤ <fiJ¡Ôu F…Î <Ÿ*F°u* J¡∑ ÌF°nR¡≈Ù ±>°≥¸>-k¡¸>J¡°≤°u* wS° Ÿ°k¡-Ÿ°k¡
ŸCfi°oÕ Ìu ≤Fu ª¸>-ª¸> „ÆÌ°u* Ÿu Ÿfiu <Ìy∏w≤°Ô°u* tu* ≤Ffiub°Ôu Ô°uy°u* J¡°u fF≤° ffi° <Ì∫° S° $$44$$
ª°≤°u* N°u≤ Ÿu N°y Ÿu <|≤u F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d N¿Àfib¨s Ÿu ffiu F…Î w°Ô, wt°Ô N°<Ì b¨s≈a¿•w∫°u* Ju¡
wn°wn <y≤fiu Ÿu wS° Ã≈°w N¿Àfi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi N°æ≤ Ã≈°w tu| Ju¡ Ÿt°fi fiJu¡ k¡¸>fiu Ju¡ J¡°uÔ°FÔ
Ÿu bF N¿Àfi <fi<fn F°u yoÕ SÙ $$45$$ Ìq≤ Ìu„°u* tu* ¿_Sw Ô°uy°u* fiu •w N¿Àfi J¡°u ∫F ¿_S≤ <fıÔÙ
Fæ ÎuŸ° Ìu©° $ bF N°J¡°„ J¡°u yÔ°Î F…Î Ÿ°ufiu Ju¡ ≤ŸŸu ÔÙ≈u F…Î k¡„ÕŸ° <Ì©Ô°wÙ SÙ $ <fiJ¡Ô ≤FÙ
<ªfiy°¿≤∫°u* Ÿu N°J¡°„ Ju¡ w°≤°u* J¡°u Ì…yCfi° ffi° ≤FÙ SÙ N°æ≤ ∏FÙ* <ªfiy°¿≤∫°u* Ÿu N°J¡°„ tu* bs_SÔ
tu* ¿_Sw ≠b°Ô°R¡≈Ù f°Ôb<fiw° Ju¡ fi∫fi°u* J¡°u N°fi∏Ì Ìufiub°Ôu J¡¸>°s°u* Ÿu N°fi∏Ì ÌuwÙ SÙ $$46,47$$
≠b°Ô°N°u* Ju¡ @°≥∫ @°≥∫ „ÆÌ°u* Ÿu N°J¡°„ Ju¡ tº∫˚°y J¡°u Ÿfiu yC≥ı° <Ì∫° S° N°æ≤ yCk¡°R¡≈Ù y¨F Ÿu
<fiJ¡Ôu F…Î ¿fiB°<bFÙfi bfiª≤°u* J¡°u ˚®t tu* ±>°Ô <Ì∫° S° $$48$$ N°@u ıÔu F…Î <Ÿ*F, f°| N°æ≤ ≈sÙ
Ÿtu* o@≤-@≤ ˚°y ≤Fu Su, w°Ô°f N°æ≤ fi<Ì∫°u* Ju¡ ©°æÔwu F…Î ıÔ tuu* Ÿfiu ÃJ¡¸> bfiª≤°u* J¡°u
≈J¡° ±>°Ô° S° $$49$$ ª°≤°u* N°u≤ Ÿu |u≤ ≤FÙ ≠b°Ô°N°u* Ÿu ıÔ ≤FÙ* f°Ôªt¿≤∫°u* Ÿu bF fnÙ ˚ÔÙ
<Ì©°oÕ ÌuwÙ SÙ $ ıÔ ≤Fu b∏∫ ıÙb°u* J¡∑ bŸ° J¡∑ y∏@ Ÿu Ÿfiu f°ÌÔ°u* J¡°u N°b¨W J¡≤ <Ì∫° S° $
≈®Ô∫°¿Àfi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ˚ÙTd kæ¡Ô ≤FÙ ≈¥b°uÕ•w bfi°¿Àfi fiu ≤u*y ≤Fu Ÿ°≥≈ J¡∑ w≤F N°≈Ju¡ N°Zt Ju¡ Ÿ°S
N°≈J¡° „≤Ù≤ N°æ≤ Ÿ ≈®°dÙ J¡° „≤Ù≤ ıÔ° ±>°Ô° $$50,51$$ Δ∫°@ fiu J¡F° # Fu tC<fib≤, bF°≥≈≤
•w N¿ÀfiÌ°F J¡° •∫° J¡°≤d ≈¿_Sw F…N° ? bF bfi N°æ≤ bu N°≈Ju¡ <„‹∫yd ŸfJu¡ Ÿf ÎJ¡
Ÿ°S Jæ¡Ÿu fi‹¸> F°u y∫u ? $$52$$ tC<fi fiu J¡F° # Fu Δ∫°@, ıæŸu ŸaJ¡v≈ Ju¡ fi°„ N°æ≤ Ì∫ tu* ŸaJ¡v≈
J¡≤fiub°Ôu ≈C”T J¡° tfi_≈∏Ì FÙ J¡°≤d Fæ, bæŸu FÙ <`ıywgJ¡° ŸaJ¡v≈ J¡≤fiub°Ôu <b@°w° J¡° wC≤∏w
≈®b¨W F…N° tfi_≈∏Ì FÙ <`ıywg Fæ $ ŸJu¡ <bfi°„ N°æ≤ Ì∫ tu* ˚Ù ŸJ¡° tfi_≈∏Ì FÙ FuwC Fæ $
ıæŸu Ô°uJ¡ tuu* ⁄Ì∫ tu* ˚∫ N°<Ì b„ s°u˚, Ns°u˚ („°¿∏w) N°<Ì tuu* wC≤∏w ≈®b¨W FCN° tfi J¡° _≈∏Ì
FÙ J¡°≤d Fæ bæŸu FÙ wÙfi°u* ıyw°u* Ju¡ s°u˚ N°æ≤ Ns°u˚ tu* („°¿∏w tu*) bFÙ (<F≤^∫y˚Õ J¡° tfi_≈∏Ì
FÙ) FuwC Fæ $ ª¥≥<J¡ ∫F ıywg <b@°w° _b›fifiy≤ FÙ Fæ NwÎb fiJu¡ tfiJ¡° _≈∏Ì FÙ ≈®ı° ıfi°u* Ju¡
Ì∫, s∫, s°u˚, b¨¿‹¸>, Nfi°b¨¿‹¸> N°<Ì J¡° J¡°≤d Fæ $$53-55$$ f®Ê°ıÙ J¡° t°fiŸ ŸaJ¡v≈ FÙ
oŸ Ÿt¿‹¸> <`Ô°uJ¡ J¡° J¡°≤d Fæ $ bF Ÿt¿‹¸> <`Ô°uJ¡ ˚Ù N∏∫ <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* J¡¿v≈w Fæ wS° bF ˚Ù
Ì¥Ÿ≤u <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* J¡¿v≈w Fæ, oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ t°∫°„fÔ <ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ ≈≤‡≈≤° J¡° N∏w
fiFÙ* Fæ $ <fi‹J¨¡‹¸> Ì„Õfi tu* w°u <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* <ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡∑ „°u˚° FÙ <bJ¡<Ÿw F°uwÙ Fæ ∫°u* <bπ°fi°u* J¡∑
<fitÕÔ Â¿‹¸> Fæ Ôu<J¡fi t¥©°u˘ J¡∑ N°≈°w Ì„ÕfiR¡≈ ∫F Â¿‹¸> ıæŸÙ ˚°ŸwÙ Fæ w∏t∫Ù FÙ Fæ ≈≤t°SÕ tu*
bF Ÿwg fiFÙ* Fæ ∫°fiÙ NÔÙJ¡ (<tØ∫°) FÙ Fæ $$56,57$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ≈ª°Ÿb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ o•∫°bfib°≥ ŸyÕ
tC<fi Ju¡ N°Zt Ju¡ Ÿ°S ≈¥b°uÕ•w Ì°ufi°u* „≤Ù≤ ˚_t J¡≤ ªCJ¡∑ N¿Àfi N°æ≤
˚_t J¡∑ b°∫C π°≤° „°¿∏w wS° _b›fi tu* ı°y®wg J¡∑ ¿_S<w J¡° bdÕfi $
N∏∫ tC<fi fiu J¡F° # tCfiu, bF°≥≈≤ bu Ì°ufi°u* „≤Ù≤, N°Zt, fiy≤, bu Ÿf |≤ N°æ≤ Ÿf ≈un ŸfJu¡ Ÿf
N¿Àfi π°≤° Ÿ¥©u FCÎ <wfiJu¡ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi H¸>≈¸> ≤°© ffi y∫u $$1$$ N°æ≤ NÃ∫∏w Ÿ∏w°≈ Ÿu <ıŸJ¡∑
<„Ô°wJ¡ ª¸>J¡ yoÕ SÙ ÎuŸu Ÿ N°Zt tu* <bΩt°fi wC‡F°≤u Ÿ°u∫u FCÎ Ì°ufi°u* „≤Ù≤ ˚_t F°u y∫u $ Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ
bfi J¡°u ≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu ıÔ°J¡≤ bF N°y ıæŸu Ÿ°≤u ŸtCB J¡°u ≈ÙJ¡≤ Ny_Ã∫ıÙ <b≤w FCÎ bæŸu FÙ ≈FÔu
Nay°≤t°` „uT F°uJ¡≤ „°∏w FCoÕ wÌC≈≤°∏w NÂ‹¸> F°u yoÕ $$2,3$$ •w N<Àfi Ju¡ NÌ¨ÿ∫ F°ufiu≈≤ b°∫C
≈FÔu ÌÙ›w <k¡≤ „ÙwÔ FCoÕ ˚_t≤°<„ J¡°u ≈C‹≈≤°<„ J¡∑ w≤F J¡d J¡d J¡≤Ju¡ ŸfJ¡∑ Ÿf n° Ôu
y∫° $$4$$ ŸJu¡ ≈≤°∏w fi t°Ô¥t bF N°Zt J¡F°≥ y∫° N°æ≤ ∫F ˚Ù fiFÙ* t°Ô¥t F°uw° Fæ <J¡ bu Ì°ufi°u*
„≤Ù≤ J¡F°≥ y∫u $ fFCw Ÿu Ô°uy°u* J¡° <≈¸>°≤ÙR¡≈ <fib°Ÿ_S°fi bF fiy≤ ı°y®wg≈C”T Ju¡ _b›fifiy≤ J¡∑
w≤F fi t°Ô¥t J¡F°≥ ªÔ° y∫° $$5$$ ıf oŸ w≤F N°≈J¡° wS° Ÿ ≈®°dÙ J¡° „≤Ù≤ N˚°b J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u
y∫° wf N°≈ _b›fi Ju¡ ˚®t Ÿu y®_w Su N°æ≤ Nf _b›fit∫ „≤Ù≤R¡≈Ÿu N°≈J¡∑ Ÿa<bwg _kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ $
oŸ<ÔÎ (ıÔfiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d) J¡F°≥ f°F≤ <fiJ¡Ôfiu J¡° π°≤˚¥w ŸJ¡° yÔu J¡° <~>B, J¡F°≥ N°≈J¡° bF
<b≤°¸>g ≈C”T ≈®°dÙ •∫°u*<J¡ N°uı Ju¡ Ÿ°S FÙ ıÔu FCÎ ŸJ¡° N°uı Ÿ<Fw FÙ wCh~> „≤Ù≤ ıÔJ¡≤ ≤°©
F°u y∫° $$6,7$$ Fu tCfiu, oŸ J¡°≤d N°≈J¡°u bu Ì°ufi°u* „≤Ù≤ ≈®°›w fiFÙa FCÎ $ N°≈ <ıŸJ¡° J¡°uoÕ ≈°≤°b°≤
fiFÙ* Fæ ÎuŸu _b›fiŸaŸ°≤R¡≈Ù oŸ ı°y®wg tu* ¿_Sw Fæ* $$8$$
ı°y®w N°æ≤ _b›fi J¡° ˚uÌ fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° ı°u ≈FÔu J¡F° S°, ŸJ¡° Ftfiu _≈‹¸> <fiÌuÕ„ J¡≤ <Ì∫°
oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Fu ŸC∏Ì≤ N°ª≤db°Ôu tC<fiıÙ, oŸ w≤F N°≈J¡° ∫F _b›fi FÙ ı°y®wg ffi y∫° $ ∫F°≥ Ft Ÿf Ô°uy
N°≈Ju¡ _b›fi≈C”T Fæ* $ N°≈ Ft°≤u _b›fi≈C”T Fæ N°æ≤ Ft N°≈Ju¡ _b›fi≈C”T Fæ* $ ∫F <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ
ŸbÕÌ° (wÙfi°u* Nb_S°N°u* tu*)N<πwÙ∫ _b˚°b tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $$9,10$$ ≈FÔu _b›fi≈C”T F°uwu FCÎ ˚Ù
ıfŸu N°≈J¡°u tæ* ı°y®wg≈C”T F¥≥ ÎuŸÙ ≈®wÙ<w FCoÕ wf Ÿu ı°y®w ≈C”T ffiJ¡≤ y¨F_S°Zt tu* ¿_Sw
ŸyÕ - 152] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2371
Fæ* $$11$$ ıæŸu |¸>fi° |¸>Ù SÙ bF tæ*fiu N°Ω°u≈°∏w Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ N°≈Ÿu J¡FÙ $ ∫<Ì tu≤u J¡Sfi ≈≤ Ÿ∏ÌuF F°u
w°u N°≈ ˚Ù º∫°fi Ÿu oŸ NfiC˚¥w Âÿ∫ J¡°u _b∫a ≈¥dÕ R¡≈ Ÿu Ìu©u*yu $ oŸ w≤F N°<Ì tº∫ ≤<Fw
Nfi∏wR¡≈ ∫F Ÿa<bwg-|fi <ª∏t∫°Ãt° FÙ N≈fiÙ <bJ¡Ÿfi„¿•w Ju¡ ~>°Ô Ÿu ªaªÔ „≤Ù≤ F°uJ¡≤
N≈fiu tu* ÌC‹J¡t°u˘ Ju¡ k¡ÔR¡≈ ©≤°f, ŸÃJ¡t°u˘ Ju¡ k¡Ô˚¥w Wt N°æ≤ <t<Zw J¡t°u˘ Ju¡ k¡Ô˚¥w <t<Zw
<bJ¡°ŸR¡≈ Ÿ¨¿‹¸>∫°u* π°≤° N°J¡°„ tu* ŸCfiFÔu ≈®J¡°„ J¡∑ ˚°≥<w <bJ¡<Ÿw F°uw° Fæ, N∏∫ fiFÙ* $$12,13$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ o•∫°bfib°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ f°bfib°≥ ŸyÕ
N∏∫ tCC<fi π°≤° tC<fiıÙ J¡∑ _b›fi≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡∑ ŸÃ∫w°-„aJ¡° J¡° <fib°≤d $
tC<fi fiu J¡F° # Fu Δ∫°@, ∫F J¡FJ¡≤ ≤°<` Ju¡ Ÿt∫ bF tC<fitF°≤°ı N≈fiu <f_w≤ ≈≤ ªC≈ F°u y∫u $
wÌC≈≤°∏w t°≤u N°ÿª∫Õ Ju¡ tæ* ˚Ù N°≥@Ù Ju¡ fb^±>≤ tu* ≈n° FCN°-Ÿ° F°u y∫° $ wÌfi∏w≤ fFCw Ìu≤ f°Ì
Ÿ∏fi°¸>° ˚ay J¡≤wu FCÎ tæ*fiu J¡F° # Fu tC<fi≈®b≤, Fu <b˚°u, wf w°u oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿ°≤° _b›fi ∫S°SÕ Fæ ÎuŸ° tæ*
ŸtHw° F¥≥ $ "tu t<w#' J¡Ffiu Ÿu NŸa˚°bfi° π°≤° N°ÿª∫Õ ≈®J¡¸> <J¡∫° $$1,2$$ N∏∫ tC<fi fiu J¡F° # Fu
tCfiu, ∫<Ì ı°y®wg b_wC Ÿwg F°uwÙ w°u ∫F _b›fi°<Ì Ÿwg Fæ ∫°u* N°ÿª∫Õ F°ufi° ™>ÙJ¡ S° $ <J¡∏wC ıF°≥≈≤ ∫F
ı°y®wg Âÿ∫ FÙ <tØ∫°˚¥w Fæ bF°≥≈≤ _b›fi J¡∑ ŸÃ∫w° J¡° •∫° J¡Ffi° Fæ NS°Õwg bF w°u <fiw°aw <tØ∫°˚¥w
Fæ $$3$$ ıæŸu _b›fi J¡° ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ N°<Ì tu* oŸ ı°y®wg Âÿ∫ J¡° ˚Ù ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ $ ∫F ı°y®wg
≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì Ÿu ≤<Fw F°ufiu≈≤ ˚Ù ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì Ÿu ∫C•w ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ $$4$$ Fu Δ∫°@tF°yC≤°u (N) oŸ
≈®J¡°≤ Âÿ∫t°fi N°ı Ju¡ Ft Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ _b›fi Ÿu ˚Ù ı°y®wg Ju¡ fi°t Ÿu ≈®<Ÿ] ŸyÕR¡≈Ù _b›fi <fitÕÔ
ªæw∏∫t°`_bR¡≈ Fæ ∫°fiÙ _b›fi Ju¡ f≤°f≤ ˚Ù ŸJ¡° N¿_wÃb fiFÙ* Fæ $ Fu J¡tÔfi∫fi () oŸ <bT∫
tu* N°≈ ≈≈<W ŸC<fi∫u $$5$$ ı°y®wJ¡°Ô tu* Ìu©u y∫u ≈Ì N°æ≤ ŸJu¡ NSÕ π°≤° fC<] tu* N≈fi° Ÿa_J¡°≤
±>°Ôfiu Ÿu _b›fib°Ôu N°≈J¡°u ≤°<` tu* _b›fi tu* _b°¿›fiJ¡ „ÆÌ N°æ≤ ŸJu¡ NSÕJ¡∑ ≈®wÙ<w FCoÕ $ Ÿa_J¡°≤
N°<Ì J¡∑ Ÿ°ty®Ù F°ufiu Ÿu ˚Ôu FÙ _b›fi ŸÃ∫ F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ, <J¡∏wC Ÿ¨¿‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* ≈®<Ÿ] ŸyÕR¡≈
_b›fi ≈¥bÕÂ‹¸> NSÕb°Ô° F°uJ¡≤ FÙ N°J¡°„ tu* <b≤°ıt°fi F°uw° Fæ $ ∫°fiÙ <ª≤≈®Ô∫ J¡° tF°fig Δ∫b@°fi
F°ufiu≈≤ ≈¥b°ÕfiC˚b Ÿa_J¡°≤ N°<Ì J¡° ŸbÕS° h~>uÌ F°u ı°fiu Ÿu ∫F ŸyÕ_b›fi _b›fi J¡∑ N≈us° ˚Ù N<w
wCh~> FÙ Fæ $ ŸJu¡ f≤°f≤ ˚Ù oŸJ¡° N¿_wÃb fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F ≈≈<W Fæ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$6$$ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤
ı°y®wg-≈®≈aª Ju¡ N<@J¡ <tØ∫° F°ufiu≈≤ Fu <b˚°u, Ÿ°≤° _b›fi ŸBq≈ Fæ, ∫S°SÕ Fæ ÎuŸ° tu≤Ù ŸtH tu*
N°w° Fæ ∫°u* t<w≈Ì Ÿu Ÿa<ÌÀ@w°-ŸÙ Ÿ¥<ªw J¡≤wu FCÎ •∫°u* J¡Fwu F°u ? _kC¡¸>R¡≈ Ÿu NfiC˚¥w oŸ _by¨F
J¡° NfiC˚b J¡≤ tu*≤u ≈Ìu„ Ÿu <k¡≤ _b›fiº∫°fi tu* N°≈J¡° Ωt Jæ¡Ÿu FCN° ? •∫°u*<J¡ J¡°uoÕ _b›fi
Ìu©fiub°Ô° ∫F _b›fi <tØ∫° Fæ, ÎuŸ° _b›fi Ìu©wu Ÿt∫ fiFÙ* ı°fiw°, ∫F w°Ã≈∫Õ Fæ $$7$$
(N) "Δ∫°@tF°yC≤°u" ∫F Ÿ‡f°u@fi N°≈J¡∑ N≈us° ˚Ù t∏ÌfC<] Δ∫°@ J¡°u ŸtH°fiu Ju¡ Ÿt∫
N°≈J¡°u ≈≈°Ìfi Zt I°w F°uy°, ∫F Ÿ¥<ªw J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ Fæ $
() "≈C‹J¡≤≈`°s" (J¡tÔfi∫fi) ∫F Ÿ‡f°u@fi Ju¡bÔ fiu` Ju¡ Ÿ°æ∏Ì∫Õ Ÿu ∫F <bT∫ fiFÙ* ı°fi°
ı° ŸJ¡w°, ∫F Ÿ¥<ªw J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ <Ì∫° y∫° Fæ $
ıywg J¡° Ÿwg R¡≈ Ÿu FÙ NfiC˚b J¡≤ ≤Fu N°≈Ju¡ ıywg NŸwg Fæ ∫° fiFÙ* oŸ Ÿ∏ÌuF tu* J¡°uoÕ fÙı ˚Ù
Fu tCfiu, ıf N°≈ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ oŸ <b_w°≤∫C•w _b›fi ıywg J¡° _≈‹¸>R¡≈ Ÿu ∫F Ÿwg FÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ°
NfiC˚b J¡≤wu Fæ* wf Ÿtu* "Fæ ∫° fiFÙ* Fæ' ∫F Ÿ∏ÌuF Jæ¡Ÿu F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? oŸJu¡ f°Ì ∫F Ÿf J¡F ≤Fu fi
tC<fi tF°≤°ı Ju¡ bªfi-≈®b°F J¡°u ÎJ¡ Ì¥Ÿ≤° ≈®ÿfi ≈¿_Sw J¡≤ tæ*fiu fÙª tu* ≤°uJ¡ <Ì∫° N°æ≤ fiŸu
≈¥~>° # tF°≤°ı, tu≤Ù Δ∫°@yC”w° Jæ¡Ÿu Fæ, ∫°fiÙ tæ* Δ∫°@ J¡° yC” Jæ¡Ÿu F¥≥ J¨¡≈∫° tCHu fwÔ° ÌÙ<ı∫u $$8,9$$
N∏∫ tC<fifiu J¡F° # Fu tF°twu, tu≤u oŸ N°¶∫°fi J¡°u ŸC<fi∫u, tæ* Ì¥Ÿ≤° N°¶∫°fi N°≈Ÿu Ÿasu≈ Ÿu J¡Fw°
F¥≥ $ tu≤u <b_w°≤∫C•w Δ∫°¶∫°fi J¡° w°u N∏w <tÔfi° ˚Ù J¡<™>fi Fæ $$10$$ Fu tCfiu, tæ* ÌÙ|Õ w≈_bÙ F¥≥ N°æ≤
N°≈ NÃ∫∏w @°<tÕJ¡ F°u $ tæ* ıf wJ¡ N°≈ Δ∫°@yC” F°uN°uyu wf wJ¡ ∫FÙ* ≈≤ F¥≥, N°≈ ˚Ù ∫F tu≤° ŸÃ∫
bªfi ŸCfiJ¡≤ ∫FÙ* N≈fiu |≤ ≈≤ FÙ ≤<w J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uN°uyu $$11$$ ∫F°≥ ≈≤ ¿_Sw FCÎ tCHu NfiCytfi,
˚¿•w N°<Ì ŸÃJ¡°≤ Ÿu N°≈ fiFÙ* ~>°unu*yu tæ* ˚Ù N°≈ Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S ∫F°≥ ≈≤ ≤Fq≥y°, ∫F <fiÿª∫ Fæ $$12$$
Fu Ÿ°@°u, wÌfi∏w≤ JC¡~> bT°u˘ Ju¡ fÙwfiu≈≤ ∫F°≥ wC‡F°≤u Ÿf f∏@Cf°∏@b°u* J¡° ÌC<˚Õs Ÿu <bfi°„ F°u ı°∫uy° $
ŸÙ Ÿt∫ bæ≤, fÔ N°<Ì Ÿu ∏tW FCÎ ŸÙt°≈®°∏w tu* ¿_Sw ~>°u¸>u-t°u¸>u ≤°ı°N°u* Ju¡ N°≈ŸÙ ∫C] Ÿu oŸ
y°≥b Ju¡ N<@J¡°a„ ≈®°dÙ t≤ ı°∫u*yu, fªu-©Cªu S°unu Ÿu ıÙb ˚Ù y°≥b ~>°unJ¡≤ ˚°y ı°∫u*yu ŸJu¡ f°Ì
N°≈Ÿ tu* ÎJ¡ Ì¥Ÿ≤u Ÿu N°ÿb°<Ÿw NwÎb ÌC#© J¡° fi°t <fi„°fi fi ı°fifiub°Ôu, „°∏w <b<ÌwbuΩ
(I°wIu∫) F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d Ì°ufi°u* ÎJ¡ Ÿu wS° ŸJ¡Ô ≈Ì°S°u˘ tu* <fi_≈¨F, Ÿt°fi N°ª≤db°Ôu Ft Ì°ufi°u*
∫FÙ* ÎJ¡ <fiıÕfi ıyF tu* J¡FÙ* ≈un°u* Ju¡ HC≤tÇ> Ju¡ fÙª ª∏Bt° N°æ≤ Ÿ¥∫Õ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi <fib°Ÿ J¡≤u*yu $ Ft°≤u
<fib°Ÿ J¡≤fiu Ÿu oŸ N≤^∫ tu* Ÿt∫ fÙwfiu≈≤ Ôw°, b¨s°u* J¡° Wt bfi y ı°∫uy° $ bF „°Ô, w°Ô,
Ôw° Ju¡ Ÿt¥F Ÿu Ÿ°≤u ˚¥wÔ J¡°u bu¿‹¸>w J¡≤ Ôuy° $$13-17$$ Ÿ bfiJ¡° •∫° bdÕfi J¡R¡≥ ? bF w°n,
wt°Ô Ju¡ ≈W°u* Ju¡ fi°ª Ÿu <Ì„°N°u* J¡°u NÔaJ¨¡w J¡≤uy°, Ÿtu* <©Ôu FCÎ J¡tÔ bfi°u* π°≤° fiÙªu ª≤d°u* J¡°u
≈J¡nfiu (~¥>fiu) Ju¡ J¡°≤d b∏ÌfiÙ∫ Ÿu b¨s k¥¡Ô°u* Ÿu <bJ¡<Ÿw ≤Fu*yu N°æ≤ t@C≤ ºb<fi J¡≤ ≤Fu ªJ¡°u≤°u* Ju¡
HC^±>°u* Ÿu ŸJu¡ Ôw°-<fiJCa¡ı NÃ∫∏w tfit°uFJ¡ ≤Fu*yu $ N<@J¡ •∫° J¡F¥≥ bF bfi _byÕ Ÿu w≤° FCN°
fi∏Ìfibfi-Ÿ° _S°∫Ù F°uy° $$18$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ f°bfib°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ <w≤≈fib°≥ ŸyÕ
Δ∫°@ Ju¡ N°ytfi N°<Ì J¡∑ <•w Ÿu tC<fi tu* Δ∫°@yC”w° J¡° ŸtSÕfi wS°
Ÿt∫ ≈≤ <bbuJ¡ Ÿu ŸbæÕJ¡°Ã‡∫R¡≈ <bI°fi J¡° bdÕfi $
N∏∫tC<fi fiu J¡F° # Fu tC<fib≤, Ft Ô°uy Ÿ bfi tu* <ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡ w≈ J¡≤wu ≤Fu*yu, wf tÿ°u* J¡°
≈Ù~>° J¡≤fiu Ÿu SJ¡° FCN° Δ∫°@ N°∫uy° $ Ÿu N°≈ _b˚°bw# ≈<b` <b<b@ J¡S°N°u* π°≤° ≈Ìu„ Ìu*yu $
bF <b≤•w F°uJ¡≤ ŸÙ bfi tu* w≈_∫° J¡≤uy° $ w≈¿_b∫°u* J¡∑ ª∫°ÕN°u* Ju¡ NU∫°Ÿ Ÿu „t, Ìt N°<Ì
Ÿ°@fi-Ÿ‡≈<W Ju¡ f°Ì bF Δ∫°@ N°ÃtI°fi ı°fifiu J¡∑ oh~>° Ÿu N°ÃtI°fi J¡∑ ˚¥<tJ¡° Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu
_b›fi <ıI°ŸC F°uJ¡≤ _b›fi J¡S° ≈¥~>uy° $ ŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°w N°≈ _b›fi Ju¡ ≈®Ÿay Ÿu ŸJu¡ <ÔÎ N©^±>
ŸyÕ - 153] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2373
N°Ãt-I°fi J¡° ≈Ìu„ Ìu*yu $ Ÿu y®FdJ¡≤ bF ∫°uÀ∫ F°u ı°∫uy° $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu N°≈ ŸJu¡ yC” F°u*yu $
oŸ J¡°≤d Fu tC<fib≤, tæ*fiu N°≈J¡°u "Δ∫°@yC≤°u' oŸ Ÿ‡f°u@fi Ÿu ≈CJ¡°≤° Fæ $ <ıŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ∫F ŸaŸ°≤ ˚®t
Fæ, ıæŸ° tæ* ∫F°≥≈≤ F¥≥ N°æ≤ ıæŸu N°≈ ∫F°≥≈≤ Fæ* Îba ı°u N°yu N°≈J¡° F°ufiub°Ô° Fæ bF Ÿf tæ*fiu N°≈Ÿu
J¡F° $$1-6$$ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡Ffiu≈≤ <b_t∫ Ÿu Δ∫°JC¡Ô FCoÕ fC<] Ÿu oŸ Âÿ∫ıyw J¡° <bª°≤ J¡≤ tæ* N°æ≤
˚Ù N°ÿª∫Õ J¡°u ≈®°›w FCN° $ oŸJu¡ f°Ì ≤°<` ©CÔfiu≈≤ ≈®°w#J¡°Ô Ju¡ Ÿt∫ fi tC<fi tF°≤°ı J¡° tæ*fiu
ÎuŸ° N°Ì≤ ŸÃJ¡°≤ <J¡∫° <J¡ <ıŸŸu bu tu≤u |≤ ≈≤ FÙ ≤F y∫u $ ŸJu¡ f°Ì w°u Ÿ N≤^∫¿_Sw |≤ tu*
N°æ≤ ≈¥bÕı∏t Ju¡ Ÿ y°≥b Ju¡ |≤ tu* ≈≤_≈≤ ≈®ªC≤ ≈®Ù<wb°Ôu ¿_S≤fC<]Ÿ‡≈∏fi Ft Ì°ufi°u* ≤Fu $ wÌfi∏w≤
M¡wC, bTÕ N°<Ì R¡≈ J¡°Ô Ju¡ fÙwfiu ≈≤ ıæŸu ≈bÕw bfi°¿Àfi, b¨¿‹¸> N°<Ì J¡° y®Fd N°æ≤ Ã∫°y J¡≤w° Fæ,
bæŸu FÙ tæ* ˚Ù N<fi‹¸>, o‹¸> N°æ≤ o‹¸>N<fi‹¸><t<Zw ˚°b°u* J¡° y®Fd N°æ≤ Ã∫°y J¡≤w° FCN° <_Sw F¥≥ $ fi
w°u tæ* t≤d J¡∑ oh~>° J¡≤w° F¥≥ N°æ≤ fi ıÙbfi J¡∑ N<˚Ô°T° J¡≤w° F¥≥ $ ıæŸu ¿_Sw F¥≥ bæŸu FÙ <ffi°
Ÿ∏w°≈ Ju¡ ≤Fw° F¥≥ $ wÌC≈≤°∏w tæ*fiu bF°≥≈≤ Âÿ∫t^±>Ô Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* <bª°≤ <J¡∫° "∫F •∫° Fæ, •∫°
oŸJ¡° J¡°≤d Fæ ? N°æ≤ ∫F N°Ãt° oŸJ¡°u <ªW Ÿu •∫° ı°fiw° Fæ ?' ÎJ¡t°` <ªÌ°J¡°„_bR¡≈Ù
_b›fiŸÂ„ ıywg tu* ∫F ≈Ì°SÕŸa|°w •∫° Fæ N°æ≤ •∫° oŸJ¡° <fi<tW J¡°≤d Fæ ? <ªÌuJ¡|fi _b˚°b tu*
¿_Sw <ª∏t°`N°J¡°„R¡≈ FÙ ∫u ΩCÔ°uJ¡, ≈¨<SbÙ, b°∫C, N°J¡°„, <b<b@ ≈bÕw, NfiuJ¡ fi<Ì∫°≥, <Ì„°Î≥
ŸfJu¡ Ÿf <bJ¡°Ÿ J¡°u ≈®°›w Fæ $$7-14$$ <ªwgR¡≈Ù ª¿∏BJ¡° ª°≤°u* N°u≤ <ıŸ Nb˚°Ÿ (≈®J¡°„) J¡°
<b_w°≤ J¡≤wÙ Fæ bF ∫F ıywgR¡≈ <ª`, ı°u <J¡ _S¥Ô fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ≈®<w|°w Ju¡ ∫°uÀ∫ _b˚°bb°Ô°
fiFÙ* Fæ, N°J¡°„ tu* ˚°<Ÿw F°uw° Fæ $$15$$
∫<Ì J¡°uoÕ J¡Fu <J¡ ≈bÕw N°<Ì _S¥Ô F°ufiu Ÿu ≈®<w|°w Ju¡ ∫°uÀ∫ Fæ*, bu N≈®<w|°w_b˚°b Jæ¡Ÿu F°u*yu ?
oŸ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
fi ∫u ≈bÕw Fæ*, fi ∫F ˚¥<t Fæ, fi ∫F N°J¡°„ Fæ, fi tæ* FÙ F¥≥ ? ∫F Ÿf Ju¡bÔ <ª∏t°`N°J¡°„ Ju¡
_kC¡≤d J¡° ˚°fi Fæ $$16$$
∫<Ì ∫F <ª∏t°`-J¡ªfi (_kC¡≤d) FÙ Fæ w°u oŸ ≈Ì°SÕ≤°<„ J¡° J¡°uoÕ J¡°≤d fiFÙ* Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ oŸJu¡
„≤Ù≤ y®Fd N°æ≤ ŸJu¡ FuwC N≈®<Ÿ] Fæ*, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
oŸ ≈Ì°SÕ≤°<„ J¡° „≤Ù≤ y®Fd tu* •∫° J¡°≤d F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? J¡°≤d Ju¡ <ffi° ˚Ô° <J¡ŸÙ b_wC J¡°
Ÿa˚b F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? $$17$$
wf ∫F ˚®°¿∏w FÙ F°u, ÎuŸÙ N°„aJ¡° J¡≤ ˚®°¿∏w≈s tu* ˚Ù <fi<tW, B‹¸>° N°<Ì J¡° <fiR¡≈d Ÿa˚b
fiFÙa Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
∫<Ì oŸJ¡°u Ju¡bÔ ˚®°¿∏w FÙ t°fi°u, w°u ˚®°¿∏w J¡° •∫° J¡°≤d Fæ, Ÿ ˚®°¿∏w J¡° J¡°æfi B‹¸>°
Fæ, J¡°æfi tfifi J¡≤fiub°Ô° Fæ, bF Jæ¡Ÿ° Fæ N°æ≤ J¡F°≥ Fæ ? $$18$$ Ÿa<b∏t°`R¡≈ tæ* <ıŸJu¡ „≤Ù≤ tu*
≈®<b‹¸> F°uJ¡≤ Âÿ∫bwÙÕ N°uı tu* ≤F° bF ≈®°dÙ tu≤u „≤Ù≤ Ju¡ Ÿ°S FÙ ≈¥dÕw∫° ˚_t F°u y∫° $$19$$
oŸ<ÔÎ ŸJ¡° „≤Ù≤, tu≤° „≤Ù≤ N°<Ì J¡° N¿_wÃb fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ∫F Ÿf N°<Ì N∏w „¥∏∫
<ªwg J¡∑ N°˚°R¡≈ N°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ $ J¡w°Õ, J¡tÕ, N°æ≤ J¡≤d Ÿu <bFÙfi J®¡t„¥∏∫ ∫F <ªÌg|fi FÙ Fæ $
∫F |¸>, b˜, ÌÙb°≤ N°<Ì Ÿf <ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡° _kC¡≤d Fæ $ Nw# |¸>, ≈¸> N°<Ì _≈‹¸> N°J¡°≤ @°≤d
J¡≤fiub°Ôu J¡F°≥ Ÿu F°u ŸJ¡wu Fæ* ? $$20,21$$
"∫F <ª∏t°` J¡° _kC¡≤d Fæ' ∫F fC<] ˚Ù "≤°FCJ¡° <Ÿ≤' oŸ J¡Sfi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi Ju¡bÔ <bJ¡v≈t°`
FÙ Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ T‹™>ÙwÃ≈C”T Ÿt°Ÿ Ju¡ ≈®∫°uıJ¡ ˚uÌ N°æ≤ Ÿ‡f∏@ J¡∑ ≈®<Ÿ<] fiFÙ* Fæ, oŸ N<˚≈®°∫
Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
∫F <ª∏t°` J¡° _kC¡≤d ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ, Ju¡bÔ <ª∏t°`N°J¡°„ Fæ $ ŸJ¡° _kC¡≤d •∫° N°æ≤ Jæ¡Ÿ° ?
•∫° N°J¡°„ J¡° ˚Ù _kC¡≤d F°uw° Fæ, ˚Ô° ŸJ¡° _kC¡≤d Jæ¡Ÿu F°uy° ? $$22$$ ∫F ıywg ŸtCB Ju¡ ku¡fi
J¡∑ w≤F <ªBq≈ Ÿ°y≤ J¡° ku¡fi Fæ $ oŸJ¡° fibÙfi _kC¡≤d •∫° F°uy° ? ∫F Nfi∏w <ªÌg|fi ≈≤t°Ãt°
_kC¡≤d_b˚°bb°Ô° FÙ ¿_Sw Fæ $$23$$ „C] <ª∏t°`-_kC¡≤d b¨<] J¡°u ≈®°›w <ªÌg|fi f®Ê FÙ oŸ
ıywg Ju¡ Ÿt°fi Nb˚°<Ÿw F°uw° Fæ, ÎuŸÙ Nb_S° tu* J¡F°≥ Âÿ∫ Fæ N°æ≤ J¡F°≥ B‹¸¨>w° Fæ ? $$24$$
J¡°Ôw# N°<Ì N∏w Ÿu „¥∏∫, NŸÙt, Ìu„w# N°<Ì-tº∫FÙfi b_wCw# ÎJ¡ N<πwÙ∫ NwÎb J¡°≤d≤<Fw,
J¡°∫Õ≤<Fw N°æ≤ J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤d Ju¡ N@Ùfi ≈®°<d∫°u* Ÿu ≤<Fw, _bw#ŸW°≈®@°fi _bŸW° Ÿu FÙ ˚Cbfi N°<Ì
J¡∑ ŸW° J¡° <fib°ÕF J¡≤fiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d fi°fi° Nfi°fi°R¡≈-Ÿ° b°dÙ N°æ≤ tfi J¡° Ny°uª≤ ı°u <b˚C ªuwfi Fæ,
bFÙ Ÿf JC¡~> Fæ, ŸŸu N<w¿≤•w NdCt°` ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ $$25$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ <w≤≈fib°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ª°æbfib°≥ ŸyÕ
tC<fi π°≤° <bª°≤ Ÿu Ã≈∏fi N≈fiÙ ıÙb∏tC•w ¿_S<w wS°
NU∫°ŸFÙfi Δ∫°@ J¡∑ ≈≤t ≈Ì tu* Nfib¿_S<w J¡° bdÕfi $
tC<fiıÙ N≈fiu <bª°≤ J¡∑ k¡Ô˚¥w ıÙb∏tC•w¿_S<w J¡° <b_w°≤ Ÿu bdÕfi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
tC<fi fiu J¡F° # Fu Δ∫°@, oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ <fidÕ∫ J¡≤Ju¡ tæ* oŸ Âÿ∫ tu* Ÿ∏w°≈≤<Fw, bÙw≤°y
(N°Ÿ¿•w≤<Fw), „aJ¡°≤<Fw, NFaJ¡°≤≤<Fw, <fib°Õd (tC•w ) _bR¡≈ ¿_Sw F¥≥ $$1$$ Nπæw F°ufiu Ju¡
J¡°≤d fi tu≤° J¡°uoÕ N°@°≤ Fæ N°æ≤ fi tæ* FÙ <J¡ŸÙ J¡° N°@°≤ F¥≥, N<˚t°fi≤<Fw, N°Z∫<bFÙfi, <fiı
<ªÃ_b˚°b tu* <_Sw, _b∫a „°∏w ŸbÕS° <Ìw Ÿ¨¿‹¸>R¡≈ tæ* ¿_Sw F¥≥ $$2$$ Δ∫bF°≤w# ∫S°≈®°›w J¨¡Ã∫
J¡° J¡w°Õ F¥≥, <J¡∏wC ∫S°SÕw# J¡˚Ù ˚Ù J¡w°Õ fiFÙ* F¥≥, •∫°u*<J¡ ı°u _b∫a FÙ <fi¿‹J®¡∫ N°J¡°„ Fæ, ŸJ¡°
J¡wÕ¨Ãb Jæ¡Ÿ° ? $$3$$ ΩCÔ°uJ¡, ≈¨<SbÙ, b°∫C, N°J¡°„, <b<b@ ≈bÕw, fi<Ì∫°≥ <Ì„°Î≥ N°<Ì ŸJ¡Ô ˚¥w
Ÿf ıÙb°u* Ju¡ ÎJ¡t°` <ªÃ_bR¡≈ Ÿwg <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ* $$4$$ Fu Δ∫°@, tæ* „°∏w F¥≥, ª°≤°u* N°u≤ Ÿu
N°fi∏ÌŸ°y≤ tu* tÀfi F¥≥, ÌC#©Ÿ‡≈JÕ¡„¥∏∫ Ju¡bÔ N°ÃtŸC© tu* ¿_Sw F¥≥, fi tu≤u <ÔÎ J¡°uoÕ <b<@ Fæ N°æ≤
fi <fiTu@ FÙ Fæ $ fi tu≤u <ÔÎ JC¡~> f°fl Fæ N°æ≤ fi JC¡~> N°∏w≤ Fæ $$5$$ Fu Δ∫°@, oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ıæŸÙ ¿_S<w
Fæ ŸJu¡ NfiCJ¥¡Ô ∫F°≥≈≤ ¿_Sw FCÎ tu≤u Ÿ°tfiu N°ı J¡°J¡w°ÔÙ∫ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi wCt ≈®°›w FCÎ F°u $$6$$ oŸ
≈®J¡°≤ tu≤u ≈°Ÿ ≈®°›w F°uJ¡≤ tCHŸu ≈¥~> ≤Fu wCtŸu ıæŸ° _b›fi Fæ, ıæŸu Ft Ô°uy Fæ*, ıæŸ° ıywg Fæ, ıæŸu
wCt F°u, ıæŸ° ∫F Âÿ∫ Fæ, ıæŸu wCt oŸ ≈®≈aª Ju¡ B‹¸>° F°u, ıæŸ° ∫F ÌuF, o¿∏B∫ N°<Ì N°º∫°¿ÃtJ¡
(N°U∫∏w¿≤J¡) Âÿ∫ Fæ, ıæŸ° ∫F Ÿ°tfiu <Ì©°oÕ Ìu ≤F° ˚°æ<wJ¡ Âÿ∫ Fæ, fitu* ıæŸu ≤°y, πuT, Ã∫°y,
y®Fd N°<Ì ˚°b Fæ*, ıæŸ° f®Ê Fæ N°æ≤ ıæŸÙ ∫F Ÿ°tfiu Âÿ∫t°fi ıfiw° Fæ ∫F Ÿf ≈¥b°uÕ•w bdÕfi Ju¡
ŸyÕ - 154] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2375
NfiCŸ°≤ tæ* J¡F ªCJ¡° F¥≥ $ Fu ÔCÆ@J¡, ofi ŸfJ¡°u <tØ∫° ı°fiJ¡≤ wCt „°∏w F°uN°uyu, •∫°u*<J¡ ∫F
<ªÌ°J¡°„R¡<≈dÙ N°ÃtŸW° „°∏w FÙ Fæ N„°∏w fiFÙ* Fæ $ NSb° N°Ã∫¿∏wJ¡ Âÿ∫„°¿∏w FÙ
N°Ãt„°¿∏w Fæ $$7-9$$
_≈‹¸> ≤Ù<w Ÿu ≈®wÙw F°u ≤Fu tfiC‹∫, Ìubw°, ≈„C-≈sÙ, ≈bÕw, ≈un N°<Ì J¡∑ _b›fiwCv∫w° NÃ∫∏w
NŸ‡˚b Fæ* oŸ f°w J¡°u Δ∫aaÀ∫ Ÿu Ÿ¥<ªw J¡≤w° FCN° ÔCÆ@J¡ J¡Fw° Fæ $
Δ∫°@ fiu J¡F° # Fu tC<fiıÙ, ∫<Ì ÎuŸÙ f°w Fæ w°u tæ*, N°≈ N°æ≤ Ÿf Ìubw° ŸfJu¡ Ÿf N°≈Ÿ tu*
_b›fi≈C”T F°uufiu Ÿu Ÿwg F°uwu FCÎ ˚Ù NŸwgt∫ F°u ı°∫u*yu $$10$$ tC<fiıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu Δ∫°@, ıæŸ° wCt
J¡Fwu F°u bæŸ° FÙ ∫F Ÿf ≈≤_≈≤ _b›fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ¿_Sw Fæ $ ∫F N≈fiu tu* Ÿwg wS° N∏∫ Ô°uy°u* tu* NŸwg
≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ bæŸ° FÙ oŸJ¡° ŸfJ¡°u NfiC˚b F°uw° Fæ $$11$$ Âÿ∫ J¡°u <ıŸfiu ıæŸ° ı°fi°
bæŸ° bF ŸJ¡° NfiC˚b J¡≤w° Fæ $ Âÿ∫ b_wC fi°fi° Fæ N°æ≤ ÎJ¡ ˚Ù Fæ, ıæŸu ÎJ¡ |n° fi°fi° J¡≈°Ô,
J¡≈°<ÔJ¡° N°<Ì fiJ¡∑ Nb∫b≈≤‡≈≤° Ÿu ≈≤t°dC ≈∫Õ∏w fi°fi° b_wCR¡≈ N°æ≤ ÎJ¡Ãb J¡∑ ≈®wÙ<w Ÿu
ÎJ¡b_wCR¡≈ ˚Ù Fæ ı°u fi°fi°Ãb (˚uÌ) Ì„ÙÕ Fæ* fiJu¡ <ÔÎ fi Ì°ufi°u* tu* Ÿu ÎJ¡Ãb NŸwg Fæ N°æ≤ ı°u
ÎJ¡[bÌ„ÙÕ Fæ*, fiJu¡ <ÔÎ fi°fi°Ãb NŸwg Fæ $ ˚uÌ°˚uÌ Ì<„Õ∫°u* Ju¡ <ÔÎ Ì°ufi°u* <bJ¡v≈ Ÿu Ÿwg N°æ≤ Ì°ufi°u*
NŸwg Fæ* $ w[bI°<fi∫°u* Ju¡ <ÔÎ w°u ı°y®w tu* _b›fifiy≤ Ju¡ ŸÂ„ wS° ≈FÔu J¡˚Ù Â¿‹¸>y°uª≤ fi FCÎ Ì¥≤
Ìu„_S Âÿ∫t°fi fiy≤ Ju¡ wCv∫ buÌfit°` F°uufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ÎJ¡ ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ ÎuŸ° NfiC˚b Ÿu <Ÿ] Fæ, NwÎb
∫F fi ÎJ¡ Fæ, fi Ÿwg Fæ, fi NŸwg Fæ N°æ≤ fi ŸwgNŸwg Fæ $ Fu Δ∫°@ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ tæ*fiu wCtŸu Ÿf JC¡~> J¡F
<Ì∫°, <fi≤∏w≤ ŸÌC≈Ìu„°u* Ÿu wC‡Fu* f°u<@w <J¡∫° Fæ $ wCt ˚Ù _b∫a I°fib°fig F°u Ÿf JC¡~> ı°fiwu F°u,
oŸ<ÔÎ ıæŸÙ wC‡F°≤Ù oh~>° F°u bæŸ° J¡≤°u $$12-14$$ Fu Δ∫°@, ≈®J¨¡‹¸> f°u@b°Ôu ∫Ω<≈ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ wCt
≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu f°u<@w FCÎ F°u wS°<≈ wC‡F°≤Ù fC<] _b°<˚tw ıyÃŸÃ∫Ãb˚®t tu* FÙ <bZ°t J¡°u ≈®°›w FCoÕ Fæ,
≈≤t≈Ì tu* sd-˚≤ ˚Ù <bZ°t J¡°u ≈®°›w fiFÙ* FCoÕ $$15$$ ∫F f°u@ NU∫°Ÿ π°≤° NÃ∫∏w ≈¿≤≈•b FCÎ
<ffi° ⁄Ì∫ Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ bæŸu FÙ ≈®<b‹¸> fiFÙ* F°uw° ıæŸu <J¡ ıÔ@°≤d J¡°∫Õ Ju¡ <fi<tW ~>ÙÔfiu-w≤°„fiu
N°<Ì Ÿu <fi<tÕw J¡t^±>ÔC Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ tu* ≈¿≤dw FCÎ <ffi° J¡°™> Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ ıÔ fiFÙ* ≈®<b‹¸> F°uw° $$16$$
NU∫°Ÿ Ÿu f°u@ J¡∑ ª≤t<bZ°¿∏w <Ÿ] F°ufiu ≈≤ <ªW J¡°u FÙ ª≤t<bZ°¿∏w J¡° NfiC˚b ≤©fiub°Ôu
≈C”T <fib°Õd J¡Fwu Fæ*, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ÎJ¡t°` yC” N°æ≤ „°˜ Ju¡ ŸubfiR¡≈ NU∫°Ÿ Ÿu f°u@ Ju¡ ≈≤t≈Ì tu* <bZ°∏w F°ufiu≈≤ πæw N°æ≤
Nπæw Â¿‹¸>∫°u* J¡∑ „°¿∏w F°ufiu ≈≤ <ªW <fib°Õd J¡FÔ°w° Fæ $$17$$
N≈fiu π°≤° •w NSÕ tu* ˚ybÌgbªfi J¡∑ Ÿat<w <Ì©Ô°wu Fæ* $
N∏Ì≤ N<˚t°fi N°æ≤ t°uF Ÿu ≤<Fw N°æ≤ f°F≤ ŸayÌ°uT°u*≈≤ <bı∫ ≈°∫u FCÎ, N∏Ì≤ N°æ≤ f°F≤
<fiÃ∫ N°Ãt° tu* ÔÙfi, ª°≤°u* N°u≤ N°fi∏ÌR¡≈ N°Ãt° J¡° ≈¥dÕ I°fi F°ufiu Ÿu ŸJ¡Ô J¡°tfi°N°u* Ÿu <bFÙfi
wS° <≈®∫-N<≈®∫ N°<Ì π∏Ì°u* Ÿu, <ıfiŸu ŸC©-ÌC#© J¡° ˚ÔÙ˚°≥<w I°fi F°uw° Fæ, ŸbÕS° <fitCÕ•w
w[bI°fiÙ Ô°uy <b‹dC˚yb°fig Ju¡ <fib°Õdfi°tJ¡ ≈≤t≈Ì J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uwu Fæ* $$18$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ª°æbfib°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ≈ª≈fib°≥ ŸyÕ

Δ∫°@ J¡∑ t¥» w≈_∫° Ÿu ≈®Ÿ∏fi ˚yb°fig Ju¡ b≤Ì°fi Ÿu N°J¡°„y<w, J¡°∫b¨¿‹¸> N°æ≤ t¨Ã∫C J¡° bdÕfi $
N<Àfi fiu J¡F° # Fu bÃŸ, ∫F ŸCfiJ¡≤ bF Δ∫°@ Ÿ Ÿt∫ Ÿ bfi tu* oŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°wg <ª`<Ô<©w J¡∑
w≤F t°≤u N°ÿª∫Õ Ju¡ _wÆ@ F°u y∫° $ N≈fiu NU∫°Ÿ Ju¡ <ffi° ŸJu¡ <ªW J¡°u ≈≤t≈Ì tu* <bZ°t fiFÙ*
<tÔ°, Nw# bF fuª°≤° t°≤u N°ÿª∫Õ Ju¡ Ìg˚®°∏w-Ÿ° ŸtCB tu* fF°∫° ı° ≤F°-Ÿ° F°u y∫° $ bF ªJ®¡ tu*
ª»° FCN°-Ÿ° NSb° <J¡ŸÙ <Ÿ] π°≤° N≈fiu w≈°ufÔR¡≈Ù ªJ®¡b°w Ÿu (N°≥@Ù Ÿu) F≤° y∫°-Ÿ° wS°
ty≤ π°≤° N°J®¡°∏w-Ÿ° <bb„ F°u y∫°, Ÿtu* <J¡ŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡∑ „¿•w fiFÙ* ≤F yoÕ $ •∫° ∫F <fib°Õd
F°uy° NSb° N∏∫ <fib°Õd F°uy° ? oŸ Ÿ∏ÌuF Ÿu Ÿ t¥©Õ J¡°u fib∫°æbfib°fig Ju¡ Ÿt°fi „°¿∏w fiFÙ*
<tÔÙ $ ª¥≥<J¡ ∫F ıywg N<bΩ° FÙ Fæ, ∫F f°w ⁄Ì∫ tu* ˚ÔÙ˚°≥<w fiFÙ* ™>F≤wÙ Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ ∫F ıywg
N<bΩ° fi°tJ¡∑ f®Ê„¿•w π°≤° Ã≈°<Ìw ŸÃ∫ FÙ Fæ ÎuŸ° <ª∏wfi J¡≤w° FCN° tæ* oŸ Âÿ∫ J¡° J¡F°≥
NbŸ°fi F°uy° ∫F f°w w≈_∫° π°≤° „≤Ù≤ ≈®°›w J¡≤, ≈¨ØbÙ Ÿu N°≤‡˚ J¡≤, Ì¥≤ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d «≥¡ªu
„≤Ù≤ Ÿu ı°J¡≤ Ìu©¥≥y° $ ˚°b N˚°b _bR¡≈ oŸ Âÿ∫ Ju¡ NbŸ°fi tu* (NŸaŸ°≤≈®Ìu„ tu*) tæ* ŸC©-Ÿu ≤F
ŸJ¥≥¡y°, oŸ<ÔÎ ıF°≥≈≤ N°J¡°„ ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ bF°≥ tæ* ı°w° F¥≥ $ ÎuŸ° ⁄Ì∫ tu* <bª°≤ J¡≤ bF J¡°u≤° t¥©Õ FÙ
≤F° $ tC<fiıÙ fiu fnu <b_w°≤ Ju¡ Ÿ°S NfiuJ¡ Â‹¸>°∏w°u* N°æ≤ ≈≈<W∫°u* Ÿu ∫C•w ı°u ≈Ìu„ <Ì∫° S°,
bF NU∫°Ÿ Ju¡ <ffi° ˚_t tu* <J¡∫u y∫u Fbfi Ju¡ wCv∫ Δ∫SÕ ªÔ° y∫° $ ŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°wg w˚Ù Ÿu •w
<fidÕ∫b„ FÙ Δ∫°@w° J¡°u ~>°unJ¡≤ bF tC<fi∫°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S w≈_∫° J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ Ωw FCN° $ w≈<_b∫°u* Ju¡
Ô°uJ¡ tu* w≈_bÙ Ô°uy°u* tu* ≈®<Ÿ] ˚°bfi°N°u* Ÿu ŸÌ° w≈¿_b∫°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S <fib°Ÿ J¡≤wu F…Î Ÿfiu NfiuJ¡
Fı°≤ bTÕ wJ¡ J¡<™>fi w≈_∫° J¡∑ $$1-10$$ w≈_∫° J¡≤wu F…Î Ÿfiu <J¡ŸÙ Ÿt∫ <k¡≤ fi tC<fi
tF°≤°ı Ÿu ≈®ÿfi <J¡∫° # Fu tCfiu ! tu≤Ù N°Ãt° tu* <bZ°¿∏w J¡f F°uyÙ ? oŸ ≈≤ tC<fiıÙ fiu ŸŸu J¡F° $$11$$
Fu Δ∫°@, tæ*fiu wC‡Fu* <ıŸ I°fiJ¡° ≈Ìu„ <Ì∫° S°, bF ≈C≤°fiÙ ÔJ¡nÙ Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ <_Sw S°unÙ-ŸÙ N°y
Ju¡ Ÿt°fi wC‡F°≤u ⁄Ì∫ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $ oŸ Ÿt∫ Ÿfiu ıÔ°fiu Ju¡ ∫°uÀ∫ ˚Ù Âÿ∫R¡≈ NfiSÕ≈≤ N°J®¡td
fiFÙ* <J¡∫° Fæ $ "ıÙdÕ ÔJ¡nÙ Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ ¿_Sw S°unÙ-ŸÙ N¿Àfi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi' oŸ J¡Sfi Ÿu ı∏t°∏w≤ tu*
bF ÌgfC] F°uy°, ∫F Ÿ¥<ªw <J¡∫° Fæ $ NU∫°Ÿ fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d wCt J¡v∫°dJ¡°≤Ù w[bI°fi tu*
<bZ°∏w fiFÙ* F…Î F°u $ <J¡∏wC NU∫°Ÿ Ÿu Ÿt∫ N°fiu≈≤ wCt ≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu I°fi tu* <bZ°¿∏w J¡°u ≈®°›w
F°uN°uyu $$12,13$$ Fu Δ∫°@, Nf wCt <fidÕ∫ J¡° bdÕfi J¡≤ ≤Fu tCHŸu N≈fi° ∫F ˚°bÙ b¨W°∏w ŸCfi°u $
bF J¡°fi°u* Ju¡ <ÔÎ ˚¥TdR¡≈ Fæ wS° ˚¥wÔ tu* J¡°uoÕ ˚Ù tfi Ÿu ˚Ù ŸJ¡∑ Ÿ‡˚°bfi° fiFÙ* J¡≤ ŸJ¡w°,
Nw# NÌg˚¥w Fæ $$14$$ wCt N°Ãt° J¡°u ı°fifiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈®_wCw w°u F°u, <J¡∏wC ≈®<Ÿ] I°fiR¡≈Ÿ°≤w° Ÿu
wC‡Fu* ŸJ¡° f°u@ fiFÙ* F…N°, NwÎb wC‡F°≤Ù fC<] H¥Ôu J¡∑ w≤F ±>°uÔ ≤FÙ Fæ, Nw# fi wCt t¥©Õ FÙ F°u
N°æ≤ fi ≈a<±>w FÙ F°u $ ∫F <b_w°≤∫C•w N<bΩ°R¡≈Ù ıywg <J¡wfi° <b„°Ô F°uy° ÎuŸÙ Ju¡bÔ N≈fiu
tfi°u≤S J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° Ÿu wCt w≈_∫° J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ Ωw F…Î F°u $ <ıŸ w≤F wCt oŸ Ÿt∫ w≈ J¡≤ ≤Fu
F°u oŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ ŸæJ¡n°u* ∫Cy°u* wJ¡ (ŸæJ¡n°u* ∫Cy°u* wJ¡ Δ∫°@ J¡° ıÙbfi NŸa˚b F°ufiu Ÿu NfiuJ¡ ı∏t°u* wJ¡
∫F NSÕ NSÕw# ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ) wC‡Fu* fnÙ-J¡nÙ w≈_∫° J¡≤fiÙ F°uyÙ $ wÌfi∏w≤ f®Ê°ıÙ wC‡F°≤u «¡≈≤
ŸyÕ - 155] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2377
≈®Ÿ∏fi F°uJ¡≤ Ìubw°N°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S wC‡F°≤u ŸtÙ≈ N°∫u*yu $$15-17$$ Fu Zu‹™>, wCt b≤ Ìufiub°Ôu f®Ê°ıÙ Ju¡
Ÿts N≈fiÙ ŸFı œ^±>w°b„ <fiı tfi°u≤S Ÿu J¡<v≈w Ÿa„∫≤°<„R¡≈ ∫F b≤ t°≥y°uyu - "Fu f®Ê°ıÙ,
oŸ Âÿ∫R¡≈ N<bΩ°˚®t Ju¡ I°w F°ufiu≈≤ Ì≈Õd Ju¡ wCv∫ ¿_Sw f®Ê tu* ≈®<w<f‡fR¡≈ tÔ Ÿu ≤<Fw J¡°uoÕ
≈®Ìu„ fiFÙ* Fæ, ıF°≥≈≤ ≈F…≥ªJ¡≤ tu≤Ù <bsu≈„¥∏∫ ¿_S<w F°u ŸJu¡ $ ª¥≥<J¡ ≈≤t°dC Ju¡ wCv∫ NÃ∫∏w Ÿ¥‚t
N°J¡°≤b°Ôu N∏Ì≤ ¿_Sw oŸ <ªÌ°J¡°„R¡≈Ù Ì≈Õd tu* ∫` w` (ŸbÕ`) ∫F ıyBq≈ Âÿ∫ ≈®<w<f‡f
F°uw° Fæ, NwÎb oŸtu* ≈®<w<f‡fR¡≈ tÔ Ÿu ≤<Fw J¡°uoÕ ≈®Ìu„ fiFÙ* Fæ $ Fu f®Ê°ıÙ, Nw# Ÿ°<bΩ
(N<bΩ°Ÿ<Fw) <ª<w J¡∑ ∫F ¿_S<w Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ ∫F N<bΩ°≈®∫C•w NfiSÕJ¡°≤Ù Âÿ∫ J¡F°≥wJ¡ (<J¡wfiÙ
Ìq≤ÙwJ¡) F°uy°, Ÿ Âÿ∫ Ju¡ f°Ì (≈≤ÔÙ ≈°≤) Nfi∏w <fi≤<bΩ (N<bΩ° ≤<Fw) f®Ê <J¡wfiÙ Ìq≤Ù wJ¡
F°uy°, N°J¡°„ J¡∑ w≤F ŸaŸ°≤„¥∏∫ Ÿ f®Ê J¡°u tæ* ı°J¡≤ Nbÿ∫ FÙ Ìu©¥≥y° $$18-21$$ Fu Ìub°<@Ìub,
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡∑ b_wC J¡° ≈®Ã∫s NfiC˚b J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ∫F <fi‡fi<fi<ÌÕ‹¸> b≤ N°≈Ÿu ª°Fw° Fq≥ $ Fu <b@u,
Ÿu N°≈ <ffi° <J¡ŸÙ <bPfif°@° Ju¡ „Ù|®°<w„Ù|® tCHu ÌÙ<ıÎ $ ∫F tu≤° „≤Ù≤ <ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡ <fi≤°uy
≤Fu, oŸJ¡∑ t¨Ã∫C _b°@Ùfi F°u, ∫F y”n Ju¡ ŸÂ„ buy Ÿu ∫C•w F°uJ¡≤ N°J¡°„y°tÙ F°u $ oŸJ¡° ≈®Ã∫uJ¡
Nay ≈®<wsd ÎJ¡ ∫°uıfi f»u, f»wu f»wu Ÿt∫-J®¡t Ÿu wÙfi°u* Ô°uJ¡°u* Ju¡ f°F≤ ı°∫ N°æ≤ N°J¡°„ Ju¡
wCv∫ <b„°ÔR¡≈ F°u $$22-24$$ Fu ≈≤tuÿb≤, oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ N°J¡°„ Ÿ<Fw oŸ NŸÙt Âÿ∫ J¡° N∏w
tCHu ≈®°›w F°u, ∫FÙ ≈≤t b≤ tCHu <tÔu $$25$$ Fu Ÿ≠ıfi, ÎuŸÙ ıf wCt ≈®°SÕfi° J¡≤°uyu wf Ìub°<@Ìub
≈®˚C ÎuŸ° FÙ F°u ∫°u* wC‡Fu* b≤ ÌuJ¡≤ N∏w@°Õfi F°u ı°∫u*yu $$26$$ _by°Õ<@≈<w Ìub°<@Ìub ZÙf®Ê°ıÙ Ju¡
Ìubw°N°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S ªÔu ı°fiu≈≤ w≈_∫° Ÿu J¨¡„ F…N° wC‡F°≤° „≤Ù≤ ª∏Bt° Ju¡ Ÿt°fi J¡°¿∏wt°fig F°u
ı°∫uy° $$27$$ ŸJu¡ f°Ì tCHŸu ≈¥~>J¡≤ fit_J¡°≤ J¡≤ ŸÙ Ÿt∫ <ÌΔ∫„≤Ù≤@°≤Ù wCt <ªW tu* ¿_Sw
<`Ô°uJ¡ J¡° N∏w Ìu©fiu J¡∑ ÃJ¡¸> oh~>° Ÿu tu≤u N°Zt Ÿu N°J¡°„ tu* ª»u F…Î ÌqŸ≤u fnb°fiÔ-Ÿu n
ı°N°uyu $ wÌfi∏w≤ Âÿ∫ ıywg wS° N°J¡°„ Ju¡ N∏w wJ¡ ≈F…≥ªfiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ y”n Ju¡ ŸÂ„ buy Ÿu Ì°æn
≤F° wC‡F°≤° „≤Ù≤, ı°u <J¡ ∏tW ≈®Ô∫Ÿ°y≤ J¡∑ w≤F N≈°≤ N°J¡°„ J¡∑ <fi≤bJ¡°„w° J¡°u ≈¥dÕ
J¡≤fiub°Ô° F°uy°, fi<Ì∫°u* Ju¡ N∏w J¡∑ w≤F `æÔ°u•∫ Ju¡ N∏w tu* <fi≤∏w≤ f»w° FÙ ı°∫uy° $$28-31$$
tF°J¡°„ tu* <fi≤∏w≤ f» ≤Fu NwÎb <b„°ÔJ¡°∫ F…Î wCt ≤°uJ¡-¸>°uJ¡ Ju¡ <ffi° FÙ N°@°≤˚¥w Nfi∏w
N°J¡°„ tu* ª»fiu Ÿu ≈≤t°SÕ˚¥w tF°J¡°„ J¡∑ „¥∏∫w° Ÿu Ã≈∏fi F…oÕ N°≥<@∫°u* Ju¡ ŸÂ„ Ÿ¨<‹¸>∫°u* J¡°u
Ìu©°uyu ı°u NI°ww°_b˚°bR¡≈ Bbw° J¡∑ b¨<] Ÿu N°<b˚¥Õw <ªÃŸtCB Ju¡ w≤ayR¡≈ Fæ* $ ıæŸu Ÿa<bwg|fi
_b›fi tu* „¥∏∫R¡≈ fiy≤ N°<Ì ≈®J¡°„ tu* N°wu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ Ÿ Ÿt∫ <ffi° ≤°uJ¡-¸>°uJ¡ Ju¡ NfiuJ¡°u* Ÿ¨<‹¸>∫°≥
wC‡F°≤u Â<‹¸>y°uª≤ F°uyÙ $ ıæŸu s°u<˚w N°≥<@∫°u* Ÿu ≈W°u* J¡∑ ≤°<„∫°≥ N°J¡°„ tu* <~>w≤° ı°wÙ Fæ* bæŸu FÙ
tF°J¡°„ tu* <~>w≤°oÕ F…oÕ Nfi∏w Ÿ¨<‹¸>∫°u* J¡°u NsÙd ŸaJ¡v≈b°Ôu wCt Ìu©°uyu $ ıæŸu tFÔ°u* Ju¡ N∏Ì≤
fæ™>Ù F…oÕ t<FÔ°N°u* J¡°u <ª` <b<ª` H≤°u©°u* Ÿu f°F≤ ¿_Sw fi¨Ã∫Ÿ˚° J¡° ŸÃ∫Ãb Ì„Õfi ”ªw° Fæ N°æ≤
<ıfiJ¡°u fiFÙ* ”ªw° Fæ ÎuŸÙ <˜∫°u* Ju¡ <ÔÎ <b<ª` b°w°∫fi Ÿwg F°uwu F…Î ˚Ù ≈®°∫# NŸwg Fæ bæŸu FÙ
<ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* ≤Fw° F…N° ˚Ù NŸBq≈ FÙ Fæ $ ˚¥<t tu* ¿_Sw Ÿf Ô°uy°u* J¡°u @CN°≥, JC¡F≤°, @¥<Ô N°<Ì J¡°
Ÿt¥F ª∏Bt^±>Ô Ÿu Ÿ¸>° F…N°-Ÿ° <Ì©°oÕ Ìuw° Fæ Ôu<J¡fi ª∏Bt^±>Ô tu* ¿_Sw Ô°uy°u* J¡∑ Â<‹¸> Ÿu bF
ıæŸu NÃ∫∏w NŸwg Fæ ™>ÙJ¡ bæŸu FÙ ıywg ˚Ù N°Ãt° Ju¡ N˚uÌ J¡°u ≈®°›w F…Î w[bbuuW° tu* NÃ∫∏w NŸwg
Fæ $ <k¡≤ Ÿ¨<‹¸> <k¡≤ N°J¡°„, <k¡≤ Ÿ¨<‹¸> <k¡≤ N°J¡°„ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ìu©wu Ìu©wu wC‡F°≤° Ô‡f° Ÿt∫ bF°≥
fÙw ı°∫uy° $ wÌfi∏w≤ ÌÙ|ÕJ¡°Ô Ju¡ f°Ì tF°t<Ft°„°ÔÙ NΔ∫•w N°J¡°„ tu*, <ıŸtu* Ÿ¨<‹¸>R¡≈Ù
≈Wu o@≤ @≤ _kC¡¿≤w F°uwu Fæ*, wCt _b∫a «¡f ı°N°uyu $ wÌfi∏w≤ w≈_∫° Ju¡ k¡Ô J¡° NfiC˚b J¡≤wu
F…Î wCt πuy J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uyu wf wCt Nfi∏w N°J¡°„ J¡°u ˚≤ ±>°Ôfiub°Ôu N≈fiu <b„°Ô „≤Ù≤ J¡°u Ìu©°uyu
N°æ≤ J¡F°uyu # ∫F tu≤° JC¡<ÃŸw „≤Ù≤ ˚Ù •∫° Fæ ? <ıŸtu* Ô°©°u* tu” N°<Ì tF°≈bÕw ˚Ù w¨d Ju¡ wCv∫
Ô|C Fæ*, ∫F tu≤u <ÔÎ ˚°≤˚¥w-Ÿ° F°u y∫° Fæ $ tu≤° ∫F „≤Ù≤ fu≈®t°d F°u y∫° Fæ tæ*fiu oŸŸu Ÿ°≤u N°J¡°„
J¡°u Δ∫°›w J¡≤ <Ì∫° $ N°ı ˚Ù tæ* N°J¡°„ J¡°u ˚≤w° ı°w° Fq≥, <J¡∏wC N°yu •∫° F°uy° ∫F tu≤Ù ˚Ù ŸtH
tu* <fÔJC¡Ô fiFÙ* N°w° Fæ $$32-42$$ F°∫, tCHu ∫F Âÿ∫R¡≈ N<bΩ° ˚ÙTd N°æ≤ NŸÙt ≈®wÙw F°uwÙ
Fæ $ J¡°uoÕ ˚Ù Ÿt f®ÊI°fi Ju¡ <ffi° oŸJ¡° N°≤≈°≤ fiFÙ* ≈° ŸJ¡w° $$43$$ Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ NbJ¡°„ J¡°u i>J¡
ªCJu¡ oŸ „≤Ù≤ J¡° tæ* Nbÿ∫ Ã∫°y J¡≤w° Fq≥ $ oŸ N<w<b„°Ô JC¡„≤Ù≤ Ÿu tæ* Ÿ°@CŸay<w, Ÿwg„°˜ J¡°
NU∫°Ÿ NSb° N∏∫ t°usŸ°@fi JC¡~> ≈®°›w fiFÙ* J¡≤ ŸJ¡w° $$44$$ NŸÙt N°u≤-~>°u≤ ≤<Fw N°æ≤
N°J¡°„ tu* <fi≤°@°≤ ¿_Sw ∫F tu≤° „≤Ù≤ ˚Ù •∫° Fæ <ıŸŸu <J¡ w[bI°<fi∫°u* J¡° Ÿayt Ì…ÔÕ˚ Fæ $$45$$
ÎuŸ° <bª°≤J¡≤ wCt ≈®°db°∫C J¡°u „≤Ù≤ Ÿu f°F≤ <fiJ¡°Ôfiu b°ÔÙ ∫°uy@°≤d° J¡≤ ıæŸu ≈sÙ ©°∫u F…Î
k¡Ô Ÿu fªu F…Î fiÙ≤Ÿ <~>ÔJ¡°, yC™>ÔÙ N°<Ì <F_Ÿu J¡° Ã∫°y J¡≤w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ Ÿ „≤Ù≤ J¡° Ã∫°y
J¡≤°uyu $$46$$ „≤Ù≤ J¡° Ã∫°yJ¡≤ b°∫C Ÿu ˚Ù Ÿ¥‚t wC‡F°≤° ıÙb ≈®°db°∫C Ÿu ∫C•w F°uJ¡≤ b°∫C J¡∑ w≤F
Ÿ N°J¡°„ tu* ¿_Sw F°uy° $$47$$ <ıŸJu¡ ≈a© J¡¸> ªCJu¡ F°u* ÎuŸu tF°fig tu” J¡∑ w≤F wC‡F°≤° tF°fig
„≤Ù≤ <y≤uy° $ ˚¥Ô°uJ¡ Ju¡ ≈bÕw N°<Ì ŸfJ¡°u ª¥≤-ª¥≤ J¡≤uy° $$48$$ wf ≈¥b°uÕ•w ≤•w≤<Fw ˚ybwÙ
J¡°ÔÙ t°w¨t^±>Ô Ju¡ Ÿ°S Ÿ „≤Ù≤ J¡°u ≈¥bÕbdÕfi Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ yd°u*Ÿ<Fw ©° ı°∫uyÙ, oŸŸu ˚¥<t
<fiÌ°uÕT F°u ı°∫uyÙ $$49$$ Fu ŸCb®w, oŸ w≤F wCt Ÿ°≤° N°Ãtb¨W°∏w ŸCfi ªCJu¡ F°u, w°ÔÙbfi tu* w≈_∫°J¡≤
ıæŸ° ª°Fwu F°u bæŸ° J¡≤°u $$50$$
N°yu N°fiub°Ôu N≈fiu Â»ŸaJ¡v≈-k¡ÔJ¡°u ŸCfiJ¡≤ ŸŸu <©∏fi F…N° Δ∫°@ ŸJu¡ ≈®wÙJ¡°≤ J¡°
J¡°uoÕ ≈°∫ Fæ, ∫° fiFÙ* ∫F ≈¥~>w° Fæ $
Δ∫°@ fiu J¡F° # Fu ˚ybfig, •∫° tCHu ∫F Ns∫ Ì…#© Nbÿ∫ ˚°uyfi° ≈nuy° ? F°∫ tæ*fiu •Ôu„ ˚°uyfiu
Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈C”T°SÕ Ju¡ ˚®t Ÿu Δ∫SÕ Ì…#© J¡° FÙ ŸaJ¡v≈ π°≤° ŸtSÕfi <J¡∫° $ Fu Zu‹™>wt tC<fiıÙ, ∫F ˚°bÙ
b_wC¿_S<w N°≈fiu tCHŸu J¡FÙ $ ∫F ˚<bwΔ∫w° <ıŸ ∫C¿•w Ÿu ¸>Ô ı°∫ bæŸÙ ˚Ù J¡°uoÕ ∫C¿•w Fæ ∫° fiFÙ*
Fæ, J¨¡≈∫° ∫F tCHŸu J¡<F∫u $$51,52$$ tC<fiıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu Δ∫°@, Nbÿ∫a˚°bÙ NSÕ J¡°u J¡°uoÕ J¡Ì°<≈
¸>°Ô fiFÙ* ŸJ¡w°, •∫°u*<J¡ bF N°@C<fiJ¡ ≈®∫Ãfi°u* Ÿu fi‹¸> fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w° $ ıæŸu ≈C”T J¡°u N≈fiu „≤Ù≤ tu*
˚Ù f°Î≥ Nay J¡°u Ì°<Ffi° N°æ≤ Ì°<Ffiu J¡°u f°∫°≥ wS° <Ÿ≤ J¡°u ≈æ≤ N°æ≤ ≈æ≤°u* J¡°u <Ÿ≤ ffi°J¡≤ NÌÔ-fÌÔ
J¡≤fiu J¡∑ Ÿ°tØ∫Õ fiFÙ* Fæ bæŸu FÙ Ÿu ˚°bÙ NSÕ J¡°u N∏∫S° J¡≤fiu J¡∑ ˚Ù Ÿ°tØ∫Õ fiFÙ* Fæ $$53,54$$
≠∫°u<wT„°˜ N°<Ì tu* •w ≈°∫°u* Ÿu ŸJ¡° I°fi˚≤ F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ ŸJ¡°u Ô¸>fi° „°˜°u* J¡∑
˚Ù Ÿ°tØ∫Õ Ju¡ f°F≤ J¡∑ f°w Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
≠∫°u<wT„°_` Ju¡ ≈¿≤I°fi Ÿu ˚°bÙ ≈Ì°SÕ J¡° I°fi F°uw° Fæ, <J¡∏wC „°˜ oŸŸu JC¡~> N<w¿≤•w
N≈¥bÕ J¡°∫Õ J¡Ì°<≈ fiFÙ* J¡≤ ŸJ¡wu $$55$$
ŸyÕ - 156] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2379
wf w°u ≈¥bÕı∏t Ju¡ Â»ŸaJ¡v≈ı<fiw J¡t°u˘ Ju¡ Nfi∏w F°ufiu Ÿu J¡Ì°<≈ t°us fiFÙ* F°uy° ? oŸ N°„aJ¡°
ı°u ≈C”TZu‹™> ≈¥bÕJ¨¡w ŸCJ¨¡w°u* Ÿu N°@C<fiJ¡ „t, Ìt N°<Ì Ÿ°@fi°u* J¡°u ≈®°›w J¡≤ f®ÊI°fi J¡≤°fiub°Ôu
Zbd, tfifi N°<Ì ≈°∫°u* π°≤° w[bI°fi ≈®°›wJ¡≤ f®ÊR¡≈ Ÿu FÙ Ÿ°u y∫u ıywg-Ì„Õfi Ju¡ <ÔÎ ı°yu
fiFÙ* bu ≈®°•wfi Ÿf J¡tÕ N°æ≤ Ì…‹¸> ŸaJ¡v≈ N°<Ì J¡°, ˚Ôu FÙ bu NÃ∫∏w Â» •∫°u* fi F°u, h~>uÌJ¡≤
ÃJ¡TÕ J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uwu Fæ*, Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ b∏ÌfiÙ∫ F°uwu Fæ*, N∏∫ fiFÙ* $$56$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ≈ª≈fib°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ~>›≈fib°≥ ŸyÕ
b°∫C tu* ¿_Sw Δ∫°@ J¡° ıÙb ≤°ı° <Ÿ∏@C ffiJ¡≤ <bÌ¥≤S J¡°u t°≤J¡≤
N≈fiu t∏`Ù Ju¡ tC≥F Ÿu N≈fi° w[b ŸCfiuy°, ∫F bdÕfi $
ÌuF J¡° Ã∫°yJ¡≤ ≈®°d∫C•w b°∫C Ÿu ˚Ù Ÿ¥‚t wC‡F°≤° ıÙb b°∫C J¡∑ w≤F Ÿ tF°J¡°„ tu* ≤Fuy° ÎuŸ°
ı°u tC<fi tF°≤°ı fiu ≈¥bÕ ŸyÕ tu* J¡F° S°, Ÿu ŸCfiJ¡≤ Δ∫°@ ŸJu¡ f°Ì J¡° N≈fi° ˚<b‹∫ ≈¥~>w° Fæ $
Δ∫°@ fiu J¡F° # Fu ˚ybfig, ŸJu¡ f°Ì ıf <J¡ tu≤° „≤Ù≤ fiÙªu ≈¨<SbÙ≈≤ <y≤ ı°∫uy° wf
<b_wÙdÕ N°J¡°„ tu* fŸfiub°Ôu tu≤° •∫° F°Ô F°uy° ? $$1$$ tCC<fiıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu Ÿ°æ‡∫, wC‡F°≤u Ÿ
<b„°Ô „≤Ù≤ Ju¡ <bfi‹¸> F°ufiu≈≤ Ÿ NΔ∫°J¨¡w N°J¡°„ tu* wC‡F°≤° •∫° F°uy°, ∫F wCt º∫°fi ÌuJ¡≤
ŸCfi°u $ •w „≤Ù≤ Ju¡ fiÙªu <y≤fiu≈≤ ≈®°d∫C•w wC‡F°≤° ıÙb Ÿ NÃ∫∏w <b„°Ô NΔ∫°J¨¡w°J¡°„
tu* b°∫C J¡° Ôu„R¡≈ F°uy° $ ŸÙ b°∫C Ju¡ Ôu„ tu* wC‡F°≤° <ªW ⁄Ì∫_S (b°Ÿfi°t∫) Ÿ°tfiu ¿_Sw
<b„°Ô ˚¥wÔ N°<Ì ıywg J¡°u bæŸu FÙ Ìu©uy° ıæŸu <J¡ wCt _b›fi tu* Ìu©wu F°u $ wÌfi∏w≤ tFwÙ
<ªWb¨<w (tF°tfi°) F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ∫° <ªWb¨<W Ju¡ FÙ ıywg Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ Ÿu tF°fig F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d
wC‡F°≤° ıÙb bF°≥≈≤ "tæ* ≤°ı° Fq≥' ∫F Ìu©uy°, oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ˚¥wÔ tu* ŸaJ¡¿v≈w NSÕ J¡° ˚°yÙ F°uy° $
bF°≥≈≤ ŸJ¡∑ ÎJ¡°ÎJ¡ „Ù|® ÎuŸÙ ≈®<w˚° N≈fiu N°≈ <Ìw F°uyÙ <J¡ tæ* Ÿ°t∏w°u* π°≤° NÃ∫∏w
ŸÃJ¨¡w ZÙt°fig <Ÿ∏@Cfi°t J¡° ≤°ı° Fq≥ $ <≈w°ıÙ w≈_∫° J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ıf bfi J¡°u ªÔu y∫u wf
<≈w° π°≤° <Ì∫° y∫° ª°≤ ŸtCBb°ÔÙ ≈¨<SbÙ J¡° ≤°≠∫ N°™> bTÕ J¡∑ Nb_S°b°Ôu tCHu ≈®°›w F…N° $
ŸÙt° Ju¡ N∏w tu* <bÌq≤S fi°t Ÿu ≈®<Ÿ] ≤°ı° tu≤° „`C Fæ $ <ıŸu <ffi° ≈®fÔ ≈®∫Ãfi Ju¡ ≈≤°_w
J¡≤fi° J¡<™>fi Fæ $ ∫F ≤°≠∫ J¡≤wu tu≤u Ÿ°æ bTÕ fÙw y∫u Fæ* $ NF° tæ*fiu N≈fiu ˜Ù-≈C` fi°æJ¡≤-ª°J¡≤°u*
Ju¡ Ÿ°S ©¥f ŸC© -˚°uy <J¡∫° $ Ì…#© Fæ, ∫F tu≤u ŸÙt°∏w J¡° ≤°ı° J¡°uT, fÔ N°<Ì tu* f»°-ª»°
Fæ oŸJu¡ Ÿ°S tu≤° |°u≤ Ÿay®°t ≈¿_Sw Fæ $ ∫F <ª∏wfi J¡≤ ≤Fu wC‡F°≤° bF°≥≈≤ ≤°ı° <bÌq≤S Ju¡
Ÿ°S ªwC≤a<ydÙ Ÿufi° J¡° <bfi°„ J¡≤fiub°Ô° wCtCÔ ∫C] F°uy° $ wCt ≤S≤<Fw F°uwu F…Î ˚Ù wÔb°≤
Ÿu <bÌq≤S J¡∑ ıa|°N°u* J¡°u J¡°¸>J¡≤ Ÿu tF°fig ∫C] π°≤° @≤°„°∫Ù J¡≤°uyu $ wÌfi∏w≤ ª°≤ Ÿ°y≤°u*
Ÿu ≈¿≤b¨W ˚¥wÔ≈≤ wC‡F°≤° <fi‹Ja¡¸>J¡ ≤°≠∫ F°uy°, Ô°uJ¡≈°Ô ˚Ù ˚∫˚Ùw F°uJ¡≤ wC‡F°≤u „°Ÿfi J¡°
N°Ì≤ J¡≤u*yu $ bF wCt <Ÿ∏@C fi°tJ¡ ≤°ı° ffiJ¡≤ ŸJ¡Ô ˚¥t^±>Ô J¡°u _b°∫W J¡≤ ≈a<±>w N°æ≤
t¿∏`∫°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S <fi‡fi <Ô<©w J¡S°Î≥ J¡≤°uyu $ t∏`Ù J¡Fuy° # tF°≤°ı, ∫F NÃ∫∏w N°ÿª∫Õ J¡∑
f°w Fæ ı°u tF°≤°ı fiu <bÌq≤S J¡°u ∫C] tu* ∫°u* ≈≤°_w <J¡∫° N°æ≤ ∫tÔ°uJ¡ ≈F…≥ª°∫° $$2-15$$ wCt
J¡F°uyu # Fu t¿∏`b≤, tæ* @fib°fig Fq≥ N°æ≤ ≈®Ô∫J¡°Ô Ju¡ ŸtCB Ju¡ Ÿt°fi tCHtu* fÔ Fæ, ÎuŸÙ Nb_S°
tu* ˚Ô° fw°N°u w°u „`C ≤°ı° <bÌq≤S tu≤u <ÔÎ •∫°u* Nıu∫ F°uy° $ t∏`Ù J¡Fuy° # tF°≤°ı, ŸJ¡∑
ÔÙÔ° fi°tJ¡∑ ≈ÃfiÙ Fæ Ÿfiu |°u≤ w≈_∫° π°≤° <fi<bÕJ¡°≤ ıy∏t°w° ÌubÙ Ÿ≤_bwÙ J¡°u N≈fiÙ t°≥ Ju¡
R¡≈ Ÿu _bÙJ¡°≤ <J¡∫° Fæ $ ˚Cbfi°u* J¡°u ≈æÌ° J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ ÌubÙ Ÿ≤_bwÙ ≈C`Ù Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu _bÙJ¨¡w ÔÙÔ°
Ju¡ t°us N°<Ì tF°fig J¡°∫°u˘ J¡°u ˚Ù Nfi°∫°Ÿ J®¡∑n° Ÿu FÙ <Ÿ] J¡≤ ÌuwÙ Fæ $ bF ˚ybwÙ ÌubÙ Ju¡bÔ
„°<ÆÌJ¡ b≤ Ÿu FÙ ıywg J¡°u ˚Ù sd˚≤ tu* Nıywg ffi° ±>°ÔwÙ Fæ* N°≈J¡° <bfi°„ (<w≤_J¡°≤)
J¡≤fiu tu* ˚Ô° ∏Fu* •∫° •Ôu„R¡≈ NŸ°tØ∫Õ F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ ? $$16-19$$ ≤°ı° <Ÿ∏@C J¡Fuy° #
t<∏`b≤, wCtfiu fF…w <ªw J¡F° $ ∫<Ì ÎuŸ° Fæ w°u <bÌq≤S J¡°u ≈≤°_w J¡≤fi° tC¿ÿJ¡Ô FÙ S°, Nw#
∫C] tu* ı°u bF t°≤° y∫° ∫F w°u fn° FÙ N°ÿª∫Õ J¡° <bT∫ Fæ $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ ˚ybwÙ ÌubÙ Ju¡ ≈®Ÿ°Ì
Ÿu ∫C•w ≤°ı° <bÌq≤S Ÿ ∫C] tu* •∫°u* <bı∫Ù fiFÙ* F…N° ? $$20,21$$
t∏`Ù J¡Fuy° # Fu J¡tÔfi∫fi, J¡˚Ù ˚Ù ©uÌ J¡°u fi ≈®°›w F°ufiub°Ôu Ÿfiu ŸÌ° ˚ybwÙ ÌubÙ J¡∑
∫FÙ ≈®°SÕfi° J¡∑ SÙ <J¡ ŸaŸ°≤ Ÿu tu≤° t°us F°u $ oŸ J¡°≤d ŸÃ∫ ŸaJ¡v≈b°ÔÙ ˚ybwÙ Ÿ≤_bwÙ fiu
Ÿu t°us <Ì∫°, NwÎb Ÿfiu ∫C] tu* _b∫a ≈≤°ı∫ J¡° b≤d <J¡∫° $$22,23$$ <Ÿ∏@C J¡Fuy° #
t¿∏`b≤, ∫<Ì ÎuŸ° Fæ w°u tæ* ˚Ù ŸÌ° FÙ ÌubÙ J¡∑ ≈¥ı° J¡≤w° Fq≥ $ <k¡≤ bF ≈≤tuÿb≤Ù tCHu t°us •∫°u*
fiFÙ* ÌuwÙ ? $$24$$ t∏`Ù J¡Fuy° # tF°≤°ı, bæ©≤Ù≈∫Õ∏w Ÿf „ÆÌ°u* J¡∑ fÙı˚¥w Ÿa<bBq≈ ˚ybwÙ
ŸÌ° ŸfJu¡ ⁄Ì∫ Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ ≤FwÙ Fæ bFÙ Ÿ≤_bwÙ J¡FÙ yoÕ Fæ $ N°Ãt<Fwæ<TdÙ •w ˚ybwÙ J¡∑
ı°u ı°u ıæŸÙ ≈®°SÕfi° J¡≤w° Fæ, ŸJu¡ <ÔÎ bF _b∫a FÙ bæŸ° b≤ ≈®Ì°fi J¡≤wÙ Fæ $ Ÿ b≤≈®Ì°fi Ÿu
ŸJ¡∑ ŸÃ∫ŸaJ¡v≈bwÙ <ª¿w FÙ b≤-k¡Ô Ju¡ R¡≈Ÿu NfiC˚¥w F°uwÙ Fææ $ Fu „`Cw°≈fi, N°≈fiu t°us
Ju¡ <ÔÎ ŸJ¡∑ ≈®°SÕfi° fiFÙ* J¡∑, <J¡∏wC N°≈fiu N°Ãt<Fwæ<TdÙ Ÿa<bBq≈ •w ˚ybwÙ J¡∑ „`Cfi°„
Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈®°SÕfi° J¡∑ Fæ $$25-27$$ ≤°ı° <Ÿ∏@C J¡Fuy° # tu≤Ù w≤F <bÌq≤S fiu ˚Ù ≤°≠∫ Ju¡ <ÔÎ „C]
Ÿa<bBq≈ ŸJ¡∑ ≈®°SÕfi° •∫°u* fiFÙ* J¡∑ ? NSb° <bÌq≤S J¡∑ w≤F tæ*fiu tC¿•w Ju¡ <ÔÎ ŸJ¡∑ ≈®°SÕfi°
•∫°u* fiFÙ* J¡∑ ? $$28$$
N°≈J¡∑ _buh~>°fiCŸ°¿≤dÙ ≈®b¨<W Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* tu≤u ≈®<w ∫F ≈®ÿfi <ªw fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸÙ N°„aJ¡° J¡≤
ŸJ¡° w°Ã≈∫Õ ≈®J¡°<„w J¡≤wu Fæ* $
Fu t¿∏`b≤, tu≤u <ªW tu* fæ™>Ù F…oÕ ∫°fiÙ tu≤Ù N°Ãt˚¥w ˚Ù ŸBq≈ ∫F ˚ybwÙ Ÿ≤_bwÙ tCHu t°us J¡∑
oh~>°R¡≈ <bI<›w ÌuJ¡≤ Ÿ°@fiŸ‡≈<W π°≤° tu≤u t°us Ju¡ <ÔÎ •∫°u* ªu‹¸>° fiFÙ* J¡≤wÙ ? $$29$$ t∏`Ù
J¡Fuy° # Fu ≈®˚°u, „`Cfi°„ J¡≤fiub°Ôu tF°≤°ı J¡° ≈¥bÕı∏t J¡° N„C˚ NU∫°Ÿ Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ N°≈fiu ÌubÙ
J¡°u ≈®d°t J¡≤ tC¿•w Ju¡ <ÔÎ ÌubÙ J¡∑ ≈®°SÕfi° fiFÙ* J¡∑ $$30$$
Ìubw° _bw∏`R¡≈ Ÿu NfiCy®F fiFÙ* J¡≤wu, <J¡∏wC ˚•w J¡∑ ¿ªWb¨<W Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ FÙ NfiCy®F J¡≤wu
Fæ*, oŸ <bT∫ tu* "∫<hªW_w∏t∫°u ˚b<w yCfltuwwg Ÿfi°wfitg' ZC<w ≈®t°dR¡≈ Ÿu Ìg@¨w J¡≤wu Fæ* $
<ıŸJ¡° <ªW ıæŸ° F°uw° Fæ, bF ıÙb bæŸ° ≈®Ô∫≈∫Õ∏w ≤Fw° Fæ $ ı°u f°w N°f°Ô ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ, Ÿu
J¡°æfi Ô¸>° ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? $$31$$ ı°u ≈C”T <fitÕÔ Ÿa<bwg Ÿu N≈fiu <ªW tu* <fitÕÔR¡≈ <ıŸ <J¡ŸÙ J¡°u
ŸyÕ - 157] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2381
ª°Fu bF ≤°≠∫ F°u, ª°Fu t°us F°u, ª°Fu N∏∫ JC¡~> F°u Â»NU∫°Ÿ ffi°J¡≤ ı°fiw° Fæ bF Ÿwg F°u, ª°Fu
Ÿ Ÿt∫ tu* NŸwg F°u ∫° ª°Fu ŸwgNŸwg <bÔsd F°u bFÙ N∏∫ Ÿf b°Ÿfi°N°u* J¡°u JC¡ªÔJ¡≤ <ffi°
<J¡ŸÙ <bPfif°@° Ju¡ _b∫a FÙ Nbÿ∫ F°u ı°w° Fæ, ÌqŸ≤° J¡°uoÕ ˚Ù wÃk¡Ô˚¥w fiFÙ* Fæ $$32$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ~>›≈fib°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ŸW°bfib°≥ ŸyÕ
<Ÿ∏@C Ju¡ w°tŸw°tŸ ı∏t J¡° bdÕfi wS°
<bbuJ¡b„ ≤°≠∫ J¡° Ã∫°y J¡≤ ≤Fu <Ÿ∏@C J¡∑ N∏w tu* tC¿•w J¡° bdÕfi $
oŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°wg <Ÿ∏@C J¡Fuy° # Fu N°∫Õ, tæ* t∏Ìt<w ≈¥bÕ ı∏t tu* <J¡Ÿ Nfi°∫Õ ∫°u<fi tu* ≈æÌ° F…N° S°,
<ıŸJu¡ J¡°≤d tu≤u ≈¥bÕı∏t Ju¡ JC¡Ÿa_J¡°≤ fiu tCHu ŸaŸ°≤Ÿ°y≤ tu* ≈¸>J¡° ? t∏`Ù J¡Fuy° # Fu ≤°ıfig,
sd˚≤ Ÿ°b@°fi <ªW F°uJ¡≤ ≈¥bÕı∏t J¡° ≤F_∫ ŸC<fiÎ $ N°ı tu≤u π°≤° ≈®u¿≤w F°uJ¡≤ NI°fi J¡° <bfi°„
J¡≤fiub°Ôu tu≤u bªfi J¡°u N°≈ ⁄Ì∫ tu* @°≤d J¡≤u*yu $$1,2$$
≈¥~>Ù yoÕ <Ÿ∏@C Ju¡ ıÙb J¡∑ ≈®°•wfi ¿_S<w J¡° bdÕfi J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ f®Ê FÙ ≈°<@ Ju¡ ŸaŸyÕ Ÿu
ıÙb˚°b J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ ∫F J¡Ffiu J¡∑ oh~>° Ÿu N°Ω f®ÊR¡≈ ¿_S<w J¡°u <Ì©Ô°wu Fæ* $
N°<Ì-N∏w≤<Fw <fi<bÕJ¡°≤ f®Ê„ÆÌb°h∫ tfi N°æ≤ bªfi J¡° Ny°uª≤ Ÿwg FÙ wCt, tæ* oÃ∫°<ÌR¡≈
Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ ∫°fiÙ Ÿb°ÕÃt° Fæ $$3$$ bF f®Ê tæ* <ªwg Fq≥, oŸ<ÔÎ ªuw¥≥ ÎuŸÙ ŸaJ¡v≈Ÿa<bwg J¡°u _b∫a FÙ
≈®°›w F°uJ¡≤ Ÿt<‹¸>-Δ∫<‹¸> <ªW ffiJ¡≤ <ªWR¡≈ ≈°<@ tu*, ≈°<@ J¡° Ã∫°y fi J¡≤w° F…N°, ıÙb-
Ÿ° F°uJ¡≤ ≤Fw° Fæ $$4$$
bF „≤Ù≤ (≈°<@) J¡°æfi Fæ <ıŸJ¡° Ã∫°y fi J¡≤w° F…N° ıÙb°Ãt° J¡°u ≈®°›w F…N° Fæ ? oŸ ≈≤ Ÿ
„≤Ù≤ J¡°u FÙ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
N°J¡°„ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi <fitÕÔ <ªW J¡°u w°u N°≈ N°<wb°<FJ¡ „≤Ù≤ ı°<fi∫u $(„aJ¡° - wf ∫F _S¥Ô
„≤Ù≤ •∫° Fæ ?) Ÿt°@°fi - Ju¡bÔ <ªWR¡≈ N°<wb°<FJ¡ „≤Ù≤ FÙ Fæ ŸŸu N<w¿≤•w N°<@˚°æ<wJ¡
N°<Ì „≤Ù≤ ∫F°≥ fiFÙ* Fæ* $$5$$ bF <ªW FÙ ≈≤Ô°uJ¡, oFÔ°uJ¡ N°<Ì wS° _b›fi, ı°y®w, ıÙbfi, t≤d,
˚°uy, t°us N°<Ì ŸaJ¡v≈°u* Ÿu <fi≤°J¡°≤ F°uJ¡≤ ˚Ù Ÿ°J¡°≤ ıywg J¡∑ w≤F ¿_Sw Fæ $$6$$
oŸ ≤F_∫ J¡° I°fi w[bI°<fi∫°u* J¡°u FÙ F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ, fiŸu N∏∫ J¡°u fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w°, ÎuŸ°
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu w[bI Ô°uy FÙ ı°u b°∫C Fæ bFÙ _≈∏Ìfi Fæ ∫F ı°fiwu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ Nfi°J¡°≤ <ªW J¡°u ∫F
tF°fig ıywg Fæ, ÎuŸ° ı°fiwu Fæ* $$7$$ ıæŸu N°J¡°„ N°æ≤ „¥∏∫w° Ì°ufi°u* ÎJ¡ FÙ Fæ* bæŸu FÙ ıywg N°æ≤
<ªW Ì°ufi°u* ÎJ¡ FÙ Fæ* (N<˚∏fi FÙ Fæ*) N≈®<w|R¡≈ ıywg Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° tu* ¿fi≤aJC¡„Ÿ°tØ∫Õb°Ôu
<ªW tu* w<fiJ¡ ˚Ù <˚∏fiw° (<πwÙ∫w°) fiFÙ* Fæ $ <tØ∫° F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d N<J*¡<ª*wg ⁄Ì∫_S b°Ÿfi°R¡≈
ıywg-ı°Ô f°F≤ J¡∑ w≤F JC¡~>-Ÿ° ¿_Sw Fæ $ ıywg J¡°u N°≈ <fi≤°J¡°≤ ı°<fi∫u, •∫°u*<J¡ ŸJ¡°
ŸıÕfiF°≤ <ªW FÙ b°_w<bJ¡ fiFÙ* Fæ $ ≈®St Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ Ÿt∫ Ÿ°¿[bJ¡ Ìubw°N°u* Ÿu ≤<ªwR¡≈ F°ufiu
Ju¡ J¡°≤d Ÿ[bR¡≈ <F≤^∫y˚Õ J¡° Ÿt<‹¸>„≤Ù≤ f®Ê≈Ì Ÿu <Ìw F…N° $ ∫F Ÿt<‹¸>R¡≈ FÙ Δ∫<‹¸>˚°b
tu* w°tŸ <bT∫°u*≈≤ N°Ÿ¿•wb„ ≈FÔu Ã≈<W≈®J¡≤d tu* •w ≤Ù<w Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ ≤°ıŸ, Ÿ°<[bJ¡
N°<Ì wu≤F <b˚°y°u* Ju¡ J®¡t Ÿu N°ı N°≈J¡° w°tŸ-w°tŸ ıÙb F°u y∫° Fæ $$8-10$$ <Ÿ∏@C
J¡Fuy° # Fu tF°˚°y ! w°tŸ-w°tŸ •∫° J¡F° ı°w° Fæ ? ∫F J¨¡≈∫° tCHŸu J¡<F∫u $ ≈≤t≈Ì tu* ∫u
ŸaI°Î≥ ≈FÔu J¡∑ FÙ <J¡Ÿfiu ? $$11$$
N≈¿≤¿h~>∏fi N°Ãt° J¡∑ <F≤^∫y˚ÕR¡≈ Ÿu t°∫° π°≤° ≈¿≤¿h~>∏fiw° J¡≤fiu ≈≤ <F≤^∫y˚Õ FÙ Ÿf
ŸaI°Î≥ J¡≤w° Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
t∏`Ù J¡Fuy° # ıæŸu ∫F°≥ Ÿ°b∫b ı∏wC Ju¡ F_w N°<Ì Nb∫b Fæ*, bæŸu FÙ Nb∫b<bFÙfi N°Ãt°
J¡∑ N°<wb°<FJ¡w° Fæ $ <k¡≤ N°Ãt° tu* ∫°fiÙ _bΔ∫<‹¸> ıÙb°u* tu* bF Ÿt<‹¸>R¡≈ N°Ãt° FÙ fi°fi° ŸaI°Î≥
J¡≤uy° $ N°æ≤ N°<wb°<FJ¡ Ÿt<‹¸>˚¥w _bÌuF Ju¡ ≈aªÙJ¡≤d π°≤° N°<@˚°æ<wJ¡ fi°t @°≤d J¡≤fiu≈≤
fiJu¡ Nb∫b°u* tu* ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì ŸaI°Î≥ J¡≤uy° $ bFÙ N°ÃtR¡≈Ù ŸaJ¡v≈ Ÿu _b›fiwCv∫ ∫F ıywg˚°fi
F°ufiu≈≤ fi°t-R¡≈ J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤ N°ÃtR¡≈ Δ∫<‹¸>˚°b Ÿu _b∫a FÙ Δ∫bF°≤ J¡≤uy° $ Δ∫bF°≤ tu*
Δ∫<‹¸>˚°bJ¡v≈fi° F°ufiu≈≤ wC‡Fu* Ô‚∫ J¡≤ Ÿ¨<‹¸>ŸaJ¡v≈R¡≈ Ÿu (Δ∫<‹¸>˚°b Ÿu) ı°u <F≤^∫y˚Õ "∫F
tF°Ãt° Fæ' ∫°u* _kC¡¿≤w F…N° oŸÙ J¡°≤d wC‡F°≤Ù N°<wb°<FJ¡°J¡°≤ ı°<w w°tŸ-w°tŸÙ fi°tŸu
≈®<Ÿ] J¡∑ yoÕ $$12-15$$
Ju¡bÔ ∫FÙ ÎJ¡ ŸaI° fiFÙ* F…oÕ, <J¡∏wC f®Ê J¡° ıÙb˚°b F°ufiu≈≤ <t` ≈°<@∫°u* Ju¡ yCd°u* Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤
≤°ıŸ, Ÿ°<[bJ¡ N°<Ì wu≤F ŸaI°Î≥ J¡∑ Fæ*, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Fu ≈®˚°u, <fi<bÕJ¡°≤ f®Ê Ju¡ <bJ¡°≤Ù Ÿu F°uJ¡≤ ıÙb˚°b J¡°u ≈®°›w F°ufiu≈≤ <b<b@ fi°t J¡∑ ı°<w∫°u*
J¡∑ J¡v≈fi°Î≥ J¡∑ yoÕ $$16$$
tC¿•w J¡∑ „Ù|®w° N°æ≤ <bÔ‡f tu* ≈®∫°uıJ¡ <ªW Ju¡ yCd N°æ≤ Ì°uT°u* Ju¡ J¡°≤d FÙ ıÙb°u* Ju¡ ı°<w˚uÌ°u*
J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° F…oÕ, ∫F <Ì©Ô°wu F…Î fitu* ≈°≥ª ı°<w∫°u* J¡°u <b˚°y J¡≤ <Ì©Ô°wu Fæ* $
∫<Ì J¡v≈ Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* ŸbÕ≈®Stw# FÙ f®Ê ıÙbw° J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u w°u ŸÙ ı∏t tu* _b°˚°<bJ¡
I°fi N°æ≤ Îuÿb∫Õ Ÿu ∫C•w fC<] Ÿu <bT∫˚°uy J¡≤fiub°Ô° ıÙb ŸÙ ı∏t tu* tC¿•wÔ°˚ J¡≤w° Fæ $
ŸJ¡∑ ı°<w Ÿ°¿[bJ¡Ÿ°<[bJ¡∑ F°uwÙ Fæ, ıæŸu <J¡ ŸfiJ¡, Ÿfi∏Ìfi N°<Ì J¡∑ $$17$$ Fu Ÿ‡t°fi≈®Ì,
JC¡~> Ÿt∫ wJ¡ ı∏t Ju¡ FuwC NI°fi Ju¡ ≤Ffiu ≈≤ ŸÙ ı∏t tu* I°fi, Îuÿb∫Õ N°<Ì ŸC∏Ì≤ yCd°u* Ÿu
∫C•w F°uJ¡≤ ∫<Ì tC¿•w F°uwÙ Fæ w°u bF ı°<w J¡∑ ı°fiJ¡°≤Ù ≤©fiub°Ô°u* tu* Zu‹™> ≈C”T°u* π°≤° Ju¡bÔ
Ÿ°<[bJ¡ ı°<w J¡FÙ ı°wÙ Fæ $ ı°u ı°<w J¡v≈°<Ì tu* fi¥wfi R¡≈Ÿu ≈®J¡¸> F°uJ¡≤ fFCw ı∏t°u* π°≤°
˚°uy°u* Ju¡ ˚°uyfiu≈≤ J®¡t„# t°us˚°<yfiÙ F°uwÙ Fæ, ı°<wI <bπ°fig Ÿ ı°<w J¡°u ≤°ıŸ ≤°ıŸÙ ı°<w
J¡Fwu Fæ* $$18,19$$ ≈°≥ª Ì„ ı∏t Ju¡ ≈≤bwÙÕ J¡°Ô wJ¡ Ÿ J¡v≈ tu* <bbuJ¡ N°<Ì Wt yCd°u* Ÿu
≤<Fw ı°u ı°<w fFCw Ÿu ı∏t°u* Ju¡ f°Ì <bbuJ¡ N°<Ì Wt yCd°u* J¡°u ≈®°›w J¡≤wÙ Fæ, bF Ju¡bÔ
≤°ıŸÙ ı°<w Fæ $ J¡v≈°<Ì Ÿu ÔuJ¡≤ N<w ≈®ªC≤ _S°b≤, J¡∑¸>, ≈way N°<Ì ∫°u<fi∫°u* Ÿu N∏w tu*
t°us˚°<yfiÙ F°u w°u ı°<w ı°fifiub°Ôu Ÿ≠ıfi Ÿ ı°<w J¡°u w°tŸw°tŸÙ J¡Fwu Fæ* $ NfiCÃJ¨¡‹¸>
(wCh~>) ≤°sŸ, <≈„°ª, „¥B N°<Ì NfiuJ¡ ı∏t°u* Ÿu ∫<Ì t°us˚°<yfiÙ F°u w°u ı°<w<b„°≤Ì Ÿ
ı°<w J¡°u Ju¡bÔ w°tŸÙ J¡Fwu Fæ* $$20-22$$ Fu ŸÃJ¡°≤J¡°¿≤fig, oŸ J®¡t Ÿu ı°<w∫°u* Ju¡ NfiuJ¡ ˚uÌ°u*
ŸyÕ - 158] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2383
J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° Fæ fi ı°<w∫°u* tu* Ÿu N°≈ oŸ w°tŸ-w°tŸÙ ı°<w tu* Ã≈∏fi FCÎ Fæ* $$23$$ tF°≤°ı,
N°≈Ju¡ NfiuJ¡ ı∏t Δ∫wÙw F°u ªCJu¡ Fæ* $ Fu bÙ≤, fi <b<b@ <b<ª` ı∏t°u* J¡°u tæ* ı°fiw° F¥≥, N°≈
∏Fu* fiFÙ* ı°fiwu $ oŸÙ ˚uÌ Ÿu tF°„b „≤Ù≤b°Ôu wS° NŸÙt N°J¡°„y°tÙ N°≈fiu ∫F Ÿt∫ Δ∫SÕ
<fw°∫° Fæ $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ıf N°≈ w°tŸw°tŸ ı∏t Ÿu Ã≈∏fi FCÎ Fæ*, wf N°≈J¡° oŸ ŸaŸ°≤R¡≈Ù
ywÕ Ÿu ~C>¸>J¡°≤° ≈°fi° ÌCÔÕ˚ Fæ $$24-26$$ <Ÿ∏@C J¡Fuy° # ∫F ≈®°•wfi N@t w°tŸw°tŸÙ ıÙbı°<w
<J¡Ÿ ≈°∫ Ÿu Ìf°oÕ ı° ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ $ Fu N°∫Õ, Ÿ ≈°∫ J¡°u J¡<F∫u $ ∫<Ì bæŸ° J¡°uoÕ „°u@J¡ ≈®J¡°≤
F°uy° w°u tæ* ıÙbfi˚≤ ŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu ≤F¥≥y° $ NwÎb J¨¡≈∫° Ÿu J¡<F∫u $$27$$
t∏`Ù J¡Fuy° # Fu tF°twu, oŸ <`Ô°uJ¡∑ tu* ÎuŸ° J¡°uoÕ ≈Ì°SÕ fiFÙ* Fæ ı°u πuy ≤<Fw (<fibuÕÌ≤<Fw)
≈C”T≈®∫Ãfi Ÿu ≈ÔÆ@ fi F°u ŸJu¡ $ ıæŸu N°ı Ju¡ ŸÃJ¡tÕ Ÿu J¡Ô J¡° ÌC‹J¡tÕ „°u˚fiw° J¡°u ≈®°›w
F°uw° Fæ, <t¸> ı°w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ N°≈ ŸÙ ≈°æ”T ≈®∫Ãfi Ÿu ≈®°•wfi N@t ı°<w ≈≤ <bı∫ ≈°J¡≤
ŸÃJ¡°∫Õb°fig F°uoÎ $ ı°u <ıŸ ≈Ì°SÕ J¡∑ N<˚Ô°T° J¡≤w° Fæ ŸJu¡ <ÔÎ bF bæŸ° FÙ ≈®∫Ãfi J¡≤w°
Fæ ∫<Ì bF SJ¡ J¡≤ fÙª tu* FÙ <fib¨W fi F°u ı°∫ w°u Ÿu Nbÿ∫ ≈®°›w J¡≤w° Fæ $ tfiC‹∫ ıæŸ° ≈®∫Ãfi
J¡≤w° Fæ N°æ≤ w∏t∫ F°uJ¡≤ ıæŸÙ ˚°bfi° J¡≤w° Fæ N°æ≤ ıæŸ° F°ufiu J¡∑ oh~>° J¡≤w° Fæ bæŸ° FÙ F°uw°
Fæ N∏∫S° fiFÙ* F°uw° Fæ $$28-31$$
tC<fi fiu J¡F° # oŸJu¡ f°Ì t∏`Ù π°≤° oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ •w bF ≤°ı° <Ÿ∏@C ≤°≠∫˚°≤<bFÙfi fC<]
Ÿu ŸÙ Ÿt∫ bFÙ* ≈≤ Ÿ°≤u ≤°≠∫ J¡°u <wÔ°aı<Ô Ìu Ìuy° $ Ì¥≤ bfi tu* ªÔ° ı°∫uy°, t¿∏`∫°u* Ju¡ fFCw
NfiCfi∫-<bfi∫ J¡≤fiu≈≤ ˚Ù <k¡≤ <fi‹Ja¡¸>J¡ Ÿ <b„°Ô ≤°≠∫ J¡°u fiFÙ* N≈fi°∫uy° $ Ÿ°@CN°u* Ju¡ fÙª
tu* ŸÃŸay J¡≤ ≤Fu <Ÿ∏@C tu* fiJ¡∑ <bª°≤≈¥dÕ I°fit∫ J¡S°N°u* Ÿu k¥¡Ô°u* Ju¡ ŸaŸyÕ Ÿu ŸCy∏@ J¡∑ w≤F
<bbuJ¡ Ã≈∏fi F°u ı°∫uy° $ ŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°wg Jæ¡Ÿu ∫F ı∏t FCN°, J¡F°≥ Ÿu ŸaŸ°≤ N°∫°, ∫°u* <fi≤∏w≤
<bª°≤ J¡≤fiu Ÿu bF ıÙb∏tC•w F°u ı°∫uy° $ bF ≤°ı° <Ÿ∏@C ŸÃŸay<wb„ <fiÃ∫ <bª°≤<fitÀfi F°uJ¡≤
≈≤t ≈°bfi Ÿ t°us≈Ì J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uy° <ıŸ t°us≈Ì tu* <F≤^∫y˚Õ wJ¡ J¡° Îuÿb∫Õ b°∫C Ÿu n ≤Fu
ŸC©u ≈Wu J¡∑ w≤F ≈°Ìu∫ fiFÙ* F°uw°, <J¡∏wC wCh~> FÙ F°uw° Fæ $$32-36$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ŸW°bfib°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ Nl>°bfib°≥ ŸyÕ

tC<fiıÙ J¡° bªfi ŸCfiJ¡≤ Δ∫°@ J¡° w≈ J¡≤fi°,
f®Ê°ıÙ Ju¡ b≤Ì°fi Ÿu N°J¡°„ tu* nfi° wS° „b F°uJ¡≤ ˚¥<t ≈≤ <y≤fi° N°<Ì J¡° bdÕfi $
tC<fiıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu Δ∫°@, ∫F Ÿf ˚<b‹∫ tu* F°ufiub°ÔÙ |¸>fi°J¡° NwÙw J¡∑ w≤F tæ*fiu wCtŸu
bdÕfi <J¡∫° $ oŸ Ÿt∫ ıæŸ° wCt ª°Fwu F°u bæŸ° Ÿ°uª ŸtHJ¡≤ ˚ÔÙ˚°≥<w J¡≤°u $ N¿Àfi fiu J¡F° # Fu
<b≈¿ÿªwg, tC<fi Ju¡ ≈¥b°uÕ•w bªfi ŸCfiJ¡≤ t°≤u N°ÿª∫Õ Ju¡ |fn°∫° FCN° Δ∫°@ ÎJ¡ sd Ÿ°uªJ¡≤
„Ù|® _fi°fi J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ y∫° N°æ≤ tC<fiıÙ ˚Ù _fi°fi°SÕ y∫u $ <ffi° <J¡ŸÙ J¡°≤d Ju¡ N°≈Ÿ tu* <t`
ffiu FCÎ Δ∫°@ N°æ≤ tF°tC<fi Ì°ufi°u* fiu oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ „°˜<ª∏wfi J¡≤wu FCÎ w≈_∫° J¡∑ $$1-3$$ oŸJu¡
Nfi∏w≤ tC<fiıÙ w°u S°unu FÙ Ÿt∫ tu* tC¿•w J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u y∫u $ bu N°∫C Ju¡ NbŸ°fi tu* N≈fiÙ ≈aª˚°æ<wJ¡
ÌuF ~>°unJ¡≤ ≈≤t ≈Ì tu* ÔÙfi F°u y∫u $ () wÌC≈≤°∏w Ÿ°æ ∫Cy”≈ <ª≤J¡°Ô tu* Δ∫°@ J¡∑ tfi°uJ¡°tfi°
J¡°u ≈¥dÕ J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ˚yb°fig f®Ê° N°∫u $ fuª°≤° Δ∫°@ N≈fiÙ b°Ÿfi° J¡° buy ≤°uJ¡ fiFÙ* ŸJ¡°, NwÎb
tC<fiıÙ π°≤° ≈FÔu Δ∫SÕR¡≈ Ÿu b<dÕw b≤ J¡°u ı°fiwu FCÎ ˚Ù Ÿfiu bFÙ b≤ f®Ê°ıÙ Ÿu t°≥y° $
ZÙf®Ê°ıÙ "ÎuŸ° FÙ F°u' ∫°u* b°a¿h~>w b≤ Ÿu ÌuJ¡≤ N≈fiu Ô°uJ¡ J¡°u <Ÿ@°≤u Îba Δ∫°@ N≈fiÙ w≈_∫°
J¡° k¡Ô ˚°uyfiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈sÙ J¡∑ w≤F N°J¡°„ tu* n° $ Ÿfiu ≈bÕw J¡∑ w≤F b≤ Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ <fi≤∏w≤
f» ≤Fu „≤Ù≤ Ÿu `æÔ°u•∫ Ÿu «¡≈≤ NΔ∫°J¨¡w N°J¡°„ J¡°u fnu buy Ÿu Ny<dw Ÿt∫ tu* ≈¥dÕ J¡≤ <Ì∫° $
y”n Ju¡ Ÿu tF°buy Ÿu <w≤~>u, «¡≈≤ N°æ≤ fiÙªu N°J¡°„ J¡°u ≈¥dÕ J¡≤fiu tu* ŸJ¡° fF…w Ÿt∫ Δ∫wÙw
F…N° $ oŸJu¡ Nfi∏w≤ ıf <ª≤J¡°Ô tu* Ÿu N<bΩ°R¡≈ ˚®tJ¡° N∏w ≈®°›w fiFÙ* F…N° wf w°u ŸJ¡°
N∏w Ìu©fiu Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* Ÿfiu N≈fiÙ F°≤ t°fi ÔÙ, Ÿu bæ≤°À∫ F°u y∫° $ wÌfi∏w≤ bæ≤°À∫ F°ufiu Ju¡
J¡°≤d ≈®°db°∫C J¡°u „≤Ù≤ Ÿu f°F≤ <fiJ¡°Ôfiub°ÔÙ ∫°uy@°≤d° f°≥@J¡≤ Ÿfiu N°J¡°„ tu* ≈®°d°u* J¡°
Ã∫°y <J¡∫° N°æ≤ fiÙªu ˚¥<twÔ tu* „b˚¥w N≈fiu „≤Ù≤ J¡° Ã∫°y <J¡∫° $ ŸJ¡° ≈®°db°∫C Ÿu ∫C•w
<ªW ŸÙ NΔ∫•wN°J¡°„ tu* Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ ≈¨<SbÙ J¡° ≈°Ôfi J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ wS° ≤°ı° <bÌq≤S J¡∑ „`C˚¥w
≈¥b°uÕ•w <Ÿ∏@Cw° J¡°u ≈®°›w F…N° $$4-12$$ ŸæJ¡n°u* tu” ≈bÕw°u* Ju¡ Ÿu N°J¡°≤ J¡° ŸJ¡° „≤Ù≤ tF°„b
Ÿ° F…N° $ ÌqŸ≤Ù ≈¨ØbÙ Ju¡ ŸÂ„ <b„°ÔJ¡°∫ bF N°J¡°„ Ÿu bı® J¡∑ ˚°≥<w fiÙªu <y≤° $ f®Ê° Ju¡
<J¡ŸÙ ı°y®w ˚®tR¡≈ <J¡ŸÙ N°J¡°„ tu* Ju¡„°u* Ju¡ y°uÔu Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ≈®wÙw F…N°, ı°u <y≤fiu Ju¡ ≈FÔu ≈¨<SbÙ
tu* w≤fiu J¡∑ ŸÙ»Ù Ju¡ Ÿt°fi N°æ≤ <y≤fiu Ju¡ f°Ì ≈¨<SbÙ Ju¡ <b„°Ô i>J¡fiu Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ¿_Sw S° $ Ÿ
„b fiu N≈fiu N°J¡°≤ Ÿu Ÿ°≤Ù ≈¨<SbÙ N°æ≤ ≈bÕw°u* J¡°u N°h~>∏fi J¡≤ <Ì∫° $ Fu Zu‹™> <b≈¿ÿªwg, ∫F tæ*fiu
Ÿ tF°„b J¡° wCtŸu bdÕfi <J¡∫° $ <ıŸ ˚¥wÔR¡≈ ıywg tu* bF „b <y≤° bFÙ Ft Ô°uy°u* J¡∑
_b›fifiy≤Ù Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* _kC¡¿≤w F…N° $ ŸÙ tF°„b J¡° ˚sd J¡≤ ≈FÔu <wfiJu¡ J¡Ù
w≤F Ÿ¥©Ù F…oÕ ˚ybwÙ ªa<±>J¡° ÌubÙ ˚≤Ù ≈¥≤Ù F°uJ¡≤ fnÙ w°u*Ìb°ÔÙ wS° ”<@≤ N°æ≤ N≥w<n∫°u* Ÿu
≈¥dÕ F°uJ¡≤ Ô°Ô F°u yoÕ $ oŸ „b Ju¡ FÙ <Ft°Ô∫ ≈bÕw Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ≈®ªC≤ tuÌ Ÿu ≈¥dÕ F…oÕ ≈¨<SbÙ tu<ÌfiÙ
fi°t Ÿu ≈®¶∫°w F°u yoÕ $ w˚Ù ∫F tF°tuÌ° <t\>Ù ffi y∫° <k¡≤ Ÿt∫ ≈°J¡≤ ∫F ≈¨<SbÙ Ã≈∏fi F°uJ¡≤
<t\>Ù J¡∑ F°u yoÕ $ tF°„b Ju¡ <y≤fiu Ÿu ≈FÔu Ju¡ bfi N°<Ì <bfi‹¸> F°u ªCJu¡ Su, Nw# <k¡≤ Ÿu bfi yu,
<k¡≤ Ÿu fiy≤°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S y°≥b fŸ°∫u y∫u $ ≈FÔu ª¥≤-ª¥≤ F…Î ≈bÕw <k¡≤ Ÿu ıæŸu ≈FÔu Su ŸÙ R¡≈≤u©°
tu* ≈°w°Ô Ÿu f°F≤ <fiJ¡Ôu $ wÌ…≈≤°∏w Ô°uy°u* J¡° J¡°≤°uf°≤ ªÔfiu Ôy° $$13-20$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ Nl>°bfib°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
() Ÿt°<@ tu* tC<fi J¡°u ÌÙ|Õw≤ J¡°Ô Ju¡ ˚Ù Nv≈ ≈®wÙw F°ufiu Ÿu "Nv≈ufiæb J¡°Ôufi' J¡F° Fæ $
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Δ∫°@ J¡∑ tfi°uJ¡°tfi° ≈¥dÕ J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ f®Ê°ıÙ J¡° N°ytfi ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ wS°<≈ ≈¥bÕ ŸyÕ tu* tC<fiıÙ
fiu ı°u ˚<b‹∫b°dÙ J¡∑ SÙ Ÿtu* Δ∫°@ Ju¡ b≤ ≈°fiu Ju¡ f°Ì ""t°t°≈¨h~>∏fit_J¨¡Ã∫'' ∫°fiÙ tCHu
≈¥~>J¡≤ fit_J¡°≤ J¡≤ ŸÙ sd tu* bF "wCt <ªW tu* b°Ÿfi°R¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw ≈Ì°SÕ J¡°u Ìu©fiu J¡∑ oh~>°
Ÿu N°J¡°„ tu* n°uyu', ÎuŸ° tC<fi fiu J¡F° Fæ, NwÎb Δ∫°@ Ju¡ «¡≈≤ ı°fiu Ju¡ Ÿt∫ tC<fiıÙ J¡° ıÙbfi
S° FÙ ŸJu¡ ≈Ù~>u FÙ fiJ¡° ÌuFÃ∫°y F…N° ÎuŸ° ŸtHfi° ª°<F∫u $
ŸyÕ - 159] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2385
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ fiŸ™>b°≥ ŸyÕ

N¿Àfi J¡° <b≈¿ÿªwg Ÿu N≈fi° o∏BÔ°uJ¡ ytfi J¡Ffi° wS°
fF…w Ÿu N°ÿª∫°u˘ J¡° bdÕfiJ¡≤ N∏w tu* f®Êw[b J¡° bdÕfi J¡≤fi° $
N<Àfi fiu J¡F° # Fu Zu‹™> <b≈¿ÿªwg, wCt ¿_S≤ F°ufiu Ÿu <k¡≤ ≈®_wCw Δ∫bF°≤ Ÿu Ÿ‡≈∏fi ˚¥wÔ tu*
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∏F°u*fiu Ÿtu* t∏` π°≤° tCHu <fit¿∏`w <J¡∫° Fæ, Nw# Fu y<wJ¡°u<bÌ, tæ* bF°≥ ı°w° Fq≥ $$1,2$$ ˚°Ÿ fiu
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J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ wÃ≈≤ F…N° $ wÌfi∏w≤ o∏B fiu tCHŸu J¡F° # Fu <b≈¿ÿªwg, <ªW°J¡°„ tu* tu≤Ù N°æ≤ wC‡F°≤Ù
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NwÎb J¡Ì°<ªwg tCHtuu* tÿ∫°u<fi≈®°≈J¡ Ì…‹J¨¡w J¡∑ Ÿa˚°bfi° F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ, N°≈ w°u tF°≈C^∫„°ÔÙ Fæ*
N°≈J¡∑ tÿ∫°u<fi tu* ytfi J¡∑ Ÿa˚°bfi° Jæ¡Ÿu F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ ? tu≤Ù oŸ N°„aJ¡°≈≤ ∏F°u*fiu J¡F° # ≈®°•wfi
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tæ*fiu fiŸu <fibuÌfi <J¡∫° # Ìub°<@Ìub, tæ* ŸaŸ°≤ Ÿu «¡f y∫° Fq≥, Nw# „Ù|® tC•w F°ufi° ª°Fw° Fq≥ $ tu≤°
∫F J¡Sfi ŸCfiJ¡≤ ∏F°u*fiu tCHŸu J¡F° $ „Ù|® tC¿•w w°u "tæ* wÙfi Nb_S°N°u* Ÿu N°æ≤ t¥wÕ-Nt¥wÕ R¡≈Ÿu
≤¿Fw <b„C] N°Ãt° FÙ Fq≥' oŸ w[bI°fi Ÿu FÙ F°uwÙ Fæ $ ∫F wCtfiu ≈FÔu Δ∫°@ tC<fi Ÿab°Ì bdÕfi Ju¡
≈®Ÿay Ÿu N¿ÀfiÌub Ju¡ tC©°≤<b∏Ì Ÿu ŸCfi° FÙ Fæ $ oŸ<ÔÎ wCt ÌqŸ≤° b≤ t°≥y°u ÎuŸ° o∏B Ju¡ J¡Ffiu≈≤ tæ*fiu
fiŸu N∏∫ ∫°fiÙ tÿw° Ju¡ f°Ì tu≤° N°yu •∫° F°uy° ∫F ≈¿≤I°fiR¡≈ b≤ t°≥y° $$13,14$$ o∏B fiu
J¡F° # Fu <b≈¿ÿªwg, wC‡F°≤Ù ∫F <ª<w <ª≤J¡°Ô Ÿu tÿ∫°u<fi wJ¡ FÙ ŸaŸ°≤ tu* N°fi° ª°FwÙ Fæ $ tæ*fiu
wC‡F°≤° ∫F Nbÿ∫‡˚°bÙ b¨W°∏w Ìu© <Ô∫° Fæ $ tÿ F°uJ¡≤ wCt ≤°ı° Ì„≤S J¡∑ tF°≈C^∫Ÿ˚° tu*
≈F…≥ª°uyu $ bF°≥ tu≤u π°≤° J¡F° y∫° bF N©^±> I°fi wC‡F°≤Ù ŸtH tu* N° ı°∫uy° $$15,16$$ ŸaŸ°≤ Ÿu
<©∏fi F…Î wCt Ÿ ≈¨<SbÙ wÔ tu* <F≤fi ffi°u $ oŸ J®¡t Ÿu Ÿ˚° J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uJ¡≤ b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ Ju¡ NfiCy®F Ÿu
∫F Ÿ°≤° Δ∫SÕ N°Ãtb¨W°∏w wC‡F°≤u _t¨<w≈S tu* N°R¡» F°uy° $$17$$ wC‡F°≤° •w b¨W°∏w _b›fi J¡∑
w≤F, Ÿ°≤° J¡° Ÿ°≤° tfi°u≤S°u* π°≤° <fi<tÕw-Ÿ° N°æ≤ ≈≤Ô°uJ¡ tu* NfiC˚¥w NSÕ Ju¡ J¡S°≈®b°F tu* ≈<ww
NSÕ Ju¡ wCv∫ <fi‹k¡Ô Fæ $$18$$
•∫° tæ* tÿ-ÌuF Ÿu ∫F Ÿf _t≤d J¡R¡≥y° ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi≈≤ "fiFÙ*' J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıf wCt tÿ∫°u<fi Ÿu tC<•w ≈°J¡≤ ≈C”T F°uN°uyu wf I°fi°¿Àfiπ°≤° ÌuF Ju¡ ÌÀ@ F°ufiu≈≤ ⁄Ì∫_S
N°Ãtw[b wC‡Fu* _kC¡¿≤w F°uy° $ N°Ãtw[b Ju¡ _kC¡≤d Ÿu <ª≤J¡°Ô Ÿu ⁄Ì∫ tu* ¿_Sw N<bΩ°fi°tJ¡
˚®°¿∏w J¡° Ã∫°yJ¡≤ _≈∏Ì„¥∏∫ b°∫C Ju¡ Ÿt°fi <fiÿªÔ F…Î wCt <fib°Õd J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uN°uyu $$19,20$$
•w Ìub≤°ı o∏B Ju¡ ∫°u* J¡Ffiu≈≤ ŸÙ sd tu* "∫F tæ* oŸ bfi tu* <F≤fi Fq≥' ÎuŸÙ tu≤Ù <fi¿ÿªw
(Δ∫°bF°¿≤J¡ NSÕ<J®¡∫° tu* ŸtSÕ) ≈®<w˚° Ìg˚¥w F…oÕ $$21$$ wf Ÿu ÔuJ¡≤ bFÙ* ≈bÕw≈≤ tæ* t∏Ì°≤ Ju¡
bfi Ju¡ ˚Ùw≤Ù J¡°ufi°u* tu* <wfiJu¡ N°æ≤ Ìqf Ju¡ NaJC¡≤ ª≤fiub°Ô° <F≤fi F°u y∫° $ wÌ…≈≤°∏w <J¡ŸÙ ÎJ¡
Ÿt∫ <„J¡°≤ ©uÔfiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ N°∫u F…Î ŸÙt°bwÙÕ Ÿ°t∏w J¡°u Ìu©J¡≤ t°≤u ±>≤Ju¡ tæ* ª°æJ¡nÙ t°≤J¡≤
˚°y° $$22,23$$ Fu ≤|Cb≤, wÌfi∏w≤ Ÿfiu tCHu ≈J¡nJ¡≤ |≤ Ôu ı°J¡≤ wÙfi <Ìfi N≈fiu |≤ ≤•©°,
<k¡≤ bF N°≈J¡∑ J®¡∑n° Ju¡ <ÔÎ tCHu ∫F°≥ Ô°∫° $$24$$ Fu <fi‹≈°≈, tæ*fiu N°≈Ÿu N≈fi° ∫F Ÿ°≤° b¨W°∏w
J¡F <Ì∫° Fæ, ı°u ŸaŸ°≤ tu* ≈®<Ÿ] Îu∏Bı°<ÔJ¡ J¡∑ t°∫° Ju¡ wCv∫ <b<b@ N°ÿª∫°u˘ Ÿu ≈¥dÕ Fæ $ oŸ
≈®J¡°≤ fi°fi° „°©°-≈®„°©°N°u* Ÿu ∫C•w ∫F N<bΩ° Nfi∏w Fæ, oŸJ¡° N°≤≈°≤ fiFÙ* Fæ ∫F N°ÃtI°fi
Ju¡ <Ÿb° N∏∫ <J¡ŸÙ ≈°∫ Ÿu „°∏w fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wÙ $$25,26$$ ZÙb°vtÙ<J¡ıÙ fiu J¡F° # ıf
<b≈¿ÿªwg ∫F J¡FJ¡≤ bF°≥ ≈≤ sd˚≤ ªC≈ F…N° wf ÿÔ°P∫t<w ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu ŸŸu ∫F
J¡F° $$27$$ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # N∏∫ J¡° ŸaJ¡v≈˚¥w ∫F tÿ ∫<Ì Ft Ô°uy°u* J¡° Â<‹¸>y°uª≤ F…N°
Fæ w°u ÎuŸÙ ¿_S<w tu* NŸaJ¡v≈ ≈C”T ˚Ù N∏∫ Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈R¡≈ Ÿ¨<‹¸> tu* b_wCÎ≥ Ìu© ŸJ¡w° Fæ, ∫F NSÕ
<Ÿ] F…N° $ ˚Ô° ∫F Jæ¡Ÿu F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? J¨¡≈∫° J¡<F∫u $$28$$
tF°tC<fi, Ìubw° N°<Ì Ju¡ b≤Ì°fi, „°≈ N°<Ì Ÿu N∏∫ ŸaJ¡¿v≈w ˚Ù ≈Ì°SÕ ŸaJ¡v≈≤<Fw N∏∫
Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ Ì„Õfi N°<Ì Δ∫bF°≤ Ju¡ ∫°uÀ∫ F°uw° Fæ ∫°u* ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ Ju¡ ≈®ÿfi J¡° W≤ J¡Ffiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ
≈¥b°uÕ•w „b Ju¡ ≈wfi J¡° FÙ N∏∫ <fi<tW Ÿu bdÕfi J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ <b≈¿ÿªwg ≈®_w°b J¡≤w° Fæ $
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tu* _bJ¨¡w ∫I°u* J¡∑ ∫ıt°fiw° Ju¡ |t^±> Ÿu N∏@u J¡∑ w≤F ªÔ ≤Fu o∏B fiu ∫F tC<fi Fæ* ∫F I°fi
fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ∫F tCÌ°Õ Fæ ∫°u* <w≤_J¡°≤ Ÿu N°J¡°„ tu* º∫°fi tu* fæ™>u F…Î Ì…b°ÕŸ° M¡<TıÙ J¡°u ≈æ≤
Ÿu ™>°uJ¡≤ t°≤ ÌÙ, oŸ J¡°≤d M¡<T J®C¡] F°u y∫u $ ∏F°u*fiu J¡F° # N≤u o∏B, wCt <ıŸ ˚¥<twÔ tu*
ı°fi° ª°Fwu F°u Ÿu f®Ê°^±> Ju¡ wCv∫ tF° ˚ÙTd „b „Ù|® FÙ ª¥≤ ª¥≤ J¡≤ ±>°Ôuy° $$29-31$$
„bfC<] Ÿu wCtfiu tu≤° ı°u ∫F <w≤_J¡°≤ <J¡∫° Fæ oŸ J¡°≤d tu≤u „°≈ Ÿu Ÿ ≈¨<SbÙ J¡°u wCt „Ù|®
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ŸyÕ - 159] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2387
Ìubtÿÿª Ãba wCv∫J¡°Ôa <b≈¿ÿªw°' (<ıwfiu Ÿt∫ wJ¡ <b≈¿ÿªwg tÿ ≤Fuy° wfiu FÙ Ÿt∫ wJ¡
wCt ˚Ù Ìubtÿ ≤F°uyu) oŸ b°•∫ π°≤° ıæŸu <b≈¿ÿªwg Ju¡ tfi Ÿu ŸaJ¡¿v≈w tÿÃb N∏∫ Ô°uy°u* Ju¡
Ì„Õfi N°<Ì NSÕ<J®¡∫°J¡°≤Ù Fæ bæŸ° FÙ wC‡F°≤° ˚Ù F°u ∫°u* Ÿu „°≈ <Ì∫°, oŸ<ÔÎ o∏B-„°≈ J¡∑
J¡S° Ÿu FÙ tC<fiıÙ Ju¡ bªfi Ju¡ fÔ Ÿu ∫Ω<≈ <b≈¿ÿªwg J¡∑ tÿw° ŸaJ¡v≈b„ F…oÕ SÙ <k¡≤ ˚Ù bF
N°≈ Ÿ≤Ù©u Ÿf Ô°uy°u* J¡∑ Â<‹¸>∫°u* J¡∑ ŸÌ° <bT∫ F…oÕ Fæ $$33$$
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ıywg≈®<Ÿ] Â<‹¸> Ÿu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ Ju¡ ≈®ÿfi J¡° Ÿt°@°fi J¡≤ w[bÂ<‹¸> Ÿu ŸJ¡°
Ÿt°@°fi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
b_wCw# <bª°≤ (Δ∫bF°¿≤J¡ ıywg) Ÿw gFæ ∫F f°w ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ N°æ≤ ÌqŸ≤° (ŸaJ¡¿v≈w ıywg)
NŸÃ∫ Fæ ∫F f°w ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ $ Ì°ufi°u* wCv∫ Fæ* •∫°u*<J¡ bF ≈®<w˚° FÙ bæŸu (Δ∫°bF°¿≤J¡ NSb° ŸaJ¡¿v≈wR¡≈
Ÿu) <Ìw F°uwÙ Fæ $ oŸ<ÔÎ fitu* •∫° Ÿwg Fæ N°æ≤ •∫° NŸwg Fæ ? $$34$$
f®Ê Ju¡ ŸbÕ„¿•w N°æ≤ Ÿb°ÕÃtJ¡ F°ufiu Ÿu ˚Ù J¡°uoÕ <b≤°u@ fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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N°≈Ÿ tu* tuÔ fiFÙ* ©°w° Fæ ∫F ˚Ù Ÿtu* ≈≈∏fi Fæ N°æ≤ ŸaJ¡v≈ı<fiw ≈≤_≈≤ tuÔ ©°w° Fæ, oŸJ¡∑
˚Ù Ÿtu* ≈≈<W Fæ $$36,37$$ Ÿb°ÕÃt° tu* ŸaJ¡v≈ Ÿu Ã≈∏fi ≈Ì°SÕ ≈≤_≈≤ <tÔw° Fæ, ∫F f°w
tÿÌ„Õfi N°<Ì tu* ≈®Ã∫s Fæ $ oŸ <bT∫ tu* ∫F ≈≈<W ˚Ù Ô°uJ¡ tu* Fæ ıF°≥≈≤ ~>°∫° Fæ bFÙ*≈≤ @¥≈ ˚Ù Fæ $
∫<Ì ÎuŸ° fi F°u w°u bF Ÿb°ÕÃt° FÙ Jæ¡Ÿu F°uy° ? oŸ<ÔÎ ŸbÕ_bR¡≈ f®Ê tu* ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ ≈≤_≈≤ fiFÙ*
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Fæ $$38-40$$ NF° ! tfi J¡°u t°uF tu* ±>°Ôfiub°ÔÙ t°∫° N<w <bTt Fæ $ <ıŸJu¡ J¡°≤d <b<@∫°≥ N°æ≤
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fi F°uwu w°u tF°≈®Ô∫ tu* fi‹¸> F…Î ˚bfi°u* J¡° Nfi°∫°Ÿ ≈Cfi# ŸıÕfi Jæ¡Ÿu F°uw° ? Jæ¡Ÿu N¿Àfi J¡° N¿_wÃb
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Fæ $ ∫S°SÕ˚¥w°SÕÌ„ÙÕ Ju¡ <ÔÎ (∫S°SÕÌ„ÙÕ Ju¡ <ÔÎ) Ÿ°≤° J¡° Ÿ°≤° Âÿ∫ <fi≤°J¡°≤ FÙ Fæ $$58,59$$
≈¥dÕÂ<‹¸> F°ufiu≈≤ w[bIw° N°æ≤ NIw° J¡° ˚uÌ ˚Ù fi‹¸> F°u ı°w° Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
≈¥dÕÂ<‹¸> F°ufiu≈≤ I°<fiw° N°æ≤ NI°<fiw° wS° Ÿwg N°æ≤ NŸwg J¡° ˚uÌ JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ ≈¥dÕR¡≈
Ÿwgf®Ê tu* Ÿwg N°æ≤ NŸwg wCv∫ Fæ* $ oŸ<ÔÎ Ÿf JC¡~> J¡°‹™>bwg t°æfi Fæ $ ∫°fiÙ <ªBq≈ Fæ $$60$$
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿ°≤° Âÿ∫ f®ÊR¡≈ FÙ <Ÿ] F°u y∫°, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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Fæ $ <ıŸ <ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡° <fi≤°J¡°≤R¡≈ ∫F _kC¡≤d ıywg Fæ bF ∫F <ªÌ°J¡°„ N≈fiu _bR¡≈ tu* oŸ ≈®J¡°≤
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J¡¿_tfig ©vb°≈ N°uw°ÿª ≈®°uw°ÿªu<w b°∫°æ y°yÙÕ<w J¡¿_tfig ©ÔC b°∫C≤°uwÿª ≈®°uwÿªuÃ∫∏w¿≤s
Ô°uJu¡TC y°yÙÕ<w' NS°Õwg ∫F Ÿf ıÔ tu* N°uw N°æ≤ ≈®°uw Fæ $ ıÔ <J¡Ÿtu* N°uw ≈®°uw Fæ ? Fu y°<yÕ,
ıÔ b°∫C tu* N°uw N°æ≤ ≈®°uw Fæ $ b°∫C <J¡Ÿtu* N°uw≈®°uw Fæ ? Fu y°<yÕ, b°∫C N∏w¿≤s Ô°uJ¡°uu* tu* N°uw
N°æ≤ ≈®°uw Fæ oÃ∫°<Ì Ÿu $
ŸyÕ - 160] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2389
J¡°u fiFÙ* Ìu©wu Fæ* $$64$$
b°_wb tu* w°u N°Ãt° Ÿu N<w¿≤•w J¡°uoÕ B‹¸>° FÙ ≈®<Ÿ] fiFÙ* Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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B‹¸>° N°Ãt° FÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ oŸJ¡° B‹¸>° ˚Ù N°Ãt° FÙ Fæ, N∏∫ fiFÙ* $
∫F Ju¡bÔ <ªÌ°J¡°„_bR¡≈° Fæ oŸÙ<ÔÎ ≈¿≤I°w F°uwu FÙ <ªÌ°J¡°„°J¡°≤ F°u ı°wÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ°
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
∫Ω<≈ ∫F ≈¿≤I°fi F°uJ¡≤ N≈fiu ∫S°SÕ _bR¡≈ tu* ¿_Sw F°uwÙ Fæ wS°<≈ Ju¡bÔ ≈®J¡°„t∫ <fib°Õd
_bR¡≈ F°ufiu≈≤ ˚Ù NI°fib„ ≤°<` ©CÔfiu Ju¡ Ÿt∫ Ju¡ N∏@J¡°≤ J¡∑ N°J¨¡<w Ju¡ wCv∫ N°J¨¡<wb°ÔÙ
F°uJ¡≤ Âÿ∫R¡≈°-ŸÙ ˚°ŸwÙ Fæ $$65,66$$
∫<Ì ∫S°<_Sw b_wC N„uT <b„uT°u* Ÿu „¥∏∫ F°uJ¡≤ ¿_Sw F°u w°u I°fi Ÿu f°<@w F°ufiub°Ô° ıywg
ª°Fu Ÿwg F°u ª°Fu NŸwg F°u J¡°uoÕ ˚Ù F°<fi fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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I°fi Ÿu „°∏w F°u ı°w° Fæ $$67$$
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≈®ÿfi ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ fiŸ™>b°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ Ÿ°™>b°≥ ŸyÕ

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J¡≤ ≈®°w#J¡°Ô tu* bu <k¡≤ Ÿ˚°_SÔ≈≤ N°∫u <ıŸ w≤F bF Ÿ˚° ≈FÔu fæ™>Ù SÙ ŸÙ w≤F fæ™> yoÕ $
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ŸyÕ - 160] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2391
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Fæ* N°æ≤ J¡F°≥ Ÿu N°∫u ? ∫F N°˚°Ÿ ÎuŸu ≈®<w˚°<Ÿw F°uw° Fæ N°æ≤ JC¡~> ˚Ù fiFÙ* FÙ ˚°Ÿw° Fæ, f®Êtu* FÙ
f®Ê ¿_Sw Fæ $ N<bΩ° fi°t@°≤Ù ıywg J¡° _bw# ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ N∏∫ J¡°≤d Ÿu ŸJ¡° ˚°fi fiFÙ* F°uw° $
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FÙ Fæ $ ∫FÙ ≈≤tf°u@ Fæ, oŸJ¡° ˚¥<tJ¡° Ju¡ NU∫°Ÿ Ÿu ı°u Â»ÙJ¡≤d Fæ bF tC¿•w Fæ $ „¥∏∫w° Ju¡
(N°J¡°„w° Ju¡) R¡≈ J¡∑ (fiÙÔw° J¡∑) w≤F ¿_Sw NI°fi J¡° NbÔ‡ffi J¡≤ ˚®t Δ∫°›w Fæ $ b°_wb tu*
ŸyÕ - 161] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2395
∫F <fi≤°J¡°≤ „°∏w <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* ˚°<Ÿw F°uw° Fæ $$9-14$$
∫F Ÿf º∫°fi Ôy°fiub°Ôu <bI ≈C”T°u* Ju¡ NfiC˚b Ÿu ¿Ÿ] Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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Ÿu FÙ ıyœ„Õfi-Ÿ°tØ∫Õ F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ $$15$$
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Ÿu FÙ ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ, ÎuŸÙ Δ∫b_S° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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Jæ¡Ÿu fi°„ F°uy° ? $$18$$
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J¡° _kC¡≤d Fæ N°æ≤ ı°y®w Ju¡ wCv∫ _b›fiNfiC˚b J¡° _kC¡≤d Fæ $ ıæŸu Âÿ∫ N°æ≤ ıywg-Ì°ufi°u* FÙ <fiÃ∫
ÎJ¡°SÕ Fæ* fiJu¡ NSÕ tu* ı≤° ˚Ù ˚uÌ fiFÙ* Fæ bæŸu FÙ ı°y®wg N°æ≤ _b›fi-Ì°ufi°u* „ÆÌ ÎJ¡°SÕb°Ôu J¡Fu y∫u
Fæ* ∫°fiÙ Ì°ufi°u* Ju¡ NSÕ tu* ≤WÙ ˚≤ ˚Ù ˚uÌ fiFÙ* Fæ $$28-32$$
ı°y®wg tu* _b›fi-Ÿt°fiw° J¡° ≈®<w≈°Ìfi J¡≤fiu J¡° twÔf <Ì©Ô°wu Fæ* $
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ŸyÕ - 162] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2397
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ŸyÕ - 162] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2399
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ŸÙ w≤F o¿∏B∫°u*≈≤ <bı∫ fi J¡∑ ı°∫, w°u ˚Ù bu ≈∫°uyÙ fiFÙ* F°uwu $ oŸ<ÔÎ o¿∏B∫°u*≈≤ <bı∫ ≈®°›w
J¡≤fiu J¡∑ N<w N°bÿ∫J¡w° Fæ $ o¿∏B∫ı∫ tu* ≈∫C•w oŸ ∫C¿•w J¡°u N°≈ N°Ω°u≈°∏w ŸC<fi∫u $ tCHŸu
N°yu J¡FÙ ı°fiub°ÔÙ oŸ ∫C¿•w Ÿu S°unÙ ˚Ù Ÿ°@fiŸ‡≈<W _b∫Ãfi Ÿu t°usk¡ÔR¡≈ <Ÿ<] J¡°u ≈®°›w
F°uwÙ Fæ $ <ª∏t°` ≈C”T, J¡°u N°≈ <ªW Ÿu ≈®°<≈w NSÕ J¡° ≈®J¡°„J¡ F°ufiu Ÿu ∫°fiÙ <ªW Ju¡ N@Ùfi F°ufiu
Ju¡ J¡°≤d ıÙbfi°∫J¡ ı°<fi∫u $ bF ıÙb N≈fiu N∏Ì≤ <ıŸu <ªWb¨<W Ÿu Δ∫°›wJ¡≤ ≈®¶∫°w J¡≤w° Fæ,
sd tu* w∏t∫ F°u ı°w° Fæ ∫°fiÙ Ÿtu* N°Ÿ•w F°u ı°w° Fæ $$2-4$$
ÎuŸÙ ≈¿≤¿_S<w tu* <ªW Ju¡ ≈®Ã∫°F°≤ ≈®∫Ãfi Ÿu N∏Ì≤ N°J¡TÕd π°≤° f°fl°J¡°≤w° J¡° <fi≤°u@J¡≤
f®Ê°J¡°≤w° Ju¡ ≈®f°u@fi J¡° NU∫°Ÿ J¡≤fiu≈≤ ≈ayC ffiÙ F…oÕ o¿∏B∫°≥ _bw# ıÙwÙ ı° ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ*, ÎuŸÙ
∫C¿•w J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<ªW Ju¡ ≈®Ã∫°F°≤ ≈®∫Ãfi π°≤° N∏wtCÕ© J¡≤fiu Ÿu f®Ê°J¡°≤w°f°u@fiR¡≈ ª°u©u NaJC¡„°u* Ju¡ N°|°w°u*
Ÿu tÌ°u∏tW tfiR¡≈Ù tway J¡°u ıÙwJ¡≤ FÙ ıÙb o¿∏B∫°u*≈≤ <bı∫ ≈° ŸJ¡w° Fæ, N∏∫S° fiFÙ* $$5$$
<ªW J¡°u o¿∏B∫Ÿufi° J¡° Ÿufi°≈<w J¡Fwu Fæ* ∫°fiÙ bF o¿∏B∫°u* J¡° _b°tÙR¡≈ Ÿu Ÿaª°ÔJ¡ N°æ≤ <fi≤°u@J¡
Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ Ÿ≈≤ <bı∫ ≈° Ôuufiu Ÿu o¿∏B∫°u*≈≤ <bı∫ ≈®°›w F°u ı°wÙ Fæ $ <ıŸJu¡ ≈æ≤ ªtÕt∫ ı¥wu
N°<Ì Ÿu ŸC≤<sw F°uwu Fæ* ŸJu¡ <ÔÎ Ÿ°≤Ù ≈¨ØbÙ ªt°Õb¨w F°u FÙ ı°wÙ Fæ $$6$$
wf tfi J¡∑ „°¿∏w J¡° J¡°æfi ≈°∫ Fæ ? oŸ „aJ¡°≈≤ tfi J¡∑ „°¿∏w J¡° ≈°∫ fwÔ°wu Fæ* $
<ªW°b¿h~>∏fi Ÿa<bÌgR¡≈ ıÙb J¡°u Ÿa<bÌ°J¡°„ tu* (f®Êtu*) ÎJ¡ J¡≤Ju¡ <fiı N°Ãt° tu* ¿_Sw
≈C”T J¡° tfi „≤Ì M¡wC Ju¡ JC¡F≤u J¡∑ w≤F N≈fiu-N°≈ „°∏w F°u ı°w° Fæ $ Fu ZÙ≤°tıÙ, ≈¥bÕb<dÕw
ıÙbŸa<bwg J¡° ıwfi Ju¡ Ÿ°S f®Ê tu* ÎJ¡∑J¡≤d Ÿu ıæŸ° <ªW „°∏w F°uw° Fæ bæŸ° „°∏w w≈_∫°,
wÙSÕŸubfi, <bΩ°, ∫I°fiC‹™>°fi N°<Ì Ÿu fiFÙ* F°uw° $ <ıŸ <ıŸJ¡° fÔ°wg _t≤d F°uw° Fæ Ÿ ŸJ¡°
N<@‹™>°fi f®ÊŸa<bwg tu* ≈®<bÔ°≈fi Ÿa<bwg Ÿu (ÎJ¡∑J¡≤d Ÿa<bwg Ÿu) <fiÿª∫ <b_t≤d <J¡∫° ı°
ŸJ¡w° Fæ ∫°fiÙ ŸJu¡ Ÿa_J¡°≤°u* Ju¡ h~>uÌ Ÿu ≈Cfi# _t≤d Ju¡ N∫°uÀ∫ <J¡∫° ı°w° Fæ $ •w ≈°∫
Ÿu ˚°uyFuwC <bT∫°u*≈≤ <bı∫ ≈®°›w F°uwÙ Fæ $ <fi≤∏w≤ NU∫°ŸR¡≈ ≈®∫Ãfi Ÿu ∫<Ì <ªWb¨<W <bT∫R¡≈Ù
t°aŸ Ÿu f®Ê tu* JC¡~> Ÿa≤°u<≈w F°u Ÿ ≈°∫ Ÿu w[bI°<fi∫°u* J¡° NfiC˚b<Ÿ] _b≤°≠∫≈Ì ≈®°›w F…N°
FÙ Ÿt<H∫u $$7-10$$
oŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ ÎJ¡t°` _b@tÕ<fi‹™>w° J¡∑ Â»w° ˚Ù bæ≤°À∫<Ÿ<] π°≤° o¿∏B∫ı∫ J¡∑ FuwC F°uwÙ Fæ,
_b-bd°ÕZt@tÕ Ju¡ N°ª≤d π°≤° ı°u ≈Ì ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ bFÙ tCHu ”ªw° Fæ ŸŸu N∏∫ fiFÙ*,
ŸÙ ≈Ì tu* N°≈ bı® Ju¡ Ÿt°fi Â» F°uo∫u $$11$$ _b@tÕ<b”] ÌuF∫°`° FuwC N∏fi N°<Ì tu* oh~>°
J¡° Ã∫°y J¡≤w° F…N° Îba „t N°æ≤ Ÿ∏w°uT J¡° ≈°ıÕfi J¡≤w° F…N° ı°u ¿_Sw ≤Fw° Fæ bFÙ
<b<ıwu¿∏B∫ Fæ $$12$$ <ıŸJ¡° tfi N∏Ì≤ Ÿa<bwg tu* ≤<ŸJ¡w° N°æ≤ f°F≤ fiÙ≤Ÿw° Ju¡ NU∫°Ÿ tu*
J¡˚Ù <fibuÕÌ J¡°u ≈®°›w fiFÙ* F°uw°, «¡fw° fiFÙ* Fæ, ŸJ¡° tfi „°∏w F°uw° Fæ $$13$$ Ÿa<bwg J¡°
≈®∫Ãfi≈¥bÕJ¡ f®Ê tu* N°≤°u≈ J¡≤fiu Ÿu tfi <bT∫°u* Ju¡ ≈Ù~>u Ì°ænfiu Ju¡ Ì…Δ∫ÕŸfi J¡° Ã∫°y J¡≤ Ìuw° Fæ $
bFÙ tfi J¡∑ ªaªÔw° Fæ $ tfi ªaªÔw° Ÿu ~C>¸>J¡°≤° ≈°J¡≤ <bbuJ¡ J¡∑ N°u≤ Ny®Ÿ≤ F°uw° Fæ $$14$$
<bbuJ¡b°fig tF°„∫ J¡F° ı°w° Fæ $ bF b°Ÿfi°R¡≈Ù w≤ay°u* Ju¡ buy Ÿu ŸaŸ°≤Ÿ°y≤ tu* •Ôu„ fiFÙ*
≈°w° $$15$$ Ì°≤ ≈C”T oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ <ıwuu¿∏B∫ F°uJ¡≤ <fi≤∏w≤ Ÿ°@C-Ÿ∏w°u* J¡∑ Ÿay<w N°æ≤ Ÿwg„°˜°u*
Ju¡ NfiC„ÙÔfi Ÿu ıywg J¡°u ŸÃ∫ f®Êt°` Ìu©w° Fæ $ ŸÃ∫ b_wC Ju¡ Ì„Õfi Ÿu t”˚¥<t tu* ¿tØ∫°b_wCN°u*
tu* Ì°ænfiu Ÿu Ì…#©Ì°∫Ù J¡°u ıÔI°fi J¡∑ w≤F ŸaŸ°≤˚®°¿∏w „°∏w F°u ı°wÙ Fæ $ ªuÃ∫<˚∏fi <ª∏t°`
FÙ oŸ ıywgR¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ ŸÃ∫f°u@b°Ôu J¡∑ (∫S°SÕI°fiÙ J¡∑) f∏@-t°usÂ<‹¸>∫°≥
<J¡ŸŸu F°uyÙ ? ıæŸu Ÿ¥∫Õ J¡∑ ytÙÕb„ „°uTd π°≤° sÙd F°uJ¡≤ Nfi°J¡°≤ (Nt¥wÕ) F…N° ıÔ <k¡≤
fFw° fiFÙ* Fæ bæŸu FÙ NJ¡°≤d (<ıŸJ¡° J¡°uoÕ J¡°≤d fiFÙ* Fæ) Âÿ∫ w[bI°fi Ÿu <~>∏fit¥Ô F°uJ¡≤ <k¡≤
≈fi≈w° fiFÙ* Fæ $ N°J¡°„t°`R¡≈b°Ô° buÌfi FÙ N≈fiÙ N<bΩ°b„ "Ãbtg' (wCt), "NFtg' (tæ*)
oÃ∫°<Ì R¡≈ @°≤d J¡≤w° Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ N≈fiu tu* Nº∫_w "NFtg' oÃ∫°<ÌR¡≈ oŸ ıywg J¡°u I°fi π°≤°
<t¸>°J¡≤ Nº∫_w Ÿu <˚∏fi N<@‹™>°fit°` F°u ı°w° Fæ $$16-20$$ "Ãbtg', "NFtg' oÃ∫°<Ì ıywg
N<bΩ°t°` (˚®tt°`) FÙ Fæ $ ∫F <tØ∫° F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d _bw# FÙ „°∏w NwÎb Ju¡bÔ „¥∏∫t°`
„≤Ù≤b°Ô° Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* (N≈fiu w°¿[bJ¡ R¡≈ tu*) FÙ ¿_Sw Fæ $ <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* <ªÃ≈®˚°
J¡° FÙ oŸ ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ $ ∫F <ªwg ıywgR¡≈Ù „¥∏∫ Ÿu „¥∏∫ ˚Ù „¥∏∫ FÙ Fæ ∫F
<fiÿª∫ (<Ÿ]°∏w) Fæ $$21,22$$
N˚∫„¥∏∫w° J¡F°≥ ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ* ? ÎuŸ° ∫<Ì J¡°uoÕ ≈®ÿfi J¡≤u, w°u Ÿ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
∫F°≥≈≤ _b›fiÌ„Õfi Â‹¸>°∏w J¡° J¡°æfi <fib°≤d J¡≤ ŸJ¡w° Fæ $ "_b›fi NŸwgt∫ Fæ' oŸŸu _b›fi tu*
„¥∏∫w° Fæ "_b›fi NfiC˚¥w F°uw° Fæ' oŸŸu Ÿtu* „¥∏∫„¥∏∫w° ˚Ù Fæ $ NfiC˚¥w J¡∑ NŸwgt∫w° tu* ˚Ù
_b›fi FÙ Â‹¸>°∏w Fæ $ J¡°≤d <J¡ _b›fi _b°fiC˚¥w F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù NŸwgt∫ Fæ $$23$$ Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ,
_b›fiŸabuÌfit°`_bR¡≈b°Ô° <ªÌ°Ãt° _b›fi tu* ı°u ı°u ≤°≠∫°<Ì bæ˚b F°uJ¡≤ ≈®<w<‹™>w F°uw° Fæ, bF
Ÿf <ªwg J¡° FÙ R¡≈ Fæ •∫°u*<J¡ bF R¡≈ J¡w°Õ, J¡tÕ, J¡≤d N°<Ì J¡°≤d°u* Ÿu <fi≤≈us F°ufiu Ÿu <ªBq≈ FÙ
Fæ $$24$$ ı°u-ı°u J¡w°Õ, J¡tÕ, J¡≤d N°<Ì Ÿu <fi≤≈us F°uw° Fæ bF Ÿf <ªÌg|fit°`R¡≈ tæ* FÙ Fq≥ $ Ÿ¨<‹¸>
Ju¡ ≈®°≤‡˚ tu* oŸ ıywg Ju¡ ˚Ù J¡w°Õ, J¡tÕ, J¡≤d N°<Ì J¡° <fiÌuÕ„ fiFÙ* <J¡∫° ı° ŸJ¡w° ÎuŸ° Ft ≈FÔu
≈≈°Ìfi J¡≤ ªCJu¡ Fæ*, oŸ<ÔÎ ∫F ıywg tu≤° _b≈®J¡°„ N°ÃtR¡≈ FÙ Fæ $$25$$
_b›fi tu* N≈fiu t≤fiu J¡∑ w≤F N°æ≤ t”˚¥<t tu* tÿw¨‹d° fiÌÙ J¡∑ w≤F ≈®wÙ<wb„ <bΩt°fi ≤FwÙ
F…oÕ ˚Ù I°fi Ÿu f°<@w F…oÕ N<bΩ° Fæ FÙ fiFÙ*, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu _b›fi°u* tu* NfiC˚¥w ˚Ù _t≤d <tØ∫° Fæ N°æ≤ ıæŸu t”˚¥<t tu* <bΩt°fi ˚Ù ıÔ˚®°¿∏w NŸwg
Fæ bæŸu FÙ ≈®wÙ<wb„ <bΩt°fi ˚Ù ∫F N<bΩ° fiFÙ* Fæ $$26$$ <ªÌ°J¡°„ fiu Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°≤‡˚ tu* N≈fiu
ª°J¡ª•∫ J¡° (HÔJ¡ ∫° ªtÃJ¡°≤ J¡°) N≈fiu _bR¡≈ tu* ŸaJ¡v≈ <J¡∫° bFÙ <ffi° J¡°≤d J¡° ıywg
Ju¡ fi°t Ÿu J¡°J¡w°ÔÙ∫ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ¿_Sw Fæ $ ∫F ıywg NJ¡°≤d FÙ _kC¡¿≤w F°uw° Fæ _kC¡≤d J¡°u ≈®°›w
fi F…N° ˚Ù ∫F _kC¡¿≤w-Ÿ° ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ $ ª¥≥<J¡ ∫F ıywg <ªÃ≈®J¡°„ Ÿu ÌuÌÙ›∫t°fi F°uJ¡≤ ≈®¶∫°w
ŸyÕ - 163] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2403
F°u ≤F° Fæ oŸ<ÔÎ <bπ°fi Ô°uy oŸu bFÙ ≈≤t ≈Ì ı°fiwu Fæ* $$27,28$$ oŸtu* ı°u ∫F ıÙb N°<Ì
J¡° _kC¡≤d F°uw° Fæ, bF ˚Ù ≈≤t≈Ì FÙ Fæ •∫°u*<J¡ „¥∏∫w° N°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ N°æ≤ N°bwÕ, w≤ay, fCÌgfCÌg
N°<Ì ıÔ Fæ* $$29$$
NSb° Nb∫b-Nb∫bÙ ˚°b J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° Ju¡ π°≤° ıÙb°<Ì J¡∑ f®ÊæJ¡w° ŸtHfiÙ ª°<F∫u, ÎuŸ°
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu Nb∫bÙ J¡° Ÿ°b∫b ÎJ¡ R¡≈ F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ b°_wb tu* <fi≤b∫b J¡v≈fi° π°≤° ıÙb°<ÌR¡≈
Nb∫b∫C•w f®Ê ÎJ¡ FÙ Fæ $$30$$
NSb° _k¡<¸>J¡ <„Ô° Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ bfi, ≈bÕw, fiÌÙ N°<Ì Ju¡ N°˚°Ÿ J¡∑ w≤F f®Ê tu* ıywg J¡°
N°˚°Ÿ Fæ, ∫F ŸtHfi° ª°<F∫u, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
N°˚°ŸR¡≈ Âÿ∫ „°∏w N<bfi°„Ù _bh~> <ª∏t°`R¡≈ Ÿu FÙ ¿_Sw Fæ $ ŸJ¡° _bh~>w° _b˚°b
FÙ ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu ˚°<Ÿw F°uw° Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ N≈fiu _b˚°b˚¥w oŸ Âÿ∫ tu* •∫° <bª°≤ <J¡∫° ı°∫
∫°fiÙ oŸtu* πæw ∫° Nπæw J¡° <bª°≤ J¡≤fi° Δ∫SÕ Fæ $$31$$ ≈≤t≈Ì tu* N°<Ì N∏w N°æ≤ tº∫ J¡∑ J¡°uoÕ
J¡v≈fi°Î≥ fiFÙ* Fæ* $ ∫F Âÿ∫R¡≈° N<bΩ° ≈≤t≈ÌR¡≈ FÙ Fæ $ Nw# N<bΩ° fi°t J¡° ≈¨SJg¡ ≈Ì°SÕ ∫F°≥
J¡°uoÕ fiFÙ* Fæ $$32$$ _b›fi Ÿu ı°y®wg tu* ≈®bu„ J¡≤w° F…N° N°æ≤ ı°y®wg Ÿu _b›fi tu* ≈®bu„ J¡≤w° F…N°
ıÙb ≈®fC] F°u ª°Fu N≈®fC] F°u ÎJ¡ R¡≈Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ $ ≈®f°u@ N°æ≤ N≈®f°u@ Nb_S° tu* Ju¡bÔ ˚°fiR¡≈
Ÿu FÙ bF ¿_Sw Fæ $ ı°y®wg N°æ≤ _b›fi tu* ŸCTC›w (NI°fi°b¨w N°Ãt°) N°æ≤ wC∫Õ („C] N°Ãt°)
˚®°¿∏w<fi<tÕw Ÿ≈Õ Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ NI°fi≤≠ıC N°æ≤ Ju¡bÔ ≤≠ıC Ju¡ wCv∫ ŸÌ° ¿_Sw Fæ, <J¡∏wC ≈®fC] ≈C”T
ı°y®wg N°æ≤ _b›fi J¡°u ÎJ¡ wC∫Õ („C] N°Ãt° ) FÙ ı°fiw° Fæ $ w[bI°fib°fig ≈C”T Ju¡ <ÔÎ ı°y®wg,
_b›fi N°æ≤ ŸCTC¿›w ŸfJC¡~> wC∫Õ FÙ Fæ $ w[bI°fiÙ J¡∑ N<bΩ° fiFÙ* Fæ Nw# bF πæw_S F°ufiu≈≤ ˚Ù
Nπ∫ FÙ Fæ $$33-35$$ ∫F πæw N°æ≤ Nπæw wS° "Ãbtg' (wCt) "NFtg' (tæ*) N°æ≤ "oÌtg' (∫F)
ÎuŸÙ J¡°uoÕ ˚Ù J¡v≈fi° N<bΩ°<bFÙfi ≈C”T J¡°u Jæ¡Ÿu F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ, ŸŸu „¥∏∫ ˚Ù Jæ¡Ÿu ? $$36$$
N≈®fC] f°ÔJ¡ πæw, Nπæw N°<Ì ˚uÌ°u* Ÿu ∫C•w b°•∫≤ªfi° Ju¡ <bÔ°Ÿ°u* Ÿu J®¡∑n° J¡≤wu Fæ*, I°fib¨]
≈C”T fiJ¡°u F≥Ÿwu Fæ* $$37$$
wf I°fiÙ Ô°uy ˚Ù „°˜°u* tu* πæwNπæw<bb°Ì°u* J¡∑ •∫°u* oh~>° J¡≤wu Fæ* ? ÎuŸ° ≈®ÿfi F°ufiu ≈≤
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
πæw N°æ≤ Nπæw tu* <bb°Ì J¡∑ oh~>° ⁄Ì∫°J¡°„ tu* N°≤°u<≈w <„‹∫≈®f°u@R¡≈ k¡Ôb°ÔÙ taı≤Ù Fæ $
ŸJu¡ <ffi° ∫F°≥ ≈®f°u@°J¡°„ J¡° Ÿat°ıÕfi fiFÙ* F°uw° Fæ $$38$$
NwÎb tæ*fiu ˚Ù ŸC⁄Ìg˚°b Ÿu J¡v≈fi° π°≤° πæwNπæw<bª°≤d° J¡∑ Fæ $ ıf oŸJ¡° J¡°∫Õ Ÿ‡≈∏fi F°u
ı°∫uy° wf |≤ Ju¡ H°±¥> Ju¡ Ÿt°fi oŸJ¡° Ã∫°y J¡≤ <Ì∫° ı°∫uy°, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
tæ*fiu N°≈ Ô°uy°u* J¡° <t` ffiJ¡≤ <bb°Ì Ÿu πæw-Nπæw J¡° <bª°≤ <J¡∫° Fæ $ ∫F ⁄Ì∫R¡≈Ù |≤ Ju¡
N∏Ì≤ NI°fiR¡≈Ù ˚_t J¡° t°ıÕfi J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ (fCF°≤Ù) Fæ $$39$$ N<bΩ°R¡≈Ù ˚_t J¡° Ÿat°ıÕfi
F°ufiu≈≤ N<@J¡°≤Ù Ô°uy°u* J¡° <ªW f®Ê tu* ≤t ı°w° Fæ, ≈®°d Ÿtu* ÔÙfi F°u ı°wu Fæ* ∫°u* bu f®Ê<ªW N°æ≤
f®Êyw≈®°d F°uJ¡≤ N°≈Ÿ tu* ÎJ¡ ÌqŸ≤u J¡°u f°u<@w J¡≤wu F…Î N°æ≤ ŸJu¡ _bR¡≈ J¡° <fiR¡≈d J¡≤wu F…Î
≈®Ÿ∏fi F°uwu Fæ*, ≈®tC<Ìw F°uwu Fæ* $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ˚ıfi J¡≤ ≤Fu N°æ≤ <fi≤∏w≤ <bª°≤ tu* <fitÀfi F…Î fi
N<@J¡°¿≤∫°u* J¡° ∫F tu≤u π°≤° ≈<Ì‹¸> fC<]∫°uy (I°fi∫°uy) Ÿt∫ ≈°J¡≤ Ì¨» F°u ı°w° Fæ <ıŸŸu bu tu≤u
Ÿ t°us fi°tJ¡ ≈Ì J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uwu Fæ* $$40,41$$
"Ÿwwg∫C•w°fi°tg' ∫°fiÙ <fi≤∏w≤ <bª°≤ tu* <fitÀfi F…Î oŸ ≈®∫Ãfi°<w„∫ J¡∑ <•w Ju¡ w°Ã≈∫Õ J¡°
Ìg|°¸>fi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
w¨dt°` Ju¡ ˚Ù ŸÌÙÕ, ytÙÕ, ≈„C N°<Ì Ÿu ≤sd tu* ≈°∫ ∫<Ì ∫Ãfiw# <J¡∫° ı°∫ w°u bF ≈J¡°≤Ù
F°uw° Fæ ≈us° Ÿu ≈°∫ <J¡∫° ı°∫ w°u bF J¡°t∫°f fiFÙ* F°uw° ÎJ¡ Ì°u <`Ô°u<J¡∫°u* J¡° fiFÙ* N<≈wC J¡°u<¸>
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ŸyÕ - 164] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2405
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ŸyÕ - 165] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2407
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≈∫C•w F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ $ ıf _b≈®J¡°„ N°Ãt° FÙ ŸyÕ Fæ, wf ıæŸu ÎJ¡ ÌÙ≈J¡ tu* ÌqŸ≤u ÌÙ≈J¡ Ÿu ≈®¶∫°≈fi
∫° N≈®¶∫°≈fi J¡°uoÕ twÔf fiFÙ* ≤©w° bæŸu FÙ Ÿtu* ≈®¶∫°≈fi N°æ≤ N≈®¶∫°≈fi N<J*¡<ªÃJ¡≤ Fæ $
oŸ<ÔÎ b°ÌÙ J¡° N<˚tw NSÕ <J¡ŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿayw fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w° $ oŸŸu NŸwg¶∫°<w N°æ≤
N∏∫S°¶∫°<w J¡° ˚Ù, <ı∏Fu* N∏∫ b°ÌÙ t°fiwu Fæ*, <fi≤°J¡≤d F°u y∫°; •∫°u*<J¡ NSÕ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi NŸwg
N°æ≤ N∏∫S° „ÆÌ°u* Ju¡ NS°u˘ J¡° ˚Ù ¶∫°<w ≈Ì°SÕ Ju¡ Ÿ°S N∏b∫ fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w°, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$6$$
∫<Ì b°ÌÙ Ô°uy _b›fi tfi°u≤S N°<Ì Ju¡ N∏∫ Âÿ∫°u* J¡∑ w≤F J¡v≈fi° t°`R¡≈ N¶∫°<w N°<Ì J¡°u
<ªwg-ªtÃJ¡°≤R¡≈ FÙ t°fiu* w°u bæŸ° t°fiu* oŸtu* Ftu* J¡°uoÕ N°≈¿W fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Ÿ Nb_S° tu* N¶∫°<w, N∏∫S°¶∫°<w, NŸwg¶∫°<wR¡≈ Âÿ∫ <ª∏t°`R¡≈ Ÿ¥∫Õ J¡∑ <ªwg
ªtÃJ¡°≤˚¥w ≈®˚°Î≥ FÙ Fæ* ıæŸu ıæŸu ıf ı°u ı°u <ª∏t°`N°J¡°„R¡≈ Ÿ¥∫Õ Ÿu <fitÕÔ <ªBq≈ <J¡≤du* N¿Àfi
Ÿu <ªfiy°¿≤∫°u* Ju¡ Ÿt°fi _kC¡<≤w F°uwÙ Fæ* wf bæŸÙ bæŸÙ bu ffi ı°wÙ Fæ* $$7,8$$
ÎuŸÙ ≈¿≤¿_S<w tu* N°≈J¡∑ N<˚tw bu N¶∫°<w N°<Ì tuu≤Ù N°Ãt¶∫°<w J¡∑ <b˚¥<w∫°≥ FÙ Fæ,
ŸyÕ - 166] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2411
N°Ãt¶∫°<w, N¶∫°<w N°æ≤ N∏∫S°¶∫°<w ∫u Ÿf <ªwgªtÃJ¡°≤R¡≈ F°ufiu Ÿu tu≤Ù N°Ãt¶∫°<w
J¡∑ <b˚¥<w∫°≥ FÙ Fæ $$9$$
≈¥bÕ b<dÕw N°Ãt¶∫°<w J¡° ≈ŸaF°≤ J¡≤wu FÎ ≈FÔu ı°u "<„Ô°ı™>≤<fiÕ|fi°tg' -<„Ô° Ju¡ N∏Ì≤
Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ™>°uŸ ÎuŸ° ≈Ì J¡F° S° ŸJ¡∑ <„Ô°u≈°¶∫°fi π°≤° Δ∫°¶∫° J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ˚¥<tJ¡° f°≥@wu Fæ* $
N°Ãt° N°æ≤ ¶∫°<w ≈Ì Ju¡ b°h∫ NSÕ Ÿu <b≤<Fw, N°Ãt° N°æ≤ ¶∫°<w Ju¡ Ô‚∫°SÕ N°<Ì N∏w Ÿu
„¥∏∫, b°dÙ J¡° N<bT∫ ∫F N°yu J¡F° ı°fiub°Ô° ÎJ¡t°` ™>°uŸR¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw N°Ãt¶∫°<w≈Ì J¡° NSÕ
Fæ $$10$$ oŸ <bT∫ tu* J¡dÕ<b˚¥Td ∫F tF°fig N°¶∫°fi N°≈ ŸCC<fi∫u $ ∫F N°¶∫°fi πæwÂ<‹¸>∫°u* J¡°u
fi‹¸> J¡≤fiub°Ô° Fæ N°æ≤ I°fiR¡≈Ù Ÿ¥∫Õ J¡°u ªtJ¡°fiub°Ô° Fæ $$11$$ ª°≤°u* N°u≤ fiÙÔ° N°J¡°„ FÙ ∫<Ì
ÌÙb°≤ ∫° ª\>°fi ffiu ŸJu¡ Ÿt°fi J¡<™>fi <fitÕÔ N°æ≤ <b„°Ô ÎJ¡ <„Ô° Fæ, <ıŸJ¡° <b_w°≤ Fı°≤°u*
J¡≤°un ∫°uıfi Fæ $$12$$ Ÿ <„Ô° tu* J¡FÙ*≈≤ ˚Ù Ÿ¿∏@∫°u* J¡° ı°un fiFÙ* Fæ, bF NÃ∫∏w <fi<fn (™>°uŸ),
bı® Ju¡ Ÿt°fi tıf¥w, tF°fig <b_w°≤b°ÔÙ, NÃ∫∏w ≈C‹¸> N°æ≤ J¡™>°u≤ Ì≤b°ÔÙ wS° N°J¡°„ Ju¡
Ÿt°fi <fitÕÔ Fæ $$13$$ NŸa¶∫ J¡v≈°u* wJ¡ ŸJ¡° fi°„ F°ufiub°Ô° fiFÙ* Fæ, bF NÃ∫∏w <fi<fn Nayb°ÔÙ
Fæ, ŸC∏Ì≤w° tu* ˚Ù bF N≈fi° ı°un fiFÙ* ≤©wÙ N°æ≤ <fitÕÔw° tu* w°u bF N°J¡°„ŸÙ <Ì©°oÕ ÌuwÙ Fæ $$14$$
ŸJ¡∑ Ÿı°wÙ∫ N∏∫ J¡°uoÕ b_wC ≈®<Ÿ] fiFÙ* Fæ, Nw# ŸJ¡∑ <b<„‹¸> ∫°fiÙ <bı°wÙ∫ Ÿu Δ∫°b¨W
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<J¡Ÿ J¡°Ôtu* ∫F ˚Ù J¡˚Ù <J¡ŸÙ fiu fiFÙ* ı°fi° $ bF <„Ô° NÃ∫∏w |fiÙ, NŸÙt, J¡™>°u≤, bı® Ju¡ Ÿt°fi
Â» N°æ≤ N<bfi°<„fiÙ Fæ $ ˚¥w°u* ∫°fiÙ tF°˚¥w°u* N°æ≤ ªwC<bÕ@ ıÙb°u* Ÿu <b≤<Fw ŸJu¡ Ì≤ Ju¡ N∏Ì≤
ŸJ¡∑ _bR¡≈˚¥w ≤u©°R¡≈ fF…wŸÙ J¡tÔ≤°<„∫°≥ „a©, yÌ°Î≥, ªJ®¡ N°<Ì bæŸu FÙ <bΩt°fi Fæ* ıæŸu <J¡
_k¡<¸>J¡ <„Ô° Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ _bR¡≈˚¥w fF…wŸÙ ≤u©°Î≥ ≤FwÙ Fæ* $ bF°≥ (<„Ô° Ju¡ N∏Ì≤) N°J¡°„, b°∫C,
ıÔ, wuı N°<Ì ıywg S° FÙ fiFÙ*, <J¡∏wC ≈¥b°uÕ•w ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu Â<‹¸>yw F°u ≤FÙ* N≈fiÙ ≤u©°N°u* J¡∑ FÙ
Ÿfiu N°J¡°„, b°∫C, ıÔ, wuı, ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì ŸaI°Î≥ ≤© ÔÙ* $$15-18$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, bF <„Ô° Fæ, <„Ô° Nªuwfi F°uwÙ Fæ ∫F Ÿ°≤° ŸaŸ°≤ ı°fiw° Fæ $
<k¡≤ ŸJ¡°u ªuwfiw° J¡F°≥ Ÿu ≈®°›w F…oÕ ? ∫F tCHu fwÔ°fiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u $ ∫<Ì bF Nªuwfi FÙ Fæ w°u
Ÿfiu N°J¡°„, b°∫C N°<Ì fi°t Jæ¡Ÿu ≤•©u ? fi°t ≤©fi° w°u <J¡ŸÙ ªuwfi° J¡° FÙ J¡°t Fæ $$19$$
"ı°<w_wC I°∫wu w_∫° <b<„‹¸>° fiæb Ju¡fi<ªwg' oŸ ¿•w Ÿu FÙ oŸ ≈®ÿfi J¡° W≤ F°u ªCJ¡° Fæ, ∫°u*
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ ≤°tª∏BıÙ Ju¡ ≈®ÿfi J¡° Ÿt°@°fi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # <≈®∫ ≤°tıÙ, <b„°Ô wS° ÌuÌÙ›∫t°fi bF <„Ô° fi ªuwfi Fæ N°æ≤ fi ın
Fæ $ ŸJ¡∑ ı°<w J¡°u J¡°æfi ı°fi ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? Ÿtu* ÌqŸ≤° Fæ ˚Ù J¡°æfi ı°u ŸJ¡∑ ı°<w J¡°u ı°fiuy° ?
∫F ˚°b Fæ $$20$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # tC<fib≤, ∫<Ì Ÿtu* J¡°uoÕ ÌqŸ≤° fiFÙ* Fæ w°u N°≈fiu <ıfi N°J¡°„, b°∫C
N°<Ì Ju¡ N°J¡°≤b°ÔÙ ŸJu¡ Ì≤ tu* <_Sw ≤u©°N°u* J¡° bdÕfi <J¡∫° Fæ ∏Fu* Jæ¡Ÿu Ìu©w° Fæ ? NSb°
<J¡Ÿfiu J¡f ŸJu¡ N∏Ì≤ <b<ª` ≤u©°N°u* Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ tu* FS°ænÙ N°<Ì Ÿu ∏Fu* y»° ? N°æ≤ N∏Ì≤
FS°ænÙ N°<Ì J¡° ≈®bu„ fi F°u ŸJ¡fiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d Jæ¡Ÿu <J¡Ÿfiu ∏Fu* <k¡≤ <bfi‹¸> <J¡∫° ? ∫F tCHu
fwÔ°fiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u $$21$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ ZÙ≤°tıÙ, bF NÃ∫∏w Â» <„Ô° w°unÙ fiFÙ* ı° ŸJ¡wÙ N°æ≤ fi
J¡°uoÕ w°unfiub°Ô° FÙ Fæ $ N≈°≤≈∫Õ∏w ∫°fiÙ N<w<b„°Ô J¡°∫°b°ÔÙ ŸÙfiu Ÿf JC¡~> Δ∫°›wJ¡≤ ≤•©°
Fæ $ ŸJu¡ N∏Ì≤ ≤u©°R¡≈ NŸa¶∫ b¨s≤°<„∫°≥, ≈bÕwZu<d∫°≥, fiy≤ N°æ≤ y®°t Fæ* $ Ÿtu* ≤u©°R¡≈
FÙ Ÿ¥‚t, _S¥Ô, <fi≤°J¡°≤ N°æ≤ Ÿ°J¡°≤, Ìub, Ì°fib N°<Ì fi°t@°≤Ù ıÙb ≈®<wt°N°u* J¡∑ w≤F
<bΩt°fi Fæ* $ Ÿtu* N°J¡°„ fi°tJ¡∑ <b„°Ô ≤u©° Fæ wS° ŸJu¡ ˚Ùw≤ ª∏B N°æ≤ Ÿ¥∫Õ fi°tJ¡∑
N∏∫°∏∫ ≈≤u©°Î≥ ˚Ù Fæ* $$22-25$$
ZÙ≤°tıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu f®Êfig, bF°≥ ≈≤ fi ≤u©°N°u* J¡°u <J¡Ÿfiu Ìu©° Fæ, bu <J¡Ÿ w≤F J¡∑ Fæ N°æ≤
N<w <fi<fn ≈ÃS≤ Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ <_Sw bu Jæ¡ŸÙ Ìu©Ù ı° ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ $ J¨¡≈∫° ∫F J¡<F∫u $$26$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, ŸJu¡ N∏Ì≤ Ÿ w≤F J¡∑ bu ≤u©°Î≥ tæ*fiu Ìu©Ù Fæ* $ ∫<Ì
N°≈J¡°u ∏Fu* Ìu©fiu J¡∑ oh~>° F°u w°u N°≈ ˚Ù fi ≤u©°N°u* J¡°u Ÿt°<@ π°≤° Ìu© ŸJ¡wu Fæ* $$27$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu tC<fiZu‹™>, Ÿ w≤F J¡∑ bı® Ÿu ˚Ù tıf¥w bF <„Ô° w°unÙ fiFÙ* ı°
ŸJ¡wÙ, <k¡≤ ˚Ù N°≈fiu ŸJu¡ y˚Õ tu* ¿_Sw ≤u©°Î≥ Jæ¡Ÿu Ìu©Ù* ? $$28$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, tæ* ˚Ù (b<Ÿ‹™>„≤Ù≤ ˚Ù) oŸJu¡ y˚Õ tu* ¿_Sw ≤u©°R¡≈ FÙ
Fq≥, oŸ J¡°≤d bF°≥≈≤ ¿_Sw tæ* Ÿf ≤u©°N°u* J¡°u ≈¥dÕw∫° Ìu©w° Fq≥ $ ŸJu¡ N∏Ì≤ ¿_Sw F…Î tæ*fiu N∏Ì≤
¿_Sw Ÿf ≤u©°N°u* J¡°u Ìu©°, fiFÙ* w°u Ÿ <„Ô° J¡°u w°unfiu-k¡°unfiu J¡∑ <J¡Ÿtu* Ÿ°tØ∫Õ Fæ ? $$29,30$$
Nf w[bw# Ÿ <„Ô° J¡°u N°æ≤ b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ J¡°u ı°fifiu J¡∑ oh~>° Ÿu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ ≈¥~>wu Fæ* $
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # bF <„Ô° J¡°æfi Fæ, N°æ≤ N°≈ J¡°æfi Fæ*, J¡F°≥≈≤ <_Sw Fæ* $ ∫F <„Ô°fi°tJ¡
<J¡ŸJ¡°u N°≈ J¡Fwu Fæ* N°æ≤ •∫° N°≈fiu bF <„Ô° Ìu©Ù Fæ ? J¨¡≈° J¡≤Ju¡ ∫F Ÿf ∫S°SÕR¡≈ Ÿu tCHŸu
J¡<F∫u $$31$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, oŸ <„Ô°¶∫°fib°ª°u∫C¿•w (bªfi˚ayÙ) Ÿu tæ*fiu N°≈Ÿu ≈≤t°Ãt
tF°ŸW° J¡° bdÕfi <J¡∫° Fæ $ ∫F <b„°Ô <„Ô° fiFÙ* Fæ $ Ÿ ≈≤t°ÃttF°ŸW°R¡≈ <„Ô° Ju¡ <~>B≤<Fw
y˚Õ tu* ∫u Ft Ô°uy Ÿ <„Ô° Ju¡ t°aŸ ıæŸu FÙ (_bR¡≈˚¥w FÙ) ¿_Sw Fæ* $$32,33$$
Ÿ°≤° ıywg Ÿ <„Ô° J¡° Nay FÙ Fæ, ∫F <b_w°≤ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Fu ≤°tª∏BıÙ, N°J¡°„ J¡°u N°≈ Ÿ <„Ô° J¡° Nay ı°<fi∫u $ b°∫C N°<Ì ≈°≥ª tF°˚¥w ŸJu¡ Nay
Fæ*, ∫F Ÿt<H∫u, <J®¡∫°, „ÆÌ N°<Ì ∫°fiÙ b°∫C, N°J¡°„ N°<Ì Ÿf ˚¥w-˚°æ<wJ¡°u* Ju¡ @tÕ, b°Ÿfi°
N°<Ì tfiJu¡ @tÕ N°æ≤ ≈s, t°Ÿ, bTÕ N°<Ì J¡°Ô J¡∑ J¡v≈fi°Î≥ Ÿ <„Ô° Ju¡ Nay Fæ* $$34$$
•w J¡°u FÙ _≈‹¸>R¡≈ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
˚¥<t, ıÔ, wuı, b°∫C, N°J¡°„, tfi, fC<], NFaJ¡°≤ ∫u Ÿf Ÿ <„Ô° Ju¡ Nay J¡Fu y∫u
Fæ* $$35$$ ∫u Ÿf Ft Ô°uy ˚Ù Ÿ ≈≤t°ÃttF°ŸW°R¡≈ <„Ô° Ju¡ t°aŸ J¡∑ w≤F _bR¡≈˚¥w FÙ Fæ* $
•w ≈≤t°ÃttF°<„Ô° Ÿu N<˚∏fi F°uwu F…Î ˚Ù ˚®tb„ N≈fiu J¡°u ŸŸu <˚∏fi ŸtHwu Fæ* $$36$$
ı°u ∫F <ª∏t°`æJ¡_bR¡≈ N<wtFwÙ <„Ô° Fæ ∫<Ì ŸŸu ≈¨SJg¡ J¡°uoÕ Fæ w°u bF J¡F°≥ ≈≤ Fæ N°æ≤ bF
J¡°æfi Fæ ∫F fwÔ°o∫u $$37$$
ŸyÕ - 167] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2413
∫<Ì J¡°uoÕ J¡Fu ≈¨<SbÙ, |n°, yâ°, b˜ N°<Ì FÙ ŸŸu ≈¨SJg¡R¡≈ Ÿu ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ*, w°u oŸ≈≤ "fiFÙ*'
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
∫u ˚¥wÔ, |¸>, ≈¸> N°<Ì „C] ŸabuÌfiR¡≈ FÙ Fæ* ıæŸu _b›fi tu* Ju¡bÔ ŸabuÌfiR¡≈ |¸>, ≈¸> N°<Ì J¡°
˚°fi F°uw° Fæ N°æ≤ ıæŸu ıÔJ¡° FÙ w≤ay, N°bwÕ, fCÌgfCÌg N°<Ì R¡≈ Ÿu ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ ofiJ¡° ˚Ù
˚°fi F°uw° Fæ $$38$$ w[bI Ô°uy |¸>, ≈¸> N°<Ì ŸJ¡Ô ˚¥w-˚°æ<wJ¡ ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡°u ŸbÕw# Δ∫°›w ≈≤t°SÕ|fi
ÎJ¡≤Ÿ „°∏w <ª∏t°`|fi f®Ê FÙ ı°fiwu Fæ* $ tF°<ªwg tu* Ÿ°≤° ıywg f®Ê<„Ô° J¡° y˚Õ FÙ Fæ N°æ≤ bF
<~>B°u* Ÿu ≤<Fw NŸÙt wS° N°<Ì, tº∫ N°æ≤ N∏w Ÿu „¥∏∫ Fæ $ •w ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ f®Ê°Ãt° fiu N≈fiu N°≈
FÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸>, ıywg, ˚Cbfi N°<Ì ≈∫°Õ∫b°ÔÙ Âÿ∫fi°t@°¿≤dÙ ∫F J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ Fæ $$39,40$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ~>°Ÿ™>b°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ŸnŸ™>b°≥ ŸyÕ

<b<˚∏fi b°<Ì∫°u* J¡∑ •w ª°≤ ¶∫°<w∫°u* J¡° w[bI J¡∑ Â<‹¸> Ÿu <fi≤°J¡≤d N°æ≤
wÙfi°u* Nb_S°N°u* Ÿu <fitCÕ•w N°Ãtw[b J¡° <fiR¡≈d J¡≤fi° $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, w[bI Ju¡ ≈®<w „ÆÌ°SÕÂ<‹¸>R¡≈ N°Ãt¶∫°<w,
NŸwg¶∫°<w, N¶∫°<w N°æ≤ N∏∫S°¶∫°<w ©≤y°u„ Ju¡ ŸÙ*y°u* J¡∑ w≤F NŸwg Fæ* $$1$$
∫<Ì ıyÃ¶∫°<w F°uwÙ w°u bF N°Ãt¶∫°<w Fæ ∫° NŸÃ¶∫°<w Fæ ∫° N¶∫°<w Fæ oÃ∫°<Ì <bJ¡v≈°u*
J¡° NbŸ≤ F°uw°, ıf ıyÃ¶∫°<w FÙ fiFÙ* Fæ wf <J¡ŸJ¡∑ ªwC<bÕ@w° F°uyÙ ? oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* #
Fu ≤°tıÙ, ofi ¶∫°<w∫°u* J¡° J¡Ì°<≈ Ÿa˚b fiFÙ* Fæ $ <fiÿªu‹¸> (¶∫°<w N°<Ì J¡v≈fi°N°u* Ju¡ t¥Ô˚¥w
<ªW J¡∑ ªu‹¸>°N°u* Ÿu ≤<Fw) „°∏w NΔ∫≈Ìuÿ∫ I°w° (B‹¸>°) FÙ Ju¡bÔ Fæ $$2$$ ∫u N°Ãt¶∫°<w N°<Ì
˚®°¿∏wÂ<‹¸>∫°≥ <ª∏t°` Ÿu <Ìw F°uwÙ Fæ* N°æ≤ <ª∏t°` ≈≤t°SÕR¡≈ Ÿu NÃ∫∏w „C] (J¡v≈fi°„¥∏∫)
N°J¡°„ Fæ $ Nw# tæ* Ÿ°≤Ù J¡v≈fi°N°u* J¡°u w∏t∫Ù FÙ Ìu©w° Fq≥, •∫°u*<J¡ "wÌg∫<ÌÌt∫°u&Ì°ut∫# ŸbÕt∫#'
(ı°u ∫F oÌat∫, NÌ°ut∫, ŸbÕt∫ Fæ bF Ÿf f®Ê FÙ Fæ) ÎuŸÙ ZC<w Fæ $$3$$ ∫F N°Ãt° Fæ, ∫F ¶∫°<w
Fæ, ∫F N∏w#J¡≤d J¡∑ J¡v≈fi°˚®°¿∏w FÙ Fæ, Nw# oŸJ¡° Ÿa˚b fiFÙ* Fæ $ oŸ<ÔÎ „ÆÌ J¡° Ã∫°yJ¡≤ N°≈
≈≤t°SÕ˚°ıfi F°uoÎ $ oŸÙ<ÔÎ Ftfiu "Ÿ°SÕJu¡fi°&&Ãt„ÆÌufi ¶∫°<w„ÆÌufi ª°u¿≠Hw°tg' ∫°fiÙ Ÿ°SÕJ¡
N°Ãt„ÆÌ Ÿu N°æ≤ ¶∫°<w„ÆÌ Ÿu ≈<≤Ã∫•w (<b≤<Fw) ÎuŸ° J¡F° Fæ $$4$$ oŸ ≈≤t°SÕÌ„Õfi Ÿu ªÔ
≤F°, ™>F≤ ≤F° N°æ≤ ©° ≤F° Ÿ°≤° ıywg „°∏w, N°J¡°„ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi t°æfi, <fitÕÔ, <fi≤b¿h~>∏fi wS°
N≈®b¨<Wt°fig FÙ ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ $$5$$
•w NSÕ J¡° <b„ÌR¡≈Ÿu ≈®<w≈°Ìfi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
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_b›fi tu* Ìu©u y∫u tF°Ÿ°y≤ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi <Ì©°oÕ Ìufiu≈≤ ˚Ù <fitÕÔ <ª∏t∫ Fæ $ ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi
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<fit°Õd F°ufiu≈≤ ˚Ù bF b_wCw# b_wC„¥∏∫ Fæ $$8-10$$ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # tC<fib≤, ∫<Ì N<bΩt°fi
FÙ ı°y®wg N°æ≤ _b›fiR¡≈ ıywg Ju¡bÔ b°Ÿfi° Ÿu Â<‹¸>y°uª≤ F°uw° Fæ w°u _t¨<w Ÿu FÙ bF Â<‹¸>≈Ì°R¡i>
F°uw° Fæ, ÎuŸ° tæ* ŸtHw° Fq≥, ∫°fiÙ tu≤Ù ŸtH tu* ıywg Ju¡ ˚°fi tu* _t¨<w FÙ J¡°≤d Fæ ˚®°<∏w J¡°≤d fiFÙ*
Fæ •∫°u*<J¡ _t¨<w N<@‹™>°fi, Ì°uT, Ÿ°Âÿ∫ N°<Ì <fi<tW°u* J¡∑ N≈us° fiFÙ* J¡≤wÙ Ju¡bÔ N<bΩt°fi
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Ÿa≈®∫°uıfi J¡° ≈∫°uy fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ∫F ıyÌg˚°fi <ªÌ<@‹™>°fib°ÔÙ ˚®°¿∏w FÙ Fæ, _t¨<w fiFÙ* Fæ $
ıæŸu bwÕt°fi NfiC˚b J¡°u _t¨<w t°fiwu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ ≈¥bÕ ≈¥bÕ NfiC˚b°u* tu* ˚Ù _t¨<wÃb°≈<W F°ufiu Ÿu _t¨<w Ju¡
t¥Ô˚¥w NfiC˚b J¡∑ N≈®<Ÿ<] F°ufiu J¡° ˚∫ Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ Ÿt°@°fi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
<ªÌ°J¡°„_bR¡≈ wS° ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡° ŸW°t°` ı°u ∫F <ªwg Ju¡ ª°J¡ª•∫ Ÿu ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ bFÙ
∫F J¡°J¡w°ÔÙ∫ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi N°J¡¿_tJ¡ „≤Ù≤@°≤Ù <ffi° ÌÙb°≤ Ju¡ <ª`-Ÿ° ıywg Fæ $ bF ∫F
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Ÿu ıf ıf ıæŸ° N∏Ì≤ ˚°<Ÿw F°uw° Fæ b°_wb tu* JC¡~> fi F°uw° F…N° ˚Ù fi ŸÌ° ∫° fi J¡Ì°<ªwg
∫` w` bæŸ° ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ $$12-15$$
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oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ N≈fiu _b˚°b J¡° Ã∫°y fi J¡≤ ≤Fu ŸÙ f®Ê fiu <ªwg F°uufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d _b∫a _b˚°b˚¥w
_bh~> ŸÙ f®Ê˚°fi Ju¡ FÙ ∫F ı°y®wg, ∫F _b›fi, ŸCTC¿›w N°æ≤ wC∫Õ ∫u fi°t, f®Ê NSb° N°Ãt° ∫u
fi°t N≈fiu tu* <J¡∫u Fæ* $$16,17$$ b°_wb tu* w°u fi _b›fi Fæ, fi ı°y®wg Fæ, fi ŸCTC¿›w Fæ, fi wC∫°Õb_S° Fæ
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(NŸ[b) ∫° <fi<bÕJ¡v≈ tu* bF Fæ ∫° ∫F oÃ∫°<Ì <bJ¡v≈ J¡°u ˚Ù N°„°∏wR¡≈Ù Ft fiFÙ* ı°fiwu Fæ* $ ıæŸu
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<bJ¡v≈ Δ∫SÕ Fæ $$19-21$$
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<ıŸ Ÿt∫ <ıŸJ¡° <ıŸJ¡°u ıæŸu _t≤d F°uw° Fæ Ÿwg F°u ª°Fu NŸwg ŸJ¡° ŸJ¡°u Ÿ Ÿt∫
bæŸ° NfiC˚b F°uw° Fæ N°≈Ju¡ _b›fi J¡∑ w≤F <ª¿w <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* FÙ ŸwgNŸwg ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡° NfiC˚b
ŸyÕ - 167] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2415
J¡≤wÙ Fæ* $ ∫F Ÿa<bwg J¡° _kC¡≤d R¡≈ FÙ <ªBq≈ N°J¡°„ ŸbÕΔ∫°≈J¡ <ªBq≈ N°J¡°„ tu* ˚°fi Ju¡
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Fæ, _b<˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ $ ıæŸu Ÿ¥∫Õ J¡° <fi≤°Z∫ N°J¡°„ tu* ˚¥w≤<Fw ≈®˚°R¡≈ FÙ ˚°fi Fæ bF <J¡ŸÙ ˚°_∫
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fiFÙ* Fæ $ ıæŸu b∏º∫° J¡° ≈C` fiFÙ* Fæ N°æ≤ ıæŸu J¡°Ô° ª∏Bt° fiFÙ* Fæ ™>ÙJ¡ bæŸu FÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì
tu* NI°<fi∫°u* J¡°u ≈®wÙw F°u ≤F° ıywg N°<Ì, "NFtg' N°<Ì ≈Ì°SÕ w[bÂ<‹¸> Ÿu fi Ìu©° ı°∫ w°u Fæ
∫<Ì w[bw# Ìu©° ı°∫ w°u JC¡~> ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ $ ıæŸu NI°<fi∫°u* Ju¡ ≈®<w tF°J¡°∫ Fæ bæŸu FÙ w[bI°<fi∫°u*
Ju¡ ≈®<w t¥wÕNt¥wÕR¡≈ Ÿu ≤<Fw <ª∏t°`ÎJ¡|fi N©a<±>w FÙ Fæ $$22-34$$
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F°uwÙ Fæ wf wf Δ∫bF°≤ tu* ≈ª°≤ Ÿu (y°ædÙb¨<W Ÿu) Ÿtu* N_w N°æ≤ Ì∫ J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ ı°wÙ Fæ $
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Ÿa<bwg J¡≤w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ N<bfi°„Ù <ª∏t°` N°J¡°„ tu* FÙ "∫F ≈¨<SbÙ Fæ' ÎuŸÙ Ÿa<bwg @°≤d J¡≤w° Fæ $
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ı°<fi∫u, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$35-39$$ <ªÌ°J¡°„ ıæŸu ıæŸu b°Ÿfi° Ju¡ Ìg˚b Ÿu _kC¡¿≤w F°uw° Fæ bæŸu bæŸu
∫F ıywgR¡≈ Ÿu ˚°<Ÿw F°uw° Fæ $ N°J¡°„ tu* <fi≤°J¡°≤ N°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ, ∫F ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì J¡FÙ*≈≤ ˚Ù Ÿwg
fiFÙ* Fæ $$40$$ oŸ<ÔÎ <ıŸ ≈®J¡°≤ oŸ ıywg J¡° ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ bæŸ° FÙ ˚°fi F°u $ ˚°fi F°ufiu≈≤ ˚Ù bF
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N<fibÕªfiÙ∫ FÙ Fæ $$41$$ ∫S°¿_Sw ∫F ıywg ÎuŸ° Fæ N°æ≤ ÎuŸ° fiFÙ* Fæ, Ÿwg Fæ NSb° NŸwg Fæ oŸ
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J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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fiFÙ* F°uw° bæŸu FÙ •w <bª°≤ Ju¡ <ffi° JC¡~> ˚Ù <Ÿ<] ≈®°›w fiFÙ* F°uwÙ $$45$$ oŸ<ÔÎ Ÿ‡∫Jg¡ <bª°≤
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ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ŸnŸ™>b°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ NnŸ™>b°≥ ŸyÕ

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J¡∑), "w≈Ÿ° ªÙ∫wu f®Ê ww°u&∏fitC≈ı°∫wu' (Ÿ®‹¸>Δ∫ (ŸıÕfiÙ∫) ≈®≈aª Ju¡ N°Ô°uªfiR¡≈ w≈Ÿu f®Ê
ŸyÕ - 168] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2417
"tæ* ÎJ¡ Fq≥ fF…w F°u«≥¡' ∫°u* oh~>°b°Ô° F°uw° Fæ wÌfi∏w≤ oh~>°b°fig f®Ê Ÿu oÕÿb≤°u≈°<@˚¥w NΔ∫°J¨¡w
Ã≈∏fi F°uw° Fæ) oÃ∫°<Ì ZC<w∫°u* tu* Ÿ¨¿‹¸> fC<]≈¥bÕJ¡ J¡∑ yoÕ Fæ ÎuŸ° <±>*<±>t|°uT Fæ $ <k¡≤ N°≈ Ÿ¨<‹¸>
NfC<]≈¥bÕJ¡ Fæ ÎuŸ° ≈®Ã∫s N°æ≤ ZC<w Ju¡ <b≈≤Ùw Jæ¡Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* ?
Ÿt°@°fi # ŸC<fi∫u, ıæŸ° N°≈fiu «¡≈≤ ≈®<w≈°Ìfi <J¡∫° Fæ bæŸ° FÙ F°uw°, ∫<Ì ZC<w J¡° w°Ã≈∫Õ
Ÿ¨<‹¸> N°<Ì Ju¡ ≈®<w≈°Ìfi tu* F°uw° $ Ôu<J¡fi ˚ybwÙ ZC<wJ¡° w°Ã≈∫Õ Ÿ¨<‹¸> N°<Ì Ju¡ ≈®<w≈°Ìfi tu* Fæ
fiFÙ*, •∫°u*<J¡ ŸJ¡° J¡°uoÕ ≈®∫°uıfi fiFÙ* Fæ $ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ I°fi Ÿu <J¡ŸÙ ≈®∫°uıfi J¡∑ <Ÿ<] ZC<w tu* J¡FÙ*
˚Ù ≈®<w≈°<Ìw fiFÙ* Fæ $ N<πwÙ∫ f®Ê°ÃtI°fi FÙ Ÿ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ Nw# ŸJ¡Ô ZC<w∫°u* tu* <b_w°≤ Ÿu
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N°<Ì <J¡tSÕ Fæ ÎuŸÙ N°J¡°as° F°ufiu≈≤ bF k¡Ôb°fig f®Ê°Ãtæ•∫I°fi J¡° Nay F°u ı°w° Fæ $ N°æ≤ bF
„°a<±>v∫ <bΩ° Ju¡ Nay˚¥w „t<b<@ ≈≤J¡ "Ÿb˘ ©¿vbÌa f®Ê w≠ıÔ°<fi<w „°∏w ≈°ŸÙw' oŸ
b°•∫ tu* ª¥≥<J¡ ∫F Ÿ°≤° ıywg ŸŸu Ã≈∏fi F°uw° Fæ, Nw# "w≠ı' Fæ, Ÿtu* ÔÙfi F°uw° Fæ, Nw#
"wvÔ' Fæ, ŸŸu ıÙ<bw ≤Fw° Fæ, Nw# "wÌfig' Fæ, Ã≈¿W, ¿_S<w N°æ≤ Ô∫ tu* f®Ê°@Ùfi ŸW°b°Ô°
F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ∫F Ÿf f®ÊR¡≈ FÙ Fæ ∫°u* f®ÊNπæw fwÔ°fiu tu* ≈°∫˚¥w Fæ, oŸ J¡°≤d ZC<w fiu _b∫a
ZÙtC© Ÿu ŸyÕ J¡∑ I°fi°ayw° J¡° <Ÿ]bwg J¡∑wÕfi <J¡∫° Fæ, N∏∫ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu ŸJ¡∑ Ÿay<w fiFÙ* fæ™>
ŸJ¡wÙ $ "wÌfi∏∫Ãbt°≤‡˚≤d„ÆÌ°<ÌU∫#' oÃ∫°<Ì Ÿ¥`, ˚°‹∫ N°<Ì π°≤° fwÔ°oÕ yoÕ ŸæJ¡n°u*
∫C<•w∫°u* Ÿu, _t¨<w, ≈C≤°d N°<Ì Fı°≤°u* buÌ°u≈fa¨Fd°u* Ÿu Nº∫°≤°u≈ N°æ≤ N≈b°Ì π°≤° <fi‹≈®≈aª
f®Ê°Ãtw[b Ju¡ ≈®<w≈°Ìfi tu* Ÿf ZC<w∫°u* J¡° w°Ã≈∫Õ <fi¿ÿªw F°ufiu≈≤ ≤≠ıCŸ≈Õ, „C¿•w≤ıw,
t”t≤Ù<ªJ¡°, _b›fi N°<Ì Nº∫°≤°u≈°u* tu* NfC<]≈¥bÕJ¡w° FÙ Ìu©Ù yoÕ Fæ, J¡FÙ*≈≤ ˚Ù Nº∫°≤°u≈ tu*
fC<]≈¥bÕJ¡w° fiFÙ* Ìu©Ù ı°wÙ ∫°u* ˚yb°fig ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸> tu* <J¡ŸÙ J¡°u Nfi°≤°u<≈wÃb „aJ¡° fi
F°u oŸ<ÔÎ Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡∑ NfC<]≈¥bÕJ¡w° J¡∑ <Ÿ<] J¡≤wu Fæ* $ ≤F yoÕ ZC<w∫°u* tu* oÕsd N°<Ì ≈¥bÕJ¡Ãb
Ju¡ J¡Sfi J¡∑ f°w $ ŸJ¡° ≈®∫°uıfi w°u f®Ê J¡Ù ŸbÕIw°, <ªÌuJ¡≤Ÿw° N°<Ì Ju¡ Ô°˚ Ÿu Ÿ°a¶∫
N°<Ì Ju¡ N<˚tw Nªuwfi ≈®@°fi N°<Ì J¡∑ ≈°Ì°fiw° Ju¡ <fi≤°J¡≤d tu* Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ "oÕswufi°Õ„ÆÌtg'
oÃ∫°<Ì Ÿ¥`°u* Ÿu ÎuŸ° FÙ ZC<w J¡° w°Ã≈∫Õ <Ì©Ô°∫° y∫° Fæ; "w_∫ `∫ Nb_S°˜∫# _b›fi°# NS°Õwg
ı°y®wg, _b›fi N°æ≤ ŸCTC¿›wR¡≈ wÙfi _b›fi ŸJu¡ wÙfi _S°fi Fæ* $ "∫S° Ÿw# ≈C”T°wg Ju¡„Ô°ut°<fi
wS°s≤°wg Ÿa˚bwÙF <bÿbtg' (ıæŸu ıÙ<bw ∫°fiÙ ªuwfiR¡≈ Ÿu ≈®<Ÿ] ≈CC≤T Ÿu Nªuwfi Ju¡„, Ô°ut
N°<Ì Ã≈∏fi F°uwu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ f®Ê Ÿu Ÿ¨<‹¸>J¡°Ô tu* <fi<©Ô ıywg Ã≈∏fi F°uw° Fæ) oÃ∫°<Ì ZC<wÂ‹¸>°∏w
Ju¡ NfiCR¡≈ Fæ; ˚yb°fig Ju¡ oÕsd, J¡°tfi°, ŸaJ¡v≈ N°<Ì Ju¡, ı°u fC<]w[b J¡∑ Ã≈<W Ÿu ≈FÔu Ju¡
Fæ*, Ju¡bÔ t°∫°b¨<WR¡≈ F°ufiu Ÿu Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ oÕsd, J¡°tfi° N°æ≤ ŸaJ¡v≈≈¥bÕJ¡ F°ufiu≈≤ ˚Ù J¡°t, ŸaJ¡v≈
N°<Ì @tÕb°fig tu* NfC<]≈¥bÕJ¡w° J¡∑ ≈≈<W F°uwÙ Fæ; Ãba≈Ì°SÕ<fi‹™> FÙ Nº∫°≤°u≈ Ju¡ N≈b°Ì π°≤°
<fi≤°Ÿ tu* tC¿•wR¡≈ k¡Ôw° ≈≈∏fi F°uwÙ Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ wwg≈Ì°SÕ tu* ıywg Ju¡ Nº∫°≤°u≈≈®<w≈°Ìfi J¡°
J¡°uoÕ ≈®∫°uıfi fiFÙ* Fæ; ≈®≈aª _b<fi‹™> N<bΩ° J¡° J¡°∫Õ Fæ, Nw# _b<bΩ° Ÿu ŸJ¡∑ <fib¨<W F°u ŸJ¡wÙ
Fæ N°æ≤ N≈fiu tu* NfC<]≈¥bÕJ¡ FÙ wÙfi Nb_S°N°u* Ju¡ Nº∫°≤°u≈ J¡° NfiC˚b F°uw° Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu
tC<fi fiu ∫F°≥ NfC<]≈¥bÕJ¡w° J¡° ŸtSÕfi <J¡∫° Fæ, ∫F ŸtHfi° ª°<F∫u $
ıæŸu Ÿ°y≤ NfC<]≈¥bÕJ¡ FÙ N°bwÕ, w≤ay, fCÌgfCÌg N°<Ì J¡∑ ≤ªfi° J¡≤w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ <fi≤°J¡°≤ ŸbuÕÿb≤
≈≤t°Ãt° N°J¡°„ tu* ıywg-≈®<w˚°Ÿ°u* J¡°u (ıywg _kC¡≤d°u* J¡°u) ffi°w° Fæ $ wÌfi∏w≤ bF fi ıyÌ°J¡°≤
_bŸa<bÌ°u* J¡∑ FÙ _b∫a tfi, fC<], NFaJ¡°≤ oÃ∫°<Ì <b<b@ ŸaI°Î≥ J¡≤w° Fæ $ ıæŸu ŸtCB Ÿu w≤ay N°<Ì
_bw# F°uwu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ <ªwg Ÿu fC<] N°<Ì J¡∑ <Ÿ<] F°uufiu wJ¡ Âÿ∫R¡≈ N°≤‡˚ NfC<]≈¥bÕJ¡ _bw# FÙ
F°uw° Fæ, Ôu<J¡fi fC<] J¡∑ <Ÿ<] F°ufiu Ju¡ f°Ì ŸaJ¡v›∫t°fi ı°u N°≤‡˚ Fæ bF fC<]≈¥bÕJ¡ F°uw° Fæ $ ıæŸu
Ÿ°y≤ Ÿu N°bwÕ (˚≥b≤), ıÔJ¡d, fnÙ fnÙ ÔF≤u* N°æ≤ ÔF¿≤∫°≥ <fiJ¡ÔwÙ Fæ* bæŸu FÙ <ª∏t°` Ÿu tfi,
fC<] N°<Ì Ã≈∏fi F°uwu Fæ* $$2-5$$ ıæŸu Ju¡bÔ <Ì©°oÕ Ìufiub°Ô° <ª`<Ô<©w ıywg Ju¡bÔ ÌÙb°≤t°`
Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ªwg tu* N°˚°Ÿt°` (_kC¡≤dt°`) ∫F ıywg <ªÌ°J¡°„t°`_bR¡≈ FÙ Fæ $$6$$ ıæŸu ≈¥b°uÕ•w
b¨s, Ÿ°y≤ N°<Ì Ju¡ b¨W°∏w tu* NfC<]≈¥bÕJ¡ ≈®b¨W F…N° ˚Ù „°©°, N°bwÕ N°<Ì J¡°∫Õ <fi∫<wb„ wCv∫
ÌuF J¡∑ y™>fib°Ô° F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ªwg tu* Ÿ¨<‹¸>R¡≈Ù J¡°∫Õ ˚Ù wCv∫ „≤Ù≤ Ÿay™>fib°Ô° F°uy°, oŸ<ÔÎ
ŸJu¡ b°_wu ˚Ù fC<]≈¥bÕJ¡w° J¡∑ N°bÿ∫J¡w° fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$7$$ ıæŸu b¨s tu* ≈Wu, k¥¡Ô, yCh~>u
N°<Ì Ju¡ fi°t b¨s Ÿu N∏∫ ≤©w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ Ÿt<‹¸>fC<]R¡≈ <F≤^∫y˚Õ Ju¡ Nfi∏w≤ ı∏tu F…Î <ªÌgR¡≈
b¨s Ju¡ ≈C‹≈ N°<ÌR¡≈ ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì J¡° <ªwg Ÿu N∏∫ fC<]Ÿt<‹¸>R¡≈ <F≤^∫y˚Õ N°<Ì fiu fi°tJ¡≤d
<J¡∫°, ÎuŸ° ŸtHfi° ª°<F∫u $$8$$ ıæŸu ≈Wu, k¥¡Ô, k¡Ô N°<Ì tF°b¨s Ÿu N<˚∏fi (N≈¨SJ¡) Fæ bæŸu FÙ
<ªÌ°J¡°„R¡≈ ≈≤t°Ãt° Ÿu ∫F ıywg N<˚∏fi FÙ Fæ $ ıæŸu b¨s Ju¡ Nb∫b˚¥w ≈`, ≈C‹≈, k¡Ô N°<Ì Ju¡
<b<b@ fi°t b¨s Ÿu N∏∫ ≤©w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ªÌ°J¡°„ N≈fiu tu* N∏∫Ÿ° (Δ∫<‹¸>ıÙbŸ°) F°uJ¡≤ _b≈C`
N°<Ì Ju¡ wS° N∏∫°∏∫ ŸJ¡Ô J¡°∫°u˘ Ju¡ <b<b@ fi°t ≤©w° Fæ $$9,10$$
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ fi°t N°æ≤ R¡≈Ju¡ Nº∫°≤°u≈ J¡° <b_w°≤ Ÿu bdÕfi J¡≤ Nf fiJ¡° N≈b°Ì N°≤‡˚ J¡≤wu Fæ* $
<ªBq≈ b¨s Ju¡ <ªwg F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d FÙ ŸJ¡∑ ≈vÔbR¡≈Ù Ÿ¨<‹¸>∫°≥ ŸbÕS° fiFÙ* Fæ $ <J¡∏wC bF
<ªBq≈Ù b¨s FÙ _b›fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi _b∫a J¡°∫Õ N°æ≤ J¡°≤dŸ° ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ $$11$$ ∫<Ì Ÿ¨<‹¸> N°<Ì Fæ
FÙ fiFÙ* w°u <ªwgJ¡°u ≈≤Ô°uJ¡ tu* Δ∫SÕ FÙ ŸJ¡° NfiC˚b F°uw° Fæ ∫F t°fifi° ≈nuy° ∫F ™>ÙJ¡ fiFÙ* Fæ,
•∫°u*<J¡ ŸyÕ J¡° N˚°b t°fifiu≈≤ bF <b<Fw-<fi<T] J¡t°u˘ J¡° k¡Ô ≤F° fiFÙ*, <k¡≤ ≈≤Ô°uJ¡ tu* ŸyÕ
N°<Ì J¡° NfiC˚b Jæ¡Ÿu F°uw° Fæ ? ÎuŸ° ∫<Ì N°≈ N°su≈ J¡≤u* w°u _b›fi N°<Ì tu* wS° ofi ≈®<Ÿ]
≤≠ıCŸ≈Õ, t”t≤Ù<ªJ¡° N°<Ì NfiC˚b°u* tu* J¡°æfi Δ∫SÕw° J¡° <fib°≤d J¡≤ ŸJ¡w° Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ fitu* ˚Ù
w°u _b°›fi N°<Ì ˚°uy Ìufiub°Ôu J¡tÕ J¡∑ Ÿk¡Ôw° Fæ w°u bF ≈®J¨¡w tu* J¡F°u <J¡ bF°≥≈≤ ˚°uy°˚°Ÿt°`
Ìu©fiu Ÿu J¡tÕ J¡∑ Ÿk¡Ôw° Fæ w°u bF ≈®J¨¡w tu* ˚Ù Ÿt°fi Fæ ∫°fiÙ ≈®J¨¡w tu* ˚Ù ˚°uy°˚°Ÿt°` Ÿu bF
Ÿk¡Ôw° •∫°u* fi F°uyÙ ? ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$12$$
Ÿ°J¡°≤Nº∫°Ÿ tu* b¨s N°<Ì Ÿu <ªwg tu* ∫F <b„uTw° Fæ <J¡ Ÿ°J¡°≤ tu* bu Ÿf Ÿ°J¡°≤Nº∫°Ÿ Fæ*
Ôu<J¡fi <fi≤°J¡°≤ <ªwg tu* Ÿ°J¡°≤ ıywg J¡° Nº∫°Ÿ Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu N°J¡°≤b°fig b¨s tu* ∫F „°©°<ÌJ¡v≈fi° J¡∑ yoÕ Fæ bæŸu FÙ <fi≤°J¡°≤ <ªwg tu* ∫F ıywgR¡≈
J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ yoÕ Fæ $$13$$ ıæŸu k¥¡Ô tu* ŸCy∏@ N°<Ì Fæ*, ıæŸu N°J¡°„ tu* „¥∏∫w° Fæ wS° ıæŸu b°∫C tu*
_≈∏Ì N°<Ì Fæ bæŸu FÙ ≈≤t°Ãt° tu* fC<] N°<Ì Fæ* $$14$$ ıæŸu k¥¡Ô tu* y∏@ N°<Ì Fæ, ıæŸu N°J¡°„ tu*
„¥∏∫w° N°<Ì Fæ N°æ≤ ıæŸu b°∫C tu* _≈∏Ì N°<Ì Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ªwg tu* ∫u ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì ˚Ù Fæ* $ ıæŸu N°J¡°„ J¡∑
ŸyÕ - 168] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2419
„¥∏∫w°, b°∫C Ju¡ _≈∏Ì N°æ≤ k¥¡Ô°u* J¡∑ y∏@ J¡° NfiC˚b F°ufiu≈≤ fiŸu ≈¨SJg¡ J¡≤fiu≈≤ bu „¥∏∫R¡≈ Fæ*
∫°fiÙ N°J¡°„°<Ì Ÿu ≈¨SJg¡ „¥∏∫w° N°<Ì J¡° N¿_wÃb fiFÙ* Fæ (bæŸu FÙ) <ªwg tu* ŸyÕ¿_S<w NfiC˚¥w
F°ufiu≈≤ ˚Ù <ªwg Ju¡ <ffi° „¥∏∫R¡≈ Fæ $$15,16$$
•w <bT∫ J¡° FÙ <b„ÌR¡≈ Ÿu ≈®<w≈°Ìfi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ıæŸu „¥∏∫w° N°J¡°„ Ÿu N<w¿≤•w fiFÙ* Fæ, Bbw° ıÔ Ÿu ≈¨SJg¡ fiFÙ* Fæ, y∏@ ≈C‹≈ Ÿu ≈¨SJg¡
fiFÙ* Fæ, _≈∏Ì b°∫C Ÿu NÔy fiFÙ* Fæ ‹dw° N¿Àfi Ÿu NÔy fiFÙ* Fæ N°æ≤ „ÙwÔw° <Ft Ÿu (f≤k¡
Ÿu) <bÔy fiFÙ* Fæ bæŸu FÙ <fitÕÔ <ªÌ°J¡°„ _bR¡≈ oÕÿb≤ Ÿu ıywg N<w¿≤•w fiFÙ* Fæ $ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡
N°<Ì tu* ı°u N°J¡°„ tu* Â<‹¸>y°uª≤ F°uw° Fæ, _b›fi Ÿu ı°u ⁄Ì∫≈®Ìu„ tu* Â<‹¸>y°uª≤ F°uw° Fæ bF
NJ¡°≤d ı°y®wg wS° _b›fi ıywg <ªÌ°J¡°„ Ÿu Jæ¡Ÿu N<w¿≤•w F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? ≈®<w<Ìfi Ìu©° y∫°
_b›fi FÙ oŸ <bT∫ tu* Â‹¸>°∏w Fæ, Ÿ≈≤ <bª°≤ J¡∑<ı∫u $ ı≤° fwÔ°o∫u w°u ŸFÙ _b›fi tu* <ª∏t°`
Ÿu N<w¿≤•w •∫° Ÿ°≤ Fæ ? $$17-20$$ ∫<Ì J¡Fu <J¡ _b›fi _t¨<w FÙ Fæ $ N∏∫ _t¨<w∫°u* tu*, ı°u
Ÿa_J¡°≤ı∏∫ wS° <bT∫„¥∏∫ F°uwÙ Fæ*, "Ÿ°u&∫a' ∫°u* wW° ˚°<Ÿw F°uwÙ Fæ $ <J¡∏wC _b›fi tu* <fiB°R¡≈Ù
Ì°uT Ÿu oÌ∏w°y°uª≤Ãb°a„ tu* Ÿa_J¡°≤ J¡° Ìgf°u@ F°ufiu Ÿu wW°a„J¡° N≈F≤d F°u ı°w° Fæ, Nw#
oÌ∏w° ˚°<Ÿw F°uwÙ Fæ $ oŸ<ÔÎ ∫F fC<]ı∏∫Ÿa_J¡°≤ Âÿ∫ Ì°ufi°u* FÙ ıyF ÎJ¡ FÙ b_wC Fæ oÃ∫°<Ì
„aJ¡° w°u ™>ÙJ¡ fiFÙ* Fæ $ •∫°u*<J¡ wW° oÌ∏w° Jæ¡Ÿu F°uyÙ ? N≈≤°us tu* (≈®Ã∫s tu*) oÌ∏w° ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ,
Ôu<J¡fi _t¨<wtu* w°u NŸ¿∏fiJ¨¡‹¸> (Ìq≤bwÙÕ) ≈≤°us FÙ Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ ∫F Jæ¡Ÿu |¸> ŸJ¡w° Fæ, J¡<F∫u,
∫F NSÕ Fæ $$21$$ ∫<Ì J¡F°u <J¡ _b°›fi-_t¨<w Ju¡ Ÿt∫ bfi N°<Ì tu* Ìu©° y∫° f°| N°<Ì _b›fiÌu„
tu* <fiB° π°≤° <fiJ¡¸> tu* Ô°∫° ı°w° Fæ, ∫°u* ∫<Ì oÌ∏w° Ÿ≈≤ F°uyÙ w°u Ÿ bfi tu* bF f°| N°<Ì
N∏∫°u* π°≤° NfiC˚¥w fi F°uy° $ <fiB° π°≤° ÎJ¡ FÙ f°| Ì°u w≤F Ÿu _S°<≈w <J¡∫° ı°w° Fæ ∫F J¡F°u,
w°u ÎJ¡ J¡∑ FÙ Ì°u ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu ¿_S<w Jæ¡ŸÙ ? $$22$$
oŸ<ÔÎ _b°›fif°u@ J¡∑ NfiC˚bR¡≈w° J¡° N≈Ô°≈ fi F°u ŸJ¡fiu Ÿu Â‹¸>°∏w Fæ FÙ, Nw# ı°u tæ*fiu
J¡F°, bF <Ÿ] F…N° ∫°u* ≈ŸaF°≤ J¡≤wu Fæ* $
oŸ<ÔÎ ŸtCB N°<Ì tu* N°bw°u˘ J¡∑ w≤F J¡°J¡w°ÔÙ∫ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi NJ¡_t°wg <ªwg tu* ı°u ∫F ıywg
_kC¡¿≤w F°uw° Fæ ŸÙ tu* ı°y®wg N°æ≤ _b›fi Ju¡ NfiC˚b J¡∑ <Ÿ<] Ju¡ f°Ì _b›fi N°<Ì J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° F°uwÙ
Fæ $$23$$ ŸtCB tu* w≤ay N°<Ì J¡∑ w≤F NfC<]≈¥bÕJ¡ Ã≈∏fi Ÿ¨<‹¸> tu* _b›fi N°<Ì J¡∑ NfiC˚b<Ÿ<] Ju¡
Nfi∏w≤ Ÿ¿∏fibu„ N°æ≤ ¿_S<w Ÿ‡≈∏fi F°uwÙ Fæ $$24$$ ı°u J¡°≤d Ju¡ <ffi° Ã≈∏fi F°uw° Fæ bF Ã≈∏fi
F…N° ˚Ù NfiCÃ≈∏fi FÙ Fæ oŸ<ÔÎ Nı°w (NfiCÃ≈∏fi) bFÙ N°Ω ı°w-Ÿ° (Ã≈∏fi-Ÿ°) ¿_Sw Fæ $$25$$
ıæŸu ≤Ãfi, t<d, t°<d•∫ N°<Ì J¡∑ J¡°¿∏w∫°≥ NfC<]≈¥bÕJ¡ FÙ Ã≈∏fi F…oÕ Fæ* bæŸu FÙ f®ÊŸW° FÙ ıyw°u*
Ju¡ buT Ÿu kC¡≤wÙ Fæ $$26$$ ∫S°J¡Sa<ªwg ∫°fiÙ N<fibÕªfiÙ∫ t°∫°R¡≈ J¡°≤d Ju¡ fÔ Ÿu FÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡
N°≤a˚ Ÿ°y≤ tu* N°bwÕ J¡∑ ˚°≥<w ∫F ıywg Ã≈∏fi F°uw° Fæ ≈Ù~>u N≈fiu tu* NSÕ<J®¡∫°J¡°¿≤w°R¡≈ ŸÃ∫w°
J¡° y®Fd J¡≤w° Fæ $ <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* <b<b@ _b›fi ≈≤‡≈≤°N°u* J¡∑ w≤F <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* <ªBq≈ ıywg NÃ∫∏w
„¥∏∫ Ÿu „¥∏∫ F°ufiu≈≤ ˚Ù @°≤°≈®b°FR¡≈ Ÿu Ã≈∏fi F°uwu Fæ* N°æ≤ <bfi‹¸> F°uwu Fæ* ∫°fiÙ N°<b˚¥Õw F°uwu Fæ*
N°æ≤ <w≤°u˚¥w F°uwu Fæ* $ wÌ…≈≤°∏w ŸJ¡Ô ≈Ì°SÕ <ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡ ≈≤_≈≤ J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤d˚°b J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uwu
Fæ* $ fiJu¡ oÕÿb≤ (N) N°<Ì ≈Ì°SÕ „¥∏∫°ÃtJ¡ FÙ Fæ* $$27-29$$ ∫F Âÿ∫ „¥∏∫ FÙ Ã≈∏fi F°uw° Fæ,
„¥∏∫ FÙ ∫F f»w° Fæ N°æ≤ „¥∏∫w° Ÿu NÃ∫∏w N<bΩt°fi FÙ <bfi‹¸> F°uw° Fæ $$30$$ „¥∏∫ Âÿ∫ Ÿ°
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J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* w°u ∫F NJ¨¡<`t Ÿ∏t°` FÙ Fæ $$32$$ ∫F ≈®≈aª <ª≤_S°∫Ù tfi°u≤SR¡≈ FÙ Fæ, Ÿ¨<‹¸> N°æ≤
≈®Ô∫ J¡∑ ˚®°¿∏w oŸŸu N<w¿≤•w fiFÙ* Fæ $ ŸJu¡ b°_w<bJ¡ _b˚°b J¡° _kC¡≤d I°fi Fæ N°æ≤ ˚®°¿∏w Ju¡
N°J¡°≤ Ÿu oŸJ¡° _kC¡≤d NI°fi Fæ, ÎuŸ° ŸtHfi° ª°<F∫u $$33$$ ıæŸu Âÿ∫„¥∏∫ N°Ãt° tu* ŸCTC¿›wJu¡
f°Ì _b›fi Ìu©° ı°w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ t°∫° Ÿu ≈<Fw f®Ê°Ãt° wC≤∏w FÙ Âÿ∫ ffiJ¡≤ <ffi° J¡°≤d FÙ
N°<b˚¥Õw F°uw° Fæ ∫°u* Ìu©° y∫° Fæ $ ≈Ù~>u bF NSÕ<J®¡∫°Δ∫b_S° π°≤° J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤d˚°b°<Ì <fi∫<w J¡°u
≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ $$34$$
NJ¡_t°wg Âÿ∫ Ju¡ _kC¡≤d tu* <fi<tW J¡∑ N≈us° fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu Ÿ°y≤ tu* N°bwÕ N°<Ì J¡°J¡w°ÔÙ∫ ∏∫°∫ Ÿu NJ¡_t°wg N≈fiu-N°≈ ≈®J¡°<„w F°uwu Fæ* bæŸu
FÙ <ªwg tu* Âÿ∫ J¡°J¡w°ÔÙ∫∏∫°∫ Ÿu NJ¡_t°wg N≈fiu-N°≈ FÙ <ªÃ_b˚°bw° Ju¡ J¡°≤d _kC¡¿≤w
F°uw° Fæ $$35$$
<ªwg Ju¡ _b˚°b J¡° FÙ _≈‹¸>ÙJ¡≤d J¡≤wu Fæ* $
N°J¡°„t°`R¡≈ („¥∏∫R¡≈) ∫F <ªwg@°wC ÎuŸ° FÙ Fæ ı°u <J¡ <ªÃ_bR¡≈ F°ufiu≈≤ ˚Ù ∫F oŸ
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Ju¡ R¡≈Ÿu _kC¡¿≤w tu* ≈¨ØbÙ N°<Ì N°æ≤ ≈¨ØbÙ N°<Ì fC<] J¡∑ J¡v≈fi°R¡≈ NfiuJ¡ ŸaI°N°u* J¡∑ J¡v≈fi°
J¡∑ $ ÎuuŸÙ ≈¿≤¿_S<w tu* N<b˚•w w°ÃJ¡°<ÔJ¡ ≈®<w˚°Ÿ tu* bF Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ fC<] N°<Ì <b˚°y J¡v≈fi°t°`
FÙ Fæ* $$37$$
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tu* ≤Ffiub°Ô° ıywg N≈®<w˚°ŸJ¡°Ôtu* fiFÙ* FÙ Fæ ∫F k¡<Ôw F…N° $ ÎuŸÙ Nb_S° tu* ≈®<w˚°ŸJ¡ Ju¡ W≤
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ÎuŸ° w°u fiFÙ* J¡F ŸJ¡wu, •∫°u*<J¡ Ô°uJ¡ tu* _t¨<w, ≈®Ã∫<˚I° N°<Ì ≈¥b°ÕfiC˚¥w J¡∑ FÙ F°uwÙ Fæ ÎuŸ° <fi∫t
Fæ $ _t¨<w N°æ≤ ≈®Ã∫<˚I° Ju¡ N@Ùfi buÌ„°˜°<Ì Ju¡ ≈®°t°^∫ J¡° ˚ay F°ufiu Ÿu f®Êb°Ì J¡∑ ın ©n
ı°∫uyÙ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ „aJ¡° J¡≤wu Fæ* $
yC”b≤, N°≈Ju¡ J¡Sfi°fiCŸ°≤ ıywg Ju¡ w°ÃJ¡°<ÔJ¡ J¡v≈fi°t°` F°ufiu≈≤ ≈®°t°<dJ¡ NfiC˚b Ÿu Ã≈∏fi
Ÿa_J¡°≤ Ÿu ≈¥b°uÕÃ≈∏fi fC<] J¡∑ _t¨<w N°æ≤ ≈®Ã∫<˚I° F°uwÙ Fæ ∫°u* ŸbÕ<„‹¸>°fiC˚b<Ÿ] <fi∫t Jæ¡Ÿu ≈®°›w
F°uy° ? •∫° N°≈ _t¨<w N°æ≤ ≈®Ã∫<˚I°fi J¡°u ≈¥b°Õfi¥˚¥w <bT<∫dÙ fiFÙ* t°fiwu ? ∫F tCHŸu J¡Ffiu J¡∑
(N) oÕÿb≤w° ˚Ù t°∫°Ÿ°≈us_bR¡≈ Fæ $
ŸyÕ - 168] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2421
J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ıÎ $$38$$
˚yb°fi ZÙb<„‹™>ıÙ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ J¡∑ N°„aJ¡° J¡∑ ≈®„aŸ° J¡≤wu FCÎ Ÿt°@°fi J¡∑ ≈®<wI° J¡≤wu Fæ* $
˚yb°fig ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, tæ* N°≈Ju¡ ≈®ÿfi Ju¡ (N°su≈ Ju¡) ÎuŸu FÙ
¸C>J¡nu J¡≤ ±>°Ôw° Fq≥ ıæŸu <J¡ <Ÿ*F ~>°u¸>u Ÿu J¡tı°u≤ F°SÙ Ju¡ ¸C>J¡nu-¸C>J¡nu J¡≤ ±>°Ôw° Fæ wS° ıæŸu
˚yb°fig Ÿ¥∫Õ <w<t≤≤°<„ J¡° h~>uÌ J¡≤ ÎJ¡t°` ≈®J¡°„ J¡∑ _S°≈fi° J¡≤wu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ tæ* ÎJ¡t°`
Nπæw J¡∑ _S°≈fi° J¡≤w° Fq≥ $$39$$
∫F N°≈Ju¡ π°≤° Ôy°∫° y∫° Ì°uT wf F°uw° ıf Ft ≈FÔu NŸwg FÙ ıywg s<dJ¡ ≈®<w˚°Ÿ Ju¡ Ÿ°S
Ã≈∏fi F°uw° Fæ ÎuŸu f°æ] <Ÿ]°∏w J¡°u _bÙJ¡°≤ J¡≤wu $ Ôu<J¡fi Ft bæŸ° _bÙJ¡°≤ fiFÙ* J¡≤wu, Ft ∫F _bÙJ¡°≤
J¡≤wu Fæ* <J¡ <fiÃ∫ f®ÊŸW°R¡≈ FÙ ıywg Fæ bF <fiÃ∫ <ªÌ°ÃtJ¡ FÙ ≈®<w˚°Ÿ Ÿu ŸÌ° N<˚Δ∫¿•w∫°uÀ∫
Fæ N<bΩ° J¡∑ N°b≤d„¿•w N°æ≤ <bsu≈„¿•w J¡∑ <b<ª`w° Ju¡ ªtÃJ¡°≤ Ÿu J¡˚Ù N°<b˚Õ¥wŸ°, <w≤°u<Fw
Ÿ°, |¸>, ≈¸> N°<Ì Ju¡ N°J¡°≤Ÿ°, <~>∏fiŸ°, <˚∏fiŸ°, J¡°≤d°u* π°≤° Ã≈°<ÌwŸ°, N≈≤°usŸ°, ÎJ¡Ÿ°,
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N°<Ì Ÿf JC¡~> ≈≈∏fi FÙ F°uw° Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu Ÿt°@°fi J¡° N°≤‡˚ J¡≤wu Fæ* $
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fi y»Ù yoÕ bfi tu* ¿_Sw ≈®<wt° b¨s Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ ≤FwÙ Fæ $$40$$ J¡°™> J¡∑ ≈®<wt° J¡°u w°u b¨s Ÿu ~>ÙÔ-
w≤°„J¡≤ ∫°fiÙ ŸJ¡° N°b≤d J¡≤fiu b°Ôu J¡°™> Ju¡ Nb∫b°u* J¡°u F¸>°J¡≤ f»oÕ <fiJ¡°Ôw° Fæ (≈®J¡¸>
J¡≤w° Fæ), <J¡∏wC N<πwÙ∫ <ªBq≈Ù _w‡˚ Ÿu Ÿ ıywgR¡≈Ù ≈®<wt° ŸŸu N∏∫ J¡°æfi y»w° Fæ ∫°fiÙ
J¡°≤J¡ Ju¡ N@Ùfi fi F°ufiu Ÿu J¡°‹™>≈®<wt° J¡∑ w≤F ŸJ¡∑ N<˚Δ∫¿•w fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wÙ, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$41$$
J¡°‹™>≈®<wt° ın _w‡˚ tu* (©‡˚u tu*) <ffi° ~>ÙÔuw≤°„u ≈®J¡¸> fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wÙ, <J¡∏wC <ªwg tu* ˚Ùw≤
¿_Sw bF (ıywgR¡≈ ≈®<wt°) ŸJu¡ N<@‹™>°fi˚¥w <ªwg Ju¡ N°b≤d J¡∑ <fib¨<W F°ufiu≈≤ <ªwg Ju¡ ≈®˚°b
Ÿu <ªÌ°Ãt° tu* FÙ ≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu ≈®J¡¸> F°uwÙ Fæ $$42$$
wf ≈®Ô∫ N°æ≤ ŸCTC¿›w tu* ˚Ù ŸJ¡° ˚°fi •∫°u* fiFÙ* F°uw°, ∫F ∫<Ì J¡F°u w°u ŸW°Ÿ°t°∏∫R¡≈ Ÿu
Ÿ Ÿt∫ ˚Ù ŸJ¡° ˚°fi F°uw° FÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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<ª∏t°`R¡≈ Ÿu Nh∫Cw F°uJ¡≤ FÙ <ªÌ°Ãt° tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $$43$$ Ÿ¨¿‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* ˚Ù ≈FÔu ≈¥b°uÕ•w
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≈≤t<ªÌ°J¡°„R¡<≈dÙ bF <ª¿w N≈fiu N°J¡°„R¡≈ ⁄Ì∫ tu* <ª` <b<ª` Ÿ¨¿‹¸>R¡≈ ≈®<wt°N°u* J¡∑ J¡v≈fi°Î≥
N≈fiu tu* _b˚°bw# bæŸu FÙ J¡≤wÙ Fæ ıæŸu _b›fi tu* Ã≈∏fi J¡v≈fi°N°u* J¡∑ J¡≤wÙ Fæ $$44,45$$
<ª<w Ÿ¨¿‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* Jæ¡Ÿu <b„uT <b˚°y°u* J¡° ŸaJ¡v≈ J¡≤wÙ Fæ ? oŸJ¡° <b_w°≤ Ÿu bdÕfi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
∫F f®ÊJ¡Ô° ŸW°Ÿ°t°∏∫R¡≈ ıywgfÙı_bR¡≈ Fæ $ oŸ f®ÊJ¡Ô° tu* FÙ <ª∏t°` J¡v≈fi° ∫°fiÙ
ŸÌ° Nfi°b¨w _b˚°bb°ÔÙ ∫F ≈®<w<f‡f <ª¿w Fæ, ∫FÙ ≈®°d N°<Ì Ÿu ∫C•w F°ufiu Ÿu ıÙb Fæ wS°
N<˚t°fib¨<W J¡∑ ≈®@°fiw° F°ufiu Ÿu ∫FÙ NFaJ¡°≤ Fæ $$46$$ Nº∫bŸ°∫ (<fiÿª∫) ≈®@°fi F°ufiu Ÿu ∫FÙ
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Fæ, ∫F Ÿ¨¿‹¸> Fæ, ∫F ıywg Fæ oÃ∫°<Ì J¡v≈fi°ı°Ô N<w<fitÕÔ <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ $ oŸ<ÔÎ ∫u
NI°<fi∫°u* π°≤° J¡<Sw ≈Ì°SÕ ≤°<„∫°≥ J¡F°≥ ? _t¨<w J¡F°≥ N°æ≤ πæw wS° Nπæw J¡F°≥ ? $$48-50$$
oŸ ≤Ù<w Ÿu ∫F <b_w°≤∫C•w ıywg <ffi° J¡°≤d J¡° FÙ Fæ $ Ÿ¨¿‹¸> Ju¡ N°≤‡˚ tu* _b›fi Ju¡ wCv∫
<ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ <bJ¡°≤∫C•w-Ÿ° ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ $$51$$ <ª∏t∫ N°J¡°„ tu* FÙ ı°u <ª∏t∫
N°J¡°„ _kC¡≤d Fæ ŸÙ fiu Ÿu FÙ ıywg ı°fi°, f°u@ F°ufiu Ju¡ ≈≤°∏w bF ıywg J¡F°≥ Fæ ? $$52$$
ıf t°` <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ w°u ≈®≈a<ªw <b˚°y°u* J¡° N¿_wÃb fiFÙ* Fæ ∫F <fi‹J¡TÕ <fiJ¡Ô°, ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
J¡F°≥ _t¨<w Fæ, J¡F°≥ _b›fi Fæ, J¡F°≥ <Ìfi, t°Ÿ, ŸabÃŸ≤ N°<Ì J¡°Ô <b˚°y Fæ*, J¡F°≥ <b<b@ Ÿ¨¿‹¸>
J¡v≈fi°Î≥ Fæ* ? ∫F „°∏w <ªÌg˚°fi FÙ N°J¡°„ tu* „¥∏∫R¡≈ ıywgŸ° t°Ô¥t ≈nw° Fæ $ ı°u <ªÌg|fi Ju¡
N∏Ì≤ Fæ ∫°fiÙ <ªÌg|fi J¡∑ N∏wyÕw ı°u ŸW° Fæ bF f°flw° J¡°u ≈®°›w FCoÕ Fæ b°_wb tu* w°u Ÿ∏t°` Ju¡
<Ÿb° fi bF f°fl Fæ N°æ≤ fi N°U∫∏w≤ Fæ $ N≤u N∏@u b°ÌÙ Ô°uy°u*, ı°u b_wC Nb∫b„¥∏∫ <fi<bÕJ¡°≤
<fi≤°J¡°≤ Ÿu ≈®J¡¸> F°uwÙ Fæ, bF NJ¡°≤d Jæ¡Ÿu Ã≈∏fi F°uyÙ N°æ≤ bF J¥¡¸>_S FÙ N∏∫S° (Ÿ<bJ¡°≤)
Jæ¡Ÿu F°uy° ? $$53-55$$
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J¡≤°u oŸÙ tu* JC¡„Ô Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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ŸyÕ - 169] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2425
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ŸyÕ - 170] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2427
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ŸyÕ - 171] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2429
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„¥∏∫w° N°J¡°„ Ÿu N<w¿≤•w fiFÙ* Fæ bæŸu FÙ ı°u ∫F ıywgfi°tJ¡ <ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡° ˚°fi Fæ, ∫F NI°fiÙ
ıfiJ¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* <ªÌ°J¡°„ Ÿu <˚∏fi R¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù ŸŸu (<ªÌ°J¡°„ Ÿu) <˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ $
<fi<bÕT∫ FÙ ªæw∏∫ ı°u ÎJ¡ <bT∫ Ÿu N∏∫ <bT∫ J¡∑ ≈®°<›w F°ufiu ≈≤ fÙª tu* ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ bFÙ Âÿ∫ Ju¡ R¡≈
Ÿu _kC¡¿≤w F°uw° Fæ $ ∫F Âÿ∫ ŸŸu N<w¿≤•w fiFÙ* Fæ $$1-3$$
"ŸÌub Ÿ°u‡∫uÌty® N°ŸÙwg', "∫Ì° wt_w∏fi <Ìb° fi ≤°<`fiÕ Ÿ∏fi ª°Ÿfig <„b Îb Ju¡bÔ#, oÃ∫°<Ì
ZC<w∫°u* tu* ≈FÔu Ju¡bÔ Ÿ∏t°`„uTR¡≈ tF°≈®Ô∫ F°ufiu ≈≤ ŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°wg N°<ÌŸ¨<‹¸> F°uwÙ Fæ ∫F ŸCfi°
y∫° Fæ $
Ÿtu* "ŸÌub' (Ÿwg FÙ S°) ÎuŸ° Nb@°≤d J¡≤fiu Ÿu N<@J¡°≤Ù ≈≤t°Ãt° Ÿu N∏∫ J¡°≤d J¡°
N˚°b F°ufiu ≈≤ oŸ Âÿ∫ J¡∑ J¡F°≥ Ÿu Ã≈<W F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ ? Ÿ Ÿt∫ NdCt°` ˚Ù Âÿ∫ Ju¡ fÙı
J¡° (J¡°≤d J¡°) N¿_wÃb fiFÙ*, <ıŸŸu <J¡ <k¡≤ ∫F t¥wÕ Âÿ∫ªJ®¡ ≈®b¨W F°uw° $ ˚°b ∫F <J¡ Ÿ
Ÿt∫, ≈¥b°uÕ•w ZC<w Ÿu <b≤°u@ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d, ≈≤t°dC N°<Ì N∏∫ J¡°≤d°u* J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡° w<fiJ¡
˚Ù NbJ¡°„ fiFÙ* Fæ $$4,5$$ oŸŸu ∫F <Ÿ] FCN° <J¡ ∫F t¥wÕ ıywg b∏º∫°≈C` J¡∑ fi°o˘ Ã≈∏fi FÙ
fiFÙ* FCN°, Nw# Âÿ∫fC<] ŸbÕS° fiFÙ* Fæ $ Ÿ¨<‹¸>-ZC<w∫°u* J¡° w°Ã≈∫Õ NfiCÃ≈<W J¡° ≈®<w≈°Ìfi J¡≤fiu
tu* FÙ Fæ, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$6$$
wf ≈®Ã∫sw# Â<‹¸>y°uª≤ F°u ≤Fu ıywg J¡∑ •∫° y<w F°uyÙ ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ı°u ∫F ª°≤°u* N°u≤ ¿_Sw "Âÿ∫' fi°tJ¡° JC¡~> ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ, _kC¡¿≤w F°uw° Fæ, ZC<w∫°u* Ju¡ w°Ã≈∫Õ
J¡°u ı°fifiub°Ôu ≈C”T Ÿu <ª∏t°` <fitÕÔ N°J¡°„R¡≈ ≈≤t ≈Ì FÙ ı°fiwu Fæ* $$7$$
ıæŸu _bh~> (<fitÕÔ) <ª∏t°` <fi<bÕJ¡°≤ N≈fiu _bR¡≈ J¡° Ã∫°y fi J¡≤w° FCN° N°Ãt° FÙ ŸCTC<›w
Ÿu _b›fi tu* ı°w° FCN° Nfib¿_S<w J¡°u (N∏∫R¡≈ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ¿_S<w J¡°u) ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡
N°<Ì tu* <ªÌ°J¡°„R¡≈ N°Ãt° FÙ N≈fiu Ÿu N≈fiu tu* <ªÌ°˚°ŸR¡≈ Âÿ∫Ÿ° _kC¡¿≤w F°uw° Fæ ∫°fiÙ N°Ãt°
J¡° ŸCTC<›w Ÿu _b›fi tu* ytfi J¡∑ fi°o˘ ≈®Ô∫ Ÿu Ÿ¨<‹¸> tu* ytfi ˚Ù ŸtHfi° ª°<F∫u $ ıæŸu ŸaJ¡v≈ Ÿu t∏Ì
FCN° tfi tfi°u≤S N°<Ì tu* fiy≤ Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu _kC¡¿≤w F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ªÌ°J¡°„R¡≈ ≈≤t°Ãt° Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡
N°<Ì tu* Âÿ∫-Ÿ° _kC¡¿≤w F°uw° Fæ $ ıæŸu b°∫C _≈∏ÌR¡≈ F°uw° FCN° N≈fiu tu* FÙ N°≥@Ù, fba±>≤ N°<Ì J¡∑
w≤F ªu‹¸>° J¡≤w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ªÌ°J¡°„ NI°w F°uJ¡≤ N≈fiu tu* FÙ Âÿ∫R¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw F°uw° Fæ $ NwÎb
∫<Ì bF I°w F°u ı°∫ w°u <`ıywgR¡≈ Âÿ∫ J¡Ì°¿≈ ˚°<Ÿw fi F°u, N≈fiu _bR¡≈ tu* oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ (ıywg Ju¡
R¡≈ Ÿu) ¿_Sw Ju¡bÔ ≈≤t f®Ê J¡° FÙ ˚°fi F°u $ t¥wÕ ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì J¡° N¿_wÃb <J*¡<ª∏t°` ˚Ù <`J¡°Ô
tu* ˚Ù Fæ FÙ fiFÙ* $ ª°Fu bF NI°fiÙ J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* t¥wÕ NSb° I°fiÙ J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* Nt¥wÕ F°u, b°_wb tu* f®Ê
FÙ Ÿ w≤F Ÿu (Âÿ∫R¡≈ Ÿu) <b≤°ıt°fi Fæ $ ıæŸu ı°y≤d Ju¡ Ÿt∫ tu* (ı°y®ÃJ¡°Ô tu*) _b›fi J¡° ≈F°n
<fi#_bR¡≈ N°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ ∫°fiÙ „¥∏∫ FÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ ≈®f°u@J¡°Ô tu* (N°ÃtI°fiJ¡°Ô tu*) ∫F <`ıywg „°∏w
<ª∏t°` N°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ $ ≈®fC] ≈C”T°u* J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* ∫F ıywg N©^±> ≈≤t f®Ê FÙ Fæ $ Ft Ô°uy <bª°≤
J¡≤fiu ≈≤ ˚Ù ∫F N≈®f°u@ (NI°fiR¡≈ Âÿ∫) Jæ¡Ÿ° Fæ ∫F fiFÙ* ı°fiwu $$8-15$$
Ÿf ˚¥w°u* J¡° <fi<bÕT∫ <ª∏t°` FÙ <fiı _b˚°b Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ÎJ¡ <bT∫ Ÿu N∏∫ <bT∫ J¡∑ ≈®°<›w F°ufiu ≈≤ tº∫ tu* ≈®<Ÿ] ı°u <fi<bÕT∫ ªæw∏∫ Fæ bF
≈≤t°Ãt≈Ì FÙ ˚¥w°u* J¡° <fiı _b˚°b Fæ $ ÎJ¡ <bT∫ Ÿu N∏∫ <bT∫ J¡∑ ≈®°<›w F°ufiu ≈≤ tº∫ tu* ≈®<Ÿ]
ı°u <fi<bÕT∫ ªæw∏∫ Fæ bFÙ ∫F ≈≤t°J¡°„ Fæ $ oŸÙtu* Ÿf JC¡~> ≈®<w<‹™>w Fæ ∫°fiÙ <fi<bÕT∫ ªæw∏∫
FÙ Ÿb°Õ<@‹™>°fi ˚Ù Fæ $$16,17$$
N<@‹™>°fi Ju¡ NfiCR¡≈ FÙ ∫F Nº∫°Ÿ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu ∫F ≈≤t≈Ì Fæ bæŸ° FÙ ∫F ŸwgNŸwgR¡≈ ≈®≈aª ˚Ù Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ ≈aª˚¥w°u* Ÿu N<w¿≤•w JC¡~> ˚Ù
fiFÙ* Fæ $ ıæŸu _b Ÿu N<w¿≤•w _bJ¡°∫Õ„¥∏∫w° f®Ê tu* Fæ bæŸu FÙ oŸtu* ˚Ù Fæ $ oŸÙ Na„ Ÿu oŸtu*
N<@‹™>°fiNfiCR¡≈w° Fæ $ ZC<w∫°u* Ju¡ w°Ã≈∫Õ J¡°u ı°fifiub°Ôu Ô°uy R¡≈°Ô°uJ¡ ∫°fiÙ f°fl o¿∏B∫°u* Ÿu ı∏∫
<bT∫°˚°Ÿ wS° tfi_J¡°≤ ∫°fiÙ N°U∫∏w≤ o¿∏B∫ tfi Ju¡ N@Ùfi <bT∫°˚°Ÿ ∫u Ÿ˚Ù <ª∏t°`R¡≈ ≈≤t
f®Ê FÙ Fæ*, ÎuŸ° ı°fiwu Fæ* $ ∫u Ÿf tF°Ÿ°y≤R¡≈Ù •w ≈Ì J¡∑ Bbw° Ju¡ (ıÔ Ju¡) N°bwÕ Fæ* $$18,19$$
oŸŸu <fi<bÕT∫ <ª∏t°` Ÿu N<w¿≤•w ıyW° fiFÙ* Fæ ∫F <Ÿ] FCN°, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Ÿa<bwg J¡∑ ÎJ¡ Ìu„ Ÿu Ì¥Ÿ≤u Ìu„ J¡∑ ≈®°<›w F°ufiu ≈≤ tº∫ tu* <fi<bÕT∫ ı°u ªæw∏∫ ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ ŸŸu
N<w¿≤•w ıyW° J¡°uoÕ fiFÙ* Fæ $ ≤°y, πuT N°<Ì ˚°b wS° ıywg J¡∑ ˚°b-N˚°b Â<‹¸>∫°≥ ∫u Ÿf ŸBq≈
N°æ≤ ˚°fiR¡≈ J¡° Ã∫°y fi J¡≤wu FCÎ oŸJu¡ NayR¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ* $ „°©°ª∏BÌ„Õfi tu* ≈¥bÕJ¡°u<¸> („°©°)
N°æ≤ N∏∫J¡°u<¸> J¡°u (ª∏BJ¡°u) ~>°unJ¡≤ fÙª tu* ı°u Ÿa<bwg J¡° <fi<bÕT∫ „≤Ù≤ ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ, bF ŸJ¡°
≈≤t _b˚°b Fæ $ bFÙ ıyBq≈ t”tÿw¨‹d° Ju¡ ıÔtu* N<@‹™>°fiŸaIJ¡ Fæ $$20-22$$
oŸÙ N<˚≈®°∫ Ÿu tæ*fiu f°≤-f°≤ <fi<bÕT∫ <b_w¨w N≈≤°us ªæw∏∫ J¡∑ ŸbÕŸ°@°≤d ≈®<Ÿ<] Ju¡
≈®Ì„ÕJ¡ "Ìu„°ÌgÌu„°∏w≤≈®°›w°æ' oŸ ÿÔ°uJ¡ J¡∑ |°uTd° J¡∑ Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
J¥¡¸>_S F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d FÙ _bR¡≈ Ÿu N≈®h∫Cw Ÿa<bwg J¡° ı°y®wg Ÿu _b›fi J¡∑ ≈®°<›w F°ufiu ≈≤ tº∫
tu* (ŸCTC<›wÌ„° tu*) ı°u _bR¡≈ Fæ, ≈¥bÕŸ¨<‹¸> Ÿu ≈Cfi# Ÿ¨<‹¸>≈®°<›w F°ufiu ≈≤ tº∫ tu* (≈®Ô∫ tu*) ı°u Ÿa<bwg
J¡° _bR¡≈ Fæ wS° oŸ Ô°uJ¡R¡≈ ≈®Ìu„ Ÿu ≈≤Ô°uJ¡R¡≈ ≈®Ìu„ J¡∑ ≈®°<›w tu* tº∫ tu* (t¥h~>°Õb_S° tu*) ı°u
Ÿa<bwg J¡° _bR¡≈ Fæ bF bæŸu FÙ ŸÌ° ≤Fw° Fæ $ ŸÙJ¡° NI°fiÙ Ô°uy°u* fiu ıywg ∫F Ì¥Ÿ≤° fi°t J¡≈°uÔ
J¡v≈fi° Ÿu ≤•©° Fæ $$23$$ N°<Ì Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ÿu FÙ Âÿ∫ Ã≈∏fi fiFÙ* FCN° $ ı°u ∫F°≥ ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ bF
t°∫°R¡≈Ù Îu∏Bı°<ÔJ¡ J¡° N°±>‡f≤-t°` Fæ $$24$$ ©uÌ Fæ, ı°u Âÿ∫ Fæ FÙ fiFÙ* bF N¿_wR¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw
Fæ $ ı°u ≈≤t f®Ê Fæ ŸJ¡∑ fi°¿_w Fæ oŸŸu f»J¡≤ ÌC#© •∫° F°uy° ? t¥»°u* J¡°u N˚°À∫b„ FÙ, t<d fiFÙ*
Fæ, J¡°≥ª Fæ, oŸ ˚®°<∏w J¡∑ w≤F ∫F <b≈≤Ùww° J¡° ˚®t FCN° Fæ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$25$$ tæ* w°u f®Ê˚°b Ÿu
„¥∏∫ NwÎb <b≈≤Ùw ıywg J¡°u J¡F°≥ ≈°«≥¡ $ t¥i> ıfiw° fiu NŸwg Âÿ∫ J¡°u Ÿwg J¡F° Fæ bF ˚Ù f®Ê J¡°u
FÙ ≈®°›w F°uwÙ Fæ fi <J¡ Âÿ∫ J¡°u, •∫°u*<J¡ NŸwg b_wC ≈®°<›w ∫°uÀ∫ FÙ fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$26$$ ∫F fi
ŸyÕ - 171] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2431
w°u J¡˚Ù JC¡~> Ã≈∏fi FCN° Fæ N°æ≤ fi ŸJ¡° ˚°fi FÙ F°uw° Fæ $ ı°u ∫F _kC¡¿≤w F°uw° Fæ bF _b∫a
<ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡° FÙ _kC¡≤d Fæ $$27$$ ıæŸu t<d N≈fiu Ÿu N<˚∏fi N≈fiÙ N°˚° Ÿu _kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ
<ªÌ°J¡°„ N≈fiu Ÿu N<˚∏fi Ÿ¨<‹¸>R¡≈ Ÿu _kC¡¿≤w Fæ $$28$$
∫F Jæ¡Ÿu ı°fi° ı°∫ ∫F ∫<Ì J¡F°u w°u Ÿ¥∫Õ N°<Ì ıywg J¡° ŸBq≈ Ÿu FÙ ŸÃŸ°t°∏∫ Ju¡ ≈®°∫#
ÎJ¡Ìu„R¡≈ Ÿu (NayR¡≈ Ÿu) ŸfJ¡°u NfiC˚b F°uw° Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ŸÙ „°∏w ≈Ì tu* ∫F ˚yb°fig Ÿ¥∫Õ w≈wu Fæ* N°æ≤ ŸÙ Ju¡ Nb∫b˚¥w FÙ Fæ* $ Ÿ¥∫Õ ŸŸu N<w¿≤•w
J¡Ì°<≈ fiFÙ* Fæ* $$29$$
ıæŸu Ÿ¥∫Õ N°<Ì J¡° ≈®J¡°„ f®Ê Ju¡ N@Ùfi Fæ bæŸu _b≈®J¡°„ f®Ê Ÿ¥∫Õ N°<Ì Ju¡ N@Ùfi ≈®J¡°„b°Ô°
Ÿ ≈≤t≈Ì tu* ¿_Sw F°uJ¡≤ ˚Ù fi Ÿ¥∫Õ ≈®J¡°„ J¡≤w° Fæ N°æ≤ fi ª∏Bt° FÙ ≈®J¡°„ J¡≤w° Fæ ∫F Ìub
(ÌuÌÙ›∫t°fi) <ªÌ°J¡°„ Ÿ¥∫Õ J¡°u ≈®J¡°<„w J¡≤w° Fæ, Ÿ¥∫Õ Ÿ oÕÿb≤ J¡°u ≈®J¡°<„w fiFÙ aJ¡≤w° Fæ $ oŸ
<bT∫ tu* ˚ybwÙ ZC<w Fæ -"fi w` Ÿ¥∫°uÕ ˚°<w fi ª∏Bw°≤Ja¡ fiut° <bΩCw°u ˚°<∏w JC¡w°u&∫t¿Àfi# $ wtub
˚°∏wtfiC˚°<w Ÿb˘ w_∫ ˚°Ÿ° ŸbÕ<tÌa <b˚°<w $' NS°Õwg Ÿ ≈≤t ≈Ì tu* fi Ÿ¥∫Õ J¡° ≈®J¡°„ Fæ, fi
ª∏Bt° N°æ≤ <Ÿw°≤°u* J¡°, ∫u <fı<Ô∫°≥ ˚Ù bF°≥ ≈®J¡°„ fiFÙ* J¡≤wÙ Fæ*, oŸ N<Àfi J¡° w°u ˚°fi J¡F°≥ Ÿu
F°uy° ? ≈®J¡°„t°fi F°u ≤Fu ŸJu¡ f°Ì FÙ ŸfJ¡° ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ ŸJ¡∑ N°˚° Ÿu oŸ Ÿ°≤u ıywg J¡° ˚°fi
(≈®J¡°„) F°uw° Fæ $$30$$ NF°u ! ∫F Âÿ∫t^±>Ô ŸJ¡∑ ≈®˚° Ÿu ˚°<Ÿw F°uw° Fæ $ bF Ÿf ª∏Bt°,
Ÿ¥∫Õ, N<Àfi N°<Ì ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡° ≈®ÌÙ≈J¡ (˚°ŸJ¡) Fæ $$31$$ bF Ÿ°J¡°≤ Fæ, <fi≤°J¡°≤ Fæ oŸ w≤F J¡∑
„ÆÌ°SÕ-J¡v≈fi°, ı°u N°J¡°„ JC¡ŸCt Ju¡ Ÿt°fi NŸBq≈ Fæ, w[bI°<fi∫°u* J¡°u fiFÙ* F°uwÙ $$32$$ ıywg
J¡°u Ìu© ≤Fu ıÙb˚¥w oŸ Ÿ¥∫Õ Ju¡ wuı tu* ŸÙ J¡° Nay˚¥w ≈≤t°dC ıæŸu H≤°u©u N°<Ì tu* ˚°Ÿw° Fæ bæŸu
FÙ NŸÙt <ªÃ≈®J¡°„b°Ôu f®Ê tu* ∫u Ÿ¥∫Õ N°<Ì ≈≤t°dC ˚°Ÿwu Fæ* NSb° fiFÙ* ˚Ù ˚°Ÿwu $ ı°u Ÿ¥∫Õ N°<Ì
Ÿu Ÿa∫C•w Ÿ¨<‹¸>∫°≥ <ª∏t°`N°J¡°„R¡≈ tF°≤Ãfi J¡∑ ÌÙ<›w∫°≥ Fæ*, ı≤° J¡<F∫u w°u bu ŸŸu Δ∫<w¿≤•w
Jæ¡Ÿu F°uyÙ ? ≤Ãfi Ÿu ŸJ¡∑ J¡°<∏w J¡Ì°<ªwg <˚∏fi fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wÙ, ∫F ŸbÕ` ≈¥dÕ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d
„¥∏∫w° Ÿu ˚Ù ≤<Fw, ŸJ¡Ô ≈Ì°S°u˘ Ju¡ <Ÿ] F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ŸfŸu ¿≤•w, J¡<v≈w Ÿf ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡°
N<@‹™>°fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d Ÿf ≈Ì°S°u˘ Ÿu ∫C•w Fæ $ Ÿ <ªBq≈ ≈≤t≈Ì tu* J¡<v≈w ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì Ÿ˚Ù
˚¥w-˚°æ<wJ¡ ≈Ì°SÕ Fæ* FÙ ≈≤ b°_wb tu* J¡°uoÕ ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ $ Ÿtu* J¡¿v≈w <ªÌ°˚°ŸR¡≈ Ÿu <fi<©Ô ıÙb
ıÙ<bw ≤Fwu FCÎ ˚Ù b°_wb tu* _bR¡≈ Ÿu J¡°uoÕ fiFÙ* Fæ* $ Ÿ <ªÃ≈®J¡°„ tu* Ì°u Nb∫b°u* Ju¡ Ÿay™>fi Ÿu
Ã≈∏fi _S¥Ôw° J¡° Ã∫°y fi J¡≤wu FCÎ FÙ ∫u Ÿ¥∫Õ N°<Ì ≈≤t°dC FÙ (<fi≤b∫b NdC FÙ) Fæ* $ ∫S°SÕ tu*
_bŸW° J¡° Ã∫°y fi J¡≤w° FCN° πæw NSb° Nπæw (ÎJ¡Ãb) oŸ <ªBq≈ tu* JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ $$33-37$$ oŸ
<ªwg≈®J¡°„ tu* JC¡~> Fæ JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ, fi <J*¡<ªwg Fæ N°æ≤ fi <J*¡ªfi Fæ ∫°fiÙ <J*¡<ªwg, N<J*¡<ªwg N°<Ì
J¡v≈fi° oŸ „C] <fi<bÕT∫ <ªBq≈ Ÿu NÃ∫∏w Ì¥≤ Fæ $ Δ∫bF°≤t°` J¡° <fi≤°Ÿ F°ufiu ≈≤ <b≤°u@ N°æ≤
N<b≤°u@ J¡° ˚Ù Ÿtu* <fi≤°Ÿ F°u y∫° Fæ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $ N©^±>, <fi≤bJ¡°„, NŸÙt, <fi≤∏w≤ N≈fiu R¡≈
Ÿu NÃ∫∏w <b_w¨w <ª∏t°` N°J¡°„ŸW° FÙ <fiıR¡≈ tu* ıywg Ju¡ fi°t Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ $ ÎJ¡ ∫°fiÙ ªæÃ∫ J¡°u
Ã∫°y J¡≤ ªCJ¡∑ N°æ≤ N∏∫ <ª∏t°`R¡≈ J¡°u ≈®°›w fi FCoÕ <ª¿w J¡° ı°u <fi<bÕT∫ R¡≈ Fæ fi°fi°ÃtJ¡ oŸ
ıywg J¡° ˚Ù bFÙ R¡≈ Fæ $ fi°fi° N<πwÙ∫ ∫F <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ _b›fi tu* ıÙb ªæw∏∫ J¡∑ ˚°≥<w ≈aª tF°˚¥w
R¡≈ Ÿu <b_w¨w fi°fi°Ÿ° (<˚∏fiŸ°) F°uJ¡≤ ¿_Sw Fæ $ ıæŸu ŸCTC<›w Ÿu _b›fi tu* ≈®bu„ J¡≤ ≤Fu ıÙb J¡∑
ŸCTC<›w tu* ¿_Sw <ª¿w FÙ ≠∫°u* J¡∑ Ã∫°u* (<ffi° J¡°uoÕ N∏w≤ ≈nu) _b›fiw° J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uwÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ª¿w
FÙ ≈®Ô∫ Ÿu ŸyÕw° J¡°u ≈®°›w Fæ $ ıæŸÙ ŸCTC<›w Fæ _b›fi ˚Ù bæŸ° FÙ Fæ, ∫F ı°y®wg ˚Ù bæŸ° FÙ Fæ N°æ≤ wC∫Õ
˚Ù bæŸ° FÙ Fæ oŸŸu <Ÿ] FCN° <J¡ ıywg N°J¡°„wCv∫ Fæ $ ı°y®wg, _b›fi N°æ≤ ŸCTC<›w ŸfJu¡ Ÿf
wC∫ÕR¡≈ FÙ ¿_Sw Fæ* $ f®ÊbuW°N°u* Ju¡ Ÿ‡≈®Ì°∫ Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* <fi≈¸> t¥» ≈°t≤ ≈C”T <ıŸu ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu
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bFÙ ıywg Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ* $$38-46$$
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Ÿ°sÙ wS° ≈¿≤d°t J¡° ≈®u≤J¡ Fæ, oÃ∫°<Ì <•w∫°≥ Ô°æ<J¡J¡ Δ∫b_S° J¡°u t°fiJ¡≤ ≈Ìu„°SÕ ≈®b¨W Fæ* $
b°_wb tu* bu ≈¿≤d°t≈≤J¡ fiFÙ* Fæ*, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$47$$
wf fiJ¡° w°Ã≈∫Õ <J¡Ÿtu* Fæ ? ÎuŸ° ≈®ÿfi F°ufiu ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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¿_Sw Fæ $ ŸÙfiu <fiı N°Ãt° tu* NI°<fi∫°u* Ju¡ <ÔÎ ıyw, ıÙb N°<Ì ŸaI°Î≥ J¡∑ Fæ* $$48,49$$
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N°<Ì Ju¡ Ÿt°fi, ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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Ÿf ŸC© FÙ F°u ı°w° Fæ $ ∫<Ì _b›fi J¡° "∫F _b›fi Fæ' ∫°u* ≈¿≤I°fi fiFÙ* FCN° w°u ÌC#©∫C•w Ÿf
b¨W ÌC#©≈®Ì FÙ F°uwu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ ≈®f°u@J¡°Ô tu* (I°fiJ¡°Ô tu*) <ıŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ <fi‹J¡Ô <fi≤aıfi N°Ãt°
J¡° „uT ≤Fw° Fæ ŸJ¡° NayÙJ¡°≤ J¡≤fiu Ÿu NfiC˚¥w ıywg N°<Ì J¡°æwCJ¡ sd˚≤ tu* ŸC©J¡°≤J¡ FÙ
F°uw° Fæ, NI°fiJ¡°Ô tu* ŸJ¡° NayÙJ¡°≤ fi J¡≤fiu Ÿu ÌC#©≈¥dÕ ı∏t, ı≤°, t≤d N°<Ì ÌC#©Ì°∫J¡
FÙ F°uwu Fæ* $$50$$
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J¡Fwu Fæ* $
„°∏w, w[bI°fiÙ ≈C”T tu* ªÔwu, <¸>J¡wu, ı°wu N°æ≤ Ÿ°uwu ŸÌ° ÎJ¡ Ÿt°<@ŸC© FÙ ≤Fw° Fæ $ πæw
ŸyÕ - 172] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2433
tu* ˚Ù Nπæw<fi‹™>, ÌC#© tu* ˚Ù ŸC© ¿_S<wb°Ôu, f°F≤ ŸaŸ°≤ tu* ≤Fwu ˚Ù tC•w F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d Ÿtu* fiFÙ*
FÙ ≤Ffiub°Ôu I°fiÙ Ju¡ <ÔÎ J¡°æfi-ŸÙ b_wC Ÿ°º∫ ∫° Fu∫ „uT ≤FwÙ Fæ ? f°F≤ Ju¡ J¡°∫Õ tu* Δ∫bF°≤ J¡≤
≤F° ˚Ù w[bI ≈C”T ⁄Ì∫ Ÿu fi JC¡~> Ã∫°y J¡≤w° Fæ N°æ≤ fi JC¡~> y®Fd J¡≤w° Fæ, <J¡∏wC NJ¡°∫Õ tu* (f®Ê
tu*) FÙ ¿_Sw ≤Fw° Fæ $ ıæŸu <Ft J¡∑ „ÙwÔw° Fæ N°æ≤ N<Àfi J¡∑ ‹dw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ oŸ w≤F J¡° ŸJ¡°
_b˚°b FÙ F°u ı°w° Fæ bF ŸJ¡° ≈®∫Ãfi π°≤° Ÿa≈°ÌfiÙ∫ yCd fiFÙ* Fæ $ <J¡∏wC <ıŸJ¡° ÎuŸ° _b˚°b fi F°u
bF w[bI°fiÙ fiFÙ* Fæ $ N°Ãt° Ÿu N<w¿≤•w <bT∫ J¡∑ oh~>° F°ufi° FÙ NIw° J¡° Ôsd Fæ $$51-55$$
ı°u NI°fi°b≤d„¥∏∫ <bπ°fig Fæ ŸJ¡° N∏w#J¡≤d ŸÌ° Ÿt°<@ŸC© J¡° NfiC˚b J¡≤w° Fæ, ∫F „`C Fæ,
∫F <t` Fæ N°<Ì <bJ¡v≈°u* J¡∑ Ÿtu* y∏@wJ¡ fiFÙ* ≤FwÙ, N°ÃtŸC©R¡≈Ù Ÿ°≤ b_wC FÙ Ÿtu* ≈®ªC≤t°`°
tu* ≤FwÙ Fæ N°æ≤ bF ŸÌ° ≈≤t„°<∏wR¡≈Ù Nt¨w Ÿu w¨›w ≤Fw° Fæ $$56$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ oJ¡FW≤b°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ fFW≤b°≥ ŸyÕ
<b@°w° Ju¡bÔ tfiR¡≈ Fæ, ŸJ¡° ŸaJ¡v≈ ıyÌg˚®°<∏w Fæ* $
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≈¥bÕJ¡v≈fi°fiCŸ°≤ Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡∑ $ ΩCÔ°uJ¡, ˚¥Ô°uJ¡, N∏w¿≤sÔ°uJ¡ N°æ≤ _byÕ J¡∑ ˚Ù ≈¥bÕbwg Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡∑) $
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J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ <b@°w° Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈ N°æ≤ ŸaJ¡v≈t∫ ıywg <ª∏t°` FÙ Fæ*, ∫F bdÕfi J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ
≈J®¡t J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, Nfi°<ÌJ¡°Ô Ÿu ıÙb∏tC•w F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d FÙ N°<Ì
≈®ı°≈<w ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì Ÿu ≤<Fw <fi≤°b≤d <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ $ Ÿu tæ* Ju¡bÔ tfi J¡∑ Ÿt<‹¸>R¡≈ <F≤^∫y˚Õ
FÙ ŸtHw° F¥≥ N°æ≤ tfi ŸaJ¡v≈b¨s Ju¡ Ÿt°fi <ªÃ_kC¡≤dt°` FÙ Fæ, ∫F ≈®<Ÿ<] Fæ, ∫°u* ŸJ¡∑ <ª∏t°`w°
tu* J¡°uoÕ Ÿ∏ÌuF fiFÙ* ≤F°, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$1$$
Jæ¡Ÿu ŸJ¡∑ <ª∏t°`w° J¡∑ ≈®<Ÿ<] Fæ ? oŸ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
tfifi°J¡°≤ J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° Ju¡ ≈¥bÕ bF <ª∏t°` FÙ S° $ tfifi°J¡°≤ J¡v≈fi° Ju¡ f°Ì "tfi' oŸ fi°t Ÿu
ŸJu¡ <ªwgw°Ì°Ã‡∫Nº∫°Ÿ J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° FCoÕ $ ıæŸu <J¡ ıÔ tu* FÙ N°bwÕ Ju¡ (˚≥b≤ Ju¡) <bbwÕ Ju¡ N°J¡°≤
Ÿu _b∫a ™>J¡≤ Ÿfiu N°bwÕw° J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ $$2$$
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Ju¡bÔ ŸW°t°`_bR¡≈ ≈®ı°≈<w Ju¡ fC<] N°<Ì J¡F°≥ Ÿu F°u ŸJ¡wu Fæ* ? ∫<Ì ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì J¡° FÙ
N¿_wÃb fi F°u w°u Nfi∏w (NŸÙt) N°J¡°„ tu* @¥<Ô J¡F°≥ Ÿu F°uyÙ ? $$3$$
oŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ ŸJu¡ ÌuF N°<Ì ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ*, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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<ÔÎ N°≈°ww#(Ÿ≤Ÿ≤Ù Â<‹¸> Ÿu) ŸJu¡ ÌuF°<Ì J¡° N¿_wÃb F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù ≈≤t°SÕR¡≈ Ÿu ÌuF N°<Ì
JC¡~> ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ* $$4$$
•∫°u* fiFÙ* Fæ* ? ∫F ∫<Ì ≈¥~>°u w°u N°<Ì Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°≤a˚ tu* J¡°≤d FÙ J¡°uoÕ fiFÙ* Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ fiFÙ Fæ* $
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•∫°u*<J¡ bF <π≈≤°@ÕR¡≈ N≈fiÙ N°∫C Ju¡ N∏w tu* tC•w F°u y∫°, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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ŸJ¡∑ Ã≈<W J¡° FÙ Ÿa˚b Fæ $$5$$ ŸaŸ°≤ tu* ¿_Sw wS° N°b°ytfi Ju¡ ª•J¡≤ tu* ≈nu FCÎ ıÙb°u* J¡∑
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NSb° N∏∫ J¡°Ô tu* ≈Cfi≤°b¨<W FÙ fiFÙ* F°uwÙ Fæ $ oŸ <bT∫ tu* "ota t°fibt°bw˘ fi°bwÕ∏wu' wS° "fi Ÿ
≈Cfi≤°bwÕwu' NS°Õwg tC•w ≈C”T, oŸ tfiC‹∫ ıfitR¡≈Ù N°bwÕ tu* fiFÙ* ≈nwu Fæ* $ ŸJ¡∑ <k¡≤ ∫F°≥
≈Cfi≤°b¨<W fiFÙ* F°uwÙ, oÃ∫°<Ì ZC<w∫°≥ ≈®t°d Fæ* $$6$$ NSb° ∫<Ì ≈®ı°≈<w J¡∑ ≈¥bÕJ¡v≈ tu* J¡∑ yoÕ
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t°fi<ŸJ¡ N≈¨ØbÙ N°<Ì Ÿu Ã≈∏fi N<wwCh~> ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ Ju¡ ŸÂ„ <tØ∫°˚¥w FÙ F°uy° fi <J¡ ŸÃ∫
F°uy° $ oŸ w≤F ˚Ù Ft°≤u FÙ <Ÿ]°∏w J¡∑ <Ÿ<] Fæ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$7$$
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N°<Ì Ÿu ≤<Fw Jæ¡Ÿu F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? oŸ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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Fæ bæŸu FÙ ŸJu¡ <b≤°¸> „≤Ù≤ J¡° R¡≈ ˚Ù ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì Ÿu ≤<Fw Fæ $$8$$
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Jæ¡Ÿu |¸> ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? oŸ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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oŸ ≈®ı°≈<w J¡°u ≈¥bÕJ¡v≈ tu*, ıf <J¡ bF ≈°ŸJ¡ S°, ≈¨ØbÙ N°<Ì J¡° NfiC˚b S° FÙ $ ∫<Ì Ÿ
Ÿt∫ Ÿu ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì J¡° NfiC˚b fi F°uw° w°u "tæ* ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì Ÿu ≤<ªw <b≤°¸> „≤Ù≤b°Ô° F¥≥' ÎuŸÙ
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_t¨<w Ÿu Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡° <fit°Õd J¡≤uy° $ _t¨<w Ju¡ <ffi° FÙ ŸJ¡° <fit°Õd J¡≤fiu ≈≤ w°u "@°w°
∫S°≈¥bÕtJ¡v≈∫wg' oŸ ZC<wbªfi π°≤° f°u<@w ≈¥bÕJ¡v≈ Ju¡ f®Ê°^±> J¡∑ Ÿ°≤Ù yCd≤°<„ J¡∑ oŸ f®Ê°^±>
ŸyÕ - 172] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2435
tu* Jæ¡Ÿu <Ÿ<] F°uyÙ, ÎuŸÙ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ „aJ¡° J¡≤wu Fæ* $
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fiFÙ* F°uwÙ N°æ≤ _t¨<w Ju¡ N˚°b tu* ≈¥bÕJ¡v≈ Ju¡ yCd oŸ J¡v≈ Ju¡ f®Ê°^±> tu* Jæ¡Ÿu N°∫u ? $$10$$
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N∏b∫ Δ∫<w≤uJ¡b„ J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤d˚°b Ju¡ <Ÿ] F°ufiu ≈≤ N≈fiu <fit°Õw° J¡∑ ŸW° Ÿu ŸW°b°fig ıywg Ju¡
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ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ, <J¡∏wC π°≤˚¥w_t¨<w J¡° FÙ Ÿ‡˚b fiFÙ* Fæ $$11$$
_t¨<w J¡° •∫°u* Ÿa˚b fiFÙ* Fæ ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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ZC<w J¡° N°Ìu„ Fæ) "∫` fi°∏∫wg ≈ÿ∫<w fi°∏∫h~¨>d°u<w fi°∏∫Ìg <bı°fi°<w Ÿ ˚¥t°' (ıF°≥ ≈≤ Ì¥Ÿ≤u
J¡°u fiFÙ* Ìu©w°, Ì¥Ÿ≤u J¡°u fiFÙ* ŸCfiw° N°æ≤ Ì¥Ÿ≤u J¡°u fiFÙ* ı°fiw°, πæwI°fi fiFÙ* ≤Fw° bF ˚¥t° Fæ),
"wÌuwÌg f®Ê°≈¥bÕtfi≈≤tfi∏w≤tf°fl t∫t°Ãt° f®Ê Ÿb°ÕfiC˚¥#' ( bF ∫F f®Ê ı°u N°Ãt° Fæ, oŸJ¡°
fi J¡°uoÕ J¡°≤d Fæ, fi J¡°∫Õ Fæ, fi oŸJu¡ tº∫ tu* J¡°uoÕ N∏∫ı°wÙ∫ Fæ N°æ≤ fi oŸJu¡ J¡°uoÕ f°F≤ Fæ, ∫F
N°Ãt° FÙ <fi≤∏w≤ f®Ê Fæ ı°u <J¡ Ÿ°t°∏∫R¡≈ Ÿu ŸfJ¡° NfiC˚b J¡≤w° Fæ), "b°ª°≤‡˚da <bJ¡°≤°u
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bæŸÙ FÙ w[bI°<fi∫°u* J¡∑ NfiC˚¥<w F°ufiu Ÿu ıF°≥ f®Ê° Ÿu ÔuJ¡≤ w¨d≈∫Õ∏w Âÿ∫ JC¡~> ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ bF°≥
≈≤ _t¨<w J¡° Ÿ‡˚b Jæ¡Ÿu, <J¡Ÿ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° N°æ≤ J¡F°≥ Ÿu F°uy° ? ÎuŸÙ ¿_S<w tu* "ŸF <Ÿ]a ªwC‹¸>∫tg'
oŸ _t¨<wbªfi π°≤° ≈®Ì<„Õw ≈®°•wfi _b°˚°<bJ¡ ≈®≈aª w[bI°fiÙ <b≤°¸>g Ju¡ w[bI°fi Ÿu f°<@w F°uJ¡≤
<tØ∫° FÙ F°u ªCJ¡°, NwÎb bF ≈®ı°≈<w J¡∑ ≈¥bÕ_t¨<w J¡° N°@°fi J¡≤fiu N°æ≤ ŸJu¡ π°≤° ŸÃ∫ Ÿ¨<‹¸>
Ju¡ ≈®<w J¡°≤d F°ufiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ŸtSÕ fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$12$$ ≈≤t°SÕR¡≈ Ÿu Ã≈∏fi F°uJ¡≤ <bΩt°fiw°
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Fæ* ? oŸ Âÿ∫ J¡° <fiÿª∫ R¡≈ Ÿu ŸbÕÌ° NÃ∫∏w N˚°b FÙ Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ Ÿf JC¡~> f®Ê FÙ Fæ, oÃ∫°<Ì
ŸÃ∫°SÕJ¡ ZC<w∫°≥ Fæ* $ ÎuŸÙ ≈¿≤¿_S<w tu* _t¨<wJ¡v≈fi°Î≥ Jæ¡Ÿu F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ* ∫° _t¨<w J¡∑ ŸÃ∫°SÕJ¡
J¡v≈fi°Î≥ Jæ¡Ÿu F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ* ∫°u*"ŸÃ∫°SÕ#' J¡° J¡v≈fi° tu* N∏b∫ J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u $ ∫° ≈¥b°uÕ•w NfiCb°Ì
Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ "Ÿb˘ f®Êu<w ŸÃ∫°S°Õ# ZCw∫# Ÿ¿∏w' ∫°u* ∫°uıfi° J¡≤fiÙ ª°<F∫u $ NŸwg ˚®°<∏wJ¡¿v≈w
N°æ≤ w[bI°fi Ÿu f°<@w J¡∑ _t¨<w fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$13,14$$
≈¥b°uÕ•w N°„∫ J¡°u FÙ ≈Cfi# Ÿ¥<ªw J¡≤wu FCÎ Ÿt°@°fi J¡° ≈ŸaF°≤ J¡≤wu Fæ* $
oŸ<ÔÎ ≈®ı°≈<w J¡∑ N°Ω _t¨<w J¡Ì°<≈ fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ $ „C]I°fiR¡≈ ≈®ı°≈<w J¡∑ Ÿ°J¡°≤w°
(t¥wÕw°) FÙ J¡F°≥ Ÿu F°uyÙ ? $$15$$ ≈¥bÕı∏t tu* ≈°Ÿfi°R¡≈ N≈fiÙ ıywg ÌuFÃb˚°bfi° Ju¡ π°≤° ≈°Ÿfi°
k¡Ô J¡∑ <Ÿ<] Ju¡ <ÔÎ tæ* ıywg ÌuF F¥≥ ÎuŸ° ≈®ı°≈<w J¡°u Nbÿ∫ _t≤d J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u $ Ô°uJ¡ tu* ≈®<Ÿ]
ı°u _t¨<w Fæ ( bF tu≤Ù t°≥ Fæ bF tu≤Ù ÔnJ¡∑ Fæ oÃ∫°<Ì _t¨<w Fæ) ŸJ¡∑ w≤F bF _t¨<w ≈Ì°SÕ
≈®t°ı∏∫ Fæ FÙ fiFÙ*, •∫°u*<J¡ N∏∫ J¡° Ô°æ<J¡J¡ _t¨Ã∫SÕ t°w°, ≈C`Ù N°<Ì |≤ tu* Fæ, <J¡∏wC tfi°u≤°≠∫wCv∫
≈°Ÿfi° J¡° <bT∫ fiFÙ* Fæ ∫F <bTtw° Fæ $ Jæ¡Ÿu fiFÙ* Fæ, oŸ NSÕ J¡°u ŸC<fi∫u $$16$$ NwÙw ≈Ì°SÕ J¡°
Ÿa_J¡°≤b„ N∏w#J¡≤d tu* _t≤d Ô°uJ¡ tu* _t¨<w J¡FÙ ı°wÙ Fæ $ ≈®ı°≈<w J¡° w°u J¡v≈°<Ì tu* fi <bΩt°fi
≈Ì°SÕ FÙ Fæ, fi ˚¥w FÙ ≈Ì°SÕ Fæ N°æ≤ fi J¡°uoÕ N°yu F°ufiub°Ô° ≈Ì°SÕ FÙ Fæ, <ıŸJ¡∑ <J¡ ∏Fu* _t¨<w F°uyÙ,
∫F ˚°b Fæ $$17$$ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ª¥≥<J¡ ∫F Âÿ∫ N°<Ì, tº∫ N°æ≤ N∏w„¥∏∫ J¥¡¸>_S ≈≤t f®Ê FÙ Fæ,
oŸ<ÔÎ _t¨<w N°<Ì Jæ¡Ÿu F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ* ? $$18$$ <ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡° _kC¡≤d Ÿb°ÕÃtJ¡ F°ufiu Ÿu _t¨Ã∫°ÃtJ¡
˚Ù Fæ, ÎuŸ° ∫<Ì J¡F°u w°u ™>ÙJ¡ Fæ $ oŸÙ N<˚≈®°∫ Ÿu tæ*fiu ˚Ù ≈FÔu "∫<Ì b°<≈ ˚buwg <J*¡<ªÃ_t¨Ã∫° ÌuF°<Ì
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_bR¡≈ Ÿu I°w F°uw° Fæ ˚®°<∏w Ÿu NSb° _t¨<w≈≤‡≈≤° Ÿu ŸJu¡ _b˚°b J¡° FÙ NbÔ‡ffi J¡≤ ŸJ¡∑
_b˚°bÃbufi ˚°bfi° J¡≤w° FCN° bF _bR¡≈ J¡°Ô°∏w≤ tu* Ÿ N°J¡°≤ Ÿu "bFÙ ∫F Fæ' ∫°u* wW° Ÿu ∫C•w
≈Ì°SÕ Ÿ° Nb˚°<Ÿw F°uw° Fæ, ŸJ¡∑ FÙ ıÙbfiu N≈fiu tu* _t¨<wR¡≈ Ÿu J¡v≈fi° J¡Ù Fæ $$21$$ ıæŸu
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Fæ bæŸu FÙ _t¨<w tu* ˚Ù Δ∫b_S° ŸtHfiÙ ª°<F∫u $ Ìu<©∫u fi N<bΩt°fi ˚Ù ŸbÕS° NŸwg ˚Ù tÿw¨‹d°
<ÌwŸÙ ˚°<Ÿw F°uwÙ FÙ Fæ $ oŸJ¡° ŸfJ¡°u NfiC˚b Fæ $$22$$
ŸÃ∫ Ÿb°ÕÃt° tu* ¿_Sw ı°u Ÿa<bwg _kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ* bu FÙ ˚®°∏w NU∫°Ÿ J¡∑ Â»w° Ÿu f]t¥Ô F°uJ¡≤
˚®°∏w NfiC˚b Ju¡ Ÿt°fi<bT∫ÃbR¡≈ Ÿ°Âÿ∫ Ÿu _t¨<w∫°≥ J¡FÙ yoÕ Fæ* $
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J¡°) ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ <ªwg J¡∑ Nb∫b˚¥w ŸÙ <bT∫w# ≈≤°us F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d <bJ¨¡w ˚Ù _bw# N≈≤°us F°ufiu
Ÿu N<bJ¨¡w bu FÙ _t¨<w Ju¡ fi°t Ÿu <b¶∫°w J¡∑ yoÕ Fæ* $ Ÿb°ÕÃt° J¡° _b°ay˚¥w ŸBq≈ _bw# NfiC˚b tu*
<ıŸ <ıŸ R¡≈ Ÿu _kC¡¿≤w F°uw° Fæ bF Ÿ NU∫°Ÿ tu* N°∫u FCÎ ≈Ì°SÕ Ÿu Ÿ°Âÿ∫ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d <bπ°fig
Ô°uy°u* π°≤° "_t¨<w' J¡F° ı°w° Fæ $ ıæŸu b°∫C J¡° _≈∏Ìfi Δ∫aıfi (≈a©°) N°<Ì FuwC Ju¡ ≈®°›w F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù
wS° fi ≈®°›w F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ Ìgf°u@J¡ J¡°≤d Ju¡ ≈®°›w F°ufiu ≈≤ NSb° ≈®°›w fi F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù
bu NfiC˚bb¨<W Ÿu ≈Ô<sw FÙ Ÿa<bwg J¡°Ô°∏w≤ tu* _t¨<w fi°t Ÿu ¶∫°w J¡∑ yoÕ $$23-26$$
∫<Ì Ÿa<bwg Ÿb°ÕÃt° J¡∑ Nay˚¥w Fæ* w°u bu ŸJu¡ Ÿt°fi FÙ ŸÌæb •∫°u* _kC¡¿≤w fiFÙ* F°uwÙ* ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi
ı°u Ÿa<bwg J¡°J¡w°ÔÙ∫ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi J¡˚Ù _kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ* fiJ¡° _t¨<w fi°t ≤•©° y∫° •∫°u*<J¡
ŸyÕ - 172] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2437
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NI Ju¡ <ÔÎ t°us°u≈°∫ J¡∑ J¡S° J¡≤w° F¥≥ N°æ≤ fi NI°fiÙ Ju¡ <fiÿª∫ Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ w[bI°fiÙ J¡∑ ¿_S<w
FÙ ı°fiw° F¥≥ Ôu<J¡fi ∫F Nbÿ∫ ı°fiw° F¥≥ <J¡ bF ˚°À∫b„ Ÿ°@fi ªwC‹¸>∫ J¡°u ≈®°›w J¡≤ Ÿ∏ÌuF Ÿu ıf
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_t¨<w N°æ≤ Ÿa_t¨<w „°∏w fiFÙ* F°uwÙ $ ıæŸu NI°fiÙ w[bI°ua J¡∑ ¿_S<w J¡°u fiFÙ* ı°fiwu bæŸu FÙ Ft
I°fiÙ ˚Ù NI°u* Ju¡ <fiÿª∫ J¡°u fiFÙ* ı°fiwu Fæ*, •∫°u*<J¡ w[bI°<fi∫°u* tu* N<bΩ°, t¥©Õw° wS° <bt°uF J¡°
NÃ∫∏w N˚°b Fæ $ NI°fiÙ Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ ¿_Sw <fiÿª∫ J¡Ì°<≈ ˚Ù Ft w[bI°<fi∫°u* J¡∑ fC<] J¡° y°uª≤
fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w° ı°u <ıŸJ¡∑ fC<] Ju¡ y°uª≤ fiFÙ* Fæ, ŸJ¡° Ÿu J¡Ì°<≈ NfiC˚b fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w° $ ˚Ô°
fwÔ°o∫u w°u ŸFÙ ≤°<` J¡° NfiC˚b Ÿ¥∫Õ J¡°u Jæ¡Ÿu F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? $$27-33$$
Nf _t¨<w Ju¡ J¡°≤d˚¥w Ÿa_J¡°≤ J¡° ©^±>fi J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ Ÿa_J¡°≤ J¡° _bR¡≈ fwÔ°wu Fæ* $
N∏w#J¡≤d≈<Fw<ª∏t°` tu* f°flb_wC_bR¡≈˚¥w ı°u JC¡~> ˚Ù ˚°<Ÿw F°uw° Fæ ŸJ¡° ∫<Ì f°≤f°≤
Δ∫bF°≤ π°≤° NU∫°Ÿ <J¡∫° ı°∫ w°u ŸJu¡ ŸÂ„ ≈Ì°S°u˘Ju¡ Ÿ°Âÿ∫ Ÿu b°<Ÿw <ªW ŸJ¡° Ÿa_J¡°≤
J¡F° y∫° Fæ $$34$$ <ª∏t°` tu* ≈¿≤J¡v›∫t°fi wS° w[bI°fi Ÿu N°Ãt_b˚°b˚¥w FCÎ Ÿf f°fl NS°u˘
J¡° f°<@w°fiCb¨<W Ÿu ıÔu FCÎ b˜ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi Nb˚°Ÿ F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù b°_wb tu* Nb¿_S<w fi F°ufiu Ÿu fiJu¡
Ÿ°Âÿ∫ J¡° <ªW Ÿu t°ıÕfi F°ufiu Ÿu w[bI°u* J¡° Ÿa_J¡°≤ fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ $$35$$
ÎuŸÙ ¿_S<w tu* k¡<Ôw°SÕ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡Ì°<≈ <J*¡<ªwg ˚Ù ıywg J¡° Ÿa˚b Fæ FÙ fiFÙ* ıywg tÿw¨‹d° Ju¡ ıÔ J¡∑ ˚°≥<w NI°fib„
Â<‹¸>y°uª≤ FCN° Fæ fi <J¡ ≈≤t°SÕR¡≈ Ÿu $$36$$
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ıf ∫F NSÕ <Ÿ] FCN° wf _b›fi tu* N°æ≤ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* ≈≤t <ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡° FÙ ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ
bFÙ "ŸyÕ' (Ÿ¨<‹¸>) ∫F Ì¥Ÿ≤° fi°t ≤©J¡≤ N°Ãt° tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $ N≈fiu _bR¡≈ Ÿu h∫Cw FCÎ <ffi° ŸBq≈
<ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ N≈fiu* tu* N≈fiu Ÿu FÙ ıyBq≈Ÿ° ¿_Sw F°uJ¡≤ ˚°<Ÿw FCN° Fæ $ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* _kC¡¿≤w
FCÎ ≈≤tf®Ê tu* <tØ∫° _kC¡¿≤w F°uw° FCN° Ÿ° ∫F Âÿ∫ ¿_Sw Fæ Nw# oŸtu* J¡FÙ* ≈≤ Fu∫ N°æ≤ ≈°Ìu∫
J¡° ˚°Ÿ Jæ¡Ÿu F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? J¡°≤d J¡° N˚°b F°ufiu Ÿu ∫F Âÿ∫ fi w°u J¡FÙ* JC¡~> N°J¡°≤b°fig (Ÿ°J¡°≤)
Fæ N°æ≤ fi _t¨<wR¡≈ FÙ Fæ Ju¡bÔ ≈≤t°Ãt° J¡° _bR¡≈ FÙ Âÿ∫R¡≈ Ÿu ˚°Ÿw° Fæ $$37-40$$
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J¡Sfi ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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N≈fiu w°¿[bJ¡ _bR¡≈ J¡° Ã∫°y fi J¡≤ ≤Fu <ªÌ°J¡°„ Ju¡ Ì≤ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $$42,43$$ ÎJ¡t°`
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ŸÙ ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì ŸaI°Î≥ J¡≤wÙ Fæ $$46$$ ıyBq≈ Âÿ∫ fi _t¨<wR¡≈ Fæ N°æ≤ fi Ÿ°J¡°≤ FÙ Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡
≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì J¡° NÃ∫∏w NŸa˚b Fæ $ oŸÙ w≤F bF fi ˚®°<∏w Fæ N°æ≤ fi <bbwÕ, ≈¿≤d°t N°<Ì FÙ Fæ $
ÎJ¡t°` f®ÊR¡≈ FÙ Fæ $ ª°≤°u* N°u≤ ŸC∏Ì≤ ıywg_bR¡≈ f®Ê J¡° FÙ _kC¡≤d Fæ N°æ≤ bF _kC¡≤d N°æ≤
N_kC¡≤d tu* ∫°fiÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸> N°æ≤ ≈®Ô∫J¡°Ô tu* <fiı N°Ãt° tu* (N<bJ¨¡w_b˚°b tu*) ¿_Sw Fæ $ bF ÎJ¡R¡≈
FÙ Âÿ∫bwg _kC¡¿≤w F°uJ¡≤ ˚Ù <fitÕÔ N°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ, <J¡∏wC NI°<fi∫°u* J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* Nfi°<ÌJ¡°Ô Ÿu
≈®Ô∫ N°æ≤ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ Ì∫R¡≈ Ÿu <Ìw Fæ $$47,48$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ fFW≤b°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ <wFW≤b°≥ ŸyÕ

ıæŸu <ªwg J¡° ˚Ù ÌuF°<Ì ın ≈Ì°S°u˘ tu* NF∏w° J¡° N°y®F Fæ N°æ≤
ıæŸu ŸJ¡∑ Ÿb°ÕÃtJ¡w° Fæ, ŸJ¡° ≈®<w≈°Ìfi $
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # f®Êfig, ∫<Ì _b≈®J¡°„ <ªwg J¡° ªtÃJ¡°≤ FÙ ıywg Fæ w°u wCv∫ F°ufiu Ju¡
J¡°≤d <ªwg J¡° Ÿf ıyF NF∏w°y®F <ªw Fæ <k¡≤ Ÿb°ÕfiC˚bR¡≈Ÿb°ÕÃtJ¡ NŸÙt N°Ãtw[b J¡° ÌuF
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N<ªBq≈ ≈°T°d, J¡°™> N°<Ì Ju¡ ˚°b tu* N°y®F Jæ¡Ÿu? •∫°u*<J¡ <ªÌg˚°b J¡° Ã∫°y fiFÙ* <J¡∫° ı° ŸJ¡w°
N°æ≤ N<ªBq≈ J¡° _bÙJ¡°≤ fiFÙ* <J¡∫° ı° ŸJ¡w° $ ∫F Ì¥Ÿ≤° ≈®ÿfi Fæ $ oŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ <ªwg FÙ Ÿb°ÕÃtJ¡ Fæ
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<ªwg J¡° N≈Ô°≈ <J¡∫° fiFÙ* ı° ŸJ¡w° $ ∫F wÙŸ≤° ≈®ÿfi Fæ $ oŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿb°ÕÃtJ¡ <ªÌg <b≈≤Ùw
N<ªBq≈ ≈°T°d, J¡°™> N°<Ì Fæ Jæ¡Ÿu ? <ıŸŸu <J¡ bF Ÿb°ÕÃtJ¡ F°u $ ∫F ª°æS° ≈®ÿfi Fæ $$1,2$$
Ÿ°≤u „≤Ù≤ J¡∑ NF∏w° Ÿu ≈®wÙ<w wCv∫ F°ufiu ≈≤ F°S tu* FÙ F_wÃb°Fa˚°b Fæ ≈æ≤ tu* FÙ ≈°ÌÃb°Fa˚°b
Fæ N∏∫` fiFÙ* Fæ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ı°<w, J¡tÕ, _S°fi N°<ÌJ¡° ıæŸu Δ∫b_S°-y®F Nfi°<Ì wwgwÌ°J¡°≤ Ÿa_J¡°≤
J¡∑ Δ∫b_S° Ÿu FÙ Fæ, ŸJ¡° N∏∫ J¡°uoÕ FuwC fiFÙ* Fæ bæŸu FÙ ÌuF tu* ÌuFÃbNF∏w°<Ì tu* N°y®F ŸtHfi°
ª°<FÎ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu <b<b@ Â‹¸>°∏w≈®Ì„Õfi≈¥bÕJ¡ ≈FÔu ≈®St Ì°u ≈®ÿfi°u* J¡° Ÿt°@°fi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ŸyÕ - 173] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2439
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ≤|Cb≤, ŸJ¡Ô ÌuF J¡∑ NF∏w° Ÿu ≈®<Ÿ<] Ÿt°fi F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù ıæŸu ÌuFÙ J¡°
F_w tu* FÙ F_wÃb°Fa˚°b tu* N°y®F Fæ bæŸu FÙ Ÿb°ÕÃt° <ªwg J¡° ÌuF tu* ÌuFÃb°Fa˚°b tu* N°y®F Fæ $ ıæŸu b¨s
J¡° ≈` tu* FÙ ≈`Ãb°F∏w° tu* N°y®F Fæ bæŸu FÙ Ÿb°ÕÃt° <ªwg J¡° b¨s tu* b¨sw°F∏w° tu* N°y®F Fæ $$3$$ ıæŸu
N°J¡°„ J¡° „¥∏∫ tu* „¥∏∫w°F∏w° tu* N°y®F Fæ bæŸu FÙ Ÿb°ÕÃt° J¡° BΔ∫ tu* (t<d, t°uwÙ, ŸCbdÕ N°<Ì
@fi tu*) BΔ∫w° tu* (≈®∫Ãfi Ÿu ≈°ıÕfiÙ∫R¡≈ ˚Δ∫w° tu*) N°y®F Fæ $ ıæŸu _b›fi˚°u•w° J¡° NR¡≈ <ªWR¡≈Ù
≈°Ì°fi Ÿu Ã≈∏fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d NR¡≈ F°ufiu ∫°uÀ∫ _b›fifiy≤ J¡∑ Ÿ°J¡°≤w° tu* N°y®F Fæ bæŸu FÙ
Ÿb°ÕÃt°J¡° _b›fi, ı°y®wg N°<Ì wÙfi°u* Nb_S°N°u* J¡∑ Ÿ°J¡°≤w° tu* N°y®F Fæ $ ≈bÕw≤°ı tu*, fiy≤ tu*
<bΩt°fi ≈ÃS≤, b¨s, ıÔ N°<Ì tu* bF ÎuŸ° ≈®<Ÿ] N°y®F Fæ bæŸu FÙ ≈bÕw N°<Ì Ju¡ N<˚t°fiÙ Ÿb°ÕÃt°
J¡° ≈bÕww°, fiy≤w° N°<Ì tu* N°y®F Fæ $$4-7$$
N¿∏wt wÙŸ≤u N°æ≤ ª°æSu Ì°u ≈®ÿfi°u aJ¡° ˚Ù Ÿt°@°fi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ıæŸu ªuwfiR¡≈ Ÿu N<˚tw „≤Ù≤ J¡° Ju¡„, fi© N°<Ì tu* NªuwfiÃb°y®F Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ªBq≈ Ÿb°ÕÃt°
J¡° ˚Ù J¡°‹™>, ≈ÃS≤ N°<Ì tu* NªuwfiÃb°y®F Fæ $ <ª¿w <ª[b J¡° Ã∫°y fiFÙ* J¡≤ ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ wS° N<ªw[b
J¡° y®Fd fiFÙ* J¡≤ ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ, oŸ „aJ¡° J¡° t°∫°yw N°b≤d N°æ≤ <bsu≈ „<•w Ÿu N|<¸>w J¡∑ |¸>fi°
F°ufiu Ÿu ≈¿≤F°≤ J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$8$$
<ªwg Ju¡ <ªwg<b”] N<ª[b J¡∑ w≤F <fi≤b∫b <ªwg J¡∑ Ÿ°b∫bw° ˚Ù _b›fi Ju¡ NfiC˚b Ju¡ fÔ Ÿu
FÙ F°uwÙ Fæ, ∫F _bÙJ¡°≤ J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu _b›fi tu* <ªwg Ÿu FÙ J¡°‹™>˚°b, ≈°T°d ˚°b N°<Ì F°uwu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* <ªÌ°J¡°„
J¡∑ Nb∫b N°<Ì R¡≈w° F°uwÙ Fæ $$9$$
t°∫°„fÔ ªuwfi N°æ≤ Nªuwfi ˚∫ _bR¡≈ ÎJ¡ b_wC Fæ, Nw# Ÿtu* ªuwfi N°æ≤ Nªuwfi ˚∫
Δ∫bF°≤ ≈®bwÕJ¡w° <b”] fiFÙ* Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu ≈C”T J¡° fi©, Ju¡„, ıÔ, N°J¡°„, @tÕb°Ô° N°J¡°≤b°fig ÎJ¡ „≤Ù≤ªuwfi-Nªuw
Ì°ufi°u*R¡≈b°Ô° Fæ bæŸu FÙ Ÿb°ÕÃt° J¡° _S°b≤ ıaytR¡≈ ÎJ¡ „≤Ù≤ ªuwfi N°æ≤ Nªuwfi Ì°ufi°u* _bR¡≈b°Ô°
Fæ, <J¡∏wC bF <fiÃ∫ <fi≤°J¡°≤ Fæ $$10,11$$
NwÎb w[bw# f®ÊI°fi F°ufiu Ÿu Ÿf <b”] @tÕ F¸> ı°wuFæ*, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu "∫F _b›fi Fæ*' ∫°u* _b›fi Ju¡ I°w° ≈C”T J¡° _b›fi tu* Ìu©° y∫° ≈Ì°SÕ˚®t „°∏w F°u ı°w° Fæ
bæŸu FÙ Ÿ‡∫yg I°fib°fig ≈C”T J¡° ∫F ıywg ≠∫°u* J¡° Ã∫°u* „°∏w F°u ı°w° Fæ, <bÔC›w F°u ı°w° Fæ $
_b›fiB‹¸>° (_b›fi Ìu©fiub°Ôu) ≈C”T J¡∑ ı°u ≈®°w# J¡°Ô Ju¡ Ÿt∫ ≈®<Ÿ] ≈®fC]w° Fæ bFÙ ≈®fC]w°, fi
B‹¸>° Fæ fi Âÿ∫w° Fæ <J¡∏wC ∫F Ÿf t°æfi <ª∏t°`°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° <fiÿª∫ J¡≤fiu tu* ≈¥dÕR¡≈ud ŸtSÕ
Fæ $$12,13$$ Ÿ°y≤ tu* ıÔ Ju¡ ˚≥b≤°u* J¡∑ w≤F <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* Fı°≤°u* J¡≤°un J¡v≈°u* wJ¡ bu FÙ ∫° N∏∫
Ÿ¨<‹¸>∫°≥ N°wÙ Fæ* ı°wÙ Fæ* $ Fı°≤°u* J¡≤°un R¡≈ Ÿu N°Î y∫u FCÎ Nº∫°Ÿ°u* Ÿu N<@‹™>°fi J¡∑ ÎJ¡R¡≈w°J¡∑
s<w fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wÙ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$14$$ ıæŸu ıÔ ŸtCB tu* w≤ay N°<Ì tu* ˚°Ÿt°fi N°bwÕ, fCÌgfCÌgN°<Ì
fi°fi° _bR¡≈ ffi°w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ t°∫°„fÔ ªuwfi N≈fiu ªuwfitu* Ÿ¨<‹¸> N°<Ì fi°fi° ŸaI°Î≥ J¡≤w° Fæ $
Nw[bI ıfiw° Ju¡ <fiÿª∫ Ju¡ <Ÿb° w[bI°fiÙ Ju¡ ≈®<w ∫F ∫S°¿_Sw <bÿb ŸÌ° <fi<bÕJ¡°≤ f®Ê FÙ Fæ $
∫°fiÙ w[bI oŸ Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ ≈®≈aª J¡°u <fi<bÕJ¡°≤ f®Ê FÙ ı°fiw° Fæ ty≤ NI°<fi∫°u* J¡° <fiÿª∫ oŸŸu
<b≈≤Ùw Fæ $$15,16$$ tæ* w≤ay fiFÙ* F¥≥ f¿vJ¡ ıÔ FÙ F¥≥, ÎuŸ° ∫C<•w≈¥bÕJ¡ <ıŸ w≤ay fiu ŸtH <Ô∫°
<k¡≤ ŸJ¡∑ w≤ayw° Jæ¡Ÿu ≤F ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ ? Nªuwfi tu* ˚Ù ªuwfiw° Ju¡ N°≤°u≈ Ÿu ∫F J¡Sfi Fæ, ∫F ŸtHfi°
ª°<F∫u $ ª¥≥<J¡ ıÔ J¡∑ w≤ayw° Ju¡ Ÿt°fi oŸ ≈≤t f®Ê J¡∑ ıyW° J¡° ˚°fi Fæ NwÎb w≤ayÃb-
Nw≤ayÃb ∫°fiÙ w≤ay Ju¡ ŸÂ„ ıyW° N°æ≤ NıyW° f®Ê J¡∑ Ì°u „<•w∫°≥ Fæ* $$17,18$$ Fu ZÙ≤°tıÙ,
N≈fiu b°_w<bJ¡ R¡≈ J¡° Ã∫°y fi J¡≤ ≤Fu <ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡° _b›fiJ¡∑ w≤F N∏∫°u∏∫ Ju¡ @t°u˘ Ju¡ N°Ì°fi-
≈®Ì°fi Ÿu Δ∫Ã∫_w ªuwfiw°b°Ô°, tfi J¡∑ Ÿt<‹¸> Ÿu ≈<Fw ı°u R¡≈ Fæ bF tfi, f®Ê°, <≈w°tF oÃ∫°<Ì
„ÆÌ°u* Ÿu J¡F° y∫° Fæ $$19$$ oŸ w≤F N°<Ìt ≈®ı°≈<w <fi≤°J¡°≤ <fi<bÕJ¡°≤ wS° <ª∏t°`_bR¡≈
ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ Ju¡ wCv∫ J¡°≤d<bFÙfi Fæ $$20$$ <ıŸ ŸCbdÕt∫ NayÌ fiu (f°ı¥f∏Ì fiu) NayÌÃb fiFÙ* Fæ
(ŸCbdÕ FÙ ŸÃ∫ Fæ <bJ¡°≤˚¥w NayÌÃb fiFÙ* Fæ) ∫F <fiÿª∫≈¥bÕJ¡ ı°fi <Ô∫° ŸJ¡∑ NayÌw° Jæ¡Ÿu F°u
ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ ? ŸJ¡∑ <b„C] ŸCbdÕw° FÙ Fæ $$21$$ <ª∏t°`N°J¡°„_bR¡≈Ù ı∏t°<Ì<bJ¡°≤<bFÙfi ≈≤t
f®Ê tu* (NFtg) (tæ*) , Ãbtg (wCt), ıywg oÃ∫°<Ì ŸaJ¡v≈t°`R¡≈ ı°u ˚°fi FCN° Fæ bF f®ÊR¡≈ FÙ Fæ $
∫°fiÙ Ÿt<‹¸> Ju¡ <ª∏t°`R¡≈ <Ÿ] F°ufiu ≈≤ ŸJu¡ Δ∫<‹¸>R¡≈ Ft Ô°uy°u* J¡° NfiC•w ˚Ù <ª∏t°`Ãb
_b∫tg <Ÿ] F°u y∫°, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$22$$ <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* ı°u „¥∏∫w°R¡≈ <ªwg Ju¡ ªtÃJ¡°≤ _kC¡¿≤w F°uwu Fæ*
bu FÙ ∫u Ÿ¨<‹¸>, ≈®Ô∫ N°æ≤ ¿_S<w Ju¡ ˚®tI°fi Fæ* $ <ª∏t°`N°J¡°„ J¡° _b∫a FÙ _b›fi wCv∫ <ªWw°R¡≈
ı°u <fitÕÔ _kC¡≤d Fæ bFÙ ∫F <≈w°tF (f®Ê°) Fæ $ ıæŸu ŸtCB tu* w≤ay <fi≤∏w≤ ŸÙ R¡≈ Ÿu (N≈fiu
≈¥bÕwfiR¡≈ Ÿu) NSb° ŸŸu <bÔsdR¡≈ Ÿu kC¡≤w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* N°<Ì N°æ≤ N∏w ≤<Fw
Ÿ¨<‹¸> N°æ≤ ≈®Ô∫ J¡° <b˚®t ˚Ù <fi≤∏w≤ kC¡≤w° Fæ $ <ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡° tfi°uF≤ _kC¡≤d <b≤°¸> Ju¡ fi°t Ÿu
≈®<Ÿ] Fæ, Ÿ <b≤°¸> J¡° tfiR¡≈ f®Ê° ˚Ù ı°u JC¡~> ˚Cbfi, ˚¥w N°<Ì ≤ªuy° bF ˚Ù ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤bwg FÙ
J¡°v≈<fiJ¡ F°uy° fi <J¡ ŸÃ∫ $$23-26$$ bF <b≤°¸> FÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Fæ bFÙ _b›fi Fæ, _b›fi FÙ ı°y®Ìg Δ∫<‹¸>
Ÿt<‹¸> _bR¡≈ ffi y∫° $ ıæŸu |fiÙ ŸCTC<›w <fiB°<@•∫R¡≈ N∏@J¡°≤ Ÿu _b›fi F°uwÙ Fæ $ bæŸu FÙ ≈®Ô∫
tu* N<bΩ°R¡≈Ù N∏@J¡°≤ Ÿu N°b¨w N°Ãt° FÙ ıyBq≈ F°uw° Fæ $$27$$
ŸJ¡Ô ıywg J¡° <b≤°¸> Ju¡ NayR¡≈ Ÿu bdÕfi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
Nb°∏w≤ ≈®Ô∫R¡≈Ù f®Ê° J¡∑ ≤°<` <b≤°¸>gR¡≈@°≤Ù ≈≤t°Ãt° Ju¡ Ju¡„R¡≈ Ÿu <Ìw Fæ, ¿Ìfi N°æ≤
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t_wJ¡ Fæ, N°J¡°„ fi°<˚ Fæ, ≈¨<SbÙ ŸJu¡ ª≤d Fæ*, ª∏Ì® N°æ≤ Ÿ¥∫Õ Ì°u fiu` Fæ*, <Ì„°Î≥ J¡°fi Fæ*, oŸ w≤F
Ÿu tfi J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° FÙ <b≤°¸> Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ Ÿu ≈¿≤≈C‹¸> FCoÕ Fæ $$28,29$$ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ˚ÔÙ ˚°≥<w Â<‹¸>y°uª≤
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<fi‹≈®≈aªw° FÙ ≈≤t°SÕ Fæ, ∫F N°„∫ Fæ $$30$$ ı°u <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* ªuwfi_bR¡≈ ıÙb˚°b J¡°u ≈®°›w
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NfiC˚b J¡≤w° Fæ $ ª°≤°u* N°u≤ Δ∫°›w (NŸÙt) <ª∏t∫ N°J¡°„ J¡° FÙ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ≈bÕw, b¨s, yı
N°<ÌR¡≈ _b˚°b-_b›fifiy≤wCv∫ <b≤°¸>g Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ NSb° oŸ w≤F <fi≤Ùsd J¡≤fiu ≈≤
ŸyÕ - 174] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2441
<b≤°¸>gR¡≈ <ª∏t∫ N°J¡°„ FÙ ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ $$31,32$$ ıæŸu _b›fi tu* ≈®°›w FCN° fi¸> N≈fiu J¡°u FÙ
N≈fiu Ÿu N<w¿≤•w fi°ˆÌ„ÕJ¡ Ÿt°ı Ÿu ˚≤° _b›fiÌu„ t°fiJ¡≤ bF°≥ ≈≤ N≈fi° N<˚fi∫ _b∫a FÙ
Ìu©w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ NfiC˚b J¡≤fiub°Ô° <ªÌ°Ãt° FÙ NfiC˚bæJ¡≤Ÿ ŸÃ∫ _bR¡≈ J¡°u ˚Ù t°∫° Ju¡ N°b≤d Ÿu
NŸwg-Ÿ° ffi°J¡≤ ≈¿≤¿h~>∏fi ≈®≈aªR¡≈ Ÿu Ìu©w° Fæ $$33$$
oŸÙ NSÕ tu* ŸJ¡Ôb°<Ì∫°u* Ju¡ tw J¡° N<b≤°u@ Fæ N°æ≤ oŸÙ Ÿu ŸfJu¡ b°a<~>w k¡Ô J¡∑ <Ÿ<] F°uwÙ
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<fiÿª∫ Ju¡) NfiCR¡≈ _byÕ (≈°≤Ô°æ<J¡J¡ ŸC©R¡≈) N°æ≤ ÎuFÔ°æ<J¡J¡ ŸC©, ŸJ¡Ô k¡Ô bF f®Ê FÙ
ffiw° Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ wÌ°ÃtJ¡ FÙ k¡Ô wwg-wwg π°≤° bæŸu bæŸu F°u* ∫°u* N°„° J¡∑ ı°wÙ Fæ $ oŸ f®Ê J¡∑ ÎuŸÙ
FÙ t<Ft° ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ t°∫°„fÔR¡≈ f®Ê Ÿb°ÕÃtJ¡ Fæ $$34$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ <wFW≤b°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ª°æFW≤b°≥ ŸyÕ

≈®f°u@ (ı°y≤d) π°≤° _b›fi Ju¡ t°ıÕfi J¡∑ ˚°≥<w I°fi π°≤° Âÿ∫ J¡°
≈¿≤t°ıÕfi J¡≤fiu ≈≤ Nb<„‹¸> ≤Fu ÎJ¡ <ªÌ°Ãt° J¡° bdÕfi $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, ª¥≥<J¡ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* Ju¡bÔ <ª¿w FÙ _b›fi J¡∑
Ÿa<bwg Ÿu ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* Nb˚°<Ÿw F°uwÙ Fæ ∫F <Ÿ] <J¡∫° ı° ªCJ¡° Fæ Nw# wÙfi°u* ıywg f®Ê FÙ Fæ,
ÎuŸ° f°u@ F°ufiu ≈≤ Jæ¡bv∫ <Ÿ] F…N°, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$1$$ Ÿ¨<‹¸>∫°≥ f®ÊR¡≈Ù Ÿ°y≤ J¡∑ w≤ay Fæ*, fitu*
Ÿa<bwg FÙ Bb (ıÔ) Fæ $ NI°<fi∫°u* tu* ≈®<Ÿ] Ì…#©R¡≈Ù Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡° f°u@ π°≤° ≈¿≤t°ıÕfi F°u ªCJ¡° $ <J¡∏wC
ŸJu¡ Nfi∏w≤ ˚Ù ıÙb∏tC•w ≈C”T°u* Ju¡ Δ∫bF°≤ Ju¡ <ÔÎ ı°u ıywg ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ, bF N°fi∏Ì-Ÿwg-<ªwg
_bR¡≈ F°ufiu Ÿu ÌqŸ≤Ù FÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Fæ, Ÿtu* πæw, Îu•∫ N°<Ì NŸC©R¡≈ <J¡Ÿ <fi<tW Ÿu F°uy°, ∫F NSÕ
Fæ $$2$$ ıæŸu _b›fi N°æ≤ ŸCTC<›w Ju¡bÔ <fiB°R¡≈ FÙ Fæ* bæŸu FÙ Âÿ∫ N°æ≤ NÂÿ∫ _bR¡≈ N°J¡°„ <ªÌ°J¡°„
J¡° FÙ ÎJ¡ R¡≈ Fæ $ ıæŸu _b›fi tu* ŸCTC<›w N°æ≤ _b›fi tu* ˚uÌ J¡° N°˚°Ÿ F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù Ì°ufi°u* tu* ÎJ¡t°`
<fiB°R¡≈w° J¡° Δ∫°|°w fiFÙ* F°uw° bæŸu FÙ <bÌuFtC<•w N°æ≤ ıÙb∏tC<•w tu* ˚uÌ J¡° N°˚°Ÿ F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù
fi Ì°ufi°u* tu* ŸC©æJ¡≤Ÿw° J¡° Δ∫°|°w fiFÙ* F°uw°, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$3$$ ı°y®wg tu* ıæŸu _b›fifiy≤ Fæ bæŸu FÙ
∫S°SÕw# ≈¿≤I°w ∫F ıywg Fæ oŸtu* <bbuJ¡∑ ≈C”T J¡∑ N°_S° Jæ¡Ÿu F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ ? $$4$$ ı°y®wg tu*
_b›fifiy≤ J¡° ıæŸu f°@ F°u ı°w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°≤‡˚ tu* Ÿ¨<‹¸>Ÿa<bwg Ju¡ ∫S°SÕw# I°w F°ufiu Ju¡
J¡°≤d ıywg ˚Ù f°<@w F°u ı°w° Fæ $$5$$ ıæŸu <b<b@ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡∑ _b›fifiy≤ b°Ÿfi°Î≥ _b›fiJ¡°Ô tu*
ŸÃ∫R¡≈ Ÿu ≈®wÙ∫t°fi F°uwÙ F…oÕ ˚Ù ı°y®wg tu* ŸÃ∫ fiFÙ* Fæ* bæŸu FÙ ı°y®wg Ju¡ ˚°uy°˚°Ÿ Ju¡ <ÔÎ N°<b˚¥Õw
b°Ÿfi°Î≥ ˚Ù ŸÃ∫R¡≈ Ÿu ≈®wÙw F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù ŸÃ∫ fiFÙ* Fæ* $ ∫°fiÙ ÌÀ@ b˜ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi b°Ÿfi°t°` Ÿu
fiJ¡∑ ¿_S<w Ì…#© Ìufiu tu* ŸtSÕ fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F w°Ã≈∫Õ Fæ $$6$$
∫<Ì <J¡ŸÙ J¡°u „aJ¡° F°u <J¡ ıywg Ju¡ ˚®°<∏wR¡≈ F°ufiu Ÿu w[bI°fi π°≤° ŸJu¡ t¥Ô˚¥w NI°fi J¡°
t¥Ô°uh~>uÌ F°ufiu ≈≤ f°@ F°u ı°∫uy° $ <J¡∏wC ≈®@°fi, ≈≤t°dC N°<Ì N∏∫ J¡°≤d°u* π°≤° N∏∫ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu
ŸJ¡∑ Ã≈<Wb„ ˚®°<∏ww° J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° fi J¡≤fiu ≈≤ f°@ fi F°uy° $ oŸ<ÔÎ ŸŸu Ì…#© F°uy° FÙ, oŸ
N∏∫S° ≈≈°Ìfi J¡≤Ju¡ ∫<Ì ıywg Ju¡ J¡°≤d J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤wu F°u w°u _b›fi ıywg tu* ≈®<Ÿ]w≤
F°ufiu wS° "b°ª°≤‡˚da <bJ¡°≤°u fi°t@u∫tg' oÃ∫°<Ì <b<b@ ZC<w∫°u* π°≤° f°u<@w F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d J¡°≤d°∏w≤
J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ N≈us° <fiJ¡¸>wt oŸJ¡∑ ˚®°<∏wt°`w° J¡∑ FÙ J¡v≈fi° •∫°u* fiFÙ* J¡∑ ı°∫, ∫F ˚°b
Fæ $$7$$ b°ª°≤‡˚d ZC<w π°≤° ≈®Ì<„Õw ∏∫°∫ Ÿu ≈∫°ÕÔ°uªfi° J¡≤fiu ≈≤ t¨<WJ¡°,w∏wC N°<Ì Ÿu N<w¿≤•w
|¸>, ≈¸>, N°<Ì J¡° NÌ„Õfi F°ufiu Ÿu fiJu¡ <bT∫ tu* _b›fi ıyw°u* J¡∑ w≤F N≈fiÙ ∫F ˚®°<∏w ≈®Ã∫s FÙ
NfiC˚¥w F°uwÙ Fæ $ ≈®Ã∫s°fiC˚b J¡∑ N≈us° NfiCt°fi J¡F°≥ fÔb°fig Ìu©° y∫° <ıŸJu¡ fÔ Ÿu ≈®@°fi,
≈≤t°dC N°<Ì J¡°≤d°u* J¡∑ <Ÿ<] F°uyÙ, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$8$$ ıywg _b›fi≈bÕw J¡∑ w≤F N∏Ì≤ ˚®°<∏wR¡≈ FÙ
Fæ* $ oŸ <bT∫ tu* ≈®Ã∫s FuwC ˚Ù Fæ bF ∫F <J¡ ∫F ıfi N°Ãt° tu* o‹¸> J¡∑ FÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡≤fiu N°æ≤ N<fi‹¸> J¡∑
Ÿ¨<‹¸>J¡° <fib°≤d J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ŸtSÕ fiFÙ* Fæ $ ŸJu¡ π°≤° ≈FÔu Ÿu <bª°¿≤w FÙ NSÕ <fiÿª∫ R¡≈ Ÿu
Ìu©fiu tu* fiFÙ* N°w°, NJ¡_t°wg FÙ J¡°uoÕ ˚Ù Nw<JÕ¡w N∏∫ ≈Ì°SÕ Â<‹¸>y°uª≤ F°u ı°w° Fæ $ Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡°u
N∏∫> J¡°≤d Ju¡ (≈®@°fi, ≈≤t°dC N°<Ì Ju¡) N@Ùfi t°fifiu ≈≤ w°u •w J¡°≤d Ÿ‡≈<W Ÿu Ÿ°º∫ o‹¸> J¡°
FÙ Ô°uy ŸıÕfi J¡≤u*yu N°æ≤ N<fi‹¸> J¡° <fib°≤d J¡≤u*yu, N°J¡¿_tJ¡ Âÿ∫ J¡°u fi Ìu©u*yu $ •w wÙfi°u* FuwCN°u*
J¡∑ N∏∫S°fiC≈≈<W Ÿu ıywg _b›fi≈bÕw Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ˚®°<∏wR¡≈ FÙ Fæ, ∫F <Ÿ] F…N° $$9$$
NwÎb ıywg Ju¡ f°@ Ju¡ <ffi° <fi<bÕJ¡v≈ Ÿt°<@ ≈∫Õ∏w º∫°fit°` Ÿu N°Ãt°u]°≤ t°fifiub°Ôu ∫°u<y∫°u*
J¡° ˚Ù <fi≤°J¡≤d F°u y∫°, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
∫°u<y∫°u* J¡° N<˚tw N°Ãt° N°fi∏Ì<ªBq≈<bFÙfi Fæ $ ŸJ¡° Ÿ°s°ÃJ¡°≤ F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù bF ≈C”T°SÕR¡≈
fiFÙ* Fæ $ oŸ<ÔÎ ŸJu¡ Ÿ°s°ÃJ¡°≤ J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° tu* J¡°uoÕ ≈®∫°uıfi fiFÙ* Fæ*, Nw# <fiÃ∫ NfiCtu∫R¡≈ wS°
tÙt°aŸJ¡°u* Ju¡ I°fi Ju¡ wCv∫ N≈≤°us˚¥w Ÿtu* ınw° FÙ ≈¿≤<„‹¸> ≤FwÙ Fæ $ Ÿtu* F…oÕ <ªW J¡∑
<fi<bÕJ¡v≈ Ÿt°<@ Ju¡bÔ ınw° FÙ Fæ, Ÿtu* F…oÕ Ÿ<bJ¡v≈ Ÿt°<@ w°u ŸaŸ°≤ FÙ Fæ $ oŸ J¡°≤d
∫°u<y∫°u* J¡° º∫°fi N°æ≤ ŸŸu Ÿ‡≈∏fi F…oÕ Ÿt°<@ ˚Ù fiFÙ* Ju¡ f≤°f≤ Fæ $ JC¡~> ˚Ù ≈C”T°SÕR¡≈ fiFÙ* Fæ,
∫F NSÕ Fæ $$10$$
•w J¡° FÙ _≈‹¸>ÙJ¡≤d J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ªuÃ∫∫C•w º∫°fi ŸaŸ°≤ Fæ N°æ≤ ªuÃ∫≤<Fw º∫°fi ≈ÃS≤ J¡∑ - ŸÙ ¿_S<wb°Ô° Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ ∫°u<y∫°u*
J¡∑ Ÿ‡tw <fi≤°fi∏ÌR¡≈ t°us Nb_S° tu* ≈¿≤„uT ≤Ffiub°Ô° I°fi t°us (≈C”T°SÕR¡≈) fiFÙ* Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡
≈ÃS≤ Ju¡ wCv∫ ˚°fi t°us fiFÙ* Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ bF w°u f∏@fiwCv∫ FÙ Fæ $ oŸŸu N°Ãt° J¡Ù I°fi_b˚°bw° fi
t°fifiub°Ôu bæ„u<TJ¡°<Ì Ju¡ Ÿ‡tw t°us J¡° ˚Ù <fi≤°J¡≤d F°u y∫° $$11$$
ŸyÕ - 174] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2443
∫°u<y∫°u* Ju¡ N<˚tw Ÿt°<@ Ju¡ NU∫°Ÿ Ÿu N°≈J¡° N<˚tw t°us •∫°u* ≈®°›w fiFÙ* F°uw° ? oŸ
≈ÃS≤ Ju¡ ŸÂ„ <fi<bÕJ¡v≈ Ÿt°<@ π°≤° Ÿ°a¶∫°u* Ju¡ N<˚tw t°us Ju¡ <Ÿb° Ft°≤° N<˚tw t°us
∫<Ì ≈®°›w F°u w°u _b<fiB° Ÿu ˚Ù bF ≈®°›w F°u ı°∫uy°, •∫°u*<J¡ <ªW J¡∑ ªaªÔw° J¡∑ <fib¨<W N°æ≤
NI°fiR¡≈ N°b≤d J¡∑ N<fib¨<W <fiB° N°æ≤ •w ∫°u<y∫°u* J¡∑ Ÿ‡tw <fi<bÕJ¡v≈ Ÿt°<@ tu* wCv∫ Fæ*,
∫F ˚°b Fæ $$12$$
oŸ<ÔÎ b°<Ì∫°u* Ju¡ N<˚tw ≈s°u* tu* t°usN˚°bR¡≈ Ì°uT Ÿu ~C>¸>J¡°≤° fi <tÔfiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ıywg
Ju¡bÔ ˚®°<∏wt°` Fæ <fi≤<w„∫°fi∏Ì Ÿ<hªÌuJ¡≤Ÿ FÙ N°Ãt° Fæ oŸ w[bI°fi Ÿu ˚®°<∏wı∏∫
NI°fiN°b≤d Ju¡ <bfi°„ Ÿu ˚®°<∏ws∫ F°ufiu ≈≤ ≈¿≤„uT ≤Ffiub°Ô° ≈≤t≈C”T°SÕ Fæ ∫F Ft°≤° ≈s FÙ
ŸfJu¡ <ÔÎ „≤dR¡≈ Fæ, ∫°u* ≈ŸaF°≤ J¡≤wu Fæ* $
oŸ<ÔÎ Ÿ‡∫Jg¡ I°fi Ÿu <bbuJ¡∑ ≈C”T J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡° NÃ∫∏w NŸa˚b F°ufiu Ÿu ıywg
˚®°<∏wt°` Fæ $ ı°u ıÙb∏tC•ww° J¡° Ì∫ Fæ bFÙ <fi<bÕJ¡v≈ Ÿt°<@ Fæ bFÙ buÌ°∏w„°˜ tu* Nfi∏w
<fib°Õd J¡F° ı°w° Fæ $ ∫S°¿_Sw, <bs°u˚ ≤<Fw, ŸbÕ≈®J¡°„J¡ bF N°Ÿfi (¿_S<w) Nfi∏w ŸCTC›w
fi°tJ¡ Fæ,bFÙ wC≤Ù∫ J¡F° y∫° Fæ $ bFÙ <fib°Õd J¡F° y∫° Fæ N°æ≤ bFÙ t°us J¡F° y∫° Fæ $$13-15$$
ı°u ∫F Ÿ‡∫Jg¡ I°fi J¡∑ ÎJ¡t°`|fiw° (Ÿ‡∫Jg¡I°fiæJ¡≤Ÿw°) Fæ bF º∫°fi J¡F° y∫° Fæ $ "∫`
fi°∏∫wg ≈ÿ∫<w fi°∏∫h~¨>d°u<w fi°∏∫Ìg <bı°fi°<w Ÿ ˚¥t°' oÃ∫°<Ì ZC<w∫°≥ N°æ≤ w[bbuW° <ıŸtu*
Âÿ∫ J¡° NÃ∫∏w NŸ‡˚b F°u Ÿ f°u@ J¡°u FÙ ≈≤t≈Ì J¡Fwu Fæ* $ bF y°æwt N°æ≤ J¡d°Ì N°<Ì J¡∑
Ÿ‡tw tC<•w J¡∑ w≤F ≈ÃS≤ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ın fiFÙ* Fæ, ¿F≤^∫y˚Õ Ÿ‡tw ≈®J¨¡<w-≈®Ô∫ Ju¡ wCv∫
ŸCTC›w°u≈t fiFÙ* Fæ, ≈°waıÔ°u* J¡∑ Ÿ‡tw tC<•w J¡∑ w≤F <fi<bÕJ¡v≈w°t°` fiFÙ* Fæ, ≈°„C≈w, ≈°aª≤°`
N°<Ì J¡∑ Ÿ‡tw tC<•w J¡∑ w≤F Ÿ<bJ¡v≈J¡ fiFÙ* Fæ N°æ≤ f°æ]°u* J¡∑ N<˚tw tC<•w J¡∑ w≤F NŸwg
(fiæ≤°Ã‡∫R¡≈ „¥∏∫) ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ $$16,17$$
wf tC<•w J¡° ∫S°SÕ _bR¡≈ •∫° Fæ ? oŸ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Fu ZÙ≤°tıÙ, <ıŸtu* Âÿ∫ J¡° NÃ∫∏w NŸ‡˚b Fæ "Ÿf JC¡~ f®Ê FÙ Fæ' N°æ≤ "bFÙ „C] <ªBq≈
f®Ê tæ* Fq≥' oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° <fitÕÔ I°fi FÙ tC<•w Fæ $ "f®Ê b° oÌty® N°ŸÙWÌ°Ãt°fitub°buÌFaf®Ê°_tÙ<w'
"w_t°WÃŸbÕt˚bwg' ofi ZC<w∫°u* Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ N<@‹™>°fiR¡≈ Ÿu bF Ÿf JC¡~> Fæ N°æ≤ "∫` fi°∏∫Ã≈ÿ∫<w
fi°∏∫h~¨>d°u<w fi°∏∫Ìg <bı°fi°<w' oÃ∫°<Ì ZC<w Ÿu Nº∫°ŸR¡≈ Ÿu JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ bæŸu FÙ bF ı°fiw°
Fæ $$18$$ Ÿ‡∫Jg¡ I°fi Ÿu bF ≈≤t <fib°Õd J¡F° y∫° Fæ, <fib°Õd tu* ∫F ∫S°¿_Sw Ÿ°≤° <bÿb NÃ∫∏w
≈®Ô∫ J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ $$19$$ Ÿtu* fi ˚uÌ Fæ N°æ≤ fi N˚uÌ Fæ, fi JC¡~> Fæ N°æ≤ <J*¡<ªwg Fæ bF Ÿf ŸÌg
NŸÌg ˚°b°u* J¡∑ ª≤t ŸÙt° J¡F° y∫° Fæ $ ıæŸu ≈¸> Ÿwg Fæ ∫° NŸwg oŸ J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ ŸÙt° w∏wC (Ÿ¥w)
Fæ, w∏wC Ÿwg Fæ ∫° NŸwg Fæ oŸ J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ Nb<@ J¡≈°Ÿ Fæ, J¡≈°Ÿ Ÿwg Fæ ∫° NŸwg Fæ oŸ J¡v≈fi° J¡∑
ŸÙt° J¡≈°Ÿ J¡° fÙı Fæ, J¡≈°Ÿ J¡° fÙı Ÿwg Fæ NSb° NŸwg oŸ J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ ŸÙt° <t\>ÙR¡≈ ≈¨<SbÙ
Fæ, ≈¨<SbÙ Ÿwg Fæ NSb° NŸwg oŸ J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ ŸÙt° ıÔ Fæ, ıÔ J¡∑ ŸÌgNŸÌg˚°bJ¡v≈fi° J¡∑ ŸÙt°
wuı Fæ, wuı J¡∑ ŸÌgNŸÌg˚°bJ¡v≈fi° J¡∑ ŸÙt° b°∫C Fæ, b°∫C Ju¡ ŸÌgNŸÌg˚°b J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ ŸÙt°
N°J¡°„ Fæ , N°J¡°„ J¡∑ ŸÌg N ŸÌg ˚ °bJ¡v≈fi° J¡∑ ŸÙt° NΔ∫°J¨ ¡ w Fæ N°æ ≤ NΔ∫°J¨ ¡ w J¡∑
ŸÌgNŸÌg˚°bJ¡v≈fi° J¡∑ ŸÙt° Ju¡bÔ <ªÌ°Ãt° FÙ Fæ, oŸ w≤F bF ŸÙt°∏w J¡F° y∫° Fæ $$20$$
<ıŸtu* Âÿ∫ J¡° NÃ∫∏w NŸa˚b Fæ, „C] f°u@°uÌ∫_bR¡≈, ŸJ¡Ô <bsu≈°u* Ÿu ≤<Fw ≈≤t„°∏w
<fi≤<w„∫°fi∏ÌR¡≈ Ÿu ı°u ¿_S<w Fæ Ÿu FÙ N°≈ ≈≤t≈C”T°SÕ ı°<fi∫u $$21$$
ŸJ¡∑ ≈®°<›w tu* t°uus°u≈°∫ fi°t J¡° ∫F y®∏S FÙ ≈°∫ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ $
Ã≈∏fit<w (fC<]t°fig) ≈C”T J¡°u bF „C]f°u@R¡≈ Wt º∫°fi ≈Ì≈Ì°SÕI°w° J¡°u f°u<@w J¡≤fiub°Ôu
oŸ „°˜ Ÿu ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ $$22$$ t°us°u≈°∫ fi°tJ¡ oŸ y®∏S J¡° <fi≤∏w≤ ≈°≤°∫d J¡≤ ≤Fu ≈C”T J¡°u
<b„C] Nº∫°Ãt„°˜ı<fiw I°fiR¡≈ ≈°∫ Ÿu bF ≈≤t≈Ì ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ N∏∫ <J¡ŸÙ ≈°∫ Ÿu ≈®°›w
fiFÙ* F°uw°, •∫°u*<J¡ "I°Ãb° wa t¨Ã∫CtÃ∫u<w fi°∏∫# ≈∏S° <btC•w∫u' oÃ∫°<Ì ZC<w∫°≥ Fæ* $ bF fi wÙSÕ
Ÿubfi Ÿu ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ, fi Ì°fi Ÿu, fi _fi°fi Ÿu, fi <bΩ° Ÿu (f®Ê<bΩ° Ÿu N<w¿≤•w <bΩ° Ÿu), fi º∫°fi
Ÿu, fi ∫°uy Ÿu, fi w≈_∫°N°u* Ÿu N°æ≤ fi ∫I∫°y°u* Ÿu FÙ ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ $ ˚®°<∏wt°` N<fibÕªfiÙ∫ ∫F <bÿb
Ÿwg J¡∑ w≤F ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ $ <fiB°≤<Fw <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* _b›fiR¡≈ ∫F ıyÌ°J¡°≤ N°J¡°„ („¥∏∫) FÙ Fæ $
˚®°<∏w J¡∑ w≈, wÙSÕ N°<Ì Ÿu J¡Ì°<≈ <fib¨<W fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wÙ, w≈_∫°, wÙSÕ N°<Ì Ÿu <b<b@ _byÕ ≈®°›w
F°uwu Fæ* <J¡∏wC tC<•w fiFÙ* <tÔwÙ Fæ $ ˚®°<∏w J¡∑ <fib¨<W Wt („C]) fC<] Ÿu <bª°¿≤w N°ÃtI°fit∫
t°us≈°∫˚¥w oŸ „°˜ Ÿu FÙ F°uwÙ Fæ, N∏∫ ≈°∫ Ÿu fiFÙ* F°uwÙ Fæ $ ıæŸu ≤°<` J¡∑ N°Ã∫¿∏wJ¡ <fib¨<W
Ÿ¥∫°uÕÌ∫ Ÿu FÙ F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ, bæŸu FÙ Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ ˚®°<∏w J¡∑ N°Ã∫¿∏wJ¡ <fib¨<W I°fi≈®J¡°„ Ã≈∏fi J¡≤fiub°Ôu
<fitÕÔ oŸ „°˜°SÕ Ÿu FÙ F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ $ b°∫C tu* _≈∏Ìfi J¡∑ w≤F, ıÔ tu* BbÃb J¡∑ w≤F <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu*
Ÿ¨<‹¸>, ≈®Ô∫ N°æ≤ ¿_S<w Ju¡ _kC¡≤d J¡° ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ $ ıæŸu b¸>fÙı N°<Ì BΔ∫ Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ ŸÌ° N≈fiÙ
≤tdÙ∫ b¸>b¨s°J¡°≤ @°≤dªtÃJ¨¡<w ¿_Sw Fæ ıæŸu b°∫C Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ N≈fiÙ tfi°uF≤ _≈∏ÌªtÃJ¨¡<w ¿_Sw
Fæ bæŸu FÙ t°∫°„fÔ <ªÌ°J¡°„ Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ ∫S°¿_Sw ∫F ıywg J¡∑ Ÿ¨<‹¸> N°æ≤ ŸJ¡∑ ¿_S<w ˚Ù
Nfi∏∫R¡≈b°ÔÙ Fæ N°æ≤ ŸÙtu* ∫F Ô∫ J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uyÙ $$23-30$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°u ª°æFW≤b°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ≈ªFW≤b°≥ ŸyÕ

ıf wJ¡ NI°fi ≤Fw° Fæ wf wJ¡ <ª¿w FÙ <ffi° <J¡ŸÙ J¡°≤d Ju¡ ıywg J¡∑ w≤F ≈®wÙw F°uwÙ Fæ $
„°˜ π°≤° NIw° Ju¡ F¸>fiu ≈≤ bF tC•w F°u ı°wÙ Fæ, ∫F bdÕfi $
∫F Ÿ¨<‹¸> N°æ≤ ŸJ¡∑ N¿_ww° N<˚∏fi Fæ oŸ J¡Sfi Ÿu Ÿ¨<‹¸> <ªwg J¡∑ ÌuF FÙ Fæ ÎuŸÙ ≈®°›w F…oÕ
„aJ¡° J¡° <fi≤°J¡≤d J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, N°<Ìt <ªÌ°J¡°„ N≈fiÙ N<bΩ° Ÿu _b›fi wCv∫ ffiJ¡≤ ıÙbR¡≈ Ÿu
N°b°ytfi Ju¡ ª•J¡≤ tu* ≈nJ¡≤ "tæ* Ìubw° Fq≥, tæ* tfiC‹∫ Fq≥' oÃ∫°<Ì wwg-wwg ÌuF°u* tu* w°Ì°Ã‡∫ Ju¡ Nº∫°Ÿ°u*
J¡° J¡°t, J¡tÕ, b°Ÿfi° N°<Ì π°≤° J¡°≤d F°uw° Fæ, <J¡∏wC ıÙb°u≈°<@ J¡∑ <Ÿ<] Ju¡ ≈FÔu tF°≈®Ô∫ tu*
_b›fi wCv∫w° J¡∑ ≈®°<›w F°ufiu ≈≤ Âÿ∫R¡≈ N∏∫w° J¡° Ÿa˚b fi F°ufiu Ÿu <fi<tW J¡∑ N<Ÿ<] b„ Ÿ
<ªÌgΔ∫°ut J¡° Âÿ∫ Ÿ¨<‹¸>R¡≈ „≤Ù≤ <J¡Ÿ J¡°≤d Ÿu F°uy° ? ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$1$$
ŸyÕ - 175] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2445
_b›fiŸa<bwg Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu FÙ ıÙbÃbŸtJ¡°<ÔJ¡ Ÿ¨<‹¸> N°<Ì J¡∑ <Ÿ<] F°uwÙ Fæ N∏∫ <fi<tW Ÿu fiFÙ*
F°uwÙ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Fu <fi‹≈°≈ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* fi _b›fiŸa<bÌgR¡≈ Âÿ∫t°fi Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡∑ <Ÿ<] F°uwÙ Fæ
N°æ≤ fi ≈≤Ô°uJ¡ J¡∑ FÙ <Ÿ<] F°uwÙ Fæ $$2$$
<ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡° ıÙb˚°b NSb° ıyÌg˚°b b°_w<bJ¡ fiFÙ* Fæ, <ıŸŸu <J¡ ıywg ŸJ¡° „≤Ù≤
F°uy°, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
NfiC˚b J¡≤fiub°Ô° (NfiC˚bæJ¡≤Ÿ) <ªÌ°Ãt° oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ _b›fiNayfi° Ju¡ Ÿay J¡∑ w≤F <fi≈¸>
NŸwg ıywg ffiJ¡≤ N≈fiÙ N<bΩ° Ÿu ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu ˚°<Ÿw F°uw° Fæ $ ≈≤t°SÕw# bF Ju¡bÔ „°∏w
<ªÌ°J¡°„ Fæ $$3$$
w°u •∫° NfiC˚b ˚Ù NŸwg Fæ ? oŸ ≈≤ fiJ¡°≤°ÃtJ¡ W≤ Ìuwu Fæ* $
oŸ w≤F ı°u ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu Nb˚°<Ÿw F°uw° Fæ bF ıywg-„¥∏∫_bR¡≈ NÃ∫∏w <fitÕÔR¡≈
N°<Ì-N∏w<bFÙfi _bh~>wt <ªÌg@°wC FÙ Fæ $$4$$ ∫F ≈≤t°Ãt° FÙ ıf wJ¡ NI°w ≤Fw° Fæ w˚Ù wJ¡
∫F N<bΩ°R¡≈ tÔ ˚°Ÿw° Fæ $ N<bΩ°Nb_S° tu* ŸaŸ°≤Ù F°u ≤F° ıÙb-Ÿ° ≈¨SJg¡ F°uw° Fæ <J¡∏wC I°w
F°uJ¡≤ bF tÔ ≈≤t <fitÕÔ f®Ê FÙ Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ "Ÿ ∫°u F bæ wÃ≈≤ta f®Ê buÌ f®Êæb ˚b<w' (ı°u Ÿ ≈≤t
f®Ê J¡°u ı°fiw° Fæ bF f®Ê FÙ F°uw° Fæ) oÃ∫°<Ì ZC<w∫°≥ Fæ* $ f®Ê˚°b tu* tÔ J¡° ≈®Ÿay FÙ fiFÙ* Fæ $
Nfi°<Ì<fi@fi ≈≤t°J¡°„ tu* tÔ J¡F°≥ Ÿu F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ ≈®f°u@ Ÿu _b›fi J¡∑ w≤F I°fi F°ufiu Ÿu
tÔ J¡° f°@ F°u ı°w° Fæ $$5$$
J¡°≤d J¡° Ÿa˚b fi F°ufiu Ÿu Âÿ∫ J¡∑ _b›fiwCv∫w° f°≤-f°≤ <Ÿ] J¡∑ ı° ªCJ¡∑ Fæ, ŸÙ J¡°u Â»
J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈Cfi# NfiCb°Ì J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ı°u ∫F „C] Ÿa<bwg Fæ bFÙ _b›fifiy≤ Fæ N°æ≤ bFÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* ıywg Fæ, Nw# ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì
J¡° Ÿa˚b Jæ¡Ÿu F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? $$6$$ N°J¡°„˚¥w <ªÌ°J¡°„°Ãt° Ju¡ _kC¡≤d J¡∑ Ÿ¨<‹¸>R¡≈@°¿≤dÙ ≈¨<SbÙ
N°<Ì J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ yoÕ Fæ wS° tfi, fC<] N°<ÌR¡≈ J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ yoÕ Fæ $$7$$ ıÔ tu* N°bwÕ J¡∑ (˚≥b≤ J¡∑)
w≤F N°æ≤ b°∫C tu* _≈∏Ìfi J¡∑ w≤F <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* <ffi° ˚Ùw J¡° ı°u ıyÌg˚°fi F°uw° Fæ, ŸJu¡ N∏w≤
ıÙb˚°b Ÿu Ÿtu* ≈®bu„J¡≤ tæ* <F≤^∫y˚Õ ˚CbfiŸ®‹¸>° Fq≥ ∫°u* N≈fiu Îuÿb∫Õ J¡° f©°fi J¡≤fiub°Ôu ≈≤t°Ãt°
fiu FÙ _b∫a ıyÌg˚°fi J¡∑ FÙ fC<] N°<Ì, ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì fi°tR¡≈Δ∫°J¡≤dR¡≈ ŸwgNŸwgt∫ t¥wÕNt¥wÕ≈®ªC≤
∫° ŸÃ∫°fi¨w<tSCfiÙJ¡≤dR¡≈ J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ $$8,9$$ _bh~> Ÿu ˚Ù NÃ∫∏w _bh~> ı°u ∫F tF°<ª<w Fæ bF
_b∫a FÙ ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu _kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ oŸÙJ¡° fi°t Ÿ¨<‹¸> Fæ Nw# ıywg <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ ŸŸu <˚∏fi
fiFÙ* Fæ $$10$$ Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, <bª°≤Â<‹¸> Ÿu w°u JC¡~> ˚Ù _kC¡¿≤w fiFÙ* F°uw° Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ ∫F tF°<ª<w
NÃ∫∏w _bh~> J¡FÙ yoÕ Fæ, <ª∏t°`R¡≈ ı°u N<πwÙ∫ FÙ f®Ê Fæ, Ju¡bÔ ŸJ¡∑ J¡v≈fi° FÙ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤
(ıywgR¡≈ Ÿu) <fiı N°Ãt° tu* <b_w¨w Fæ $$11$$ „C] Ÿa<bwg N°fi∏Ì _bR¡≈ <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ <ªÌ°J¡°„
tu* <fi<bÕJ¡°≤ R¡≈ Ÿu ≠∫°u* J¡° Ã∫°u* ¿_Sw F°uJ¡≤ ˚Ù NI°w F°ufiu Ÿu _b›fi J¡∑ w≤F <ªW-Ÿ° Âÿ∫-Ÿ°
Nb˚°<Ÿw F°uw° Fæ $ ŸÌg J¡°≤d Ju¡ N˚°bb„ N∏∫ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu Fı°≤°u* b°ÌÙ ˚Ù Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡° ≈≈°Ìfi fiFÙ*
J¡≤ ŸJ¡wu Fæ*, Nw# Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* N°Ãt° FÙ Âÿ∫ J¡° R¡≈ @°≤d J¡≤ _b∫a <ªÌ°J¡°„R¡≈ Âÿ∫ J¡°u
Ìu©w° Fæ $$12,13$$ _b›fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi <fi@ÕtÕJ¡ bF N≈fiu N<@‹™>°fi Ÿu w<fiJ¡ ˚Ù <˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ,
oŸ<ÔÎ <ªÌ°J¡°„R¡≈ Ÿu ≈¿≤<„‹¸> bF N°J¡°„ Ÿu „¥∏∫w° Ju¡ Ÿt°fi <ªÌ°J¡°„ Ÿu <˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ $ ı°u
FÙ ŸJ¡ÔR¡≈°u* Ÿu <bb<ıÕw N<πwÙ∫ ≈≤ f®Ê Fæ bFÙ N≈fiu Ÿ<hªÌ°fi∏Ì|fi N<πwÙ∫ R¡≈ Ÿu FÙ ¿_Sw
F°u _bt°∫°„<•w Ÿu ŸJ¡Ô ıyBq≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ $$14,15$$ _b›fi tu* NJ¡°≤d FÙ oŸ Âÿ∫Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡°
ŸJ¡Ô ıÙb°u* J¡°u NfiC˚b F°uw° Fæ _b›fi tu* w°u N°Ãt° FÙ _b›fi Ju¡ ŸJ¡Ô ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡° R¡≈ @°≤dJ¡≤
˚°<Ÿw F°uw° Fæ, Nw# ı°y®wg tu* ˚Ù ÎJ¡ I°fiR¡≈ <fitÕÔ f®Ê FÙ ıyBq≈ Ÿu (fi°fi°≈Ì°S°u˘ Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu)
˚°Ÿw° Fæ $ f®Ê FÙ <ªÌg F°ufiu Ÿu N°Ãt° tu* t°fi°u* ıÙbÃb J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤w° F…N° N°æ≤ N≈fiu <fitÕÔ
Ÿ<hªÌ°fi∏Ì|fi _bR¡≈ J¡° Ã∫°y fi J¡≤w° F…N° tfi_Ãb J¡°u ıæŸu ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ $$16,17$$ _b∫a
<ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ bF tfi J¡∑ Ÿt<‹¸>R¡≈ Ÿu N°J¡°„°ÃtJ¡ FÙ oŸ ŸJ¡Ô ıywg J¡° <b_w°≤ J¡≤w° Fæ N°æ≤
_b∫a N<bJ¡°≤Ù F°uw° F…N° ˚Ù <bJ¡°≤Ù ıyBq≈-Ÿ° ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ $ tfi FÙ <F≤^∫y˚Õ Fæ bF Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡
⁄Ì∫ tu* ¿_Sw F°uJ¡≤ ŸfJ¡° <fi≤∏w≤ <fit°Õd J¡≤w° Fæ N°æ≤ <fi≤∏w≤ ŸfJ¡° ŸaF°≤ ˚Ù J¡≤w° Fæ $$18,19$$
≈¨ØbÙ N°<Ì Ÿu ≤<Fw Ÿt<‹¸>tfiR¡≈ f®Ê° Nb∫b≤<Fw <ıŸ ıywg Ju¡ ⁄Ì∫ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ ŸŸu <˚∏fi Ju¡
wCv∫ <`ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu ˚°Ÿw° Fæ ıæŸu <J¡ _b›fi tu* <fi≤°J¡°≤ <ªÌ°Ãt° _b°›fi ≈Ì°SÕ Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu ˚°<Ÿw
F°uw° Fæ $$20$$ ÎJ¡ <fi≤°J¡°≤ ≈≤f®Ê F°uJ¡≤ ˚Ù N≈fiÙ N<bΩ° Ÿu ≈¥dÕ Ÿ<hªÌ°fi∏Ì ˚°b Ÿu h∫Cw F°u
tfi°u˚°b J¡°u ≈®°›wJ¡≤ Ÿt<‹¸>tfiR¡≈ f®Ê° NFaJ¡°≤_bR¡≈ Ÿu wS° „≤Ù≤ N°æ≤ ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu Nfi∏wR¡≈
F°uJ¡≤ ın N°æ≤ ªuwfi ıywgR¡≈ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $$21$$ ∫S°SÕw# fi ∫F°≥ (<ªwg tu*) ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì Fæ*, fi
„≤Ù≤ Fæ, fi <ªwg Ÿu <˚∏fi JC¡~> Âÿ∫R¡≈ FÙ Fæ, <J¡∏wC ÎJ¡t°` <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ J¡¿v≈w Ÿt<‹¸> tfi°u≤t F°u
ıyBq≈ tu* N<w„∫R¡≈ Ÿu _kC¡¿≤w F°u ≤F° Fæ $ N°æ≤ Ÿ¥‚t <bª°≤Â<‹¸> Ÿu ∫F ıywg J¡° _kC¡≤d ˚Ù JC¡~>
fiFÙ* Fæ ÎJ¡t°` NÃ∫∏w |fi <ª∏t°` FÙ N≈fiu N°≈ N≈fiu _bR¡≈ tu* ˚°Ÿw° Fæ $ <ıŸŸu bªfi <fib¨W F°u
ı°wu Fæ*æ ∫°fiÙ ıF°≥ tfi N°æ≤ b°dÙ J¡∑ ≈F…≥ª fiFÙ* Fæ Ÿ <fi≤<w„∫ N°fi∏Ì J¡∑ ≈®°<›w Ÿu w¥‹dÙ*˚°b
(N°Ãt_bR¡≈ <fiÿªÔw°) „uT ≤Fw° Fæ $ bF <fiÿªÔw° Δ∫bF°≤J¡°Ô tu* ˚Ù fiFÙ* F¸>wÙ $ „C] Ÿ<hªÌ°Ãt°
ŸaŸ°≤ Ju¡ Δ∫bF°≤°u* tu* <fi≤w ≤Ffiu ≈≤ ˚Ù <fiÿªÔ N°Ãt_bR¡≈ Ÿu ≠∫°u* J¡° Ã∫°u* t¥J¡bwg ¿_Sw ≤Fw°
Fæ $$22-24$$ bF ≈®fC] (I°fib°fig) ≈C”TZu‹™> <fiÿªÔ F°uJ¡≤ Nfi∏w N≈°≤ <ª∏t°`R¡≈ ≈≤t o‹¸>
(≈≤t≈®ut°_≈Ì <fi≤<w„∫°fi∏Ì|fiw°R¡≈) F°u ı°w° Fæ $ NSb° I°fiR¡≈ N<Àfi tu* ≈¿≤≈°J¡b„ Â» F°ufiu
Ÿu f®ÊR¡≈ o˘¸> _b∫a ffi ı°w° Fæ, ÎuŸ° NSÕ Fæ $$25$$
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ tC<•w J¡°u ≈®°›w F…Î ≈C”TZu‹™> Ju¡ <k¡≤ J¡°Ô°∏w≤ tu* Ÿ¨<‹¸> N°<Ì Ÿu f∏@fi-≈®Ÿay J¡°
b°≤d J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡∑ NI°fi≈¥bÕJ¡w° <Ì©Ô°wu Fæ* $
ıæŸu ıÔ tu* Bb Ÿu NfC<]≈¥bÕJ¡ FÙ (NI°fi≈¥bÕJ¡ FÙ) N°bwÕ, fCÌgfCÌg N°<Ì F°uwu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ N<bΩ°b¨w
f®Ê° fiu NI°fi≈¥bÕJ¡ FÙ <ªW, fC<] N°<Ì ın ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡° <fit°Õd <J¡∫° Fæ $ N<bΩ°b¨w ªæw∏∫ FÙ ıÔ°<Ì
ffiJ¡≤ N°bwÕ N°<Ì <bJ¡v≈°u* J¡° ˚°ıfi F°uw° Fæ, NwÎb ıÔ°<Ì J¡∑ Â‹¸>°∏ww° Fæ $$26$$ ıæŸu b°∫C π°≤°
N≈fiu Ÿu N<˚∏fi _≈∏Ì J¡° NfC<]≈¥bÕJ¡ FÙ <fit°Õd <J¡∫° ı°w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ ≈≤t°Ãt° π°≤° N≈fiu Ÿu N<˚∏fi
fC<] N°<Ì ıywg J¡° NfC<]≈¥bÕJ¡ FÙ <fit°Õd <J¡∫° ı°w° Fæ $$27$$ ıæŸu b°∫C J¡° N<bfi°„Ù _≈∏Ìfi b°∫C
Ÿu N<˚∏fi Fæ bæŸu <ªÌ°˚°ŸR¡≈ Ÿf ıÙb ≈®Ã∫ygR¡≈ ≈≤t°Ãt° Ÿu N<˚∏fi Fæ $$28$$
ŸyÕ - 175] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2447
NwÎb ıÙb ˚Ù f®Ê Ju¡ ≈∫°Õ∫R¡≈ FÙ Fæ*, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Fu I°fib°fi°u* tu* Zu‹™> ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, <ªÌgΔ∫°ut, f®Ê, <ª∏t°`, N°Ãt°, <ª<w, tF°fig, ≈≤t°Ãt°
ofi ŸfJ¡°u N°≈ ≈∫°Õ∫b°ªÙ ı°<fi∫u $$29$$ N<bΩ°b¨w f®Ê fiu` Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ∏tuT <fituTR¡≈ Fæ
NSb° b°∫C Ju¡ Ÿt°fi _≈∏ÌN_≈∏ÌR¡≈ Fæ $ ŸJ¡° ıæŸ° ≈®Ô∫R¡≈ <fituT Fæ bæŸ° FÙ Ÿy°ÕÃtJ¡
∏tuT ıywg Fæ $$30$$
ıæŸu ∏tuT N°æ≤ <fituTJ¡°Ô tu* ÎJ¡-Ÿ° fiu`y°uÔJ¡ ÎJ¡ FÙ Fæ ŸÙ tu* <fituT ∏tuT J¡° Ô∫ F°uw° Fæ
bæŸu FÙ ≈®Ô∫ N°æ≤ Ÿ¨<‹¸> tu* ÎJ¡-Ÿ° f®Ê ÎJ¡ Fæ ŸÙ tu* fiJ¡° Ô∫ F°uw° Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Âÿ∫ f®Ê J¡° ∏tuT Fæ N°æ≤ Âÿ∫ J¡° N˚°b (≈®Ô∫) <fituT Fæ Ì°ufi°u* Nb_S°N°u* tu* <fi≤°J¡°≤ ∫F
ÎJ¡ FÙ Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ fi Ì°ufi°u* J¡° FÙ oŸÙ tu* Ô∫ F°uw° Fæ $$31$$ ≈≤f®Ê ≈≤t°Ãt° <fituT N°æ≤ ∏tuT-
Ì°ufi°u* Nb_S°N°u* tu* ÎJ¡R¡≈ FÙ ≤Fw° Fæ $ Nw# <ª¿w Ÿu FÙ Âÿ∫ J¡° "N¿_w' (Fæ) N°æ≤ "fi°¿_w' (fiFÙ*
Fæ) ∫°u* _kC¡≤d F°ufiu Ÿu Âÿ∫ Ÿwg-NŸwg Fæ, <J¡∏wC <ª<w ŸÌ° ŸWæJ¡R¡≈ FÙ Fæ $$32$$
∏tuT N°æ≤ <fituT ˚Ù ∏tuT N°æ≤ <fituT Ju¡ FuwC ≈ÔJ¡ Ÿ<Fw fiu` _S°fiÙ∫ „fÔf®ÊR¡≈ Ÿu ≈≤_≈≤
N<˚∏fi FÙ Fæ*, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<fituT ∏tuT Ÿu N<w¿≤•w fiFÙ* Fæ N°æ≤ ∏tuT ˚Ù <fituT Ÿu <˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ bæŸu FÙ t°∫°„fÔ f®Ê Ÿu
∏tuT-<fituTR¡≈Ù ŸyÕ N°æ≤ ≈®Ô∫ <˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ $$33$$
oŸ Â<‹¸> Ÿu ı°u <Ÿ] F…N°, Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Fu Ÿ°æ‡∫ ZÙ≤|Cfi°∫J¡, oŸ J¡°≤d <fituT N°æ≤ ∏tuT tu* Ÿ°@°≤d (ÎJ¡ Ÿt°fi) f®ÊR¡≈ Ÿu ÎJ¡≤Ÿ
∫S°¿_Sw oŸ ıywg J¡°u N°≈ NfiCÃ≈∏fi, Nı≤, Nt≤, „°∏w <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ ı°<fi∫u $$34$$ ıæŸu
N°J¡°„ N≈fiu tu* Nº∫_w fiÙÔR¡≈w° Ÿu _kC¡¿≤w F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ª¿w ˚Ù N<ªÃ∫°ÃtJ¡R¡≈ Ÿu (Nªuwfi
Âÿ∫ ıywgR¡≈ Ÿu) _kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ ı°u JC¡~> ∫F ıywgR¡≈ Ÿu ˚°Ÿw° Fæ,bF ıywg „≤Ù≤@°≤Ù
<ª∏t°` f®Ê FÙ Fæ $$35$$ fi w°u Âÿ∫ J¡˚Ù Ã≈∏fi F…N° Fæ, fi fi‹¸> F°uw° Fæ N°æ≤ fi ∫S°SÕw# NfiC˚b tu*
FÙ N°w° Fæ Ju¡bÔ ÎJ¡t°` <ª¿w FÙ N≈fiu _bR¡≈ tu* _b∫a Âÿ∫R¡≈ ªtÃJ¡°≤ J¡≤wÙ Fæ $ ıæŸu Ÿ¥∫Õ Ÿu
<fiJ¡ÔÙ F…oÕ Ÿ¥∫Õ J¡∑ ÌÙ<›w Ÿu Ÿ¥∫Õ J¡∑ ‹dw° <˚∏fi-ŸÙ t°Ô¥t F°uwÙ F…oÕ ˚Ù <˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ bæŸu FÙ Âÿ∫
fi°t J¡∑ <ªÌ°J¡°„R¡≈Ù tF°t<d J¡∑ ≈®˚° ˚Ù N≈fiu Ìgyt _S°fi (N°J¡≤-_S°fi) tF°t<d Ÿu <˚∏fi-
ŸÙ ≈®wÙw F°uwÙ F…oÕ ˚Ù ŸŸu N<˚∏fi FÙ Fæ $ ıæŸu ŸCTC<›w FÙ _b›fi-ŸÙ ≈®wÙw F°uwÙ Fæ ∫°fiÙ _b›fiR¡≈
tu* ˚°ŸwÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ f®Ê FÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ Ÿt°fi _kC¡¿≤w F°uw° Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ fi°fi°R¡≈ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi _kC¡¿≤w F°uw°
F…N° ˚Ù ∫F Ÿ°≤° ıywg ÎJ¡, „°∏w, <„bR¡≈ f®Ê FÙ Fæ $$36-38$$
<ªÌ°˚°Ÿ π°≤° ıf <ıŸ <ıŸJ¡° <ıŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu-˚°b NSb° N˚°b R¡≈ Ÿu ıæŸ° ŸaJ¡v≈
<J¡∫° ı°w° Fæ ŸJ¡° Ÿ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu ª°Fu bF Ÿwg F°u ª°Fu NŸwg bæŸu FÙ NfiC˚b <J¡∫° ı°w°
Fæ $$39$$ ıywg J¡∑ ınw° J¡∑ N∏∫ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu ≈≈<W fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ŸJu¡ NfiCR¡≈ ≈®@°fi,
≈≤t°dC N°<Ì R¡≈ J¡°≤d J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤°u w°u _b›fi tu* ≈®wÙw F°ufiub°Ôu ≈®≈aª J¡° ≈®@°fi, ≈≤t°dC
N°<Ì π°≤° J¡Ì°<≈ <fib°ÕF fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w°, N°wÎb N°Ãt° J¡° FÙ ıyÌg˚°b t°fifiu ≈≤ w°u ŸÙ ∏∫°∫
Ÿu Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* ˚Ù f®Ê FÙ ıyw buT @°≤d J¡≤uy° $ oŸŸu ≈®@°fi, ≈≤t°dC N°<Ì J¡∑ J¡v≈fi°
™>ÙJ¡ fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$40$$
ÎuŸ° t°fifiu ≈≤ ıywg J¡∑, ≈®t°d°u* Ju¡ N<bT∫ f®Ê tu* Nº∫°Ÿb„ _b›fi J¡∑ w≤F, N<fibÕªfiÙ∫w°R¡≈
≈®t°dN<bT∫w° ˚Ù <Ÿ] F°uyÙ ∫°u* Nπæw J¡° N<b≤°u@ F°ufiu Ÿu ÌqŸ≤Ù NfiCJ¥¡Ôw° Ft°≤u ≈s tu* F…oÕ, ÎuŸ°
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ª¥≥<J¡ f®Ê Ÿu N<˚∏fi ∫F <bÿb ≈®t°d°u* Ju¡ Ny°uª≤ ≈≤t f®Ê Ÿu N°<b˚¥Õw Fæ oŸ<ÔÎ ≈®t°d°u* J¡°
Ny°uª≤ ∫F JC¡~> ˚Ù <Ìw fiFÙ* F…N° $$41$$
oŸ<ÔÎ f®Ê≤<ŸJ¡ Ô°uy°u* J¡° <ªW ıywg J¡°u f®Ê FÙ Ìu©w° Fæ ∫°u* fi Ju¡ NfiC˚b J¡° NfiCŸ≤d ˚Ù
F°u y∫°, ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<ıŸJ¡° <ªW <ıŸ N°u≤ ≤<ŸJ¡ ≤Fw° Fæ ŸJ¡° <ªW bæŸ° FÙ NfiC˚b J¡≤w° Fæ oŸ J¡°≤d
ÎJ¡t°` f®Ê tu* ≤<ŸJ¡ w[bI<ªW ıywg J¡∑ f®Êw° J¡° NfiC˚b J¡≤w° Fæ $ <ıŸ tfiC‹∫ Ju¡ <ªW-
≈®°d ŸÌ° <ıŸ ≈≤ NfiC≤•w ≤Fwu Fæ*, Ôyu ≤Fwu Fæ*, bF ŸJ¡°u b°_w<bJ¡ (ŸÃ∫) ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ
NwÎb ŸÙ J¡° _≈‹¸>R¡≈ Ÿu bF NfiC˚b J¡≤w° Fæ $ ı°u tfi ÎJ¡t°` f®Ê tu* ≤<ŸJ¡ F°uw° Fæ bF
sd˚≤ tu* f®Ê ffi ı°w° Fæ Nw# <ıŸJ¡° tfi <ıŸtu* ≤Ÿ ≈°w° Fæ Ÿfiu ŸÙ ≈Ì°SÕJ¡°u ∫S°SÕ
(Ÿwg) ı°fi° Fæ $$42-44$$ <ıŸ ıÙb J¡° <ªW Â» <fiÿª∫b„ <ıŸtu* <bZ°∏w F°u ªCJ¡°, ŸJu¡
<ÔÎ bFÙ ≈≤t°SÕ (ŸÃ∫) Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ f®ÊI°fiÙ N°æ≤ fi°¿_wJ¡ N≈fiu <fi<ÿªw t°yÕ Ÿu N<w¿≤•w ı°u
∫°y, Ì°fi N°<Ì J¡tÕ J¡≤wu Fæ* bF Ju¡bÔ ŸÌ°ª°≤ Ÿu Ô°uJ¡Ÿay®F°SÕ Δ∫bF°≤ Ju¡ <ÔÎ <ffi° oh~>° Ju¡
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NbÔ°uJ¡fi J¡∑<ı∫u w°u ∫F Ÿf N°≈J¡°u ŸW°t°` FÙ ≈®wÙw F°uy° $ ∫F Ây (<ªwg) FÙ Fæ oŸ <ªwg
tu* <πÃb, ÎJ¡Ãb J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡°uoÕ fiFÙ* Fæ $ <ıfiJ¡∑ I°fiÂ<‹¸> tu* Âÿ∫, Ÿwg, NŸwg, t¥wÕ, Nt¥wÕ Ÿf
JC¡~> f®Ê FÙ Fæ, fiJ¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* ∫F°≥ NSb° J¡FÙ* fi J¡w°Õ NSb° ˚°u•w° ıÙb FÙ Fæ* N°æ≤ fi fiJ¡°
N˚°b FÙ Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ ∏FÙ*J¡° f®ÊR¡≈ Ÿu „uT ≤Fw° Fæ $ ıæŸu NI°fiÙ ≈<SJ¡°u* Ju¡ ª°u≤°u* Ju¡ Ÿ∏ÌuF,
˚®°<∏w N°<Ì Ju¡ ∫°uÀ∫ bfit°yÕ tu* _S°dC FÙ ª°u≤ N°<Ì Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ N°<Ì N∏w
<bFÙfi ŸbÕw# „°∏w ıywg≈∫°Õ∫b°Ô° f®ÊæJ¡|fi (<ª∏t°`|fi) ∫F f®Ê FÙ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ (ıyBq≈ Ÿu)
N°Ãt° tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $ ı°u FÙ fC<] Ÿt<‹¸> <F≤^∫y˚Õ N°<ÌR¡≈ ıywg Fæ ŸÙ J¡°u N°≈ <fi≤aıfi
(<fi<bÕJ¡°≤) f®Ê ı°<fi∫u ıæŸu <J¡ ı°u FÙ ≈®„°∏w N°J¡°„ Fæ bFÙ „¥∏∫ Fæ $ ıæŸu N°J¡°„ tu* Ju¡„°u*
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≈≤t f®Ê tu* ŸÌgNŸÌ°ÃtJ¡ fC<] N°<Ì <˚∏fi Ÿu ≈®wÙw F°uwu Fæ* $ ıæŸu N°J¡°„ tu* |¸>, ≈¸> N°<Ì
Ju¡ Ÿf N˚°b N°J¡°„ Ÿu Nfi∏∫ Fæ*, bæŸu FÙ ŸbÕŸ°t°∏∫ŸW°R¡≈ f®Ê tu* fC<] N°<Ì, ÌuF N°<Ì
NfiC˚b N°<Ì NfiuJ¡R¡≈ ≈®wÙw F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù f®Ê Ÿu N<˚∏fi FÙ Fæ* $ ÎJ¡t°` <fiB°R¡≈ ŸCTC<›w Ÿu
_b›fi tu* ≈®bu„ J¡≤ ≤Fu _b›fi-Ÿ¨<‹¸> tu* ¿_Sw ıÙb°Ãt° J¡° fi w°u <πÃbR¡≈ Ÿu <fibÕªfi F°uw° Fæ N°æ≤
fi ÎJ¡ÃbR¡≈ Ÿu FÙ F°uw° Fæ •∫°u*<J¡ bF°≥ Δ∫°bÃ∫Õ J¡°uoÕ ≈®<Ÿ] fiFÙ* Fæ bæŸu FÙ ÎJ¡t°` <fiB°R¡≈ ≈®Ô∫
Ÿu Ÿ¨<‹¸> tu* ≈®bu„ J¡≤ ≤Fu NI Â<‹¸> Ÿu ŸyÕ_S ˚Ù f®Ê J¡° <πÃbR¡≈ Ÿu NSb° ÎJ¡Ãb R¡≈ Ÿu <fibÕªfi
fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w° $ Fu ZÙ≤°tıÙ, tF°ªuwfi J¡∑ ∫F N≈fiÙ <fitÕÔ J¡°<∏w NSb° N<bΩ° FÙ ıywg Ju¡
ŸyÕ - 175] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2449
R¡≈ Ÿu _kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ $ b°_wb tu* w°u <fitÕÔ ~>°∫° oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ¿_Sw Fæ JC¡~> ˚Ù _kC¡¿≤w fiFÙ* F°uwÙ
Fæ $ <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* <ªÌ°J¡°„R¡≈ FÙ ∫S°¿_Sw (≠∫°u*-J¡°-Ã∫°u*) <fiı _bh~> <by®F ªuÃ∫-Ÿ° Âÿ∫-
Ÿ° ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ ıæŸu <J¡ _b›fi°u* tu* ∫S°¿_Sw <ªÌ°Ãt° FÙ _b›fi ≈Ì°S°u˘ Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu _kC¡¿≤w F°uw°
Fæ $ Fı°≤°u* b°<Ì∫°u* π°≤° ˚Ù ŸÌg b_wC Ÿu N<w¿≤•w J¡° ≈≈°Ìfi fi F°u ŸJ¡fiu wS° ŸÃ∫J¡°≤d J¡°
N˚°b F°ufiu Ÿu <ªÌgΔ∫°ut _b∫a N≈fiu J¡°u Âÿ∫R¡≈ Ÿu Ìu©w° Fæ, ∫FÙ ≈s <Ÿ] F…N° $ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡
N°≤‡˚ tu* <fi≤°J¡°≤ <ªÌ°J¡°„ ≈≤t°Ãt° J¡° FÙ Âÿ∫ Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ N°æ≤ bF ˚°fi _b›fi,
ŸaJ¡v≈ N°æ≤ <tØ∫°I°fi tu* F…Î ˚®t Ju¡ wCv∫ ˚®t FÙ Fæ $ Âÿ∫ _b›fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ŸJ¡Ô @tÕ„¥∏∫
<ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ Ÿtu* w<fiJ¡ ˚Ù @tÕ J¡° N¿_wÃb fiFÙ* Fæ $ b_wC˚¥w (≈≤t°SÕ˚¥w)
<ªÌ°J¡°„J¡° <bJ¡°≤Ù ˚Ù wS° @tÕb°fig ˚Ù N°J¡°≤ N<bΩ°R¡≈ tÔ Ÿu ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ $ b°_wb tu*
Ÿtu* N°J¡°≤, <bJ¡°≤ N°æ≤ @tÕ fiFÙ* Fæ* $ _b›fifiy≤ Ju¡ wCv∫ Âÿ∫ ≈®wÙ<ww# Ÿ°J¡°≤ F°uw° F…N° ˚Ù
b°_wb tu* <fi≤°J¡°≤ Fæ N°æ≤ ≈®wÙ<ww# @tÕb°fig F°uw° F…N° ˚Ù <fi@ÕtÕJ¡ Fæ $ N<@‹™>°fiR¡≈ Ÿ∏t°` Ÿu
N<˚∏fi ˚Ù bF NIıfi°u* J¡∑ Â<‹¸> Ÿu oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ıywg Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ Ÿu <fi≤∏w≤ FÙ ¿_Sw
Fæ $$46-58$$ _b›fi≈bÕw Ju¡ wCv∫ _bh~> Âÿ∫ _b°<@‹™>°fi <ª∏t°` Ÿu ≤aª˚≤ ˚Ù <˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ,
oŸ<ÔÎ <ªÌ°J¡°„t°`R¡≈ Ÿu ≈¿≤<„‹¸> <ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡∑ N°J¡°„ J¡∑ N≈us° ˚Ù N<wŸ¥‚tw° <Ÿ]
F…oÕ, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$59$$ ŸJ¡Ô R¡≈°u* Ÿu <b≤<Fw Ÿ<hªÌ°fi∏Ì|fi ı°u ≈≤t f®Ê Fæ bFÙ N≈fiu
Ÿ<hªÌ°fi∏Ì|fi _bR¡≈ Ÿu ≤aª˚≤ ˚Ù h∫Cw fi F°u ∫S°¿_Sw FÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ $$60$$
_b›fi tu* Âÿ∫ J¡° ŸfJ¡°u NfiC˚b F°uw° Fæ $ _b›fi tu* N°Ãt° FÙ fiy≤ N°<Ì Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* ˚°Ÿw° Fæ $
„aJ¡° # _b›fiJ¡°Ô tu* ŸÃ∫ fiy≤°<Ì J¡° ıÙb π°≤° <fit°Õd F°u, •∫°u*<J¡ "NS ≤S°fig ≤S∫°uy°∏≈S#
Ÿ¨ıwu Ÿ <F J¡w°Õ' (_b›fiJ¡°Ô tu* ıÙb ≤S°u* J¡∑ wS° ≤S∫°uÀ∫ t°y°u˘ J¡∑ Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡≤w° Fæ) ÎuŸÙ ZC<w Fæ $
Ÿt°@°fi # _b›fi tu* ıÙb π°≤° ŸÃ∫ fiy≤ N°<Ì J¡∑ ≤ªfi° fiFÙ* F°uwÙ Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ "fi w` ≤S°
≤S∫°uy° ≈∏S°fi°u ˚b<∏w' (fi bF°≥ ≤S F°uwu Fæ* N°æ≤ fi ≤S∫°uÀ∫ t°yÕ F°uwu Fæ*) "t°∫°t°à wC
J¡°Ã∫Ÿu∫u˘fi°fi<˚Δ∫•w_bR¡≈Ãb°wg' (_b›fi J¡∑ Ÿ¨<‹¸> „C<•w ≤ıw, ≤≠ıCŸ≈Õ N°<Ì Ju¡ Ÿt°fi t°∫°t°`
Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ ŸJ¡° _bR¡≈ Ìu„, J¡°Ô N°<Ì Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ @t°u˘ Ÿu N<˚Δ∫•w fiFÙ* F°uw°) oÃ∫°<Ì ZC<w N°æ≤
Ÿ¥`°u* fiu _b›fi tu* Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡° <fiTu@ <J¡∫° Fæ N°æ≤ Ÿu t°∫°t°` J¡F° Fæ $$61$$
∫<Ì J¡°uoÕ J¡Fu <J¡ "Ÿ Îb°∫a ÌubÌW#' (bFÙ ∫F ÌubÌW Fæ) "w<ÌÌa ≈¥bÕÂ‹¸>tub tÌgy¨Ftg' (∫F bFÙ
≈¥bÕÂ‹¸> tu≤° |≤ Fæ) oÃ∫°<Ì Nf°<@w ≈®Ã∫<˚I° N°<Ì Ÿu _b›fi tu* ˚Ù ≈Ì°SÕ ŸÃ∫ F°u* ? oŸ „aJ¡° ≈≤
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
_b›fi tu* "bFÙ ∫F ≤u©° Fæ' oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ≈®Ã∫<˚I° J¡° <bT∫ F°u ≤Fu y¨F N°<Ì ≈Ì°SÕ J¡° ⁄Ì∫, J¡^™>,
fi°nÙ <~B N°<Ì ≈®Ìu„ tu* <J¡ŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ ˚Ù Ÿa˚b fi F°ufiu Ÿu ≈®Ã∫<˚I° fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wÙ, ≈Ì°SÕ J¡° Ÿa˚b
fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ofi wÙfi°u* J¡° Ã∫°y J¡≤ f®ÊŸa<bwg J¡° FÙ <fiB° N°<Ì Ì°uT°u* Ÿu _b°›fi ≈Ì°SÕ Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu
N∏∫S°˚°fi F°uw° Fæ ŸÙ tu* ı°y®wg-Â‹¸> ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡∑ wCv∫w° J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤ NfiC˚b Ju¡ Δ∫bF°≤°˚°Ÿ
J¡∑ w≤F _t¨<w N°<Ì Ju¡ Ÿ°Âÿ∫ J¡∑ ˚Ù J¡v≈fi° J¡≤ Ÿtu* _t¨Ã∫°<Ìw° ˚Ù t¥»°u* fiu t°fiÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ°
ŸtHfi° ª°<F∫u $$62,63$$
Ÿ°Âÿ∫ Ÿu ˚Ù bFÙ ∫F ÔF≤Ù Fæ, bFÙ ∫F ÌÙ≈<„©° Fæ oÃ∫°<Ì ≈®Ã∫<˚I°˚®t Ô°uJ¡ tu* ≈®<Ÿ]
Fæ*, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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bæŸÙ Nb_S° tu* "Ÿæbu∫a ÔF≤Ù' (∫F bFÙ ÔF≤Ù Fæ) ÎuŸ° ≈®Ã∫<˚I°˚®t F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu*
J¡v≈fi°<@‹™>°fi ≈≤t f®Ê tu* ıywg J¡°u ˚Ù ˚®tR¡≈ ŸtHfi° ª°<F∫u $$64$$
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N°æ≤ ΩCÔ°uJ¡ J¡°u @°≤d <J¡∫°), "∫¿_tfig Ω°æ# ≈¨<SbÙª°∏w¿≤st°uwa tfi# ŸF ≈®°dæÿª ŸbæÕ_wtubæJa¡
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ŸÙ J¡°u N°Ãt° ı°fi°u) oÃ∫°<Ì ıywg J¡∑ <b<@∫°≥ N°æ≤ "fiuF fi°fi°¿_w <J*¡ªfi' (∫F°≥ ˚uÌ JC¡~> ˚Ù fiFÙ*
Fæ) oÃ∫°<Ì ıy<∏fiTu@ Ÿt°fiR¡≈Ÿu Ÿt°bu„ ≈°wu Fæ*, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
≈≤_≈≤ ŸÌ° FÙ Ÿ˚Ù <b<@∫°≥ N°æ≤ <fiTu@ NÔy NÔy (<b˚•w) F°uJ¡≤ N°æ≤ <tÔJ¡≤ ≈≤t f®Ê tu*
Fæ* N°æ≤ fiFÙ* ˚Ù Fæ* $$65$$ oŸ<ÔÎ ŸÌg f®Ê Ÿb°ÕÃt Fæ, oŸtu* •∫° fiFÙ* Fæ ? bF f®ÊŸW° FÙ Ÿb°ÕÃt Fæ
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oŸ J¡°≤d Ÿtu* ŸJ¡Ôb°<Ì∫°u* J¡∑ Ÿ˚Ù J¡v≈fi°N°u* J¡° N<b≤°u@ Ÿu Ÿt°bu„ N°æ≤ J¡v≈fi°<bFÙfi
≈C”T J¡° t°us ˚Ù ≈≈∏fi F°uw° Fæ, oŸ N<˚≈®°∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
J®¡∑n° Ju¡ <ÔÎ ˚®td J¡≤ ≤Fu f°ÔJ¡ J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* b¨s, ≈bÕw, fiÌÙ N°<Ì Ju¡ Ÿt¥F Ju¡ Ÿ°S ˚¥<t J¡°
˚®td F°uw° Fæ N∏∫ Ô°uy°u* J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* ˚¥<t ˚®td„ÙÔ fiFÙ* Fæ $ Ì°ufi°u* FÙ Â<‹¸>∫°≥ ŸÌ°ÃtJ¡ Fæ* $ ˚®t°b_S°
tu* ˚¥<t fiFÙ* |¥twÙ Fæ ÎuŸ° I°fi ≤©fiub°Ôu ˚Ù f°ÔJ¡ J¡°u ıf wJ¡ ¿_S≤w° J¡° NU∫°Ÿ fiFÙ* F°uw° wf
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Ju¡ NU∫°Ÿ Ju¡ <ffi° „°∏w fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ $$67$$
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Fæ N°æ≤ fi F°uy° $$68$$
∫<Ì J¡°uoÕ ∫F „aJ¡° J¡≤u <J¡ oŸ „°˜ Ju¡ NU∫°Ÿ Ÿu •∫° J¡≤fi° Fæ, ∫°uy„°˜ tu* ≈®<Ÿ] <ªW Ju¡
<fi≤°u@ Ÿu FÙ Âÿ∫<bÔ°u≈R¡≈ o‹¸> <Ÿ<] F°u ı°∫uyÙ ? w°u oŸ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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<ªW J¡° _bR¡≈ ŸaŸ°≤ Ÿu N<bfi°˚°bÙ (≈¨SJg¡ fi F°ufiub°Ôu) Fæ, Nw# ı°y®wg N°æ≤ _b›fi tu* ıÙ<bw
NSb° ŸCTC<›w tu* Ô∫ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d t≤u F…Î <ªW J¡° ≈®∫Ãfi≈¥bÕJ¡ <fi≤°u@ J¡≤fiu ≈≤ ˚Ù ŸJ¡° ŸaŸ°≤
Ÿu <fi≤°u@ fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ, <J¡∏wC oŸ „°˜ Ju¡ NU∫°Ÿ Ju¡ N@Ùfi f°u@ F°ufiu Ÿu FÙ f°<@w F°uJ¡≤
∫F ŸaŸ°≤ J¡°u fiFÙ* Ìu©w° Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ oŸ „°˜ J¡° NU∫°Ÿ FÙ Âÿ∫<fib¨<W J¡° ≈°∫ Fæ, ∫F ˚°b
Fæ $$69$$ ıæŸu <ªW ŸÌ° FÙ ŸaŸ°≤ Ÿu N<bfi°˚°bÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ Âÿ∫R¡≈ ŸaŸ°≤ ˚Ù <ªW N°æ≤ „≤Ù≤
Ì°ufi°u* Ÿu N<bfi°˚°bÙ $ bu Âÿ∫ N°æ≤ „≤Ù≤ oŸ „°˜ Ju¡ NU∫°Ÿ Ÿu ≈®<wf∏@ fi F°ufiu ≈≤ oŸÙ ı∏t
ŸyÕ - 175] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2451
tu* w[bf°u@ F°ufiu ≈≤ <fib¨W F°u ı°wu Fæ*, ≈®<wf∏@ ≤Ffiu ≈≤ N∏∫ ı∏t tu* ≈®<wf∏@ J¡° fi°„ F°ufiu ≈≤
f°u@ F°ufiu Ÿu <fib¨W F°uwu Fæ* $ oŸ <bT∫ tu* ˚yb°fig buÌΔ∫°ŸıÙ J¡° Ÿ¥` Fæ -"Îu<FJ¡t≈®_wCw≈®<wf∏@uw
œ„Õfi°wg' (≈®<wf∏@ J¡° N˚°b F°ufiu ≈≤ oŸ ı∏t tu* <bΩ° J¡∑ Ã≈<W F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ N°æ≤ ≈®<wf∏@
F°ufiu ≈≤ N∏∫ ı∏t tu* ˚Ù F°uwÙ Fæ oŸÙ ı∏t tu* <bΩ° Ã≈∏fi F°u ÎuŸ° <fi∫t fiFÙ Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ ZC<w∫°u*
tu* ÎuŸ° Ìu©° ı°w° Fæ $$70$$ ıæŸu J¡°≤d Ju¡ N˚°b Ÿu („CJ®¡°_w, „CJ®¡°uÌ∫N°<Ì J¡°≤d fi F°ufiu Ÿu)
b°∫C, _≈aÌfi N°æ≤ fiŸu F°ufiub°Ôu tu|Ÿæ∏∫ „°∏w F°u ı°wu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ f°u@ Ÿu <ªW, Âÿ∫ N°æ≤ „≤Ù≤
wÙfi°u* <fib¨w F°u ı°wu Fæ* $$71$$
w°u <ªW, Âÿ∫ N°æ≤ „≤Ù≤ ofi wÙfi°u* J¡° J¡°≤d •∫° Fæ ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi ≈≤ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<ªW, Âÿ∫ N°æ≤ „≤Ù≤R¡≈ <`J¡ J¡° J¡°≤d NI°fi (f®Ê°Ãt˚°b J¡° N°b≤d J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ N<bΩ°)
FÙ Fæ $ N°æ≤ JC¡~> FÙ Ÿa_J¨¡w t<wb°Ôu ≈C”T°u* J¡° •w <`J¡ ≈»u y∫u oŸ „°˜ Ÿu FÙ „°∏w F°u ı°w°
Fæ $$72$$
∫<Ì J¡°uoÕ J¡Fu <J¡ Ju¡bÔ ≈»fiu t°` Ÿu oŸJ¡° ŸJ¡Ô NSÕ Jæ¡Ÿu Nbyw F°uy° ? oŸ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
∫<Ì ≈Ì≈Ì°SÕ I°fib°fig ≈C”T fÙª tu* FÙ SJ¡J¡≤ oŸJu¡ ≈»fiu Ÿu <b≤w fi F°u w°u ≈FÔu ≈FÔu
ŸtH tu* fi N°∫° F…N° (NfC]) y®∏S J¡° W≤ y®∏S Ÿu (N°yu Ju¡ y®∏S Ÿu) f°u@ F°uw° Fæ $$73$$
oŸ<ÔÎ ˚®t J¡∑ <fib¨<W tu* oŸÙ „°˜ J¡°u NŸ°@°≤d ≈°∫ N°≈ ı°<fi∫u $ ÎuŸ° FÙ I°<fi∫°u* π°≤°
oŸJ¡° NfiC˚b <J¡∫° ı°w° Fæ $$74$$ oŸ<ÔÎ oŸ tF°„°˜ Ÿu Ì°u ˚°y°u* J¡° (≈¥bÕ N°æ≤ W≤ Ì°u
˚°y°u* J¡°) NSb° ÎJ¡ ˚°y J¡° (N°@u y®∏S J¡°) N≈fiÙ „<•w Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ NfiC„ÙÔfi J¡≤fi°
ª°<F∫u $ ŸŸu Nbÿ∫ Ì…#© J¡∑ <fib¨<W F°uyÙ $$75$$ ∫F M¡<T-≈®dÙw „°˜ _t¨<wR¡≈ Fæ N°æ≤
_t¨<w J¡° t¥Ô (Ìgyt) ZC<w Fæ $ oŸ<ÔÎ ZC<w J¡° FÙ •∫°u* <bª°≤ fi J¡≤u* oŸ fC<] Ÿu ≈®t°Ìb„
∫<Ì ∫F „°˜ <J¡ŸÙ J¡°u ”<ªJ¡≤ fi F°u w°u bF <J¡ŸÙ N∏∫ ZC<wR¡≈ (≈<fiTÌg, ˚°‹∫ N°<Ì R¡≈)
N°ÃtI°fi≈®Ì „°˜ J¡° FÙ <bª°≤ J¡≤u $ Nº∫°Ãt„°˜ Ju¡ <bª°≤ Ÿu <btC© fi F°u*, oŸÙ tu* Ft°≤°
w°Ã≈∫Õ Fæ $ oŸÙ „°˜ J¡° NfiC„ÙÔfi J¡≤u* oŸtu* Ft°≤° N°y®F fiFÙ* Fæ $$76$$ tfiC‹∫ N<bª°≤R¡≈
NfiSÕ Ÿu N≈fiÙ <ı∏ÌyÙ f≤f°Ì fi J¡≤u $ Zbd N°<Ì ≈°∫ Ÿu Ã≈∏fi w[bf°u@ Ÿu Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ Âÿ∫
J¡°u N°ÃtŸ°wg J¡≤fi° ª°<FÎ, f°@≈¥bÕJ¡ N°Ãt° π°≤° y®°Ÿ J¡≤fiu ∫°uÀ∫ ffifi° ª°<F∫u $ ∫F°≥ ≈≤ "Ìu∫u
`° ª' oŸ Ÿ¥` Ÿu Ÿ°<w ≈®Ã∫∫ Fæ ıæŸu <J¡ "f®°ÊdŸ°<ÌÌt∏fia J¡wÕΔ∫tg' ∫F°≥ ≈≤ Fæ $$77$$
N°ÃtI°fi Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* N°Ô<Ÿ∫°u* J¡°u ≈®°uÃŸ°<Fw J¡≤wu Fæ* $
N°∫C Ju¡ fÙwu F…Î ÎJ¡ sd J¡°u ˚Ù ∫<Ì J¡°uoÕ ª°Fu ŸCbdÕ N°<Ì J¡∑ ≤°<„ Ju¡ Ÿ°S ŸJ¡Ô ≤Ãfi°u*
Ÿu Ô°æ¸>°fi° ª°Fu, b°≈Ÿ ≈°fi° ª°Fu w°u ≈° fiFÙ* ŸJ¡w° $ ÎuŸÙ Ì…ÔÕ˚ N°∫C J¡°u ı°u b¨S° y≥b°w° Fæ ŸJu¡
≈®t°Ì J¡° •∫° <™>J¡°fi° Fæ $ ŸJu¡ <ÔÎ ©uÌ Fæ, tF°©uÌ Fæ $ ≈®Ã∫us NfiC˚¥w ˚Ù, N∏w#J¡≤d Ÿu
≈<Fw ˚Ù wS° _b›fi tu* Ìæb°wg Â‹¸> N≈fiu t≤d ≈≤ ª°≤°u* N°u≤ f°∏@b°u* π°≤° <J¡∫u y∫u <bÔ°≈ J¡∑
w≤F Ÿwg-Ÿ° _kC¡¿≤w ˚Ù ∫F Âÿ∫ Ÿwg fiFÙ* Fæ, <fi≈¸> <tØ∫° FÙ Fæ $ ÎuŸ° f®ÊNπæw J¡° <Ì<Àbı∫
J¡° <±>*<±>t|°uT Fæ $$78,79$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ≈ªFW≤b°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ <~>FW≤b°≥ ŸyÕ

Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°≤‡˚ tu* <ªÌdC tu* _b›fi J¡∑ w≤F f®Ê°^±>°u* J¡° ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ
oŸ <bT∫ tu* f®Ê°ıÙ π°≤° •w f®Ê°^±>°¶∫°fi J¡° bdÕfi $
∫<Ì "Âÿ∫ NŸwg Fæ' ∫°u* Âÿ∫ Ju¡ f°@ π°≤° <ª∏t°` J¡° ≈¿≤„uT FÙ ≈C”T°SÕ Fæ w°u NI°fi Ÿ<Fw
bwÕt°fi FÙ Âÿ∫ ıywg Ju¡ f∏@fiR¡≈ F°ufiu Ÿu ŸÙ J¡∑ <fib¨<W J¡≤fi° <ªw Fæ $ NwÙw wS° Nfi°yw
(˚<b‹∫wg), ≈®wÙw fi F°u ≤Fu wS° NbwÕt°fi ıyw°u* J¡° ≈¿≤t°ıÕfi w°u ≈®J¨¡w°u≈∫°uyÙ fiFÙ* Fæ $ •∫°u*<J¡
bu w°u N≈®wÙ<wb„ FÙ f∏@fi˚¥w fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wu Fæ*, oŸ<ÔÎ „°˜ tu* fiJu¡ <ıJ®¡ J¡° J¡°uoÕ twÔf
fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸÙ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ „aJ¡° J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # f®Êfig , NwÙw (˚¥w) N°æ≤ ˚<b‹∫wg NŸa¶∫ ıywg Fæ* fiJu¡ b¨W°∏w°u* Ÿu
N°≈ tCHu •∫°u* ≈®fC] J¡≤° ≤Fu Fæ* ∫°fiÙ tCHu f°u@ J¡≤°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ fiJ¡° vÔu© ≈∫°uyÙ fiFÙ* Fæ $$1$$
Ju¡bÔ bwÕt°fi Âÿ∫ J¡° FÙ „°˜ tu* ≈∏∫°Ÿ J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u NwÙw Nfi°yw N∏∫ <J¡ŸÙ ıywg Ju¡
≈∏∫°Ÿ J¡∑ N°bÿ∫J¡w° fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F N°≈Ju¡ N°su≈ J¡° <fiª°un <fiJ¡Ôw° Fæ $ bF ™>ÙJ¡ fiFÙ* Fæ $ ≈Ì
N°æ≤ ≈Ì°SÕ J¡° Ÿ‡f∏@, Δ∫°<›w y®F wS° Â‹¸>°∏w<Ÿ<] N°<Ì NwÙw Δ∫bF°≤ Ju¡ N@Ùfi Fæ*, NwÙw
ıywg Ju¡ ≈∏∫°Ÿ Ju¡ <ffi° <bª°≤°ÃtJ¡ „°˜ tu* ≈®b¨<W FÙ fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ $ oŸ<ÔÎ NwÙw, N°yu
F°ufiub°Ôu f®Ê°^±>°u* J¡° wS° bwÕt°fi N∏∫ f®Ê°^±>°u* J¡°, „ÆÌ-NSÕ Ju¡ Ÿ‡f∏@ y®F N°<Ì tu* ≈∫°uy fi
F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d, ≈∏∫°Ÿ fiFÙ* J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u owfi° FÙ N°su≈ J¡≤fi° <ªw F°u w°u J¡∑<ı∫u ∫°u* Nfi°Ì≤
Ÿu ŸJ¡° _bÙJ¡°≤ J¡≤ ≤Fu Ÿu ˚yb°fig ZÙ b<Ÿ‹™> ıÙ W≤ Ìuwu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, oŸ „°˜ tu* ıywgR¡≈ _b›fi°u* tu* „ÆÌ N°æ≤ NSÕ J¡°
b°h∫b°ªJ¡˚°bŸ‡f∏@ •∫° N°≈J¡°u I°w fiFÙ* F…N° ? oŸ<ÔÎ oŸ „°˜ J¡°u ŸCfi°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ <fi∫C•w
≈C”T fiu fiJ¡° J¡Sfi Δ∫SÕ fiFÙ* <J¡∫° $$2$$ ı°u J¡S° ŸC<fi<ÿªw b°•∫b°ªJ¡˚°bb°Ôu „ÆÌ-NS°u˘
π°≤° J¡FÙ ı°wÙ Fæ bFÙ ⁄Ì∫ayt F°uwÙ Fæ, bFÙ ∫F°≥ Δ∫bF°≤ tu* ≈∫°uyÙ F°uwÙ Fæ N∏∫ fiFÙ*, ≠∫°u* Ju¡bÔ
Ô°æ<J¡J¡ fC<] Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ N°Ô°uªfi J¡≤fiu ≈≤ N°≈fiu fF…w ™>ÙJ¡ N°su≈ <J¡∫°, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$3$$
∫<Ì w[bI°<fi∫°u* tu* ≈®<Ÿ] <`J¡°Ô tu* <fitÕÔ Ì„Õfib°Ôu w[b J¡° ≈∫°ÕÔ°uªfi J¡≤°uyu w°u ŸbÕI
N≈fiu FÙ Â‹¸>° F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d NwÙw, ˚<b‹∫wg, Δ∫b<Fw (Δ∫b@°fi tu* ¿_Sw), N<wÌ¥≤bwÙÕ Nfi∏w
f®Ê°^±>°u* J¡∑ bwÕt°fi oŸ f®Ê°^±> Ÿu ≤aªt°` ˚Ù <b„uTw° fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d N°≈J¡° ∫F N°su≈ ™> FÙ
fiFÙ* ŸJu¡y°, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıf N°≈ I°w-Iu∫ F°uJ¡≤ ˚¥w, ˚<b‹∫wg N°æ≤ bwÕt°fi wÙfi°u* J¡°Ô°u* tu* <fitÕÔ Â<‹¸>b°Ôu F°uyu wf
fi ŸfJ¡°u (NwÙw, Nfi°yw, Δ∫b<Fw, N<wÌq≤ Ju¡ f®Ê°^±>°u* J¡°u) ≈®Ã∫s FÙ ı°fiu*yu $$4$$
w[bI°fiÙ J¡∑ bwÕt°fi N∏∫°∏∫ f®Ê°^±>°u* wS° ˚<b‹∫wg f®Ê°^±>°u* tu* ≈Cfi≤°b¨<W „aJ¡° J¡° <fib°≤d
J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈¥b°uÕ•w f®Ê°^±> ˚Ù _b›fi ≈®≈aªwCv∫ F°ufiu Ÿu t¥ÔNI°fi Ju¡ f°@ Ÿu f°<@w F°uwu Fæ*, ∫F
≈®<w≈°Ìfi J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ fiJ¡° ˚Ù „°˜ tu* Ì°F≤d Ìufi° N°bÿ∫J¡ FÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu _b›fi tu* N°Ω <ª∏t°` J¡° (≈≤f®Ê ≈≤t°Ãt° J¡°) FÙ _b∫a ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ bæŸu
ŸyÕ - 176] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2453
FÙ NwÙw, Nfi°yw N°<Ì ŸJ¡Ô Ÿ¨<‹¸>∫°u* Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* <ª∏t°` J¡° FÙ ıyBq≈ Ÿu ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ, Ju¡bÔ
owfi° Na„ FÙ fiJ¡° ≈∫°uyÙ Fæ N∏∫ fiJ¡∑ Nfi∏w <b<ª`w° ≈®J¨¡w Ju¡ ≈∫°uyÙ fiFÙ* Fæ $$5$$
fiJ¡∑ Nfi∏w <b<ª`w° •∫°u* ≈®J¨¡w°u≈∫°uyÙ fiFÙ* Fæ ÎuŸ° ∫<Ì ≈®ÿfi F°u w°u NŸa¶∫ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d
fiJ¡∑ <b<ª`w° J¡∑ o∫W° J¡° „°˜ tu* bdÕfi J¡≤fi° Ì…‹J¡≤ Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
N°J¡°„ tu* ≈≤t°dC ≈≤t°dC tu* NŸa¶∫ ıywg Fæ*, Nw# fiJu¡ fi Nfi∏∫ Δ∫bF°≤°u* J¡° ≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu
bdÕfi J¡≤fiu J¡∑ <J¡Ÿtu* stw° Fæ ? $$6$$ "NdC NdC tu* NŸa¶∫ ıywg Fæ*' oŸ <bT∫ tu* J¡tÔ Ju¡ ≈≤°y
Ÿu Δ∫°›w „≤Ù≤b°Ôu tu≤u <≈w° ZÙf®Ê°ıÙ fiu ı°u N°¶∫°fi ≈FÔu J¡˚Ù tCHŸu J¡F° S° Ÿu tæ* N°≈Ÿu
J¡Fw° Fq≥, ŸC<fi∫u $ ≈FÔu <J¡ŸÙ Ÿt∫ tæ* ZÙ f®Ê°ıÙ Ÿu ≈¥~> fæ™>° <J¡ "˚ybfig, ∫F ıy≠ı°Ô <J¡wfi°
<b„°Ô Fæ N°æ≤ J¡F°≥ ≈≤ oŸJ¡° ˚°fi Fæ ∫F tCHŸu J¡Ffiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u $' $$7,8$$ oŸ ≈≤ ZÙf®Ê°ıÙ
fiu J¡F° # Fu tCfiu, f®Ê FÙ Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ ıywgR¡≈ Ÿu ˚°Ÿw° Fæ $ I°<fi∫°u* J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu*a f®ÊŸW° Ÿu ∫F Nfi∏w
Fæ N°æ≤ NI°<fi∫°u* J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* ˚Ù ıyBq≈ Ÿu Nfi∏w Fæ $ J¡°fi°u* Ju¡ <ÔÎ N°˚¥Td _bR¡≈ tu≤u oŸ ŸC∏Ì≤
N°¶∫°fi J¡°u, ı°u f®Ê°^±> <≈^±> N°æ≤ f®Ê°^±>°¶∫°fi ofi ∫S°SÕ fi°t°u* Ÿu ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ, ŸCfi°u $$9,10$$
N°J¡°„ tu* „¥∏∫Ãb Ju¡ Ÿt°fi N°æ≤ b°∫C Ju¡ „C] _≈∏Ìfi Ju¡ wCv∫ N°J¡°„ Ÿu N<˚∏fi_bR¡≈ <ªÌ°J¡°„-
≈≤t°dC Fæ $ Ÿfiu (<ªÌ°J¡°„-≈≤t°dC fiu) N≈fiu w°¿[bJ¡_bR¡≈ Ju¡ NÌ„ÕfiR¡≈ <fiB°b„ _b›fi J¡∑
w≤F N≈fiu N°Ãt° tu* N≈fiu Ÿu Ÿt<‹¸>ıÙbÃb bæŸu FÙ Ìu©° ıæŸu N°J¡°„ N≈fiu tu* _b Ÿu N<˚∏fi
„¥∏∫R¡≈ Ìu©w° Fæ ∫° ıæŸu b°∫C N≈fiu tu* _≈∏Ìfi Ìu©w° Fæ $$11,12$$ wÌ…≈≤°∏w N≈fiÙ N<bJ¡°¿≤w°,
NŸayw°, ≈¥dÕw° N°æ≤ Ÿ¥‚tw° J¡° Ã∫°y fi J¡≤ ≤Fu Ÿ ıÙb fiu N°J¡°„R¡≈ NFaJ¡°≤R¡≈ Ÿu N≈fi°
_bR¡≈ Ìu©° $ Ÿ NFaJ¡°≤R¡≈ fiu N≈fiu tu* "tæ* fC<] Fq≥' ∫°u* N≈fiu J¡°u fC<]R¡≈ Ÿu Ìu©° $ bF fC<] ÎJ¡
<fiÿª∫ <fit°Õdt∫Ù (<fiÿª∫°¿ÃtJ¡°) NŸwg ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡∑ ˚®°<∏w Ã≈∏fi J¡≤fiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d t°∫° J¡∑
NfiCR¡<≈dÙ Fæ $$13,14$$ <bJ¡v≈°˚°Ÿ°u* Ju¡ N°≤°u≈d π°≤° N<bJ¡v≈ N°Ãt° J¡°u _b∫a <fi‡fi _w≤ ≈≤
≈F…≥ª° ≤FÙ fC<] fiu _b›fi tu* "tæ* tfi Fq≥' ∫°u* N≈fiu J¡°u NŸwgt∫tfi R¡≈ Ìu©° $$15$$ wÌfi∏w≤ •w
<fi≤°J¡°≤ tfi fiu _b›fi tu* ÌuFbwÙÕ ≈°≥ª I°fiu<∏B∫°u* J¡°u bæŸu FÙ Ìu©° ıæŸu <J¡ NI°fi°b¨w ıÙb-ªæw∏∫_b›fi
tu* <fi≤°J¡°≤ N°Ãtªæw∏∫ J¡°u |fi°J¡°≤ _b›fi≈bÕw Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* Ìu©w° Fæ $ Ÿ tfi ÌuF <ªÌ°J¡°„ ≈≤t°dC
fiu oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿt<‹¸>R¡≈ F°uJ¡≤ <˚<W„¥∏∫ (˚uÌ„¥∏∫) F°uwu F…Î ˚Ù <˚<W∫°u* Ÿu ≈¥dÕ (˚uÌ≈¥dÕ) <b_w¨w
¿`˚Cbfi_bR¡≈<b≤°¸> „≤Ù≤ J¡°u Ìu©°, ı°u NfiuJ¡°u* ˚¥w°u* Ÿu bu<‹¸>w, <b<b@ _S°b≤-ıaytıÙb°u* Ÿu ∫C•w,
J¡v≈fi° N°æ≤ J¡°Ô Ÿu Δ∫°›w wS° ≈≤_≈≤ NfiuJ¡°u* Ju¡ Ÿay J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤fiub°Ô° Fæ $$16-18$$ oŸ
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J¡°∫Õ N°æ≤ <J®¡∫° ofi wÙfi <`≈Ç>Ù R¡≈ fi°æ ≤ay°u* Ÿu tfi°uF≤ `æÔ°u•∫R¡≈ fiy≤ J¡°u Ìu©w° Fæ $ wÌfi∏w≤
_b›fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi oŸ ı°y®wg tu* ˚Ù ≈®Ã∫uJ¡ Δ∫<‹¸> ıÙb Ì≈Õd wCv∫ ⁄Ì∫ tu* ≈®<w<f¿‡fw ÎuŸu, ≈¥b°uÕ•w
<`≈Ç>ÙR¡≈Ù fi°æ ≤ay°u* Ÿu tfi°uF≤ oŸ <`ıywg J¡° NfiC˚b J¡≤w° Fæ $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ıÙb-˚uÌ°u* Ÿu <b<˚∏fiR¡≈
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Fæ* $ N°æ≤ bu ıÙbŸt¥F°u* N°æ≤ ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì Ju¡ Ÿa|°w°u* Ÿu <fi<f±> Ÿu Fæ* $ N<bΩ°R¡≈ Ÿu I°w, ∫F Ÿf
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f®ÊR¡≈ Ÿu Ìu©fiu ≈≤ w°u ı°u ıyÃ_b›fiı°Ô J¡° Â‹¸>° Fæ bF ˚Ù JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ $ ∫F°≥ ≈≤ J¡°æfi Â‹¸>° Fæ,
J¡F°≥ Ÿu Âÿ∫ Fæ, J¡F°≥ πæw Fæ N°æ≤ J¡F°≥ πæw J¡° J¡°≤d Fæ ? Ju¡bÔ N°J¡°„R¡≈ ≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu ≈®„°∏w N°<Ì
N∏w-b<ıÕw _bh~> ˚uÌ„¥∏∫ f®Ê FÙ ŸJ¡ÔR¡≈ Ÿu ª°≤°u* N°u≤ ˚°<Ÿw F°u N°Ãt° tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $ ıæŸu
ŸtCB tu* fnÙ fnÙ w≤ay°u* Ju¡ N<fib°∫Õ buyb„ ªaªÔ F…Î ıÔ Ju¡ NŸa¶∫ ≈≤t°dCŸt¥F ¿_Sw F°uwu Fæ* bæŸu
FÙ ıf wJ¡ NI°fi<fiB° Fæ wf wJ¡ Ô°©°u* f®Ê°^±>°u* J¡∑ ≤°<„∫°≥ ¿fiÃ∫ Nfi∏∫R¡≈ (N<˚∏fiR¡≈) ≈≤t°Ãt°
tu* ˚ÔÙ ˚°≥<w ¿_Sw Fæ* $$19-25$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ <~>FW≤b°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ŸwFW≤b°≥ ŸyÕ
J¡v≈fi° Ÿu J¡°≤d Ÿ<Fw <J¡∏wC b_wC¿_S<w Ÿu (b°_w<bJ¡w° Ÿu)
NJ¡°≤d ∫F ıywg NI°fi Ÿu _b›fiwCv∫ Fæ N°æ≤ I°fi Ÿu f®Ê FÙ Fæ, ∫F bdÕfi $
∫F _b›fiwCv∫ Ÿ¨<‹¸> NJ¡°≤d FÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° ≈Ù~>u NfiuJ¡ f°≤ ı°u J¡F N°∫u Fæ* Ÿ ≈≤ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ
yuFq≥, @°fi N°<Ì J¡°∫Õ J¡∑ ˚Ù J¨¡<T, b¨<‹¸> N°<Ì J¡°≤d Ju¡ <ffi° FÙ Ã≈<W F°uyÙ ∫°u* Ã≈<W-≈®Ÿay ≈≤
N°„aJ¡° J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # tC<fib≤, ∫<Ì ≈≤t≈Ì Ÿu ∫F ıyBq≈ f®Ê _b›fi, ŸaJ¡v≈ N°<Ì Ju¡
Ÿt°fi <fi‹J¡°≤d FÙ ≈®b¨W F°uw° Fæ w°u NJ¡°≤d FÙ ŸJ¡Ô o<h~>w ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡∑ <Ÿ<] F°ufiu ≈≤ N∏∫
yuFq≥, @°fi N°<Ì <J¡Ÿ°fi°u* J¡∑ J¡°uoÕ b_wCÎ≥ J¡˚Ù, fÙı, ı°uwfiu N°¿Ì Ju J¡°≤d Ju¡ <ffi° FÙ •∫°u* fiFÙ*
F°uwÙ ? $$1,2$$
Ft fÙı N°æ≤ NaJC¡≤ N°<Ì J¡∑ J¡v≈fi°≈®Ÿ¥w J¡°∫Õ-J¡°≤dw° J¡° <fib°≤d fiFÙ* J¡≤wu, ı°u Δ∫bF°≤¡J¡∑
Δ∫b_S° J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ Fæ, <J¡∏wC ıywg tu* ŸÃ∫w° Ju¡ _S°≈fi Ÿu w[bI°fi J¡∑ Δ∫SÕw° J¡° ≈®<w≈°Ìfi
J¡≤fiub°Ôu f®Ê°<w¿≤•w ≈®@°fi, ≈≤t°dCN°<Ì NZ°æw (ZC<w π°≤° N≈®<w≈°<Ìw) J¡°≤d, <ıŸJ¡∑ <b<˚∏fi
b°<Ì∫°u* fiu J¡≈°uÔ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤ ≤•©Ù Fæ ŸJ¡° <fi≤°J¡≤d J¡≤wu Fæ <ıŸŸu <J¡ ıywg J¡∑ ÎJ¡t°`
f®Ê<bbwÕw° J¡∑ <Ÿ<] Ÿu w[bI°fi Ÿu f°@ F°ufiu ≈≤ Jæ¡bv∫<Ÿ<] F°u oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ
•w „aJ¡° J¡° Ÿt°@°fi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, Nfi°<Ì Δ∫bF°≤ tu* <ıŸfiu <ıŸ <ıŸ ≈Ì°SÕ J¡∑ ıæŸu
Â»°U∫°Ÿ Ÿu N¸>Ô (J¡¿v≈w J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤d˚°b f]) J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ bF ŸJ¡°u bæŸu FÙ J¡°∫Õ ∫° J¡°≤dR¡≈
Ÿu Ìu©w° Fæ $ N∏∫S° J¡¿v≈w J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤d˚°b J¡°u w°unfiu Ÿu Δ∫bF°≤ tu* ˚Ù Δ∫°bF°¿≤J¡ <fi∫t°u* J¡° N≈Ô°≈
F°ufiu ≈≤ J¡°uoÕ J¡v≈fi° FÙ fiFÙ* F°uyÙ, Nw# NU∫°Ÿ Ju¡ <ffi° ŸfJ¡∑ tC<•w J¡° ≈®Ÿay N°∫uy° $$3$$
NwÎb J¡v≈fi° J¡≤fiub°Ôu ≈C”T J¡∑ fC<] Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ Ÿu Δ∫b¿_Sw FÙ b_wC NfiC˚b tu* N°wÙ Fæ,
<ıŸ ≈C”T fiu tfi Ÿu oŸ Âÿ∫ J¡∑ <ıŸ w≤F J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ bF ŸJ¡°u bæŸ° ı°fiw° Fæ N°æ≤ ÌqŸ≤u
fiu <ıŸ w≤F J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ bF bæŸ° N∏∫R¡≈ ı°fiw° Fæ $ NwÎb ˚°\>>b°<wÕJ¡ tu* J¡F° Fæ
"≈<≤b°¸>gJ¡°tCJ¡„Cfi°tuJ¡_∫°a ≈®tÌ°wfi°u $ JC¡d≈# J¡°<tfiÙ ˚‚∫<t<w <wŸ®°u <b±>‡ffi°# $' NSÕ # ÎJ¡ FÙ
ŸyÕ - 177] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2455
„≤Ù≤ tu* ≈¿≤b®°ıJ¡ J¡∑ "„b' fC<], J¡°tÙ ≈C”T J¡∑ "J¡°<tfiÙ' fC<] N°æ≤ JC¡Wu J¡∑ "˚‚∫' fC<] ∫°u* wÙfi
<b±>‡ffi°Î≥ F°uwÙ Fæ* $$4$$
w°u •∫° <ffi° <J¡ŸÙ N°Ô‡ffi Ju¡ FÙ J¡v≈fi° F°uwÙ Fæ ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi J¡° fiJ¡°≤°ÃtJ¡ W≤ Ìuwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu J¡v≈fi°ÃtJ¡ ªuwfi≈C”T Ju¡„, fi© N°<Ì Nªuwfi ∫C•w ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ J¡v≈fi°ÃtJ¡
_b˚°b ÎJ¡ f®Ê FÙ ∫F ıywg Fæ ∫°fiÙ f®Ê tu* N<ªwg Na„ J¡¿v≈w N°æ≤ <ªwg Na„ NJ¡¿v≈w Fæ ∫u Ì°ufi°u*
<tÔu Na„ FÙ ıywg Fæ* $$5$$ NwÎb b°_w<bJ¡ Â<‹¸> Ÿu NJ¡°≤d ≈Ì°SÕw° N°æ≤ J¡v≈fi° Â<‹¸> Ÿu ŸJ¡°≤d
≈Ì°SÕw° Ì°ufi°u* J¡° FÙ f®Ê tu* N<b≤°u@ Ÿu N¿_wÃb Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ bF ŸbÕ„<•w _bR¡≈ Fæ $$6$$
∫<Ì f®Ê ˚∫°ÃtJ¡ (ŸJ¡°≤d ≈Ì°SÕR¡≈ N°æ≤ NJ¡°≤d ≈Ì°SÕR¡≈) Fæ w°u N°≈fiu NJ¡°≤d ≈Ì°SÕw°
≈s J¡∑ FÙ •∫°u* _S°≈fi° J¡∑ ? oŸ N°„aJ¡° ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
∫<Ì NI°fiÙ J¡∑ Â<‹¸> Ÿu f®Ê Ÿu N∏∫ (<˚∏fi) J¡FÙ* ≈≤ JC¡~> ˚Ù J¡Ì°<ªwg ≈®wÙ∫t°fi F°u w°u
J¡°≤d°u* Ju¡ <bJ¡v≈ Ÿu ŸJ¡° Ÿa∫°uy ™>ÙJ¡ Fæ, tu≤u ŸJ¡° ≈®<w≈°Ìfi fi J¡≤fiu tu* ∫FÙ ˚°b Fæ <J¡ w[bI°fi
FÙ Ÿ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ $ ÎJ¡t°` w°<[bJ¡ Â<‹¸> tu* ≈s≈°w Ÿu tæ*fiu ŸJ¡∑ (NJ¡°≤d ≈Ì°SÕw° ≈s J¡∑) _S°≈fi°
J¡∑ Fæ ÌqŸ≤° ≤F_∫ JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ $$7$$ ıF°≥ ≈≤ w[bÂ<‹¸> Ÿu fi°fi° Nfi°fi°R¡≈ Ÿf JC¡~> N°<Ì-N∏w≤<Fw
„°∏w N<πwÙ∫ f®Ê FÙ ˚°Ÿw° Fæ bF°≥ ≈≤ J¡°æfi <J¡ŸJ¡° J¡°≤d Fæ ? fi w°u wf I°fiJ¡°Ô tu* JC¡~> ≈®b¨W
F°uw° Fæ N°æ≤ fi JC¡~> <fib¨W F°uw° Fæ, ÎJ¡ N<πwÙ∫ N°<Ì N∏w <bFÙfi <ªÌ°J¡°„°Ãt f®Ê FÙ Ju¡bÔ <fiı
_bR¡≈ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $ ıf ∫S°SÕ tu* NJ¡°≤dw° FÙ Fæ N°æ≤ J¡°≤d J¡∑ Ju¡bÔ J¡v≈fi° FÙ Fæ wf J¡°æfi
<J¡ŸJ¡° <J¡ŸŸu <J¡Ÿ ≈®∫°uıfi Ju¡ <ÔÎ <J¡Ÿ N<@J¡≤d tu* J¡°≤d F°uy° NSb° J¡°æfi <J¡ŸJ¡° <J¡ŸŸu
<J¡Ÿ<ÔÎ <J¡Ÿtu* J¡°≤d fi F°uy° ? $$8-10$$ oŸ f®Ê tu* „¥∏∫w° N°æ≤ N„¥∏∫w° Ì°ufi°u* J¡° N˚°b Fæ,
•∫°u*<J¡ N„¥∏∫w° „¥∏∫ J¡∑ N≈us° Ÿu F°uwÙ Fæ* NwÎb fi „¥∏∫ Fæ, fi N„¥∏∫ Fæ, fi Ÿwg Fæ, fi NŸwg Fæ
N°æ≤ fi ŸwgNŸwg Fæ $ tF°„¥∏∫ tu* "fifiu<w fifiu<w' ∫°u* J¡Sfi F°uw° Fæ $$11$$
ŸJ¡Ô ıywg J¡∑ f®ÊæJ¡|fiw° Ÿu „¥∏∫w° Fæ, „¥∏∫æJ¡≤Ÿw° Ÿu „¥∏∫w° fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ı°u JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ, „¥∏∫ Fæ, NSb° JC¡~> Fæ; ı°u Fæ NSb° fiFÙ* Fæ ÎuŸu oŸ ıywg J¡°u N°≈ f®Ê FÙ
ı°<fi∫u,•∫°u*<J¡ bF f®Ê Nº∫°≤°u≈ tu* ŸfŸu NfiCyw F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d bæŸ° FÙ Fæ N°æ≤ N≈b°Ì tu* ŸfŸu
Δ∫°b¨W F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d bæŸ° Fæ FÙ fiFÙ* $$12$$
ıæŸu Nº∫°≤°u≈ N°æ≤ N≈b°Ì NI°u* J¡∑ Â<‹¸> Ÿu Fæ* w[bI°fiÙ ≈C”T NI°<fi∫°u* J¡°u ≈®fC] J¡≤fiu Ju¡
<ÔÎ fiJ¡° NayÙJ¡°≤ J¡≤wu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ NI°<fi∫°u* Ju¡ Ÿatw ≈®@°fi, ≈≤t°dC N°<Ì Ÿu ı∏∫ J¡°≤d-˚°b
J¡° Ÿa˚b ˚Ù bu I°fiÙ •∫°u* fiFÙ* _bÙJ¡°≤ J¡≤wu, ÎuŸÙ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ „aJ¡° J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu f®Êfig, NI°<fi∫°u* Ju¡ I°fiy°uª≤ ≈¨<SbÙ, ıÔ, wuı, b°∫C N°<ÌR¡≈
J¡°∫Õ tu* fiJu¡ Nb∫b°u* J¡∑ ≈≤‡≈≤° J¡∑ ª≤t Ÿ¥‚tw°R¡≈ ≈≤t°dC N°æ≤ Ÿ[b N°<Ì yCdR¡≈ J¡°≤d°u* J¡°
Ÿa˚b F°ufiu ≈≤ ı∏∫ ≈Ì°SÕ NJ¡°≤d •∫°u* Fæ, NSb° N<πwÙ∫ f®Ê J¡° ≈¿≤„uT Jæ¡Ÿu Fæ ? Fu ≈®˚°u, ∫F
tCHŸu J¡Ffiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u $$13$$
F°≥, ÎuŸ° F°uw°, ∫<Ì f®Ê Ÿu <˚∏fi ≈®@°fi, ≈≤t°dC N°<Ì J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤fiub°Ô° J¡°uoÕ NI°fiÙ <Ÿ]
F°uw° ıf "f®Ê b° oÌty® N°ŸÙwg wÌ°Ãt°fitub°buÌFa f®Ê°_tÙ<w w_t°WÃŸbÕt˚bwg' oŸ ZC<w π°≤°
≈®Ì<„Õw ≤Ù<w Ÿu f®Ê FÙ N≈fiu _bR¡≈ Ju¡ NI°fi Ÿu NI F°uw° Fæ ŸÙ Ju¡ w[bI°fi tu* ≈∫°uyÙ „°˜ wf
Nº∫°≤°u≈ N°æ≤ N≈b°ÌR¡≈ ∫C<•w Ÿu FÙ w[bI°fi tu* ≈∫C•w F°uw° Fæ fi <J¡ ≈®@°fi, ≈≤t°dC N°<Ì J¡∑
J¡v≈fi° Ÿu ∫°u* Ì°ufi°u* tu* <bTtw° Fæ oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ ZÙ≤°tıÙ Ju¡ ≈®ÿfi J¡° Ÿt°@°fi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ZÙb¿Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # "bÃŸ, w[bI°fiÙ ıfiJ¡∑ Â<‹¸ tu* NI°fiÙ J¡°uoÕ N<w¿≤•w Fæ FÙ fiFÙ* $ ÎuŸÙ
¿_S<w tu* NŸwg N°J¡°„ b¨s Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* <bª°≤ J¡≤fi° Jæ¡Ÿ° ?$$14$$
w[bI°fiÙ Ju¡ ≈®<w NI°fiÙ •∫°u* fiFÙ* Fæ ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
w[bI°fiÙ Ô°uy ÎJ¡ f°u@t∫, „°∏w <bI°fi|fiR¡≈Ù Fæ*, •∫°u*<J¡ "wÌg∫S°Ÿæ∏@b|fi°u&fi∏w≤°u&f°fl#
J¨¡Ã_fi°u ≤Ÿ|fi Îba b° N≤u N∫t°Ãt° <bI°fi|fi Îb ≈®I°fi|fi Îb' (ıæŸu fitJ¡ Ju¡ i>uÔu J¡° fi JC¡~>
f°F≤ Fæ fi ˚Ùw≤ Fæ bF Ÿ°≤° J¡° Ÿ°≤° ≤Ÿ|fi Fæ bæŸu FÙ ∫F N°Ãt° <bI°fi|fi FÙ Fæ ≈®I°fi|fi FÙ Fæ)
ÎuŸÙ ZC<w Fæ $ oŸ<ÔÎ fiJ¡∑ NŸwg ≈Ì°SÕ Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* <bª°≤d° Jæ¡Ÿu Ÿa˚b Fæ ? $$15$$
f®Ê Ÿu N<w¿≤•w w[bI°fiÙ fiFÙ* Fæ ÎuŸÙ Ÿa˚°bfi° Jæ¡Ÿu J¡≤wu Fæ*, •∫°u*<J¡ w°<JÕ¡J¡ N°æ≤ ≈°t≤ıfi
"tæ* f®Ê fiFÙ* Fq≥' " tæ* f®ÊI°fiÙ fiFÙ* Fq≥' ∫°u* N≈fiu tu* f®Ê<˚∏fiw° N°æ≤ Nf®ÊIw° J¡° ≈®Ã∫s NfiC˚b J¡≤wu
Fæ*, ÎuŸÙ _b∫a N°„aJ¡° J¡≤ •w NfiC˚b Ÿu FÙ w°<JÕ¡J¡ N°æ≤ NI°u* J¡∑ f®Êw° J¡° ŸtSÕfi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
NI°fi N°<Ì ŸJ¡Ô ıywg Ju¡ N°≤°u≈ J¡° N<@‹™>°fi ı°u <ª∏t°` Fæ bFÙ f®Ê Fæ $ N°æ≤ ŸJ¡° "tæ*
NI Fq≥' ∫°u* NfiC˚b J¡≤fiub°Ôu w°<JÕ¡J¡ J¡∑ N°Ãt° tu* b°≤d J¡Ì°<≈ fiFÙ* <J¡∫° ı° ŸJ¡w°, •∫°u*<J¡
NIw° ≈®f°u@R¡≈ N°Ãt° Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ ˚°<Ÿw F°uwÙ Fæ $ ∫<Ì bæ„u<TJ¡°u* π°≤° J¡¿v≈w ∫F N°Ãt° ın Fæ w°u
bF N°Ãt° tu* NI°fi J¡° NfiC˚b Jæ¡Ÿu J¡≤uy° ? Nw# N°Ãt° NI°fi J¡° N<@‹™>°fi <ªBq≈ Fæ ∫F oŸÙ
NfiC˚b Ÿu <Ÿ] Fæ $ N°æ≤ ıywg Ju¡bÔ NI°fi°Ãt° FÙ Fæ oŸ<ÔÎ ŸJ¡° Nay Fæ $ ıæŸu _b›fi N°æ≤ ŸCTC<›w
Ì°ufi°u* <fiB° Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ <fiB°ayw° J¡°u ≈®°›w F…Î Ju¡bÔ<fiB°R¡≈ FÙ Fæ* fiJ¡° _bR¡≈ <fiB° Ÿu <˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ
bæŸu FÙ ıywg J¡° _bR¡≈ ˚Ù N<@‹™>°fi <ªBq≈ Ÿu N<w¿≤•w fiFÙ* Fæ $ I°fi_b˚°b N°Ãt° tu* _b˚°b<b”]
NI°fi N°≤°u≈ Ju¡ <ffi° fiFÙ* ≤F ŸJ¡w°, oŸ<ÔÎ NI°fi N°<Ì ıywg Ju¡ N°≤°u≈ J¡∑ N<@‹™>°fiw°
N°Ãt° tu* oŸÙ NfiC˚b Ÿu <Ÿ] Fæ, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$16$$
∫<Ì NI°fi°<Ì ıyw J¡∑ N<@‹™>°fiw°R¡≈ Ÿb°ÕÃtJ¡w° f®Ê J¡° Ôsd F°u w°u I°fi Ÿu ŸJ¡∑
<fib¨<W F°ufiu ≈≤ ∫F Nf®Ê FÙ F°uy°, ÎuŸÙ N°„aJ¡° ™>fiu ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
∫Ω¿≈ NI°fi°<Ì ıyw J¡∑ N<@‹™>°fiw°R¡≈ Ÿb°ÕÃtJ¡w° FÙ f®Ê J¡° Ôsd Fæ wS°<≈ t¥©Õ ıfiw°
J¡°u f°u<@w J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ t¥©Õ fC<] J¡° NfiCŸ≤d J¡≤ „C] f®Ê J¡°u ŸtH°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ tæ*fiu ∫F f®Ê J¡°
w¸>_SÔsdR¡≈ NI<fiÿª∫ J¡F° Fæ $ f®Ê J¡° „C] <fi≤°t∫ N°fi∏ÌæJ¡≤Ÿ _bR¡≈ _bR¡≈Ôsd w°u
N<wŸ¥‚t F°ufiu Ÿu NI°<fi∫°u* J¡∑ ŸtH tu* fiFÙ* N° ŸJ¡w° Fæ $$17$$
NI°fiÙ J¡∑ fC<] Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ ıywg J¡°u N∏∫Ÿ° t°fiJ¡≤ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* J¡°≤d Fæ ÎuŸ° _bÙJ¡°≤
J¡≤fiu ≈≤ ˚Ù ∫s Ju¡ NfiCR¡≈ f<Ô F°uwÙ Fæ oŸ ∏∫°∫ Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ <tØ∫°˚¥w ≈®≈aª J¡∑ <tØ∫° t°∫° FÙ
J¡°≤d F°uyÙ <k¡≤ ˚Ù b°_w<bJ¡ Nπæw J¡∑ s<w fiFÙ* Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
„C<•w≤ıw, t”fiÌÙ, ≤≠ıCŸ≈Õ N°<Ì ≈Ì°SÕ NJ¡°≤d FÙ Fæ* $ Ÿa<bwg π°≤° fiJ¡° J¡°≤dı∏∫Ãbufi
J¡v≈fi° J¡≤fiu ≈≤ bu ŸJ¡°≤d Fæ*, N∏∫S° J¡v≈fi° J¡≤fiu ≈≤ NJ¡°≤d Fæ* ∫°u* <t\>Ù Ÿu <fi<tÕw y°æ≤Ù N°æ≤
ŸyÕ - 177] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2457
ydu„ J¡∑ t°w¨w° N°æ≤ ≈C`w° Ju¡ wCv∫ J¡v≈fi° Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ FÙ ŸJ¡∑ Δ∫b_S° Fæ $ Ÿa<bwg J¡∑ ıæŸu
J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ ı°wÙ Fæ bæŸÙ FÙ NJ¡°≤dw° ∫° ŸJ¡°≤dw° J¡∑ ≈®°<›w F°uwÙ Fæ $$18$$
w[bÂ<‹¸> Ÿu ŸÌ° N©^±> N<πwÙ∫ f®Ê FÙ Fæ J¡Ì°<ªwg ˚Ù NdCt°` ˚Ù oŸtu* Fu≤ku¡≤ fiFÙ* Fæ
oŸ<ÔÎ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ J¡°≤d J¡° (≈≤t°dC N°<Ì J¡°) J¡°uoÕ <fiR¡≈d fiFÙ* J¡≤ ŸJ¡w°, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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Fæ $ oŸŸu Ÿ¨<‹¸> NJ¡°≤d Fæ $$19$$ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ _b›fi, y∏@bÕfiy≤, t”t≤Ù<ªJ¡° ŸÂ„ ıywg tu*
ŸÃ∫w° <Ÿ] J¡≤fiu Ju¡ N°y®F Ÿu bæ„u<TJ¡ N°<Ì "t°∫°a wC ≈®J¨¡<w* <bΩ°∏t°<∫fia wC tFuÿb≤tg' oÃ∫°<Ì
ZC<w∫°u* tu* ≈®<Ÿ] t°∫°≈<Fw f®Ê Ÿu <˚∏fi w¸>_S oÕÿb≤, ≈®@°fi, ≈≤t°dC JC¡~> J¡°≤d J¡∑ J¡v≈fi°
J¡≤wu Fæ* ≈≤ bF ≈®Ã∫s ZC<w N°æ≤ <bπ°fi°u* Ju¡ NfiC˚b Ÿu <b”] F°ufiu N°æ≤ buÌ°∏w „°˜ tu* <b<b@
∫C<•w∫°u* Ÿu <fi≤°J¨¡w F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d J¡±C>b°, Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡≤fiub°Ôu oÕÿb≤ NSb° ˚°uy J¡≤fiub°Ôu ıÙb J¡°
≈C”T°SÕ≈®Ì fi F°ufiu Ÿu <fi≤SÕJ¡, NwÎb I°<fi∫°u* J¡° N⁄Ì∫ayt (N”<ªJ¡≤) b¨S° J¡^™>„°uTd
J¡≤fiub°Ôu b°ygı°Ô (b°yg<bÔ°Ÿ) FÙ Fæ $$20$$
I°fif°º∫w° J¡∑ N∏∫S° ≈≈<W fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ˚Ù ıywg _b›fiwCv∫ FÙ Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ fiJu¡
<ÔÎ J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤d-J¡v≈fi° J¡° NbŸ≤ fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
I°fif°º∫w° J¡° N∏∫S° Ÿa˚b fi F°ufiu Ÿu FÙ J¡v≈fi° Ju¡ <Ÿb° Âÿ∫ J¡∑ _b›fiwCv∫ _S¥Ô°J¡°≤R¡≈
J¡°uoÕ Âÿ∫w° fiFÙ* Fæ* $$21$$
ŸÙ f°w J¡° <b_w¨<wJ¡≤d J¡≤wu Fæ* $
N≈®fC] (ŸC›w) ≈C”T Ju¡ _b›fi Ju¡ ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì ≈Ì°S°u˘ Ju¡ NfiC˚b tu* •∫° J¡°≤d Fæ ? <ªÃ_b˚°b
Ju¡ <Ÿb° _b°›fi ≈Ì°SÕ •∫° Fæ ? J¡<F∫u $$22$$ _b°›fi ≈Ì°SÕ ıf wJ¡ NI°w ≤Fw° Fæ ∫°fiÙ ∫F _b›fi
Fæ b°_wb fiFÙ* Fæ ∫°u* I°w fiFÙ* F°uw° Fæ w˚Ù wJ¡ tF°t°uF≤°<„ J¡° ≈®Ì°fi J¡≤w° Fæ ıf ∫F _b›fi Fæ ∫°u*
I°w F°u ı°w° Fæ wf t°uF fiFÙ* J¡≤w° bæŸu FÙ ŸyÕ ˚Ù ıf wJ¡ ŸJ¡∑ b°_w<bJ¡w° J¡° I°fi fiFÙ* F°uw°
w˚Ù wJ¡ t°uF≈®Ì Fæ fiJ¡∑ NŸÃ∫w° J¡° I°fi F°ufiu ≈≤ t°uF fiFÙ* J¡≤wu Fæ* $ „C‹J¡ wJÕ¡ Ju¡ ÌC≤°y®F Ÿu
NfiC˚b tu* N°R¡» fi F°ufiub°Ô° ı°u ∫wg <J*¡<ªwg J¡°≤d (≈®@°fi, ≈≤t°dC N°<Ì) J¡¿v≈w F°uw° Fæ, bF
t¥©Õw°b„ ÎJ¡t°` Ì¥≤°y®F FÙ Fæ $$23,24$$ N<Àfi J¡∑ ‹dw°, ıÔ J¡∑ „ÙwÔw°, ŸJ¡Ô wuı°u* J¡∑
≈®J¡°„w° ıæŸu _b˚°b Fæ bæŸu FÙ I°w f®Ê J¡° _b˚°b FÙ Ÿf ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡° J¡°≤d Fæ $ ˚°b ∫F <J¡ ∫<Ì
J¡°≤d N≈u<sw Fæ w°u NI°fi≈<Fw N°Ãt° J¡° _b˚°b FÙ J¡°≤d F°u $$25$$
tfi°u≤S Ÿu J¡¿v≈w fiy≤ J¡∑ w≤F º∫°w° Ju¡ ˚uÌ Ÿu Δ∫b¿_Sw N°J¡°≤b°Ô° F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ˚Ù
oŸJ¡° ŸbÕŸ°@°≤d ÎJ¡ J¡°≤d fiFÙ* J¡F° ı° ŸJ¡w° Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ŸæJ¡n°u* º∫°fiJ¡w°ÕN°u* π°≤° ≈®°›w FCÎ ÎJ¡ º∫u∫ J¡° (º∫°fi∫°uÀ∫ J¡°) •∫° J¡°≤d Fæ ? N°æ≤
y∏@bÕfiy≤, _b›fi≈C≤ N°æ≤ <˚<W∫°u* tu* •∫° J¡°≤d Fæ ? $$26$$
@tÕ-N@tÕ w°u Nt¥wÕ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d FÙ t¥wÕ ÌuF N°<Ì Ju¡ ≈°Ì°fi J¡°≤d fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wu Fæ* ∫°u*
J¡tÕtÙt°*ŸJ¡°u* Ju¡ ≈s J¡° ˚Ù <fi≤°J¡≤d J¡≤wu Fæ* $
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N°<Ì J¡° ˚°uy J¡≤fiub°Ôu „≤Ù≤ J¡° •∫° J¡°≤d F°uy° ? $$27$$
<bI°fib°ÌÙ Ju¡ tw tu* ˚Ù Nt¥wÕ N°æ≤ s<dJ¡ <bI°fi tu* t¥wÕ Ns<dJ¡ J¡∑ J¡°≤dw° ÌCbÕª Fæ, ÎuŸ°
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<bI°fib°ÌÙ J¡° I°fi ˚Ù <b„°Ô <˚WÙ N°<Ì N°æ≤ N<˚<W∫°≥ fiŸu <bÔsd ≈≤t°dC N°<ÌR¡≈
tCFCtCÕFC# Ã≈∏fi F°uJ¡≤ ºbaŸ F°ufiub°Ôu Nfi∏w ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡° ≈°Ì°fi J¡°≤d fiFÙ* Fæ $$28$$
_b˚°bb°ÌÙ ª°b°ÕJ¡ Ju¡ tw J¡° <fi≤°J¡≤d J¡≤wu Fæ* $
NaJC¡≤°<Ì _b˚°b J¡° J¡°Ô, ©uw, ıÔ°<Ì Ÿ<Fw _b˚°b J¡°≤d Fæ ÎuŸÙ ª°b°ÕJ¡°u* J¡∑ <•w Fæ $
fÙı N°æ≤ _b˚°b ofi Ì°u ≈Ì°u* Ju¡ NSÕ tu* ≈°SÕ•∫ fi F°ufiu Ÿu "NJaC¡≤_b˚°b_∫' oŸ _b˚°b≈Ì tu*
T‹∂SÕ J¡° Ÿ‡f∏@ ≈®°›w fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w°, oŸ<ÔÎ Ì°ufi°u* Ju¡ ≈∫°Õ∫ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d Ì°ufi°u* J¡° Ÿ°S ≈®∫°uy
fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w° Nw# ∫F J¡v≈fi° Δ∫SÕ Fæ $$29$$
oŸŸu ≈¿≤„uT°wg Ft°≤° <Ÿ]°∏w <Ÿ] FCN°, ∫°u* <Ì©Ô°wu Fæ $
oŸ<ÔÎ Ÿf ≈Ì°SÕ N°æ≤ fiJu¡ J¡°≤d ∫u Ÿf NI°fiÙ tu* <fi‹J¡°≤d ˚®°<∏w FÙ Fæ $ w[bI tu* w°u
Ÿ∏t°`R¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw FÙ J¡°∫Õ Ÿ∏t°`R¡≈ J¡°≤d Ÿu FÙ <ªwg Ju¡ ªtÃJ¡°≤R¡≈ Ÿu N°<b˚¥Õw F°uw° Fæ N°æ≤
<w≤°u<Fw F°uw° Fæ, ŸŸu N<w¿≤•w NdCt°` ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$30$$
NwÎb I°fiÙ J¡°u NJ¨¡w J¡≤°un°u* N≈≤°@°u* Ÿu ˚Ù tfi tu* ÌC#© fiFÙ* F°uw°, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu _b›fi tu* ±>°JC¡N°u* π°≤° <J¡∫° y∫° b@, f∏@fi N°<Ì ≈®fC] ≈C”T J¡°u _b›fi <tØ∫°Ãb J¡° I°fi
F°ufiu Ÿu ÌC#©Ì°∫Ù fiFÙ* F°uw° bæŸu FÙ w[bI°fi Ju¡ Nfi∏w≤ ıÙbfi ˚Ù ÌC#©≈®Ì fiFÙ* F°uw° $$31$$ Ÿ¨<‹¸>
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(ÌC#©) N°æ≤ ÌC#© Ju¡ J¡°≤d J¡∑ ≈≈<W fiFÙ* F°uwÙ Fæ $ oŸ ∫C<•w Ju¡ <Ÿb° N°æ≤ J¡°uoÕ J¡v≈fi° ∫C<•w∫C•w
fiFÙ* <Ì©°oÕ ÌuwÙ, oŸ<ÔÎ ∫F ıyÃJ¡v≈fi° f®Ê°fiC˚¥<w FÙ Fæ, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$32,33$$ ıæŸu „C]
ıÔ≤°<„ tu* ÔF≤, ˚≥b≤, Bbw° N°<Ì ˚°Ÿwu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ f®Ê tu* ∫F ŸyÕ≈∫°Õ∫ (Ÿy°Õ≈≤fi°tJ¡) f®Ê
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Ÿ¨<‹¸>R¡≈Ù _≈∏Ì ˚°Ÿw° Fæ $$35$$ ıæŸu tF°J¡°„ tu* Nfi∏ww°, <~>Bw°, „¥∏∫w° N°<Ì @tÕ Fæ* bu Ÿf
N°J¡°„R¡≈ Fæ* bæŸu FÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸> ˚Ù ≈≤°Ã≈≤R¡≈ Fæ ŸŸu <˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ $ ıæŸu <fiB° N°<Ì tu* _≈‹¸>R¡≈ Ÿu
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∫C•w-Ÿ° ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ $ ıæŸu Nfi∏wR¡≈ oŸ Ÿ°‡≈®<wJ¡ ≈≤t°Ãt° tu* bwÕt°fi |¸>, ≈¸> N°<Ì „ÆÌ
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ıf Nfi∏∫ Fæ wf „ÆÌ N°æ≤ fiJu¡ NSÕ˚¥w ŸyÕ f®Ê tu* Fæ* oŸ <•w J¡° "≈ÿ∫∏Ã∫°tub ≈ÿ∫∏wÙ
<w‹™><w' ∫°u* N<˚∏fi FÙ ≈ÿ∫∏wÙ tu* ˚uÌ°u≈ª°≤ Ÿu N°æ≈ª°¿≤J¡ N°@°≤°@u∫ ˚°b tu* ≈∫ÕbŸ°fi F°uw° Fæ,
ŸyÕ - 178] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2459
ıæŸu Ÿ°‡≈®<wJ¡ Nfi∏∫˚¥w ≈≤t°Ãt° tu* Ÿ¨<‹¸>R¡≈ ≈≤t°Ãt° J¡° ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ªwg tu* <ª∏t∫
„ÆÌ N°æ≤ fiJu¡ NSÕ˚¥w Ÿy°u˘ J¡° <ªwg Ÿu FÙ ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ $$42$$
ıf „ÆÌ N°æ≤ fiJu¡ NSÕ˚¥w ŸyÕ <ª∏t∫ FÙ Fæ* wf bF°≥ J¡°∫Õ J¡≤ ªCJ¡° „°˜ ˚Ù <ıŸ ≈≤ „°Ÿfi
<J¡∫° ı°∫ ÎuŸu Δ∫<•w<b„uT Ju¡ N˚°b tu* t°usR¡≈ k¡Ô Ju¡ ≈¨SJg¡ fi F°ufiu Ÿu N°æ≤ <fi≤°J¡≤dÙ∫ ≈®≈aªR¡≈
f∏@fi fi ≤Ffiu Ÿu <fib¨W F°u ı°w° Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
bF°≥ ≈≤ „°˜ J¡° •∫° ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ ? bF°≥ J¡S°N°u* Ju¡ <bª°≤ Ÿu ˚Ù •∫° ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ ? •∫°u*<J¡
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FÙ fiy≤ N°<Ì Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu ˚°<Ÿw F°uw° Fæ $$43,44$$
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ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ N™>FW≤b°≥ ŸyÕ

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JC¡~> Ÿ≈®<w| (N°≈Ÿ tu* ¸>J¡≤°fiub°Ôu) Fæ* N°æ≤ JC¡~> N≈®<w| (N°≈Ÿ tu* fi ¸>J¡≤°fiub°Ôu) Fæ* $ ˚°b ∫F
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N°æ≤ ≈®<w|°w J¡∑ N∫°uÀ∫w°R¡≈ ≈°<@ π°≤° J¨¡w <b˚°y N<˚≈®uw Fæ $$1$$
k¥¡Ô, J¡≈°Ÿ (”oÕ), t•©fi N°<Ì NÃ∫∏w J¡°utÔ ≈Ì°SÕ J¡<™>fi <„Ô°N°u* J¡∑ fi°o˘ ≈®<w|°w Ju¡
(¸>•J¡≤ Ju¡) ∫°uÀ∫ fiFÙ* Fæ*, Nw# fitu* J¡°uoÕ Nt¥wÕw° fi ŸtH ı°∫ oŸ<ÔÎ Ÿ≈®<w|, N≈®<w| N°<Ì
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F°uw° Fæ ÎuŸÙ „aJ¡° ™>°J¡≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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≈®b¨W J¡≤w° Fæ ∫F J¡F° ı° ŸJ¡w° Fæ wS°<≈ Fu ≈®˚°u, Ÿtu* ≈®bu„-<fiyÕtt∫ s°u˚ J¡°æfi ≈æÌ° J¡≤w°
Fæ ? ∫F tCHŸu J¡Ffiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u $$6$$
∫<Ì J¡F° ı°∫ <J¡ ıÙbR¡≈ <ªÌ°˚°Ÿ FÙ ≈®°db°∫C J¡° s°u˚ ≈æÌ° J¡≤uy°, w°u Ÿ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu f°uH i>°ufiub°Ô° f°uH J¡°u i>°uw° Fæ, ≈¿≤ª°<Ôw J¡≤w° Fæ, bæŸu FÙ Nt¥wÕ <ªÌ°˚°Ÿ Ÿt¥wÕ ≈®°d
N°<Ì ÌuF≈∫Õ∏w oŸ ˚°≤ J¡°u ≈¿≤ª°<Ôw Jæ¡Ÿu J¡≤ ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? ∫<Ì Nt¥wÕ ŸabuÌfit°` <ªÌ°˚°Ÿ ≈®°d°<Ì
ÌuF°∏w t¥wÕ ≈Ì°SÕ J¡°u Δ∫°›w J¡≤ Ÿaª°<Ôw J¡≤ ŸJ¡w° Fæ, w°u ≈C”T Ju¡ Ju¡bÔ ŸaJ¡v≈ Ÿa<bwg Ÿu ≈bÕw
•∫°u* fiFÙ* ªÔw° ? $$7,8$$
ıæŸu f°F≤ J¡° b°∫C Ô°uF°≤ J¡∑ @°æ*J¡fiÙ tu* ˚Ùw≤ ≈®bu„ J¡≤fiu N°æ≤ f°F≤ <fiJ¡Ôfiu Ÿu @°æ*J¡fiÙ J¡°u
ªÔ°w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ ≈®°db°∫C tu* ˚Ù J¡^™>fi°ÔÙ Ju¡ <~>B Ju¡ ŸaJ¡°uª N°æ≤ <bJ¡°Ÿ Ÿu NfiC<tw N≈fiu ≈®bu„
N°æ≤ <fiyÕt Ÿu ÌuF N°<Ì J¡° ª°ÔJ¡Ãb ≈®Ã∫s Fæ ⁄Ì∫ N°<Ì ≈®bu„ tu* ˚Ù ∫°u* FÙ ŸJ¡∑ Ÿaª°ÔJ¡w°
ŸtHfiÙ ª°<F∫u ∫°u* ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ y¥i> N<˚≈®°∫ Ÿu Ÿt°@°fi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, ÌuF tu*, ⁄Ì∫ tu* ¿_Sw fi°nÙ ıf ŸaJ¡°uª N°æ≤ <bJ¡°Ÿ
J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uwÙ Fæ wf ≈®°d yÔu Ju¡ ~>uÌ Ÿu f°F≤ N°w° Fæ N°æ≤ ˚Ùw≤ ı°w° Fæ $ ıæŸu <~>B tu* ≤Ffiub°Ôu
∫°fiÙ <~>Bb°fig ŸJ¡Ô BΔ∫°u* Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ Ÿaª°≤ J¡≤fiub°Ô° b°∫C f°F≤ ¿_Sw Ô°uF°≤ J¡∑ N°ıÙ<bJ¡° J¡∑
Ÿ°@fi˚¥w @°æ*J¡fiÙ tu* ≈®bu„ J¡≤w° Fæ N°æ≤ f°F≤ <fiJ¡Ôw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ b°∫C ≈®bu„ N°æ≤ <fiyÕt Ÿu ⁄Ì∫ tu*
_≈∏Ìfi ≈æÌ° J¡≤w° Fæ $ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, ıæŸu f°F≤ ¿_Sw @°æ*J¡fiÙ J¡°u Ô°uF°≤ ŸJu¡
ŸaJ¡°uª N°æ≤ <bJ¡°Ÿ°u* Ÿu ∫C•w J¡≤w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ ˚Ùw≤ ¿_Sw fi°nÙ J¡°u J¡°æfi ≈¿≤ª°<Ôw J¡≤w° Fæ ? ˚°b
∫F Fæ <J¡ ∫Ω<≈ b°∫C ≈¿≤ª°Ôfi J¡≤w° Fæ wS°<≈ Ô°æF°≤ N°<Ì ªuwfi Ÿu N<@<‹™>w @°æ*J¡fiÙ tu* FÙ bF
Ÿ w≤F _≈∏Ì ≈æÌ° J¡≤w° Fæ N∏∫` fiFÙ* J¡≤w° oŸ<ÔÎ ªuwfi J¡°u FÙ Nªuwfi Ju¡ <fi∫w Δ∫bF°≤ ªu‹¸>°
tu* <fi<tW Nbÿ∫ J¡Ffi° ª°<F∫u $$9-11$$
∫<Ì ≈®ÿfi F°u <J¡ "„wa ªæJ¡° ª ⁄Ì∫_∫ fi°Œ#' ("ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ÎJ¡ ⁄Ì∫ J¡∑ fi°<n∫°≥ Fæ*') oŸ ZC<w tu*
ª°≤°u* N°u≤ kæ¡ÔÙ F…oÕ Ÿ°æ fi°<n∫°≥ ŸCfiÙ ı°wÙ Fæ* $ ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ fi°<n∫°u* J¡∑ ≈®Ã∫uJ¡ „°©° Ÿu fFW≤ fFW≤
fi°<n∫°≥ <fiJ¡ÔÙ Fæ* ∫°u* Fı°≤°u* fi°<n∫°≥ F°uwÙ Fæ*, fitu* "Δ∫°fi' fi°tJ¡ b°∫C J¡° Ÿaª°≤ F°uw° Fæ $ fi
ŸJ¡Ô fi°<n∫°u* tu* Δ∫°fi b°∫C Ju¡ Ÿaª°≤ J¡°u ÌuF°<Ì Ju¡ ŸaªÔfi tu* <fi<tW t°fiua w°u ŸÌ° FÙ Ÿb°˘y J¡°
ŸyÕ - 178] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2461
ŸaªÔfi F°ufi° ª°<F∫u ÎJ¡ ÎJ¡ F_w, ≈°Ì N°<Ì J¡° Δ∫°≈°≤ <fi∫w fiFÙ* F°ufi° ª°<F∫u $ ∫<Ì J¡<F∫u ÎJ¡
Nay J¡° Ωt fi F°ufiu tu* Ÿ°æ J¡∑ Ÿ°æ fi°<n∫°≥ Ÿ Nay tu* ÎJ¡ F°u ı°wÙ Fæ*, Ÿb°˘y J¡° ŸaªÔfi ≈¿_Sw
F°ufiu ≈≤ ÎJ¡°J¡°≤ ˚Ù Ÿ°æ fi°<n∫°≥ Ÿb°˘y Δ∫°<≈fiÙ F°u ı°wÙ Fæ*, w°u Ÿ ≈≤ ˚Ù J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Ÿt∫ <b„uT ≈≤ ∫°fiÙ ÎJ¡ ÎJ¡ Nay Ju¡ ª°Ôfi Ju¡ Ÿt∫ Ÿ°æ fi°<n∫°≥ Jæ¡Ÿu ÎJ¡ F°u ı°∫uyÙ N°æ≤ Ÿt∫
<b„uT ≈≤ ∫°fiÙ Ÿb°˘y Ju¡ ª°Ôfi Ju¡ Ÿt∫ Jæ¡Ÿu ÎJ¡ fi°nÙ Ÿ°æ F°u ı°∫u*yÙ wS° ÌqŸ≤Ù f°w ∫F ˚Ù Fæ <J¡
Nt¥wÕ ªæw∏∫ J¡° ŸaÿÔuT ÌuF tu* ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ $ N°º∫°<ŸJ¡ Ÿ‡f∏@ w°u J¡°‹™>, Ô°u‹¸> N°<Ì tu* ˚Ù wCv∫ Fæ,
oŸ<ÔÎ ∏Fu* ˚Ù Ÿªuwfi J¡Ffi° ª°<F∫u $ N°æ≤ bF Jæ¡Ÿu Ÿa˚b Fæ ? Ô°uJ¡ tu* ıayt ≈Ì°SÕ FÙ •∫°u*
_≈∏Ì∫C•w F°uwu Fæ* ? b¨s, Ôw°, J¡°‹™>, ≈°T°d N°<Ì _S°b≤ b_wC ∫<Ì ªuwfi Fæ, w°u Ÿtu* _≈∏Ìfi
•∫°u* fiFÙ* F°uw° ? bF ÌuF Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ˚°uy Ju¡ ≈∫°uy Ÿu ªtÃJ¨¡w ˚Ù •∫°u* fiFÙ* F°uwÙ, <fi∫∏`d J¡≤fiub°Ôu
JC¡Ô°Ô ( JC¡‡F°≤) N°<Ì Ÿu N<@<‹™>w ªJ®¡ N°<Ì J¡∑ w≤F <fi∫wJ¡°Ô tu* FÙ _≈∏Ìfib°ÔÙ •∫°u* F°uwÙ
Fæ ? ∫F tCHŸu J¡Ffiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u $$12,13$$
J¡°∫Õ-J¡°≤d J¡∑ _b°<tfiÙ ˚°uy J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ ıÙbŸa<bwg J¡° <ıŸtu* Nfi°<Ì ≈®b°F Ÿu ≈®°›w J¡°t,
J¡tÕ N°æ≤ b°Ÿfi° Ÿu ≈®∫C•w w°Ì°Ã‡∫Nº∫°Ÿ Fæ, ŸJu¡ ª°Ôfi tu* N°º∫°<ŸJ¡ _bw°Ì°Ã‡∫„°ÔÙ ≈®°d
Ju¡ ŸaÿÔuT Ÿu bF _bw∏` Fæ N∏∫ ıyF ≈≤w∏` Fæ oŸ w≤F J¡∑ Δ∫b_S° Fæ, ∫°u* y¥i> N<˚≈®°∫ Ÿu
b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ W≤ Ìuwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu f°F≤ Ô°uF°≤ @°æ*J¡fiÙ J¡°u Ÿaª°<Ôw J¡≤w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ ıÙb Ÿa<bwg N∏Ì≤ N°∏`bu‹™>fi J¡°u
(Fß>Ù-Ÿt¥F J¡°u) Ÿaª°<Ôw J¡≤wÙ Fæ, ŸJu¡ NfiCŸ°≤ FÙ Ô°uJ¡ tu* Ÿf Ô°uy f°F≤ ªu‹¸>° J¡≤wu Fæ* $$14$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu tC<fib≤, „≤Ù≤ tu* ¿_Sw b°∫C, N≥wnÙ N°<Ì Ÿf JC¡~> Ÿ≈®<w| (Ÿ°J¡°≤)
Fæ ŸJ¡°u N≈®<w| <fi≤°J¡°≤ ıÙbŸa<bwg Jæ¡Ÿu Ÿaª°<Ôw J¡≤uyÙ ? ∫F tCHŸu J¡Ffiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u $
∫<Ì N≈®<w|°J¡°≤ Ÿa<bwg Ÿ≈®<w|R¡≈ ÌuF N°<Ì J¡° Ÿaª°Ôfi J¡≤uyÙ, wf w°u Ìq≤ ¿_Sw ˚Ù ıÔ ›∫°Ÿu
≈<SJ¡ J¡∑ oh~>° Ÿu _b∫a FÙ N° ı°∫uy° $ ∫<Ì Ÿ≈®<w| N°æ≤ N≈®<w| ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡° ≈≤_≈≤ ŸaÿÔuT F°u wf
w°u oh~>° FÙ f°F≤ f°uÔfi°, Ôufi°, Ìufi°, <bF°≤ N°<Ì J¡≤uyÙ <k¡≤ J¡tuÕ¿∏B∫°u* Ÿu J¡F°≥ ≈≤ •∫° F°uy° ? Fu
tC<fib≤, ıæŸu Ÿ≈®<w| (≈®<w|°w∫°uÀ∫) N°æ≤ N≈®<w| J¡° (≈®<w|°w Ju¡ N∫°uÀ∫ J¡°) f°F≤ ÿÔuT (Ÿa≈JÕ¡)
fiFÙ* Fæ bæŸu FÙ ˚Ùw≤ ˚Ù fiJ¡° ÿÔuT fiFÙ* Fæ ÎuŸ° tæ* t°fiw° Fq≥ $ NS°Õwg f°F≤ fiJ¡° ÿÔuT fi F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù
˚Ùw≤ ÿÔuT F°u ÎuŸ° tu≤° tw fiFÙ* Fæ $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ N°≈Ÿu Ÿt°@°fi tu* ÌÙ yoÕ ∫C<•w∫°u* J¡° ©^±>fi F°u ı°fiu
≈≤ N∏∫ ∫C<•w∫°≥ N°≈ ÌÙ<ı∫u $ ©a<±>w ∫C<•w∫°u* J¡°u FÙ f°≤-f°≤ tw Ì…F≤°o∫u $ NSb° N°≈ ∫°u<y≤°ı
Fæ* N°≈J¡°u _b∫a ıæŸu oŸJ¡° (Nt¥wÕ J¡° FÙ t¥wÕ Ÿu Ÿ‡≈JÕ¡ J¡°), ı°u Ô°uJ¡ tu* NÃ∫∏w N≈®<Ÿ] Fæ,
∫°uyfÔ Ÿu <ıŸ ≈°∫ Ÿu NfiC˚b F°uw° Fæ Ÿu tCHŸu „Ù|® J¡Ffiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u $$15-19$$
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ZÙ≤°tıÙ J¡∑ N°u≤ Ÿu N°su≈ F°ufiu ≈≤ ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ ≈¥b°uÕ•w yC»°<˚Ÿ¿∏@b°Ô° W≤
˚Ù b°Ÿfi°N°u* J¡°u f°F≤Ù N°æ≤ ˚Ùw≤Ù ≈¿≤h~>uÌR¡≈ ˚®°<∏wt¥ÔJ¡ F°ufiu Ÿu bF Nfib_S°y®_w, Ÿ¥‚t
<bª°≤ J¡≤fiu ≈≤ fi <¸>J¡fiub°Ô° Fæ ∫°u* ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ Ÿu ŸtH y∫u Fæ* ≈Cfi# tæ* fiJ¡°u Ì…F≤°«≥¡y° w°u
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ ŸJ¡° Nbÿ∫ ©a±>fi J¡≤u*yu ∫°u* Ÿ°uªwu F…Î Ÿ W≤ J¡∑ ≈us°J¡≤ <Ÿ]°∏w Ju¡
NbÔ‡ffi Ÿu FÙ ÎJ¡ <•w Ÿu ŸfJ¡° Ÿt°@°fi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, ŸJ¡Ô Ÿ∏ÌuFR¡≈Ù b¨s°u* J¡∑ ın w[b b_wC J¡°
NI°fi FÙ Fæ, NwÎb Ÿf b_wCN°u* Ju¡ ÎJ¡w°fiC˚bR¡≈ w[bŸ°s°ÃJ¡°≤ J¡∑ NfiC˚¥<w Ju¡ <ÔÎ •w
Ÿ∏ÌuFR¡≈Ù b¨s°u* J¡∑ ın ©°uÌfiub°Ô° J¡°fi°u* J¡°u ˚¥Td°u* Ju¡ Ÿt°fi N°fi∏Ì Ìufiub°Ô° ∫F bªfi N°≈
ŸC<fi∫u $$20$$ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, N°≈fiu ı°u NfiuJ¡ N°su≈ <J¡∫u Fæ* bu Ô°y¥ F°u ŸJ¡wu ∫<Ì Ft ≈®≈aª J¡°u
Ÿ≈®<w| N°æ≤ ∫S°SÕ t°fiwu $ Ft°≤u tw tu* ∫F°≥ J¡FÙ* ≈≤ ˚Ù J¡°uoÕ b_wC Ÿ≈®<w| Fæ FÙ fiFÙ* $ ∫F Ÿ˚Ù
JC¡~> ≈®≈aª ŸÌ° „°∏w N≈®<w| FÙ Ÿf N°u≤ Δ∫°›w Fæ $ _b›fi N°æ≤ ŸaJ¡v≈°u* J¡∑ w≤F ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì
Ÿf ≈Ì°SÕ≤°<„ „C] Ÿa<bÃt∫ „°∏w N≈®<w|R¡≈ Fæ $ J¡°≤d J¡° N˚°b F°ufiu Ÿu ∫F Ÿf ≈®≈aª N°<Ì
tu* N°æ≤ N∏w tu* fiFÙ* Fæ, ıæŸu _b›fi tu* ¿_Sw <ªwg J¡° ≈bÕw, fiÌÙ, fiy≤ N°<Ì Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* ˚°fi F°uw°
Fæ bæŸu FÙ bwÕt°fi Ÿ¨<‹¸> ˚Ù ˚®°<∏wR¡≈ FÙ Fæ $ oŸ<ÔÎ w[bbuW° Ô°uy <bbuJ¡, bæ≤°À∫, Ã∫°y, Zbd,
tfifi, <fi<Ìº∫°Ÿfi N°<Ì ≈®∫Ãfi Ÿu Ÿ°º∫ J¡°≤d°u* Ÿu b°Ÿfi° Ÿ<Fw t¥w°ÕJ¡°≤ J¡°u F¸>°J¡≤ ΩCÔ°uJ¡,
≈¨<SbÙ, b°∫C, N°J¡°„, ≈bÕw, fiÌÙ, <Ì„° N°<ÌR¡≈ ıywg J¡°u N≈®<w| f°u@t°` FÙ ı°fiwu Fæ* $ Fu
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, N°≈ N∏w#J¡≤d, ˚¥w N°<Ì wS° <t\>Ù, J¡°™>, ≈ÃS≤ N°<Ì ŸfJ¡°u „¥∏∫ N°æ≤ ªuwfi
J¡°u N„¥∏∫ Ÿt<H∫u ªuwfi Ju¡ <Ÿb° N∏∫ N„¥∏∫ fiFÙ* Fæ $$21-25$$
<ª∏t°` FÙ ŸbÕ ıywg Fæ, t¥wÕ JC¡~> ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ, oŸ <bT∫ tu* ≈¥b°uÕ•w Îu∏Ìb°¶∫°fi J¡°u ≈Cfi# ŸCfi°fiu
Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈®<wI° J¡≤wu Fæ* $
oŸ <bT∫ tu* J¡°fi°u* J¡°u ˚¥<Tw J¡≤fiub°Ôu oŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ Îu∏Ìb°¶∫°fi J¡°u N°≈ ŸC<fi∫u $ tæ*fiu ≈FÔu
Ã≈<W ≈®J¡≤d tu* tfi°ut°` FÙ ıywg Fæ ∫F <Ì©Ô°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ bF N°¶∫°fi J¡F° S° ∫F°≥ ≈≤ <ª∏t°` FÙ
ıywg Fæ ∫°u* <fib°Õd-<fi‹J¡TÕ Ju¡ <ÔÎ Ÿu J¡Fw° Fq≥ $$26$$
≈®_wCw ≈®ÿfi Ju¡ ≈¥dÕw∫° Ÿt°@°fiR¡≈ ≈®∫°uıfi˚uÌ Ÿu ˚Ù oŸJ¡∑ ≈Cfi”<•w Ì°uT°bF fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
≈®_wCw ≈®ÿfi Ju¡ f°u@ Ju¡ <ÔÎ <k¡≤ ˚Ù Ÿu N°≈ ŸCfiu* $ <ıŸŸu <J¡ ∫F Ÿf ≈bÕw°<Ì ıywg Nt¥wÕ
<ªwg FÙ Fæ oŸ ≈®ÿfi J¡° Ÿt°@°fi N°≈J¡°u <b<Ìw F°u ı°∫uy° $$27$$ Ã≈<W-≈®J¡≤d tu* b<dÕw FÙ
N°J¡°≤-≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu ∫C•w <J¡ŸÙ ıy≠ı°Ô tu* w≈_∫° N°æ≤ buÌ-≈®<w≈°<Ìw N°ª°≤-<bª°≤ J¡° N°@°≤˚¥w
"o∏Ì…' fi°t Ÿu ≈®¶∫°w J¡°uoÕ f®°Êd F…N° $ ŸJu¡ f®Ê°^±>°uÌ≤bwÙÕ N°J¡°„ Ju¡ ÌŸ <ÌJg¡w¸>°u* J¡∑ w≤F
tF°fi°u* N°æ≤ Ÿ≠ıfi°u* Ju¡ N°_≈Ì˚¥w (N°Z∫˚¥w) tF°Ãt° tF°„∫ ÌŸ ≈C` F…Î $ ıæŸu ÌŸ°u* Ju¡ tº∫ tu*
À∫°≤Fbu* ˚yb°fig ”B tF°≈®Ô∫ tu* N∏w@°Õfi J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uwu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ fi ÌŸ°u* J¡° <≈w° o∏Ì… J¡°Ôb„
N∏w@°Õfi J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u y∫° $ ŸJ¡∑ NfiC≤°ybwÙ ˚°∫°Õ fiu bæ@Δ∫ Ju¡ J¡‹¸>°u* Ÿu ıæŸu w°≤°R¡≈Ù ªaªÔ
fiu`b°ÔÙ NfiC≤°ybwÙ (Ô°<Ôt°≈¥dÕ) Ÿ∏º∫° <Ìfi J¡° NfiCytfi J¡≤wÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ ŸJ¡° NfiCytfi
<J¡∫° $$28-31$$ fiJu¡ <b∫°uyı∏∫ Ì…#© Ÿu Δ∫°›w F…Î fiJu¡ fi ≈C`°u* fiu fiJ¡° N°æºbÕÌæ<FJ¡ Ÿa_J¡°≤
J¡≤ Ô°uJ¡Δ∫bF°≤ J¡° ≈¿≤Ã∫°y J¡≤ Ÿt°<@ Ju¡ <ÔÎ bfi J¡° t°yÕ ≈J¡n° $$32$$ @°≤d°N°u* tu* Ÿu
(<bT∫<b„uT N°J¡°¿≤w tfi J¡∑ ¿_S≤w°R¡≈ @°≤d°N°u* tu* Ÿu) <J*¡<bT<∫dÙ (<J¡Ÿtu* f°≥@Ù yoÕ) @°≤d°
Wt <Ÿ<] Ìufiub°ÔÙ F°uyÙ $ Ft Ô°uy ∫∏t∫ (∫Ã_bR¡≈) F°uJ¡≤ ŸfJu¡ N<@≈<w F°u ı°∫u*yu $ ÎuŸ°
<bª°≤ J¡≤ fi ÌŸ°u* fiu bF°≥ <fi<bÕPfi J¡∏Ì≤° Ju¡ tº∫ tu* ≈μ°Ÿfi f°≥@J¡≤ ∫F <bª°≤ <J¡∫° $ f®Ê° Ÿu
ŸyÕ - 178] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2463
N<@<‹™>w ŸJ¡Ô ıywg J¡∑ @°≤d° Ÿu (f®Ê° Ÿu N<@<‹™>w ŸJ¡Ô ıywg Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ Ÿu N°J¡°¿≤w tfi J¡∑
¿_S≤w°R¡≈ @°≤d° Ÿu) ¿_S≤ (<fiÿªÔ) F…Î Ft Ô°uy <ffi° <J¡ŸÙ <bPfi f°@° Ju¡ f®Ê°<@<‹™>w ıyBq≈
F°u ı°∫u*yu $ ∫F Ÿ°uª <bª°≤ f®Ê∫C•w ıywg J¡∑ @°≤d° Ÿu <fitÙ<Ôw fiu` J¡tÔb°Ôu bu <ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡
<ª`<Ô<©w ÎuŸu fæ™>u ≤Fu $ oŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°wg ıf ≈¥≤u N™>°≤F tFÙfiu wJ¡ f®Ê°Ÿ<Fw ıywg J¡∑ @°≤d° tu*
f≥@u F…Îu <ªWb°Ôu bu tfi Ju¡ N∏∫b¨<W@°≤d π°≤° ŸŸu h∫Cw fi F°uJ¡≤ ¿_Sw ≤Fu wf fiJu¡ „≤Ù≤
Ÿ¥©J¡≤ F±g±>Ù Fß>Ù F°u y∫u, t°aŸ°F°≤Ù ıÙb fi°uª fi°uªJ¡≤ fiJu¡ Nb∫b°u* J¡°u ©° y∫u NwÎb ≈®J¡°„
π°≤° fi‹¸> <J¡∫u y∫u ~>°∫°˚°y J¡∑ w≤F fiJu¡ „≤Ù≤ bF°≥ ≈≤ fi‹¸> F°u y∫u $ tæ* f®Ê° Fq≥, tæ* ∫F ıywg Fq≥,
tæ* ∫F ˚Cbfi°u* Ÿu ≈¥dÕ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Fq≥ ∫°u* º∫°fi J¡≤ ≤Fu fiJ¡° tF°fig J¡°Ô Δ∫wÙw F…N° $ ŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°wg º∫°fi
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N°≈ <ªÌ°ÃtJ¡ FÙ ı°<fi∫u $ ∫<Ì fiJ¡° ÌŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° <`ıy≠ı°Ô <ªÌ°ÃtJ¡ fiFÙ* Fæ w°u <J®¡∫°ÃtJ¡
Fæ ? N°≈ FÙ J¡<F∫u $ bF Ÿa<bÌ°J¡°„ „¥∏∫Ãbt°` FÙ Fæ ŸŸu N∏∫ fiFÙ* Fæ $ ıæŸu w≤ay ıÔ Ju¡ <Ÿb°
N∏∫ JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ bæŸuFÙ NªÔ N°<Ì Ÿa<bwgw[b Ju¡ <Ÿb° N∏∫ JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ $$33-44$$
Îu∏Ìb ıyw°u* J¡∑ wCv∫w° ≈®_wCw ıywg tu* ˚Ù ŸtHfiÙ ª°<FÎ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu N°J¡°„ tu* <ª∏t∫ ∫u Îu∏Ìb ıywg Fæ* bæŸu FÙ ofi ≈®_wCw ıyw°u* tu* ˚Ù J¡°™>, i>uÔu, ≈ÃS≤
N°<Ì <ª∏t∫ FÙ Fæ* $ ıæŸu Îu∏Ìb°u* Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈ ıyW° J¡°u ≈®°›w F…Î bæŸu FÙ f®Ê° J¡° ∫F ŸaJ¡v≈ ˚Ù
ıyW° J¡°u ≈®°›w F…N° Fæ $ oŸ<ÔÎ ∫u ≈bÕw, ≈¨<SbÙ, b¨s, f°ÌÔ, N°J¡°„°<Ì ≈aªtF°˚¥w ∫u Ÿf
JC¡~> <ª∏t°`t∫ FÙ <b_w¨w Fæ* $ ıæŸu fi Îu∏Ìb ıyw°u* tu Ÿf JC¡~> ¿ªwg FÙ S° bæŸu ∫F°≥ ≈≤ ˚Ù b¨s
<ªwg, Fæ, ≈¨<SbÙ <ªwg Fæ, ΩCÔ°uJ¡ <ªwg Fæ, N°J¡°„ <ªwg Fæ N°æ≤ ≈bÕw <ªwg Fæ*, J¡FÙ* ≈≤ ˚Ù N<ªwg
Ÿa˚b fiFÙ* Fæ $$45-48$$ <ª∏t°`N°J¡°„R¡≈ JC¡‡F°≤ π°≤° N≈fiu „≤Ù≤R¡≈Ù ªaªÔ (|¥t ≤Fu) ª°J¡
tu* N≈fiu „≤Ù≤R¡≈Ù <t¸g¸>Ù Ÿu oŸ Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡∑ ≤ªfi° <fi≤∏w≤ •∫°u* J¡∑ ı°wÙ Fæ $ "JC¡w#' ∫°u* NŸ‡˚°bfi°
J¡∑ <•w Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡° <tØ∫°Ãb ıw°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ Fæ $$49$$
oŸ J¡Sfi Ÿu "J¡Sa Ÿªuwfi° Îwu J¡°‹™>Ô°u‹¸>°u≈Ô°Ì∫#' oŸ ≈®ÿfi J¡° ˚Ù Ÿt°@°fi F°u y∫°, oŸ
N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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•∫° Fæ* ∫F J¡<F∫u ? $$50$$ NfiC˚b, _t¨<w N°æ≤ _t¨<wıfiJ¡ Ÿa_J¡°≤, oh~>° N°æ≤ J¨¡<w ∫u Ÿf
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J¡°u FÙ @°≤d J¡≤wu Fæ* $ ın NSÕ J¡°u @°≤d fiFÙ* J¡≤wu, oŸ<ÔÎ NSÕ <ªBq≈ FÙ Fæ* $ Ft oŸ f°w ≈≤ ≈FÔu
FÙ <bª°≤ J¡≤ ªCJu¡ Fæ* <J¡ NSÕ„¥∏∫ J¡v≈fi°N°u* J¡∑ N∏∫ FÙ ¿_S<w Fæ N°æ≤ w[b Ju¡ Nby°Ffi Ju¡ ªtÃJ¡°≤
Ÿu „°u<˚w F°ufiub°ÔÙ J¡v≈fi° N°<Ì J¡° N∏∫ FÙ ªtÃJ¡°≤ Fæ $
NSb° ∫°u* ÌqŸ≤° NSÕ J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u - ∫<Ì J¡°uoÕ J¡Fu Ô°uF° N°<Ì J¡∑ NfiC˚b, _t¨<w N°æ≤ _t¨<wıfiJ¡
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J¡Ôfi (NfiC˚b) N°<Ì <ª∏t°` Ô°æF, „æÔ N°<Ì w[b J¡°u N≈fiu Ì≤ tu* @°≤d J¡≤wu Fæ*, <J¡∏wC
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Ft ≈FÔu ≈≤°t„Õ J¡≤ ªCJu¡ Fæ* $ NI°w <bT∫ tua ªsC N°<Ì Ÿu NfiC˚b F°uw° Fæ I°w <bT∫ tu* _t¨<w N°æ≤
Ÿa_J¡°≤ F°uwu Fæ* $ oŸ<ÔÎ ofiŸu ≈FÔu NI°w <bT∫ J¡∑ <Ÿ<] Nbÿ∫ t°fifiÙ F°uyÙ $ N<ªwgR¡≈ w¨d,
J¡°‹™>, „æÔ N°<Ì NI°w fiFÙ* J¡Fu ı° ŸJ¡wu, •∫°u*<J¡ ın°u* tu* NI°fiR¡≈Ù N°b≤d J¡° J¡°uoÕ ≈®∫°uıfi
fiFÙ* Fæ, NwÎb ın°u* Ÿu N∏∫ FÙ f®ÊŸW° w¨d N°<Ì J¡∑ w[b˚¥w Fæ $ ŸÙ J¡° J¡Ôfi, _t¨<w N°æ≤
Ÿa_J¡°≤°u* Ÿu ınÃbR¡≈ Ÿu <bt„Õ F°uw° Fæ $$51$$
oŸ J¡°≤d ˚Ù J¡°‹™>, Ô°uF° N°<Ì Ÿªuwfi Fæ*, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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_b˚°b˚¥w FÙ Fæ N≈®J¡°„R¡≈ fiFÙ* Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ ∫u ˚Ù f®Ê Ju¡ _b˚°b˚¥w FÙ Fæ*, ŸŸu <˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ* $
ıf <˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ* wf ∫F Ÿf Ÿªuwfi f®ÊR¡≈ FÙ Fæ ∫F <fiÿª∫ F…N° $$52,53$$ ıæŸu i>°Ô¥ ıtÙfi ≈≤
≈®b¨W F…N° ıÔ ≈≤°ÃtÙ∫R¡≈ N∏∫J¡°≤d Ju¡ <ffi° N≈fiu FÙ N<wwÙb® ∫Ãfi Ÿu _bw# FÙ N°bwÕ, ≈®b°F,
w≤ay N°<Ì J¡∑ <b<ª`w° Ÿu fFw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ ∏tC© <ª¿w ˚Ù ≈≤°ÃtÙ∫R¡≈ N∏∫ J¡°≤d Ju¡
<ffi° N≈fiu FÙ N<wwÙb® ∫Ãfi Ÿu _bw# FÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸>R¡≈ Ÿu fFwÙ Fæ $ ıæŸu ≈°μJ¡v≈ tu* ˚yb°fi J¡∑
fi°<˚J¡tÔ-ÔÙÔ° FÙ ıyw°u* J¡∑ w≤F _kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ ˚Ù bu f®Ê Ÿu w<fiJ¡ ˚Ù <˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ* $
oŸ<ÔÎ ∫F ıywg NfiCÃ≈∏fi, N<fi”], Ÿ∏t°`, „°∏w, ˚°b N°æ≤ N˚°b Ì°ufi°u* J¡° FÙ t°ıÕfi F°ufiu Ÿu
fiJ¡° tº∫R¡≈, <ªÌ°J¡°„˚¥w, <ªÌg˚°fit°` Fæ $$54-56$$
NwÎb w¨d, J¡°‹™>, „æÔ N°<Ì J¡°u Nªuwfi ŸtHfiub°Ôu t¥»°u* J¡° <bπ°fig Ô°uy ≈F°Ÿ J¡≤wu Fæ*,
ı°u Ÿa<bwgt∫ (<ª∏t°`) ≈bÕw N°<Ì ıywg tu* ¿_Sw Fæ* fiJ¡°u N<ª∏t∫ J¡Ffiub°Ôu NI J¡° N<˚I°u*
π°≤° ≈F°Ÿ <J¡∫° ı°w° Fæ $$57$$
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NfiCt°fi J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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ŸaJ¡v≈ Ÿu Ã≈∏fi ∫F ıywg ˚Ù <ªÌ°J¡°„°ÃtJ¡ FÙ Fæ $$58$$
N°≈ oŸÙ ÎJ¡ Â<‹¸> J¡° N∏∫°∏∫ ≈®J¡°≤°u* Ÿu ≈Cfi# ≈Cfi# •∫°u* ŸtSÕfi J¡≤wu Fæ* ? ÎuŸ° ≈®ÿfi F°ufiu ≈≤
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ŸyÕ - 179] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2465
∫F ≈®≈aªÂ<‹¸> Â» J¡∑ yoÕ <ÌygÂ<‹¸> Ÿu ≠∫°u*-≠∫°u* Ìu©Ù ı°wÙ Fæ Ã∫°u*-Ã∫°u* ∫F Ì…#© „Ù|®°<w„Ù|®
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J¡° ∫F ŸaŸ°≤ bı® Ju¡ wCv∫ Â» F°u ı°w° Fæ, J¡Ì°<≈ „°∏w fiFÙ* F°uw° Fæ $$59-61$$
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ın°u* J¡° ˚¥<t tu* ≈®bu„ ∫u Ÿf NÔU∫ Fæ* bF N°<Ì-N∏w <bFÙfi Fæ, J¡°Ô Ÿu ˚Ù ŸJu¡ ı∏t N°æ≤ fi°„
fiFÙ* F°uwu, bF ≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu NÃ∫∏w <fitÕÔ Fæ ÎuŸ° bF <ªÌ°fi∏ÌæJ¡|fi <fiÃ∫Jæ¡bv∫R¡≈ ¿_Sw Fæ $$63$$
∫FÙ ıf NtC•wR¡≈Ù ŸaŸ°≤Ù S° wf oŸJu¡ NŸa¶∫ F°S ª°≤°u* N°u≤ Ÿu ˚≤u Su, NŸa¶∫ N°≥©, J¡°fi,
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∫F tæ* FÙ F°u y∫°, oŸ<ÔÎ <k¡≤ <bJ¡v≈°u* Ÿu J¡°uoÕ ≈®∫°uıfi fiFÙ* Fæ $$64$$
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<ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* <ªÌ°J¡°„ ¿_Sw Fæ, ŸJ¡Ô <bTtw° Ÿu tC•w „°∏w f®Ê „°∏w f®Ê tu* ¿_Sw Fæ, N°J¡°„
N°J¡°„ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ, I°fi I°fi tu* _kC¡¿≤w Fæ $ ıæŸu ı°y®wg J¡°Ô tu* _b›fi Ÿa<b∏t∫ „°∏w Nt¥w°ÕJ¡°≤
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ÌuF Ju¡ Nb∫b J¡F°≥ Fæ, J¡F°≥ N°≥w¿n∫°≥ Fæ*, J¡F°≥ N¿_S≈aı≤ (Ja¡J¡°Ô) Fæ N°J¡°„ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi Nt¥wÕ
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F°ufiu Ÿu Ã≈<W N°<Ì ŸfJ¡∑ ≈≈<W F°uwÙ Fæ $ oŸ<ÔÎ <ıŸfiu ıæŸ° <fidÕ∫ <J¡∫° ŸJ¡°u bF bæŸ°
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fi NÃ∫∏w Ÿwg Fæ <J¡∏wC Ÿπwg Fæ, ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
J¡°≤d Ju¡ <ffi° J¡°∫Õ Ÿπwg <Ÿ] F°uw° Fæ $ Ÿa˚°bfi° Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ FÙ NSÕ J¡°u Ÿa<bwg <fi_Ÿ∏ÌuF ≈®°›w
J¡≤wÙ Fæ $ ıæŸu _b›fi tu* <ª∏t∫ N°Ãt° Ju¡ ŸbÕR¡≈ F°ufiu Ÿu Ÿf JC¡~> J¡° ŸbÕ` ŸbÕS° Ÿa˚b Fæ bæŸu FÙ
ı°y®wg tu* ˚Ù ªæw∏t∫ F°ufiu Ÿu f®Ê J¡∑ Ÿb°ÕÃtR¡≈w° J¡° Ÿa˚b Fæ $$9,10$$
t°∫°b°Ì tu* w°u Ÿf N<b”] Fæ, ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
fi°fi° N°æ≤ Nfi°fi°R¡≈ Ÿb°ÕÃtJ¡ f®Ê≈Ì tu* ∫S°SÕ tu* <ffi° J¡°≤d Ju¡ J¡°∫°u˘ J¡∑ ŸW° ¿_Sw Fæ N°æ≤
J¡¿v≈wR¡≈ Ÿu J¡°≤dı∏∫ ˚Ù ŸW° Fæ $ ÎJ¡ ˚Ù ŸFŸ® F°u ı°w° Fæ ıæŸu <J¡ ∫u Îu∏Ìb ŸaJ¡v≈ı<fiw
ıyw°u* Ju¡ Ÿt¥F°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S Ô°©°u* ˚¥w ffi y∫u bæŸu FÙ Fı°≤°u* Ÿa<bwg ˚Ù ÎJ¡ F°u ı°wÙ Fæ* •∫°u*<J¡ Ÿ°∫C≠∫
tC<•w tu* Ÿf Ÿ¨<‹¸>∫°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S <b‹dC N°<Ì J¡° (N°<Ì Ÿu f®Ê, ”B, ª∏B, o∏B, Ÿ¥∫Õ N°<Ì y®Fd J¡≤fi°
ª°<F∫u) ÎJ¡ „≤Ù≤ F°uw° Fæ $$11-13$$
<˚∏fiŸW°b°ÔÙ b_wCN°u* tu* ŸW° J¡∑ Îu•∫ ≈®°<›w w°u Ô°uJ¡ tu* ˚Ù ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ŸæJ¡n°u* fi<Ì∫°u* Ÿu <˚∏fi F°uw° FCN° ˚Ù ŸtCB ÎJ¡ FÙ Fæ, M¡wC, ŸabÃŸ≤ N°<Ì Ÿu <˚∏fi ˚Ù J¡°Ô ÎJ¡
FÙ Fæ $$14$$
bæŸu FÙ ÎJ¡ FÙ N°Ãt° ˚®°<∏w Ÿu ÌuF°<Ì fi°fi°Ãb J¡°u ≈®°›w FCN° ıæŸ° ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ, ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
∫F Ÿa<bÌ°J¡°„ FÙ _b›fi tu* <Ìw ÌuF J¡∑ w≤F ≈®J¡¸> FCN° Fæ, _b°fiC˚¥<w Ÿu _kC¡¸> ˚Ù _b›fi≈bÕw
J¡∑ w≤F <fi≤°J¡°≤ Fæ $ ≈¥b°uÕ•w NfiC˚b Ÿu ıywg Ÿa<bwgR¡≈ FÙ Fæ bF Ÿa<bwg FÙ B‹¸>° N°æ≤ Âÿ∫ J¡∑ Â<‹¸>
Ÿu (NS°Õwg ˚®°<∏w Ÿu fiJ¡°u ≈¨SJg¡ ≈¨SJg¡ t°fiJ¡≤) NfiNfiC˚b°¿ÃtJ¡° (ıywgR¡≈) ≈®wÙw F°uwÙ Fæ,
oŸ<ÔÎ ıywg ÎJ¡t°` <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ $ <ıŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ÎJ¡ FÙ <fiB°, _b›fi N°æ≤ ŸCTC<›w tu* J®¡t Ÿu
buÌfi°¿ÃtJ¡° N°æ≤ NbuÌfi°¿ÃtJ¡° F°u ı°wÙ Fæ $ ıæŸu b°∫C N°æ≤ _≈∏Ì N<˚∏fi Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ªwg N°æ≤ ıywg
N<˚∏fi Fæ*, oŸ<ÔÎ ∫F ıywg ÎJ¡t°` <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ $ B‹¸>°, Âÿ∫, Ì„ÕfiR¡≈ Ÿu ŸbÕ≈Ì°SÕ„¥∏∫
<ªÌg˚°fi ≈≤t°S°ÕJ¡°„ FÙ _b›fi J¡∑ ˚°≥<w ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ ∫F ıywg ÎJ¡ <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ $
ª¥≥<J¡ ≈®St ŸyÕ Ÿu FÙ oÕÿb≤ tu* ˚®°<∏w Ÿu ≈®wÙw FCN° ıy[b NŸwg FÙ Fæ oŸ<ÔÎ _b›fi tu* ≈®°›w
ŸyÕ - 180] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2467
Δ∫°|®°<Ì Ju¡ ˚∫ J¡∑ w≤F ≈¿≤I°w F°uwu FÙ ∫F Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ wS° „°∏w F°u ı°w° Fæ $ ÎJ¡ FÙ Ÿa<bwg J¡° _b›fi
tu* <ıŸ ≈®J¡°≤ NfiuJ¡R¡≈ Ÿu ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ ŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* ÎJ¡ FÙ Ÿa<bwg J¡° <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu*
fi°fi° ≈Ì°SÕR¡≈ Ÿu ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ $$15-20$$
NfiuJ¡ ÌÙ≈ ≈®˚°N°u* Ju¡ ÎJ¡bÌg ˚°fi J¡∑ w≤F ÎJ¡ FÙ t°∫°„<•w J¡° NfiuJ¡@° ˚°fi F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ,
∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu fFCw ÌÙ≈J¡°u*b°Ôu |≤ tu* fFCw-ŸÙ ~>°∫°Î≥ (J¡°<∏w∫°≥) ÎJ¡bwg ≈®wÙw F°uwÙ Fæ* bæŸu FÙ
ŸbÕ„<•w ≈≤t°Ãt° J¡∑ ÎJ¡ „<•w (t°∫°) ˚Ù NfiuJ¡R¡≈ ≈®wÙw F°uwÙ Fæ $ N°J¡°„ tu* ˚®°<∏w Ÿu
b¨s-Ÿt¥F Ju¡ _kC¡≤d J¡∑ ˚°≥<w oŸ f®ÊR¡≈ ŸtCÌ® tu* ı°u ŸÙJ¡≤-_kC¡≤d Fæ bFÙ ∫F Ÿ¨<‹¸> Fæ $ N∏w≤
Ju¡bÔ owfi° FÙ Fæ <J¡ N°J¡°„ tu* ı°u b¨s-Ÿt¥F Fæ bF N°J¡°„@tÕ „¥∏∫w° Ÿu NfiC<b]R¡≈ Ÿu
_kC¡≤d fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d NÃ∫∏w <˚∏fiR¡≈ Fæ N°æ≤ f®Ê ŸtCB tu* ∫F _kC¡¿≤w F°u ≤F° ŸyÕ<f∏ÌC
<J*¡<ª∏t°` ˚Ù <˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ $$21,22$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ∏fi°ŸÙb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ N_ŸÙb°≥ ŸyÕ

ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ π°≤° b<dÕw JC¡∏ÌÌ∏w°u≈°¶∫°fi tu* ≈bÕw ≈≤
b¨s tu* Ô¸>Ju¡ FCÎ w≈_bÙ Ju¡ b≤≈®°<›w≈∫Õ∏w b¨W°∏w J¡° bdÕfi $
_b∫a ≈®fC] ≤°t <ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡ w[b<ıI°Ÿ° Ÿu N≈fiu N°Z∫ tu* ¿_Sw JC¡∏ÌÌ∏w fi°tJ¡ <πı J¡°u
≈®_wCw ≈Ìu„ Ju¡ Zbd Ÿu w[bf°u@ FCN° ∫° fiFÙ* oŸ N≈fiu Ÿ∏ÌuF J¡°u yC”tC© Ÿu ≈¿≤t°<ıÕw J¡≤fiu J¡∑
oh~>° Ÿu N°ÿª∫Õ˚¥w ŸJ¡∑ J¡S° J¡∑ ˚¥<tJ¡° ≤ªwu FCÎ yC” Ÿu ≈®°SÕfi° J¡≤wu Fæ* $
Fu ˚ybfig, <ıŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ŸaŸ°≤ J¡∑ Ÿty® b_wCN°u* Ju¡ R¡≈ J¡∑ Ÿ‡∫Jg¡ NfiC˚¥<w Ju¡ <Ô∫u Ÿ¥∫Õ N∏@J¡°≤
J¡° fi°„ J¡≤w° Fæ ŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ N°≈ tu≤u oŸ Ÿa„∫ J¡° fi°„ J¡∑<ıÎ $$1$$
Ÿ∏ÌuF J¡° fÙı Ì„Õ°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ N°¶∫°fi ≈®°≤‡˚ J¡≤wu Fæ* $
<J¡ŸÙ ÎJ¡ Ÿt∫ ıf <J¡ tæ* <bΩ°t¿∏Ì≤ tu* <bπ°fi°u* J¡∑ Ÿ˚° tu* ¿_Sw S° Ÿ Ÿt∫ J¡°uoÕ <πıZu‹™>
fiu ≈®bu„ J¡≤Ju¡ „Ù|® FÙ ª°≤°u* N°u≤ ÌuÌÙ›∫t°fi ΩC<wb°ÔÙ <πıŸ˚° J¡°u ≈®d°t <J¡∫° N°æ≤ N°Ÿfi y®Fd
<J¡∫° Ftfiu ˚Ù ©nu F°uJ¡≤ ŸJ¡° N<˚b°Ìfi <J¡∫° $ wf ≈®J¡≤d≈®°›w N≈fiu N@Ù∫t°fi buÌ°∏w,
Ÿ°a¶∫ N°<Ì Ju¡ <Ÿ]°∏w°u* Ju¡ b°Ì°u* J¡°u f∏Ì J¡≤Ju¡ ŸC©≈¥bÕJ¡ <bZ°t J¡≤fiu Ju¡ Nfi∏w≤ fæ™>u FCÎ Ÿ Zu‹™>
f®°Êd Ÿu tæ*fiu ≈¥~>° # Fu <bπ°fi°u* tu* Zu‹™>, ÌÙ|Õt°yÕ tu* ªÔfiu Ÿu SJu¡ FCÎ N°≈ <J¡ŸÙ NSÕ J¡°u ≈®°›w J¡≤fiu
Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈®∫Ãfi„ÙÔ t°Ô¥t ≈nwu Fæ* $ J¡<F∫u J¡F°≥ Ÿu N°≈J¡° N°ytfi FCN° $$2-6$$ f®°Êd fiu J¡F° # Fu
tF°˚°y, ∫F ™>ÙJ¡ Fæ, <J¡ tæ* <J¡ŸÙ <b„uT NSÕ Ju¡ <ÔÎ tF°≈®∫Ãfi„ÙÔ F¥≥, tæ* ∫F°≥ <ıŸ<ÔÎ N°∫° F¥≥
ŸJ¡° <fidÕ∫ ŸC<fi∫u $$7$$ oŸ ≈¨<SbÙtu*, N°J¡°„ tu* ¿_Sw _byÕ Ju¡ ≈®<w<f‡f J¡∑ w≤F, bæÌuF fi°t J¡°
ŸbÕŸ°æ˚°À∫°u* Ÿu ∫C•w Ìu„ Fæ $$8$$ ŸÙ bæÌuF Ìu„ tu* f®°Êdba„ tu* tæ* Ã≈∏fi FCN° N°æ≤ <bΩ° ≈®°›w
J¡≤Ju¡ ¿_Sw ≤F° $ JC¡∏Ì≈C‹≈ J¡∑ w≤F ªtJ¡∑Ôu Ì°≥w F°ufiu Ÿu JC¡∏ÌÌ∏w fi°t Ÿu tu≤Ù ≈®<Ÿ<] FCoÕ $$9$$
oŸJu¡ ≈≤°∏w ⁄Ì∫ tu* bæ≤°À∫b°fig FCN° tæ* ˚®°<∏w Ÿu Ã≈∏fi ŸaŸ°≤ •Ôu„°u* J¡∑ <fib¨<W Ju¡ <ÔÎ Ìubw°,
<πı N°æ≤ tCfiÙ∏B°u* Ju¡ _S°fi°u* tu* ˚®td J¡≤fiu tu* ≈®b¨W FCN° $ oŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ |¥tw° FCN° tæ* J¡˚Ù ZÙ≈bÕw ≈≤
ı° ≈FC≥ª° N°æ≤ bF°≥ <ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡ t¨ÌC (NwÙ‚d) wS° ÌÙ|ÕJ¡°ÔÙfi w≈_∫° J¡≤w° FCN° N©^±>
ªu‹¸>°≈¥bÕJ¡ ≤F° $ Ÿ ZÙ≈bÕw tu* w¨dbfiN°<Ì Ÿu <bFÙfi ÎJ¡ ÎuŸ° bfi ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ ı°u ˚¥<t tu* wuı, wt,
f°ÌÔ N°<Ì Ÿu ≤<Fw (NS°Õwg Ju¡bÔ „¥∏∫) N°J¡°„-Ÿ° Fæ $ Ÿ bfi Ju¡ tº∫ tu* ÎJ¡ J¡°utÔ ≈vÔb°u*b°Ô°
~>°u¸>°-Ÿ° b¨s oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ¿_Sw Fæ ıæŸu „¥∏∫ N°J¡°„ tu* t∏Ì<J¡≤d Ÿ¥∫Õ ¿_Sw F°u $ Ÿ b¨s J¡∑ „°©°
tu* ÎJ¡ ≈<b` N°J¨¡<wb°Ô° ≈C”T ≤_ŸÙ Ÿu f≥@° FCN° Ô¸>J¡ ≤F° S° t°fi°u* ˚°fiC FÙ N≈fiÙ ≤¿ÿt∫°u* Ÿu ≈æ≤
f°≥@J¡≤ Ô¸>J¡w° F°u $ t¥≥ı J¡∑ ≤_ŸÙ Ju¡ «¡≈≤ J¡∑ N°u≤ f°≥@u FCÎ ≈æ≤°æ*b°Ô° <fiÃ∫ fiÙªu J¡°u Ô¸>Ju¡ <Ÿ≤b°Ô°
bF fnÙ fnÙ y°≥™>°u*b°Ôu „°vt<Ôb¨s J¡∑ N‹™>ÙÔw° J¡°u (Ô‡f°∫t°fi ≈bÕy®<∏Sw° J¡°u) @°≤d J¡≤w°
FCN°-Ÿ° ¿_Sw S° $ ˚®td J¡≤wu J¡≤wu Ÿ Ìu„ J¡°u ≈®°›w FCÎ tæ*fiu bs_SÔ tu* Naı<Ô f°≥@J¡≤ ≈®d°t
J¡≤wu FCÎ Ÿ ≈C”T J¡°u Ìu©° N°æ≤ ŸJu¡ <fiJ¡¸> ı°J¡≤ <bª°≤ <J¡∫° $$10-16$$
ŸÙ <bª°≤ J¡°u _≈‹¸> J¡≤wu Fæ* $
w°u ∫F f®°Êd N˚Ù wJ¡ ıÙ<bw w°u Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ f≤°f≤ N°Fw°J¨¡<w F°uJ¡≤, ÿb°Ÿ Ôuw° Fæ N°æ≤
wWÃŸt∫ı∏∫ „Ùw, b°w, @¥≈ N°<Ì _≈„°u˘ J¡°u ı°fiw° Fæ $ oŸJu¡ Nfi∏w≤ Ÿ ≈C”T J¡°u tæ*fiu fFCw
<Ìfi°u* wJ¡ <ÌbŸ J¡∑ @¥≈ ŸFJ¡≤ fi°fi° ≈®J¡°≤ J¡∑ ≈ª∫°Õ Ÿu @Ù≤u-@Ù≤u N≈fiu ≈®<w <bÿb_w J¡≤ <Ô∫° $
<k¡≤ ≈¥~>° <J¡ "Fu ˚ybfig, N°≈ J¡°æfi Fæ* N°æ≤ Fu <b„°Ô°s, <ıŸtu* ıÙbfi <ª≤J¡°Ô Ju¡ ÌÙ|Õ h~>b°Ÿ°u*
Ÿu Ô‚∫ N°æ≤ NÔ‚∫ F°u ≤F° Fæ ÎuŸ° Ì°”d w≈ •∫°u* J¡≤ ≤Fu Fæ* ? $$17-19$$ wf Ÿ ≈C”T fiu J¡F° #
Fu w°≈Ÿ, oŸ tu≤u JC¡Ô, Ìu„, w≈_∫° N°<Ì J¡°u ı°fifiu Ÿu wC‡F°≤° •∫° ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ „≤Ù¿≤∫°u* J¡∑
NÃ∫∏w <b<ª` oh~>°Î≥ <J¡ŸÙ ≈®∫°uıfi Ÿu FÙ F°uwÙ Fæ* <fi‹≈®∫°uıfi Δ∫SÕ J¡∑ <ıI°Ÿ° fiFÙ* F°uwÙ $$20$$
owfi° J¡Ffiu ≈≤ tæ*fiu ≈®∫Ãfi Ÿu wS° <bfi∫≈¥dÕ N°y®F Ÿu ıf ≈¥~>° wf Ÿ w≈_bÙ fiu tCHu ∫F W≤
<Ì∫° # tæ* tSC≤° tu* Ã≈∏fi FCN° N°æ≤ <≈w° Ju¡ |≤ tu* FÙ b¨<] J¡°u ≈®°›w FCN°, f°v∫°b_S° N°æ≤ ∫°æbfi Ju¡
tº∫ tu* (NS°Õwg JC¡t°≤ Nb_S° tu*) FÙ ≈Ì („ÆÌ„°˜) N°æ≤ ≈Ì°SÕ (NSÕ„°˜) J¡° I°w° ffi
y∫° $$21,22$$ fi „°˜°u* tu* tæ*fiu ŸCfi° <J¡ ≤°ı° Ÿty® ˚°uyŸ°ty®Ù J¡° N°Z∫ F°uw° Fæ NS°Õwg Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ
Îuÿb∫Õ J¡° ≈˚°u•w° F°uw° Fæ $ fib∫°æbfi ˚°uy J¡° oh~C>J¡ F°uw° FÙ Fæ $ ÎuŸ° ŸCfifiu Ju¡ Nfi∏w≤ Ÿ›wtF°πÙ≈°u*
tu* <b_w¨w oŸ ≈¨¿ØbÙ J¡° ≈<w N°æ≤ Ì°≤°Ãt° (∫°ªJ¡°u* J¡∑ Ÿ°≤Ù N<˚Ô°T°N°u* J¡°u ≈¥dÕ J¡≤fiu tu* ŸtSÕ)
F°u«≥¡ ÎuŸÙ tæ* <ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡ oh~>° J¡≤w° ≤F° $ oŸÙ ≈®∫°uıfi Ÿu oŸ Ìu„ tu* N°J¡≤ Ju¡ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ tæ* ¿_Sw
F¥≥ N°æ≤ Fu t°fiÌ, tu≤u ∫F°≥ f°≤F bTÕ fÙw y∫u Fæ* $ wC‡F°≤° ≈¥~>° FCN° NSÕ tæ*fiu J¡F <Ì∫°, oŸ<Ô∫u Fu
NJ¡°≤d<t`, „Ù|®w° Ÿu ≈∫Õ¸>fi J¡≤wu FCÎ wCt N≈fiu N˚Ù‹¸> _S°fi J¡°u ı°N°u N°æ≤ tæ* ˚Ù N≈fiÙ
N˚Ù‹¸>-≈®°<›w wJ¡ w≈ÿª∫°Õ tu* Â»w° Ÿu ŸaÔÀfi F°uw° F¥≥ $$23-26$$ ŸJu¡ owfi° J¡Ffiu ≈≤ tæ*fiu
ŸŸu ı°u J¡F° Ÿ°u ŸC<fi∫u, •∫°u*<J¡ N°ÿª∫Õ b¨W°∏w ŸCfifiu tu* <J¡ŸÙ @Ùt°fig J¡° <ªW <©∏fi fiFÙ*
F°uw° $$27$$ tæ*fiu J¡F° # Fu Ÿ°@°u, ıf wJ¡ wCt N≈fi° o<h~>w b≤ ≈®°›w fiFÙ* J¡≤ Ôuwu wf wJ¡ wC‡F°≤Ù
≤s° N°æ≤ ≈¿≤ª∫°Õ Ju¡ <ÔÎ tæ* ∫FÙ* ≤F¥≥y° $$28$$
tu≤u owfi° J¡Ffiu ≈≤ bF <ıwu¿∏B∫ ≈°T°dt¥<wÕ J¡∑ w≤F t°æfi F°u y∫°, Ÿfiu N°≥©u* f∏Ì J¡≤ ÔÙ*
ŸJ¡° „≤Ù≤ t¨w J¡∑ w≤F F°u y∫° •∫°u*<J¡ bF f°F≤ Ÿu <FÔw° ±C>Ôw° fi S° $ wf Ÿ J¡°‹™>>bwg
ŸyÕ - 181] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2469
t°æfi w≈_bÙ Ju¡ N°yu buy≤<Fw F°uJ¡≤ J¡°Ôı∏∫ „Ùw°u‹d°<Ì buy°u* J¡°u ŸFw° FCN° tæ* ~># tFÙfiu wJ¡
≤F° $ ÎJ¡ <Ìfi Ÿ¥∫Õ<f‡f Ÿu <fiJ¡ÔJ¡≤ Ÿ ≈®Ìu„ tu* ¿_Sw FCÎ ˚°fiC J¡∑ w≤F ªtJ¡wu FCÎ <J¡ŸÙ ≈C”T
J¡°u tæ*fiu Ìu©° $ ıf Ÿ w≈_bÙ fiu tfi Ÿu N°æ≤ tæ*fiu J¡tÕ Ÿu (N|°Õ<Ì Ÿu) ŸJ¡∑ (≈C”T J¡∑) ≈¥ı° J¡∑
wf bF Nt¨wBb J¡∑ ˚°≥<w ŸC∏Ì≤ bªfi f°uÔ° # Fu „°©°N°u* tu* Ô¸>Ju¡ FCÎ ÌÙ|ÕJ¡°Ô Ÿu w≈_∫° tu*
<fi≤w f®Êfig, ÌuF J¡° ŸaF°≤ J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ oŸ w≈ÿª∫°Õ J¡°u Ÿt°›w J¡≤°u N°æ≤ N≈fi° N<˚tw b≤ y®Fd
J¡≤°u $ wCt oŸÙ ÌuF Ÿu Ÿ›w ŸtCB°u* Ÿu bu<‹¸>w Ÿ›wπÙ≈bwÙ tFÙ J¡° Ÿ°w Fı°≤ bTÕ wJ¡ @tÕ≈¥bÕJ¡
≈°Ôfi J¡≤°uyu $$29-34$$ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ N˚Ù¿›Ÿw b≤ ÌuJ¡≤ bF <πwÙ∫ Ÿ¥∫Õ-Ÿ° ≈C”T ıF°≥ Ÿu <Ìw
FCN° S° ŸÙ Ÿ¥∫Õt^±>Ô tu* N_w F°ufiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈®bu„ J¡≤ y∫° $ Ÿ Ÿ¥∫Õ-≈C”T Ju¡ ªÔu ı°fiu ≈≤ tæ*fiu
„°˜°u* tu* ıæŸ° ŸCfi° S° bæŸu FÙ Zu‹™> N°<ÌÃ∫ ≈C”T J¡°u <ıŸfiu ≈®Ã∫s Ìu©° S° N°æ≤ b≤Ì°fiΔ∫bF°≤
Ÿu NfiC˚b <J¡∫° S° ÎuŸu Ÿ <bbuJ¡∑ „°©°w≈_bÙ Ÿu J¡F° # Fu f®Êfig, b¨s„°©° tu* Ô‡f°∫t°fi F°uJ¡≤
ı°u N°≈fiu w≈_∫° J¡∑ SÙ, ŸJ¡° k¡Ô N°≈J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u y∫°, Nf N°≈ w≈ ~>°unJ¡≤ ∫S°≈®°›w
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oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ tC•w <J¡∫° ıæŸu N°Ô°fi Ÿu (f∏@fi_w‡˚ Ÿu) F°SÙ Ju¡ fhªu Ju¡ ≈æ≤°u* J¡°u tC•w J¡≤wu
Fæ* $$38$$ _fi°fi J¡≤Ju¡ ≈<b`-F_w F°u N|tTÕd J¡° ı≈ J¡≤Ju¡ w≈ J¡∑ <Ÿ<] Ju¡ fÔ Ÿu ŸÙ b¨s Ÿu
≈®°›w k¡Ô°u* Ÿu tu≤u Ÿ°S Ÿfiu b®w J¡∑ ≈°≤d° J¡∑ $ ŸÙ Ju¡ ≈C^∫≈®w°≈ Ÿu ≈®°›w FCÎ b¨s Ju¡ _b°Ì∫C•w
k¡Ô°u* Ÿu N°ÿb_w FCÎ Ft Ì°ufi°u* wÙfi <Ìfi wJ¡ N°≤°t Ju¡ Ÿ°S bF°≥ ≤Fu $$39,40$$
oŸÙ ≈≤°u•w J¡S° J¡° Ÿasu≈ Ÿu ≈ŸaF°≤ J¡≤wu Fæ* $
Ÿ›wπÙ≈ N°æ≤ ŸtCB°u* Ÿu Δ∫°›w <Ì„°N°u*b°ÔÙ Ÿty® ≈¨ØbÙ J¡° ≈˚°uy J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ b¨s tua „≤Ù≤
Ô¸>J¡° J¡≤ «¡≈≤ J¡∑ N°u≤ ≈æ≤ J¡≤ J¡<™>fi w≈_∫° J¡≤fiu Ju¡ Nfi∏w≤ Ÿ¥∫Õ≈C”T Ÿu N≈fi° oÕ<h~>w ≈®°›w
J¡≤Ju¡, ŸÙ b¨s Ju¡ fiÙªu wÙfi <Ìfi <bZ°t J¡≤ ≈°Ì≈Ùn°<Ì J¡∑ <fib¨<W F°u ı°fiu ≈≤ bF f®°Êd tCH <t`
J¡°u Ÿ°S ÔuJ¡≤ N≈fiu ˚bfi tSC≤° J¡°u ı°fiu Ju¡ <Ô∫u ≈®b¨W FCN° $$41$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ N_ŸÙb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ o•∫°ŸÙb°≥ ŸyÕ

tSC≤° ı°wu-ı°wu t°yÕ ˚¥Ô ı°fiu Ÿu fiJ¡° y°æ≤Ùbfi tu* ytfi wS°
bF°≥ ≈≤ b¨] w≈_bÙ Ju¡ Ÿ°S b°w°ÕÔ°≈ J¡° bdÕfi $
JC¡∏ÌÌ∏w fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, ıæŸu ª∏B N°æ≤ Ÿ¥∫Õ o∏B≈C≤Ù J¡°u, ı°u ≈¥bÕ <Ì„° tu* Fæ*, ı°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ
≈®b¨W F°u Ÿ°∫aJ¡°Ô tu* ≈¿ÿªt <Ì„° tu* N°b°Ÿ Ôuwu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ ≈®Ÿ∏fibÌfi Ft Ô°uy ˚Ù tSC≤°≈C≤Ù Ju¡ <ÔÎ
≤b°fi° F°u „°t wJ¡ ªÔJ¡≤ tº∫ tu* N°b°Ÿ tu* ı°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈®b¨W FCÎ $$1$$
J®¡t Ÿu N≈fiu N°b°Ÿ_S°fi°u* J¡° bdÕfi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
≤°u@ fi°tJ¡ y°≥b tu* ≈FC≥ªJ¡≤ N°t Ju¡ bfi°u* J¡∑ N<@J¡w°b°Ôu ≈bÕw ≈≤ <bZ°t J¡≤ Ft Ô°uy Ì°u
<Ìfi ≈®<Ÿ] Ÿ°ÔÙŸ fi°t Ju¡ fiy≤ tu* ŸC©≈¥bÕJ¡ ≤Fu $$2$$ Ì¥Ÿ≤u <Ìfi t°yÕ tu* ≈≤_≈≤ Ju¡ b¨W°∏w°u* Ju¡
Zbd Ÿu N°fi∏ÌtÀfi <ªWb°Ôu Ft Ô°uy°u* fiu N≈fi° fFCw-Ÿ° t°yÕ Ô°≥|° $ „ÙwÔ ıÔ Ju¡ H≤fi°u*
wS° ™>^±>Ù ~>°∫°b°Ôu bfib¨s°u* Ÿu ≈¥dÕ, fiÌÙ w¸> ≈≤ yÙ FCoÕ Ôw°N°u* π°≤° bT°ÕoÕ yoÕ ≈C‹≈≤°<„∫°u*
Ÿu Ÿku¡Ì, wæ≤ ≤FÙ w≤ay°u* Ju¡ HfiJ¡°≤ R¡≈Ù y°∫fi Ÿu ≈<SJ¡°u* J¡°u N°fi¿∏Ìw J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ, ¿_fiÀ@
~>°∫°b°Ôu bfib¨s°u* Ju¡ wÔu fæ™>u tÿ N°æ≤ ≈<s∫°u* Ju¡ ˚°≥<w ˚°≥<w Ju¡ „ÆÌ°u* Ÿu y¥a<ıw, <ıfiJ¡∑ fnÙ-
fnÙ F≤Ù |°Ÿ°ua J¡∑ „°©°N°u* Ju¡ Ny®˚°y tu* N°uŸ J¡∑ f¥≥ÌR¡≈Ù t°uwÙ yC≥Su FCÎ Su, J¡FÙ* ≈≤ ıayÔR¡≈,
J¡FÙ* ≈≤ ≈bÕw≈®°∫, J¡FÙ* ≈≤ y°≥b-fiy≤R¡≈, J¡FÙ* ≈≤ ywÕR¡≈ N°æ≤ J¡FÙ* ≈≤ ÌÔÌÔR¡≈ ≈¨<SbÙ J¡°u
wS° fi°fi° fi<Ì∫°u*, Ÿ®°uw°u* N°æ≤ Ÿ≤°ub≤°u* J¡°u ≈°≤J¡≤ Ÿ <Ìfi fkÕ¡ Ÿu NÃ∫∏w „ÙwÔ Ju¡Ôu Ju¡ |fiu
bfi tu* Ju¡Ôu Ju¡ ≈W°u* Ju¡ <f_w≤ ≈≤ Ôu¸>J¡≤ Ft Ô°uy°u* fiu ≤°w <fw°oÕ $$3-7$$
wÙŸ≤u <Ìfi Ft Ô°uy J¡tÔ≤°<„∫°u* wS° Ôw°<fiJCa¡ı°u* Ÿu ≈¿≤bu<‹¸>w ıayÔ tu* ≈FC≥ªu ı°u ª°≤°u*
N°u≤ |°Ÿ N°æ≤ ÔJ¡<n∫°≥ Ôu ı°fiub°Ôu Ô°uy°u* π°≤° J¡°¸>-J¡°¸> J¡≤ <b˚•w ffi°∫° y∫° S° NwÎb
f°ÌÔ°u* Ju¡ <bh~>uÌ°u* Ÿu (©^±>°u* Ÿu) <b˚•w N°J¡°„-Ÿ° S° $ bF°≥ ≈≤ ≈®_wCw t°yÕ J¡°u ~>°unJ¡≤ Ì¥Ÿ≤u
bfi tu* ≈®bu„J¡≤ ≤Fu Ÿ w≈_bÙ fiu tCHŸu b¨S° J¡°Ô<bÔ‡f π°≤° ≈®_wCw y¨FytfiR¡≈ J¡°∫Õ tu* <bPfi
±>°Ôfiub°Ô° NJ¡°∫ÕJ¡≤dR¡≈ bªfi J¡F° # Ft Ô°uy ∫F°≥ y°æ≤Ù Ju¡ N°Zt tu* ªÔu*, ∫F N°Zt tC<fi∫°u*
Ju¡ t^±>Ô Ÿu ŸC„°u<˚w Fæ $ tu≤u Ÿ°w ˚°oÕ tu≤Ù FÙ fi°o˘ ≈¨<SbÙ≈<w ffifiu Ju¡ N<˚Ô°TÙ F°uJ¡≤ ∫F°≥
≈≤ ¿_Sw Fæ* $ Ft Ÿf <tÔJ¡≤ ∫u N°™> ˚°oÕÕ Fæ* $ ≈¥bÕb<dÕw Ÿ›wπÙ≈°u* Ju¡ ≤°≠∫˚°uy J¡∑ oh~>° Ÿu
Ã≈∏fi NfiuJ¡ tfi°u≤S°u* Ÿu ∫C•w F°ufiu Ÿu Ft N°™>°u* ˚°oÕ w≈_∫° Ju¡ <ÔÎ ÎJ¡ Ÿa<b∏t∫ ÎJ¡ FÙ Â»
<fiÿª∫b°fig FCÎ $ oŸ J¡°≤d bu „uT Ÿ°w ˚°oÕ ˚Ù N≈fiu Â» <fiÿª∫ J¡° NbÔ‡ffi J¡≤ ∫F°≥
y°æ≤ÙJ¡°fifi tu* w≈_∫° Ju¡ <ÔÎ ¿_Sw Fæ* $ <b<b@ w≈_∫°N°u* Ÿu ∏F°u*fiu N≈fiu Ÿf ≈°≈ J¡°¸> ±>°Ôu
Fæ* $ fi ˚°o∫°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S N°J¡≤ ∫F°≥ y°æ≤Ù N°Zt tu* ≈FÔu ~>#tFÙfiu tæ* ≤F° F¥≥ oŸ J¡°≤d ≈FÔu tæ*fiu
ı°u Ìu©° S° bFÙ ∫F y°æ≤Ù-J¡°fifi Fæ $$8-13$$ ∫F°≥ ≈≤ ≈C‹≈≤°<„ Ÿu ≈¿≤≈¥dÕ ŸC∏Ì≤ b¨s°u* J¡∑ ~>°∫°
tu* ŸÔ°ufiu tÿ~>°æfiu Ÿ°u∫u ≤Fwu Fæ* $ ≈dÕ„°Ô°N°u* Ju¡ ~>›≈≤°u* Ju¡ ¿J¡fi°≤u ≈≤ fæ™>u FCÎ w°uwu <b<b@ „°˜°u*
Ju¡ <Ÿ]°∏w°u* J¡° <b_w°≤ Ÿu bdÕfi J¡≤wu Fæ* $ oŸ<ÔÎ N°N°u ŸbÕ<b@ tayÔ Ju¡ <ÔÎ f®ÊÔ°uJ¡-ŸÂ„
tC<fi-N°Zt tu* ªÔu* $ bF°≥ ≈≤ ≈C^∫°u* Ÿu Ft°≤° tfi, ŸJ¡Ô Ì°uT°u* J¡° <bfi°„ F°ufiu Ÿu NÃ∫∏w _bh~>
F°u ı°∫uy° $ w[bÌ„Õfi Ÿu ≈¿≤≈¥dÕ tfib°Ôu tF°Ãt°N°u* Ju¡ Ì„Õfi Ju¡ <ÔÎ <bπ°fig, ŸC@Ù≤ N°æ≤ w[bI°fiÙ
≈C”T°u* J¡° ˚Ù tfi ~>¸>≈¸>°w° Fæ Ft°≤Ù w°u J¡°æfi f°w Fæ $$14-16$$ •w w≈_bÙ Ju¡ ∫F J¡Ffiu ≈≤
Ft Ì°ufi°u* Ÿ tC<fi-N°Zt tu* ıf ≈FC≥ªu w°u Ftfiu Ÿ tF°bfi tu* N°Zt J¡°u ≈®Ô∫R¡≈ Ÿu R¡≈b°fig
∫°fiÙ „¥∏∫ Ìu©° $ fi bF°≥ J¡°uoÕ b¨s Ìu©°, fi J¡°uoÕ JC¡<¸>∫° Ìu©Ù, fi J¡°uoÕ H°nÙ Ìu©Ù, fi J¡°uoÕ tfiC‹∫
Ìu©°, fi J¡°uoÕ tC<fi Ìu©°, fi J¡°uoÕ fhª° Ìu©°, fi buÌÙ Ìu©Ù N°æ≤ fi J¡°uoÕ f®°Êd Ìu©° $ ofiJu¡
N<w¿≤•w N°æ≤ ˚Ù bF°≥ JC¡~> fi S° $ bF NŸÙt ıayÔ Ju¡bÔ NÃ∫∏w „¥∏∫ FÙ S° ª°≤°u* N°u≤ Ÿ¥∫Õ
Ju¡ w°≈ Ÿu Ÿ∏w›w bF ˚¥<t tu* ¿_Sw N°J¡°„-Ÿ° Ôyw° S° $ oŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°wg Ÿ w≈_bÙ Ju¡ F°∫
∫F •∫° NfiSÕ F°u y∫° ∫F J¡Ffiu ≈≤ Ft Ô°uy°u* fiu <ª≤J¡°ÔwJ¡ ˚¸>J¡ J¡≤ ÎJ¡ ıyF ÎJ¡ b¨s Ìu©° $
Ÿ „ÙwÔ b¨s J¡∑ ~><f N°J¡TÕJ¡ SÙ, ~>°∫° N<w|fi SÙ, bF ıÔ≈¥dÕ tu| Ju¡ Ÿt°fi yF≤Ù
F¿≤∫°ÔÙ <Ô∫u J¡°Ô° S° $ ŸJu¡ fiÙªu ÎJ¡ f¥»° w≈_bÙ Ÿt°<@ Ôy°∫u fæ™>° S° $ Ft Ì°ufi°u* Ÿ tC<fi
Ju¡ N°yu ~>°∫° tu* F≤Ù |°Ÿ Ÿu N°h~>∏fi ˚¥<t ≈≤ fæ™> y∫u $ ıf <ª≤J¡°ÔwJ¡ ≈®wÙs° J¡≤fiu ≈≤ ˚Ù
ŸyÕ - 181] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2471
bF w≈_bÙ º∫°fi Ÿu <fib¨W fiFÙ* FCN° wf <ª≤J¡°Ô J¡∑ ≈®wÙs° Ÿu Ã≈∏fi πuyb„ N≈fiu ªaªÔ
_b˚°b Ÿu tæ*fiu "Fu tCfiu º∫°fi Ÿu ı°<y∫u' ∫F bªfi ı°u≤ Ÿu J¡F° $ tu≤u «≥¡ªu _b≤ Ÿu tC<fi º∫°fi Ÿu
ı°y y∫u N°æ≤ <Ÿ*F Ju¡ Ÿt°fi tu| ºb<fi Ÿu ıa˚°oÕ ÔuJ¡≤ ∏F°u*fiu J¡F° # Fu Ÿ°@C, N°≈ Ô°uy J¡°æfi
Fæ*, ∫F y°æ≤Ù-N°Zt J¡F°≥ y∫°, tCHu ∫F°≥ „¥∏∫bfi tu* J¡°æfi Ô°∫° N°æ≤ ∫F J¡°æfi J¡°Ô (∫Cy)
Fæ ? $$17-25$$ Ÿ b¨] w≈_bÙ Ju¡ ∫F J¡Ffiu ≈≤ tæ*fiu ˚Ù J¡F° # ˚ybfig, ∫F Ÿf Ft JC¡~> fiFÙ*
ı°fiwu oŸ<ÔÎ N°≈ FÙ ı°fiu* $ N°≈ ŸbÕI F°uwu FCÎ ∫°uy-fÔ Ÿu ∫F Ÿf _b∫a •∫°u* fiFÙ* ı°fi
Ôuwu ? $$26$$ ∫F ŸCfiJ¡≤ bF ˚yb°fi w≈_bÙ <k¡≤ º∫°fi tu* tÀfi F°u y∫u $ Ÿt°<@ π°≤° ∏F°u*fiu
Ft°≤° N°æ≤ N≈fi° Ÿ°≤° b¨W°∏w ı°fi <Ô∫° $$27$$ ÎJ¡ tCF¥wÕ tu* º∫°fi Ÿu ı°yJ¡≤ tC<fi fiu J¡F° #
Fu J¡°∫ÕI N°∫°u˘, N°≈ Ô°uy N°ÿª∫Õ˚¥w oŸ b¨W°∏w J¡°u ŸCfiu* $$28$$ Fu Ÿ°@C Ô°uy°u*, tu≤° N°b°Ÿ˚¥w
ŸC∏Ì≤w° Ju¡ J¡°≤d oŸ J¡°fifiÌubÙ J¡∑ ª°u¸>Ù-Ÿ° ı°u ∫F J¡Ì‡fb¨sR¡≈Ù fhª° N°≈ Ô°uy°u* J¡°u
<Ì©°oÕ Ìuw° Fæ ∫F°≥ <J¡ŸÙ <b„uT J¡°≤d Ÿu ˚ybwÙ ≈°bÕwÙıÙ Ÿ≤_bwÙ ffiJ¡≤ ŸJ¡Ô M¡wCN°u* Ÿu
Ÿu<bw F°u ÌŸ bTÕ ≤FÙ* $$29,30$$ fiJu¡ ∫F°≥ ≤Ffiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ∫F°≥ <b„°Ô <fi<f±> ıayÔ F°u y∫°,
∫F ≈C‹≈≈®@°fi M¡wCN°u* Ÿu <b˚¥<Tw bfi y°æ≤Ùbfi Ju¡ fi°t Ÿu <b¶∫°w FCN° $$31$$ Fu Ÿ≠ıfi°u*, ıF°≥
≈≤ ˚®t¿≤∫°u* Ju¡ tfi°ut°uFJ¡ yÙw <bÔ°Ÿ°u* Ÿu J¡°u∫Ô ªaªÔ ≤Fwu Su, k¥¡Ô°u* J¡∑ bT°Õ J¡≤fiub°Ôu tu|
ŸÂ„ b¨s°u* Ÿu N°J¡°„R¡≈Ù ª≥Ìbu tu* ŸæJ¡n°u* ª∏Bt° ¿_Sw Su N°æ≤ J¡tÔ Ju¡ ≈≤°y-J¡d°u* Ÿu <Ìy∏w≤°Ô
Δ∫°›w ≤Fwu Su $ ı°u t∏Ì°≤ N°æ≤ JC¡∏Ì Ju¡ tJ¡≤∏Ì°u* Ÿu (≈C‹≈≤Ÿ°u*) <Ì„°N°u* J¡°u ŸÌ° ŸCy¿∏@w J¡≤w°
S°, ıF°≥ ª°≤°u* N°u≤ <bJ¡<Ÿw F°u ≤FÙ (<©Ô ≤FÙ) ≈C‹≈≤°<„R¡≈Ù ª∏B<f‡f°u* tu* „°u˚° Δ∫°›w SÙ,
Ÿ∏w°fiJ¡ (ÎJ¡ w≤F J¡° J¡v≈b¨s) Ju¡ ≈C‹≈_wbJ¡R¡≈Ù F°Ÿ Ju¡ <bJ¡°Ÿ Ÿu ı°u NÃ∫∏w ≤tdÙ∫ S°,
ıF°≥ Ôw°R¡≈Ù Nayfi°Î≥ ŸCy¿∏@w b°∫C Ÿu ≈¥dÕ ≤FwÙ SÙ*, ÎuŸ° ∫F y°æ≤Ù-bfi bŸ∏wM¡wC J¡° fiy≤-
Ÿ° ŸC≤‡∫ S°, oŸJu¡ ˚≥b≤°u* J¡° y°fi° N≈¥bÕ S°, ∫F yC≥ı°≤J¡≤ ≤FÙ* ˚≥b¿≤∫°u* Ÿu Δ∫°›w ≈C‹≈≤°<„ Ju¡
t^±>≈°u* Ÿu ≈¿≤≈¥dÕ S°, ª∏B<J¡≤d≤°<„ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ª°≤°u* N°u≤ Ÿu J¡°utÔ k¥¡ÔR¡≈Ù H¥Ô°u* tu* Ìub°ayfi°Î≥
N°æ≤ <Ÿ]°ayfi°Î≥ ∫F°≥ H¥>Ô° H¥>ÔwÙ SÙ* $$32-34$$ oŸ bfi J¡° ≈®Ã∫uJ¡ ˚°y F°≤Ùw, FaŸ, w°uwu,
J¡°u<J¡Ô, ªJ®¡b°J¡, Ÿ°≤Ÿ N°æ≤ y°æ¿≤∫° Ju¡ HC^±>°u* Ÿu ˚≤° ≤Fw° S° $ ˚u”^±>, y°æ¿≤∫°, wÙ<w≤, ≤°i>°,
t∫¥≤, fyCÔ° N°<Ì π°≤° J¡∑ yoÕ <b<b@ J®¡∑n°N°u* Ÿu ≤tdÙ∫ S° $ ∫F°≥ ≈≤ J¡Ì‡fb¨swÔ<fib°<ŸfiÙ
ZÙŸ≤_bwÙ ÌubÙıÙ Ju¡ ª≤dJ¡tÔ°u* tu* y∏@bÕ, ∫s, Ìubw° N°æ≤ <Ÿ] N≈fiu tCJC¡¸>°u* J¡°u ≤ynwu Su
(≈®d°t J¡≤wu Su) $ ∫F bfi ŸCy∏@ b°∫C J¡° N°b°Ÿ S°, NwÎb oŸJu¡ ŸCbÕd Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ≤tdÙ∫
ª‡≈J¡°u* Ÿu <Ÿw°≤°u* N°æ≤ tu|°u* fiu ŸCy∏@ y®Fd J¡∑ $ t∏Ì b°∫C Ÿu N≈fiu _S°fi Ÿu F¸>fiub°Ôu ≈vÔb°u*
Ÿu ∫C•w ~>°u¸>Ù-~>°u¸>Ù fibÙfi Ôw°N°u* Ju¡ <b_w°≤°u* Ÿu <~>≈u FCÎ <fiJCa¡ı°u* tu* Ÿ¥∫Õ J¡∑ ≤¿ÿt∫°u* Ju¡ fi
≈FC≥ªfiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ∫F bfi ©¥f ™>^±>° ≤Fw° S° $ J¡Ì‡f, J¡fiu≤, fi°¿≤∫Ô, w°n N°æ≤ wt°Ô Ju¡ b¨s°u*
J¡∑ oŸtu* owfiÙ N<@J¡w° SÙ <J¡ fiJu¡ k¥¡Ô°u* Ju¡ J¡d°u* Ÿu ∫F Ÿ°≤° bfi ≈ÙÔ° ≤Fw° S° $ oŸtu* ≤•w
J¡tÔ°u* Ÿu <tÔu FCÎ JC¡o˘ N°æ≤ J¡tÔ°u* Ÿu ≈¥dÕ w°Ô°f tu* FaŸ ªJ¡°u≤ N°<Ì ıÔª≤ ≈<s∫°u* Ju¡ HC^±>°u*
Ju¡ Ÿ°S N≈fiÙ t_w ª°Ô Ÿu ªÔwu Su wS° w°ÔÙŸ, yCÀyCÔ, ª∏Ìfi, <fi‡f N°<Ì b¨s°u* Ju¡ N∏Ì≤
<bF°≤ J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ (≤Ffiub°ÔÙ) fnÙ <b<ª` ŸbÕ N<˚Ô°T° ≈¥dÕ J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ „<•w SÙ $$35-38$$
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ Wt bfi tu* ˚yb°fi „aJ¡≤ıÙ J¡∑ N@°˘<yfiÙ ıyÌ‡f° ˚ybwÙ y°æ≤Ù <J¡ŸÙ J¡°≤d
Ÿu ˚yb°fig ZÙ <„bıÙ Ju¡ t_wJ¡ ≈≤ <b≤°ıt°fi „<„J¡Ô°-ŸÙ tfi°uF≤ ≈®Ÿ∏fi ª∏B<f‡fbÌfi°
J¡Ì‡f Ÿ≤_bwÙ ffiJ¡≤ <ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡ ≤FÙ* $ fiJ¡° ≤Ffi° FÙ ofi bfi J¡∑ NÔ°æ<J¡J¡ Ÿ‡≈Ì°N°u* J¡°
J¡°≤d S° $$39$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ o•∫°ŸÙb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ f∫°ŸÙb°≥ ŸyÕ
J¡Ì‡f b¨s Ju¡ fiÙªu ¿_Sw w≈_bÙ π°≤° |≤ tua ŸJu¡ ˚°oÕ∫°u* J¡° Ÿt°yt N°æ≤
b≤ wS° „°≈°u* J¡∑ FuwC<Ÿ<] J¡° bdÕfi $
b¨] w≈_bÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu Ÿ≠ıfi°u*, ˚ybwÙ y°æ≤Ù ŸÙ oŸ J¡Ì‡f tu* N≈fiÙ oh~>° Ÿu ÌŸ bTÕ
fæ™>J¡≤ <„bıÙ Ju¡ b°t˚°yR¡≈ t¿∏Ì≤ J¡°u ªÔÙ yoÕ $$1$$ fiJu¡ _≈„ÕR¡≈Ù Nt¨w Ÿu ŸÙ*ª° y∫° ∫F
J¡Ì‡fb¨sR¡≈Ù ÌubÙ≈C` y°uÌ tu* fæ™>° F…N°-Ÿ° F°u, J¡˚Ù ≈C≤°fi° fiFÙ* F°uw° $ ŸJu¡ Nfi∏w≤ ˚ybwÙ
ZÙy°æ≤Ù Ju¡ ªÔu ı°fiu Ju¡ f°Ì Ÿ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡∑ <b˚¥<wb°Ô° bF tF°bfi Ÿ°@°≤d bfi°u* J¡∑ w≤F
ıfiŸ°@°≤d J¡° |°Ÿ, ÔJ¡nÙ, k¡Ô-k¥¡Ô N°<Ì N°F≤d Ÿu ıÙ<bJ¡° J¡° Ÿ°@fi ffi y∫° $ t°Ôb
fi°t J¡° ≈®<Ÿ] Ìu„ Fæ $ Ÿtu* tæ* ≤°ı° S° $ <J¡ŸÙ Ÿt∫ ≤°≠∫ J¡° ≈¿≤Ã∫°y J¡≤ tC<fi∫°u* Ju¡ N°Zt°u*
tu |¥tw° |¥tw° tæ* oŸ ≈®Ìu„ tu* N° ≈FC≥ª° $ ∫F°≥ ≈≤ N°Ztb°<Ÿ∫°u* J¡° N°Ì≤ ŸÃJ¡°≤ ≈°J¡≤ oŸ
J¡Ì‡f Ju¡ ≈un Ju¡ fiÙªu Ÿt°<@ Ôy° J¡≤ fæ™> y∫° $ oŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°w JC¡~> Ÿt∫ fÙwfiu ≈≤ N°≈ N≈fiu
Ÿ°w ˚°oÕ∫°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S w≈_∫° J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈FÔu oŸ N°Zt tu* N°∫u $ bu N°™> w≈_bÙ Ÿ Ÿt∫
Ÿ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ w≈_bÙ ffiJ¡≤ ∫F°≥ ≤Fu <ıŸ ≈®J¡°≤ N∏∫ ı°u w≈_bÙ Ÿ Ÿt∫ Su fiJu¡ ˚Ù Ÿat°∏∫
(≈¥≠∫) bu F°u y∫u $ wÌ…≈≤°∏w JC¡~> J¡°Ô Ju¡ Nfi∏w≤ fitu* Ÿu ∫F N°≈ w≈_∫° Ju¡ <ÔÎ ZÙ≈bÕw J¡°u
ªÔu y∫u, ÌqŸ≤° ˚°oÕ _b°tÙ J¡°<wÕJu¡∫ Ju¡ ŸtÙ≈ J®¡°æ*ª≈bÕw J¡°u y∫°, wÙŸ≤° ˚°oÕ J¡°„Ù J¡°u y∫° N°æ≤
ª°æS° <Ft°Ô∫ J¡°u y∫° $ Nb<„‹¸> ª°≤ @¨<wt°fig ˚°o∫°u* fiu ∫FÙ* ≈≤ ≈≤t w≈_∫° J¡∑ $ fitu* Ÿu
ŸfJ¡∑ ÎJ¡t°` ∫FÙ N<˚Ô°T° SÙ <J¡ tæ* Ÿt_w πÙ≈b°ÔÙ oŸ ≈¨<SbÙ J¡° N<@≈<w F°u«≥¡ $ oŸJu¡
≈ÿª°wg w≈_∫° Ÿu Ÿ∏wC‹¸> F…Î o‹¸> Ìubw°N°u* fiu Zu‹™>wt b≤°u* Ÿu fi Ÿ˚Ù J¡∑ bF N<˚Ô°T° ≈¥dÕ
J¡∑ $ wÌfi∏w≤ N°≈J¡°u w≈_∫° J¡≤wu ~>°unJ¡≤ „uT Ÿf ˚°oÕ ıæŸu @tÕ≈®@°fi J¨¡w∫Cy J¡° ˚¥<t tu*
≈˚°uy J¡≤ ŸJu¡ N∏w tu* f®Ê° f®ÊÔ°uJ¡ J¡°u ı°wu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ N≈fiu |≤ ªÔu y∫u $ Wt b≤Ì°fi
Ju¡ Ÿt∫ N°≈Ju¡ fi ˚°o∫°u* fiu b≤ Ìufiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ wæ∫°≤ N≈fiÙ o‹¸>Ìu<b∫°u* J¡∑ ≈®∫Ãfiw# ∫F ≈®°SÕfi°
J¡∑ $$2-13$$ Fu Ìu<b, Ft°≤Ù Ÿ›wπÙ≈uÿb≤w° J¡∑ ¿_S<w Ju¡ Ÿt∫ ≈®ı°˚¥w Ÿf Ô°uy H¥™>u Δ∫bF°≤
J¡° ≈¿≤Ã∫°y J¡≤ Ìu* ∫°fiÙ Ÿhªu ≤Fu*, ∫u Ÿf N°Ztb°ŸÙ Ô°uy ˚Ù _b_b@tÕ<fi≤w ≤Fu* wS° Ÿ˚Ù
Ÿ›wπÙ≈ <fib°ŸÙ N≈fiu N≈fiu N°Zt@tÕ N°æ≤ bdÕ@tÕ tu* ≤w ≤Fu* $$14$$ bF ˚ybwÙ o‹¸>ÌubÙ fiJu¡
o<h~>w NSÕ J¡°u, N°Ì≤≈¥bÕJ¡ _bÙJ¡°≤ J¡≤ wS° fiŸu "Îbt_wC' J¡FJ¡≤ N∏w@°Õfi J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u
y∫Ù $$15$$ wÌ…≈≤°∏w bu N≈fiu |≤ y∫u $ fiJu¡ ≈Ù~>u Ÿ˚Ù N°Ztb°ŸÙ ˚Ù y∫u, Ju¡bÔ ÎJ¡ tæ* fiFÙ*
y∫° $ tæ* NJu¡Ôu ÎJ¡°∏w tu* b°yÙÿb≤Ù J¡Ì‡f Ju¡ fiÙªu ÎJ¡t°` º∫°fi tu* <ªW Ôy°J¡≤ <„Ô° J¡∑ fi°o˘
ŸyÕ - 182] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2473
fæ™>° ≤Fw° Fq≥ $$16,17$$ oŸJu¡ f°Ì oŸ M¡wC,ŸabÃŸ≤ N°<ÌR¡≈ Ÿt∫ Ju¡ fÙwfiu ≈≤ N°Ÿ≈°Ÿ tu*
≤Ffiub°Ôu Ô°uy°u* fiu Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ bfi <~>∏fi-<˚∏fi J¡≤ ±>°Ô° $$18$$ J¡˚Ù fi tC≤H°fiub°Ôu oŸ J¡Ì‡f b¨s
J¡°u, oŸu b°yÙÿb≤Ù J¡° t¿∏Ì≤ ŸtHJ¡≤, Ô°uy ©¥f ≈¥ıwu Fæ* $ ÎJ¡t°` Ÿt°<@ tu* tÀfi ≤Ffiub°Ôu tCHu
˚Ù ©¥f ≈¥ıwu Fæ* $$19$$ oŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°wg w°u N°≈ Ì°ufi°u* tF°w≈_bÙ oŸ ≈®Ìu„ tu* N°∫u $ ∫F Ÿf º∫°fi
Ÿu Ìu©° y∫° Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ b¨W°∏w tæ*fiu ŸJ¡Ô R¡≈ Ÿu N°≈ Ô°uy°u* Ÿu J¡F° $$20$$ oŸ<ÔÎ Fu Ÿ°@C≈C”T°u*,
∫F°≥ N°∫u F…Î N°≈ Ô°uy ™>J¡≤ |≤ ı°∫u* $ bF°≥ N°≈Ju¡ Ÿf ˚°o∫°u* J¡° ˜Ù-f∏@CN°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S
Ÿt°yt F°u ªCJ¡° Fæ $ ıæŸu f®ÊÔ°uJ¡ tu* (ÌubÔ°uJ¡ tu*) N°™> bŸCN°u* J¡° ˚Δ∫ Ÿt°yt F…N° bæŸu FÙ
N≈fiu |≤ ≈≤ N°≈ N°™>°u* tF°Ãt°N°u* J¡° ˚Δ∫ Ÿt°yt F°uy° $$21,22$$ Fu N°∫Õ Ÿ˚°ŸÌ°u*, ŸJu¡
∫F J¡Ffiu ≈≤ tæ*fiu Ÿ∏ÌuF Ÿu Ÿ tF°w≈_bÙ Ÿu ∫F N°ÿª∫Õ b¨W°∏w ≈¥~>°, Ÿu tæ* N°≈ Ô°uy°u* Ÿu
J¡Fw° Fq≥ # ˚ybfig, ŸCfifiu tu* N°w° Fæ <J¡ ∫F ÎJ¡ FÙ Ÿ›wπÙ≈° ˚¥<t Fæ $ ÎuŸÙ Nb_S° tu* wCv∫J¡°Ô
tu N°™>°u* Ÿ›wπÙ≈° bŸCtwÙ Ju¡ N<@≈<w Jæ¡Ÿu F°u*yu ? $$23,24$$ J¡Ì‡fw≈_bÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu Ÿ≠ıfi°u*,
ofi Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ Ÿ‡f∏@ tu* ∫FÙ Ju¡bÔ NŸaf] b¨W°∏w Fæ ∫F f°w fiFÙ* Fæ ∫F ÌqŸ≤° b¨W ˚Ù N<@J¡
NŸaf] tæ* J¡Fw° Fq≥, Ÿu N°≈ Ô°uy tCHŸu ŸCfiu* $$25$$ ∫u N°™> w≈_bÙ ˚°oÕ ÌuF-fi°„ F°ufiu ≈≤ bF°≥
|≤ Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ FÙ Ÿf Ÿ›wπÙ≈ Ju¡ N<@≈<w F°u*yu $$26$$ ∫u N°™> ˚°oÕ o∏FÙ* |≤°u* tu* o∏FÙ* tF°<Ÿ*F°Ÿfi°u*
≈≤ Ÿ›wπÙ≈°<@≈<w ≤°ı° F°u*yu ∫F tCHŸu ŸC<fi∫u $$27$$ ofi N°™> ˚°oÕ∫°u* J¡∑ ≈¥bÕ N°<Ì <Ì„°N°u*
J¡∑ <fi∫w N°™> w°≤°N°u* J¡∑ w≤F N°™> ÿÔ°|fiÙ∫ ˚°∫°ÕÎ≥ Fæ* $$28$$ bu N°™>°u* ≈<Ãfi∫°≥ ofiJu¡ w≈_∫°
Ju¡ <ÔÎ ªÔu ı°fiu ≈≤ <ª≤J¡°ÔwJ¡ N<w Ì…#©Ù ≤FÙ*, •∫°u*<J¡ <˜∫°u* J¡°u <b∫°uy NŸfl F°uw° FÙ
Fæ $$29$$ ≈<w∫°u* J¡° f°≤ f°≤ _t≤d F°ufiu ≈≤ Ì…#©Ù F°uJ¡≤ ∏F°u*fiu „wª°∏B°∫d R¡≈ |°u≤ w≈
<J¡∫° $ ŸŸu ˚ybwÙ ≈°bÕwÙ fiJu¡ «¡≈≤ ≈®Ÿ∏fi F…oÕ $ N∏w#≈C≤y¨F tu* ≈¥ı° Ju¡ Ÿt∫ NÂÿ∫ F°uJ¡≤
˚ybwÙ ≈°bÕwÙıÙ fiŸu NÔy NÔy f°uÔÙ* $$30,31$$ ÌubÙıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ≈C<`, ıæŸu ytÙÕ Ÿu taı≤Ù
(f°æ≤) <ª≤J¡°ÔwJ¡ •Ôu„ ≈°wÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ ÌÙ|Õ w≈_∫° Ÿu wCtfiu •Ôu„ ≈°∫° Fæ Nf wCt ≈<w Ju¡
<ÔÎ N°æ≤ N≈fiu <ÔÎ b≤Ì°fi Ô°u $ ÌubÙ J¡° •w bªfi ŸCfiJ¡≤ ÌubÙ Ju¡ ª≤d°u* tu* ≈C‹≈°aı<Ô N<≈Õw
J¡≤ t¨Ì…˚°<TdÙ Ÿ°æ˚°À∫bwÙ b@¥fiu t°≤u N°fi∏Ì Ju¡ <bàÔ F°uJ¡≤ N≈fiÙ b°Ÿfi° Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ ˚ybwÙ
J¡∑ _wC<w J¡≤wu F…Î ıæŸu N°J¡°„ tu* ¿_Sw tu|t°Ô° Ÿu t∫¥≤Ù f°uÔwÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ N°J¡°„ tu* ¿_Sw
ÌubÙ Ÿu J¡F° $$32-34$$ ŸCb°<ŸfiÙ fiu (Ÿ°æ˚°À∫bwÙ fiu) J¡F° # Fu Ìu<b, ÌubÌub ˚yb°fig ZÙ <„bıÙ
Ju¡ Ÿ°S ıæŸ° N°≈J¡° ≈®ut Fæ bæŸ° FÙ ≈<wÌub Ju¡ Ÿ°S tu≤° ≈®ut F°u N°æ≤ tu≤u bu ≈<wÌub Nt≤ F°u* $
ÌubÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚Bu, N°<Ì Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ÿu ÔuJ¡≤ ªÔÙ F…oÕ oÕÿb≤°I°R¡≈ <fi∫<w J¡° ˚ay J¡≤fi° Ÿa˚b fi F°ufiu
Ju¡ J¡°≤d w≈_∫°, Ì°fi N°<Ì π°≤° Nt≤w° ≈®°›w fiFÙ* J¡∑ ı° ŸJ¡wÙ, oŸ<ÔÎ Fu ŸCb®wu, wCt ÌqŸ≤°
J¡°uoÕ b≤ t°≥y°u $$35,36$$ ŸCb°<ŸfiÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu Ìu<b, tu≤u <ÔÎ ∫F b≤ NÔU∫ Fæ w°u ıf N≈fiu
|≤ tu* tu≤u ≈<w J¡° ÌuF≈°w F°u w°u tu≤u t¨w ≈<w J¡° ıÙb |≤ Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ Ÿu ÎJ¡ sd Ju¡ <ÔÎ ˚Ù f°F≤
fi ı°∫ $ Fu N¿‡fJu¡, "∫F F°u' ÎuŸ° b≤ tCHu ÌÙ<ı∫u $$37,38$$ ÌubÙıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ≈C<`, ÎuŸ° FÙ
F°u, (Ÿ t¥©°Õ J¡°u Wt b≤ ∫°ªfi° tu* NJC¡„Ô Ìu©J¡≤ ÌubÙ _b∫a ÌqŸ≤° b≤ ÌuwÙ Fæ*) N°æ≤ ≈<w
J¡° ÌuF°∏w F°ufiu ≈≤ Ÿ›wπÙ≈°<@≈Ã∫ tu* ¿_Sw F°ufiu ≈≤ wCt ŸJ¡∑ <≈®∫ ˚°∫°Õ F°uN°uyÙ oŸtu* w<fiJ¡
˚Ù Ÿ∏ÌuF fiFÙ* Fæ $$39$$ ıæŸu Ô°uJ¡-J¡v∫°d Ju¡ <ÔÎ <fiÌ°uÕTR¡≈ Ÿu Ωw F…oÕ tu|t°Ô° J¡∑ ºb<fi
f∏Ì F°uwÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ Wt J¡v∫°d Ju¡ <ÔÎ Ωw F…oÕ ˚ybwÙ ≈°bÕwÙıÙ J¡∑ b°dÙ ∫F J¡FJ¡≤ <b≤w
F…oÕ $ ZÙÌubÙ Ju¡ ªÔu ı°fiu ≈≤ JC¡~> Ÿt∫ Ju¡ ≈ÿª°wg fiJu¡ bu Ÿf ≈<w tF°b≤ ≈®°›w <Ì„°N°u* Ÿu
b°≈Ÿ N°∫u $ N°ı ∫F (N°™>b°≥ ˚°oÕ) ≈<w ˚Ù N≈fiÙ ≈ÃfiÙ Ju¡ ŸtÙ≈ ı°∫, ˚°oÕ∫°u* N°æ≤ f∏@Cf°∏@b°u*
J¡° N°≈Ÿ tu* Ÿt°yt F°u $$40-42$$ Fu Ÿ°@°u, ŸÃJ¡t°u˘ Ju¡ k¡Ô°u* tu* f°@° ±>°Ôfiub°ÔÙ ofiJ¡∑ ∫F
ÌqŸ≤Ù NŸtaıŸ≈¥dÕ N°ÿª∫ÕJ¡°≤Ù Ì…|Õ¸>fi° N°≈ ŸC<fi∫u $$43$$ ofi N°™>°u* ˚°o∫°u* Ju¡ w≈ J¡≤wu Ÿt∫
ofiJu¡ Ì…#©Ù t°w°-<≈w° ofiJ¡∑ fF¥N°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S wÙSÕ N°æ≤ tC<fi∫°u* Ju¡ w≈°ubfi°u* Ju¡ Ì„Õfi Ju¡ <ÔÎ
y∫u $$44$$ bu „≤Ù≤ ŸC© J¡∑ J¡°uoÕ ≈≤b°F fi J¡≤ N≈fiu ≈C`°u* J¡∑ J¡v∫°dJ¡°tfi° Ÿu ≈®<Ÿ] J¡Ô°≈y®°t
fi°tJ¡ wÙSÕ J¡°u ı°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈®∫Ãfib°fig F…Î $$45$$ ıf bu N≈fiu |≤ Ÿu ≤b°fi° F…Î w°u tC<fi∫°u* Ju¡
N°Zt°u* Ju¡ t°yÕ tu* ÎJ¡ Ÿku¡Ì (b¨]) ≈C”T ∏Fu* ÌÙ© ≈n° $ ŸJ¡° ≤ay J¡<≈Ô (J¡°uFnu Ju¡ Ÿt°fi
Ô°ÔÙ <Ô∫u ≈ÙÔ°) S°, J¡Ì fi°¸>° S°, „≤Ù≤ ≈≤ ˚_t ≤tÙ SÙ N°æ≤ <Ÿ≤ Ju¡ f°Ô ©nu Su $ bu N°™>°u*
˚°o∫°u* Ju¡ t°w°-<≈w° ∫F J¡°uoÕ f¥»° ≈<SJ¡ F°uy°, oŸ N°„aJ¡° Ÿu Ÿ tC<fi J¡° N≈t°fi J¡≤
(fit_J¡°≤, ≈¥ı°, _wC<w N°¿Ì N°Ì≤ fi J¡≤) ≈®Ã∫Cw ytfiÃb≤° Ÿu ŸJu¡ «¡≈≤ @¥<ÔJ¡d°u* J¡° ≈®su≈
J¡≤wu F…Î ıf N°yu f»u wf •w N≈≤°@ Ÿu J®C¡] F…Î Ÿ tC<fi fiu J¡F° # Fu fF¥Ÿ<Fw tF°t¥©Õ, ˜Ù
Ju¡ Ÿ°S wÙS°Õ<˚Ô°TÙ F°uJ¡≤ tCH Ì…b°ÕŸ° M¡<T J¡° N≈t°fi J¡≤ tCHu fit_J¡°≤ N°<Ì <J¡∫u <ffi°
ı°w° Fæ ? $$46-48$$ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ı° ≤Fu wC‡F°≤u fF¥N°u* N°æ≤ ≈C`°u* J¡∑ w≈_∫° Ÿu ≈°<ıÕw ≈®°›w
F…Î tF°b≤ <b≈≤Ùw (Ì…#©Ì°∫Ù) F°u ı°∫u*yu $$49$$ oŸJu¡ f°Ì Ì…b°ÕŸ° tC<fi Ju¡ ∫F J¡Ffiu Ju¡ Nfi∏w≤
˜Ù N°æ≤ fF¥N°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S bF tC<fi J¡° ≈®d°t N°<Ì π°≤° N°Ì≤ J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≠∫°u* ≈®b¨W F…N° Ã∫°u*
FÙ tC<fi N∏w<FÕw F°u y∫u $ <k¡≤ fiJu¡ t°w°-<≈w° fiJ¡∑ fF¥N°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S N<w Ì…#©Ù F…Î $ Ì…#©
Ju¡ t°≤u fiJ¡° „≤Ù≤ Ÿ¥©J¡≤ J¨¡„ F°u y∫° N°æ≤ tC≥F k¡∑J¡° ≈n y∫°, bu ≈C`°u* Ju¡ J¡v∫°d J¡∑ N°„°
~>°unJ¡≤ |≤ Ô°æ¸> N°∫u $ oŸ<ÔÎ tæ* J¡Fw° Fq≥ <J¡ fiJ¡° ÎJ¡ FÙ b¨W°∏w NŸtaıŸ (ÌC<b@°) fiFÙ*
Fæ, N<≈wC ıæŸu yÔu tu* F…Î |u|u (yÔ° Ÿ¥©fiu J¡° ÎJ¡ ≤°uy) ≈≤ NfiuJ¡ k¡°unu F°u* N°æ≤ bu k¥¡¸> ı°∫ bæŸu
FÙ fiJu¡ Ô°©°u* NŸtaıŸ Fæ* $$50-52$$
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ N∏∫` ˚Ù (oŸ t°∫°t∫ ıywg tu* ˚Ù) Ô°©°u* NŸtaıŸ°u* J¡° Ÿa˚b Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu N°J¡°„ tu* Ã≈°wb„ y∏@bÕfiy≤, @¥tJu¡wC, J¡f∏@, vJ¡° N°<Ì Âÿ∫°u* J¡° <bJ¡°Ÿ F°uw° Fæ
bæŸu FÙ <ªÌ°J¡°„ Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈˚¥w ŸbÕS°„¥∏∫ Âÿ∫R¡≈ oŸ tF°fiy≤ tu* Ô°©°u* NŸtaıŸ F°uwu Fæ* $$53$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ f∫°ŸÙb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ <w≤°ŸÙb°≥ ŸyÕ
≈≤_≈≤ <b”] b≤ N°æ≤ „°≈°u* tu* Ÿu Ÿ°≤b°fi°u* J¡° ZÙ f®Ê°ıÙ Ju¡ bªfi Ÿu ≈≤_≈≤ N<bı∫ J¡° <fiR¡≈d $
JC¡∏ÌÌ∏w fiu J¡F° # Fu N°∫Õ Ÿ˚°ŸÌ°u*, wÌfi∏w≤ bF°≥ ≈≤ tæ*fiu Ÿ y°æ≤Ù N°Zt Ju¡ w≈_bÙ Ÿu,
<ıŸJu¡ f°Ô fC»°≈u Ju¡ J¡°≤d @¥≈ Ÿu Ÿ¥©u F…Î JC¡„°u* Ju¡ Ny®˚°y Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ııÕ≤ Su, ≈¥~>° # ˚ybfig, ıF°≥
ÎJ¡ FÙ Ÿ›wπÙ≈b°ÔÙ ≈¨<SbÙ Fæ bF°≥ bu N°™> Wt Ÿ›wπÙ≈°<@≈<w Jæ¡Ÿu F°u ŸJ¡wu Fæ* ? <ıŸ ıÙb J¡°
ŸyÕ - 183] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2475
|≤ Ÿu f°F≤ <fiJ¡Ôfi° FÙ Ÿa˚b fiFÙ* Fæ bF Ÿ›wπÙ≈°<@ÿb≤R¡≈ Ÿu <Ì<Àbı∫ Jæ¡Ÿu J¡≤ ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? <ıŸ
b≤Ì°w°N°u* fiu b≤ <Ì∫u bu b≤ „°≈°u* Ÿu <b≈≤Ùw k¡ÔÌ°∫J¡w° J¡°u Jæ¡Ÿu ≈®°›w F°u ŸJ¡wu Fæ*, „ÙwÔ ~>°∫°
y®Ù‹t J¡∑ @¥≈ Jæ¡Ÿu ffi ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ ? $$1-4$$
ÎJ¡ FÙ k¡Ô b≤ N°æ≤ „°≈ Ì°ufi°u* J¡° k¡Ô F°u ∫F J¡<™>fi FÙ fiFÙ* NŸa˚b Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
b≤ N°æ≤ „°≈ J¡∑ k¡Ôw°b°Ôu „C˚Ãb N°æ≤ N„C˚Ãb @tÕ ÎJ¡ FÙ @tÙÕ tu* ¿_S<w J¡°u, ı°u Ÿa˚b fiFÙ*
Fæ, Jæ¡Ÿu ≈®°›w F°uwu Fæ* ?
„aJ¡° # ∫Ω<≈ bu ÎJ¡ @tÙÕ Ju¡ N°<Zw fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wu wS°<≈ ≈≤_≈≤°<Zw w°u F°u ŸJ¡wu Fæ* $
Ÿt°@°fi # N°@°≤ FÙ N≈fiu tu* N°@u∫w° Jæ¡Ÿu J¡≤ ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? ÎJ¡ FÙ J¡° N≈fiu tu* N°@°≤N°@u∫˚°b
J¡° Ÿa˚b fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$5$$ y°æ≤Ù-N°Zt Ju¡ w≈_bÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu Ÿ°@°u, ofiJ¡° •∫° NŸtaıŸ
Ìu©wu F°u $ oŸJu¡ f°Ì ofiJ¡∑ ı°u |¸>fi° |¸>uyÙ Ÿu ŸCfi°u $ ŸÙŸu wC‡F°≤u Ÿ∏ÌuF J¡° Ÿt°@°fi F°u
ı°∫uy° $ N°ı Ju¡ <Ìfi Ÿu N°™>bu* oŸÙ <Ìfi Ju¡ ≈®°›w F°ufiu ≈≤ N°≈ Ì°ufi°u* Ô°uy N≈fiu f∏@C-f∏@b°u* Ÿu ≈¥dÕ
Ÿ tSC≤° ≈®Ìu„ tu* ≈F…≥ªu*yu $ tSC≤°≈®Ìu„ tu* ≈F…≥ªJ¡≤ JC¡~> J¡°Ô wJ¡ N≈fiu f∏@Cf°∏@b°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S
ŸC©¿_S<wb°Ôu N°≈ Ô°uy ŸC© Ÿu ≤Fu*yu $$6,7$$ wÌ…≈≤°∏w J®¡t„# bu N°™>°u* ˚°oÕ |≤ ≈≤ t≤u*yu $ wf
fiJu¡ f∏@C f°∏@b fiJu¡ „≤Ù≤°u* J¡°u fiJu¡ π°≤° N°Fw N<Àfi∫°u* tu* Ì°F Ÿu Ÿa_J¨¡w J¡≤u*yu $$8$$ ≈¨SJg¡
≈¨SJg¡ ¿_Sw fiJu¡ bu ıÙb ın°u* J¡∑ fi°o˘ tCFqwÕ˚≤ ŸCTC<›w tu* ¿_Sw ≤Fu*yu $$9$$
J¡t°u˘ Ju¡ <b≤°u@ J¡° ≈¿≤F°≤ J¡Ffiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈J®¡t J¡≤wu Fæ* $
oŸÙ fÙª tu* fiJu¡ bu b≤„°≈R¡≈ J¡tÕ k¡Ô°u* Ju¡ Nbÿ∫‡˚°bÙ _b˚°b Ÿu ÎJ¡ ıyF N°J¡°„ tu* (wwg
wwg <ªWNb¿h~>∏fi N°J¡°„ tu*) Ÿa|<¸>w F°u*yu $ bu J¡tÕ wwg wwg k¡Ô≈®Ì Ìubw°R¡≈ F°uJ¡≤ N≈fiu N≈fiu
NfiCJ¥¡Ô Ÿt¥F°u* Ÿu |<¸>w Ÿa≈Ç> NÔy NÔy ffi°∫u*yu $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿa≈Ç>R¡≈ F…Î b≤ N°æ≤ „°≈ NÔy-
NÔy b≤-„°≈-„≤Ù≤°u* J¡° <fit°Õd J¡≤u*yu $$10,11$$
b≤ N°æ≤ „°≈°u* J¡° _bR¡≈ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
∫F°≥ ≈≤ bu b≤ ŸC∏Ì≤, J¡tÔ F°S tu* <Ô∫u F…Î, f®ÊÌ^±>R¡≈Ù N˜ Ÿu <b˚¥<Tw, ª∏Bt° Ju¡ Ÿt°fi
„C˚® „≤Ù≤b°Ôu N°æ≤ bu ªwC˚CÕı F°u*yu $$12$$ bF°≥ „°≈ wÙfi fiu`b°Ôu, „¥ÔF°S tu* <Ô∫u F…Î, ˚∫°fiJ¡, J¡°Ôu
f°ÌÔ Ÿu „≤Ù≤b°Ôu, Ì°u F°S°u* Ÿu ∫C•w N°æ≤ tC≥F ≈≤ ˚°æ*F ª»°∫u F…Î F°u*yu $$13$$ bF J¡Fu*yu # Fu „°≈°ua, N°≈
Ô°uy Ìq≤ ˚°y ı°N°u $ ∫F M¡wCN°u* J¡∑ w≤F Ft Ô°uy°u* J¡° Ÿt∫ ≈¿_Sw Fæ $ ŸJ¡° J¡°æfi vÔa|fi J¡≤
ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? $$14$$ „°≈ J¡Fu*yu # Fu b≤°u*, N°≈ Ô°uy Ìq≤ ªÔu ı°N°u $ M¡wCN°u* J¡∑ w≤F Ft°≤° Ÿt∫ N°
y∫° Fæ Ÿu vÔa|fi J¡≤fiu J¡∑ <J¡Ÿtu* Ÿ°tØ∫Õ Fæ ? $$15$$ b≤ J¡Fu*yu # N°≈ Ô°uy°u* J¡° <fit°Õd tC<fiıÙ
fiu (Ì…b°ÕŸ°) <J¡∫° Fæ N°æ≤ Ft°≤Ù ≤ªfi° Ÿ¥∫Õ fiu J¡∑ Fæ $ ˚yb°fig Ÿ¥∫Õ tC<fi∫°u* J¡∑ N≈us° Zu‹™> Fæ*, •∫°u*<J¡
≈FÔu f®Ê° fiu ˚yb°fi Ÿ¥∫Õ J¡∑ tC<fi∫°u* Ÿu Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡∑ $$16$$ b≤°u* Ju¡ ÎuŸ° J¡Ffiu ≈≤ J®¡°u@ Ÿu HC≥HÔ°∫u F…Î
„°≈°u* fiu, "N°≈ Ô°uy°u* J¡∑ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ÿ¥∫Õ fiu J¡∑ N°æ≤ Ft ”B°a„ Ÿu ffi°∫u y∫u Fæ* $ Ìubw°N°u* tu* ”B ŸbÕZu‹™>
Fæ* N°æ≤ tC<fi (Ì…b°ÕŸ°) ”B°a„ Ÿu Ã≈∏fi Fæ*' ∫°u* b≤°u* Ÿu J¡FJ¡≤ ıæŸu ≈bÕw <„©≤°u* J¡°u Ωw J¡≤wu Fæ* bæŸu
FÙ b≤°u* Ju¡ ≈®<w <`„¥Ô°y® ™>°∫u*yu $$17,18$$ „°≈R¡≈Ù „`C Ju¡ <`„¥Ô ™>°fiu ≈≤ fiJ¡° ≈F°Ÿ J¡≤ ≤Fu
bu Ÿ‡∫Jg¡ <bª°≤ π°≤° <fi¿ÿªw N≈fiu _b°SÕ J¡° <fiÿª∫ J¡Fu*yu $$19$$ Fu „°≈°u*, Ì…‹¸>w° (NfiC<ªwJ¡°¿≤w°)
J¡° Ã∫°yJ¡≤ J¡°∫Õ J¡° N∏w <bª°≤°u $ J¡ÔF Ju¡ N∏w tu* ı°u JC¡~> J¡≤fi° Fæ bFÙ ≈FÔu J¡≤ Ôufi° ª<F∫u ∫F
<bª°≤ Ôufi° ™>ÙJ¡ Fæ $ J¡ÔF Ju¡ N∏w tu* f®ÊÔ°uJ¡ tu* ı°J¡≤ Ftu* <fidÕ∫ J¡≤fi° FÙ ≈nuy° oŸ Hynu tu* bFÙ
f°w ≈FÔu •∫°u* fi J¡≤ ÔÙ ı°∫ $$20,21$$ „°≈°u* fiu b≤°u* J¡° bªfi ŸCfiJ¡≤ "fF…w Nh~>Ù f°w Fæ' ∫°u* fiJ¡∑
ŸÔ°F t°fi ÔÙ $ ª°Fu t¥» FÙ •∫°u* fi F°u, ∫C<•w∫C•w bªfi J¡°æfi fi t°fiuy° ? $$22$$ wÌfi∏w≤ „°≈ b≤°u*
Ju¡ Ÿ°S f®ÊÔ°uJ¡ tu* ı°∫u*yu $ ŸÌ° FÙ Ÿ∏ÌuF J¡∑ <fib¨<W J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ tF°fiC˚°b Ô°uy FÙ „≤d F°uwu
Fæ* $$23$$ bu f®Ê°ıÙ J¡°u ≈®d°t J¡≤ N°≈Ÿ tu* ı°u wJ¡≤°≤ F…oÕ SÙ Ÿu Ÿf ≠∫°u*-J¡∑-Ã∫°u* J¡Fu*yu $ fiJ¡°
J¡Sfi ŸCfiJ¡≤ f®Ê°ıÙ J¡Fu*yu $$24$$ f®Ê°ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu b≤°<@≈°u* N°æ≤ „°≈°<@≈°u*, ı°u N∏w# Ÿ°≤b°fi
Fæ* bu ıÙwu*yu oŸ<ÔÎ N°≈ Ô°uy N°≈Ÿ tu J¡°æfi N∏w#Ÿ°≤b°fig Fæ* ∫F _b∫a Nbÿ∫ N∏buTd J¡≤u* $ ∫F ŸCfiJ¡≤
b≤°u* Ju¡ ⁄Ì∫°u* tu* „°≈ N°æ≤ „°≈°u* Ju¡ ⁄Ì∫°u* tu* b≤ Ÿ°≤w° Ìu©fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈®<b‹¸> F°u*yu $$25,26$$ bu ≈≤_≈≤
¸>¸>°uÔJ¡≤ _b∫a ⁄Ì∫-Ÿ°≤w° J¡°u ı°fiJ¡≤ f®Ê°ıÙ Ÿu ≈≤_≈≤ ÎJ¡tÃ∫R¡≈ tuÔ Ÿu J¡Fu*yu $$27$$ „°≈
J¡Fu*yu # Fu ≈®ı°≈wu, ª¥≥<J¡ Ft Ô°uy N∏w#Ÿ°≤b°fig fiFÙ* Fæ* oŸ<ÔÎ Ft FÙ b≤°u* π°≤° ıÙwu y∫u Fæ* $ bı®_w‡˚°u*
Ju¡ Ÿt°fi NªÔ b≤ FÙ N∏w#Ÿ°≤b°fig Fæ* $$28$$ ˚ybfig, ∫u b≤ N°æ≤ „°≈R¡≈ Ft Ô°uy ŸÌ° Ÿa<b∏t∫ FÙ
Fæ* $ Ft°≤° _bR¡≈ Ÿa<bwg Ju¡ <Ÿb° ÌqŸ≤° fiFÙ* Fæ $$29$$ b≤Ì°w° J¡∑ "tæ*fiu b≤ <Ì∫°' oŸ w≤F ¿_Sw ı°u
Ÿa<bwg Fæ bFÙ b≤-≈®°SÙÕ tu* 'tæ*fiu ∫F b≤ ≈°∫°' ∫°u* ¿_Sw F°uwÙ Fæ $$30$$ b≤ J¡° k¡Ô ŸC©˚°uy°∫wfi ÌuF
<bI<›wt°` _kC¡≤d FÙ Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ bF <bI<›w FÙ ÌuF°J¡°≤ ffiJ¡≤ Ìu„, J¡°Ô N°<Ì J¡∑ J¡v≈fi°R¡≈ ŸæJ¡n°u*
˚®t°u* Ÿu wwg wwg ˚°uÀ∫ ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡°u Ìu©wÙ Fæ, fiJ¡° NfiC˚b J¡≤wÙ Fæ N°æ≤ ˚sdÙ∫ b_wCN°u* J¡° ˚sd
J¡≤wÙ Fæ $ „°˜Ù∫ w≈_∫°J¡°<ÔJ¡ Â» <fiÿª∫ Ÿu N≈fiu b„ tu* <J¡∫u F…Î Ÿa<bÃ_bR¡≈ b≤Ì°w° Ÿu y¨FÙw
F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d b≤J¡v≈fi°R¡≈ <ª¿w k¡Ô°b_S° tu* ıf ≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu ≈¿≤≈C‹¸> F°uwÙ Fæ wf N∏w#Ÿ°≤∫C•w
bFÙ Ì…ıÕ∫ F°uwÙ Fæ $ „°≈ı<fiw <ª¿w N∏w#Ÿ°≤∫C•w fiFÙ* F°uwÙ Fææ $$31-32$$ ıf b≤ Ìufiub°Ôu N°æ≤
b≤ ≈®°SÙÕ ≈C”T°u* π°≤° b≤ Ìufiub°Ô°u* Ju¡ b≤≈®Ì°fi J¡° <ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡ NU∫°Ÿ <J¡∫° ı°w° Fæ wf b≤°u* J¡∑
N∏w#Ÿ°≤w° F°uwÙ Fæ $$33$$ Ÿa<bwg ¿ıŸÙ J¡° <ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡ NU∫°Ÿ J¡≤wÙ Fæ w∏t∫Ù bF „Ù|® F°u ı°wÙ
Fæ N°æ≤ bFÙ ŸaŸ°≤ F°u ı°w° Fæ $$34$$ „°˜Ù∫ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d „C] Ÿa<bÌ°u*tu* Ÿu N<w<b„C] ı°u Ÿa<bwg
F°uwÙ Fæ bFÙ ŸfŸu ≈®fÔ F°uwÙ Fæ Ôu<J¡fi N„C] Ÿa<bÌ°u* tu* N„C] FÙ ≈®fÔ F°uwÙ Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ fiJu¡ k¡Ô
tu* ˚Ù wCv∫w° fiFÙ* Fæ $$35$$
≠∫u‹™> F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d b≤Ÿa<bwg J¡∑ ≈®fÔw° Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
sd°a„ Ÿu ˚Ù ı°u Zu‹™> Fæ ŸŸu ≠∫u‹™>Ãb ∏∫°∫ J¡∑ ≈¥<wÕ F°uwÙ Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ ≠∫u‹™> Ju¡ Ã≈<W Ju¡
Ÿt∫ bF (ŸJ¡° <b≤°u@Ù) Ã≈∏fi fiFÙ* F…N° ≤Fw°, oŸŸu bF ˚ÔÙ˚°≥<w f]t¥Ô F°u ı°w° Fæ $
N≈®t°dı∏∫ J¡∑ ≠∫u‹™>w° f°º∫ F°ufiu tu* J¡°≤d Fæ ıæŸu <J¡ ≈®t°d π°≤° Â»ÙJ¨¡w NSÕ tu* Nfi≈u<sw
≤ıw˚®t I°fi J¡∑ ≠∫u‹™>w° f°º∫w° tu* J¡°≤d Fæ ∫F ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ $ N∏∫ ∏∫°∫ „°≈ J¡∑ ≈®fÔw° <Ÿ]
J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ŸtSÕ fiFÙ* Fæ $$36$$
NwÎb ıF°≥ ≈≤ <b”] J¡t°u˘ J¡∑ NSb° b≤ N°æ≤ „°≈ J¡° ≈®t°dNU∫°Ÿ°<Ì Ÿ°‡∫ F°u bF°≥ ≈≤
Ì°ufi°u* J¡° <t<Zw FÙ k¡Ô F°uw° Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Ìq@<t<Zw ıÔ J¡∑ w≤F Ÿt°fi fÔb°Ôu b≤ N°æ≤ „°≈ Ju¡ <bÔ°Ÿ Ÿu „C˚ N°æ≤ N„C˚ ˚∫
ŸyÕ - 183] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2477
J¡°u<¸>_S Ÿt°fiR¡≈ Ÿu <t<Zw b_wC F°uwÙ Fæ ıæŸu <J¡ tfiC‹∫ „≤Ù≤ $$37$$
ıF°≥ ≈≤ ÎJ¡ J¡°Ô tu* <˚∏fi Ìu„ tu* ˚°uÀ∫ Ÿt°fi fÔb°Ôu b≤ N°æ≤ „°≈ F°uwu Fæ* bF°≥ ≈≤ <b≈<ÿªwg
≈°¶∫°fi tu* b<dÕw ∏∫°∫ Ÿu ≈°<@ Ju¡ <b˚°y π°≤° ÎJ¡ FÙ ıÙb <ª¿w ÎJ¡ FÙ Ÿt∫ tu* ÌuF˚uÌ Ÿu Ì°u
R¡≈ J¡∑ F°u ı°wÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
NSb° ıæŸu _b›fi°u* tu* fiy≤°ÃtJ¡ <ª¿w fiy≤b°ŸÙ Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ ÌuF-˚uÌ Ÿu <b<˚∏fi-ŸÙ t°Ô¥t F°uwÙ
Fæ bæŸu FÙ ıÙb<ª¿w ÎJ¡ Ÿt∫ tu* <˚∏fi Ìu„ tu* ˚°uÀ∫Ÿt°fi fÔÙ b≤ N°æ≤ „°≈°u* Ÿu N≈fiÙ <πR¡≈w° J¡°
_b∫a NfiC˚b J¡≤wÙ Fæ $$38$$ ZÙf®Ê°ıÙ Ju¡ N°yu N≈fiÙ w°<[bJ¡ f°w°u* J¡° f©°fiR¡≈ @¨‹¸>w° NfiC<ªw
Fæ, ∫F Ÿ°uªJ¡≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* # Fu ≈®˚°u, ı°u N°≈Ju¡ ª≤d°u* Ju¡ ŸtÙ≈ fæ™>J¡≤ N°≈Ÿu ŸÙ©° S° ŸJ¡° N°≈Ju¡
Ÿ°tfiu FÙ ≈Cfi# ≈°≤°∫d J¡≤fi° @¨‹¸>w° J¡° Ÿ¥ªJ¡ F°ufiu Ÿu Ft°≤u N≈≤°@ J¡°u st° J¡≤u* Nw# N°≈J¡°u
fit_J¡°≤ Fæ, Ft Ô°uy „Ù|® N≈fiu _S°fi J¡°u ı°wu Fæ* $$39$$ ıæŸu Â<‹¸> <w<t≤≤°uy Ju¡ F¸> ı°fiu ≈≤
N°J¡°„ tu* ˚®°<∏wJ¨¡w Ju¡„°u* J¡° bwCÕÔ°J¡°≤ y°uÔ° J¡FÙ* ªÔ° ı°w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ _b∫a FÙ b¨S° N°∫°Ÿ
J¡≤fiub°Ôu N≈fiÙ t¥©Õw° ≈®J¡¸> J¡≤fiub°Ôu N≈fiu J¡°u Ô≠ı° Ÿu „°≈ Ìufiub°Ô° bF „°≈yd ∫F J¡FJ¡≤
J¡FÙ* ªÔ° y∫° $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ì…b°ÕŸ°ıÙ Ju¡ „°≈°u* Ju¡ ªÔu ı°fiu ≈≤ Ÿ›wπÙ≈°<@≈w° Ju¡ <b”] |≤ Ÿu
<fiyÕtfi <fi≤°u@J¡ fiJ¡∑ ˚°∫°ÕN°u* J¡°u y°æ≤Ù π°≤° <Ì∫u y∫u b≤Ÿa| fiu ıæŸu bæ∫°J¡≤d-≈®<J®¡∫° tu* N°Ìu„
_S°fiÙ Ju¡ _S°fi J¡∑ ≈¥<wÕ J¡≤w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ „°≈°u* Ju¡ _S°fi J¡∑ ≈¥<wÕ J¡∑ $ „°≈°u* Ju¡ _S°fi°u* ≈≤ fæ™>u F…Î b≤
f®Ê°ıÙ Ÿu J¡Fu*yu # Fu Ìub°<@Ìub, N∏@u JC¡N°u* Ÿu ıÔ°u* Ju¡ f°F≤ <fiyÕtfi J¡∑ w≤F Ÿ›wπÙ≈°u* Ju¡ N<@≈<w
ıÙb°u* J¡° „b y¨F Ÿu f°F≤ <fiJ¡Ôfi° Ft fiFÙ* ı°fiwu Fæ*, J¡°≤d <J¡ fiJ¡° f°F≤ <fiyÕtfi Ft Ô°uy°u* π°≤°
Nb”] Fæ $ ∫u Zu‹™> bÙ≤ b≤ ofi Ÿ›w πÙ≈uÿb≤°u* J¡°u y¨FR¡≈Ù πÙ≈°u* tu* ≤d tu* <Ì<Àbı∫ J¡≤°wu Fæ* $ Fu
Ìub°<@Ìub, oŸ<ÔÎ oŸ w≤F N<fib°∫Õ oŸ <b≤°u@ tu* ı°u Ftu* J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u ŸJ¡° Ft°≤u J¡v∫°d Ju¡
<ÔÎ Ftu* N°Ìu„ ÌÙ<ı∫u $$40-44$$ f®Ê°ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu Ÿ›wπÙ≈uÿb≤ ffi°fiub°Ôu b≤°u*, N°æ≤ Fu |≤ tu*
≤°uJ¡fiub°Ôu b≤°u*, N°≈ Ÿf Ô°uy°u* J¡∑ N<˚Ô°T° ≈¥dÕ F°u yoÕ Fæ $$45$$
Ft Ÿf Ô°uy°u* J¡∑ N<˚Ô°T° Jæ¡Ÿu Ÿ‡≈∏fi F…oÕ ÎuŸÙ N°„aJ¡° F°ufiu ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
N°≈ Ô°uy oŸ ≈≤_≈≤N≈usw° J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u ı°N°u •∫°u*<J¡ N°≈ Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ oh~>° fi J¡≤fiu ≈≤ ˚Ù
bu N°™>°u* ˚°oÕ t≤fiu Ju¡ W≤ sd tu* fF…w J¡°Ô Ÿu N≈fiu |≤ tu* FÙ Ÿ›wπÙ≈uÿb≤ ffiJ¡≤ <b≤°ıt°fi
Fæ* $$46$$ Fu b≤°u*, ÌuF ~¥>¸>fiu Ju¡ f°Ì FÙ ∫u Ÿf Ô°uy N≈fiu |≤°u* tu* Ÿ›wπÙ≈uÿb≤ ffi y∫u Fæ* $ Ÿf b≤
J¡Fu*yu # ˚ybfig, Ÿ°w πÙ≈b°Ôu ˚¥t^±>Ô J¡F°≥ Fæ* N°æ≤ fiJu¡ <b<b@ Îuÿb∫Õ J¡F°≥ Fæ* ? ∫F°≥ ÎJ¡ FÙ
˚¥≈Ù™> ŸCfi° N°æ≤ Ìu©° y∫° Fæ $ ŸŸu N<w¿≤•w ˚¥≈Ù™> ŸCfifiu N°æ≤ Ìu©fiu tu* fiFÙ* N°∫° $ <J¡ŸÙ ÎJ¡
|≤ Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ bu Ÿ°w πÙ≈b°Ôu ˚¥©^±> Jæ¡Ÿu ≤F ŸJ¡wu Fæ*, ~>°u¸>u Ÿu J¡tÔy\>u Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ fF…w Ÿu F°SÙ
Jæ¡Ÿu Ÿt° ŸJ¡wu Fæ* ? $$47-49$$
_b›fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi FÙ ∫F N<b”] Fæ, ∫°u* W≤ Ìuwu Fæ* $
f®Ê°ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu b≤°u*, ª¥≥<J¡ N°≈ Ô°uy N°æ≤ Ft Ô°uy Δ∫<‹¸>-Ÿt<‹¸>∫°u* Ÿu ∫C•w Δ∫°ut°ÃtJ¡
Ÿ°≤u ıywg J¡°, ı°u Ÿ<hªwg≈≤t°dC Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ ¿_Sw Fæ, N∏Ì≤ _b›fiR¡≈ Ÿu FÙ NfiC˚b J¡≤wu Fæ*, Nw#
bF ≈≤t°dC Ju¡ ˚Ù N∏Ì≤ ¿_Sw _by¨F Ju¡ ˚Ùw≤ ı°u _kC¡¿≤w F°uJ¡≤ Ÿt°w° Fæ bF •∫° N°ÿª∫Õ Fæ (•∫°
N≈¥bÕ Fæ), ≈®J¨¡<w Ju¡ J®¡t tu* J¡°æfi <b_t∫ Fæ ? $$50,51$$
ıywg J¡∑ _b›fiwCv∫w° J¡° ≈®Ì„Õfi J¡≤wu F…Î ≈¥b°uÕ•w f°w J¡°u _≈‹¸> J¡≤wu Fæ* $
t¨Ã∫C Ju¡ f°Ì ŸÙ sd tu* „¥∏∫°ÃtJ¡ F°uw° F…N° ˚Ù |fi°J¡°≤ ∫F ıywg ≠∫°u*-J¡°-Ã∫°u* _kC¡¿≤w
F°uw° Fæ $ ıF°≥ Ÿ<hªwg-≈≤t°dC tu* ˚Ù ıywg Ÿt° ı°w° Fæ bF°≥ Ÿ |≤ Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ Ÿ›wπÙ≈° ≈¨ØbÙ
_kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ, oŸtu* •∫° NfiF°ufiÙ f°w Fæ ? ı°u ∫F ıywg J¡° ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ bF w[bw# <ªW[b
FÙ Fæ $ ª¥≥<J¡ ıæŸu „¥∏∫R¡≈ Ÿu N°J¡°„ _kC¡¿≤w F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ª∏t°` FÙ ıywgR¡≈ Ÿu ˚°<Ÿw F°uw°
Fæ, oŸ¿ÔÎ ıywg J¡FÙ* ≈≤ t¥wÕ fiFÙ* Fæ <ıŸŸu <J¡ |≤ Ju¡ ˚Ùw≤ bF fi Ÿt° ŸJu¡ $ wÌfi∏w≤ b≤Ì°fi
Ìufiub°Ôu ZÙf®Ê°ıÙ π°≤° ∫°u* ŸtH°∫u y∫u bu b≤ ≈FÔu J¡¿v≈w N≈fiu N°<@˚°æ<wJ¡ ˚®°<∏wt∫ „≤Ù≤°u*
J¡° Ã∫°yJ¡≤ N°<wb°<FJ¡ „≤Ù≤b°Ôu ffiJ¡≤ f®Ê°ıÙ J¡°u ≈®d°t J¡≤ <b≤°u@ fi ≤Ffiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d Ÿf
Ÿ°S FÙ wwg wwg Ju¡ tfi Ÿu J¡¿v≈w Ÿ›wπÙ≈ tu* wwg-wwg Ìubw°N°u* Ju¡ y¨F°u* J¡°u y∫u, <ıfitu* <b<b@
ıfi _kC¡¿≤w F°u ≤Fu Su $ bu N°™>°u* ˚°oÕ Ÿ |≤ tu* ∫I N°<Ì ŸÃJ¡tÕ N°æ≤ f∏@Cıfi°u* Ÿu ≈¿≤≈C‹¸> wS°
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ŸyÕ - 184] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2479
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ŸyÕ - 184] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2481
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ŸaJ¡v≈≈∫Õ∏w ŸJ¡Ô ¿_S<w, ı°u NŸBq≈ F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù Ÿwg Ju¡ Ÿt°fi NfiC˚b tu* N°wÙ Fæ, Nbÿ∫tub
≤FwÙ Fæ $ bFÙ f®Ê° J¡∑ ŸaJ¡v≈R¡≈ <fi∫<w, ı°u <fi∫w NSÕ J¡° ≈®Ì°fi J¡≤wÙ Fæ N°ı ˚Ù
@°≤°≈®b°FR¡≈ Ÿu ªÔwÙ Fæ N°yu ˚Ù Nbÿ∫ FÙ ªÔuyÙ $ ŸÙ Ÿu _S°b≤ N°æ≤ ıayt N°<Ì ≈®°<dŸa|
<fi∫<twR¡≈ Ÿu ≤Fw° Fæ $$32-34$$
≈®°<d∫°u* Ju¡ ı∏t, J¡tÕ, _b˚°b°<Ì J¡∑ Δ∫b_S° ˚Ù ŸÙ Ÿu F°uwÙ Fæ ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
•w <fi∫<w Ÿu FÙ <ıŸtu* _kC¡¸> ıÙb Fæ ÎuŸu ıayt Ÿu ıayt J¡∑ Ã≈<W F°uwÙ Fæ N°æ≤ _S°b≤ Ÿu
_S°b≤ J¡∑ Ã≈<W F°uwÙ Fæ, ıÔ fiÙªu J¡∑ N°u≤ fFw° Fæ N°æ≤ N<Àfi «¡≈≤ J¡°u @@J¡wÙ Fæ $ ŸÙ <fi∫<w
Ju¡ J¡°≤d FÙ Ÿ¥∫Õ, ª∏B N°<Ì ≠∫°u<w∫°≥ ÌuF-∫∏` @°≤d J¡≤wÙ Fæ* N°æ≤ w≈wÙ Fæ* $ b°∫C ŸÌ° y<w„ÙÔ
≤Fwu Fæ* N°æ≤ ≈bÕw N°<Ì ¿_S≤ (NªÔ) ≤Fwu Fæ* $ ŸÙ <fi∫<w Ÿu ≠∫°u<wtÕ∫ ∫Cy, ŸabÃŸ≤ N°<Ì R¡≈
J¡°ÔªJ®¡ Ì<sd°∫fiR¡≈ Ÿu Ô°æ¸>J¡≤ bT°Õ M¡wC tu* N°J¡°„ J¡°u t¥ŸÔ°@°≤ b¨<‹¸> Ÿu Δ∫°›w J¡≤w° F…N°
ªÔw° Fæ $ <fi∫<w Ÿu FÙ ˚¥wÔ tu* ÎJ¡ Ju¡ f°Ì ÎJ¡ Ÿ°y≤ N°æ≤ ≈bÕw°u* J¡° Ÿa<fibu„ ¿_S≤ Ÿ° F°uw° Fæ wS°
˚°b, N˚°b, y®Fd Ã∫°yR¡≈ BΔ∫ „<•w ˚Ù ≤FwÙ Fæ $$35-38$$
Ft Ÿf Ô°uy°u* J¡° Δ∫bF°≤ f®Ê° Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈R¡≈ <fi∫<w Ÿu ŸCΔ∫b¿_Sw F°u, Ôu<J¡fi f®Ê° J¡∑
ŸaJ¡v≈Δ∫b_S° FÙ ≈¥b°ÕfiC˚bı∏∫ Ÿa_J¡°≤ Ÿu N<w¿≤•w FuwCJ¡° Ÿa˚b fi F°ufiu wS° N°<Ì Ÿ¨<‹¸> tu*
≈¥b°ÕfiC˚b Ju¡ ≈®<Ÿ<] fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d Jæ¡Ÿu <Ÿ] F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ, ∫°u* JC¡∏ÌÌ∏w „aJ¡° J¡≤w° Fæ $
JC¡∏ÌÌ∏w fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, ≈FÔu Ìu©Ù yoÕ b_wC _t¨<w-≈S tu* N°R¡» F°uwÙ Fæ ŸJu¡ Nfi∏w≤
wÌfiCŸ°≤Ù ŸaJ¡v≈ F°uwu Fæ* $ •w ŸaJ¡v≈°u* Ÿu <fi∫w Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡° ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ $ ∫F f°w <πwÙ∫, w¨wÙ∫
N°<Ì J¡v≈°u* J¡∑ Ÿ¨<‹¸> tu* Ÿa˚b Fæ $ <J¡∏wC N°<Ì Ÿ¨<‹¸> tu* <J¡ŸJ¡°u ≈¥bÕŸ¨<‹¸> J¡° ˚°fi ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ <ıŸŸu
<J¡ f®Ê°ıÙ ≈¥~>u* NSb° _b∫a _t≤d J¡≤u* $$39$$
f®Ê° J¡° ŸaJ¡v≈ _t≤d Ju¡ N@Ùfi fiFÙ* Fæ <J¡∏wC <ÌΔ∫ I°fi π°≤° NwÙw Nfi°yw ŸJ¡Ô b_wCN°u*
Ju¡ Ì„Õfi Ju¡ N@Ùfi Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ "Ÿ Îusw Ô°uJ¡°∏fiC Ÿ¨ı° o<w Ÿ ot°fig Ô°uJ¡°fiŸ¨ıw' oÃ∫°<Ì ZC<w Fæ $
Ÿ sd tu* Ÿf NwÙw N°æ≤ Nfi°yw ıywg N≈¥bÕÂ‹¸> FÙ <Ì©°oÕ Ìuw° Fæ N°æ≤ Â‹¸> J¡∑ NfiCŸ°¿≤dÙ <ªÌg
<bbwÕR¡≈ Ÿ°aJ¡¿v≈J¡ Ÿ¨<‹¸> ≈®b¨W F°uwÙ Fæ $ ŸÙ tu* ∫F tæ*fiu "≈®°ygÂ‹¸>tg' (≈FÔu Ìu©°) ∫°u* J¡FÙa ≈≤
NU∫°Ÿ ˚Ù <J¡∫° Fæ oŸ w≤F w≈_bÙ „aJ¡° J¡° Ÿt°@°fi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
_b›fi tu* _bt≤d Ju¡ wCv∫ N≈¥bÕ FÙ Ÿf JC¡~> <Ì©°oÕ Ìuw° Fæ ŸÙ tu* ≈FÔu Ìu©° y∫°, ∫°u*
NU∫°Ÿb„ f®Ê° J¡°u _t¨<w F°uwÙ Fæ $ <ªwg F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ıywgR¡≈Ù ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu*
_kC¡¿≤w F°uw° Fæ $ ª¥≥<J¡ bF _bw# J¡˚Ù ˚°<Ÿw F°uw° Fæ N°æ≤ J¡˚Ù ˚°<Ÿw fiFÙ* F°uw°, oŸ<ÔÎ bF
fi Ÿwg Fæ N°æ≤ fi NŸwg Fæ $$40,41$$
Ì„Õfi J¡∑ Ÿ°tØ∫Õ fi F°ufiu ≈≤ _t¨<w J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤fiÙ ≈nwÙ Fæ $ _b›fi tu* Ju¡bÔ J¡v≈fi° Ÿu Ì„Õfi
tu* ŸtSÕ <ªwg J¡∑ _t¨<wJ¡v≈fi° fiFÙ* <Ì©°oÕ ÌuwÙ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<ªwg Ju¡ ≈®Ÿ°Ì Ÿu N°ı ˚Ù ŸaJ¡v≈, _b›fi N°<Ì J¡° NfiC˚b F°uw° Fæ „C] <ªÌ°J¡°„R¡≈ fiy≤ J¡°
(ıywg J¡°) <ªwg Ju¡ ≈®Ÿ°Ì Ÿu Jæ¡Ÿu _t≤d fi F°uy° ? $$42$$
NwÎb yCd, Ì°uT N°<Ì tu* _t≤d Ÿu FTÕ, J®¡°u@≤<Fw w[bI°fiÙ JC¡‡F°≤ Ju¡ ª°J¡ J¡∑ w≤F ≈®°≤Æ@ Ju¡
buy Ÿu FÙ ˚®td J¡≤wu Fæ*, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
FTÕ, J®¡°u@ N°<Ì Ÿu <bFÙfi I°fiÙ ªJ®¡°u* Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ÌC#©≈¥dÕ F°u ª°Fu ŸC©≈®Ì F°u ≈®_wCw (≈®°≤Æ@
≈®°›w) t°yÕ Ÿu FÙ ªÔwu Fæ* $$43$$
f°<@w _t¨<w _t¨<w fiFÙ* Fæ <J¡∏wC bF N<@‹™>°fit°` J¡° ≈¿≤„uT Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<fiB° J¡∑ Ÿt°<›w F°ufiu ≈≤ _b›fifiy≤ <bT∫J¡ _t¨<w tu* ıæŸu N<@‹™>°fit°` J¡° ≈¿≤„uuT ≤Fw° Fæ
bæŸu FÙ wÙfi°u* ıywg Ju¡ ˚®t J¡°u ˚Ù ≈≤t <ªÌ°J¡°„°ÃtJ¡ ŸtH°u $ Ÿa<bwg J¡° N°˚°Ÿt°` FÙ ı°u "ıywg'
„ÆÌ Ÿu J¡FÔ°w° Fæ Ÿu ˚Ù wCt Ju¡bÔ „°∏w <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ ı°fi°u N∏∫ JC¡~> fiFÙ* $$44,45$$
•∫°u*<J¡ Ÿf ≈®J¡°≤ „°∏w <ªwg FÙ Ÿf JC¡~> Fæ, ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<ıŸtu* Ÿf Fæ, <ıŸŸu Ÿf Fæ, ı°u Ÿf Fæ, ı°u Ÿf w≤k¡ Ÿu Fæ bFÙ Ÿb°ÕÃt° ŸbÕÌ° ŸbÕR¡≈ Ÿu
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J¡° ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ ∫F Ÿf tæ*fiu N°≈Ÿu J¡F° $ Fu f®°Êd°u* ! Nf N°≈ Ì°ufi°u* <™>∫u, ≈®°w#J¡°Ô F°uwu
FÙ ˚®t≤ <ıŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡tÔ ≈C‹≈ Ju¡ ≈°Ÿ ı°wu Fæ bæŸu FÙ N≈fiu N¿˚‹¸> ŸÃJ¡t°u˘ J¡° „Ù|® <b@°fi
J¡∑<ı∫u $ tCHu Ÿt°<@ Ÿu ≤<Fw Nb_S° tu* NÃ∫∏w ÌC#© F°u ≤F° Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ tæ* <k¡≤ Ÿt°<@ tu* ≈®bu„
J¡≤w° F¥≥ $$46-48$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ª°æ≤°ŸÙb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ŸyÕ - 185] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2483
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ≈ª°ŸÙb°≥ ŸyÕ

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sd ˚Ù fiFÙ* ≤F ŸJ¡w° $ tæ* <k¡≤ „Ù|® FÙ Ãb≤°≈¥bÕJ¡ Ÿt°<@ tu* FÙ ≈®bu„ J¡≤w° F¥≥ $$9$$ Fu <fi‹≈°≈, oŸ
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FÙ J¡≤°u $ N∫°uº∫° fi°t J¡∑ fiy≤Ù Fæ $ bF°≥ Ì„≤S fi°t Ju¡ ≤°ı° Fæ* $ fiJu¡ ≈C` ≤°t fi°t Ÿu ≈®<Ÿ]
Fæ* $$10,11$$ bF°≥ wCt fiJu¡ ≈°Ÿ ı°N°u, •∫°u*<J¡ fiJu¡ JC¡ÔyC” b<Ÿ‹™>fi°tJ¡ tC<fiZu‹™> fi
ZÙ≤°tª∏B Ju¡ <ÔÎ Ÿ˚° tu* t°us≈°∫ J¡∑ <ÌΔ∫ J¡S° J¡Fu*yu $ Fu <πı, <ª≤J¡°ÔwJ¡ Ÿu ŸCfiJ¡≤ wCt
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∫F tu≤° b¨W°∏w ıæŸ° FCN°, ıæŸu Ìu©° N°æ≤ ıæŸu ŸCfi° bF Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ tæ*fiu J¡F <Ì∫° $$12-15$$ ZÙ≤°tıÙ
fiu J¡F° # Fu yC”b≤, oÃ∫°<Ì J¡S°N°u* J¡°u J¡Ffiu tu* ªwC≤ bF JC¡∏ÌÌ∏w Ÿ <Ìfi Ÿu ŸÌ° tu≤u ŸtÙ≈ FÙ
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ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ≈ª°ŸÙb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ <~>∫°ŸÙb°≥ ŸyÕ
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∫F ≈≤t°S°uÕ<ªw bªfi J¡F° $$1$$ ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # FTÕ J¡∑ f°w Fæ <J¡ oŸ tF°Ãt° Ju¡, „°˜ Ju¡
Zbd Ÿu Ã≈∏fi I°fi J¡∑ ≈¥dÕw° F°u ªCJ¡∑ Fæ $ ∫F, Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ ıywg f®Ê FÙ Fæ ∫F f°w F_w°tÔJ¡bwg
Ìu©w° Fæ $ Ju¡bÔ ˚®°<∏wt°` _bR¡≈ ∫F <bÿb ı∏t°<Ì≤<Fw f®Ê oŸu t°Ô¥t F°uw° Fæ, Nw# ˚®°<∏w ˚Ù
oŸu „°∏w, ÎJ¡ N°æ≤ <fi<bÕJ¡°≤ f®Ê FÙ ≈®wÙw F°uwÙ Fæ $$2,3$$
„fÔf®Ê<fi‹J¡TÕ-Â<‹¸> Ÿu oŸfiu ı°u ∫F bdÕfi <J¡∫° Fæ bF ˚Ù <ªw FÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ı°u ıæŸu <ıŸJu¡ π°≤° <ıŸ N<@J¡≤d tu* <ıŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° ıf wJ¡ <ıŸ J¡°Ô tua <ıŸŸu F°uw° Fæ
bF bæŸu ŸJu¡ π°≤° Ÿ N<@J¡≤d tu* Ÿ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° wf wJ¡ Ÿ J¡°Ô tu* <„b, „°∏w, ı∏t°<Ì≤F<w,
t°æfi, Nt°æfi, Nı≤, ŸbÕΔ∫°›w, ŸC„¥∏∫, N„¥∏∫, N°<Ì-N∏w„¥∏∫, Ns∫ f®Ê FÙ Fæ $$4,5$$
t°∫°„fÔ <ªwg Ju¡ π°≤° <ıŸ <ıŸ Nb_S° J¡° ŸaJ¡v≈°<w„∫ <J¡∫° ı°w° Fæ bF bF Nb_S°
ŸyÕ - 186] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2485
ıÔŸu ŸÙ*ªÙ yoÕ Ôw° J¡∑ w≤F ŸFŸ®°ua „°©°N°u* J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uwÙ Fæ $ f®Ê°^±> FÙ ≈≤t NdC Fæ,
•∫°u*<J¡ bF <ªÌ°J¡°„ Ju¡ tº∫ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ N°æ≤ ≈≤t°dC FÙ f®Ê°^±> Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ Ÿtu* Ÿ°≤° ıywg
Δ∫°›w Fæ $$6,7$$
ıyw Ju¡ FÙ f®Ê F°ufiu J¡° k¡Ô J¡Fwu Fæ* $
oŸ<ÔÎ ∫F Ÿt_w ıywg <ªÌ°J¡°„, N°<Ìtº∫≤<Fw, N©^±>, Ÿ°æ‡∫ N°æ≤ t°usR¡≈ Fæ $ Nw#
<ıŸJ¡° „≤Ù≤°<Ìbæ<ªc∫R¡≈ f∏@fi N_w F°u ªCJ¡° Fæ ÎuŸu wCt <fi≤°t∫ N°Ãt_bR¡≈ f®Ê FÙ F°uJ¡≤
¿_Sw ≤F°u $ Δ∫bF°≤ tu* w°u f®Ê _b∫a Âÿ∫ Fæ, _b∫a B‹¸>° Fæ, _b∫a ªuwfi Fæ, _b∫a ın Fæ, _b∫a Ÿf
JC¡~> Fæ N°æ≤ _b∫a JC¡~> fiFÙa ˚Ù Fæ, b°_wb tu* w°u bF N<πwÙ∫ _b≈®J¡°„°fi∏Ì ÎJ¡≤Ÿ N°Ãt° tu* FÙ
¿_Sw Fæ $$8,9$$ ∫F f®Ê ıywgR¡≈ N°Ãt<ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* ıF°≥ ıæŸ° R¡≈ @°≤d J¡≤w° Fæ bF°≥ N≈fiu
_bR¡≈ J¡°u fi ~>°unw° FCN° bæŸ° FÙ F°u ı°w° Fæ $ f®Ê N≈fiÙ t°∫° Ÿu Âÿ∫ıywgR¡≈ tu* Ã≈∏fi FCN°
oŸŸu f®®Ê N°æ≤ ıywg ∫°u* πæw J¡∑ <Ÿ<] fiFÙ* ŸtHfiÙ ª°<F∫u, •∫°u*¿J¡ bF w°u ∫S°bwg N<bJ¨¡w FÙ
Fæ $ „¥∏∫Ãb N°æ≤ N°J¡°„ J¡∑ w≤F f®Ê N°æ≤ ıywg-ofi Ì°ufi°u* J¡°u ÎJ¡ FÙ ŸtH°u $ Âÿ∫ ıywg FÙ
≈≤t f®Ê Fæ N°æ≤ ≈≤t f®Ê FÙ Âÿ∫w° Fæ $ ∫F fi w°u „°∏w Fæ, fi N„°∏w Fæ, fi N°J¨¡<w<bFÙfi Fæ
N°æ≤ fi N°J¨¡<wb°Ô° FÙ Fæ $$10-12$$
≈®wÙ∫t°fi ÌuF°<Ì N°J¨¡<w J¡° Jæ¡Ÿu N≈Ô°≈ J¡≤wu Fæ* ? oŸ „aJ¡° ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<ıŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ≈®f°u@ F°ufiu≈≤ (ı°yfiu≈≤) _b›fi°<Ì <fi≤°J¡°≤ ˚°Ÿwu Fæ*, bæŸu FÙ f®ÊŸ°s°ÃJ¡°≤ F°u
ı°fiu ≈≤ ∫F ÌuF ˚Ù <fi≤°J¨¡<w ˚°Ÿw° Fæ, Ju¡bÔ Ÿa<bwg_bR¡≈ Ÿ°J¡°≤ N°æ≤ _b°fiC˚¥w F°ufiu≈≤ ˚Ù ıæŸu
_b›fi°<Ì NŸ∏t∫ Fæ* bæŸu FÙ ÌuF ˚Ù NŸwg FÙ Fæ $$13$$
Ÿa<bwg J¡° ˚Ù ın_S°b≤w° tu* Â‹¸>°∏w Ìuwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu ªuwfi _bR¡≈b°Ô° (Ÿa<bwgt∫) ı∏wC ˚Ù <fiB°Ãt° F°uJ¡≤ ın F°u ı°w° Fæ ŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ ∫F
_S°b≤fi°<tJ¡° Ÿa<bwg ˚Ù ın F°u ı°wÙ Fæ $$14$$
<ªwg Ju¡ _S°b≤˚°b J¡∑ ≈®°<›w Ju¡ Nfi∏w≤ ıayt˚°b tu* N<˚Δ∫<•w tu* Â‹¸>°∏w Ìuwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu ŸCTC›w°Ãt° ıÙb _b›fi N°æ≤ ı°y®wg J¡°u ŸæJ¡n°u* ıyw°u* J¡∑ J¡v≈fi°N°u* Ÿu ı°w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ª<w
_S°b≤ÃbR¡≈ ın Ÿu ıayt_bR¡≈ <ª[b J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uwÙ Fæ $$15$$
ıÙb J¡∑ <J¡wfiu Ÿt∫ wJ¡ _S°b≤Ãb N°æ≤ ıaytÃb J¡∑ ¿_S<w ≤FwÙ Fæ ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
t°us F°ufiu wJ¡ ıÙb J¡∑ ∫F ¿_S<w ˚¥<t, ıÔ, b°∫C, wuı N°æ≤ N°J¡°„ tu* _b›fiwCv∫
N°J¡°„_bR¡≈ („¥∏∫R¡≈) Ô°©°u* ıyw°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S ˚°ŸwÙ Fæ $ ıæŸu tfiC‹∫ <fiB°¿_S<w J¡° y®Fd
J¡≤w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ª<w ınw° J¡° N≈fiu tu* N°≤°u≈ J¡≤wÙ Fæ <k¡≤ ˚Ù ŸJ¡° <ª<w[b NΔ∫°Fw FÙ
≤Fw° Fæ $ bF Nº∫_w ınw° Ÿu N≈fiu tu* ınw° J¡° N°≤°u≈ fiFÙ* J¡≤wÙ, b°_wb tu* ınw° J¡°u ≈®°›w
fiFÙ* F°uwÙ $ ıæŸu <ª¿w ı°ŒbuÌfibuW° ıÙb Ju¡ ≈®<w _S°b≤ „≤Ù≤ ffi°wÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ª<w
ı°ŒbuÌfibuW° ıÙb Ju¡ ≈®<w ıayt „≤Ù≤ ˚Ù ffi°wÙ Fæ $$16-18$$
bæŸ° J¡≤fiu ≈≤ ˚Ù (ıÙb Ju¡ ≈®<w N≈fiu _S°b≤ N°æ≤ ıayt „≤Ù≤ ffi°fiu ≈≤ ˚Ù) <ªwg J¡° ˚uÌ fiFÙ*
F°uw°, <J¡∏wC tF°<ªwg J¡° N≈fiu tu* Nº∫_w Ÿf Nªuwfi N°æ≤ ªuwfi fi©, ≈æ≤ N°<Ì Ju¡ Ÿt°fi Nb∫bR¡≈
FÙ Fæ*, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu ≈C”T Ju¡ fi©, ≈æ≤ N°<Ì ÎJ¡ FÙ „≤Ù≤ Fæ* („≤Ù≤ Ju¡ Nb∫b Fæ*) bæŸu FÙ <ªwg J¡° _S°b≤ N°æ≤
ıayt ÎJ¡ FÙ Nt¥wÕ „≤Ù≤ Fæ $ N°<Ìt Ÿ¨<‹¸> tu* <F≤^∫y˚Õ J¡° (f®Ê° J¡°) ≈®°S<tJ¡ Ÿ¨<‹¸> tu* FuwC˚¥w
ŸaJ¡v≈ F°ufiu ≈≤ <ªwg J¡° ıywg fi°t J¡° ı°u R¡≈ <ıŸ w≤F ≈®S° J¡°u (≈®<Ÿ<] J¡°u ) ≈®°›w FCN° bF oŸ
Ÿt∫ ˚Ù bæŸu FÙ ¿_Sw Fæ $ oŸ w≤F <ª≤J¡°Ô Ÿu ın Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu ∫Ω<≈ bF ¿_Sw Fæ wS°<≈ <ª∏t∫ F°ufiu
Ju¡ J¡°≤d N≈®<w| (Nt¥wÕ), „°∏w, ≠∫°u*-J¡°-Ã∫°u* _bR¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw, JC¡~> ˚Ù ≈®S° J¡°u fiFÙ* ≈®°›w
FCN°, Nw# bF N≈®<Sw Fæ, ∫°u* ŸJu¡ N≈b°Ì π°≤° Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡° N∏w J¡F° ı°w° Fæ $$19-21$$
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿ¨<‹¸>t°` J¡∑ <`J¡°Ô tu* NŸW° F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ŸJ¡∑ N°<Ì N°æ≤ N∏w J¡v≈fi° ˚Ù
<tØ∫° Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu _b°›fi≈®≈aª J¡∑ ŸCTC<›w N°<Ì ≈®f°u@°∏ww° <fiB°J¡°u‹™> Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ FÙ J¡¿v≈w F°uwÙ Fæ fi <J¡
≈®f°u@J¡°u‹™> Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ bæŸu FÙ ŸC|fi <fiB°b°ÔÙ <ª<w Ju¡ ŸCTC<›w-_b›fiJ¡°u‹™> Ÿu FÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡° ∫F N°<Ì
Fæ, ∫F N∏w Fæ ∫°u* N°<Ì-N∏w J¡° ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ b°_wb tu* NŸwg Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡° N°<Ì N°æ≤ N∏w •∫° F°u
ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? ª¥≥<J¡ tCH I°fiÙ Ju¡ ≈®<w N<πwÙ∫ (N©^±>), N°<Ì N°æ≤ N∏w Ÿu „¥∏∫ (ı∏t-fi°„<bFÙfi)
≈≤t°SÕ|fi FÙ Fæ, Nw# Ÿ¨<‹¸>, ¿_S<w N°æ≤ ≈®Ô∫°u* J¡° fi°t ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ, fiJu¡ R¡≈ J¡∑ f°w w°u Ì¥≤
≤FÙ $$22,23$$ ˚®°<∏wb„ <Ì©°oÕ Ìu ≤Fu Ÿ¨<‹¸>, ¿_S<w N°æ≤ ≈®Ô∫ N°<Ì J¡° N¿_wÃb fiFÙ* Fæ ıæŸu
<ª`<Ô<©w <ª`b@¥ <ª` Ÿu Δ∫<w¿≤•w fiFÙ* Fæ bæŸu FÙ Âÿ∫t°fi ∫F Ÿ¨<‹¸>-¿_S<w-≈®Ô∫R¡≈ ıywg
N°Ãt° Ÿu N∏∫ fiFÙ Fæ* $ ıæŸu <ª`J¡°≤ π°≤° ffi°oÕ ı°fiub°ÔÙ <ª`<Ô<©w Ÿufi° fC<]_S <ª` Ÿu <˚∏fi
fiFÙ* Fæ bæŸu FÙ t¥wÕ ŸyÕw° (Ÿ¨<‹¸>) ˚Ù Ÿ®‹¸>° J¡∑ <ªWw°Ì„° tu* fi°fi° ≈®wÙw F°uwÙ FCoÕ ˚Ù Nfi°fi° FÙ
Fæ $$24,25$$ ∫Ω<≈ <ªÌg|fi <fiB°R¡≈ N<bΩ° <b˚°yFÙfi Fæ wS°<≈ bF ŸCTC<›wR¡≈ N°b≤d Ÿu
b°_w<bJ¡ _bR¡≈˚¥w ˚Ù t°us fi°t Ÿu ≈®<Ÿ] ˚°y J¡°u ªC≤° ÔuwÙ Fæ, ∫°fiÙ ŸJu¡ N¿_wÃb J¡° N≈Ô°≈
J¡≤ ÌuwÙ Fæ owfi° FÙ fiFÙ* J¡≤wÙ ≈®Ã∫Cw <ªW ffiJ¡≤ bF oŸ ı°y®Ìg˚°y N°æ≤ _b›fi J¡°u <Ì©Ô°wÙ
Fæ $$26$$ ∫F ≈®Ô∫ Fæ, ∫F Ÿ¨<‹¸> Fæ, ∫F _b›fi Fæ, ∫F ı°y®w Fæ ∫u Ÿf ≈®I°fi|fiw°R¡≈ ŸCTC<›wb°Ôu
N°ÃtŸ¥∫Õ Ju¡ oŸ w≤F Ju¡ <b<˚∏fi ≈®J¡°„ Fæ*, _kC¡≤d Fæ* $ fitu* <ªwg <fiB° J¡° Ìg˚¥wb°Ÿfi°b°Ô° ı°u
_b›fi˚°y Fæ bFÙ ≈°<@R¡≈ Na„ J¡∑ ≈®@°fiw° Ÿu <ªW J¡F° y∫° Fæ, <ªÌa„ J¡∑ ≈®@°fiw° Ÿu ıÙb F°u
bFÙ Ìubw°, NŸC≤,tfiC‹∫ N°<Ì N<@J¡°¿≤∫°u* Ju¡ „≤Ù≤°u* J¡° B‹¸>° F°uJ¡≤ w[bI°fi Ÿu <ªwg <fiB° J¡°u
F¸>°J¡≤ tC•w F°uw° Fæ $ ª°æSÙ N°æ≤ ≈°≥ªbÙ* ˚¥<tJ¡°N°u* tu* I°w FCN° bFÙ ıf ~>™>Ù ˚¥<tJ¡° tu* _b∫a
ŸCTC<›w F°uw° Fæ wf Ÿ°wbÙ* ˚¥<tJ¡° tu* tC<•w J¡∑ N<˚Ô°T° J¡≤fiub°Ôu ≈C”T°u* π°≤° "t°us' J¡F° ı°w°
Fæ $$27-29$$ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, Ìubw°, NŸC≤, tfiC‹∫ N°<Ì _bR¡≈ <ªW Ìubw°,
NŸC≤, tfiC‹∫ N°<Ì Ju¡ ˚uÌ Ÿu <J¡wfi° fn° Fæ N°æ≤ ŸJu¡ Nb∫b°u* J¡∑ ffi°b¸> Jæ¡ŸÙ Fæ ? <ªwg <fiB°
Jæ¡ŸÙ Fæ N°æ≤ ŸJu¡ ≈u¸> tu* ıywg <J¡wfi° fn° N°æ≤ <J¡wfiu Ÿt∫ wJ¡ ≤Fw° Fæ Îba _b°ÃtÌ„Õfi Jæ¡Ÿu F°uw°
Fæ ? $$30$$ ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, <ªW J¡°u N°≈ tfiC‹∫, Ìubw°, NŸC≤, _S°b≤, ˜Ù, F°SÙ,
≈bÕw, ˚¥w, ≈®uw, <≈„°ª N°<Ì, ≈sÙ, J¡∑¸>, ≈way N°<Ì N°æ≤ ≤°sŸ ı°<fi∫u $ ŸJ¡° ≈®t°d ˚Ù N°≈
Nfi∏w ı°<fi∫u ıF°≥ ≈≤ ≈≤t°dC Ÿu ÔuJ¡≤ f®Ê°<Ì_S°b≤°ÃtJ¡ Fı°≤°u* ıywg Ÿt°wu Fæ* $$31,32$$
ŸyÕ - 186] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2487
<ªW Ju¡ <b≈CÔÃb°<w„∫ J¡°u ˚Ù NfiC˚b tu* N°R¡» J¡≤°wu Fæ* $
«¡≈≤ J¡∑ N°u≤ Â<‹¸> ku*¡J¡fiu ≈≤ ı°u ∫F Ÿ¥∫Õt°yÕ Ÿu «¡≈≤ @®Cb, N∏@J¡°≤°<Ì ≈®Ìu„ tu* ª°sCT
I°fi ı°w° Fæ owfiu fnu ≈®t°db°Ô° <ªW Fæ ∫°u* ŸJ¡∑ <fi#ŸÙtw° N°æ≤ <fitÕÔ N°J¨¡<w ŸfJu¡
NfiC˚b Ÿu <Ÿ] Fæ* $ ∫F <ªwg J¡° y® (NŸFfiÙ∫ ŸaŸ°≤ÌC#©t∫ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d y®) R¡≈ Fæ oŸÙ
Ÿt<‹¸>_bR¡≈ <ªBq≈ Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ ˚CbfiŸt¨<]∫°≥ ıf f®Ê°^±> N°<Ì J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° π°≤° N°wÙ Fæ* wf
Ÿ¨<‹¸> F°uwÙ Fæ Ÿu Ft Ô°uy <ªW Ÿu N°oÕ FCoÕ J¡Fwu Fæ* $ <ªW J¡°u FÙ I°fiÙ Ô°uy "ıÙb' ı°fiwu Fæ*,
bF N°<Ì N∏w<bFÙfi (Δ∫°≈J¡) Fæ $ NwÎb bF ıæŸu N°J¡°„ |n°u* tu* ≤Fw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ ŸJ¡Ô ÌuF°u*
tu* ≤Fw° Fæ $ Δ∫<‹¸>R¡≈ Ÿu ÌuF Ÿu ÃJ®¡td F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d f®Ê° J¡∑ oh~>° Ÿu ÌuF°u* tu* fiFÙ* ˚Ù ≤Fw°
Fæ $$33-35$$ Fu bÃŸ, ıæŸu fiÌÙ J¡° @°≤°≈®b°F fiÙªu-«≥¡ª>u ˚¥<t˚°y°u* J¡°u y®Fd J¡≤w° Fæ N°æ≤
fiJ¡° Ã∫°y ˚Ù J¡≤w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ tfi <b<b@ „≤Ù≤°u* J¡°u y®Fd J¡≤w° Fæ N°æ≤ fiJ¡° Ã∫°y ˚Ù J¡≤w°
Fæ $ ıæŸu ∫F tR¡˚¥<t Fæ ıÔ fiFÙ* Fæ oŸ I°fi Ÿu t”˚¥<t tu* ıÔ J¡∑ ≈®wÙ<w „°∏w F°u ı°wÙ Fæ bæŸu
FÙ N°Ãt° Ju¡ ≈¿≤I°fi Ÿu oŸJ¡∑ ∫F ÌuF°<Ì˚®°<∏w „Ù|® „°∏w F°u ı°wÙ Fæ $$36,37$$
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ŸJ¡Ô ıyÌgy<˚Õw tfi J¡∑ ≈≤t°dCR¡≈w° FÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıywg tu* ıÔ°∏wyÕw Ÿ¥∫Õ<J¡≤d°u* tu* ŸfŸu ~>°u¸>u NdC J¡° ı°u ≈®t°d ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ bFÙ <ªW J¡° ≈¿≤t°d
Fæ $ bFÙ ıÙb Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ "f°Ô°y®„w˚°y_∫ „w@° J¡¿v≈w_∫ ª $ ˚°y°u ıÙb# Ÿ <bIu∫# Ÿ ª°fi∏Ã∫°∫
J¡v≈wu' ÎuŸÙ ZC<w Fæ $ oŸ<ÔÎ ≈C”T°u* Ju¡ (ıÙb°u* Ju¡) N∏Ì≤ ıywg ¿_Sw Fæ $$38$$
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ıÙb N°æ≤ ıywg Ju¡ ˚uÌ J¡° ˚Ù ≈¿≤t°ıÕfi F°u y∫°, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu _b›fi˚¥¿t∫°u* tu* ı°u JC¡~> ˚Ù Âÿ∫ Fæ bF ŸfJ¡° Ÿf <ªW FÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ ı°y®wıywg tu* ˚Ù ı°u
JC¡~> ˚Ù Âÿ∫ Fæ bF Ÿ‡≈¥dÕw∫° <ªW FÙ Fæ bFÙ ıÙb Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ ıywg N°æ≤ ıÙb tu* J¡°æfi ˚uÌ Fæ ? $$39$$
ıÙb N°æ≤ ıywg J¡° N˚uÌ <Ÿ] F°ufiu ≈≤ ıywg J¡∑ <ª∏t°`w° ˚Ù N≈fiu N°≈ <Ÿ] F°u yoÕ, ÎuŸ°
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu _b›fi tu* ŸJ¡Ô ≈Ì°SÕŸt¥F <ªwg FÙ Fæ* N°æ≤ ıæŸu ŸCbdÕ tu* JC¡^±>Ô, J¡¸>J¡ N°<Ì R¡≈w°
ŸCbdÕ FÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ ∫F Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ ≈Ì°SÕ≤°<„ <ªwg FÙ Fæ $ ∫<Ì oŸu <ªwg Ÿu <˚∏fi t°fi°u w°u oŸtu* ŸW°
N°æ≤ _k¥¡<wÕ J¡° Ô°˚ fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ∫F NÔÙJ¡ (<tØ∫°) F°u ı°∫uyÙ, oŸŸu Δ∫<w¿≤•w ≈Ì°SÕw°
FÙ <Ÿ] fi F°uyÙ $$40$$ ıæŸu Ÿ°y≤R¡≈ ÎJ¡ ≈®Ìu„ tu* ÎJ¡` F°uJ¡≤ ¿_Sw FCoÕ FÙ ıÔ≤°<„ ku¡fi,
fCÌgfCÌg, ÔF≤, N°bwÕ N°<Ì ≈¨SJg¡ R¡≈ Ÿu _kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ f®Ê tu* ˚Ù <fiÃ∫¿_Sw N<˚∏fi
Âÿ∫R¡≈ <ª<w∫°≥ ≈¨SJg¡ R¡≈ Ÿu _kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ* $$41$$
fiJ¡∑ f®Ê Ÿu N<˚∏fiw° tu* ıÔBbw° J¡° Â‹¸>°∏w Ìuwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu Ÿ°y≤ tu* Ÿ°y≤JC¡<s¿_Sw ıÔ≤°<„ BbR¡≈ Ÿu _kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ N<˚∏fi ≈Ì°SÕ
≤°<„∫°≥ ≈≤tf®Ê tu* _kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ* $ ∫S°¿_Sw ıyBq≈ ≈®<wt°N°u* J¡∑ NÃ∫∏w „¥∏∫w° J¡°u @°≤d
J¡≤fiub°Ô° <ªwgR¡≈Ù ∫F _w‡˚ N¸>Ô F°uJ¡≤ ©n° Fæ, ı°u N°<ÌN∏w<bFÙfi Fæ $ _b›fi˚¥<t Ju¡ wCv∫
Ÿa<bÌ°J¡°„ tu* ∫S°¿_Sw ∫F Ÿ°≤°-J¡°-Ÿ°≤° <bÿb N≈fiu „°∏w <fitÕÔ _bR¡≈ J¡° Ã∫°y <J¡∫u
<ffi° ¿_Sw Fæ $$42-44$$
Jæ¡Ÿu „°∏w Fæ, Jæ¡Ÿu N≈fiu _bR¡≈ J¡° Ã∫°y fiFÙ* J¡≤w° Fæ ? oŸ N°„aJ¡° ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ofi <bÿb N°æ≤ Ÿa<bwg J¡∑ ≈≤_≈≤ Ÿtw°, ŸÃ∫w°, ŸW°, ÎJ¡w°, <fi<bÕJ¡°≤w° ≈°≥ª ≈®J¡°≤°u* Ÿu ˚uÌ
J¡∑ ≈®wÙ<w fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d bF „°∏w Fæ N°æ≤ N°@°≤N°@u∫˚°b Ÿu _w‡˚ N°æ≤ ≈®<wt° Ju¡ wCv∫ S°un°-
fFCw ˚uÌ J¡° N°˚°Ÿ F°ufiu Ÿu bF _bR¡≈ J¡° Ã∫°y fiFÙ* J¡≤w° ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$45$$
<bÿb N°æ≤ Ÿa<bwg tu* ≈®°<w˚°<ŸJ¡ ˚uÌ Fæ b°_wb tu* w°u ˚uÌ J¡° N˚°b Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
_b›fi N°æ≤ ŸaJ¡v≈ Ju¡ ŸaŸ°≤ J¡∑ w≤F b≤ N°æ≤ „°≈Ÿu fi∏ÌÙ N°æ≤ fiFCT Ju¡ ÌubÃb N°æ≤ Ÿ≈ÕÃb
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fiFÙ* Fæ $$46$$ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # f®Êfig, b≤ N°æ≤ „°≈R¡≈ NSÕ Ÿa<bwg tu* J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤dw° Jæ¡Ÿu
F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ ? ≈°Ì°fi Ju¡ <ffi° J¡°∫Õ F°u FÙ fiFÙ* ŸJ¡w° oŸu N°≈ J¨¡≈°J¡≤ J¡Fu* $ fi∏ÌÙ Ju¡ tfiC‹∫-
„≤Ù≤ tu* Ìub-„≤Ù≤ J¡° ≈°Ì°fi˚¥w ª∏B°t¨w fiFÙ* Fæ oŸÙ w≤F ª∏B°t¨w≤<ªw fiFCT Ju¡ Ìub-„≤Ù≤
tu* Ÿ°≥≈ Ju¡ „≤Ù≤ Ju¡ ≈°Ì°fi˚¥w Ÿ≈Õ Na±>u N°<Ì fiFÙ* Fæ* $ ≈°Ì°fi Ju¡ <ffi° ŸaŸ°≤ tu* J¡FÙ* ≈≤ ˚Ù
J¡°∫Õ fiFÙ* F°uw° $ ÎuŸÙ ≈¿≤¿_S<w tu* bF°≥ Ì°ufi°u* ıyF fi∏ÌÙ N°æ≤ fiFCT tu* Ìubw° N°æ≤ Ÿ≈Õ Ju¡ „≤Ù≤
J¡∑ <Ÿ<] Jæ¡Ÿu FCoÕ ? ∫F ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ Ju¡ ≈®ÿfi J¡° N°„∫ Fæ* $$47$$
<fi≤°b≤d I°fib°Ôu ˚yb°fig ZÙ „aJ¡≤ N°æ≤ Ny_Ã∫°<Ì M¡<T∫°u* J¡∑ ŸÃ∫ŸaJ¡v≈Nb<h~>∏fi <ª¿w
FÙ bF°≥ ≈≤ Ìub N°æ≤ Ÿ≈Õ Ju¡ „≤Ù≤R¡≈ Ÿu <bb<wÕw F°uwÙ Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ <bbwÕb°Ì tu* oŸ N°su≈ J¡°
NbJ¡°„ FÙ fiFÙ* Fæ*, ∫°u* W≤ Ìufiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ ˚¥<tJ¡° f°≥@wu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏Ì®ıÙ, ıæŸu Ÿ°y≤ tu* ıÔ≤°<„ J¡° _kC¡≤d F°ufiu ≈≤ N°bwÕy<w
F°uwÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ NÃ∫∏w NbÌ°w (<fitÕÔ) ∫°fiÙ w[bI°fi Ÿu ©¥f <bt¨‹¸> F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d NÃ∫∏w
<fitÕÔ <ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡° ŸÃ∫ŸaJ¡v≈°fiCŸ°≤Ù ı°u _kC¡≤d Fæ bFÙ ıywg J¡F° ı°w° Fæ, ∫F f°w tæ* NfiuJ¡
f°≤ J¡F N°∫° F¥≥ $$48$$ <b@°w° J¡∑ N°Ãt<ª¿w tu* ŸtCB tu* ıÔ≤°<„ J¡∑ w≤F ıyÌg˚°b°u* J¡°
NJ¡_t°wg ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ ı°u <ªÌ°Ãt_bR¡≈ FÙ Fæ* $ fi ˚°fi°u* J¡° "Ÿ°u&J¡°t∫w', "wÌæsw',
"Ÿt•Ô¨≈w°a Ω°b°≈¨<SbÙ' oÃ∫°<Ì ZC<w∫°≥ N°æ≤ tfiÙTÙ M¡<T Ô°uy ŸaJ¡v≈ N°<Ì fi°t J¡Fwu Fæ* $$49$$
ÌÙ|ÕJ¡°Ô Ÿu, NU∫°Ÿ Ÿu, <bª°≤ Ÿu, „`C<t` N°<Ì tu* ŸtÌ„Õfi Ÿu, Ìubw° J¡∑ ı°<w J¡∑ Ÿ°¿[bJ¡w°
Ÿu N°æ≤ Ÿ°¿[bJ¡ <fitÕÔ _bR¡≈ Ÿu Ÿ‡∫Jg¡ I°fib°fig NwÎb b°_w<bJ¡ NSÕ J¡°u Ìu©fiub°Ôu I°fiÙ ≈C”T
J¡∑ fC<] πæw N°æ≤ Îu•∫ Ÿu b<ıÕw <ª∏t°`R¡≈ F°uwÙ Fæ $ <fi≤°b≤d (N°b≤d≤<Fw) <bI°fit∫Ù
f®ÊR¡<≈dÙ <ª¿w J¡° ÎJ¡t°` Ÿa<bwg ≈®J¡°„ FÙ „≤Ù≤ Fæ ŸJu¡ N<w¿≤•w ŸJ¡° J¡°uoÕ „≤Ù≤ fiFÙ*
Fæ $ N°b≤d„¥∏∫ <bI°fib°Ô° ≈C”T „°∏w N≈fiu N°Ãt_kC¡≤dR¡≈ Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ ŸaJ¡v≈t°` J¡°u ŸJ¡Ô R¡≈
Ÿu Ìu©w° Fæ Ÿ ŸfJ¡°u ≈≤t°SÕ N<˚∏fi Ìu©w° Fæ, ∫F ŸJu¡ ŸaJ¡v≈ J¡∑ ŸÃ∫w° tu* ≈≈<W Fæ $
ıæŸu Ft°≤° ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ ŸaJ¡v≈t°` Fæ ıæŸu _b›fi J¡° „F≤ ŸaJ¡v≈t°` Fæ bæŸu FÙ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ ∫°fiÙ
<fi≤°b≤d I°fib°Ôu f®Ê° J¡° ª°≤°u* N°u≤ <Ì©°oÕ Ìu ≤F° ∫F Ÿ°≤° ıywg ŸaJ¡v≈t°` FÙ Fæ $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤
Ì¥Ÿ≤° ˚Ù N≈fiu ŸaJ¡v≈ tu* Zu‹™> <fi≤°b≤d N°Ãt° FÙ ∫°u* ıæŸu ıæŸu <ıŸJ¡° ŸaJ¡v≈ J¡≤w° Fæ ŸJu¡
≈®<w bF bæŸ° bæŸ° F°uw° Fæ $ ıæŸu f°ÔJ¡ ŸaJ¡v≈-fiy≤ tu* <„Ô°N°u* Ju¡ n°fiu J¡°, <ıŸtu* _b°@Ùfi
<fi∫∏`d Fæ, NfiC˚b J¡≤ „Ù|® FÙ Ÿu ŸÃ∫ ŸtHw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ <F≤^∫y˚Õ°<Ì <fi≤°b≤d°Ãt° tu* ˚Ù
ŸyÕ - 186] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2489
N≈fiu ŸaJ¡v≈R¡≈ oŸ <`ıywg tu* b≤, „°≈ N°<Ì J¡°u N≈fiu Ÿu N<˚∏fi ŸÃ∫ ı°fiw° Fæ $ ıæŸu
ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ tu* N≈fiÙ J¡v≈fi° Ÿu f°Ô¥ Ÿu wuÔ <fiJ¡Ôw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ ∫F°≥ ≈≤ f®Ê° Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈R¡≈ ıywg
tu* Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈°u* Ÿu J¡v≈fi°b„ <F≤^∫y˚°Õ<Ì N°Ãt° Ÿu b≤, „°≈ N°<Ì NSÕ J¡∑ <ffi° ≈°Ì°fi
J¡°≤d Ju¡ <Ÿ<] F°uwÙ Fæ $ <ıŸJu¡ I°fi J¡° N°b≤d fiFÙ* F¸>° ŸJ¡∑ ˚uÌfC<] „°∏w fiFÙ* F°uwÙ, oŸ<ÔÎ
πæw Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈ Ÿu Ÿ NI°fiÙ Ju¡ b≤, „°≈ N°<Ì NSÕ <Ÿ] fiFÙ* F°uwu $$50-59$$
<fi≤°b≤d I°fib°Ô°u* J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° bæŸÙ Ì¥Ÿ≤Ù J¡v≈fi° J¡° Ì∫ F°ufiu wJ¡ fiFÙ* <t¸>wÙ, ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<fi≤°b≤d I°fib°Ôu f®Ê° J¡∑ <ıŸ J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ ≈FÔu ın ıtÙ bF N°ı ˚Ù ≠∫°u*-J¡∑-Ã∫°u* ¿_Sw
Fæ wf wJ¡ ≠∫°u*-J¡∑-Ã∫°u* ≤FuyÙ ıf wJ¡ N∏∫ J¡v≈fi° π°≤° ≈®∫Ãfi Ÿu ≈¿≤b<wÕw fiFÙ* F°uyÙ $$60$$
<fi≤b∫b <fi≤°b≤d I°fib°Ôu tu* ŸŸu <b≈≤Ùw (Ÿ°b∫b N°æ≤ Ÿ°b≤d I°fi) b≤, „°≈ N°<Ì
J¡v≈fi° Jæ¡Ÿu ≤F ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Nb∫b„¥∏∫ f®Ê tu* <πÃb N°æ≤ ÎJ¡Ãb bæŸu FÙ ¿_Sw Fæ ıæŸu <J¡ Ÿ°b∫b b_wC tu* <b<ª` Nb∫b°u* J¡°
J®¡t ¿_Sw ≤Fw° Fæ $$61$$
wf w°u <fi≤°b≤dI°fi„¥∏∫ Ju¡bÔ y® w≈¿_b∫°u* Ju¡ b≤, „°≈ N°<Ì t°u| (<fi‹k¡Ô) F°u*yu ? oŸ
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu f®Êfig, <fi≤°b≤d I°fi Ÿu „¥∏∫ Ju¡bÔ y® w≈ N°<Ì @tÕ J¡≤fiub°Ôu
w≈_bÙ ıæŸu J®¡°u@b„ „°≈ N°æ≤ NfiCy®F Ÿu b≤ N°<Ì Ìuwu Fæ* bæŸ° tCHŸu J¡<F∫u $$62$$
fiJu¡ ˚Ù b≤ N°æ≤ „°≈ N°<Ì J¡∑ ŸÃ∫w° F°u, Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* f®Ê° Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈ Ÿu FÙ fiJ¡∑
t°u|w° (<fi‹k¡Ôw°) fiFÙ* F°uwÙ Fæ ∫F W≤ Ìufiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ ˚¥<tJ¡° f°≥@wu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, ª¥≥<J¡ N°<Ìt Ÿ¨<‹¸> tu* f®Ê f®Ê tu* <ıŸJ¡° ŸaJ¡v≈ J¡≤w° Fæ bF
ŸÙJ¡° NfiC˚b J¡≤w° Fæ oŸ<ÔÎ ŸfJ¡∑ f®Êw° Fæ, ŸJ¡° (f®Êw° J¡°) ≈®<wf∏@J¡ N∏∫ fiFÙ*
Fæ $$63$$ ª¥≥<J¡ ∫F ≈®ı°≈<w f®Ê° N≈fiu J¡°u f®Ê ı°fiw° Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ ∫F f®Ê FÙ Fæ $ ıæŸu - ıÔ
Ÿu BbÃb <˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ bæŸu FÙ ∫F ˚Ù f®Ê Ÿu <˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ $ ZC<w ˚Ù J¡FwÙ Fæ - wΩ°u ∫°u Ìub°fi°a
≈®Ã∫fC]∫w Ÿ Îb wÌ˚bwg' oÃ∫°<Ì $$64$$ ∫F ≈®St ≈®ı°≈<w ı°u ı°u ŸaJ¡v≈ J¡≤w° Fæ „Ù|® bF
bæŸ° FÙ F°u ı°w° Fæ $ ŸÙJ¡∑ J¡v≈fi° ∫F ıywg Fæ $$65$$
bF J¡v≈fi° Jæ¡ŸÙ Fæ ? ∫F fw°wu Fæ* $
N°@°≤≤<Fw, <fi≤°Ô‡f <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ N≈fiu _bR¡≈ tu* ıywgR¡≈ Ÿu ˚°Ÿt°fi F°uw° Fæ ıæŸu <J¡
<J¡ŸÙ Ìq<Tw Â<‹¸>b°Ôu ≈C”T J¡°u N°J¡°„ tu* bwCÕÔ°J¡°≤ Ju¡„°u* J¡° yCh~> ∫° t°uwÙ∫°u* J¡∑ ≈a<•w ÌÙ©wÙ
Fæ $$66$$ Ÿ ≈®ı°≈<w fiu (f®Ê°fiu) <b<b@ ≈®ı°, @tÕ, Ì°fi, w≈_∫°, yCd N°æ≤ I°fi J¡° ≈Ìu„
J¡≤fiub°Ôu buÌ, „°˜ wS° ≈aª˚¥w°u*J¡° ŸaJ¡v≈ (Ÿ¨<‹¸>) <J¡∫° Fæ $$67$$ Ÿ ≈®ı°≈<w fiu ∫F ˚Ù J¡v≈fi°
J¡∑ <J¡ buÌbuW° w≈_bÙ Ô°uy b°Ì°u* Ÿu NSb° _b°˚°<bJ¡ b¨<W Ÿu ı°u J¡Fu* bF „Ù|® FÙ F°u ı°∫ $$68$$
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿty® b_wCN°u* Ju¡ <˚∏fi-<˚∏fi _b˚°b°u* J¡∑ ˚Ù ŸÙ fiu ≤ªfi° J¡∑ Fæ, ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
oŸ f®Ê J¡∑ ªuwfiw°, N°J¡°„ J¡∑ Ÿ¿h~>Bw°, b°∫C J¡∑ Ÿªu‹¸>w°, N<Àfi J¡∑ ‹dw°, ıÔ J¡°
BbÃb, ˚¥<tJ¡° J¡°<™>∏∫ N°<Ì Ÿf ŸÙfiu ≤ª° Fæ $$69$$
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ∫F Ÿf J¡v≈fi° ≈®ı°≈<wR¡≈ <ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡∑ FÙ ≤ªfi° Fæ, ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
oŸ <ªÌ°Ãt° J¡° ÎuŸ° _b˚°b Fæ <J¡ N°J¡°„°Ãt° ˚Ù ∫F ı°u ı°u <bª°≤ J¡≤w° Fæ ŸÃ∫ŸaJ¡v≈ F°ufiu
Ÿu Ÿ ŸfJ¡° „Ù|® FÙ wC‡F°≤u, tu≤u N°æ≤ ŸJu¡ ŸÂ„ NfiC˚b J¡≤w° Fæ $ bF <ªÌ°J¡°„ <ıŸ b_wC J¡°u
ıæŸ° ŸtHw° Fæ bF b_wC ≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu bæŸÙ FÙ F°u ı°wÙ Fæ, ıæŸu _b›fi tu* wCt Ft N°<Ì _b›fi ≈Ì°SÕ F°u
ı°wu Fæ*, ŸÌg N°Ãt° ˚Ù bF NŸBq≈ (ıyÌg_bR¡≈) F°u ı°w° Fæ $$70,71$$ <ıŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ tu*
<„Ô°fi¨Ã∫ ˚Ù ŸÃ∫ F°uw° Fæ ŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ f®Ê° Ju¡ N<@J¡°≤R¡≈ ≈®°≤Æ@ J¡°u ˚°uyfiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ N˚Ù‹¸>
ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤R¡≈ ∫F ıywg ˚Ù ŸÃ∫ Fæ $$72$$
Zu‹™> ≈C”T Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈ Ÿu ı∏∫ b≤„°≈N°<Ì J¡°u Ô°uy ŸJu¡ <b≈≤Ùw ŸaJ¡v≈ Ÿu •∫°u* fiFÙaa Ô¸>
ŸJ¡wu ? oŸ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
„C] <ªÃ_b˚°bb°Ôu ≈®ı°≈<w N°<Ì fiu ı°u ı°fi° Fæ N°æ≤ ı°u ıæŸ° Fæ Ÿu J¡∑nu J¡∑ w≤F N„C]
J¡°uoÕ ≈C”T N∏∫S° J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ŸtSÕ fiFÙ* Fæ $$73$$
N„C] _b˚°bb°Ô°u* J¡°u N_bwa` J¡v≈fi°N°u* Ju¡ NU∫°Ÿ J¡∑ Â»w° ≤FwÙ Fæ $ oŸŸu ˚Ù w<π”]
J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ _bw∏`w° fitu* fiFÙ* Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<ıŸu ı°y®wgJ¡°Ô tu* "tæ* Ô°uF°u* J¡∑ <ŸJ¡<n∫°u* Ÿu ıJ¡n° F…N° Fq≥' ÎuŸ° Â»w≤ Ÿa_J¡°≤ Fæ bF ıæŸu
_b›fi tu* ˚Ù N≈fiu J¡°u Ô°uFu J¡∑ <ŸJ¡<n∫°u* tu* ıJ¡n° F…N° Ìu©w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ bwÕt°fi ı°y®wg tu* ˚Ù ∫F Ÿf
Ÿwg Fæ ∫°u* f°≤f°≤ NU∫_w J¡°u FÙ Ÿa<bwg Ìu©wÙ Fæ NfiU∫_w "∫F NŸwg Fæ' ∫F fiFÙ* Ìu©wÙ $$74$$
oŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡¿v≈w <`≈Ç>ÙbuT Ÿu _kC¡≤d F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù <ªwg J¡° Ì°ŸÙfi Ÿ°<s_b˚°b Ÿu ˚Ù ŸbÕÌ°
_kC¡≤d F°uw° FÙ Fæ, ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<ªÌ°J¡°„ <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* _kC¡¿≤w F°u ≤Fu ÎJ¡ oŸ N≈fiu B‹¸>°Âÿ∫°ÃtJ¡ _bR¡≈ J¡°u Ìu©w° F…N°
ŸbÕÌ° ≈®J¡°<„w F°uw° Fæ $ bF ŸŸu <˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ $$75$$
Ÿ°<sªæw∏∫ <`≈Ç>Ù J¡∑ (B‹¸>°, Âÿ∫ N°æ≤ Ì„Õfi J¡∑) Δ∫°<›w Ju¡ fÔ Ÿu FÙ ŸJ¡∑ ŸW° J¡° Ÿ‡≈°ÌJ¡
Fæ, ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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oŸ<ÔÎ ı°u-ı°u o¿h~>w ≈Ì°SÕ ıF°≥ ÌÙ©u bF bF°≥ ŸbÕÌ° Ÿwg FÙ Fæ $ b°∫C-„≤Ù≤bwÙÕ _≈∏Ìfi J¡∑ w≤F
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t°∫°„<•wt[b Fæ bæŸu FÙ ı∏t≤<Fw oŸ <b≤°¸>g Ju¡ Nay Ÿu Ã≈∏fi ∫F ıywg Fæ $$76,77$$
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Fæ ∫F Jæ¡Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* ? oŸ „aJ¡° ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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N°J¡°„ J¡∑ w≤F J¡°uoÕ ˚uÌ fiFÙ* Fæ $ ıæŸu ≈bÕw Ÿu <y≤fiub°Ôu H≤fiu tu* ıÔ J¡∑ <b<ª` J¡d≈a<•w∫°≥
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<w≤°u<Fw F°uwu <Ì©°oÕ Ìuwu Fæ* $$78,79$$
ıæŸu J¡v≈≈∫Õ∏w ÎJ¡ FÙ @°≤° Ÿu <y≤J¡≤ ıÔJ¡d, ı°u tfi, fC<] N°<Ì Ÿu ≤<Fw Fæ*, ŸFŸ®°u*
ŸyÕ - 186] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2491
J¡≤°un ˚uÌ°u* tu* <b˚•w F°uJ¡≤ ˚Ù <k¡≤ N≈fiu ÎJ¡ ≈®b°FR¡≈ tu* FÙ ˚°Ÿwu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ <b<ª` f®ÊŸa<bwg
(ıyÌg˚uÌ) ˚Ù N°Ãt° Ÿu <fiJ¡ÔJ¡≤ J¡≤°un°u* ˚uÌ°u* tu* <b˚•w F°uJ¡≤ <k¡≤ _b°Ãt° tu* FÙ ˚°ŸwÙ
Fæ* $$80$$ Ju¡bÔ owfiÙ FÙ <b„uTw° Fæ <J¡ J¡d≈a<•w∫°≥ tfi°ufC<]N°<Ì Ÿu b<ıÕw Fæ <J¡∏wC fi
f®ÊŸa<bÌ°u* fiu w°u _b_bÌuF°u* tu* tfi°ufC<]N°<Ì J¡∑ _b∫a J¡v≈fi° J¡≤Ju¡, ıÔ°u* J¡∑ Bbw° J¡∑ ˚°≥<w
ŸyÕ J¡∑ „°u˚° J¡°u ˚°uÀ∫R¡≈ Ÿu _bÙJ¡°≤ <J¡∫° Fæ $$81$$
tfi°ufC<]N°<Ì J¡v≈fi° J¡° Ã∫°y F°ufiu ≈≤ w°u ıywg NI°fit°` ≈∫Õb<Ÿw F°uw° Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ tfi°ufC¿] N°<Ì<b<s›w NI°fi_bR¡≈ Ì…f°uÕ@ Ÿu ∫F ıywg Fæ $ NI°fi Ÿu ≤<Fw tu≤Ù
Â<‹¸> tu* w°u ∫F Ÿ°≤° ıyÌgR¡≈Ù J¡tÕ J¡°≤d≤<Fw, πæw<bFÙfi NfiCÃ≈∏fi (<`J¡°Ô tu* NfiCÃ≈∏fi) Ju¡bÔ
f®Ê FÙ Fæ $$82$$ oŸ „≤Ù≤ tu* t¨w°b_S° <ıŸ w≤F tfi°ufC¿] N°<Ì ≤<Fw FÙ NfiC˚¥w F°uwÙ Fæ,
≈ÃS≤ N°<Ì tu* ın ŸW° ıæŸÙ Fæ bæŸÙ FÙ ≈≤t°Ãt° J¡∑ ˚Ù tfi°ufC¿] N°<Ì ≤<Fw <fi<bÕsu≈ ŸW°
ŸtHfiÙ ª°<FÎ $$83$$
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿ¨<‹¸> N°æ≤ ≈®Ô∫ ∫u Ì°ufi°u* NI°fi<fiB° Ju¡ Nb°∏w≤ ˚uÌ Fæ*, ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu ŸC∏Ì≤ y°»<fiB° tu* ŸCTC<›w N°æ≤ _b›fi ¿_Sw Fæ bæŸu FÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸> N°æ≤ ≈®Ô∫ Ju¡ N°˚°Ÿ ˚Ù f®Ê
tu* ¿_Sw Fæ* $$84$$
Ÿ¨<‹¸> tu* w°u Ÿ¥∫°Õ<Ì-≈®J¡°„ bwÕt°fi Fæ <J¡∏wC ≈®Ô∫ w°u wt°uR¡≈ Fæ Nw# ≈≤_≈≤ <bR¡] ∫u Ì°ufi°u*
ÎJ¡ f®Ê tu* Jæ¡Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ* ? oŸ „aJ¡° J¡° <fi≤°J¡≤d J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ıæŸu ÎJ¡ FÙ <fiB° tu* _b›fi N°æ≤ ŸCTC<›w Nb_S° tu* ≈®J¡°„ N°æ≤ N∏@J¡°≤ J¡° ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ
≈≤f®Ê tu* ŸyÕ N°æ≤ ≈®Ô∫ J¡° ˚°fi ˚Ù F°uw° Fæ $$85$$
<ªwg tu* FÙ ın N°æ≤ Nın ˚uÌ J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° tu* ˚Ù _b›fi FÙ Â‹¸>°∏w Fæ, ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu tfiC‹∫ <fiB°b_S° tu* <fiı ≈°T°d J¡∑ ¿_S<w J¡° NfiC˚b J¡≤w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ ≈≤t°Ãt° ˚Ù oŸ
ın ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡∑ ¿_S<w J¡° NfiC˚b J¡≤w° Fæ $$86$$
ªuwfi tu* ı°Œ°fiC˚b J¡∑ N≈®<Ÿ<] J¡° b°≤d J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ıæŸu <bT∫°∏w≤ tu* N°Ÿ<•wb°Ôu ≈C”T Ju¡ NayC‹™> ∫° N∏∫ NayCÔÙ Ÿu ≈bfi, @¥≈ ∫° @¥<Ô J¡° _≈„Õ
F°ufiu ≈≤ Ã≈∏fi FCN° ˚Ù NfiC˚b NfiCÃ≈∏fi ≈®°∫ FÙ F°uw° Fæ ∫F ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ $ bæŸ° FÙ ≈°T°d N°<Ì tu*
<bΩt°fi ˚Ù N<bΩt°fi≈®°∫ NfiC˚b ınw°R¡≈ Fæ $$87$$
ÎuŸu FÙ ın J¡°u ˚Ù ªuwfi˚°b J¡° NfiC˚b ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ, ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
N°J¡°„, ≈ÃS≤, ıÔ°<Ì J¡°u ıæŸu <b≤°¸>g ÌuF˚°b tu* NSb° wWÌ<@‹™>°w¨Ìubw°-ÌuF˚°b tu*
NfiC˚b F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ ≈®Ô∫J¡°Ô tu* <ªW°<Ì Ÿu ≤<Fw Ft Ô°uy°u* J¡°u N°ı ∫°fiÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸>J¡°Ô tu* fi°fi°
≈®J¡°≤ J¡∑ NfiC˚¥<w∫°≥ F°uwÙ Fæ* $$88$$ N©^±>J¡°Ô tu* f®Ê° Ju¡ <Ìfi˚uÌR¡≈ ı°u J¡v≈ Fæ*, fitu* ıæŸu
Ft°≤u NŸa¶∫ <Ìfi ≤°<` J¡∑ ≈®wÙ<w F°uwÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ ≈≤f®Ê tu* NŸa¶∫ Ÿ¨<‹¸> N°æ≤ ≈®Ô∫ Ÿa<bÌ°u* J¡°
˚°fi F°uw° Fæ $ <ıŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ÎJ¡t°` ıÔ_b˚°bb°Ôu ŸtCB tu* _b˚°b Ÿu FÙ N°bwÕ N°æ≤ w≤ay bÔ∫
N°<Ì J¡° _kC¡≤d F°uw° Fæ ŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ <bT∫°u* J¡° Ì„Õfi, fiJ¡° tfifi, fiJ¡° ˚°uyR¡≈ NfiC˚b N°æ≤
fiJ¡∑ ÎTd° (≤°y), fiJ¡∑ ≈®°<›w J¡∑ oh~>° N°<Ì <bsu≈°u* Ÿu <fitCÕ•w_bR¡≈ „°∏w ≈≤t≈Ì tu* ∫F
≈®Ô∫ N°æ≤ Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡° ≈Caı ˚Ù _b˚°b Ÿu FÙ ˚°Ÿt°fi F°uw° Fæ ≈®t°d Ÿu w[bÌ„Õfi F°u ı°fiu ≈≤ bF
_kC¡¿≤w fiFÙ* F°uw° $$89,90$$
ÎŸ Ÿ°æ <~>∫°ŸÙb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ŸW°ŸÙb°≥ ŸyÕ

Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡° _b˚°b, <fi∫<w (J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤d˚°b N°<Ì J¡° <fi∫t) wS°
ıÙbÃb J¡∑ ≈®°<›w Ju¡ FuwCN°u* J¡∑ Ã≈<W N°æ≤ f®Ê„C]w° J¡° bdÕfi $
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, <b<ª` NŸa¶∫ ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡° J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤d ˚°b°<Ì <fi∫tR¡≈ <fi∫<w
wS° N<ÀfiıÔ°<Ì J¡° ‹dw°, Ì®bÃb N°<ÌR¡≈ _b˚°b oŸ ŸaŸ°≤ tu* <J¡Ÿ FuwC Ÿu ÎJ¡R¡≈ N°æ≤ NªÔ
F°uJ¡≤ ¿_Sw Fæ* ? •∫°u*<J¡ _b›fi, tfi°u≤S N°<Ì N∏∫ <tØ∫° ≈Ì°S°u˘ tu* w°u ∫F ¿_S≤ fiFÙ* <Ì©°oÕ Ìuw° $
NŸa¶∫ Ìubw°N°u* tu* Ÿ¥∫Õ J¡∑ FÙ owfiÙ y® ≈®˚° Jæ¡Ÿu FCoÕ N°æ≤ <ÌbŸ°u* J¡∑ ÌÙ|Õw° (Ô‡f° F°ufi°) N°æ≤
_bw° (~>°u¸>° F°ufi°) <J¡Ÿfiu J¡∑ ? $$1,2$$
N°<Ì Ÿ¨<‹¸> tu* ı°u ı°u J¡°J¡w°ÔÙ∫∏∫°∫ Ÿu <b@°w° J¡°u ıæŸ°-ıæŸ° ≈®wÙw FCN° bF bæŸ° FÙ
NSÕ<J®¡∫°<Ì π°≤° <fi∫wR¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ, <b@°w° J¡∑ oh~>° FÙ ŸJu¡ NΔ∫<˚ª°≤ tu* FuwC Fæ ∫FÙ f°w
b_wCN°u* Ju¡ _b˚°b Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* ˚Ù ı°fifiÙ ª°<FÎ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu ≈®St Ì°u ≈®ÿfi°u* J¡° ZÙ b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ
W≤ Ìuwu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ≤°tıÙ, N°<Ì Ÿ¨<‹¸> tu* Ÿ <fiÿªÔ ≈≤t f®Ê tu* _b˚°b Ÿu FÙ
J¡°J¡w°ÔÙ∫bwg <fi∫w ı°u ˚°fi FCN° bF ıæŸ° S° N°æ≤ <ıŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤d˚°b Ÿu ¿_Sw S°
bæŸ° FÙ N°ı ˚Ù ¿_Sw bF ıywg „ÆÌ Ÿu J¡FÔ°w° Fæ $$3$$
<fi∫w oÕÿb≤ „<•w J¡° N∏∫S°˚°b w°u F°u fiFÙ* ŸJ¡w°, oŸ<ÔÎ <fi∫<w tu* J¡°uoÕ Δ∫<˚ª°≤ fiFÙ*
FCN°, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ŸbÕ„<•wt°fig ≈≤t°Ãt° J¡°u <ıŸ <ıŸ J¡° ıæŸu ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ bF bF bæŸu FÙ Ÿwg Fæ $
ŸÃ∫ŸaJ¡v≈Ÿa<bwg Ÿa<bwgŸ°≤ Fæ Ÿu <ıŸJ¡° ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ bF N˚°fi Jæ¡Ÿu F°uy° ? •w Ÿa<bwgŸ°≤
ŸÃ∫ŸaJ¡v≈Ÿa<bwg Ft Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ _b›fi N°æ≤ tfi°u≤S J¡∑ Ÿa<bwg Ju¡ Ÿt°fi NŸ°≤ fiFÙ* Fæ <ıŸŸu ŸJ¡°
˚°fi N˚°fiw° J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u $$4$$ ≠∫°u*-Ju¡-Ã∫°u* N≈fiu _bR¡≈ tu* ¿_Sw f®Ê J¡°, <ªwg F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d,
<ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡ ıæŸ° _kC¡≤d F°uw° Fæ t°∫° Ju¡ Ì≤ tu* ¿_Sw ŸÙ J¡° Ÿ¨<‹¸>J¡°Ô tu* ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ wS°
≈®Ô∫J¡°Ô tu* Ÿ¥‚t F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d bFÙ N˚°fiŸÂ„ F°u ı°w° Fæ $ bFÙ Nfi°<Ì ŸJ¡Ô b_wCN°u* J¡∑
NSÕ<J®¡∫°„<•w Fæ N°æ≤ bFÙ <fi∫<w Fæ $$5$$
NSb° <fi∫w ŸJ¡Ô NSÕ<J®¡∫° tu* ŸtSÕ f®Ê FÙ ıyÌ°J¡°≤w° @°≤d J¡≤w° Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ ˚Ù <fi∫<w
≈®<w‹™>° J¡∑ <Ÿ<] F°uwÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
∫F oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° Fæ N°æ≤ ∫F oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° Fæ ∫°u* _b∫a f®Ê J¡° FÙ ı°u _kC¡≤d Fæ Ÿ¨<‹¸> N°æ≤ ≈®Ô∫
J¡° R¡≈ @°≤d J¡≤fiub°Ô° bFÙ <fi∫<wfi°tb°Ô° J¡F° y∫° Fæ $$6$$
ŸyÕ - 187] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2493
NSb° ª¥≥<J¡ ı°y®wg, _b›fi N°æ≤ ŸCTC<›w ofi wÙfi°u* Nb_S°N°u* J¡° NI°w N°Ãt° FÙ _b˚°b Fæ,
oŸ<ÔÎ ∫S°Â<˝> <fi∫<w J¡° Δ∫<˚ª°≤ fiFÙ* F°uw° Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ $
<ªwg tu* ı°y®wg, _b›fi N°æ≤ ŸCTC<›w ofi wÙfi Nb_S°N°u* J¡° ı°u _bw# _kC¡≤d Fæ NÃ∫∏w <fitÕÔ
bF ŸŸu bæŸu FÙ N<˚∏fi Fæ ıæŸu <J¡ ıÔ Ÿu BbÃb N<˚∏fi Fæ $$7$$
ı°y®wg, _b›fi N°æ≤ ŸCTC<›w wÙfi Nb_S°N°u* J¡∑ <ªÃ_b˚°bw° J¡° <b<b@ Â‹¸>°∏w°u* Ÿu ŸtSÕfi
J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ıæŸu N°J¡°„ tu* „¥∏∫w° <˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ, ıæŸu J¡≈¥≤ tu* ŸCy¿∏@ N<w¿≤•w fiFÙ* Fæ wS° ıæŸu @¥≈ tu*
‹dw° <˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ªwg tu* ı°y®wg N°<Ì Nb_S°Î≥ N∏∫ (<˚∏fi) fiFÙ* Fæ* $ fÙı°aJC¡≤∏∫°∫ Ÿu
Ÿ¨<‹¸> N°æ≤ ≈®Ô∫ ≈®b°F Ju¡ Nfi°<Ì F°ufiu Ÿu <ª∏t°`N°J¡°„R¡≈ Ÿ¨<‹¸>-≈®Ô∫fi°tJ¡ ÎJ¡ f®Ê_bR¡≈ tu* FÙ
∫F ÎJ¡ ≈®b°F J¡∑ Nfi∏∫ ŸW° Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ oŸŸu ˚Ù <fi∫w NSÕ<J®¡∫° J¡∑ <Ÿ<] Fæ, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$8,9$$
NwÎb <ªwg Ju¡ _kC¡≤d Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ Ÿu FÙ Ÿf <fi∫tΔ∫b_S° Fæ $ sd tu* ˚Ù "∫F J¡v≈ Fæ' ∫°u* <ªwg
J¡° _kC¡≤d F°ufiu ≈≤ ŸJu¡ NJ¡v≈Ãb J¡° Ÿ°@J¡ Ì¥Ÿ≤° JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
sd˚≤ ı°u <ªwg J¡° _kC¡≤d Fæ bF ∫F ŸyÕ Fæ ∫°u* ı°fi° y∫° Fæ N°æ≤ sd˚≤ ı°u <ªwg J¡° _kC¡≤d Fæ
bF ∫F J¡v≈ Fæ ∫°u* ı°fi° y∫° Fæ $$10$$
NwÎb J¡°Ô, <J®¡∫°, Ìu„, BΔ∫ N°<Ì b_wC˚uÌ R¡≈ Ÿu <ªwg _kC¡≤d FÙ ŸJ¡Ô b_wC J¡° _b˚°b
N°æ≤ <fi∫<w Fæ, ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ı°u _b›fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi N≈fiu _b˚°b Ÿu <ªwg J¡° _kC¡≤d Fæ bF J¡°Ô Fæ, bF <J®¡∫° Fæ, bF N°J¡°„ Fæ,
bF Ìu„, BΔ∫°<Ì J¡° N°<b˚°Õb Fæ $$11$$ <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* <fi≤°J¡°≤ <ªWw° J¡° ı°u _b°˚°<bJ¡ _kC¡≤d Fæ,
bF f°fl≈Ì°SÕÌ„Õfi, N°∏w¿≤J¡ ≈Ì°SÕ tfifi, Ìu„, J¡°Ô, <J®¡∫° N°<Ì Fæ $$12$$ ı°u ≈Ì°SÕ <ıŸ J¡°Ô
tu* ıæŸ° <ªwg Ÿu _kC¡¿≤w Fæ <ıŸJ¡∑ ŸÙ fiu bæŸÙ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤ ≤•©Ù Fæ bF <fi∫<w ˚Ù N°J¡°„R¡≈ FÙ Fæ,
ŸŸu N∏∫ fiFÙ* Fæ $$13$$
Nf "J¡Sa _b˚°b°u ˚°b°fi°tg' oŸ ≈®ÿfi J¡° Ÿt°@°fi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
J¡v≈fi°t Ju¡ f®Ê Ju¡ <fituT wJ¡ ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡° ı°u ÎJ¡ R¡≈ Ÿu (N¿w ‹d, ıÔ „Ùw N°<Ì R¡≈ Ÿu)
_kC¡≤d Fæ ŸÙJ¡°u _b˚°bw[bbuW° t<wt°fig ≈C”T _b˚°b (≈®Ã∫uJ¡ b_wC tu* <fi∫t Ÿu ≤Ffiub°Ô° _b˚°b)
J¡Fwu Fæ* $$14$$ ıæŸu Ÿa<bwg Na„˚¥w ıÙb J¡° Ÿb°ÕfiCyw<ªÃ_bR¡≈ FÙ _b˚°b Fæ bæŸu FÙ N≈fiu _bR¡≈
J¡° Ã∫°y fi J¡≤ ≤Fu N<Àfi N°<Ì ÎJ¡ FÙ b_wC J¡°, Ìu„, J¡°Ô N°<Ì ˚uÌ Ÿu NfiuJ¡w° J¡°u ≈®°›w F°ufiu ≈≤
˚Ù, ı°u ÎJ¡ Ÿb°ÕfiCyw ‹dÃb, ≈®J¡°„R¡≈ _b˚°b Fæ bFÙ ŸJu¡ <b<b@ ˚uÌ°u* tu* NfiCyw _b˚°b Fæ $$15$$
˚B, Ÿa<b∏t∫ <b<˚∏fi b¨<W∫°u* tu* ˚Ù ı°u <ªÌ°˚°Ÿ Ÿa<bÌ°u* J¡° _kC¡≤d F°uw° Fæ bFÙ fiJ¡°
_b˚°b Fæ $ b¨<W∫°u* Ju¡ <bT∫ ≈¨<SbÙ, ıÔ, wuı, b°∫C N°<Ì tu* fi b¨<WN°˚°Ÿ Ÿa<bÌ°u* fiu N≈fiu
„≤Ù≤-wCv∫ fi b¨<W˚uÌ°u* Ju¡ tº∫ tu* <ıfi <ıfi b¨<W∫°u* J¡∑ ıæŸu ıæŸu N°J¡°≤ J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡∑, bF
N°J¡°≤ FÙ fiJ¡° _b˚°b Fæ $$16$$
<b<b@ N°J¡°≤°u* J¡°u Ì„°ÕJ¡≤ fiJ¡° ≈°≤t°<SÕJ¡ _b˚°b N<@‹™>°fi˚¥w <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ, ∫F
Ì„°Õwu Fæ* $
•w ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì ≈®Ã∫uJ¡ N≈fiu N≈fiu J¡°∫°u˘ Ju¡ N°y°≤ (˚a±>°≤) Fæ* $ ∫S° ≈°<SÕb Ÿf b_wCN°u*
J¡° ≈¨<SbÙ NfiCyw _b˚°b Fæ, ıÔÙ∫ ŸJ¡Ô b_wCN°u* J¡° ıÔ NfiCyw _b˚°b Fæ, wæıŸ ŸJ¡Ô
b_wCN°u* J¡° wuı NfiCyw _b˚°b Fæ, _≈∏Ì N°<Ì b°∫bÙ∫ ŸJ¡Ô b_wCN°u* J¡° b°∫C NfiCyw _b˚°b
Fæ N°æ≤ „¥∏∫Ãb°<Ì N°J¡°„Ù∫ ŸJ¡Ô ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡° N°J¡°„ NfiCyw _b˚°b Fæ $ fi ŸfJ¡° _b›fi J¡∑
w≤F t°∫°„fÔ f®Ê FÙ N°y°≤ (˚a±>°≤) Fæ $ Fu ≤°ıfig, fitu* oŸ J¡<™>fi Ÿt¥wÕ ˚°y J¡° tF°fig
N°y°≤ (˚a±>°≤) ˚¥<t Fæ bF ıfiw° J¡° N°@°≤ N°æ≤ ≤°ı° J¡∑ w≤F ≈°ÔJ¡ Fæ $$17,18$$ yay° N°<Ì
≈®@°fi˚¥w ıÔ°u* J¡° ŸJ¡Ô _b _b <b„uT°u* tu* NfiCyw Ÿ°y≤ tF°fig N°y°≤ wS° ≤°ı° J¡∑ w≤F
ıÙbfi≈®Ì Fæ, N<Àfi N°<Ì wuı°u* J¡° _b _b <b„uT°u* tu* NfiCyw ∫F Ÿ¥∫Õ tF°fig ˚a±>°≤ wS° ≤°ı° J¡∑
w≤F ıÙbfi≈®Ì Fæ, _≈∏Ì J¡° _b _b <b„uT°u* tu* NfiCyw ≈bfi tF°fig ˚a±>°≤ wS° ıÙbfi≈®Ì Fæ wS°
„¥∏∫w° J¡° _b _b <b„uT°u* tu* NfiCyw N°J¡°„ tF°fig ˚a±>°≤ Fæ $$19$$ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿa<bwg Ju¡ N°y°≤
F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d bu ≈aªtF°˚¥w f®°ÊÙ Ÿa<bwgR¡≈ Ÿu FÙ <Ìw Fæ* oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ f®Ê FÙ fiJu¡ NfiCyw
F°uJ¡≤ fiJ¡° _b˚°b Fæ $ oŸŸu "_Ã_bŸa¶∫uTC ÌubuTC Ÿ¥∫Õ Îb°uy®˚°# J¡Stg' oŸ ≈®ÿfi J¡° ˚Ù Ÿt°@°fi
F°u y∫° $ _b˚°b-≈®ÿfi Ju¡ W≤ Ÿu FÙ ŸJ¡° ˚Ù Ÿt°@°fi F°u y∫°,Nw# Ÿ¥∫Õ Ju¡ ≈®<w ≈¨SJg¡ ≈®ÿfi
fiFÙ* ™>w° Fæ, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$20$$ <ª¿w FÙ Ÿa<bwg J¡FÙ yoÕ Fæ $ Ÿf JC¡~> J¡∑ ≈®J¡°„J¡ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d
ŸbÕI ŸbÕR¡≈ ŸbÕy°<tfiÙ bF _b≈®J¡°„w°R¡≈ _bt<Ft° Ÿu FÙ ŸbÕ` _b˚°bR¡≈ ≈≤t°J¡°≤ N°æ≤
<fi∫<w R¡≈ Ÿu ŸfJu¡ π°≤° NfiC˚¥w F°uwÙ Fæ $$21$$ ∫F ªwCtCÕ©fi°t@°≤Ù f®Ê-f°ÔJ¡ _b°Ãt˚¥w
Ÿa<bwg Ju¡ _kC¡≤d N°J¡°„R¡≈ N°b≤db°ÔÙ oŸ ≈¨<SbÙ J¡° _b∫a f®Ê_bR¡≈ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d
N°J¡°„°J¨¡<w FÙ F°uJ¡≤ N≈fiu tu* <b_w°≤ J¡≤w° Fæ $$22$$ ıf bF t°∫°„fÔ ŸbÕIŸa<bwg f®Ê° J¡∑
Ÿa<bwg Ju¡ Ÿ°S _S¥Ô N°æ≤ Ÿ¥‚t ≈®≈aª J¡° N≈fiu tu* ŸaF°≤ J¡≤wÙ Fæ wf ªwCtCÕ©Ÿa<bwg Ju¡ Nay˚¥w
Ÿ¥∫Õ N°<Ì J¡° ªaªÔR¡≈ Ÿfiu Ã≈∏fi fiFÙ* <J¡∫° $ ª¥≥<J¡ ÎuŸ° Fæ Nw# ≈ŸaF°≤ Ÿu ˚sJ¡ ≈C”T FÙ
F°uw° Fæ $$23$$
"ÌÙ|ÕÃbtS _bÃba <ÌbŸ°fi°a wC <J*¡J¨¡wtg' oŸ ≈®ÿfi J¡° W≤ w°u ≠∫°u<wÿªJ®¡ tu* Ÿ¥∫Õ Ju¡ Ì<sd°∫d
N°æ≤ W≤°∫d y<w Ju¡ ˚uÌ J¡∑ ≈®<Ÿ<] Ÿu FÙ F°u y∫°, ∫°u* Ÿ¥<ªw J¡≤wu FCÎ ≠∫°u<wÿªJ®¡ J¡°u Ì„°Õwu Fæ* $
tJ¡nÙ π°≤° ŸaJ¡v≈≈¥bÕJ¡ f°fl Ÿ°@fi°u* Ju¡ <ffi° FÙ <b≤<ªw t¿•©∫°u* J¡°u f°≥@fiu Ju¡ ı°Ô J¡∑ w≤F
f®Ê° Ÿu Ju¡bÔ <b<b@ ŸaJ¡v≈°u* π°≤° <fi<tÕw y®F, fis` N°<Ì J¡° y¨F˚¥w <„„Ct°≤ªJ®¡ ≠∫°u<wT„°˜
N°<Ì tu* ≈®<Ÿ] FÙ Fæ $ Ÿ¥∫Õ π°≤° ŸÙ Ju¡ Ì<sd°∫d N°æ≤ W≤°∫d t°y°u˘ J¡° NbÔ‡ffi J¡≤fiu Ju¡
J¡°≤d N°≈Ÿu ≈¥~>° y∫° <ÌbŸ°u* J¡° _bÃb N°æ≤ ÌÙ|ÕÃb ıæŸu ∫F <ªÌ°J¡°„ Âÿ∫ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ≈®wÙw F°uw°
Fæ bæŸu FÙ ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ $$24$$
"ŸÃ_bfiuJu¡TC ÌubuTC Ÿ¥∫Õ Îb°uy®˚°# J¡Stg' oŸ ≈®ÿfi tu* ı°u NfiuJ¡ Ìubw° J¡Fu y∫u Fæ*, fiJ¡°u ≠∫°u<wÿªJ®¡
tu* fis`R¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw <Ì©Ô°wu Fæ* $
fitu* J¡°uoÕ (Ÿ¥∫Õ N°<Ì) NÃ∫∏w ˚°_b≤ Fæ*, J¡°uoÕ (ª∏B N°<Ì) Nv≈ ˚°_b≤ N°æ≤ J¡°uoÕ (≈¥b°uÕ•w
≤°FC N°<Ì w°tŸ fis`) N˚°_b≤ Fæ* $ Ÿf ≈Ì°SÕ <b<b@ R¡≈ Ÿu ˚°<Ÿw F°uwu Fæ* $$25$$ b°_wb tu*
w°u ∫u ŸJ¡Ô ≈Ì°SÕ fi Ã≈∏fi FÙ FCÎ Fæ* N°æ≤ fi <Ì©°oÕ FÙ Ìuwu Fæ* $ I°fiÙ ≈C”T J¡°u ∫F Ÿf _b›fi
ŸyÕ - 187] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2495
Ju¡ Âÿ∫ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ $ <ª∏t°`_bR¡≈ ŸbuÕÿb≤ N°≈, tæ* N°æ≤ ŸfR¡≈ Ÿu
NÃ∫∏w Âÿ∫ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ≈®<Ÿ] F°uJ¡≤ _kC¡¿≤w F°uw° Fæ $ b°_wb tu* fi _kC¡¿≤w FÙ F°uw° Fæ N°æ≤ fi fi‹¸>
FÙ F°uw° Fæ $ ª¥≥<J¡ <ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡° ¿ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* _b›fiÌ„Õfi J¡∑ ˚°≥<w _kC¡≤d F°uw° Fæ NwÎb
<ªÌ°J¡°„w° Ju¡ <Ÿb° oŸ ıywg J¡° ≈°≤t°<SÕR¡≈ •∫° F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? $$26-28$$ bF ≈°≤t°<SÕJ¡
ŸBq≈ FÙ Nº∫_w tu* <ıwfiu Ÿt∫ wJ¡ |¸> N°<Ì J¡∑ <bΩt°fiw° ≤FwÙ Fæ wf wJ¡ wBq≈ Ÿu _kC¡¿≤w
F°uw° Fæ ŸÙ J¡° _b˚°b, <fi∫<w N°<Ì <b<b@ „ÆÌ°u* Ÿu J¡Sfi F°uw° Fæ $$29$$ bF f®ÊŸW°
N°J¡°„R¡≈ ≈®St Ã≈∏fi N≈fiu Nay Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ „ÆÌw∏t°`R¡≈ ¿_S<w Ÿu JC¡Ÿ¥Ô Ju¡ (J¡°u<™>Ô° Ju¡)
˚Ùw≤ ≤•©u FCÎ fÙı°u* tu* N°<b˚¥Õw fi FCoÕ NaJC¡≤„<•w Ju¡ wCv∫ b°∫C N°<Ì ıywg J¡∑ fÙı˚¥w „<•w
Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu Nfi°<b˚¥Õw F°uJ¡≤ ≤FwÙ Fæ $$30$$ ŸŸu ∫F b°∫C, wuı, ıÔ, ≈¨<SbÙR¡≈ ˚¥w-˚°æ<wJ¡
ıywg J®¡t Ÿu Ã≈∏fi F°uw° Fæ oŸ w≤F <J¡ ı°u ∫F°≥ J¡v≈fi° Fæ bF NI°fiÙ Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ w[bf°u@ Ju¡
<ÔÎ ıywg Ÿ¨<‹¸>-≈®<w≈°Ìfi J¡∑ oh~>° Ÿu ZC<w∫°u* N°æ≤ tC<fi∫°u* π°≤° J¡∑ yoÕ Fæ fi <J¡ Ÿ¨<‹¸> FÙ
w°¿[bJ¡Ù (b°_wbÙ) Fæ, ∫F ≈®<w≈°Ìfi Ju¡ <ÔÎ J¡∑ yoÕ Fæ $ ∫<Ì Ÿ¨<‹¸> FÙ b°_w<bJ¡ Fæ ∫F ≈®<w≈°Ìfi
Ju¡ <ÔÎ F°u w°u ∫F Ÿ¨<‹¸>J¡S° t¥©°u˘ π°≤° FÙ <b≤<ªw N°æ≤ Δ∫SÕ F°uyÙ, •∫°u*<J¡ ∫F Ÿ¨<‹¸> b°_w<bJ¡
Fæ ∫F I°fi F°ufiu ≈≤ <J¡ŸÙ J¡° fi w°u J¡°uoÕ ≈®∫°uıfi „°˜°u* tu* ŸCfi° y∫° Fæ N°æ≤ fi Ô°uJ¡ tu* J¡FÙ* Ìu©°
y∫° Fæ $ bF ∫F°≥ J¡˚Ù fi w°u N_w J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ N°æ≤ fi <Ìw F°uw° Fæ $ <„Ô° y˚Õ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi
<fiÃ∫ „°∏w ∫F Ÿwg ˚Ù NŸwg, Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ w°¿[bJ¡ f®ÊR¡≈ fi N_w J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ N°æ≤ fi
<Ìw F°uw° Fæ $ oŸ J¡°≤d ≈≤ ŸW° Ÿu Ÿwg ˚Ù ∫F ≈®≈aªR¡≈ _bw# NŸwg Fæ $$31,32$$
N<˚∏fi ŸW°b°Ô° F°ufiu ≈≤ f®Ê Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ ıywg Nb∫bbwg Ì∫ N°æ≤ N_w≤<Fw FÙ Fæ, ∫F <Ÿ]
F°uw° Fæ, ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu Nb∫bÙ Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ Nb∫b NdC ŸÌ° FÙ fi w°u N_w J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uwu Fæ* N°æ≤ fi <Ìw F°uwu Fæ* bæŸu
FÙ ≈≤t°Ãt≈Ì tu* Nfi∏w ıywg ˚Ù fi w°u N_w J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uwu Fæ* N°æ≤ fi <Ìw F°uwu Fæ* $$33$$
f®Ê ŸW° Ÿu N<w¿≤•w ıywg ŸW° J¡° N≈Ô°≈ J¡≤fiu ≈≤ ıywg „C] f®Ê_bR¡≈ FÙ <Ÿ] F°uw°
Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ oŸJu¡ Ì∫, N_wt∫ N°<Ì bæ<ªc∫ J¡° <bfi°„ FCN°, ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu N°J¡°„ N°J¡°„ tu* ≤Fw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ f®Ê°J¡°„ tu* ıyw°J¡°„ ≤Fw° Fæ, ∫°u* NÃ∫∏w <b„C]
ıywg J¡° Jæ¡Ÿu <bfi°„ F°uw° Fæ, Jæ¡Ÿu Ì∫ F°uw° Fæ ? $$34$$
oŸ w≤F ıywg Ju¡ t¥Ô w[b J¡° <bª°≤ J¡≤fiu ≈≤ ıywg J¡∑ f®Êt°`w° J¡° ≈®<w≈°ÌfiJ¡≤ f®Ê FÙ
_bw°¿[bJ¡ (b°_w<bJ¡) R¡≈ J¡° <b_t≤d F°ufiu ≈≤ ıyBq≈ F°uw° Fæ, ∫F J¡Ffiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ˚¥<tJ¡° ≤ªwu Fæ* $
Nfi∏w ≈®J¡°„R¡≈ Ÿ <fi_ŸÙt <ª∏t<d J¡° <fi≤∏w≤ _b˚°bw# ı°u ŸW°t°`R¡≈ N°Ãt_kC¡≤d
Fæ, NI°w NwÎb ≈®St N∏∫S°˚°b F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ŸJu¡ N<bt„Õ J¡° Ÿ¥ªJ¡ ∫°fiÙ Nw<JÕ¡w bF
Ÿ R¡≈ Ÿu _b∫a JC¡~> ªuÃ∫w° J¡°u ıæŸ° ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ $ wÌfi∏w≤ ˚°bÙ fi°t N°æ≤ NS°u˘ J¡∑
J¡v≈fi°N°u* π°≤° JC¡~> w<JÕ¡w R¡≈b°Ô° N°J¡°„ Ÿu ˚Ù NdC N°æ≤ „C] bF ˚°bÙ ≈®≈aª Ju¡ ≈∫°ÕÔ°uªfi
Ÿu ŸJ¡° Ÿftu* f°u@ J¡≤fiub°Ô° F°uw° Fæ $ wÌC≈≤°∏w Ÿ <J*¡<ªw ªuÃ∫w° Ÿu bF ≈≤t ŸW°
≈∫°ÕÔ°u<ªw ≈Ì°SÕ J¡°u ˚ÔÙ˚°≥<w ªuwfi ffi°fiu tu* wÃ≈≤ F°uJ¡≤ "<ªwg' (ªuÃ∫wÙw <ªwg oŸ Δ∫CÃ≈<W
Ju¡ NbŸ≤ J¡∑ ≈®°<›w Ÿu) fi°t Ju¡ ∫°uÀ∫ F°uwÙ Fæ $$35-38$$
ŸJu¡ f°Ì ı°u F°uw° Fæ, Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
|fiŸabuÌfi Ju¡ f°Ì ıÙb fi°tb°ÔÙ bF N°ÃtJ¡v≈fi° ıÙb°<Ì R¡≈°u* J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uwÙ FCoÕ N<@J¡°≤Ù
„≤Ù≤ J¡∑ ≈®°<›w F°ufiu ≈≤ <k¡≤ ≈≤t≈Ì (f®Ê) F°u ı°wÙ Fæ $$39$$
∫<Ì J¡°uoÕ J¡Fu <J¡ bF ŸÌ° FÙ ≈≤t ≈ÌR¡≈ f®Ê Fæ, ŸJ¡° N<@J¡°≤Ù ÌuF tu* I°fi≈®°<›w Ÿu J¡°æfi
ÃJ¡TÕ Fæ ? oŸ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ $
ª¥≥<J¡ bF ≈≤t ŸW° ıÙbÃbÌ„° tu* <ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡° N°b≤d J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ N<bΩ° J¡°u @°≤d J¡≤Ju¡
¿_Sw Fæ NwÎb ŸJ¡° ≈≤t≈Ì _b˚°b ≈®J¡¸> fiFÙ* ≤Fw° $ oŸ Ÿt∫ I°fi ≈®°<›w F°ufiu ≈≤ N<w<b„C]
bF ≈≤t≈Ì J¡∑ (f®Ê J¡∑) N<˚∏fiR¡<≈dÙ (≈®°›w-N˚uÌb°ÔÙ) F°u ı°wÙ Fæ $$40$$
Ÿ Ÿt∫ ıf <J¡ ŸJ¡∑ N<bΩ° Ÿu N°b¨w Nb_S° ≤FwÙ Fæ, bF ÎJ¡t°` N°Ãtw°Ì°Ã‡∫Nº∫°Ÿ
J¡∑ ˚°bfi°R¡≈ Ÿ°≤b°Ôu ÌuF, o¿∏B∫ N°<Ì Ÿu ŸaŸ°≤°u∏tC©Ù F°uJ¡≤ <fiı _bR¡≈ Ju¡ <b≤F Ÿu Ã≈∏fi FCoÕ
ÀÔ°<fi Ÿu F°ufiub°ÔÙ <b<b@ ªu‹¸>°Î≥ J¡≤wÙ Fæ $ N<πwÙ∫ wS° N∏∫ b_wCN°u* Ÿu „¥∏∫_bR¡≈b°ÔÙ FÙ bF
_bŸW° Ÿ<bJ¡v≈ <ªwg J¡∑ ˚°bfi° J¡∑ ˚®°<∏w Ÿu „ÆÌ N°<Ì yCd°u* Ÿu ≈¥dÕ y˚Õb°ÔÙ F°uJ¡≤ F°ufiub°Ôu
N°J¡°„ N°<Ì ≈aª˚¥w°u* J¡∑ ≈®b¨<W<fi<tW˚¥w Ÿ¥‚t˚¥w°¿ÃtJ¡° F°u yoÕ $$41,42$$
ŸŸu NFaJ¡°≤ ≈®@°fi <Ô*yÌuF-J¡v≈fi° F°uwÙ Fæ, ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ŸJu¡ f°Ì <Ô*yÌuFbwÙÕ ≈®°d<J®¡∫° Ÿu F°ufiub°ÔÙ J¡°ÔŸW° Ju¡ Ÿ°S NF∏w° J¡° Ì∫ F°uw° Fæ $
F°ufiub°Ôu Δ∫bF°≤ Ju¡ ≈®∫°uıfi˚¥w bu Ì°ufi°u* (J¡°ÔŸW° N°æ≤ NF∏w°) ıywg J¡∑ ¿_S<w Ju¡ fÙı˚¥w Fæ* $
≈≤t <ª<w„<•w J¡° _b_kC¡≤d NŸBq≈ ∫F ıy≠ı°Ô ŸJu¡ ªuwfi Ÿu Ÿwg Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ¿_Sw Fæ $ oŸ
w≤F J¡∑ ŸaJ¡v≈R¡≈Ù tF°b¨s J¡∑ fÙı˚¥w bF <ª<w N≈fiu N∏Ì≤ NF∏w° J¡∑ ˚°bfi° J¡≤wÙ Fæ N°æ≤
sd˚≤ tu* NF∏w°_bR¡≈ F°u ı°wÙ Fæ $ bFÙ ∫F N°ı <F≤^∫y˚ÕR¡≈ Ÿu Ÿt<‹¸>-ıÙb fi°t J¡°u ≈®°›wJ¡≤
Ã≈<W, fi°„R¡≈ ˚®°<∏w∫°u* Ÿu t°∫°„fÔ f®Ê tu* bæŸu FÙ ˚®td J¡≤wÙ Fæ ıæŸu ıÔ tu* ıÔ ÔF¿≤∫°u* Ÿu
˚®td J¡≤w° Fæ $$43-46$$
ŸJ¡∑ ıÙbŸt<‹¸> <F≤^∫y˚ÕR¡≈ Ÿu _S¥Ô ≈aª˚¥wJ¡v≈fi° J¡°u J¡Fwu Fæ* $
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ˚°bfi°b°ÔÙ <ª¿w Ÿ¥‚t N°J¡°„w∏t°` ˚°bfi° J¡°u @Ù≤u @Ù≤u |fiÙ J¡≤Ju¡ _b∫a _S¥Ô
N°J¡°„ J¡∑ ˚°bfi° J¡≤wÙ Fæ $ bF _S¥Ô°J¡°„R¡≈ ¿ª¿w ˚°bÙ fi°t N°æ≤ NSÕR¡≈ „ÆÌ≤°<„Ôsd
tF°b¨s J¡∑ fÙı˚¥w N°æ≤ ≈Ì, b°•∫, ≈®t°d°u* Ÿu ≈¥dÕ buÌ, „°˜ Ju¡ NSÕ J¡∑ N°@°≤˚¥w Fæ $$47,48$$
Ÿ buÌR¡≈ „ÆÌŸ°≤ Ÿu „ÆÌ≤°<„ Ÿu <fi<tÕw NS°u˘ J¡∑ ≤°<„ Ju¡ ≈¿≤d°t Ÿu <b_w°≤b°ÔÙ Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ
ıywg-„°u˚° <Ìw F°uyÙ, •∫°u*<J¡ "Ÿ ˚¥¿≤<w Δ∫°F≤wg ˚CbtŸ¨ıw $ Îw o¿w bæ ≈®ı°≈<wÌÕub°fig $ o∏Ìb
o<w <≈w¨fig (≈®ı°≈<w fiu "˚¥' J¡° hª°≤d J¡≤ Ìubw°N°u* J¡∑ Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡∑, "NŸÿg' oŸŸu tfiC‹∫°u* J¡∑
Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡∑, "o∏Ìb#" oŸJ¡° hª°≤J¡≤ <≈w≤°u* J¡∑ Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡∑) ÎuŸÙ ZC<w Fæ $$49$$ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ <b<ª`
ŸaJ¡v≈b°ÔÙ f®Ê <ª<w FÙ ıÙb „ÆÌ Ÿu J¡FÙ ı°wÙ Fæ, ŸŸu N∏∫ fiFÙ* Fæ $ bFÙ ˚°bÙ „ÆÌ N°æ≤
NSÕ≤°¿„ Ÿu ˚¥wŸa|R¡≈Ù b¨s J¡∑ fÙı˚¥w Fæ $ ª°æÌF ˚Cbfi°u* tu* <fib°Ÿ J¡≤fiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ª°æÌF ≈®J¡°≤ J¡∑
˚¥w≤°<„ N°æ≤ N°J¡°„ J¡°u Δ∫°›w <J¡∫u F…Î ıywgR¡≈ ıÙdÕ≈`°u* J¡∑ ≤°<„ •w Ÿt<‹¸>ıÙb˚¥w
ŸyÕ - 187] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2497
<F≤^∫y˚ÕR¡≈ <ª<w Ÿu ≈®J¡¸> F°uyÙ $$50,51$$
ŸJu¡ _b<fi<tÕw ˚¥w˚°æ<wJ¡ ≈®≈aª Ju¡ ˚°uy Ju¡ <ÔÎ Ÿt<‹¸> Ãbª° N°<Ì o¿∏B∫°u* J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡°
≈®J¡°≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
•w <ª¿w NΩ°b<@ „ÆÌ Δ∫bF°≤ N°æ≤ „≤Ù≤°<Ì π°≤° Δ∫bF°≤ J¡°u ≈®°›w fi F°uJ¡≤, ıÙb F°ufiu Ju¡
J¡°≤d, ªuwfi Ÿu J¡°J¡w°ÔÙ∫ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi _b∫a _≈∏Ì <ª∏t°` J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤wÙ Fæ $ •w <ª¿w
b°∫CŸt¥FR¡≈ ÃbJg¡_≈„ÕR¡≈Ù b¨s J¡∑ fÙı˚¥w Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ Ÿtu* Ÿf ≈®°<d∫°u* J¡∑ <J®¡∫°R¡≈Ù _≈∏Ì J¡°
FuwC b°∫C Ã≈∏fi F°uy° $$52,53$$ ŸÙ w≤F ≈bfi _J¡∏@˚¥w Ÿ <F≤^∫y˚Õ <ª<w tu* <ªÌg<bÔ°Ÿ Ju¡
≈®J¡°„ Ÿu ı°u NfiC˚b F°uw° Fæ bF R¡≈w∏t°` Fæ bF ˚°bÙ wuı N°<Ì ˚¥w°u* J¡° _bR¡≈≈®Ì Fæ $$54$$
≈®J¡°„°fiC˚b J¡∑ FÙ R¡≈w∏t°`w° J¡° ≈≈°Ìfi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
≈®J¡°„ ªuwfi FÙ wuı Fæ $ wuı N∏∫J¨¡w fiFÙ* Fæ, _≈„Õ J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° FÙ _≈„Õ Fæ N∏∫ _≈„Õ J¡° J¡°≤d
fiFÙ* Fæ $$55$$ „ÆÌŸabuÌfiR¡≈ „ÆÌ _bw# FÙ NfiC˚¥w F°uw° Fæ $ ıæŸu N°J¡°„ N°J¡°„ Ÿu FÙ N°J¡°„R¡≈
J¡°u„ tu* NbJ¡°„ ≈°J¡≤ ¿_Sw F°uw° Fæ N∏∫ Ÿu fiFÙ* bæŸu FÙ ŸabuÌfi ˚Ù N°J¡°„°ÃtJ¡ FÙ „ÆÌ Ÿu
„ÆÌy®°FJ¡ Fæ, ŸŸu N∏∫ fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$56$$
Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* Ÿt<‹¸> J¡∑ w≤F oŸ Ÿt∫ Δ∫<‹¸> tu* ˚Ù wwg wwg J¡∑ Ÿa<bwg FÙ N≈fiu tu* wwg wwg
NSÕ Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ J¡° Nº∫°Ÿ J¡≤ ıywgJu¡ _bR¡≈ Ÿu ˚°ŸwÙ Fæ N∏∫ fiFÙ* ˚°Ÿw° Fæ, ÎuŸ° ŸtHfi°
ª°<F∫u, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Ÿ Nb_S° tu* ÌqŸ≤° „ÆÌ J¡w°Õ J¡°æfi F°uy° ıæŸu Ÿ Ÿt∫ πæw N°æ≤ Îu•∫ J¡° NÃ∫∏w NŸa˚b S°
bæŸu FÙ oŸ Ÿt∫ ˚Ù πæw N°æ≤ Îu•∫ J¡° NÃ∫∏w NŸa˚b Fæ $$57$$
„ÆÌ tu* ≈®Ì<„Õw ∏∫°∫ ≤Ÿ N°<Ì tu* ˚Ù ŸtHfi° ª°<F∫u, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ≤Ÿw∏t°` N°æ≤ y∏@w∏t°` J¡∑ ˚Ù _b›fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ ı°wÙ Fæ, ı°u <fi≈¸>
NŸÃ∫ F°uwu F…Î ˚Ù Ÿwg Ju¡ wCv∫ Fæ* $$58$$ wuı Ÿ¥∫Õ N°<Ì Ju¡ <bJ¡°Ÿ°u* Ÿu ≈®J¡°„R¡≈Ù tF°b¨s J¡°
fÙı˚¥w Fæ, Ÿtu* R¡≈˚uÌ π°≤° ŸaŸ°≤ J¡∑ Ã≈<W F°uyÙ $$59$$ <bJ¡°≤„¥∏∫ N°J¡°„ Ÿu ıæŸ° N°yu
F°ufiub°Ôu Ÿ ≈aªÙJ¨¡w N∏fi≈°fi N°<Ì J¡° _bw# t°@C∫Õ-_b°Ìfi F°uw° Fæ bF ≤Ÿw∏t°`° J¡FÔ°w°
Fæ $ ŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°wg <ıŸJ¡° R¡≈, ŸaJ¡v≈ fi°t N°yu F°ufiub°Ô° Fæ ÎuŸ° ∫F J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤d ŸtCÌ°∫R¡≈
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J¡° fÙı˚¥w ŸJ¡Ô Ju¡ N°@°≤R¡≈ Ÿ y∏@w∏t°` Ÿu ŸaŸ°≤ J¡° ≈®Ÿ°≤ F°uy° $ b°_wb tu* NfiCÃ≈∏fi
FÙ „ÆÌ_≈„ÕR¡≈ N°<Ì w∏t°`°N°u* J¡° Ÿt¥F oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ã≈∏fi F…N° b°_wb tu* <fi≤°J¡°≤ ˚Ù bF
J¡v≈fi°b„ Ÿ°J¡°≤ F°u y∫° $ ∫F w∏t°`°N°u* J¡° Ÿt¥F J¡°J¡w°ÔÙ∫ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi <ıŸ ≈®Ìu„ Ÿu
_b∫aR¡≈ J¡°u ı°fiw° Fæ bF fiu` J¡FÔ°w° Fæ, <ıŸ ≈®Ìu„ Ÿu _≈„Õ J¡° NfiC˚b J¡≤w° Fæ bF Ãb<y¿∏B∫
J¡FÔ°w° Fæ, <ıŸ ≈®Ìu„ Ÿu ≤Ÿ J¡° _b°Ì Ôuw° Fæ bF ≤Ÿfiu¿∏B∫ J¡FÔ°w° Fæ Îba <ıŸ ≈®Ìu„ Ÿu y∏@
J¡° NfiC˚b J¡≤w° Fæ bF |®°du¿∏B∫ J¡FÔ°w° Fæ $$60-66$$
≈¥b°uÕ•w <π<b@ ≈¿≤h~>uÌ J¡∑ w≤F ÌuF <≈^±> tu* NFa˚°b≈®∫C•w oŸJ¡∑ <Ì•J¡°Ô Ju¡ ˚uÌ J¡∑ J¡v≈fi°
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<fi∫w N°J¨¡<w J¡°u ≈®°›w F…N° ∫F ıÙb <Ì•J¡°Ô J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤w° Fæ N°æ≤ NŸb°ÕÃtw° Ju¡ Ì°uT
Ÿu ŸJ¡Ô Nay Ÿu ∫°fiÙ fiu`, Z°u`, N°<Ì Ÿu ≤Ÿ,y∏@ N°<Ì Ÿf JC¡~> ı°fiw° Fæ $ oŸ ≤Ù<w Ÿu ≈®Ã∫uJ¡
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≈®Ã∫uJ¡ J¡° ≈¨SJg¡ ≈¨SJg¡ J¡Sfi N„•∫ Fæ N°æ≤ bu Nfi∏w J¡v≈fi°Î≥ N°Ãt° Ÿu N<˚∏fi (N°Ãt˚¥w) FÙ
Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ bu ≈≤t°SÕR¡≈ Ÿu fi <Ìw F°uwÙ Fæ* N°æ≤ fi fi‹¸> F°uwÙ Fæ* <J¡∏wC ≈ÃS≤ Ju¡ y˚Õ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi
Ÿ<hªÌ°fi∏ÌæJ¡|fi <fiΔ∫°Õ≈°≤ FÙ ¿_Sw Fæ* $$67,68$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ŸW°ŸÙb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ Nl>°ŸÙb°≥ ŸyÕ

ıÙb f®Ê FÙ Fæ $ ŸJ¡∑ ∫F Ã≈<W ≈ª°≤w# (y°ædÙb¨<W Ÿu)
<Ô*y ÌuF J¡∑ ˚®°<∏w Ÿu ≈®wÙw F°uwÙ Fæ, oŸ f°w J¡° _≈‹¸>w# <fiR¡≈d $
<≈~>Ôu ŸyÕ tu* "|fi ŸabuÌfi°wg ≈ÿª°Ìg ˚°<bıÙb°<Ìfi°<tJ¡°' oÃ∫°<Ì Ÿu ıÙb J¡∑ Ã≈<W J¡°
≈≈°Ìfi <J¡∫° y∫° Fæ $ bF <ªw fiFÙ* Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ fibÙfi Ã≈∏fi F…Î ıÙb Ju¡ ŸaŸ°≤ Ju¡ (N°b°ytfi
Ju¡) FuwC J¡°t, J¡tÕ, b°Ÿfi° N°<Ì Ju¡ N˚°b Ÿu ŸaŸ°≤ J¡∑ <Ÿ<] fiFÙ* F°uyÙ N°æ≤ |¸>, ≈¸> N°<Ì Ju¡
Ÿt°fi <tØ∫° F°ufiu Ÿu f®Ê°Ãt˚°b fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d t°us J¡∑ <Ÿ<] ˚Ù fiFÙ* F°uyÙ ÎuŸÙ N°„aJ¡°
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ J¡°u fi F°u, oŸ<ÔÎ •w ıÙb°uÃ≈<W≈®<w≈°Ìfi J¡° w°Ã≈∫Õ ˚yb°fig ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ _b∫a
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ ZÙ≤°tªaÌ®ıÙ, oŸ <ªÌ°˚°Ÿ°ÃtJ¡ ıÙb J¡∑ ı°u bF Ã≈<W J¡FÙ Fæ
bF <ªÌ°˚°Ÿ°ÃtJ¡ ıÙb f®Ê Ÿu N<˚∏fi Fæ ÎuŸ° N°≈J¡°u f°u@ J¡≤°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ J¡FÙ Fæ, <J¡∏wC ıÙb J¡∑
Ã≈<W N°<Ì b°_wb Fæ oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu fiFÙ* J¡FÙ Fæ $$1$$
<J¡Ÿ ≤Ù<w Ÿu ıÙb ≈≤t f®Ê Ÿu N<˚∏fi Fæ ∫F f°u@ J¡≤°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
bF J¡Ôfi (<ªÌ°˚°Ÿ) ≈≤f®Ê J¡° oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° N°æ≈°<@J¡ Nb∫b Fæ, NwÎb NJ¨¡<`t Fæ $ ªuÃ∫
J¡∑ N°u≤ ≈®bd <ªÌ°˚°Ÿ ıÙb„ÆÌ Ÿu J¡F° ı°w° Fæ, ÎuŸÙ Ì„° tu* f®Ê Ÿu <ªÌ°˚°Ÿ J¡° ı°u ≈¨SJ¡Ãb Fæ
bF N°æ≈°<@J¡ Fæ, ŸŸu F°ufiub°Ôu ıÙb N°<Ì <˚∏fi-<˚∏fi fi°t ≈≤t f®Ê Ju¡ FÙ Fæ* ıæŸu <J¡ N°J¡°„ Ju¡
|¸>°J¡°„, t™>°J¡°„ N°<Ì <˚∏fi <˚∏fi R¡≈ N°æ≤ fi°t Fæ* $$2$$
ıÙb Ju¡ N°æ≈°<@J¡ ≈®b¨<W<fi<tW N°æ≤ fiJu¡ ˚uÌ°u* Ÿu ı<fiw <b<b@ fi°t°u* J¡°u ŸCfi°wu Fæ* $
Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, oŸ <ªÌ°˚°Ÿ°ÃtJ¡ ıÙb Ju¡ fF…w Ÿu fi°t Fæ* $ ªuÃ∫ J¡∑ N°u≤ ≈®bd <ªÌ°Ãt° Ju¡
fi <b<ª` fi°t°u* J¡°u N°≈ ŸCfiu* $$3$$ ıÙbfi Ÿu ∫°fiÙ tC¶∫ ≈®°d N°æ≤ J¡tuÕ¿∏B∫°u* Ju¡ @°≤d Ÿu wS° ªuwfi
Ÿu ∫°fiÙ I°fiu¿∏B∫°u* Ju¡ @°≤d Ÿu bF ıÙb J¡FÔ°w° Fæ, ≈FÔu NfiC˚b tu* N°∫u F…Î NwÙw (˚¥w) N°æ≤
Nfi°yw (˚°bÙ) ªuÃ∫°u* J¡∑ N°u≤ ≈®bd F°ufiu Ÿu bF <ªW J¡FÔ°w° Fæ Îba <fiJ¡¸>bwÙÕ ªuÃ∫°u* J¡∑ N°u≤ ≈®bd
F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d bF <ªwg J¡FÔ°w° Fæ $$4$$ ∫F oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° Fæ ∫°u* _≈‹¸>R¡≈ Ÿu f°u@fi Ju¡ J¡°≤d bF ∫F°≥
fC<] J¡FÔ°w° Fæ, ŸaJ¡v≈ J¡≤fiu wS° «¡F°≈°uFR¡≈ tfifi J¡° I°w° F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d bF tfi J¡FÔ°w° Fæ $
N≈fiu N∏Ì≤ "tæ* Fq≥' ∫°u* N<˚t°fi J¡≤fiu Ÿu NFaJ¡°≤ J¡FÔ°w° Fæ $ ≈°t≤ Ô°uy°u* J¡∑ Ÿ°@°≤d Δ∫CÃ≈<W Ÿu
ŸyÕ - 188] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2499
"<ªW' fi°t J¡∑ Δ∫°¶∫° J¡∑ ı° ªCJ¡∑ Fæ $ <J¡∏wC <bπ°fi°u* J¡∑ ≈®<Ÿ<] Ÿu "<ªwÙ ŸaI°fiu' oŸ @°wC-
Δ∫CÃ≈<W Ÿu _bw[b ªuwfi° Ÿu ≈¥dÕ ≈≤t°SÕb_wC N°Ãt° FÙ <ªW≈Ì J¡° tC¶∫ b°h∫ Fæ ÎuŸ° „°˜°u* J¡°
<bª°≤ J¡≤fiub°Ôu ≈C”T°u* fiu J¡F° Fæ, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$5,6$$ bF ıÙb ≈®°æ» ŸaJ¡v≈≤°<„ Ÿu ≈C∫Õ‹¸>J¡
(ŸaJ¡v≈°<Ì<˚# ≈¥∫Õ∏wu o<w ≈C∫Õ_w°Ÿ°tg N‹¸>J¡tg ∫°fiÙ ŸaJ¡v≈ N°<Ì Ÿu ı°u ≈¥dÕ J¡∑ ı°wÙ Fæ* bu ≈C¿≤∫°≥
Fæ, fiJ¡° N‹¸>J¡ ∫°fiÙ N°™> ≈C¿≤∫°≥ oŸ Δ∫CÃ≈<W Ÿu) J¡F° y∫° Fæ $ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì J¡°Ô tu* ≈®_wCw F°ufiu
Ju¡ ≈®St F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d bF ≈®J¨¡<w J¡F° y∫° Fæ, w[bÌ„Õfi Ÿu N°æ≈°<@J¡R¡≈ Ÿu N<bΩt°fi F°ufiu Ju¡
J¡°≤d <bπ°fi°u* π°≤° "N<bΩ°' J¡F° ı°w° Fæ $ <ªÌ°˚°ŸR¡≈ ıÙb Ju¡ oÃ∫°<Ì NfiuJ¡ fi°t tæ*fiu N°≈ Ÿu
J¡Fu Fæ* $$7,8$$ <fi≤°J¡°≤ <fi<bÕJ¡°≤ ∫F <ªÌ°˚°ŸR¡≈ ıÙb N°<wb°<FJ¡ ÌuF Ju¡ fi°t Ÿu <bπ°fi°u* π°≤°
Ã≈<W fi°„b°fig J¡F° ı°w° Fæ $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ _b›fifiy≤ N°æ≤ ŸaJ¡v≈≈C≤ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ∫F <`ıyÌg˚®t ˚°uy
N°æ≤ t°usR¡≈ NSÕ J¡° J¡w°Õ F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù <fi__bR¡≈, „¥∏∫ N°æ≤ Nt¥wÕR¡≈ (≈®<w|°w Ju¡ N∫°uÀ∫) ≈®wÙw
F°uw° Fæ $$9,10$$ Fu ÌuF@°¿≤∫°u* tu* Zu‹™> ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ∫F N°<wb°<FJ¡ „≤Ù≤ <ªÌ°J¡°„˚¥w
<ªW„≤Ù≤b°Ô° N°æ≤ N°J¡°„ Ÿu ˚Ù „¥∏∫ J¡F° y∫° Fæ $$11$$ ∫F N°<wb°<FJ¡ „≤Ù≤ t°usŸa<bwg≈∫Õ∏w
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<ªWR¡≈Ù ˚¥<t tu* F°u y∫u Fæ*, F°uwu Fæ* N°æ≤ F°u*yu $$12,13$$ ∫F <ªWt∫ „≤Ù≤ N∏Ì≤ N°æ≤ f°F≤ ıyw°u*
J¡°u bæŸu FÙ @°≤d J¡≤w° Fæ ıæŸu <J¡ Ì≈Õd ≈®<w<f‡f°u* J¡°u @°≤d J¡≤w° Fæ $$14$$ ıf tF°J¡v≈ tu* ≈®°J¨¡w
≈®Ô∫ Ju¡ N¿∏wt sd tu* ŸbÕfi°„ ¿_S≤ F°u ı°w° Fæ, Ÿ Ÿt∫ tF°„¥∏∫≈Ì NbJ¡°„Ì°∫J¡ ≈®°æ»
<fi≤°t∫ (<fi<bÕJ¡°≤) f®Ê°Ãt° „uT ≤Fw° Fæ $$15$$ wf ªæw∏|fi ≈≤t°Ãt° ªæw∏∫ J¡° N°b≤d J¡≤fiub°Ôu
NI°fiR¡≈ <fi<tW Ÿu ≈¥b°uÕ•w J®¡t Ÿu N°Ãt° Ju¡ N°<wb°<FJ¡ ÌuFwCv∫ <ªÌg˚°fi J¡∑ _bw# J¡v≈fi°
J¡≤w° Fæ $$16$$ bF ıÙb FÙ N°<wb°<FJ¡ ÌuF Fæ, ŸJ¡° ı°u ıyÌ°Ô°uªfiR¡≈ N°Ô°uJ¡ Fæ ŸŸu ≈®b<wÕw
J¡°uoÕ ˚°y „°˜°u* tu* tæ* ªwCtCÕ© f®Ê° F¥≥ ∫°u* N°æ≤ J¡°uoÕ ˚°y tæ* <b≤°¸>g F¥≥ ∫°u* b<dÕw Fæ $$17$$ J¡°uoÕ ˚°y
Ÿfi°wfi, ŸfiJ¡, Ÿfi∏Ìfi N°<Ì J¡F° y∫° Fæ, J¡°uoÕ ˚°y oÕÿb≤ Ju¡ fi°t Ÿu ≈®¶∫°w Fæ, J¡°uoÕ ˚°y ≈®ı°≈<w
J¡F° y∫° Fæ $$18$$ <ıŸ <ıŸ ˚°y tu* ≈°≥ª _bu¿∏B∫Ÿa<bw°u* J¡° J¡°J¡w°ÔÙ∫bwg ˚°fi FCN° bF°≥ bF°≥
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≈≤ JC¡~> ˚Ù Ÿ‡≈∏fi fiFÙ* FCN°, •∫°u*<J¡ ∫F Ÿf ŸbÕÂÿ∫„¥∏∫ N°Ãt° FÙ <b_w¨w Fæ $ ı∏t, <bfi°„
N°<Ì „¥∏∫ ≈≤f®Ê fi N°<b˚¥Õw Fæ N°æ≤ fi <w≤°u˚¥w Fæ $ N°<Ì-N∏w≤<Fw bFÙ ıf _bR¡≈ Ÿ°s°ÃJ¡°≤
Ÿu <bFÙfi F°uw° Fæ wf Ÿwg (N°<b˚¥Õw) N°æ≤ NŸwgJu¡ (<w≤°u˚¥w Ju¡) N°J¡°≤ Ÿu ∫°fiÙ ıyBq≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw
F°uw° Fæ $ Ÿ¥‚t°<wŸ¥‚t N°<wb°<FJ¡ ÌuF@°≤Ù f®Ê Ju¡ _b°fiC˚b Ÿu ∫F ≈®≈aª <fi≤∏w≤ J¡°∏w° J¡°
NfiCŸ∏@°fi J¡≤fiub°Ôu <b@C≤ ≈C”T J¡∑ _b›fiJ¡°∏w° Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ≈¿≤≈C‹¸> F°u ı°w° Fæ $$20-22$$
ıywg Ÿu ŸbÕS° „¥∏∫ f®Ê° J¡° ıyBq≈ Ÿu ˚°fi F°ufiu tu* Ì¥Ÿ≤° Â‹¸>°∏w Ìuwu Fæ* $
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Ju¡ ˚°fi tu* Â‹¸>°∏w Fæ $ ıywg ≈®≈aª <ªÌ°J¡°„_bR¡≈ _b›fi≈Ì°SÕ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ≈¥dÕw∫° NSÕ<J®¡∫°J¡°≤Ù
F°uw° Fæ, N°J¡°„°ÃtJ¡ F°uw° FCN° FÙ J¡<™>fi (™>°uŸ) ≈Ì°SÕ-Ÿ° ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ $ ∫F N°<wb°<FJ¡ ıÙb
<fi≤°J¡°≤, „¥∏∫ _b›fiwCv∫ NŸwg F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù J®¡t Ÿu N≈fiu ÌuF°<Ì N°J¡°≤ J¡° _b∫a NfiC˚b J¡≤w° Fæ $
•w N°<wb°<FJ¡ ÌuFR¡≈ ıÙb N¿_S≈aı≤ Ÿu _S¥Ô, ≤Ù», ≤°ut, fiŸ°u* N°æ≤ fi°<n∫°u* Ju¡ Ÿa<fibu„R¡≈ Ÿu
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Fæ N°æ≤ Ÿ _S¥Ô ÌuF tu* ı∏t-˚®t J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤w° Fæ $ wS° fC»°≈° N°æ≤ t¨Ã∫C J¡∑, yCd, Ì°uT N°<Ì
Ju¡ N°@°fi J¡∑, Ì„ <Ì„°N°u* tu* ˚®td J¡∑, I°w°, Iu∫ N°æ≤ I°fi_bR¡≈ <`≈Ç>Ù J¡∑ wS° Ÿf ≈Ì°S°u˘ Ju¡
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N≈fiu Ÿu J¡¿v≈w FÙ Δ∫<‹¸>Ÿt<‹¸> _S¥Ô „≤Ù≤ Ÿu _b∫a FÙ ≈¨<SbÙ, ıÔ, N°J¡°„,Ÿ¥∫Õ, ıfiw°-Δ∫bF°≤,
fiy≤ N°æ≤ <„©≤R¡≈ F°uJ¡≤ ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì tu≤u N°@°≤ Fæ* N°æ≤ _b∫a tæ* fiJ¡° N°@u∫ F¥≥ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤
˚®°¿∏wR¡≈ ŸaŸ°≤ _b›fi J¡°u Ìu©w° Fæ $$23-29$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ Nl>°ŸÙb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ fib°ŸÙb°≥ ŸyÕ

N°<wb°<FJ¡ ÌuFb°Ôu ≈®ı°≈<w Ju¡ tfi°u≤SR¡≈ oŸ ıywg tu* N°<@˚°æ<wJ¡w° ˚®tR¡≈ Fæ, ∫F bdÕfi $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, Ÿ N°Ω ≈®ı°≈<w J¡° ∫F N°<wb°<FJ¡ „≤Ù≤ <ªwg
F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d "J¡¿ÿªwg f®Êu<w J¡<Sw# _t¨w# J¡¿ÿªÌg <b≤°<±>¿w' ∫°u* <b_w°≤ Ÿu b<dÕw ≤Ù<w Ÿu <ıŸ
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ŸaJ¡v≈bwÙ Ÿa<bwg Ju¡ _b˚°b Ÿu oŸ <bÿb J¡° ˚°fi FCN° Fæ $ oŸ ıywg J¡∑ NŸÃ∫w° Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* •∫°
N°ÿª∫Õ Fæ ? oŸ J¡°≤d Ju¡bÔ ˚®t_bR¡≈ F°ufiu Ÿu B‹¸>°, Âÿ∫ N°æ≤ Ì„Õfi R¡≈ <`≈Ç>Ù ŸÃ∫ Fæ ∫°fiÙ B‹¸>°
NŸÃ∫ Fæ, Âÿ∫ NŸÃ∫ Fæ N°æ≤ Ì„Õfi (b¨<W) NŸÃ∫ Fææ, NSb° •w f®Ê°Ãtw° Ju¡ J¡°≤d Ÿf JC¡~>
f®Ê FÙ Fæ N°æ≤ ŸÃ∫ FÙ Fæ $$1-3$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, oŸ ≤Ù<w Ÿu •w N°<Ì ≈®ı°≈<w J¡° Ju¡bÔ N°<wb°<FJ¡ „≤Ù≤
∫<Ì ˚®°<∏wÌ„Õfit°` Fæ, bF J¡<™>fiw° J¡°u (<„Ô°<Ì Ju¡ wCv∫ ≈C‹¸>w° J¡°u) Jæ¡Ÿu ≈®°›w FCN° ? ˚Ô°
_b›fi tu* ≈°≤Ô°u<J¡J¡ k¡Ô N°<Ì J¡∑ NSÕ<J®¡∫°J¡°¿≤w° Jæ¡Ÿu Ÿa˚b Fæ ? $$4$$ ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu
ZÙ≤°tıÙ, N°<wb°<FJ¡ „≤Ù≤ Ju¡ ˚®tR¡≈ Ì„Õfi J¡∑ _bw# FÙ NfiC˚¥<w F°uwÙ Fæ $ ŸÌ° <fi≤∏w≤ ˚°fi Ÿu
bF <ª≤J¡°Ô Ju¡ NU∫°Ÿ Ÿu |fiÙ˚¥w Ÿ° t°Ô¥t F°uw° Fæ $ ıæŸu ≤°ı° F¿≤ÿª∏B N°<Ì Ju¡ _b›fi J¡∑
<ª≤°fiC˚¥w Ju¡ NfiCR¡≈ ≈C‹¸>w° FCoÕ bæŸu FÙ f®Ê° J¡°u N≈fiÙ N°<wb°<FJ¡w° NÃ∫∏w ŸÃ∫ ŸÙ ≈®wÙw F°uwÙ
Fæ $$5,6$$ N°<wb°<FJ¡ „≤Ù≤ Ju¡ <ª≤J¡°ÔwJ¡ _b°fiC˚b tu* N°R¡» F°ufiu ≈≤ t”˚¥<t tu* tÿw¨‹d° Ju¡
wCv∫ Ÿtu* <k¡≤ N°<@˚°æ<wJ¡w°fC<] <Ìw F°uwÙ Fæ $ _b›fi N°æ≤ ˚®t Ju¡ ŸÂ„ ˚°<Ÿw F°ufiub°Ô°
tÿw¨‹d° ıÔ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ¿_Sw bF ıywg ŸÃ∫ ≈®wÙ<wJ¡°≤Ù F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù NŸwg FÙ _kC¡¿≤w F°uw° Fæ $
N°<wb°<FJ¡ (ŸaJ¡v≈t∫) _bR¡≈b°Ôu ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡∑ N°<@˚°æ<wJ¡w° NŸÃ∫ F°ufiu ≈≤ N<bbuJ¡∑ ≈C”T°u*
π°≤° ŸÃ∫bwg _bÙJ¨¡w J¡∑ yoÕ Fæ $ ∫F tæ*, ∫u tu≤u „≤Ù≤ N°<Ì, ∫u tCHŸu <˚∏fi, ∫u ≈bÕw, N°J¡°„, <Ì„°Î≥
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° <tØ∫°˚®t ÌuÌÙ›∫t°fi _b›fi≈bÕw Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ $ N°<Ì ≈®ı°≈<w J¡° ∫F
ŸyÕ - 190] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2501
N°<wb°<FJ¡ „≤Ù≤ N°<@˚°æ<wJ¡ R¡≈ Ÿu ˚°<bw F°uJ¡≤ ≈¨<SbÙ, „≤Ù≤ N°<ÌR¡≈ <≈*±>°J¡°≤ J¡°u Ìu©w°
Fæ $ <ªÌ°J¡°„ "tæ* f®Ê F¥≥' ∫F ∫S°SÕ ªuwfi° ~>°unJ¡≤ '∫F tfiC‹∫ N°<Ì „≤Ù≤ tæ* F¥≥, ∫F ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì
tu≤° N°@°≤ Fæ', ∫°u* Ìu©w° Fæ N°æ≤ Ÿtu* bæŸÙ FÙ N°_S° J¡≤w° Fæ $$7-12$$ NŸÃ∫ b_wC tu* ∫F ŸÃ∫
Fæ oŸ fC<] Ÿu ˚°bfi° J¡≤fiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ıÙb f∏@fi tu* ≈nw° Fæ N≈fiu N∏Ì≤ f°≤-f°≤ ˚°bfi° J¡≤w° Fæ
ŸŸu fi°fi°Ãb J¡° (πæwJ¡°) NfiCŸ≤d J¡≤w° Fæ $ ≈FÔu bæ<ÌJ¡, Ô°æ<J¡J¡ „ÆÌ°u* J¡∑ Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡≤w° Fæ N°æ≤
fiJ¡° ı°<w N°<Ì wwg wwg ≈°<@∫C•w NSÕ tu* ŸaJu¡w J¡≤w° Fæ ∫°fiÙ ∫F „ÆÌ oŸ NSÕ J¡° b°ªJ¡ Fæ,
ÎuŸ° ŸaJu¡w J¡≤w° Fæ $ ŸaJu¡w Ÿu ŸaI°Î≥ N°æ≤ ªu‹¸>°Î≥ J¡≤w° Fæ $ wÌfi∏w≤ — hª°≤ J¡≤fiu Ju¡ ≈≤°∏w
„ÆÌ ≤°<„R¡≈ buÌ°u* J¡° y°fi J¡≤w° Fæ $$13,14$$ „ÆÌ≤°<„R¡≈ buÌ°u* Ÿu FÙ „Ù|® o@≤-@≤ ª°≤°u* N°u≤
Ju¡ Δ∫bF°≤°u* J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤w° Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ Ÿt<‹¸> tfiR¡≈ ∫F ≈®ı°≈<w ı°u JC¡~> J¡v≈fi° J¡≤w° Fæ
<fiÿª∫ R¡≈ Ÿu bFÙ F°u ı°w° Fæ $ ı°u <ıŸtu* NÃ∫∏w N°Ÿ<•wt°fi F°uy° bF Ÿu •∫°u* fi Ìu©uy° ? ∫°u*
NŸÃ∫R¡≈° FÙ ıyÌg˚®°<∏w ≈®°æ»w° J¡°u ≈®°›w FCoÕ Fæ $ f®Ê° Ÿu ÔuJ¡≤ th~>≤ wJ¡ ∫F <ª≤J¡°<ÔJ¡ _b›fi-
Ÿ° N°æ≤ o∏Bı°Ô-Ÿ° NŸwg ıywg <tØ∫° FÙ _kC¡¿≤w F°uw° Fæ $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ N°<wb°<FJ¡ J¡∑
N°<@˚°æ<wJ¡w° (J¡<™>fi_b˚°bw°) <ªw FÙ Fæ, NfiC<ªw fiFÙ* Fæ $$15-17$$ J¡FÙ* ≈≤ JC¡~> ˚Ù
N°<@˚°æ<wJ¡w° fiFÙ* Fæ $ N°<wb°<FJ¡w° FÙ NU∫°Ÿb„ oŸ N°<@˚°æ<wJ¡ ˚°b°fi° J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uwÙ
Fæ $$18$$ t¥Ô˚¥w ŸıÕfiF°≤ f®Ê° Ÿu FÙ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° ∫F <tØ∫° NfiC˚bR¡≈ tF°fig t°uF N°∫° Fæ,
oŸ<ÔÎ ∫F ıywgÌ„Õfi ˚®t ıf wJ¡ ≈®°≤Æ@ J¡° s∫ fiFÙ* F°uw° wf wJ¡ w[bI°u* tu* ˚Ù ≤Fw° FÙ
Fæ $$19$$ <ªÌuJ¡≤Ÿ f®Ê J¡∑ oŸ w≤F J¡∑ ÌCÌÕ„° J¡F°≥ Ÿa˚b Fæ, <J¡∏wC ∫F Ÿf ŸaŸ°≤ ÌCÌÕ„°<Ì ˚®°<∏w
FÙ Fæ $ NSb° f®Ê FÙ J¡°æwCJ¡ Ÿu ıywg, ıÙb N°<Ì Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ tu* _kC¡¿≤w FCN° Fæ $ N≈fi° N°J¡°≤ N≈fiÙ
ÌCÌÕ„° J¡Ì°<≈ fiFÙ* J¡F° ı° ŸJ¡w°, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$20$$ ıywg J¡° NΔ∫∫ ŸJ¡ÔJ¡°≤d-J¡°≤d f®Ê Ÿu
N<w¿≤•w Ì¥Ÿ≤° J¡°≤d fiFÙ* Fæ $ bF J¡°∫Õw° Ju¡ <ffi° J¡°≤d fiFÙ* Fæ $ <fi<bÕJ¡°≤ J¥¡¸>_S-<ªÌ°fi∏Ì
N<πwÙ∫ f®Ê tu* J¡°∫Õw°-J¡°≤dw° J¡° J¡Ì°<≈ Ÿa˚b FÙ fiFÙ* Fæ $ oŸ J¡°≤d ∫F ıyÌ°J¡°≤ JC¡~>
˚®°<∏wt°`R¡≈ FÙ <b_w¨w Fæ $ b°_w<bJ¡ fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F w°Ã≈∫°ÕSÕ Fæ $$21$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ fib°ŸÙb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ fiÆfub°≥ ŸyÕ
˚¥w N°æ≤ ˚°bÙ ŸJ¡Ô Ÿ∏ÌuF°u* J¡° ∫C<•w∫°u* Ÿu t°ıÕfiJ¡≤ I°fi J¡∑ Iu∫w° „°<∏wR¡≈ tC<•w J¡° bdÕfi $
"˚®°<∏w≤ubuÌt<©Ôa f®Êæb°&&˚°wtub b°' $ NS°Õwg ∫F Ÿf f®Ê J¡∑ ŸaŸ°≤R¡≈ ÌCÌÕ„° ˚®°<∏w FÙ Fæ
NSb° f®Ê FÙ J¡°æwCJ¡b„ ıÙb N°æ≤ ıywg Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ Ÿu _kC¡¿≤w FCN° Fæ $ ∫°u* N∏w tu* ı°u f∏@ N°æ≤
t°us J¡° <fi‹J¡TÕ ≈®Ì„Õfi <J¡∫° ŸJ¡° ≈¿≤‹J¡°≤ J¡≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ ZÙ≤°tıÙ, I°fi J¡∑ Iu∫w°≈<W f∏@ J¡FÔ°w° Fæ N°æ≤ I°fi FÙ
Iu∫w°-„°<∏w t°us J¡FÔ°w° Fæ $$1$$
∫F°≥ ≈≤ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ <ıfi „aJ¡°N°u* J¡° ≈FÔu Ÿt°@°fi F°u ªCJ¡° S° fiJ¡° ˚Ù Ÿf Ju¡ ≈J¡°≤
Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈®ÿfi°uW≤ t°Ô° Ju¡ J®¡t Ÿu Ìg|°¸>fiJ¡≤ Ÿt°@°fi J®¡t J¡°u ≈®¶∫°w J¡≤°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ fiJ¡°
≈°∫ ≈FÔu ≈¥~>wu Fæ* $
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, ∫F°≥ ≈≤ I°fi J¡∑ Iu∫w° „°<∏w Jæ¡Ÿu F°uwÙ Fæ N°æ≤ ŸJ¡° Â»°U∫°Ÿ
F°ufiu ≈≤ f∏@w°-fC<] Jæ¡Ÿu <fib¨W F°uwÙ Fæ ? $$2$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, „t, Ìt N°<Ì Ÿ°@fi°u* Ÿu ∫C•w Ÿ‡∫Jg¡ I°fiR¡≈ ≈®f°u@ Ÿu ˚®°<∏w F¸>
ı°wÙ Fæ $ ˚®°<∏wR¡≈ _b›fi Ju¡ F¸> ı°fiu ≈≤ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡∑ Iu∫w°„°<∏wR¡≈ tC<•w ˚¥<tJ¡° J¡∑ ≈C<‹¸> Ju¡
J®¡t Ÿu F°uwÙ Fæ $$3$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # f®Êfig, Ÿ‡∫Jg¡ I°fit∫ Jæ¡bv∫R¡≈ f°u@ •∫° J¡FÔ°w° Fæ ? <ıŸ f°u@ Ÿu
∫F ıÙb fa@fi Ÿu ≈¥dÕw∫° <btC•w F°u ı°w° Fæ $ „aJ¡° J¡° ˚°b ∫F Fæ <J¡ NfiuJ¡ <b„uTw°N°u* Ÿu ∫C•w ≤Ãfi
N°<Ì J¡∑ JC¡~> <b„uTw°N°u* J¡° I°fi F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù N∏∫ <b„uuTw°N°u* Ju¡ I°fi Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈∫°ÕÔ°uªfi ı∏∫ Ÿ‡∫Jg¡
I°fi Ì¥Ÿ≤° F°u, <J¡∏wC f®ÊR¡≈ <fi<bÕ„uT b_wC tu* N°≈°w I°fi J¡∑ N≈us° Ÿ‡∫Jg I°fi Ì¥Ÿ≤° •∫° F°uy°
<ıŸŸu <J¡ ıÙb Ju¡ f∏@fi J¡∑ <fib¨<W F°uyÙ ∫F ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ J¡∑ „aJ¡° J¡° w°Ã≈∫°ÕSÕ Fæ $$4$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, N<@‹™>°fi˚¥w <ª∏t°`R¡≈ I°fi J¡∑ Iu∫w° wÙfi°u*
J¡°Ô°u* tu* ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ $ NΔ∫∫ Ju¡bÔ I°fi Nb°h∫ Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ ŸbÕÂÿ∫f°@≈∫Õ∏w FÙ w[bŸ°s°ÃJ¡°≤
J¡F° y∫° Fæ $ N°≈°w I°fi bæŸ° fiFÙ* Fæ $$5$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiuu J¡F° # Fu tC<fib≤, <ªÌuJ¡≤Ÿ N°Ãt° Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ ŸŸu <˚∏fi Iu∫w° J¡°æfi Fæ ∫F
tCHŸu J¡Ffiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u $ oŸ I°fi„ÆÌ J¡∑ "I<›wI°Õfitg' ∫°u* ˚°b tu* Δ∫CÃ≈<W J¡≤fiÙ ª°<F∫u
NSb° "I°∫wu&fiufi wwg I°fitg' ∫°u* J¡≤d tu* ? $$6$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏B "I<›wI°Õfitg' ∫°u* ˚°b tu* Δ∫CÃ≈∏fi I°fi Ju¡bÔ f°u@t°`R¡≈
Fæ $ ≈bfi N°æ≤ _≈∏Ì Ju¡ Ÿt°fi I°fi N°æ≤ Iu∫ J¡° ˚uÌ fiFÙ* Fæ $ ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ Ju¡ W≤ J¡° ˚°b ∫F Fæ <J¡
˚°b NSÕ tu* FÙ I°fi „ÆÌ J¡∑ Δ∫CÃ≈<W J¡≤fiÙ ª°<F∫u Iu∫ ıyBq≈w° I°fi J¡° FÙ t°<∫J¡ ˚uÌ Fæ bF I°fi
J¡∑ ÎJ¡≤Ÿw° J¡° <b|°wJ¡ fiFÙ* Fæ $
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu yC”b≤, ∫<Ì ÎuŸÙ f°w Fæ w°u I°fi, Iu∫ N°<Ì ˚®t Jæ¡Ÿu <Ÿ] FCN° ? bF
I°fi J¡° Iu∫ ıyBq≈w°˚¥w <bJ¡v≈ ©≤y°u„ Ju¡ ŸÙ*y°u* J¡∑ w≤F Fæ $ bF ≈®Ã∫s N°<Ì ≈®t°d°u* Ÿu ˚¥w,
bwÕt°fi N°æ≤ ˚<b‹∫wg <b˚°y°u* Ÿu Δ∫bF°≤ ∫°uÀ∫ Jæ¡Ÿu t°Ô¥t F°uw° Fæ ? $$7,8$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # ZÙ≤°tıÙ, f°F≤Ù ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡∑ ˚®°<∏w Ÿu ∫F°≥ ≈≤ ˚®tfC<] <Ìw FCoÕ ∫F
ı°fifi° ª°<F∫u $ f°fl N°æ≤ N°U∫∏w≤ <J¡ŸÙ ˚Ù ≈Ì°SÕ J¡° Ÿa˚b fiFÙ* Fæ $ ˚°b ∫F <J¡ NŸW° N˚°fi
NSb° NSÕ<J®¡∫° J¡∑ NŸ°tØ∫Õ tu* J¡°≤d fiFÙ* Fæ •∫°u*<J¡ _b›fi N°æ≤ ˚®°<∏wI°fi tu* Fı°≤°u* NŸwg
≈Ì°S°u˘ tu* ˚°fi N°æ≤ NSÕ<J®¡∫° Ÿ°tØ∫Õ Ìu©Ù ı°wÙ Fæ, <J¡∏wC f°@ FÙ N˚°b N°æ≤ NSÕ<J®¡∫° J¡∑ NŸ°tØ∫Õ
tu* ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ $ f°@ <bª°≤b°fi°u* J¡°u ≈®Ã∫s FÙ Fæ $$9$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu tC<fifi°∫J¡, ı°u ∫F ≈®Ã∫s Âÿ∫ Ãbtg, NFtg N°<Ì ˚¥w°<Ì NSÕ NfiC˚¥w
Fæ bF Jæ¡Ÿu fiFÙ* Fæ ∫F tCHŸu J¡<F∫u ∫°fiÙ Ô°æ<J¡J¡ ≈®Ã∫s N°<Ì ≈®t°d°u* Ÿu <Ÿ] ≈Ì°SÕ J¡° N≈Ô°≈ Jæ¡Ÿu
Ÿa˚b Fæ ? ∫F J¡Ffiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡≤u* $$10$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu <fi‹≈°≈, N°<Ì Ÿ¨<‹¸> tu* FÙ <b≤°¸>g N°<ÌR¡≈ J¡°uoÕ ≈Ì°SÕ Ã≈∏fi fiFÙ*
ŸyÕ - 190] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2503
FCN°, oŸ<ÔÎ Iu∫ J¡° Ÿa˚b fiFÙ* Fæ $ N°<Ì Ÿ¨<‹¸> tu* ıywg J¡∑ t°∫° Ÿu N<w¿≤•w Ÿ°ty®Ù J¡Ì°<≈ fiFÙ*
J¡FÙ ı° ŸJ¡wÙ, NwÎb Ÿ Ÿt∫ t°<∫J¡ ıywg ˚®°<∏w Ÿu N<w¿≤•w fi S° ∫F Nbÿ∫ t°fifi° F°uy°
oŸ Ÿt∫ ˚Ù bF bæŸu FÙ ˚®°<∏wt°` FÙ Fæ ∫F J¡Ffi° F°uy° $ ≤F yoÕ Ô°æ<J¡J¡ ≈®Ã∫s N°<Ì J¡∑ f°w Ÿ°u bu
Ju¡bÔ Δ∫bF°≤ Ju¡ N<bŸab°Ì Ÿu ª¿≤w°SÕ Fæ*, Nw# w[b≈¥dÕ ∫C<•w∫°u* N°æ≤ ZC<w∫°u* π°≤° f°<@w F°u ı°wu
Fæ* $ oŸ <bT∫ tu* ˚ybwÙ ZC<w ˚Ù Fæ - "fi <fi≤°u@°u fi ª°uÃ≈<WfiÕ f]°u fi ª Ÿ°@J¡# $ fi tCtCsCfiÕ bæ tC•w
Ã∫uT° ≈≤t°SÕw°- ∫°fiÙ fi <bfi°„ Fæ, fi Ã≈<W Fæ, fi J¡°uoÕ f] Fæ N°æ≤ fi J¡°uoÕ Ÿ°@J¡ Fæ Îba fi J¡°uoÕ
tCtCsC Fæ N°æ≤ fi tC•w Fæ ∫F ≈≤t°SÕw° Fæ $$11$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu tC<fib≤, ˚¥w, ˚<b‹∫wg N°æ≤ bwÕt°fi J¡°Ô tu* ¿_Sw ∫F ıywgÂ<‹¸>,
<ıŸJ¡° <J¡ ≈®<w<Ìfi ŸfJ¡°u NfiC˚b F°u ≤F° Fæ, Ã≈∏fi fiFÙ* FCoÕ ∫F N°≈ •∫° J¡Fwu Fæ* ? ˚¥w, ˚<b‹∫wg
N°<Ì Nfi∏w b_wC y°uª≤ Nfi∏w ŸbÕıfi<Fw ≈®Ã∫s N°<Ì J¡° ÎJ¡ w[bI°fi Ÿu Jæ¡Ÿu f°@ F°u ŸJ¡w°
Fæ ? ∫F ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ J¡∑ „aJ¡° J¡° w°Ã≈∫°ÕSÕ Fæ $$12$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, _b›fi ≈Ì°SÕ, tÿw¨‹d° ıÔ, <πª∏B wS° ŸaJ¡¿v≈w ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡∑
w≤F NFa Ãbag N°<Ì <tØ∫° ıywg Ju¡„°u^±A>J¡ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi _kC¡¿≤w F°uw° Fæ $ Ÿ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ Nfi∏w _b°›fi
I°fi°u* J¡° ÎJ¡ ı°y≤d Ÿu f°@ <Ì©Ô°oÕ Ìuw° Fæ $$13$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig ! NFtg, Ãbtg, N∫tg oÃ∫°<Ì ≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu NfiC˚¥∫t°fi ıy≠ı™>≤
ŸyÕ Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* Jæ¡Ÿu Ã≈∏fi fiFÙ* FCN° ? $$14$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, J¡°≤d Ÿu J¡°∫Õ J¡∑ Ã≈<W F°uwÙ Fæ N∏∫S° bF Ã≈∏fi fiFÙ* F°uw° ∫F
FÙ <fiÿª∫ Fæ $ ≈®Ô∫J¡°Ô tu* ŸfJ¡° <bÔ∫ F°ufiu ≈≤ ıyw°u* J¡∑ Ã≈<W tu* J¡°≤d fiFÙ* Fæ $$15$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu tC<fib≤, tF°≈®Ô∫ F°ufiu ≈≤ ı°u ı∏t-fi°„<bFÙfi ≈≤tw[b Nb<„‹¸>
≤Fw° Fæ bF Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡° J¡°≤d •∫°u* fiFÙ* F°uy° ? $$16$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, J¡°≤d tu* ı°u J¡°∫Õ Fæ bF ŸŸu Ã≈∏fi F°uw° Fæ <J¡∏wC J¡°≤d tu* NŸwg
J¡°∫Õ Jæ¡Ÿu Ã≈∏fi F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ, |¸> Ÿu ≈¸> J¡∑ Ã≈<W J¡Ì°<≈ fiFÙ* F°uwÙ Fæ $ ˚°b ∫F Fæ <J¡ f®Ê
<ªÌuJ¡≤Ÿ Fæ Ÿtu* ıywg fÙı „<•w fiFÙ* Fæ $$17$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu tC<fiZu‹™>, tF°≈®Ô∫ F°ufiu ≈≤ ıywg Ÿ¥‚tR¡≈ Ÿu f®Ê tu* ≤Fw° Fæ, bF
ŸŸu ¿k¡≤ Ã≈∏fi F°uw° Fæ $ ˚°b ∫F <J¡ ıæŸu Ÿ°a¶∫°u* Ju¡ N<˚tw yCd°u* tu* Ÿ¥‚tR¡≈ Ÿu ıywg ≤Fw° Fæ
bæŸu FÙ f®Ê tu* Ÿ¥‚tR¡≈ Ÿu ıywg ≤Fu $$18$$
b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu Nfi|, tF°≈®Ô∫ ≈∫Õ∏w Ÿ f®Ê tu* ¿_Sw oŸ ŸyÕ J¡∑ ŸW° J¡° J¡°æfi
NfiC˚b J¡≤w° Fæ N°æ≤ Fu tF°fC]u, bF ŸW° Jæ¡ŸÙ Fæ ? $$19$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # Ÿ f®Ê tu* ¿_Sw I<›wR¡≈° ŸW° J¡° w°u I°<fi∫°u* Ÿu NfiC˚b F°uw° Fæ N°æ≤
bF _b∫a≈®J¡°„ <ªBq≈N<˚∏fi ŸW° FÙ Ÿ Ÿt∫ ≤FwÙ Fæ t°∫°J¡°„R¡≈° fiFÙ* ≤FwÙ, •∫°u*<J¡
t°∫°J¡°„R¡≈ w°u NŸwg ıywgŸW° J¡°u Jæ¡Ÿu ≈®°›w F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? $$20$$
b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu tF°f°F°u, ∫<Ì oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ <ªBq≈ FÙ ıywg J¡∑ ŸW° t°fi°uy°u w°u I<›w
(<ªBq≈) FÙ ∫F wÙfi°u* Ô°uJ¡ Fæ* $ <k¡≤ <b„C] I°fi_bR¡≈ N°Ãt° Ju¡ ı∏t, t≤d N°<Ì Jæ¡Ÿu F°u ŸJ¡wu
Fæ* ? $$21$$ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ˚ybfig, ∫<Ì Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ÿ f®Ê tu* ¿_Sw fiFÙ* Fæ w°u ∫F ˚®°<∏w J¡F°≥
Ÿu Jæ¡Ÿu N° yoÕ ? ∫F tCHŸu J¡<FÎ $ NS°Õwg ∫F ıywg J¡° ˚®t •∫°u* F°uw° Fæ, ∫F w°Ã≈∫Õ Fæ $$22$$
b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ZÙ≤°tıÙ, J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤dw° J¡° N˚°b F°ufiu Ÿu f®Ê tu* fi w°u ˚°b (Ã≈<W) Fæ
N°æ≤ fi N˚°b (≈®Ô∫) FÙ, ∫F ı°u ıywg ˚°Ÿt°fi F°uw° Fæ, <ıŸJ¡°u ˚°Ÿt°fi F°uw° Fæ N°æ≤ <ıŸ R¡≈
tu* ˚°Ÿt°fi F°uw° Fæ bF (I°w°, I°fi N°æ≤ Iu∫R¡≈Ù <`≈Ç>Ù) Ju¡bÔ N°Ãt° FÙ Fæ $$23$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # f®Êfig ∫F NŸtaıŸ Fæ, ∫∏` Ju¡ ŸÂ„ oŸ Nªuwfi (J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤dŸa|°w
ÌuFu¿∏B∫°<Ì) R¡≈w° J¡°u bF ªu<ww° (ªuwfi° J¡≤fiub°Ô° ªÔ°fiub°Ô° Jæ¡Ÿu) ≈®°›w J¡≤ ŸJ¡w° Fæ ?
ªæw∏∫R¡≈ ŸbÕB‹¸>° Nªuwfi (ın) Âÿ∫w° J¡°u Jæ¡Ÿu ≈®°›w F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? ˚Ô° J¡°‹™> ı°u Ì°fl
(ıÔfiub°Ô°) Fæ bF ÌÀ@° (ıÔ°fiub°Ô°) F°uJ¡≤ N<Àfi J¡°u Ì°fl ffi°J¡≤ J¡f N°æ≤ Jæ¡Ÿu ıÔ° ŸJ¡w°
Fæ ? $$24$$
b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ZÙ≤°tıÙ, B‹¸>° Âÿ∫Ãb J¡°u fiFÙ* ≈®°›w F°uw° •∫°u*<J¡ Âÿ∫ J¡° ŸbÕS°
NŸ‡˚b Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ Ju¡bÔ B‹¸>° FÙ Ÿb°ÕÃt° ÎJ¡ |fi°J¨¡<wR¡≈ Ÿu ˚°Ÿt°fi F°uw° Fæ Nw# J¡°uoÕ
NŸ°taı_∫ fiFÙ* ≈®Ã∫Cw Ÿf NŸ°taı_∫°u* J¡∑ <fib¨<W FÙ F°u ı°wÙ Fæ $$25$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* Nªu<ww ıywg Ju¡ ˚°fi J¡∑ <Ÿ<] fiFÙ* Fæ Nw#
Nfi°<Ì Nfi∏w „C] <ª∏t°` FÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* ıywg J¡° ŸaJ¡v≈ J¡≤w° Fæ wf oŸ ıywg J¡° ˚°fi
F°uw° Fæ ∫F Nbÿ∫ t°fifi° ≈nuy° $ Ÿ <ª∏t°` tu* ªuÃ∫ J¡° Ÿa˚b Jæ¡Ÿu F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ ∫F tCHŸu J¡Ffiu J¡∑
J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u $$26$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, J¡°≤d J¡° N¿_wÃb fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ªuÃ∫ J¡° w<fiJ¡
˚Ù Ÿa˚b fiFÙ* Fæ $ ªuÃ∫ J¡° N˚°b F°ufiu Ÿu ªuwfi J¡∑ ŸÌ° tC•ww° wS° bdÕfi°wÙww° <Ÿ] FCoÕ $ W≤
J¡° ˚°b ∫F Fæ <J¡ ªuÃ∫ ∫<Ì Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* Ã≈∏fi F°uw° w°u bF <J¡ŸŸu Ã≈∏fi FCN° oŸ ≈®ÿfi J¡°
NbŸ≤ N°w° $ NÃ∫∏w NŸa˚¥w b∏º∫°≈C` J¡∑ ≈≈<W-<ıI°Ÿ° Ÿu •∫° ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ ? <fiÃ∫tC•w FÙ
N°Ãt° J¡°u _bÙJ¡°≤ J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u $$27$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # yC”b≤, ∫<Ì ªuwfi J¡∑ <fiÃ∫tC•ww° Fæ w°u ∫F NF∏w° N°<Ì ªuÃ∫ J¡F°≥
Ÿu N°æ≤ Jæ¡Ÿu Fæ ? ∫F ıywg buÌfi Jæ¡Ÿu wS° _≈∏Ì N°<Ì J¡° I°fi Jæ¡Ÿu Fæ ? „aJ¡° J¡° w°Ã≈∫Õ ∫F
Fæ <J¡ ∫<Ì <fiÃ∫tC•ww° Fæ w°u NF∏w° J¡° ≈®<w˚°Ÿ FÙ J¡Ì°<≈ fi F°uy° $ oŸ w≤F yC”, „°_` N°<Ì
J¡∑ <fi‹k¡Ôw° F°uyÙ $$28$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, J¡°≤d J¡° Ÿa˚b fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* JC¡~> Ã≈∏fi
FÙ fiFÙ* FCN° $ ÎuŸÙ ≈¿≤¿_S<w tu* ªuÃ∫ J¡° Ÿa˚b J¡F°≥ Ÿu F°uy° ? oŸ<ÔÎ Ÿf JC¡~> „°∏w Fæ $ Ÿ¨<‹¸>
w°u ≤≠ıC tu* Ÿ≈ÕÃb˚°fi J¡∑ w≤F ŸÙ≈ tu* ≤ıwfC<] J¡∑ w≤F wS° t”˚¥<t tu* ıÔ˚°fi J¡∑ w≤F
˚®tt°` Fæ $$29$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # f®Êfig, bªfi°u* Ju¡ Ny°uª≤, ªuÃ∫ N°æ≤ ªÔfi°<Ì <J®¡∫°„¥∏∫ ŸÌ° _b≈®J¡°„,
<fiÃ∫tC•w, <fi<bÕJ¡°≤ f®Ê tu* ˚®t FÙ <J¡ŸJ¡°u, <J¡Ÿ <fi<tW Ÿu wS° <J¡Ÿ w≤F J¡° F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ ?
oŸ <bT∫ tu* tCHu W≤ ÌÙ<ı∫u $ N<πwÙ∫ f®Ê πæwÔu„ J¡° ˚Ù ŸFfi fiFÙ* J¡≤ ŸJ¡w° Fæ, ∫F ≈®ÿfi
ŸyÕ - 190] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2505
J¡° ˚°b Fæ $$30$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ZÙ≤°tıÙ, J¡°≤d J¡° N˚°b F°ufiu Ÿu Ÿ¨<‹¸>R¡≈ <b<„‹¸> ˚®t J¡° N¿_wÃb
FÙ fiFÙ* Fæ $ Ãbtg, NFtg oÃ∫°<Ì Ÿf JC¡~> N<πwÙ∫ <fi<bÕJ¡°≤ „°∏w f®Ê FÙ Fæ $ ˚°b ∫F <J¡ „°˜°u* Ju¡
NfiC„ÙÔfi Ÿu I°w f®Êw[b J¡∑ Â<‹¸> Ÿu <b˚®t ˚Ù NfiC≈≈∏fi F°u, oŸŸu J¨¡wJ¨¡Ã∫ „°˜ <bk¡Ô fiFÙ*
J¡F° ı° ŸJ¡w° Fæ, ∫F W≤ J¡° N°„∫ Fæ $$31$$
∫°u* b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ π°≤° <fi”W≤ <J¡∫u y∫u ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ ≈®f°u@ J¡∑ Â»w° Ju¡ N˚°b Ÿu ≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu
<fi_Ÿ∏ÌuF fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ≈®ÿfi J¡≤fiu tu* N≈fiÙ N„<•w FÙ <Ì©Ô°wu Fæ* $
ZÙ≤°tª∏Ì®ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu f®Êfig, ˚®°<∏w J¡°u ıæŸ° ≈®°›w FCN° tæ* Nf N°æ≤ •∫° ≈¥~¥>≥ ∫F fiFÙ* ı°fi
≤F° F¥≥ $ tæ* ≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu ≈®f°u@b°fig fiFÙ* FCN° F¥≥ $ oŸ <bT∫ tu* Nf •∫° ≈¥~¥>≥ ? $$32$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, <fi”W≤ J¡≤fiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d Ju¡bÔ N≈®<w˚° Ÿu ≈®ÿfi J¡≤fiu
Ÿu <b≤w fi F°uN°u, <J¡∏wC ≈®ÿfi J¡≤fiu tu* J¡°≤d˚¥w Ÿ∏ÌuF fÙı Ju¡ <fiJ¡T°u≈Ô Ju¡ Ÿt°fi (J¡Ÿ°æ¸>Ù Ju¡
wCv∫) Ÿ°≤ N°æ≤ NŸ°≤ J¡∑ ≈≤Ùs° J¡° _S°fi tCHŸu wf wJ¡ ≈¥~>wu ı°N°u ıf wJ¡ <J¡ J¡°≤d J¡° fi°„
F°ufiu Ÿu N°≈ <fiÿ„aJ¡ fi F°uN°u $wf J®¡t Ÿu ≈®ÿfi Ju¡ J¡°≤d˚¥w Ÿ∏ÌuF°u* J¡° N°æ≤ fiJu¡ J¡°≤d NI°fi J¡°
≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu <bfi°„ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d N°≈ ≈≤t _b˚°b tu* <bZ°<∏w J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uN°uyu $$33$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, J¡°≤d J¡° N¿_wÃb fi F°ufiu Ÿu ≈FÔu Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* FÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡°
N°<b˚°Õb fiFÙ* FCN° ∫F N°≈J¡° J¡F° FCN° <Ÿ]°∏w ∫Ω<≈ tæ* ˚ÔÙ˚°≥<w ŸtH ≤F° F¥≥ wS°<≈ tu≤° ∫F
ªuÃ∫ªuwfi ˚®t <J¡ŸJ¡°u Fæ ∫F Ÿ∏ÌuF fiFÙ* <t¸> ≤F° Fæ $ oŸJ¡° •∫° J¡°≤d Fæ ? $$34$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, J¡°≤d J¡° N¿_wÃb fi F°ufiu Ÿu wS° ŸbÕ` „°∏w f®Ê J¡∑ ŸW° F°ufiu Ÿu
Âÿ∫ N°<Ì J¡∑ ˚®°<∏w fiFÙ* Fæ $ N°≈J¡°u Ju¡bÔ NU∫°Ÿ fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d FÙ ≈≤t≈Ì tu* <bZ°<∏w fiFÙ*
≈®°›w F°u ≤FÙ Fæ $
∫<Ì N°≈ tu≤u π°≤° b<dÕw <Ÿ]°∏w J¡°u ı°fiwu Fæ* w°u NfiU∫°Ÿb„ I°fi J¡∑ ≈¿≤≈•bw° fi F°ufiu Ÿu
≈≤t≈Ì tu* N<bZ°<∏w FÙ N°≈Ju¡ b¨S° <b<b@ Ÿ∏ÌuF°u* J¡∑ ıfifiÙ Fæ, ∫F ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ Ju¡ W≤ J¡°
N°„∫ Fæ $
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, J¡F°≥ Ÿu NfiU∫°Ÿ F°uy°, J¡F°≥ Ÿu NU∫°Ÿ F°uy° wS° NU∫°Ÿ°ÃtJ¡
∫F ıyÌg˚®°<∏w FÙ J¡F°≥ Ÿu <Ìw FCoÕ Fæ ıf <J¡ ıyÌg˚®°¿∏w J¡° J¡°uoÕ J¡°≤d FÙ fiFÙ* Fæ ? $$35,36$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, ∫S°SÕw# J¡°uoÕ ˚®°<∏w fiFÙ* Fæ $ ∫Ω<≈ Nfi∏w (NŸÙt ≈≤tf®Ê)
<fiı t°∫° Ÿu Nfi∏w ˚°Ÿw° Fæ ŸÙ tu* Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ Nsw tF°<ªÌg|fi NU∫°Ÿ˚®°<∏w Fæ $ ˚°b ∫F <J¡ ıæŸu
ıÙb∏tC•w ≈C”T°u* J¡∑ <ªÌg|fi_bR¡≈ ŸJ¡Ô b_wCN°u* tu* Δ∫bF°≤-≈®b¨<W F°uwÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ N°≈J¡∑ ˚Ù
fiŸu NU∫°Ÿ ≈®b¨<W F°u, oŸtu* •∫° s<w Fæ ? $$37$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, N°≈ Ÿ≤Ù©u ıÙb∏tC•w ≈C”T°u* Ju¡ oŸ ŸJ¡ÔıyÌg˚®t Ju¡ „°∏w
F°ufiu ≈≤ oŸ Nº∫°Ãt„°˜R¡≈ „ÆÌŸ‡≈<W Ÿu ≈Ìu„∫°uÀ∫ Ft Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ ≈Ìu„ J¡°∫≈®bu„, „<•w≈°w
N°<Ì π°≤° ≈®f°u@fiR¡≈ Δ∫bF°≤ tu* •∫° J¡°≤d Fæ ? ∫F J¡<F∫u $$38$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, Ft°≤u ŸÂ„ ıÙb∏tC•w Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ ≈Ìu„ N°<Ì ŸJ¡Ô Δ∫bF°≤R¡≈
Ÿu f®Ê FÙ f®Ê tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $ f°u@°Ãt° tu* (<ªÌ°Ãt° tu*) fi t°us Fæ, fi f∏@fi Fæ N°æ≤ fi f∏@fi<fib¨<W
Ju¡ ≈°∫ Fæ* $ ∫°fiÙ <˚∏fibwg <Ì©°oÕ Ìufiub°Ôu f∏@, t°us N°æ≤ tC<•w Ju¡ ≈°∫°u* J¡∑ w[bÂ<‹¸> Ÿu
NÃ∫∏w N≈®<Ÿ¿] Fæ $$39$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # f®Êfig, Ìu„, J¡°Ô, <J®¡∫° N°æ≤ BΔ∫ J¡° ˚uÌI°fi ≤©fiub°Ôu NI°<fi∫°u* J¡°u
ŸfJ¡° Ÿa˚b fi F°ufiu Ÿu ∫F ıyÌgÂ<‹¸> Jæ¡Ÿu ≈¿_Sw FCoÕ ? ˚°b ∫F <J¡ wf NI°<fi∫°u* J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu*
≈®¶∫°w ∫F ıyÃŸW° <J¡Ÿ J¡°≤d Ÿu ≈¿_Sw FCoÕ ? $$40$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, ıÙb∏tC<•w Ju¡ ≈¥bÕ Ìu„, J¡°Ô, <J®¡∫° N°æ≤ BΔ∫ Ju¡ ˚uÌI°fiÙ NI°u* J¡∑
Âÿ∫ŸW° NI°fit°` Ÿu N∏∫ fiFÙ* Fæ ∫°fiÙ NI°fi Ÿu FÙ ∫F ıyÃŸW° ≈¿_Sw Fæ, oŸJ¡° N∏∫
J¡°≤d fiFÙ* Fæ $$41$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu f®Êfig, w[bÂ<‹¸> Ÿu J¡°≤d Ju¡ N˚°b tu* πæw N°æ≤ Îu•∫ J¡° Ÿa˚b fi F°ufiu
≈≤ f°uº∫f°u@J¡w° J¡° N˚°b F°ufiu Ÿu f°u@w° (I°fi) Jæ¡Ÿu F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ ? <ıŸJ¡° f°u@ F°u bF J¡tÕ
Nbÿ∫ F°ufi° ª°<F∫u $ Ô°uJ¡ tu* NJ¡tÕJ¡ f°u@„ÆÌ ≈®<Ÿ] fiFÙ* Fæ $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, NI°w f®Ê f°u@ Ÿu N≈fiu NI°fi<bfi°„R¡≈ k¡Ô J¡° N°Z∫ F°ufiu Ÿu
f°u@w° J¡°u (f°u@J¡tÕw°J¡°u) ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ ŸÙ Ÿu f°u@ „ÆÌ ˚Ù f°uº∫w° J¡°u (f°u@k¡ÔbW°R¡≈
ŸJ¡tÕJ¡w° J¡°u) ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ $ ∫F Ÿf NI°fib°fig ı°u N°≈ Ô°uy Fæ* N°≈ Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* FÙ Ô°y¥
F°uw° Fæ ıÙb∏tC•w Ft Ô°uy°u* tu* NI°fi fi ≤Ffiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d f°u@ J¡∑ ŸJ¡tÕJ¡w° J¡° <fiR¡≈d fiFÙ* <J¡∫°
ı° ŸJ¡w°, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$42,43$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, "ıÙb∏tC•w Ft Ô°uy°u* tu* fiFÙ*' ∫F J¡F ≤Fu N°≈fiu ıÙb∏tC•w°u* tu*
˚Ù N_twg-„ÆÌ J¡∑ ≈®b¨<W tu* <fi<tW˚¥w NF∏w° ≈®Ì<„Õw J¡∑ Fæ $ N°æ≤ bF NF∏w° Nf°u@ J¡° J¡°∫Õ
fiFÙ* F°ufiÙ ª°<F∫u, •∫°u*<J¡ fitu* Nf°u@ J¡∑ ≈®<Ÿ<] fiFÙ* Fæ $ Nw# f°u@ FÙ NF∏w°R¡≈ ≈¿≤d°t J¡°u
≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ, ∫F J¡Ffi° ≈nuy° $ Ÿ Nb_S° tu* ŸJ¡∑ f°u@<˚∏fiw° J¡° <fib°≤d J¡≤fi° J¡<™>fi FÙ
fiFÙ* NŸa˚b Fæ $ ∫F NF∏w° ıf ıÙb°¶∫ ≈C”T fiFÙ* Fæ wf oŸJ¡° Nfi∏w <`<b@ ≈¿≤h~>uÌ„¥∏∫
<fitÕÔ <ª∏t°` N°≈tu* J¡F°≥ Ÿu Ÿa˚b Fæ ? $$44$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, ÎJ¡t°` f°u@_bR¡≈ Ft Ô°uy°u* J¡∑ _bR¡≈˚¥w ı°u f°u@w° Fæ bFÙ b°∫C
Ju¡ _≈∏Ìfi J¡∑ w≤F bæJ¡¿v≈J¡ Δ∫≈Ìu„ Ÿu Ft Ô°uy°u* Ÿu NFtg N°æ≤ Ãbtg J¡FÙ ı°wÙ Fæ NI°fib°fig
N<˚t°fi≈®@°fi ≈C”T Ÿu fiFÙ* J¡FÙ ı°wÙ Fæ $$45$$
ZÙ≤°tıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, ∫<Ì ÎuŸÙ f°w Fæ w°u ıæŸu „°∏w Ÿ°y≤ tu* w≤ay N°<Ì N≈fi° N°J¡°≤
@°≤d J¡≤w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ ıÙb∏tC•w ≈C”T°u* J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* _bR¡≈t°`R¡≈ <ª∏t∫ FÙ NF∏w°<Ì R¡≈ ıywg
wS° f°uº∫, f°u@ N°<Ì <`≈Ç>Ù J¡° N°J¡°≤ @°≤d J¡≤w° Fæ, ∫F <Ÿ] FCN° $$46$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, ∫<Ì ÎuŸÙ ¿_S<w FÙ w[b Fæ w°u "πæwæ•∫°Ÿa˚bu f®Êfig J¡°≤d°Ÿa˚bu
Ÿ<w $' ∫°u* N°≈fiu <πÃb N°<Ì J¡∑ ≈®Ÿ<•w Ÿu <ıŸ NπæwF°<fiR¡≈ Ì°uT J¡° Ìg|°¸>fi <J¡∫° bF Jæ¡Ÿu
F°uy° N°æ≤ •∫° F°uy° ? oŸ<ÔÎ ÎuŸ° t°fifi° ™>ÙJ¡ fiFÙ* Fæ $ oŸ J¡°≤d N°≈ „C] Nπæw J¡° FÙ
NbÔ‡ffi J¡∑<ıÎ $$47$$
ŸyÕ - 190] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2507
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, wf „C] Nπæw≈s tu* ≈bfi Ju¡ _≈∏Ì J¡∑ w≤F NF∏w° <bJ¡v≈ J¡∑
J¡v≈fi°J¡≤ J¡°æfi Δ∫bF°≤ J¡° ˚°uy J¡≤w° Fæ NSb° ˚°u•w° FÙ J¡°æfi Fæ <ıŸJu¡ J¡°≤d ∫F Nfi∏w
ıyÌg˚®°<∏w J¡° vÔ°Ÿ F°uw° Fæ $ ıyÌg˚®°¿∏w <bJ¡v≈ J¡° ˚Ù bæŸu <fiTu@ fi F°ufiu ≈≤ ¿k¡≤ f∏@fi N°æ≤
t°us J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° ˚Ù F°uyÙ ? ∫F ZÙ≤°tıÙ Ju¡ ≈®ÿfi J¡° N°„∫ Fæ $$48$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, Iu∫ NSÕ tu* ŸÃ∫w°J¡° N°y®F F°ufiu ≈≤ ≈Cfi# f∏@fi J¡∑ ≈®Ÿ<•w F°uwÙ
Fæ $ <J¡∏wC w[bI°<fi∫°u* J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* bF (Iu∫) <fi≈¸> fiFÙ* Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ w[bI°fi Ÿu fiJ¡° f°@ F°u ı°w°
Fæ $ I<›w FÙ fiJu¡ ≈®°≤Æ@ Ju ˚°uy Ju¡ <ÔÎ ŸJ¡Ô ≈Ì°S°u˘ Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ Ÿu ˚°ŸwÙ Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ fiJu¡
≈CfifÕ∏@fi N°<Ì J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡° ≈®Ÿay fiFÙ* Fæ $$49$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # f®Êfig, I<›w Ÿb°ÕSÕR¡≈° fiFÙ* Fæ,•∫°u*<J¡ ıæŸu ≈®J¡°„J¡ ÌÙ≈J¡ ∫° fiÙÔ,
≈Ùw N°<Ì R¡≈ ∫° |¸>, ≈¸> N°<Ì N≈fiÙ ¿_S<w J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uwu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ I<›wb„ f°fl |¸>, ≈¸> N°<Ì
≈Ì°SÕ¿_S<w ≈®<Sw F°uwÙ Fæ Nw# ≈®Ã∫sR¡≈ Ÿu y®Fd F°ufiu Ÿu f°fl ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡∑ ªuwfi Ÿu ≈¨SJg¡ ŸW°
<Ÿ] F°u yoÕ $$50$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, J¡°≤d≤<Fw f°fl°SÕR¡≈ J¡°∫Õ J¡∑ ı°u ∫F ŸÃ∫w° Fæ bF Ju¡bÔ
˚®°<∏wR¡≈Ù Fæ ŸJ¡°, ˚®°<∏wR¡≈ Ÿu N<w¿≤•w Ì¥Ÿ≤° _bR¡≈ fiFÙ* Fæ $$51$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # f®Êfig, ıf wJ¡ ≤Fw° Fæ wf wJ¡ NSÕ<J®¡∫°J¡°≤Ù F°ufiu Ÿu _b›fi ŸÃ∫
F°u ª°Fu ≈®f°u@ Ÿu f°º∫ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d NŸÃ∫ F°u, ıf wJ¡ ≤Fw° Fæ wf wJ¡ ÌC#© F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ
∫F ıyÌg˚®°<∏w ıf wJ¡ ≤FwÙ Fæ wf wJ¡ ÌC#© ÌuwÙ Fæ $ oŸJ¡∑ <ª<J¡ÃŸ° J¡° (<fib¨<W J¡°) J¡°æfi
≈°∫ Fæ ? $$52$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ıæŸ° _b›fi Fæ, bæŸÙ FÙ ıyÌg-¿_S¿w Fæ
∫°fiÙ ıywg J¡∑ _b›fiwCv∫w° Fæ, ∫F ıf <Ÿ] F°u y∫° wf ıæŸu ı°y≤d F°ufiu ≈≤ _b›fi Ju¡ ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡°
f°@ F°u ı°w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ N°ÃtI°fi F°ufiu ≈≤ ı°y<wJ¡ ≈Ì°S°u˘ tu* <≈^±>y®Fw° J¡° (Ÿ°J¡°≤w° ∫°fiÙ
_S¥Ôw° J¡°) f°@ F°u ı°fiu Ÿu ÌC#© „°∏w F°u ı°w° Fæ $ ÎuŸÙ ≈¿≤¿_S<w tu* ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡∑ <≈^±>y®Fw°
(_S¥Ôw°) Ÿ°≤Ù J¡∑ Ÿ°≤Ù ˚®°<∏w R¡≈ FÙ Fæ, ∫F f°w NSÕw# J¡FÙ FÙ yoÕ Fæ $$53$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, ŸaŸ°≤ J¡°u _b›fibwg ÎJ¡t°` <tØ∫° t°fifiu Ÿu N°fi∏Ì°b°<›wR¡≈
N˚Ù‹¸> Jæ¡Ÿu <Ÿ] F°uw° Fæ ? Ju¡bÔ <tØ∫° I°fi Ÿu _b›fi N°<Ì tu* ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡∑ <≈^±>R¡≈w° (Ÿ°J¡°≤w°)
Jæ¡Ÿu „°∏w F°uwÙ Fæ ? $$54$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ZÙ≤°tıÙ, Nº∫°Ãt„°˜ Ju¡ ≈¥b°Õ≈≤ Ju¡ <bª°≤ Ÿu I°fi°uÌ∫ F°ufiu ≈≤
≈Ì°S°u˘ tu* Ÿ°J¡°≤w° J¡∑ <fib¨<W F°uwÙ Fæ N°æ≤ oŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ _b›fi Ju¡ ≈Ì°S°u˘ tu* ı°y®wg F°ufiu ≈≤ _S¥Ô
˚°bfi° <fib¨W F°u ı°wÙ Fæ $
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # <ıŸJ¡∑ Nº∫°Ãt„°˜ Ju¡ ≈¥b°Õ≈≤ Ju¡ ≈∫°ÕÔ°uªfi Ÿu ıyÃ_S¥Ôw° J¡∑
˚°bfi° Ÿ¥‚tw° J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u ªCJ¡∑ bF ıÙb∏tC•w ≈C”T ıywg J¡°u Jæ¡Ÿ° Ìu©w° Fæ ? N°æ≤ ŸJ¡∑ ∫F
ŸaŸ°≤ywÕR¡≈Ù ˚®°<∏w Jæ¡Ÿu <t¸>wÙ Fæ ?
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, b°Ÿfi°<bFÙfi ıÙb∏tC•w ≈C”T ıywg J¡°u ın° FCN°,
NŸwg Ju¡ ŸÂ„, y∏@bÕfiy≤wCv∫ N°æ≤ b¨<‹¸> Ÿu <t¸>°∫u y∫u <ª` Ju¡ wCv∫ Ìu©w° Fæ $$55-57$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # yC”b≤, wÌC≈≤°∏w b°Ÿfi°N°u* Ju¡ Ÿ¥‚t°<wŸ¥‚t F°ufiu ≈≤ _b›fiwCv∫
ıywg¿_S<wb°Ôu <ıŸ ≈C”T J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* ıywg Ju¡ ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡∑ _S¥Ôw° <bfi‹¸> F°u ªCJ¡∑ Ÿ ıÙb∏tC•w
J¡° <k¡≤ •∫° F°uw° Fæ ? $$58$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu bÃŸ ZÙ≤°tª∏B, ı°u ıywg J¡°u ŸaJ¡v≈R¡≈ ı°fiw° Fæ Ÿ ıÙb∏tC•w
≈C”T J¡∑ bF N<wŸ¥‚t b°Ÿfi° ˚Ù W≤°uW≤ ˚¥<tJ¡°N°u* Ju¡ ≈¿≤≈°J¡ J®¡t Ÿu <bÔÙfi F°u ı°wÙ Fæ $ oŸŸu
b°Ÿfi°<bFÙfi FCN° bF „Ù|® <fib°Õd ≈Ì J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ $
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # f®Êfig, NfiuJ¡ ı∏t ı∏t°∏w≤°u* Ÿu f]t¥Ô, „°©°-≈®„°©°N°u* Ÿu ∫C•w,
ı∏t-t≤dR¡≈Ù f∏@fi tu* ±>°Ôfiub°ÔÙ ˚ÙTd b°Ÿfi° Jæ¡Ÿu „Ù|® „°∏w F°u ı°wÙ Fæ ? $$59,60$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ ≤|Cb≤,Ju¡bÔ ˚®tt°`_bR¡≈ ∫F Âÿ∫ªJ®¡ (ŸaŸ°≤ªJ®¡) ∫S°SÕ
w[bI°fi Ÿu _S¥Ô°J¡°≤w° Ÿu <btC•w F°u ı°w° Fæ ∫°fiÙ ıÔu FCÎ b˜ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi oŸJ¡° Ju¡bÔ i>°≥ª° FÙ
„uT ≤F ı°w° Fæ $ Nb<„‹¸> ≈®°≤Æ@ Ju¡ ˚°uy Ju¡ J®¡t Ÿu ŸJ¡° ˚Ù <bfi°„ F°u ı°w° Fæ $$61$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu tC<fifi°∫J¡, oŸ ŸaŸ°≤ªJ®¡ Ju¡ J®¡t„# <≈*±>y®F<bFÙfi (_S¥Ô°J¡°≤„¥∏∫)
F°ufiu ≈≤ <fi<bÕsu≈w° J¡° Ÿ°@J¡ Ì¥Ÿ≤° •∫° Fæ ? ≈¥dÕ „°<∏w Jæ¡Ÿu F°uwÙ Fæ ?
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ≤|C≈Cayb, Ÿ°J¡°≤w°˚®t Ju¡ <fib¨W F°ufiu ≈≤ ıf ıywg Ju¡bÔ <ªwgt°`w°
J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u ı°w° Fæ, <bfi°„°˚°bR¡≈ y°æ≤b Ÿu ∏tC•w F°u ı°w° Fæ wf ıywg tu* ˚°uy°u* J¡∑ N°_S° J¡°
„tfiR¡≈ ≈≤t bæ≤°À∫ F°u ı°w° Fæ $$62,63$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu tC<fiZu‹™>, f°ÔJ¡ Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈˚¥w N<wwCh~>R¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw ÌuÌÙ›∫t°fi
oŸ ıywg tu* ÌC#©FuwC˚¥w N°_S° J¡∑ <fib¨<W Jæ¡Ÿu F°uwÙ Fæ ? NÃ∫∏w wCh~> ŸaJ¡v≈b°Ô° f°ÔJ¡R¡≈ fi≤
˚Ù ÌC#© J¡° NfiC˚b J¡≤w° FCN° Jæ¡Ÿu <Ì©°oÕ Ìuw° Fæ ? $$64$$
N<bª°≤ Ÿu wCh~>w° J¡° I°fi fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d FÙ f°ÔJ¡ J¡°u ˚Ù ÌC#© F°uw° Fæ, <J¡∏wC <bª°≤ π°≤°
wCh~>w° J¡° I°fi F°ufiu ≈≤ ŸJu¡ fi°„ N°<Ì tu* ÌC#© fiFÙ* F°uw° Fæ, ∫F N°≈ ˚Ù <bª°≤ J¡∑<ı∫u, ÎuŸ°
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # ŸaJ¡v≈t°` Ÿu Ÿ‡≈∏fi ıywg Ju¡ fi‹¸> F°ufiu ≈≤ ÌC#© Jæ¡Ÿu F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? ı°u
ıywg ŸaJ¡v≈t°` wS° <ªWt°` Fæ Ÿ <ªW J¡° N°≈ ˚Ù <bª°≤ J¡∑<ı∫u $$65$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, <ªW Jæ¡Ÿ° Fæ ? Jæ¡Ÿu ŸJ¡° <bª°≤ <J¡∫° ı°w° Fæ ? •w <ªW
J¡° ˚ÔÙ˚°≥<w <bª°≤ J¡≤fiu ≈≤ •∫° F°uw° Fæ ? ∫F tCHŸu J¡Ffiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u $$66$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, <ªwg J¡° ı°u <bT∫°u* J¡∑ N°u≤ HCJ¡fi° Fæ bFÙ <ªW J¡FÔ°w° Fæ $ oŸ
Ÿt∫ tu≤u Ÿ°tfiu N°≈Ÿu <J¡∫° ı° ≤F° tF°≤°t°∫d Zbd FÙ oŸJ¡° <bª°≤ Fæ $ oŸŸu b°Ÿfi° <fib¨W F°u
ı°wÙ Fæ $$67$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, <ªW Ju¡ ¿_S<wJ¡°Ô tu* <ªW Ju¡ <fi≤°u@ Ÿu F°ufiub°ÔÙ <ªwgJ¡∑
NªuÃ∫°u∏tC©w° (≈≤t°Ãt° J¡∑ N°u≤ ≈®bd F°ufi°) <J¡wfiu J¡°Ô wJ¡ ≤FuyÙ ? ∫°fiÙ fFCw S°unu Ÿt∫ wJ¡
≤FuyÙ, oŸ<ÔÎ <fib°Õd≈Ì ≈®Ì°fi J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ <ªW J¡∑ N<ªWw° Jæ¡Ÿu <Ìw F°uwÙ Fæ ? ∫F tCHŸu J¡<F∫u
ŸyÕ - 190] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2509
∫°fiÙ <ªW Ju¡ fi°„ J¡° FÙ ≈°∫ tCHŸu J¡Ffiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u $$68$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, ªuÃ∫ J¡° ıf Ÿa˚b FÙ fiFÙ* Fæ wf <ª¿w Jæ¡Ÿu N°æ≤
J¡F°≥ Ÿu ªuÃ∫ J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤wÙ Fæ $ oŸ J¡°≤d ªuÃ∫ Ju¡ NaŸ˚b Ÿu <ªWŸW° <fiw≤°a fiFÙ* Fæ $ ªuÃ∫ Ju¡
NŸa˚b Ju¡ Ì„Õfi Ÿu ªuÃ∫ J¡° ≈¿≤t°ıÕfi FÙ <ªWfi°„ J¡° Wt ≈°∫ Fæ, ∫F ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ Ju¡ W≤ J¡°
N°„∫ Fæ $$69$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, <ıŸ ªuÃ∫ J¡° (Âÿ∫J¡°) ŸfJ¡°u NfiC˚b F°uw° Fæ, ŸJ¡° Jæ¡Ÿu
Ÿa˚b fiFÙ* Fæ ? ŸJ¡Ô ıfi°u* Ÿu N°æ≤ N≈fiu NfiC˚¥w <bT∫ tu* oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° N≈Ô°≈ N°≈ Jæ¡Ÿu J¡≤wu Fæ*
NS°Õwg ªuÃ∫ J¡° ŸbÕS° NŸa˚b Fæ w°u Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ NfiC˚b J¡° <bT∫ J¡°æfi F°uy° ? $$70$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ≤|Cb≤, NI°<fi∫°u* J¡° Â<‹¸>y°uª≤ ıæŸ° ıywg Fæ bF ŸÃ∫ fiFÙ* Fæ, I°<fi∫°u*
J¡° I°fiy°uª≤ ı°u Fæ bF N<πwÙ∫ wS° b°dÙ J¡° Ny°uª≤ Fæ $ ˚°b ∫F <J¡ NI≈¿≤I°w ˚°æ<wJ¡ ıywg
J¡° N≈Ô°≈ J¡≤fiu ≈≤ ŸJ¡∑ (NI J¡∑) w[bI°<fi∫°u* π°≤° ≈¿≤I°w fi°tR¡≈<bFÙfi w[bb_wC <bT∫
F°uyÙ $$71$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, NI°<fi∫°u* J¡∑ <`Ô°uJ¡∑ Jæ¡ŸÙ Fæ N°æ≤ bF ŸÃ∫ Jæ¡Ÿu fiFÙ* Fæ ? N°æ≤
I°<fi∫°u* J¡° ıæŸ° ıywg Fæ bF b°dÙ J¡° <bT∫ Jæ¡Ÿu fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ ?
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, NI°<fi∫°u* J¡° ı°u ıywg Fæ bF Ìu„, J¡°Ô, N°æ≤ b_wCJ¨¡w ≈¿≤h~>uÌ Ÿu
∫C•w Fæ <J¡∏wC Ÿ w≤F J¡° ∫°fiÙ Ìu„J¨¡w, J¡°ÔJ¨¡w N°æ≤ b_wCJ¨¡w ≈¿≤h~>uÌb°Ô° ıywg I°<fi∫°u* J¡∑
Â<‹¸> tu* fi oŸ Ÿt∫ Fæ N°æ≤ fi Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* FÙ ŸJ¡° Ÿa˚b Fæ, NwÎb I°<fi∫°u* J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu*
b∏º∫°≈C` Ju¡ Ÿt°fi <tØ∫° Fæ $$72,73$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, ı°u ıywg Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* Ã≈∏fi fiFÙ* FCN° N°æ≤ <ıŸJ¡° J¡˚Ù
Ÿa˚b fiFÙ* Fæ, ı°u NŸBq≈ N°æ≤ N°˚°Ÿ„¥∏∫ Fæ ŸJ¡° NfiC˚b Jæ¡Ÿu F°uw° Fæ ? ∫<Ì bF NÃ∫∏w NŸwg
Fæ w°u bF NSÕ<J®¡∫°ŸtSÕR¡≈ Ÿu NfiC˚¥w Jæ¡Ÿu F°uw° Fæ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$74$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, ı°y®wg ıywg _b›fi ıywg Ju¡ Ÿt°fi NŸwg F°uw° FCN° ˚Ù ŸwgŸ°
≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ oŸJ¡° J¡°uoÕ J¡°≤d fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F J¡˚Ù Ã≈∏fi fiFÙ* FCN° Fæ N°æ≤ _b›fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi Ìg˚¥w
FCN° ∫F _b›fibwg NSÕ<J®¡∫°J¡°≤Ù ˚Ù ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ $$75$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, _b›fi N°<Ì tu* N°æ≤ tfi°u≤S, <bwJÕ¡ N°<Ì tu* ı°u Âÿ∫ J¡° NfiC˚b
F°uw° Fæ bF ıyÌgΔ∫bF°≤ Ju¡ NfiC˚b Ÿu Ã≈∏fi ı°y®wgR¡≈ Ÿa_J¡°≤ Ÿu F°uw° Fæ, <J¡∏wC ∫F ı°y®wg
<J¡ŸŸu NfiC˚b tu* N°w° Fæ ? $$76$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, Ÿa_J¡°≤ Ÿu _b›fi tu* •∫° ı°y®wg tu* ≈®<Ÿ] NSÕ J¡° FÙ NfiC˚b F°uw°
Fæ NSb° N∏∫ NSÕ J¡° bæŸu FÙ _b›fi N°æ≤ tfi°u≤°≠∫ tu* ı°y®wg ≈®<Ÿ] NSÕ J¡° FÙ NfiC˚b F°uw° Fæ
NSb° N∏∫ ≈Ì°SÕ J¡° ∫F tCHŸu J¡<F∫u $$77$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, _b›fi N°æ≤ tfi°u≤°≠∫ N°<Ì J¡v≈fi°N°u* tu* Ÿa_J¡°≤R¡≈ Ÿu ı°y®wg
tu* ≈®<Ÿ] NSÕ J¡° FÙ <fiÃ∫ ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ ∫FÙ f°w tfi°u≤S, ˚®t N°<Ì tu* ˚Ù ŸtHfiÙ ª°<F∫u $$78$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ≤|Cfi°S, ı°y®wg Ju¡ Ÿa_J¡°≤ Ÿu ı°y®Ã≈®<Ÿ] NSÕ J¡° FÙ _b›fi tu* ∫<Ì ˚°fi
F°uw° Fæ w°u _b›fi tu* <y≤° FCN° |≤ ≈®°w# J¡°Ô ı°yfiu ≈≤ Jæ¡Ÿu ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ ? •∫°u*<J¡ _b›fi N°æ≤
ı°y®wg Ju¡ ≈Ì°S°u˘ Ju¡ N<˚∏fi F°ufiu ≈≤ _b°›fi ≈°wfi ı°y®wg≈°wfiR¡≈ FÙ ™>F≤°, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$79$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏Ì®ıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, ı°y®wg≈Ì°SÕ J¡° _b›fi tu* ˚°fi fiFÙ* F°uw°, <J¡∏wC N∏∫ NSÕ FÙ
_b›fi tu* ˚°Ÿw° Fæ <J¡∏wC bF N∏∫ ≈Ì°SÕ f®Ê FÙ Fæ ∫F N°≈J¡° N<˚tw NSÕ tu≤Ù ŸtH tu* N° y∫°
Fæ $ <J¡∏wC owfi° Ÿ∏ÌuF N˚Ù „uT Fæ <J¡ bF N∏∫ ≈Ì°SÕR¡≈ f®Ê ıywg Ÿ° Jæ¡Ÿu ˚°Ÿw° Fæ ? $$80$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # ZÙ≤°tıÙ, Ÿf JC¡~> N≈¥bÕ Ÿ° ˚°<Ÿw F°uw° Fæ ÎuŸ° FÙ <fi∫t fiFÙ* Fæ, <J¡∏wC
J¡°uoÕ NSÕ <ıŸJ¡° ≈FÔu NfiC˚b fiFÙ* FCN°, <ªW tu* N≈¥bÕ ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ $ J¡°uoÕ w°u <ıŸJ¡° ≈FÔu
NfiC˚b F°u ªCJ¡°,N≈¥bÕ ≈®wÙw fiFÙ* F°uw° N°æ≤ bF NfiC˚b <ıŸ N°J¡°≤ Ÿu Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì, N∏w N°æ≤
tº∫ tu* NU∫°Ÿ F°uw° Fæ Ÿ N°J¡°≤ Ÿu ˚°Ÿw° Fæ $ f®Ê°J¡°≤w° Ju¡ NU∫°Ÿ Ju¡ ©¥f NU∫_w F°ufiu ≈≤
bæŸu FÙ ˚°Ÿuy°, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$81$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu N°≈Ÿu f°u<@w FCN° tæ* ı°y®wg ıywg ˚Ù _b›fi
ıyÃ_bR¡≈ FÙ ˚°<Ÿw F°uw° Fæ ∫°u* ı°fi y∫° F¥≥ _b›fibwg I°w FCN° ˚Ù ∫F ıyBq≈Ù <≈„°ª J®¥¡≤ y®F J¡∑
w≤F tCHu ÌC#© Ìuw° Fæ Nw# <J¡Ÿ w≤F ŸJ¡∑ <ª<J¡ÃŸ° J¡∑ ı°∫ ∫°fiÙ <fib¨<W J¡∑ ı°∫ ? $$82$$
ŸJu¡ J¡°≤d J¡∑ <bbuªfi° π°≤° ŸJ¡∑ <ª<J¡ÃŸ° J¡≤fiÙ ª°<F∫u oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ _b›fi
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J¡°∫Õ Ÿu J¡°≤d <˚∏fi fiFÙ* F°uw° ∫F f°w „w„# Ìu©Ù yoÕ Fæ, oŸÙJ¡° N°≈ <bª°≤ J¡∑<ı∫u $ ª¥≥<J¡ J¡°≤d
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FÙ Fæ $$83,84$$ Fu tF°twu ZÙ≤°tıÙ, ªuÃ∫ Ju¡ ∏tC© <ªwg FÙ <ªW Fæ ∫F f°w tæ* ≈Ù~>u NfiuJ¡ f°≤ J¡F
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FCN° $ NwÎb _b›fi , ı°y®wg N°<Ì JC¡~> ˚Ù f®Ê Ÿu <˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ $$85$$
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b¨sR¡≈ Nb∫bÙ J¡° ˚uÌŸ<F‹dC N˚uÌ Fæ oŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ ˚uÌ°˚uÌ Ÿu f®Ê tu* ıywg ¿_Sw Fæ ÎuŸ° FÙ •∫°u*
fiFÙ* J¡Fwu Fæ*, _b›fi N°<Ì JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ ∫°u* <fiTu@ •∫°u* J¡≤wu Fæ* ? ÎuŸÙ ZÙ≤°tıÙ „aJ¡° J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # f®Êfig, ıæŸu „°©°<Ì Nb∫b°u* N°æ≤ b¨sR¡≈ Nb∫bÙ J¡° w°Ì°Ã‡∫R¡≈
ÎJ¡w° (N˚uÌ) ˚uÌŸ<F‹dC Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ªW N°æ≤ ıywg J¡° ˚Ù w°Ì°Ã‡∫R¡≈ N˚uÌ ˚uÌ Ÿ<F‹dC F°u $ Ÿ
¿_S<w tu* Ÿt<‹¸><ªWR¡≈ ıywg N°<Ì Ÿu Nb∫b≤<Fw f®Ê tu* ÎJ¡w° F°u $$86$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, ÎuŸÙ J¡v≈fi° J¡Ì°<≈ fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wÙ, •∫°u*<J¡ ∫<Ì
<bª°≤-<bt„Õ <J¡∫° ı°∫ w°u Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°≤‡˚ tu* ıywg J¡˚Ù Ã≈∏fi FCN° FÙ fiFÙ*, oŸ<ÔÎ ˚°<Ÿw F°u
≤F° ∫F Ÿf ≈®≈aª Nı≤, „°∏w, Nı∏t°, N©^±> ≈≤t°ÃtR¡≈ FÙ Fæ $$87$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, N°≈Ju¡ ŸÌC≈Ìu„ Ÿu tæ* ∫F t°fiw° F¥≥ <J¡ ˚®°<∏w Ÿu B‹¸A>Ãb N°æ≤
˚°u•w¨Ãb N°<Ì Ÿ<Fw Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ ı∏t, fi°„ N°<Ì ˚®t ≈≤t≈ÌR¡≈ f®Ê tu* J¡°J¡w°ÔÙ∫∏∫°∫ Ÿu
NJ¡_t°w <Ìw FCÎ Fæ* $$88$$
ŸyÕ - 191] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2511
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ıywg Ju¡bÔ ˚®°<∏w FÙ Fæ, ∫°u* <fiÿª∫ J¡≤ ªCJu¡ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ Ju¡ ≈®<w ıywg Ÿ°<Ì
(≈®°≤a˚b°Ô°) Fæ oŸ ˚®°a<wt∫ Â<‹¸> J¡° ∫°æ<•wJ¡Â<‹¸> N°æ≤ w[bÂ<‹¸>t¥ÔJ¡ „°˜Ù∫<bª°≤ Ÿu tæ*
<fi≤°J¡≤d J¡≤ ªCJ¡° F¥≥, ∫°u* ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ ŸyÕ J¡° ≈ŸaF°≤ J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, Ô°uJ¡ tu* wÙfi ≈®J¡°≤ J¡∑ Â<‹¸>∫°≥ ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ* - 1. ≈°t≤ Â<‹¸>, 2.
∫°æ<•wJ¡ Â<‹¸> N°æ≤ 3. w[bÂ<‹¸> $ fitu* Ÿu ≈®St Â<‹¸> J¡° Ì¥Ÿ≤Ù N°æ≤ wÙŸ≤Ù Ì°u Â<‹¸>∫°u* Ÿu ©a±>fi
J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u N°æ≤ N∏w tu* Ì¥Ÿ≤Ù Â<‹¸> J¡° wÙŸ≤Ù ∫°fiÙ w[bÂ<‹¸> Ÿu ©^±>fi J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u $ oŸ
N<˚≈®°∫ Ÿu <≈~>ÔÙ Ì°u Â<‹¸>∫°u* J¡° NbÔ‡ffi J¡≤ tæ*fiu oŸ Ÿty® <bÿb J¡° ∫S°SÕR¡≈ Ÿu NbÔ°uJ¡fi
<J¡∫° Fæ $ Ì°u Â<‹¸>∫°u*tu* Ÿ°≤ tu* Ÿu ˚Ù <fitÕSfi J¡≤Ju¡ tC¶∫ Ÿ°≤˚¥w ≈Ì°SÕ J¡° y®Fd J¡≤fiu tu* ŸtSÕ wS°
≈®t°d N°æ≤ ≈®tu∫ w[b J¡∑ ≈≤Ùs° J¡≤fiu tu* JC¡„Ô <bπ°fi°u* J¡∑ Â»w≤ <bª°≤ J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ N<w <fi‹J¡TÕ˚¥w
F°ufiu Ÿu N<˚fib (fibÙfi) ı°u Ô°uJ¡°uW≤ Â<‹¸> Fæ bF ≈FÔÙ Fæ N°æ≤ Nº∫°Ãt„°˜ Ju¡ Zbd, tfifi,
<fi<Ìº∫°Ÿfi N°<Ì Ju¡ ≈¿≤≈°J¡ Ÿu <Ÿ] ≈≤tw[bR¡≈ NSÕ t°` J¡° N≈≤°usR¡≈ Ÿu <ıŸtu* _kC¡≤d F°uw°
Fæ ÎuŸu ıÙb∏tC•w ≈C”T°u* tu* ≈°oÕ ı°fiub°ÔÙ Â<‹¸> Ì¥Ÿ≤Ù Fæ $ •w Ì°u Â<‹¸>∫°u* J¡° NbÔ‡ffi J¡≤Ju¡ oŸ
„°˜ tu* tæ*fiu wf wJ¡ <fi≤Ùsd <J¡∫° Fæ ıf wJ¡<J¡ ŸJ¡Ô Â<‹¸>∫°≥, B‹¸>°, ıÙb wÙfi°u* J¡°Ô°u* tu* fiFÙ*
≤Fu, ıywg J¡∑ „¥∏∫w° J¡° ˚Ù y®Fd fiFÙ* FCN° N°æ≤ ˚®t J¡° I°fi ˚Ù fiFÙ* FCN° Îba ıf wJ¡ <fiÃ∫
N≈≤°us ≈≤t°fi∏ÌR¡≈ f®Ê°Ãtæ•∫b_wC ¿_Sw fiFÙ* FCoÕ $$89$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ fiÆfub°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ o•∫°fifub°≥ ŸyÕ

NI°fi Ÿu f®Ê J¡° FÙ ıywgR¡≈ Ÿu ıæŸu ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ wS° ≈®fC]t°` J¡°
ıæŸu ≈≤t≈Ì ¿_S<w R¡≈ <fib°Õd F°uw° Fæ, oŸ <bT∫ J¡° ˚ÔÙ ˚°≥<w bdÕfi $
≈¥bÕŸyÕ tu* b<dÕw ≤Ù<w Ÿu ≈®f°u@ J¡°u ≈®°›w FCÎ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ <Ÿ]°∏w ≈s J¡°u _bÙJ¡°≤ J¡≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu tC<fifi°∫J¡, ÎuŸÙ ∫<Ì f°w Fæ w°u ≈≤w[b <bbwÕ˚¥w ∫F ıywg ŸÌ°
ŸbÕ≈Ì°S°ÕÃt° f®Ê FÙ Fæ $ ∫F fi J¡˚Ù <Ìw F°uw° Fæ N°æ≤ fi J¡˚Ù fi‹¸> F°uw° Fæ $$1$$ ∫°æ<•wJ¡ Â<‹¸> Ÿu
ıyÌ°J¡°≤ <Ì©°oÕ Ìufiub°ÔÙ ∫F ˚®°<∏w (<bsu≈„<•w ≈®@°fi N<bΩ°) FÙ _kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ $ w[bÂ<‹¸>
Ÿu w°u bF ˚®°<∏w ˚Ù Fæ FÙ fiFÙ*, Ju¡bÔ f®Ê ŸW° FÙ Fæ $$2$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ Ju¡ J¡Sfi J¡° NfiCt°uÌfi J¡≤ ≤Fu ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ≤°tª∏BıÙ, N°≈fiu ™>ÙJ¡ ŸtH° Fæ $ J¡°J¡w°ÔÙ∫ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi NwJÕ¡fiÙ∫
N<bΩ° Ÿu N≈fiu tu* N≈fiu Ÿu <ıŸ f®Ê J¡° ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ ıÙb˚¥w ŸÙ f®Ê Ÿu N°Ãt° FÙ (_bR¡≈ FÙ)
"ıywg' ı°fi° ı°w° Fæ $$3$$
tF°≈®Ô∫J¡°Ô tu* N≈fiu NbÔ‡ffi˚¥w <Ìyg<b˚°y Ju¡ <ffi° N≈¿≤¿h~>∏fi <ªÃ≈®J¡°„ J¡∑ NŸa˚°bfi°
J¡≤ ≤Fu ZÙ≤°tıÙ <b_t∫≈¥bÕJ¡ ≈¥~>wu Fæ* $
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, N<b¿h~>∏fi <ªwg≈®J¡°„<Ìyg<b˚°y Ju¡ <ffi° Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu*,
≈®Ô∫J¡°Ô tu* N°æ≤ t°us tu* Jæ¡Ÿu ≈®J¡°<„w F°uw° Fæ, ∫F tF°fig N°ÿª∫Õ Fæ $ N°Ô‡ffiR¡≈ ÌÙb°≤ Ju¡ <ffi°
˚Ô° ÌÙ≈≈®˚° J¡° Jæ¡Ÿu ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ ? ˚°b ∫F <J¡ N°Ô‡ffi Ju¡ <ffi° ıæŸu ≈®˚° J¡∑ ≈®S° J¡° NŸa˚b Fæ
bæŸu FÙ <Ìyg<b˚°yR¡≈ N°Ô‡ffi Ju¡ <ffi° ≈≤t°Ãt° J¡∑ ˚Ù ≈®S° NŸa˚°Δ∫ Fæ $$4$$
N∏∫` fi Ìu©u y∫u (Ì°F≤d„¥∏∫) NÃ∫∏w N°ÿª∫Õ˚¥w oŸJ¡∑ ≈®t°d°fiC˚b Ju¡ fÔ Ÿu Ÿa˚°bfi°
J¡≤fiÙ ª°<F∫u ∫°u* ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ Ÿa˚°bfi° J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ZÙ≤°tıÙ, ∫F oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° ∫°fiÙ NÃ∫∏w N°ÿª∫ÕR¡≈ FÙ Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡
"¿b˚Ca <ªÌ°fi∏Ì°tR¡≈tÌg˚Cwtg' (ŸbÕΔ∫°≈J¡ <ªÌ°fi∏Ì_bR¡≈ R¡≈≤<Fw NÌg˚Cw) ÎuŸu ZC<w Fæ N°æ≤
"N°ÿª∫Õbwg ≈ÿ∫<w J¡¿ÿªÌufitg' (J¡°uoÕ oŸu N°ÿª∫Õ Ÿ° Ìu©w° Fæ) ∫°u* ˚yb°fig J¡° b°•∫ Fæ wS°<≈
NŸa˚°bfi° fiFÙ* J¡≤fiÙ ª°<F∫u $ N∏b∫ N°æ≤ Δ∫<w≤uJ¡R¡≈ Ÿu ≈≤Ùs° J¡≤ N°≈ Ìu<©∫u $ •∫°u*<J¡ bFÙ
<ª<wR¡≈ Ÿ¥∫°Õ<Ì ≈®˚° J¡∑ ˚Ù ≈®˚° N∏@J¡°≤ J¡°Ô tu* N≈fiuŸu FÙ ≈®<Sw F°uwÙ ≤FwÙ Fæ $ Ÿ¥∫°uÕÌ∫ F°ufiu Ju¡
f°Ì ≈®J¡°„ N°<Ì Ju¡ Ÿ°S ˚Ù bF ≤FwÙ Fæ $$5$$ Ÿ¥∫°Õ<Ì J¡° ≈®J¡°„ ˚Ù ÌÙb°≤ N°<Ì tu* <fi≤≈us _b˚°bb°Ô°
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≈®wÙ<w F°uwÙ Fæ $ bF°≥ ≈≤ ıæŸu ÌÙb°≤ N°<Ì Ju¡ Ÿ‡f∏@ Ÿu ≈FÔu N°J¡°„ tu* ≈®J¡°„ <Ì©°oÕ Ìuw° Fæ bæŸu
Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* N°æ≤ ≈®Ô∫ tu* ˚Ù b•w° Z°uw° oŸ <fi<bÕT∫ N°Ãt° J¡°u FÙ N°≈ Ìu<©∫u $$6$$
oŸ w≤F <fi≤°Ô‡f <ªwgJ¡∑ Ÿa˚°bfi° J¡∑ <Ÿ<] F°ufiu Ÿu bFÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* ıywg Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ Ÿu
Ÿ‡≈∏fi FCoÕ ∫F N°≈ Ÿa˚°bfi° J¡∑<ı∫u, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
oŸ<ÔÎ fi B‹¸>° Fæ N°æ≤ fi Âÿ∫ FÙ Fæ $ B‹¸>°, Âÿ∫, Ì„Õfi N°<Ì <`≈Ç>Ù JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ Ju¡bÔ <fi<bÕJ¡°≤
<ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ $ <ªwg ≈®˚° FÙ N≈fiu Ÿu <˚<W (t¥wÕ N°Ô‡ffi) wS° ŸJ¡° ˚°Ÿfi N°<Ì R¡≈ @°≤d
J¡≤wÙ Fæ $$7$$
ÎJ¡ R¡≈ FÙ <ªwg J¡∑ B‹¸>°, Âÿ∫, Ì„ÕfiR¡≈ <`≈Ç>Ù _b›fi N°<Ì tu* ˚Ù ≈®<Ÿ<] FÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu ÎJ¡ FÙ <ªÃ≈®˚° _b›fi N°<Ì tu* B‹¸>°, Bÿ∫ N°<Ì <`≈Ç>ÙR¡≈ F°uwÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ ı°y®wg tu* ˚Ù
ÎJ¡t°`R¡≈ bF <ª¿w B‹¸>°, Âÿ∫ N°æ≤ Ì„ÕfiR¡≈ <`≈Ç>Ù J¡°u @°≤d J¡≤ <b≤°ıt°fi F°uwÙ Fæ $$8$$ <ıŸ
Ÿ¨<‹¸>J¡°Ô tu* ˚°Ÿfiu∫°uÀ∫ ≈Ì°SÕ, ˚°fi wS° ˚°Ÿ<∫`Ù (˚°<ŸJ¡°) _b∫a<ªÃ≈®˚° FÙ Fæ Ÿ Ÿy°Õ<Ì tu*
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N°æ≤ Âÿ∫ F°uJ¡≤ _kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ $ ≈®St <Ìw FCoÕ ∫F <ªÃ≈®˚° oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ≈®J¡°<„w F°uwÙ Fæ $ N≈fiu
<ªÌ°J¡°„R¡≈ tu* <ªÌ°J¡°„_bR¡≈° ∫F oŸ ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu ˚°ŸwÙ Fæ $ Ÿ¨<‹¸>R¡≈ Ÿu oŸJ¡° ı°u ∫F
N°<Ì-N∏w„¥∏∫ ˚°fi Fæ bFÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸>∫°≥ Fæ* $$9-12$$
NI°<fi∫°u* J¡°u FÙ ∫F N°ÿª∫Õbwg t°Ô¥t F°uwÙ Fæ Ft I°<fi∫°u* J¡° w°u ∫F _b˚°b˚¥w FÙ Fæ N°ÿª∫Õbwg
NI°fiÙ Ô°uy°u* J¡°u FÙ ∫F Ÿ¨<‹¸> N°ÿª∫Õ Ju¡ wCv∫ ≈®wÙw F°uwÙ Fæ, <J¡∏wC Ft°≤u ŸÂ„ I°<fi∫°u*
ŸyÕ - 192] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2513
J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* w°u ∫F _b˚°b˚¥w (f®ÊR¡≈) FÙ Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ J¡Ì°<ªwg NJ¡_t°wg oŸ ˚°_∫-˚°ŸJ¡-
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FÙ <t¸> ı°wÙ Fæ $$13$$
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<bJ¡v≈tC•w F°uJ¡≤ ≈°T°d J¡∑ w≤F ŸJ¡Ô Δ∫°≈°≤°u* J¡°u* Ã∫°yJ¡≤ ≤Ffi° ª°<F∫u $ Nfi°<Ì ŸaŸ°≤ tu*
f°≤-f°≤ ˚°uyu FCÎ oŸ J¡°Ô tu* bæ≤°À∫b„ Ã∫°yu FCÎ f°fl <bT∫ J¡° NI°fiÙ JC¡≈C”T π°≤° oŸJ¡° ˚°uy
J¡≤°u ∫°u* J¡Ffiu ≈≤ ˚Ù y®Fd fiFÙ* J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u $$21$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ o•∫°fifub°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ f°fifub°≥ ŸyÕ

≈®fC] FCÎ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ J¡° N≈fiu ≈®f°u@ J¡°u ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ J¡∑
„C˚Ÿ<∏fi<@ tu* ıæŸ° ∫F <ª∏t°` Fæ bæŸ° <b_w°≤ Ÿu J¡Sfi $
ŸJ¡Ô Ÿ∏ÌuF°u* J¡∑ <fib¨<W F°ufiu Ÿu ˚ÔÙ˚°≥<w fC] FCÎ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ ıæŸu Ÿ°uJ¡≤ ı°y° FCN° ≈C”T
_b›fi˚®°<∏w J¡° _t≤d J¡≤w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ ŸaŸ°≤-˚®°<∏w J¡° N°ÿª∫ÕR¡≈ Ÿu _t≤d J¡≤wu FCÎ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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N°J¡°„ tu* bwÕt°fi oŸ f®Ê°^±> Ju¡ ÎJ¡ ≈®Ìu„ tu* ÎJ¡t°` N°Ãtw[b Ÿu N≈¿≤I°w F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d
˚®°<∏w tu* ≈nu Fæ* $$1$$ <J¡∏wC N°Ãtw[b Ju¡ ≈¿≤I°w F°ufiu ≈≤ ∫F Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ ıyÌg˚®°<∏w JC¡~> ˚Ù fiFÙ*
Fæ $ fi w°u ∫F J¡˚Ù FCoÕ, fi Fæ N°æ≤ fi F°uyÙ $
f¨FÌ°≤^∫b°<wÕJ¡ tu* ZÙŸC≤uÿb°ª°∫ÕıÙ fiu J¡F° Fæ #
w[bt_∫°<Ìb°•∫°uÃSŸ‡∫À@Ùı∏tt°`w# $ N<bΩ° ŸF J¡°∫uÕd fi°ŸÙÌ¿_w ˚<b‹∫<w $$
NS°Õwg "wwg Ãbt<Ÿ' oÃ∫°<Ì buÌ°∏w b°•∫°u* Ju¡ Zbd, tfifi N°æ≤ <fi<Ìº∫°Ÿfi Ÿu Ã≈∏fi Ÿ‡∫Jg¡
I°fi Ju¡ (w[bf°u@ Ju¡) ı∏tt°` Ÿu N≈fiu J¡°∫Õ˚¥w ıywg Ju¡ Ÿ°S N<bΩ° ˚®°<∏w fiFÙ* SÙ, fi Fæ N°æ≤ fi
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N<πwÙ∫ <ªÌg|fi°J¡°„ FÙ ¿_Sw Fæ $$2,3$$ Fu yC”b≤, ∫S°SÕR¡≈ Ÿu N≈¿≤I°w ∫F ≈≤t°J¡°„ FÙ Ft
Ô°uy°u* J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* ŸaŸ°≤ŸÂ„ ffi y∫° Fæ, ∫F tF°fig N°ÿª∫Õ Fæ $$4$$ NÃ∫∏w ŸC<fitÕÔ <ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡°
FÙ ∫u Ô°uy Fæ*, ∫u ≈bÕw Fæ* oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ πæwR¡≈ Ÿu ˚°fi FCN° Fæ $ <fitÕÔ ≈≤t°J¡°„ FÙ N<fitÕÔŸ° F°uJ¡≤
πæwR¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ $$5$$ Fu ˚ybfig, Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu*, ≈≤Ô°uJ¡ N°<Ì tu*, _b›fi N°<Ì tu*, J¡°Δ∫≤ªfi°
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fi≤J¡ tu* ¿_Sw F¥≥ NSb° _byÕ tu ¿_Sw F¥≥ ÎuŸÙ ∫<Ì ≈C”T J¡°u ˚®°<∏w F°u w°u Ÿ ˚®°<∏w Ju¡ J¡°≤d FÙ
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(J¡°v≈<fiJ¡) FÙ Fæ $ fi ∫F Âÿ∫ Fæ, fi B‹¸>° ıÙb Fæ, fi Ÿ¨<‹¸> Fæ,fi ıywg Fæ, fi <ªÌ°˚°Ÿ Fæ N°æ≤ fi
ı°y®wg,_b›fi, ŸCTC<›w N°<Ì FÙ Fæ* $ ı°u JC¡~> ˚Ù ∫F NI°<fi∫°u* J¡° Ây-<bT∫ N<bΩ° NSb° N<bΩ°J¡°∫Õ
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<fidÕ∫ FÙ fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w°, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$15$$
NI°fi J¡∑ NŸW° ≈®t°d≈¥bÕJ¡ <bª°≤ Ÿu NÔU∫ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d FÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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w≤F NŸwg Ju¡ wCv∫ Fæ $$17$$ ª°≤°u* N°u≤ Ÿu <bª°≤≈¥bÕJ¡ Ìu©fiu ≈≤ ˚Ù ı°u J¡FÙ* Ÿu ˚Ù fiFÙ* ≈®°›w F°uw°,
ŸyÕ - 193] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2515
b∏º∫° Ju¡ ≈C` Ju¡ wCv∫ ŸJ¡∑ ŸW° Jæ¡Ÿu F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ ? oŸ<ÔÎ J¡Ì°<≈ <J¡ŸÙ ˚Ù ˚®°<∏w J¡° Ÿa˚b Fæ
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˚°<Ÿw° F°uw° Fæ bF ≈≤t f®Ê FÙ Fæ $ <fi≤<w„∫ N°fi∏Ì Ÿu ≈¿≤≈¥dÕ ≈≤t f®Ê_bR¡≈ tu* bF ≈¥dÕ
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<J¡Ÿ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° bF ≈≤t≈Ì ¿_Sw ≤Fw° Fæ ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi ≈≤ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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<fiÌ°uÕT, ª°≤°u* N°u≤ Ÿu ≈¿≤≈¥dÕ, "NFtg' FÙ <fi≤Fa (<fi≤FaJ¡°≤) F°uJ¡≤ f°u@ Ÿu <Ìw ŸbÕ` Δ∫°›w,
„C] N°b≤d-≈¿≤h~>uÌ J¡° fi°„ F°ufiu Ÿu <bJ¡°Ÿ ∫C•w, NfiuJ¡ N°æ≤ N<πwÙ∫ R¡≈ Ÿu ≈≤t ≈Ì ¿_Sw
≤Fw° Fæ $$22$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ f°fifub°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ <w≤°fifub°≥ ŸyÕ

≈®f°u@ Ÿu sd˚≤ NI°fiR¡≈Ù <fiB° J¡° <bfi°„ F°ufiu ≈≤ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu
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ıywg Fæ N°æ≤ J¡F°≥ Âÿ∫w° Fæ ? $$1$$ πæw N°æ≤ Nπæw J¡° NfiCŸ∏@°fi J¡≤fiu ≈≤ tfi tu* <Ìw FCN° ı°u
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≈®∫°uıfi fiFÙ* Fæ $ ŸfŸu ≈FÔu "ŸÌub Ÿ°æ‡∫uÌty® N°ŸÙwg 'oÃ∫°<Ì ZC<w∫°u* Ÿu <Ÿ] ı°u <fitÕÔ ≈≤tf®Ê
Fæ, ŸÙJ¡° ∫F Ÿf JC¡~> ˚°fi Fæ $$2$$
oŸ Ÿt∫ ıyÌg˚°fi Jæ¡Ÿu Ÿ‡≈∏fi FCN° ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi ≈≤ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu N°J¡°„ tu* Ju¡„°u^±A>J¡, t°uwÙ J¡∑ t°Ô°, y∏@bÕfiy≤ N°<ÌJ¡∑ N˚uÌ Ÿu ¿_S<w Fæ bæŸu FÙ
<ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* <`ıywgR¡≈ N°J¡°„ J¡∑ N˚uÌ Ÿu ¿_S<w Fæ $$3$$ ıæŸu N°J¡°„ tu* N°J¡°„Ãb N˚uÌ Ÿu
Ÿ°t°∏∫R¡≈ Ÿu N°æ≤ N°J¡°„R¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ, ıæŸu ≈°T°d tu* ≈°T°dÃb, ıÔ tu* ıÔÃb N˚uÌ Ÿu <_Sw
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<Ô›w FCÎ ˚Ù Nın J¡∑ (I°fiÙ ≈C”T J¡∑) ˚uÌfC<] (πæwfC<]) bæŸu FÙ Nbÿ∫ <bfi‹¸> F°u ı°wÙ Fæ ıæŸu
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ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ <w≤°fifub°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ª°æ≤°fifub°≥ ŸyÕ

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ŸyÕ - 194] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2517
NŸaÔÀfi F°uJ¡≤ ≤FwÙ Fæ*, •∫°u*<J¡ bu Ÿf ıÙbŸ¨<‹¸>∫°≥ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ <fi≤b∫b f®Ê tu* w°Ì°Ã‡∫Nº∫°Ÿ
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fiFÙ* Fæ $ ıæŸu Ÿ¥‚twt <b<˚∏fi ≤Ãfi°u* J¡∑ <J¡≤du* ÎJ¡ |≤ tu* <tÔJ¡≤ ˚Ù NÔy NyÔ ≤FwÙ Fæ* bæŸu FÙ
f®Ê tu* ıÙbŸ¨<‹¸>∫°≥ ˚Ù NÔy NÔy ¿_Sw Fæ*, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$2$$ Â‹¸> ∫°fiÙ ŸtÙ≈bwÙÕ (≈®Ã∫s), Ìu„
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Fæ $$4,5$$ ŸtCB tu* ıÔ≈≤t°dC Ju¡ ≤Ÿ Ju¡ wCv∫ ŸbÕ` ŸbÕw# Δ∫°›w <ªÌg|fi ≈≤t°Ãt° J¡° ı°u <fiÃ∫
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w[bI°fib„ f°@ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ŸJ¡Ô ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡∑ <fib¨<W F°ufiu Ÿu FÙ _b∫a Ns∫_bR¡≈ s∫„ÙÔ
(<bfi°„Ù) ÌuF°<Ì Ju¡ w°Ì°ÃtNº∫°Ÿ Ÿu ∏tC•w F°uw° Fæ $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° bF _bR¡≈ FÙ ŸJ¡Ô <bsu≈°u*
Ju¡ <bfi°„ Ÿu Ÿt°@°fi N°æ≤ <fib¨Õ<W (ŸC©) R¡≈ F°ufiu Ÿu <fib°Õd J¡FÔ°w° Fæ $$10$$
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tC<•w tu* ≈≤tN°bÿ∫J¡ Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ ŸbÕ ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡∑ <fib¨<W tC<•w Fæ, ∫F t°fifi° ™>ÙJ¡ fiFÙ* Fæ ÎuŸÙ
≈≤t≈C”T°SÕR¡≈ f°u@ ≈≤t°ÃtfC<] Ÿu ∫°fiÙ ª≤t Ÿ°s°ÃJ¡°≤ b¨<W Ÿu I°w fiFÙ* F°uw° Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡
ın fC<] tu* f°u@„<•w fiFÙ* Fæ N°æ≤ f°u@ fC<] J¡° <bT∫ fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w° $
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≈¿≤¿_S<wtu* ŸJu¡ f°u@fi Ju¡ <ÔÎ bF Jæ¡Ÿu ≈®b¨W F°uyÙ ?
„aJ¡° # wf f°u@ FÙ f°u@ J¡°u ı°fiu $
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N°@°≤w° J¡° FÙ Ÿa˚b Fæ $ f°u@ <fi<‹J®¡∫, <fi<bÕJ¡°≤ Fæ $$11$$
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FCÎ Ÿu tº∫°Ö tu* JC¡F≤u Ju¡ <fÔJC¡Ô F¸> ı°fiu ≈≤ Ÿ¥∫Õ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi N°æ≤ Ÿ¥∫Õ Ju¡ w°≈ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ≈®fC] F°uw°
Fæ $ bFÙ ıÙb J¡° <fiÃ∫≈®°›w ¿fi≤<w„∫ N°fi∏Ì°<˚Δ∫<•wR¡≈ ≈≤t ≈C”T°SÕ Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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„¥∏∫ Ÿu N<w¿≤•w Ì¥Ÿ≤Ù b°_w<bJ¡w° fiFÙ* Fæ bæŸu FÙ ıywg Ju¡ Ÿt_w ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡∑ Ju¡bÔ f°u@t°`
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J¡° FÙ ≈¿≤„uT ≤Fw° Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu ≈®fC] ∫°fiÙ N≈¿≤¿h~>∏fi f®Ê°by°Ffi tu* ©¥f ≈®Ÿ¨w F°ufiub°Ôu f°u@ Ÿu ≈¥dÕ tF°Ãt°N°u*
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ŸyÕ - 194] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2519
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˚Ùw≤ ˚°bfi° J¡≤fiu N°æ≤ ˚ÔÙ˚°≥<w I°w F°ufiu ≈≤ <k¡≤ ˚®°<∏w J¡° Ìg˚b Jæ¡Ÿ° ? $$30$$
I°fi F°ufiu ≈≤ <J¡Ÿ J®¡t Ÿu ˚®°<∏w J¡° NfiCÌg˚b F°uw° Fæ $ oŸ ≈®ÿfi ≈≤ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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N<bw¨‹d° (<b≤<•w) F°u ı°wÙ Fæ ıæŸu <J¡ ∫F _b›fi Fæ ∫F ı°fifiu ≈≤ _b›fi Ju¡ ≈Ì°S°u˘ tu* <b≤<•w F°uwÙ
Fæ $$31$$ bæ≤°À∫ Ÿu f°u@ J¡∑ N<˚b¨<] F°uwÙ Fæ N°æ≤ f°u@ Ÿu bæ≤°À∫ J¡∑ b¨<] F°uwÙ Fæ $ f°u@ N°æ≤ bæ≤°À∫
∫u Ì°ufi°u* ÌÙb°≤ N°æ≤ ≈®J¡°„ Ju¡ wCv∫ ÎJ¡ Ì¥Ÿ≤u Ÿu ≈®y¸> F°uwu Fæ* $ <ıŸ J¡°≤d N<bw¨‹d° (bæ≤°À∫) NSb°
˜Ù, ≈C`, @fi N°<Ì w[b°<˚<fibu„R¡≈ f°u@ Ÿu FÙ ≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu Ÿ‡≈∏fi Fæ ŸJ¡° (bæ≤°À∫ J¡°) <b≤°u@Ù
NSb° ŸJ¡° (@fi Ì°≤°<ÌJ¡°) NfiCJ¥¡Ô ı°Œ ˚Ù wwg-wwg tu* N<˚<fibu„ Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ FÙ ¿_Sw
Fæ $$32,33$$ bæ≤°À∫ F°ufi° FÙ f°u@ J¡∑ f°u@w° (Ÿ°SÕJ¡w°) Fæ $ bF ≈a<±>w°oÕ Ju¡bÔ t¥©Õw° FÙ Fæ <ıŸtu*
<b≤<•w fiFÙ* Fæ $$34$$ ı°u bæ≤°À∫ N°æ≤ f°u@ ≈¥dÕ F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù ≈≤_≈≤ Ÿu b<@Õw fi F°u* bu NŸÃ∫ FÙ Fæ* $
<ª`<Ô<©w N<Àfi J¡∑ ˚°≥<w _bJ¡°∫Õ tu* Nst FÙ Fæ* $ bu fi‹¸> Fæ* (ÔC›w Fæ*) ÎuŸ° fiFÙ* ŸtHfi° ª°<F∫u $
f°u@ N°æ≤ bæw¨‹^∫ J¡∑ <fi≤<w„∫Ÿ‡≈<W FÙ <fi≤<w„∫ N°fi∏ÌR¡≈ F°ufiu N°æ≤ N°Ã∫¿∏wJ¡ ÌC#©<fib¨<WR¡≈
F°ufiu Ÿu ˚Ù t°us J¡FÙ ı°wÙ Fæ,•∫°u*<J¡ NI°fi FÙ f∏@fit¥Ô Fæ N°æ≤ w¨‹d° FÙ f∏@fi Fæ fi Ì°ufi°u* J¡°
<bfi°„ FÙ t°us Fæ $ t°usR¡≈ Nfi∏w „°∏w ≈Ì tu* ¿_Sw ≈C”T J¡°u „°uJ¡ fiFÙ* F°uw° $$35,36$$
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J¡≤ <Ô∫° Fæ, wS° Ì„ÕfiÙ∫ b_wC ≈¥dÕw∫° Ìu© ÔÙ Fæ $ ∫F Ÿf tayÔt∫, „°∏w N<πwÙ∫ <ª∏t°` FÙ
Fæ $$37$$ N°Ãt° tu* ≤td J¡≤fiub°Ôu „°∏w, <fib°ÕŸ<fiJ¡, NFaJ¡°≤„¥∏∫ I°fiÙ ≈C”T J¡∑ N°J¡°„ J¡∑
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J¡∑ w≤F ªu‹¸>° J¡≤w° Fæ NSb° Δ∫bF°≤ fiFÙ* J¡≤w° ∫°fiÙ Ÿt°<@ tu* FÙ <bZ°t Ôuw° Fæ $ w[b Ju¡ tfifi
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b_wCN°u* tu* „¥∏∫w°fC<] Fæ, bFÙ <fib°ÕŸ<fiJ¡ ¿_S<w Fæ $$39-42$$ ≈¥bÕb<dÕw b°Ÿfi°<bFÙfi ˚°b Ju¡
<Ìw F°ufiu ≈≤ N°æ≤ ŸJ¡Ô ıywg f®Ê FÙ Fæ ∫°u* I°fi F°ufiu ≈≤ ÎJ¡t°` <fib°Õd tu* ¿_S≤t<wb°Ôu
„C]N∏w#J¡≤d ≈C”T tu* t°us fi°tJ¡ NŸÙt ≈®„t <Ìw F°uw° Fæ $$43$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ª°æ≤°fifub°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ≈ª°fifub°≥ ŸyÕ

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NI°fi ı<fiw ŸaJ¡v≈b„ ı°u _kC¡¿≤w-Ÿ° F°uw° Fæ ∫FÙ f∏@fi Fæ N°æ≤ NŸaJ¡v≈ J¡∑ Â»w° Ÿu ≈¿≤≈C‹¸>
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t°us-<fi‹J¡TÕ Fæ $ bFÙ ≈≤t°SÕw° Fæ $$2$$
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Ju¡ FÙ R¡≈ Fæ*, N∏∫ Ju¡ fiFÙ* $$3$$ I°fib°fi ≈C”T J¡∑ FÙ Ÿt°<@ Nb_S° tu* NSb° Δ∫bF°≤ J¡°Ô tu*
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F…Î ˚Ù ŸÌ° oŸÙ ≈≤t≈Ì tu* ¿_Sw ≤Fwu Fæ* $$6$$ <„Ô° Ju¡ y˚Õ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi <bsu≈„¥∏∫ ¿_S<wb°Ôu Ft
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fi°tJ¡ N°˚°Ÿ Jæ¡Ÿu fiFÙ* Fæ ?
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oŸ „C] ≈≤t ≈Ì tu* ÎJ¡≤Ÿw° J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uwu Fæ* $$27,28$$ ≈≤f®Ê tu* ≈≤f®Ê J¡° buT-Ÿ°, J¡°∫Õ J¡°
NSb° Nb∫b-Ÿ° ∫F N≈≤ J¡° (ıywgıÙbR¡≈ J¡°) ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ, b°_w<bJ¡ <bª°≤ J¡≤fiu ≈≤ ∫F
≈≤f®Ê FÙ ÎJ¡ F°u ı°w° Fæ $ <fitÕÔ „°∏w ≈≤f®Ê tu* fi ıyw°u* J¡° Ÿa˚b Fæ N°æ≤ fi ı°y<wJ¡ Δ∫bF°≤°u*
J¡° FÙ Ÿa˚b Fæ $ _b›fi Ju¡ "∫F _b›fi Fæ'∫°u* I°w F°ufiu ≈≤, tÿw¨‹d° Ju¡ "∫F Ju¡bÔ t”¡˚¥<t Fæ' ∫°u*
≈¿≤I°w F°ufiu ≈≤ oŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ Âÿ∫ Ju¡ ˚Ù f®ÊR¡≈ Ÿu I°w F°ufiu ≈≤ <k¡≤ Ÿtu* ŸÃ∫w° fC¿] J¡∑ ˚°bfi°
J¡°æfi J¡≤w° Fæ NS°Õwg ıæŸu _b›fi Ju¡ "∫F _b›fi Fæ' ∫F I°w F°ufiu wS° t≤Ù<ªJ¡° Ju¡ "∫F Ju¡bÔ
t”˚¥<t Fæ' ∫F I°w F°ufiu ≈≤ <k¡≤ fitu* ŸÃ∫w°fC<] <J¡ŸÙJ¡°u ˚Ù fiFÙ* F°uwÙ bæŸu FÙ Âÿ∫ Ju¡ f®ÊR¡≈
ŸyÕ - 195] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2523
Ÿu ≈¿≤I°w F°ufiu ≈≤ Ÿtu* ŸÃ∫w°fC<] J¡∑ <J¡Ÿ t¥» J¡°u ˚°bfi° F°uyÙ ? $$29,30$$ ıæŸu f®°Êd
t<Ì≤° Ju¡ t°@C∫Õ J¡°u fiFÙ* ı°fiw° bæŸu FÙ ≈®fC] ≈C”T ≈≤t°SÕ ªtÃJ¡°≤ Ÿu N≈fiu N∏Ì≤ Ju¡ NfiC˚b Ju¡
<ffi° N∏∫ Ju¡ (N≈<b` ≈®≈aª Ju¡) ˚°uy-≤Ÿ J¡°u fiFÙ* ı°fiw° Fæ $ NSb° ıæŸu f®°Êd t<Ì≤° Ju¡ t°@C∫Õ
J¡°u fiFÙ* ı°fiw° bæŸu FÙ N∏∫ (NI) ≈C”T N≈fiu N∏Ì≤ Ju¡ NfiC˚b Ju¡ <ffi° N∏∫ Ju¡ (≈®fC] Ju¡)
≈≤t°SÕªtÃJ¡°≤ J¡°u fiFÙ* ı°fiw° Fæ ∫F NSÕ J¡≤fi° ª°<FÎ $ oŸ NSÕ tu* "N∏∫_∫°&∏∫a fi ı°fi°<w' ≈°™>
Ju¡ _S°fi ≈≤ "N∏∫_∫°&∏∫°u fi ı°fi°<w' ≈°™> t°fifi° ≈nuy° $$31$$ ∫F <fiı°Ãt° f°flÂ<‹¸> Ÿu Ô°æ¸>J¡≤,
ªuÃ∫°u∏tC©w° J¡° Ã∫°yJ¡≤ Ÿt°<@ tu* ª≤t Ÿ°s°ÃJ¡°≤ b¨<W Ÿu NbÔ°u<J¡w F°uJ¡≤ „°∏w tC•w°Ãt° tu*
¿_Sw F°uw° Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ "J¡¿ÿª]Ù≤# ≈®Ã∫y°Ãt°fitæsÌ°b¨W sC≤t¨wÃb<th~>fig $'NS°Õwg t°us J¡∑ oh~>°
J¡≤ ≤Fu <J¡ŸÙ @Ù≤ tF°Ãt° fiu <bT∫°u∏tC©w° J¡° Ã∫°yJ¡≤ (N∏wtCÕ©-o¿∏B∫ F°uJ¡≤) ≈®Ã∫y°Ãt° J¡°
Ÿ°s°ÃJ¡°≤ <J¡∫° $ ÎuŸÙ ZC<w Fæ $$32$$
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ Ju¡ ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ „aJ¡° J¡° Ÿt°@°fi J¡≤fiu ≈≤ <k¡≤ b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ
fÙı°aJC¡≤∏∫°∫ Ÿu f®Ê tu* ıyÃŸÃ∫w° J¡∑ „aJ¡° J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, Âÿ∫ J¡°≤d˚¥w f®Ê tu* fÙı tu* NaJC¡≤ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ¿_Sw
Fæ $ ÎuŸÙ ≈¿≤¿_S<w tu* ∫F°≥ Ÿy°Õ<Ì Ju¡ N¿_wÃb J¡∑ ≈≈<W •∫°u* fiFÙ* F°uwÙ Fæ ?
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, ∫<Ì NaJC¡≤ ŸÃ∫ F°u w°u fÙı Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ ¿_Sw FÙ bF fÙı≈¸> J¡°u
w°unJ¡≤ f°F≤ <fiJ¡Ôw° Fæ ∫F t°fifi° F°uy° <J¡∏wC ÎuŸÙ f°w Fæ fiFÙ* $ fÙı J¡°u k¡°unfiu ≈≤ ŸJu¡ N∏Ì≤
NaJC¡≤R¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw NaJC¡≤ <Ì©°oÕ fiFÙ* Ìuw° $ fÙı Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ ı°u Ÿ¥‚t Nb∫b°u* J¡° N¿_wÃb Fæ bF fÙı
FÙ Fæ, NaJC¡≤ fiFÙ* Fæ $$33,34$$ f®Ê Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ ıywgŸW° bæŸÙ (fÙı tu* NaJC¡≤ Ju¡ wCv∫) fiFÙ* Fæ <J¡∏wC
ıyW° FÙ ≈ÔÆ@ F°uwÙ Fæ $ ∫F fÙı N°æ≤ NaJC¡≤ J¡∑ N≈us° f®Ê N°æ≤ ıywg tu* <b„uTw° Fæ $ ∫<Ì
J¡<F∫u ≈®Ô∫J¡°Ô tu* f®Ê tu* ıywg fÙı tu* NaJC¡≤ J¡∑ fi°o˘ FÙ Fæ w°u bF ıyÃŸW° <fiÃ∫ f®Ê FÙ F°uyÙ,
•∫°ua<J¡ f®Ê N<bJ¡°≤Ù Fæ $ oŸ<ÔÎ fÙı°aJC¡≤∏∫°∫ J¡∑ ∫F°≥ ≈≤ ≈≈<W fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wÙ, ∫F ˚°b
Fæ $$35$$ <fi<bÕJ¡°≤ <fi≤°J¡°≤ Ÿu <bJ¡°≤b°fig N°æ≤ Ÿ°J¡°≤ J¡° N°<b˚°Õb F°uw° Fæ ∫F Ftfiu J¡FÙ* Ô°uJ¡ tu*
fi Ìu©° Fæ N°æ≤ fi „°˜°u* tu* ŸCfi° FÙ Fæ $$36$$
oŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ <fi<bÕJ¡°≤ N°æ≤ <fi≤b∫b tu* Ÿ°J¡°≤ N°æ≤ Ÿ°b∫b J¡∑ (_S¥Ô J¡∑) ¿_S<w ˚Ù ≈®Ã∫s
N°<Ì Ÿf ≈®t°d°u* Ÿu <b”] Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<fi≤°J¡°≤ <fi≤b∫b f®Ê tu* Ÿ°J¡°≤ N°æ≤ Ÿ°b∫b oŸ Âÿ∫ J¡∑ ¿_S<w bæŸu FÙ NŸa˚b Fæ ıæŸu
<J¡ ≈≤t°dC Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ NfiuJ¡ ŸCtu” ≈bÕw°u* J¡° ˚°Ÿfi° NŸa˚b Fæ $$37$$ ≈u¸>Ù tu* ≤Ãfi J¡∑ w≤F
<fi≤°J¡°≤ f®Ê tu* tF°J¡°≤ (<b„°Ô) ıywg ¿_Sw Fæ ∫F J¡Sfi w°u ∏tW Ju¡ ≈®Ô°≈ Ju¡ wCv∫ FÙ
F°uy°, NwÎb NZ]u∫ Fæ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$38$$ „°∏w (ŸbÕ ≈≤<wR¡≈) ≈≤tf®Ê Ÿ°J¡°≤ıywg J¡°
w°Ì°Ã‡∫ Ÿu (N˚uÌŸ‡f∏@ Ÿu) N°@°≤ Fæ ∫F J¡Sfi „°u˚° fiFÙ* Ìuw°, •∫°u*<J¡ Ÿ°J¡°≤ ≈Ì°SÕ N<bfi°„Ù
Fæ ∫F J¡Sfi J¡F°≥ „°u˚° ≈° ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? $$39$$
ÎuŸÙ ¿_S<w tu* N≈¥bÕ _b›fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi f]t¥Ô N°J¡°≤°u* Ÿu s<dJ¡ f°u@ FÙ Ÿ°J¡°≤ F°uw° Fæ ∫F
≈≈<W„¥∏∫ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
f°æ]°u* J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° Ÿu ˚Ù N≈¥bÕ _b›fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi f]t¥Ô F…Î ŸaŸ°≤°u* Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu s<dJ¡ f°u@ FÙ
Ÿ°J¡°≤ F°uw° Fæ, ∫F fC<] ≈≈∏fi fiFÙ* F°uwÙ $$40$$
•∫°u* ≈≈∏fi fiFÙ* F°uwÙ ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
•∫°u*<J¡ ∫F ŸyÕR¡≈ _b›fi N≈¥bÕ (≈FÔuu NfifiC˚¥w) FÙ ªsC N°<Ì ≈®t°d°u* Ÿu NfiC˚¥w F°uw° Fæ
<J¡∏wC _b›fi ı°y®wgJ¡°Ô tu* NfiC˚¥w NSÕb°Ô° Ÿa_J¡°≤ t°` Ÿu ˚°Ÿt°fi°SÕ Fæ ∫°fiÙ ıywg tu* ©¥f
NU∫_w NSÕ FÙ _b›fi tu* <Ì©°oÕ Ìuw° Fæ ÎuŸ° Ô°uJ¡ tu* ŸbÕıy ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ $$41$$
oŸ<ÔÎ f°æ] Ô°uy°u* J¡° ı°y®wg N°æ≤ _b›fi Ju¡ ˚uÌ J¡° N˚°b J¡Sfi ˚Ù NŸayw FÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ı°u FÙ ı°y®wg Fæ bFÙ _b›fi Fæ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° f°æ]°<˚tw ı°y®wg N°æ≤ _b›fi J¡° N˚uÌ ∫F°≥ ≈≈∏fi
fiFÙ F°uw°, •∫°u*<J¡ _b›fi tu* t≤° F…N° ÿt„°fi tu* Ôu ı°J¡≤ ıÔ°∫° y∫° ≈C”T ≈®°w#J¡°Ô tu* <k¡≤ Jæ¡Ÿu
<Ì©Ô°oÕ Ìuw° Fæ ? ∫<Ì ı°y®wg N°æ≤ _b›fi J¡° N˚uÌ F°uw° w°u _b›fi tu* t≤u F…Î ıÔ°∫u y∫u ≈C”T J¡°
<k¡≤ Ì„Õfi fi F°uw° $ oŸ<ÔÎ <ªwg J¡∑ Ÿ°J¡°≤Ãb, s<dJ¡Ãb N°<Ì J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° Ÿu ≈®≈aª J¡∑ _b›fiwCv∫w°
ŸJ¡Ô ≈®t°d°u* Ÿu <b”] <Ÿ] F°uwÙ Fæ Nw# J¥¡¸>_S f®Ê tu* Nº∫_w F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d FÙ f°º∫ F°ufiu Ÿu
≈®≈aª J¡∑ _b›fi wCv∫w° <Ÿ] Fæ, ∫F N<˚≈®°∫ Fæ $$42$$
ª°b°ÕJ¡ Ju¡ N°su≈ J¡° Ÿt°@°fi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
<ıŸJ¡° _S¥Ô „≤Ù≤ fiFÙ* F°uw° ŸJ¡° _b›fi Ìu©fiu tu* fiFÙ* N°w° Fæ Nw# N„≤Ù≤ ≈®Ã∫y°Ãt° tu*
wÙfi Nb_S°R¡≈ _b›fi J¡° N°≤°u≈ Fæ ∫F <•w <ªw fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F ª°b°ÕJ¡°u* J¡° J¡Sfi ˚Ù ™>ÙJ¡ fiFÙ*
Fæ,•∫°u*<J¡ <≈„°ª N°<Ì _S¥Ô „≤Ù≤ ≤<Fw F°uwu Fæ* N°æ≤ fiJ¡∑ _b›fibwg ¿_S<w ≤FwÙ Fæ $$43$$
oŸ<ÔÎ ≈¿≤„uT Ÿu <fiÌ°uÕT N≈fi° ≈s ¿_Sw ≤F°, ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
oŸ J¡°≤d ıæŸu _b›fi tu* <ª<w ≈bÕw N°<Ì Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu N°Ãt_bR¡≈ tu* ¿_Sw ≤FwÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ <fi≤°J¡°≤
≈≤t°Ãt° FÙ ŸyÕ N°<Ì fi°fi° N°J¡°≤°u* Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu Ÿa<bBq≈ _b°Ãt° tu* _b›fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ¿_Sw Fæ $$44$$
f®Ê°ÃtæJ¡w° J¡° I°fi F°ufiu ≈≤ ≈®≈aª J¡° _b›fi J¡∑ fi°o˘ FÙ f°u@ F°ufiu Ÿu ŸW° N°æ≤ NŸW° Ÿu
<fibÕªfi J¡≤fiu Ju¡ N∫°uÀ∫ wCh~>w° FÙ ≈¿≤<„‹¸> ≤FwÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
∫<Ì ∫F ≈®Ã∫y°Ãt° ŸJ¡Ô f∏@fi°u* Ÿu ≤<Fw f®Ê FÙ Fæ N°æ≤ ∫F ≈®≈aª NI°fi π°≤° FÙ _b›fibwg J¨¡w
Fæ ∫F <Ÿ]°∏w Fæ w°u oŸ <Ÿ]°∏w tu* Ÿ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ f®Ê°Ãt° Ju¡ ≈ÔÆ@ F°ufiu ≈≤ oŸ ≈®≈aª tu* N¿_wÃb,
fi°¿_wÃb N°<Ì @t°u˘ J¡° NfiC˚b F°uw° FÙ fiFÙ* wS° oŸtu* NfiC˚<bw° N°æ≤ NfiC˚b N°<Ì J¡° J®¡t ˚Ù
≈ÔÆ@ fiFÙ* F°uw° $$45,46$$ Nw# N<fibÕªfiÙ∫ ∫F ıywg ≈≤t°Ãt° Ju¡ _bR¡≈ Ju¡ ≈®fC] F°ufiu ∫°fiÙ
I°fib°fig F°uufiu ≈≤ J¡Ì°<≈ NfiC˚¥w fiFÙ* F°uw° $ Ÿ Ÿt∫ f®Ê_bR¡≈ FÙ „uT ≤Fw° Fæ $ NI°fiw°Ì„° tu*
˚Ù ŸW° N°æ≤ NŸW° Ÿu ≈¿≤≈C‹¸> _bŸabuÌfibuΩR¡≈ ∫F N<fibÕªfiÙ∫ FÙ Fæ $$47$$ ˚°b ∫°fiÙ N°Ãt° Ju¡
N¿_wÃb, <≈®∫Ãb N°<Ì @tÕ N˚°bR¡≈ wS° N˚°b (ıywg Ju¡ N°<Ì @tÕ) ˚°bR¡≈ F°uJ¡≤ ŸfJu¡ Ÿf
ŸÌ° ŸbÕS° ÌuÌÙ›∫t°fi F°u ˚°Ÿwu Fæ* $$48$$ f®Ê tu* f®Ê b¨<] J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ N°æ≤ N°J¡°„ tu*
N°J¡°„ b¨<] J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ $ ıywg Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ Ÿu b¨<] f®ÊR¡≈Ù N°J¡°„ tu* (<fi≤°J¡°≤ f®Ê tu*) JC¡~>
˚Ù ≈≈∏fi fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wÙ $ B‹¸>°, Ì„Õfi N°æ≤ Âÿ∫R¡≈ ∫F tæ* oÃ∫°J¡°≤J¡ Ÿ¨<‹¸> N°<Ì J¡° ˚®t „°∏w
<ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡° FÙ <b_w°≤ Fæ, ∫F ÌÙb°≤ N°<Ì (Ÿ°J¡°≤) fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w° $ ıæŸu N≈fi° tfi°u≤SJ¡¿v≈w
ŸyÕ - 195] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2525
fiy≤ Ÿwg fiFÙ* Fæ N°æ≤ Ÿtu* ÌÙb°≤ N°<Ì w°u ŸbÕS° FÙ NŸwg Fæ* bæŸu FÙ ∫F ıywg ˚Ù ŸCw≤°a NŸwg Fæ $
∫°u* Ju¡bÔ N<πwÙ∫ <fi<bÕJ¡°≤ f®Ê FÙ ∫F Fæ $ ∫F Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ ≈®≈aª ≈≤t„°∏w, <fi<‹J®¡∫, bæT<∫J¡ N°˚°ŸFÙfi,
N°<Ì N∏w „¥∏∫ _b≈®J¡°„ N©^±> f®Ê FÙ Fæ $ ı∏t-t¨Ã∫C<bFÙfi, „°∏w, N°<Ì N∏w ≤<Fw, NŸÙt,
<fiR¡≈°<@, <fi≤°J¡°≤ <fiı ≈≤t°Ãt≈Ì J¡°u tæ* ı°fi ªCJ¡° Fq≥ $$49-53$$
tu≤° ∫F b°•∫ ∫S°SÕ FÙ Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ ∫F NfiC˚bt¥ÔJ¡ Fæ, ∫°u* ∫C<•w Ju¡ Ÿ°S J¡Fwu Fæ* $
˚ybfig, ıæŸÙ Ÿa<bwg (b¨<W) ˚Ùw≤ _kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ bFÙ b°•∫R¡≈ tu* ≈¿≤dw F°uwÙ Fæ, ı°u fÙı
˚¥<t tu* ≈nw° Fæ bFÙ NaJC¡≤w° J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ $ „C] I°fit∫ N<πwÙ∫ N°Ãt°R¡≈ πæw N°æ≤ Îu•∫ Ÿu
≈¿≤b<wÕw tæ* πæw N°æ≤ Îu•∫ J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡° w<fiJ¡ Ôu„ ˚Ù fiFÙ* ı°fiw° Fq≥ $ ∫u Ÿf Ô°uy N≈fiu NI°fi
Ÿu ıÙwu F…Î ˚Ù tu≤Ù Â<‹¸> tu* ÎJ¡t°` f®Ê F°ufiu Ÿu t°æfit∫ ŸJ¡Ôªu‹¸>°N°u* Ÿu ≤<Fw ıÙb∏tC•w FÙ Fæ* $
ıæŸu N°J¡°„ tu* „¥∏∫w° ¿_Sw Fæ bæŸu FÙ bu ˚Ù t°æfi wS° ŸJ¡Ô ªu‹¸>°N°u* Ÿu ≤<Fw FÙ ¿_Sw Fæ* $ fiJ¡°
˚°uÀ∫ ∫F ıywg Ãb<y¿∏B∫ (Ãbª°) Ÿu buΩ F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù ÌÙb°≤ ≈≤ Na<J¡w <ª` J¡∑ w≤F wS° tfi°u≤S tu*
<Ìw F…Î fiy≤ J¡∑ w≤F ªC≈ª°≈ ¿_Sw Fæ $ ≈ÃS≤ Ÿu y»Ù F…oÕ ≈®<wt° Ju¡ wCv∫, ≈∏∫°Ÿt∫Ù J¡°v≈<fiJ¡
J¡S° tu* b<dÕw b¨W J¡∑ ˚°≥<w, „‡f≤ Ÿu ≤<ªw ıæŸ° ∫F ıywg N°J¡°„ tu* _b›fi J¡∑ w≤F <Ìw Fæ $ ı°u
∫F ıywg Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°≤‡˚ tu* FÙ _b›fi J¡∑ w≤F FÙ <fi≤°@°≤ (N°@°≤_w‡˚, <˚<W N°<ÌJu¡ <ffi°)
˚°Ÿw° Fæ ŸJ¡∑ ˚Ô° •∫° ŸÃ∫w° F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ ? $$54-59$$
Â<‹¸>˚uÌ Ÿu ıywg ª°≤ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° Ÿ‡≈∏fi F…N°, ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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≤Fu ≈C”T J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* f®Ê Fæ wS° ≈FÔÙ, ÌqŸ≤Ù, wÙŸ≤Ù <˚∏fi-<˚∏fi ˚¥<tJ¡°N°u* tu* N°≤°uFdJ®¡t Ÿu
„°∏w F…Î ≈C”T tu* N∏@J¡°≤ J¡∑ w≤F J®¡t Ÿu „°∏w F°uJ¡≤ N∏w tu* „¥∏∫ FÙ F°u ı°w° Fæ $ _S°b≤ N°æ≤
ıayt Ÿ<Fw ŸJ¡Ô N_tÌ°<Ì ˚°bR¡≈ ıywg w[bI°fiÙ J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* N°J¡°„R¡≈ FÙ Fæ $$60,61$$ Fu
yC”b≤, tæ* N°J¡°„ Fq≥, N°≈ N°J¡°„ Fæ*, <ªwg N°J¡°„ Fæ, N°J¡°„ N°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ $ N°≈ <ªÌ°J¡°„R¡≈w°
J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uJ¡≤ tu≤u J¡Sfi J¡∑ ≈≤Ùs° Ju¡ <ÔÎ ÎJ¡°J¡°„R¡≈w° J¡° ˚ıfi J¡∑<ı∫u $$62$$ Fu yC”b≤,
f®Ê°J¡°„˚°b Ÿu ¿_Sw, N°J¡°„J¡v≈ _bR¡≈-I°fi Ÿu Ÿb°ÕÃtJ¡ <ªÌ°J¡°„ ŸÂ„ Ì°u ª≤db°Ôu ıÙb°u*
tu* ŸbÕZu‹™> N°≈J¡°u tæ* Iu∫ ≈¥d°Õfi∏Ì f®Ê Ju¡, N˚uÌ Ÿu ı°fifiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ≈®d°t J¡≤w° Fq≥ $$63$$ ı°u
Ÿb°ÕÃtJ¡ Fæ bF yyfiwCv∫ ˚Ù ∫F J¡Sfi <b”] Fæ oŸ „aJ¡°J¡° <fib°≤d J¡≤wu F…Î J¡Fwu Fæ* $ f®Ê Ju¡
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J¡v≈fi° Ÿu ≤<Fw, „C], <ªÌ°ÃtJ¡, ÎJ¡, <fi˚Õ∫, fi°tR¡≈ ≤<Fw N°Ω <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ, ŸŸu N<w¿≤•w
NdCt°` ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ $ ŸJu¡ tÔ J¡∑ „aJ¡° Ju¡ <ÔÎ w<fiJ¡ ˚Ù _S°fi fiFÙ* Fæ $$70$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ≈ª°fifub°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ~>°fifub°≥ ŸyÕ

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ı°fiwu F…Î ˚Ù yC”tC© Ÿu ŸCfifiu Ju¡ J¡°æwCJ¡ Ÿu ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>tC<fiıÙ Ÿu ≈Cfi# ≈¥~>° $$1,2$$ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu
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J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u, •∫°u*<J¡ N°≈ b•w°N°u* tu* ŸbÕZu‹™> Fæ*, Nw# N°≈ FÙ tu≤u Ÿa„∫ J¡° h~>uÌ J¡≤fiu tu*
ŸtSÕ Fæ* $$9$$ ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu tF°f°F°u, ∫Ω<≈ ∫F „°˜ I°fi J¡° J¡°≤d fiFÙ* Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡
ŸyÕ - 197] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2527
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bu N∏∫ Ô°˚-F°<fi∫°u* Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* Ÿtw° J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uJ¡≤ ≤Fwu Su $$25,26$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ ~>°fifub°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ Ÿw°fifub°≥ ŸyÕ

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J¡∑ ≈us° J¡≤ tu≤Ù ˚°uy≤°<„∫°≥ <Ÿ<] J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u* oŸ fC<] Ÿu „°˜°u* tu* („°˜ ≈®<w≈°<Ìw ≈°∫°u* tu*)
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J¡∑ N°„° N°<Ì Ÿu ≈®b¨W F°uwu Fæ* $$11$$ ˚°uy Ju¡ <ÔÎ „°˜ N°<Ì tu* ≈®b¨W F…N° NI°fiÙ ≈C”T ıæŸu
J¡°‹™>°SÙÕ bæb<@J¡ J¡°u ıayÔ tu* <ª∏w°t<d <tÔÙ SÙ bæŸu FÙ ŸŸu ˚°uy N°æ≤ t°us Ì°ufi°u* ≈°w° Fæ $$12$$
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J¡∑ Wt t<d <tÔÙ N°æ≤ <J¡∏FÙ* J¡°u Ÿ°t°∏∫ ≤Ãfi <tÔu bæŸu FÙ „°˜ N°<Ì tu* ≈®b¨W F°ufiub°Ô°u* tu* Ÿu
<J¡∏FÙ* J¡°u J¡°t J¡∑ ≈®°<›w F°uwÙ Fæ N°æ≤ <J¡∏FÙ* J¡°u @tÕ, NSÕ N°æ≤ J¡°t wÙfi°u* <tÔwu Fæ* Îba J¡°uoÕ „°˜
Ÿu ≈¥dÕ t°us J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uwu Fæ* $$13,14$$ Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, „°˜ N°<Ì tuu* <`byÕ J¡° (@tÕ, NSÕ N°æ≤
J¡°t J¡°) tC¶∫ b¨<W Ÿu (N<˚@° Ÿu) FÙ ≈Ìu„ Fæ Ôu<J¡fi f®Ê≈®°<›w (f®Êf°u@) Nb°h∫ (Nfi<˚@u∫)
ŸyÕ - 197] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2529
F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d f®Ê J¡° ≈®<w≈°Ìfi J¡≤fiub°Ôu „°˜°u* tu* ˚Ù ≈Ì N°æ≤ b°•∫ J¡∑ tC¶∫b¨<W Ÿu fiFÙ* Fæ $ ıæŸu
bŸ∏w N°<Ì J¡°Ô-„°u˚° wwg-wwg M¡wCN°u* Ju¡ k¥¡Ô, k¡Ô, ≈vÔb N°<Ì J¡∑ Ã≈<W Ÿu Ÿ¥<ªw F°uwÙ
F…oÕ _b°fiC˚b Ÿu ≈®wÙw F°uwÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ f®Ê≈®°<›w Ju¡bÔ ŸJ¡Ô b°•∫°S°u˘Õ Ÿu N°ÔaJ¡°¿≤J¡°u* Ju¡ tw tu*
Δ∫aıfi°b¨<W Ÿu N°æ≤ N∏∫°u* Ju¡ tw tu* Ôsd° b¨<W Ÿu Ÿ¥<ªw (ºb<fiw) F°uwÙ FCoÕ _b∫a N≈fiu NfiC˚b Ÿu
Nbyw F°uwÙ Fæ $$15,16$$
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Δ∫SÕ fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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„°˜ tu* <bΩt°fi Fæ $$17$$ Ÿf ≈Ì°u* J¡°u t°wJ¡≤ ÃJ¨¡‹¸>w° J¡°u ≈®°›w ∫F ≈≤t f°u@ fi „°˜ Ÿu, fi
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f®Êf°u@ Ÿ°s°wg ≈®°›w fiFÙ* F°uw° $ ≈≤‡≈≤° Ÿu w°u ∫u ŸJ¡∑ ≈®°<›w tu* Ÿ°@fi Fæ* FÙ $ Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ,
NJ¡°≤d FÙ ∫u „°˜, yC”-≈Ìu„ N°<Ì ÎJ¡t°` ≈≤t°Ãt° tu* <bZ°<∏w tu* ıæŸu <ªW„C<] N°<Ì Ÿ°@fi°u*
J¡∑ b¨<] π°≤° ≈¥dÕw∫° J¡°≤d FCÎ Fæ*, ∫F tCHŸu ŸC<fiÎ $$18,19$$ f°≤-f°≤ NU∫°Ÿ J¡≤fiu Ÿu „°˜
Ÿu <b„C] FCN°, ŸJ¡Ô ˚°uy°u* J¡∑ oh~>° Ÿu ≤<Fw wS° ≈®<w<Ìfi N∏wtCÕ© F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ≈®Ã∫y°Ãt°
J¡∑ N°u≤ HCJ¡° FCN° <ªW ≈≤t ≈CfiÙw f®Ê≈Ì J¡° Ÿ°s°ÃJ¡°≤ J¡≤w° Fæ $$20$$ Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, oŸ
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˚°y Ÿu w°t<ŸJ¡ Na„ sÙd F°u ı°w° Fæ $ „°˜R¡≈Ù ıÔ Ÿu tÔ J¡°u @°ufiub°Ô° ≈C”T N<ª∏Ã∫ „°˜°<Ì
Ju¡ ≈®˚°bb„ Iu∫ <fiÃ∫ „C] N°Ãtb_wC J¡∑ Ÿ°tØ∫Õ Ÿu ≈≤t „C<] J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ, oŸtu* JC¡~> ˚Ù
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≈Ìu„R¡≈ ≈°∫ Ÿu "w[bt<Ÿ' N°<Ì tF°b°•∫°SÕ J¡° Ÿ°≤R¡≈ ("wwg' ≈Ì N°æ≤ "Ãbtg' ≈Ì b°h∫ NSÕ
Ju¡ ≈¿≤„°u@fi Ÿu ≈®°›w ≤Ÿ˚¥w b°•∫°SÕ J¡° N≈≤°us NfiC˚bR¡≈) _b°ÃtI°fi ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ $$29$$
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F°uJ¡≤ Ÿ°k¡-Ÿ°k¡ NfiC˚b tu* N°w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ <fiÃ∫ _b≈®J¡°„R¡≈ N°ÃtI°fi ˚Ù tF°b°•∫ Ju¡ Zbd
N°æ≤ ŸJu¡ N<@J¡°≤Ù Ju¡ <tÔfi Ÿu _≈‹¸>w# NfiC˚b tu* N°w° Fæ $$30$$
N°ÃtI°fi J¡∑ ≈®°<›w tu* N∏∫°∏∫ (N°ÃtI°fi tu* NfiC≈∫°uyÙ) „°˜°u* Ju¡ Zbd NSb° fiJ¡∑ <bπW°
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Fæ w[bbu W °N°u * J¡∑ w[bf°u @ °u ≈ °∫ ªª°Õ tu * bF „°˜-Zbd Ju ¡ bÔ t¥ © Õ w ° FÙ Fæ •∫°u * < J¡
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Îuÿb∫Õ Ÿu ˚Ù f»° ª»° FCN° ≈≤t ≈<b` t°us fi°t J¡° Nfi°<Ì ŸC© yC”N°u* J¡∑ b°dÙ „°˜°SÕf°u@fi
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ŸyÕ - 198] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2531
≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡bÔ ˚®°<∏wt°` Fæ ∫F I°fi F°uw° Fæ $$2$$ ŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°wg ≈„t ≈®J¡≤d tu* b<dÕw ∫C<•w∫°u*
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ın˚≤w fiu ŸtfC<] Ÿu FÙ <˚s°≈°` tu* ˚æ‚∫∏∫°∫ Ÿu ≈®°›w N<Àfi J¡° yCnt°uÌJ¡ (Ô±g±¥>) Ju¡ Ÿt°fi
ŸyÕ - 199] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2533
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ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ N™>°fifub°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ <fi∏∫°fifub°≥ ŸyÕ

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Â<‹¸> tu* ≈≤f®Ê Ju¡ <Ÿb° Ì¥Ÿ≤Ù b_wC Fæ FÙ fiFÙ* $$3$$ I°fiÙ ≈C”T J¡° fi w°u J¡tÕ-Ã∫°y Ÿu J¡°uoÕ ≈®∫°uıfi
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J¡≤fiub°Ôu „t≈¥dÕ ŸÌ°ª°≤Ÿ‡≈∏fi ≈C^∫wÙSÕ wS° tC<fi∫°u* Ju¡ N°Zt N°<Ì tu* <_Sw Fæ* $ J¡°uoÕ Ÿt<ªW
≈C”T ≤°y-πuT J¡∑ <fib¨<W Ju¡ <ÔÎ (c) f∏@Cıfi°b¨W _bÌu„-J¡° Ã∫°y J¡≤ N∏∫ Ìu„ tu* _S°fi ffi°J¡≤
¿_Sw Fæ* $ J¡°uoÕ I°fiÙ ≈C”T ŸaŸ°≤ J¡∑ <fib¨<W Ju¡ <ÔÎ ÎJ¡ bfi Ÿu Ì¥Ÿ≤u bfi tu*, ÎJ¡ fiy≤ Ÿu Ì¥Ÿ≤u fiy≤
tu*, ÎJ¡ _S°fi Ÿu Ì¥Ÿ≤u _S°fi tu* wS° ÎJ¡ ≈bÕw Ÿu Ì¥Ÿ≤u ≈bÕw tu* |¥twu FCÎ ¿_Sw Fæ* $$8-17$$ tF°fiy≤Ù
J¡°„Ù tu*, ≈≤t ≈°bfi wÙSÕ≤°ı ≈®∫°y tu*, <Ÿ]≈C”T°u* Ju¡ <fib°Ÿ˚¥w ZÙ≈bÕw wS° fÌ¿≤J¡°Zt tu*,
tF°≈<b` „°Ôy®°t tu*, ≈<b`wt tSC≤° fiy≤Ù tu*, J¡°Ôaı≤ ≈bÕw ≈≤, tFu∏Bbfi J¡∑ H°<n∫°u* tu*, y∏@t°Ìfi
≈bÕw J¡∑ ª°u<¸>∫°u* ≈≤, ÌÌCÕ≤ ≈bÕw Ju¡ <„©≤°u* ≈≤, Ÿfl ≈bÕw J¡∑ bfi˚¥<t tu*, <b∏º∫°ªÔ Ju¡ ıÔ≈®°∫
≈®Ìu„°u* tu*, tÔ∫°ªÔ Ju¡ tº∫ tu*, Jæ¡Ô°„ ≈bÕw Ju¡ bfi°u* tu*, M¡sb°fig ≈bÕw J¡∑ yCk¡°N°u* tu* ofi wS°
(c)f∏@Cf°∏@b°u* Ju¡ Ÿt°yt tu* fi°fi° ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ ≤°yπuT N°<Ì <bsu≈°u* J¡∑ ≈®°<›w F°uwÙ Fæ, fiJu¡
≈¿≤Ã∫°y Ju¡ <ÔÎ $
ŸyÕ - 199] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2535
N∏∫°∏∫ w≈°ubfi°u* tu*, tC¿fiıfi°u* Ju¡ N°Zt°ua tu* <b<b@ ≈®°≤Æ@˚°uy°fiCJ¥¡Ô Â<‹¸>b°Ôu fFCw Ÿu w≈_bÙ
<fib°Ÿ J¡≤wu Fæa $$18-22$$ fitu* JC¡~> Ô°uy°u* fiu Ÿa∏∫°Ÿ <b<@ Ÿu N≈fiu ≈¥b°ÕZt Ju¡ N°ª°≤ J¡° ≈¿≤Ã∫°y
J¡≤ <Ì∫° Fæ N°æ≤ J¡°uoÕ f®Êª∫Õ N°<Ì N°Zt@t°u˘ tu* <_Sw Fæ* $ J¡°uoÕ Ô°uy ≈®fC]t<w Fæ* N°æ≤ J¡°uoÕ <fiÃ∫
∏tWJ¡∑-ŸÙ ªu‹¸>° J¡≤wu Fæ* $$23$$ J¡°uoÕ _bÌu„ ≤<Fw Fæ*, <J¡∏FÙ* fiu <bsu≈<fib¨<W Ju¡ <ÔÎ N≈fiu |≤-
π°≤ J¡° Ã∫°y J¡≤ <Ì∫° Fæ, J¡°uoÕ Ô°uy ÎJ¡ _S°fi tu* (N≈fiu |≤ tu*) FÙ ≤w (≈®Ù<w∫C•w) Fæ* ∫°fiÙ Ÿf
Ô°uy°u* J¡∑ NfiCJ¥¡Ôw° π°≤° <bsu≈„¥∏∫ Fæ* wS° J¡°uoÕ ŸÌ° o@≤ @≤ ˚®td J¡≤wu FCÎ ¿_Sw Fæ* $$24$$
_byÕ N°<Ì ºbÕ Ô°uJ¡°u* N°æ≤ ≈°w°Ô°<Ì N@°uÔ°uJ¡°u* tu* ˚Ù Ìub, ÌæÃ∫ N°<Ì ıÙb∏tC•w¡fFCw Fæ*, oŸ
Fu tF°t<w ≤°tıÙ, N°J¡°„ tu* <fib°Ÿ J¡≤fiub°Ôu Ìub N°<Ì wS° ≈°w°Ô tu* ≤Ffiub°Ôu* Ì°fib N°<Ì
ofi tF°Ãt°N°u* tu* Ÿu J¡°uoÕ Ô°uJ¡ ≤F_∫ J¡°u ı°fifiub°Ôu wS° ∫S°SÕ Ì„Õfi Ÿu <fitÕÔ wS° ≈≤w[b J¡°
Ÿ°s°ÃJ¡°≤ J¡≤ ªCJu¡ ≈®fC]t<w Fæ* $ J¡°uoÕ N≈®fC]fC<]b°Ôu NwÎb Ÿ∏ÌuFb„ H¥Ôu Ju¡ Ÿt°fi J¡˚Ù oŸ
≈s tu* w°u J¡˚Ù Ì¥Ÿ≤u ≈s tu* N°∏Ì°u<Ôw <ªWb°Ôu ≈°≈°ª≤d Ÿu <fib¨W F°uJ¡≤ Ÿ≠ıfi ≈C”T°u* Ju¡ ª≤d<ªÖ°u*
J¡° NfiCŸ≤d J¡≤wu FCÎ <_Sw Fæ* $ J¡°uoÕ N]Õ≈®fC]t<wb°Ôu "tæ* w[bI°fiÙ F¥≥, <fi<T]°ª≤d tu≤° •∫°
<fy°n ŸJ¡w° Fæ' oŸ N<˚t°fi Ÿu ŸÌ°ª°≤ J¡° ≈¿≤Ã∫°y J¡≤ ˚∫˚®‹¸> FCÎ Fæ* $$25-28$$ Fu
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ oŸ <b≈CÔ ıfiŸtCÌ°∫ tu* ı∏tt≤dR¡≈ ŸaŸ°≤ Ÿu ~C>¸>J¡°≤° ≈°fiu J¡∑ oh~>°
J¡≤fiub°Ôu fFC<b@ ≈®°≤Æ@˚°uy°fiCJ¥¡Ô Â<‹¸>b°Ôu fFCw Ÿu Ô°uy <b<b@ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu <_Sw Fæ* $$29$$
w°u •∫° fiJu¡ π°≤° NfiC<‹™>w bfib°Ÿ N°<Ì ˚Ù ŸaŸ°≤ J¡°u ≈°≤ J¡≤ ı°fiu tu* J¡°≤d Fæ* ? oŸ „aJ¡°
≈≤ fiJ¡°≤°ÃtJ¡ W≤ Ìuwu* Fæ* $
fi bfib°Ÿ ŸaŸ°≤ J¡°u ≈°≤ J¡≤fiu tu* FuwC Fæ, fi _bÌu„<fib°Ÿ ŸaŸ°≤ Ÿu tC<•w ≈°fiu tu* J¡°≤d Fæ N°æ≤
fi J¡‹¸>≈®Ì <b<b@ w≈_∫°Î≥ FÙ ŸaŸ°≤ <fib¨<W tu* J¡°≤d Fæ* $ fi w°u J¡tÕ J¡° ≈¿≤Ã∫°y ŸaŸ°≤<fib¨<W tu*
J¡°≤d Fæ N°æ≤ fi ŸÃJ¡t°u˘ Ju¡ N°ª≤d°u* Ÿu ≈Ù~>u F°ufiub°Ôu ı°u ¶∫°<wÔ°˚, Îuÿb∫Õ, b≤„°≈Ÿ°tØ∫ÕR¡≈
<b<ª` k¡Ô≤°<„∫°≥ Fæ*, bu ŸaŸ°≤ Ÿu ~C>¸>J¡°≤° ≈°fiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d Fæ* $$30,31$$ ŸaŸ°≤ Ÿu ~C>¸>°J¡°≤° ≈°fiu J¡°
ÎJ¡t°` FuwC w[bI°fiR¡≈ _b˚°b ∫S°SÕR¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ $ •w _b˚°b tfiJ¡∑ N°Ã∫<∏wJ¡ Nfi°Ÿ<•w
Ÿu ÔU∫ Fæ $ <ıŸJ¡° tfi N°Ÿ<•w ≤<Fw Fæ bF <fiÿª∫ ˚bŸ°y≤ Ÿu ≈°≤ F°u ªCJ¡° $$32$$
NwÎb ıÙb∏tC•w J¡°u „C˚ N„C˚ J¡tÕ J¡≤fiu ≈≤ ˚Ù Nfi°Ÿ<•wb„ FÙ fiJ¡° _≈„Õ fiFÙ* F°uw° Fæ,
<ıŸJ¡° tfi N°Ÿ<•w≤<Fw Fæ ÎuŸ° tC<fi <fiÃ∫ „C˚ N°æ≤ N„C˚ J¡≤w° FCN° N°æ≤ fiJ¡° ≈¿≤F°≤
J¡≤w° FCN° ˚Ù ŸaŸ°≤ tu* fiFÙ* N°w° $ <ıŸfiu N≈fi° tfi <bT∫°ua tu* ~>°un <Ì∫° Fæ ÎuŸ° „™> ÌCtÕ<w ≈C”T
„C˚-N„C˚ J¡t°u˘ J¡° N°ª≤d fi J¡≤w° FCN° ˚Ù ŸaŸ°≤ŸtCB tu* Nbÿ∫ FÙ <fitÀfi F°uw° Fæ $$33,34$$
∫<Ì J¡°uoÕ „aJ¡° J¡≤u <J¡ ÎuŸÙ Nb_S° tu* tfi J¡°u FÙ <bT∫°u* Ÿu F¸>°o∫u N°æ≤ t°¿≤∫u, w[b Ÿu •∫°
≈®∫°uıfi Fæ ? w°u oŸ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<ıŸfiu <bT∫°u* J¡° _b°Ì ª© <Ô∫° ÎuŸÙ t<w, ı°u NÃ∫∏w ÌC#©Ì°<∫fiÙ Fæ, „FÌ Ju¡ |nu tu*
k≥¡ŸÙ FCoÕ t@Ct•©Ù J¡∑ w≤F fi w°u F¸>°oÕ ı° ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ N°æ≤ fi t°≤Ù ı° ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ $ J¡˚Ù ˚°À∫b„
Ÿ°@fiªwC‹¸>∫ J¡∑ ≈®°<›w F°ufiu≈≤ J¡°J¡w°ÔÙ∫∫°uy Ÿu N≈fiu <ªW J¡∑ Zbd N°<Ì ≈°∫°u* π°≤°
N°Ãt° Ju¡ NbÔ°uJ¡fi tu* (N°ÃtŸ°s°ÃJ¡°≤ tu*) _b∫a FÙ ≈®b¨<W F°u ı°wÙ Fæ $ N°Ãt-Ÿ°s°ÃJ¡°≤ F°ufiu
≈≤ <fitÕÔw° J¡°u ≈®°›w FCN° <ªW NbÔ°uJ¡fi Ÿu w[b ≈°J¡≤ <fiπÕ∏π NwÎb Nfi°Ÿ•w N°æ≤ Nfi°t∫
f®Ê FÙ F°u ı°w° Fæ $ N<ªWw° J¡°u ≈®°›w FCÎ Ÿ[bR¡≈ <ªW Ÿu Ÿt F°uJ¡≤ N°≈ ≈≤°J¡°„R¡≈
(f®Ê°J¡°„ R¡≈) ı°u <ªW N°<Ì ŸJ¡Ô ≈®≈aª J¡° N<@‹™>°fi°a„ Fæ wBq≈ ffiJ¡≤ ŸC©≈¥bÕJ¡ <_Sw
F°uo∫u $$35-38$$ Fu tF°Ãtfig, Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, <ıŸu ≈≤t°SÕ w[b J¡° I°fi ≈®°›w F°u ªCJ¡°,
≤°y°<Ì Ì°uT°u* J¡° ı°u Ã∫°y J¡≤ ªCJu¡ Fæ*, <ıŸtu* N°ÃtI°fi <Ìw F°u ªCJ¡° ÎuŸu N°≈ ŸtfC<], „°uJ¡
≤<Fw tF°Ãt° F°uJ¡≤ <fi#„aJ¡ ≤<F∫u $ •∫°u*<J¡ ı∏t-t¨Ã∫C„¥∏∫ ≈≤t ≈<b` bF f®Ê≈Ì N°≈ FÙ Fæ* $
<btÔ f®ÊR¡≈ ıywg tu* ≈®J¨¡<wR¡≈, tÔR¡≈, <bJ¡°≤R¡≈, ≈°<@R¡≈, ŸJ¡° f°u@R¡≈, ŸJ¡∑
oh~>°, ≈®∫Ãfi, F°¿fi, ≈°Ì°fi N°æ≤ ˚°uy°<ÌR¡≈ JC¡~> ˚Ù J¡FÙ* fiFÙ* Fæ $ <J¡∏wC bF _≈‹¸> FÙ NJ¨¡<`t
ªæw∏∫@°t f®Ê FÙ Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ N°≈ N≈fiu NfiC˚b Ÿu "ÎJ¡ tæ* FÙ F¥≥' ∫F t°fiJ¡≤ ÎJ¡°J¡∑ <fi#„aJ¡
≤<F∫u $$39,40$$ Fu Ÿ°æ˚°À∫„°ÔÙ ≤°|b, N°≈Ju¡ I°fif°u@fi Ju¡ <ÔÎ oŸŸu <˚∏fi „C˚ ≈Ìu„∫°uÀ∫
JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ N°≈J¡° N°Ω I°fiw[b ≈¥dÕw∫° Ì∫ F°u ªCJ¡° N°æ≤ N°≈fiu Nf Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ I°wΔ∫
b_wC ı°fi ÔÙ $$41$$
ZÙb°vtÙ<J¡ıÙ fiu J¡F° # tC¿fiZu‹™> ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ ∫F N∏w tu* J¡FJ¡≤ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ Ju¡ <fitÕÔ
fC<] Ÿu f®Ê≈Ì J¡°u ≈®°›w F°ufiu NwÎb ŸJ¡Ô ÎTd°N°u* Ÿu <bFÙfi F°ufiu ≈≤ N°æ≤ Ÿ˚° tu* <_Sw Ÿf
Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ Ÿt°<@_S-Ÿu F°ufiu≈≤ Ÿ Ÿ˚° tu* _b∫a f®Ê≤Ÿ°∫fi Ju¡ N°_b°Ì tu* wÃ≈≤ F°uJ¡≤ bæŸu FÙ
ªC≈ F°u y∫u ıæŸu <J¡ ˚®t≤ J¡tÔ-≤°<„ tu* yCaıfiJ¡≤ ≤Ÿ ≈Ùfiu J¡°u ≈®b¨W F°uw° Fæ $$42$$
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°æ <fi∏∫°fifub°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
Ì°u Ÿ°æb°≥ ŸyÕ

<Ÿ]°u* J¡∑ N°u≤ Ÿu ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ tF°≤°ı J¡° Ÿ°@Cb°Ì,
fiy°≤°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S ≈C‹≈b¨<‹¸> wS° Ÿf Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ π°≤° <J¡∫u y∫u yC”≈¥ı° tF°uÃŸb J¡° bdÕfi $
<fib°Õd ≈®J¡≤d≈∫Õ∏w Ju¡ N°Ãt°u≈Ìu„ J¡°u ŸCfiJ¡≤ J¨¡wJ¨¡Ã∫ FCÎ <Ÿ], M¡<T N°æ≤ tfiC‹∫°ua J¡Ù
Ÿ Ÿ˚° tu* yC” Ju¡ (b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ Ju¡) ≈¥ı°tF°uÃŸb J¡° bdÕfi J¡≤fiub°Ôu ZÙb°vtÙ<J¡ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu
˚≤π°ı, oŸ ≈®J¡≤d Ju¡ - <fib°Õdb°•∫Ÿ∏Ì˚Õ Ju¡ Ÿt°›w F°ufiu≈≤ tC<fiZu‹™> b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu ıf
J®¡t≈®°›w N<∏wt b°•∫ J¡° <b≤°t <J¡∫°, ŸJ¡Ô Ÿ˚°<_Sw ıfi wS° N°J¡°„ª°≤Ù Ìubw° N°<Ì
Ô°uy tC<fitF°≤°ı Ju¡ bªfi°u* Ju¡ Zbd Ÿu „°∏w _bh~> tfi°ub¨<W F°uJ¡≤ ıf <fi<bÕJ¡v≈ Ÿt°<@ π°≤°
f®ÊæJ¡≤Ÿw° J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u y∫u, „°_Ì°fiÙ Ÿf Ô°uy°u* J¡° <fi<bÕJ¡v≈ Ÿt°<@ Ju¡ J®¡t Ÿu ≈®Ã∫Jg¡N°Ãt°
Ÿ[bJ¡°u<¸> tu*-Ÿ∏t°`≈≤°J¡°‹™>° tuu* ≈FC≥ª ªCJ¡° NwÎb ≈≤t ≈°bfi F°u ªCJ¡° wf N°J¡°„wÔ tu*
<fib°Ÿ J¡≤fiub°Ôu ≈FÔu Ÿu tC•w FCÎ ŸfiJ¡ N°<Ì <Ÿ] ≈C”T°u* Ju¡ tC© Ÿu <fiJ¡Ôu N°J¡°„Δ∫°≈Ù
Ÿ°@Cb°Ì Ÿu wS° Ÿ˚°taª tu* <_Sw <bÿb°<t` N°<Ì N°ÃtI°fiÙ tC<fi∫°u* J¡∑ ı°u≤ J¡∑ b°Fb°FÙ Ÿu
H¸>≈¸> ÎuŸ° J¡°uÔ°FÔ FCN° <J¡ Ÿfiu <Ìm¡ta±>Ô J¡°u ™>Ÿ°™>Ÿ ˚≤ <Ì∫° $ bF J¡°uÔ°FÔºb<fi b°∫C
ŸyÕ - 200] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2537
Ÿu ≈¥dÕ ≤∏|®b°Ôu J¡∑ªJ¡°u* J¡∑ (ÎJ¡ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ f°≥Ÿ°u* J¡∑) ºb<fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi t@C≤ SÙ $ ŸfiJ¡°<Ì <Ÿ]
≈C”T°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°@Cb°Ì Ju¡ (@∏∫b°Ì Ju¡) Ÿ°S ŸFŸ° Ìubw°N°u* Ju¡ fiy°nu yFyF°fiu Ôyu $ ∏F°u*fiu N≈fiÙ
yF≤Ù ≈®<wºb<fi∫°u* Ÿu ≈bÕw°u* J¡°u ≈¥dÕ J¡≤ <Ì∫° $ Ìubw°N°u* Ju¡ fiy°nu fı°fiu Ju¡ Ÿ°S FÙ Ÿ°S
<fi≤b<h~>∏fi <y≤ ≤Fu <Ft≈°w Ju¡ Ÿt°fi tfi°ut°uFJ¡ ≈C‹≈b¨<‹¸> ÌŸ°u* <Ì„°N°u* Ÿu F°ufiu ÔyÙ $ owfiÙ
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Ìubw°N°u* Ju¡ fiy°nu, w¥≤Ù N°<Ì Ju¡ „ÆÌ J¡° N°æ≤ k¥¡Ô°u* J¡∑ ¿fi≤b<h~>∏fi b¨<‹¸> J¡∑ ºb<fi J¡° ŸtCÌ°∫,
<ıŸfiu k¥¡Ô°u* J¡∑ b¨<‹¸> Ÿu Ÿ˚°taª J¡°u ©ª°©ª ˚≤ <Ì∫° S°, „ÆÌ°u* Ÿu ≈bÕw J¡∑ yCk¡°Î≥ ˚≤ ÌÙ SÙ*,
k¥¡Ô°u* Ju¡ ≈≤°y Ÿu N°J¡°„ J¡°u ≤≥y <Ì∫° S° N°æ≤ ŸCy∏@ Ÿu ≈bfi tu* tFJ¡ ˚≤ ÌÙ SÙ, ©¥f ŸC„°u<˚w
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JC¡~> ÿ∫°t≤ay J¡∑-ŸÙ t°Ô¥t F°uwÙ SÙ, ˚°æ*ª•Ju¡-Ÿu F°uJ¡≤ «¡≈≤ J¡°u J¡°fi ™>°∫u FCÎ tÿ, F°SÙ,
|°unu, ≈„C-≈sÙ N°<Ì Ÿu ŸCfiwu Su, <b_t∫ N°æ≤ ˚∫ Ÿu «¡≈≤ J¡°u Â<‹¸> Ôy°∫u FCÎ f°ÔJ¡ wS°
˜Ùıfi Ÿu Ìu©wu Su wS° ≤°ı° Ju¡ ª°J¡≤byÕ N°G∫Õ Ÿu ≈®Ÿ∏fibÌfi F°u Ÿ≈≤ Â<‹¸>≈°w J¡≤wu Su $
≈C‹≈≤°<„ J¡∑ <fi≤b<h~>∏fi b¨<‹¸> Ÿu Ÿa<t<Zw, „ÆÌ„°u˚° Ÿu vÔ<Ÿw, ÃŸb Ÿu ≈¨<SbÙ N°æ≤
N∏w¿≤s J¡° N∏w≤°Ô N≈¥bÕ ªtÃJ¡°≤≈¥dÕ F°u y∫° $ ≈C‹≈b¨<‹¸>R¡≈Ù Ÿku¡ÌÙ Ÿu ≈®s°<Ôw, „ÆÌ°∫t°fi
≈®°<d∫°u* Ÿu ≈C^∫„ÆÌ∫C•w¡ N°J¡°„ fı°∫u y∫u Ÿæ*J¡n°u* „a©°u* Ÿu tF°≤°ı Ì„≤S Ju¡ ≤°ıtFÔ J¡∑
Ÿtw° J¡°u ≈®°›w FCN° $$1-14$$ ≈®ªC≤ ˚°aJ¡°≤ Ÿu ˚°ŸC≤, Ìubb¨∏Ì N°æ≤ ª°≤d°u* Ÿu ≈¿≤b¨W, ≈C‹≈≤°<„
Ÿu <b˚¥<Tw, ≈¿≤≈¥dÕ ÃŸbb°Ô° ıyw ˚Ù tF°≤°ı Ì„≤S Ju¡ |≤ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ŸC„°u<˚w F…N° $
Ìubw°N°u* Ju¡ fiy°n°u* J¡∑ ºb<fi∫°≥, <Ÿ]≈C”T°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°@Cb°Ì Ju¡ „ÆÌ wS° ≈C‹≈≤°<„∫°≥ @Ù≤u-@Ù≤u bæŸu
FÙ <Ìy∏w tu* ≈FC≥ªÙ ıæŸu <J¡ Ÿ°y≤ tu* J¡vÔ°uÔ w¸>bwÙÕ ≈bÕw Ju¡ ŸtÙ≈ ≈FC≥ªwÙ Fæ $ Ÿ Ÿt∫
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N<˚Δ∫•w FCÎ $$15-17$$ <Ÿ]°u* fiu J¡F° # <Ÿ] ≈C”T°u* Ju¡ fÙª tu* J¡v≈≈∫Õ∏w Fı°≤°u* f°≤ t°us°u≈°∫°u*
J¡° Ftfiu ©¥f Δ∫°¶∫°fi <J¡∫° N°æ≤ Ì¥Ÿ≤°u* Ju¡ tC© Ÿu ∏Fu* ©¥f ŸCfi°, <J¡∏wC fitu* oŸ w≤F Ju¡
t°us°u≈°∫ J¡°uoÕ ˚Ù fi Su $ <w∫Õyg ∫°u<fi∫°u* J¥¡Wu, <Ÿ∫°≤ N°<Ì ıÙb, <fiŸyÕw# ın <˜∫°≥, f°ÔJ¡,
Ÿ≈Õ ŸfJu¡ Ÿf ˚yb°fig b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ Ju¡ oŸ bªfi <bÔ°Ÿ Ÿu ≈≤t „°<∏w J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uwu Fæ*, oŸtu*
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ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ J¡°u N°Ãt°bf°u@ J¡≤°∫° bæŸ° Ÿ°s°wg ZÙNR¡∏@wÙıÙ J¡°u ˚Ù N°Ãt°bf°u@ J¡≤°wu Fæ*
∫° fiFÙ* oŸtu* Ÿa„∫ Fæ $ oŸ ÿÔ°uJ¡ Ÿu tC¶∫°<@J¡°≤Ù ≤°tª∏BıÙ tu* ˚yb°fig ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ Ju¡
N<w„∫ _fiuF J¡∑ ≈®„aŸ° J¡∑ yoÕ Fæ $ oŸ t°us≈°∫˚¥w ŸÌC≈Ìu„ Ÿu ≈„C, ≈sÙ N°<Ì ˚Ù
<`<b@ÌC#©„¥∏∫ F°u y∫u Fæ*, ∫<Ì oŸu ŸCfiu*yu w°u ≈¨<SbÙ tu* J¡°æfi tfiC‹∫ tC•w fi F°u*yu ? Ft Ô°uy oŸ
I°fi°t¨w J¡° J¡dÕR¡≈Ù Naı<Ô Ÿu ≈°fiJ¡≤ ≈¥dÕ wS° fi¥wfi FCoÕ <Ÿ<]b°Ôu F°uJ¡≤ ≈≤t„°u˚° J¡°u ≈®°›w
FCÎ Fæ* $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ <Ÿ]bªfi°u* J¡°u ŸCfiwu FCÎ N∫°uº∫°b°ŸÙ Ô°uy°u* fiu Ÿ Ÿ˚° J¡°u J¡tÔ°u* Ju¡ ≈C‹≈°u*
J¡∑ b¨<‹¸> Ÿu ≈¿≤≈¥dÕ Ìu©° $ •w Ÿ˚° Ju¡ ~>w N°<Ì t∏Ì°≤ N°<Ì Ju¡ fnu fnu k¥¡Ô°u* Ÿu N°h~>∏fi
Su, ŸJu¡ N°≥yfi J¡∑ ˚¥<t J¡v≈b¨s J¡∑ Ôw° Ju¡ yCh~>°u* Ÿu ™>Ÿ°™>Ÿ ˚≤Ù SÙ, ≈°¿≤ı°w Ju¡ k¥¡Ô°u* Ÿu
ŸC„°u<˚w ˚¥<twÔ Ÿu bF <b≤°ıt°fi SÙ, Ÿ∏w°fiJ¡ ≈C‹≈R¡≈Ù tF°tu| Ÿu Ÿf Ÿ˚°ŸÌ°u* Ju¡ <Ÿ≤ N°æ≤
F°S Δ∫°›w Su $ <„≤°u≤ÃfiR¡≈Ù <b¸>ay Ju¡ Ny®˚°y tu* F¿≤ ª∏Ìfi Ju¡ k¥¡Ô <f©≤u Su $ Ÿ Ÿ˚° tu* ıÔ
Ÿu ˚≤u FCÎ Ô‡f°∫t°fi tu| Ju¡ wCv∫ ª≥Ìb° Ô¸>J¡ ≤F° S° $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡∑ N≈¥bÕ Ÿ˚° J¡° NbÁ°uJ¡fi
J¡≤ ≤Fu N∫°uº∫°b°ŸÙ Ô°uy°u* fiu NÃ∫∏w <bfit®w°≈¥bÕJ¡ ≈®ªC≤ Ÿ°@Cb°Ì°u* Ÿu wS° wÃJ¡°Ô°u<ªw
≈®„aŸ°bªfi°u* Ÿu ΩC•w F°uJ¡≤ ≈®d°t Ÿ<Fw JC¡ŸCt°aı<Ô Ÿu ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ J¡∑ ≈¥ı° J¡∑ $ oŸJu¡
≈ÿª°w ıf fi¨≈<w∫°u* J¡∑ ≈®d°t ≈≤‡≈≤°Î≥ JC¡~> „°∏w FCoÕ wf F°S tu* ≈¥ı° Ÿ°ty®Ù ÔuJ¡≤ ≤°ı°
Ì„≤S fiu tC<fi tF°≤°ı J¡∑ ≈¥ı° J¡≤wu FCÎ J¡F° $$18-29$$ ≤°ı° Ì„≤S fiu J¡F° # Fu yC”b≤,
N°≈Ju¡ ŸÌC≈Ìu„ Ÿu ≈®°›w s∫fC<]<bFÙfi f°u@t∫ <fi≤<w„∫°fi∏ÌR¡≈ N°Ãtb_wC Ÿu tu≤u N∏Ì≤
Ÿb°uÕÃJ¨¡‹¸> ≈¥dÕw° Ã≈∏fi F°u yoÕ Fæ $$30$$ Fu yC”b≤, ∫Ω<≈ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ <fi≤<w„∫ ≈≤t ≈C”T°SÕ
J¡°u ≈®Ì°fi J¡≤fiub°Ôu ≈¥ıfiÙ∫ N°≈Ju¡ ≈¥ıfi∫°uÀ∫ J¡°uoÕ tF°b_wC fi w°u ≈¨<SbÙwÔ tu* tfiC‹∫°u* Ju¡ ≈°Ÿ
Fæ N°æ≤ fi _byÕ tu* Ìubw°N°u* Ju¡ ≈°Ÿ Fæ NSb° fi ≈°w°Ô tu* fi°y Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ ≈°Ÿ FÙ Fæ wS°<≈ tæ* N≈fi°
Nbÿ∫ J¡wÕΔ∫R¡≈ oŸ „°˜ wS° Ô°uJ¡ tu* ≈®<Ÿ] yC”≈¥ı°J®¡t J¡°u Ÿk¡Ô ffi°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ Ÿt∫°fiCŸ°≤
JC¡~> ≈®°SÕfi° J¡≤w° F¥≥ J¨¡≈∫° N°≈ fi°≤°ı fi F°u* $$31,32$$ Ì°ufi°u* Ô°uJ¡°u* tu* ∫°fiÙ _byÕ N°æ≤ ˚¥wÔ
tu* ˚°uy Ju¡ <ÔÎ <ıŸJ¡° tæ*fiu Ÿaª∫ <J¡∫° Fæ Ÿ ŸCJ¨¡w Ÿu, ≈C`J¡Ô`Ÿ<Fw N≈fiu „≤Ù≤ Ÿu wS°
Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ ª°J¡≤ N°æ≤ Ÿ°t∏w Ÿ<Fw Ÿ°≤u ≤°≠∫ Ÿu tæ* N°≈J¡∑ ≈¥ı° J¡≤fi° ª°Fw° F¥≥ <ıfiJ¡° tæ*
N°≈J¡°u Ÿt≈Õd J¡≤ ªCJ¡° F¥≥ $ Fu ˚ybfig, ∫F Ÿf tæ*fiu N°≈J¡°u N≈Õd J¡≤ <Ì∫° Fæ $ N°≈Ju¡ N°Zt
J¡∑ w≤F ∫F N°≈Ju¡ N@Ùfi Fæ $ N°≈ _b°tÙ ffiJ¡≤ N≈fiÙ oh~>° Ÿu tCHu N°Ìu„ ÌÙ<ı∫u $$33,34$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ˚¥≈wu, Ft f®°Êd Ô°uy Ju¡bÔ ≈®d°t Ÿu Ÿ∏wC‹¸> Fæ $ Ju¡bÔ ≈®d°t Ÿu FÙ
Ft°≤Ù wC<‹¸> F°uwÙ Fæ N°æ≤ ≈®d°t N°≈ J¡≤ FÙ ªCJu¡ Fæ* $ ≤°≠∫ J¡∑ ≤s° J¡≤fi° N°≈ FÙ ı°fiwu Fæ* N°æ≤
∫F N°≈J¡°u FÙ „°u˚° Ìuw° Fæ $ ∫F°≥ ∫F ≤°≠∫ N°≈J¡° FÙ ≤Fu $ w≈_∫°≤w f®°Êd J¡F°≥ tFÙ≈°Ô
F°uwu Fæ* $$35,36$$ Ì„≤SıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu f®Êfig, oŸ ≈≤t ≈C”T°SÕR¡≈ t°us Ju¡ ≈®Ì°fiR¡≈ tF°figg
≈J¡°≤ Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈®Ã∫C≈J¡°≤R¡≈ ÌÙ∫t°fi ≤°≠∫ J¡°æfi ŸÙ b_wC Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ t°fiCT°fi∏Ì J¡∑ ≈≤t Nb<@
Fæ <fi‹J¡^¸>J¡ <bW≈¥dÕ <fi≤°t∫ Ÿ›wπÙ≈ J¡° N°<@≈Ã∫ $ ŸŸu Ÿ°æ yCfi° N<@J¡ tfiC‹∫y∏@b°u˘ J¡°
N°fi∏Ì Fæ, oŸŸu ˚Ù Ÿ°æ yCfi° N<@J¡ Ìub-y∏@b°u˘ J¡° N°fi∏Ì Fæ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ W≤°uW≤ ÃJ¨¡‹¸>w° J¡°u
≈®°›w F°u ≤Fu <bT∫°fi∏Ì°u* tu* <F≤^∫y˚Õ J¡° N°fi∏Ì ª≤t ŸÙt° Fæ $ bF Ÿb°uÕÃJ¨¡‹¸> <F≤^∫y˚°Õfi∏Ì
˚Ù <ıŸ t°us°fi∏ÌŸtCB tu* ŸÙJ¡≤ (ıÔJ¡d) wCv∫ Fæ ŸJu¡ <ÔÎ oŸJ¡∑ •∫° ydfi° Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ
Fu tC<fib≤ ŸJu¡ <ÔÎ oŸu Ìufiu tu* tCHu Ô≠ı° t°Ô¥t F°uwÙ Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ Fu Ìub, ıæŸ° N°≈ Ÿt<H∫u
bæŸ° J¡∑<ı∫u $$37$$ ZÙb°vtÙ<J¡ıÙ fiu J¡F° # tF°≤°ı Ì„≤S Ju¡ ∫F J¡F ªCJ¡fiu Ju¡ f°Ì yC” Ju¡
ª≤d°u* ≈≤ ≈C‹≈°aı<Ô N<≈Õw J¡≤ ≤Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu tF°yC” ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ Ju¡ N°yu fiwt_wJ¡
F°uJ¡≤ ∫F b°•∫ J¡F° # Fu f®Êfig, N°≈fiu tF°≤°ı J¡°u <fiR¡W≤ J¡≤ <Ì∫° Fæ $ tu≤u ≈°Ÿ ≈®d°t J¡°u
~>°unJ¡≤ N∏∫ Wt Ì°wΔ∫ b_wC fiFÙ* Fæ NwÎb Fu ≈®˚°u, Ju¡bÔ Ÿ°≤˚¥wb_wCb°Ô° tæ* ≤°t N°≈Ju¡
oŸ ª≤d°u* tu* ≈®d°tt°` J¡≤w° F¥≥ $ ∫F J¡FJ¡≤ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu ıæŸu bfi ≈bÕw Ju¡ ≈°Ì°u* ≈≤
(N@°uÌu„bwÙÕ ~>°u¸>u ≈bÕw°u* ≈≤) ≈vÔb°u* tu* ÔyÙ FCoÕ N°uŸ J¡∑ f¥≥Ì°u* J¡°u N≈Õd J¡≤w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ <„≤Ÿu
ŸyÕ - 200] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2539
b∏Ìfi° J¡≤wu FCÎ b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ Ju¡ ª≤d°u* ≈≤ ≈C‹≈°aı<Ô N≈Õd J¡∑ $ N°fi∏Ìı<fiw NZC@°≤° Ÿu fiÙ<wI
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ J¡° bÌfi ˚≤ y∫° ∏F°u*fiu ≈≤t ˚<•w Ÿu f°≤-f°≤ ZÙyC”ıÙ J¡°u ≈®d°t <J¡∫° $
„`CPfi N°æ≤ Ô‚td wS° ˚≤w Ju¡ wCv∫ N°æ≤ ı°u ≤°tª∏BıÙ Ju¡ N∏∫°∏∫ ŸFª≤ <fiJ¡¸> ¿_Sw Su
∏F°u*fiu ˚Ù bæŸu FÙ tC<fiZu‹™> b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ J¡°u ≈®d°t <J¡∫° $ ı°u tC<fi, ≤°ı° ∫° ≤°ıJC¡t°≤ Ô°uy Ì¥≤-
Ì¥≤ fæ™>u Su, ∏F°u*fiu Ì¥≤_S°u* Ju¡ ∫°uÀ∫ ≈®d°t°u* wS° ≈C‹≈°aı<Ô∫°u* π°≤° tC<fib≤ ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ J¡°u ≈®d°t
<J¡∫° $ oŸ NbŸ≤ ≈≤ bF°≥ ≈C‹≈°aı<Ô∫°u* J¡∑ bT°ÕN°u* Ÿu tC<fitF°≤°ı bæŸu FÙ N°h~>°<Ìw F°u y∫u
ıæŸu <J¡ <Ftb¨<‹¸> Ÿu ≈bÕw≤°ı <Ft°Ô∫ N°h~>∏fi F°uw° Fæ $ oŸJu¡ ≈≤°∏w ıf Ÿ˚° J¡° J¡°uÔ°FÔ
N°æ≤ ≈®d°t≈≤‡≈≤° Ÿt°›w F°u ªCJ¡∑* wf b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu t°fifiÙ∫ tC<fi∫°u* Ju¡ ∏tC© _bJ¨¡w ≈Ìu„°ÃtJ¡
„°˜Ù∫ ŸÃ∫ b_wC Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* fC<]t°<Ô∏∫ Ju¡ J¡°≤d ∫F ŸÌ°uT Fæ NSb° _bh~> fC<] Ju¡ J¡°≤d
∫F <fiÌ°uÕT Fæ ∫°u* Ÿ∏ÌuF J¡≤wu FCÎ Ÿu N≈fiu ª¿≤` Ÿu Ô°uy°u* J¡°u <bfi∫ <Ÿ©°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ tC<fi∫°u* Ÿu
N°yu bdÕfi <J¡∫° ı° ≤Fu ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu JC¡~> ≈®‹¸>Δ∫ J¡° _t≤d J¡≤wu FCÎ ıæŸu Ÿku¡Ì f°ÌÔ°u* J¡°u k¡°nJ¡≤
ª∏Bt° N≈fi° tC© <Ì©°w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ Ÿ ≈C‹≈≤°<„ J¡°u f°FCN°u* Ÿu F¸>°J¡≤ N≈fi° tC© <Ì©Ô°∫° $
ıf <Ÿ]°u* J¡∑ b°<d∫°≥, fiy°n°u* J¡∑ ºb<fi∫°≥, N°J¡°„ Ÿu ≈C‹≈b¨<‹¸>∫°≥ wS° Ÿ˚° J¡° J¡°uÔ°FÔ
„°∏w F°u y∫° Îba ≈®d°t J¡≤fiu Ju¡ ≈≤°∏w N≈fi° ≈¥ıfi J¡≤fiub°Ôu ∫°fiÙ N≈fiÙ J¨¡wJ¨¡Ã∫w° t°fifiub°Ôu
≤°t N°<Ì Ô°uy „°∏w≈bfib°Ôu tu| J¡∑ w≤F Ÿ°æ‡∫w° J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u y∫u wf Ÿ°@Cb°Ì J¡° Zbd J¡≤
≤Fu tC<fiZu‹™> ˚yb°fig b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu t@C≤bªfi≈¥bÕJ¡ <bÿb°<t`ıÙ Ÿu J¡F° # y°<@ıÙ Ju¡ JC¡Ô tu*
∫„R¡≈Ù Ÿ°æ≤˚ Ã≈∏fi J¡≤fiub°Ôu J¡tÔR¡≈ Fu tC<fib≤, Fu b°tÌub, Fu <fi<tıÙ, Fu J®¡wCıÙ, Fu
˚≤π°ı, Fu ≈CÔ_Ã∫, Fu Nù, Fu |¨‹¸>u, Fu fi°≤Ì, Fu „°¿^±>ÔÙ, Fu ˚°Ÿ, ˚ÿC, Fu ˚°≤^±>, Fu
bÃŸb°Ã_∫°∫fi N°<Ì M¡<T Ô°uy°u*, N°≈ Ô°uy°u* fiu tu≤° ı°u ∫F wCh~> bªfi ŸCfi° Fæ ı°u f°w oŸtu* ~¥>¸>
yoÕ F°u, ı°u NfiC<ªw F°u, <fi≤SÕJ¡ F°u, ÌC‹¸>°SÕ F°u bF N°≈ oŸ Ÿt∫ <„‹∫≤<Fw tCH ≈≤ NfiCy®F
J¡≤ J¨¡≈∫° J¡Fu* $$38-52$$ ŸU∫ Ô°uy°u* fiu J¡F° # Fu f®Êfig, ÎJ¡t°` ≈≤t°SÕ w[b Ÿu ŸC„°u<˚w
F°ufiub°Ôu ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ Ju¡ bªfi tu* J¡°uoÕ NfiC<ªw ∫° ÌC‹¸> NSÕ F°uw° Fæ ∫F f°w N°ı ÎJ¡Ìt fioÕ
ŸCfifiu tu* N°oÕ Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ N°ı wJ¡ oŸ w≤F J¡∑ f°w ıywg tu* J¡FÙ* ˚Ù Â‹¸> ∫° ZCw fiFÙ* Fæ $ Ft
Ô°uy°u* J¡° Nfi∏w ı∏tÌ°uT°u* Ÿu ı°u ≈°≈ Ÿa<ªw S° ŸJ¡° N°≈fiu bæŸu FÙ ≈¿≤t°ıÕfi <J¡∫° Fæ ıæŸu
<J¡ ŸCbdÕ Ju¡ tÔ J¡° N<Àfi ≈¿≤t°ıÕfi J¡≤wÙ Fæ $$53,54$$ Fu <b˚°u, ıæŸu JC¡tCÌ f®ÊŸÂ„ N°J¡°„
tu* <b_w°¿≤w wS° ≈≤t°t¨w Ÿu „ÙwÔ ª∏Bt° J¡∑ ÌÙ<›w Ÿu <bJ¡<Ÿw F°uwu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ Ft Ô°uy ≈≤t
f®Ê tu* <b_w°¿≤w ≈≤t°t¨w„ÙwÔ N°≈J¡∑ b°dÙ Ÿu <bJ¡<Ÿw FCÎ Fæ* $ ∫u Ft Ô°uy ŸJ¡Ô ≈®°<d∫°u*
J¡°u tF°f°u@ Ìufiub°Ôu tC<fiZu‹™> N°≈ yC” J¡°u FÙ ≈®d°t J¡≤wu Fæ*, <J¡ŸÙ NyC” J¡°u fiFÙ* $ oŸŸu
N≈≤°<bΩ° Ju¡ yC”N°u* J¡∑ N≈us° ≈≤°<bΩ°≈®Ì yC” Ju¡ ÃJ¡TÕ J¡∑ ≈≤°J¡°‹™>° Ÿ¥<ªw J¡∑ yoÕ $$55,56$$
ZÙb°vtÙ<J¡ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu tCfiu, tC<fiZu‹™> b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ Ÿu ∫F J¡FJ¡≤ tu| Ju¡ ŸÂ„ y‡˚Ù≤ „ÆÌ Ÿu
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°S ≈Cfi# ≈Cfi# fit_wu J¡Fwu FCÎ fi tC<fiıfi°u* fiu N°J¡°„ Ÿu <Ÿ]°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S _b∫a ˚Ù bT°Õ∫u y∫u
≈C‹≈°aı<ÔŸt¥F°u* Ÿu b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ J¡°u ≈Cfi# ≈Cfi# bæŸu FÙ N°h~>∏fi J¡≤ <Ì∫° ıæŸu <J¡ tu| <Ftb¨<‹¸> Ÿu
<Ft°Ô∫ J¡°u N°h~>∏fi J¡≤wu Fæ* $$57,58$$ tC<fiıfi°u* fiu oŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ ≤°ı° Ì„≤S J¡∑ ≈®„aŸ° J¡∑ $
oŸJu¡ ≈≤°∏w ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ J¡° <b‹dC Ju¡ Nbw°≤ÃbR¡≈ b¨W ı°fifiub°Ôu fi Ô°uy°u* fiu ª°≤R¡≈b°Ôu
˚yb°fig ZÙF¿≤R¡≈ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ J¡∑ ≈®„aŸ° J¡∑ $$59$$ <Ÿ]°u* fiu J¡F° # ª°≤ _bR¡≈b°Ôu Ì¥Ÿ≤u fi°≤°∫d
Ju¡ wCv∫ ¿_Sw ˚®°w° Ÿ<Fw ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙR¡≈Ù ıÙb∏tC•w ≤°ıJC¡t°≤ J¡°u Ft fit_J¡°≤ J¡≤wu Fæ* $$60$$
<Ÿ]°u* fiu ªwC#Ÿ°y≤≈∫Õ∏w ˚¥<tt^±>Ô Ju¡ ≈°ÔJ¡, ˚¥w, ˚<b‹∫wg N°æ≤ bwÕt°fi J¡°Ô tu* J¡˚Ù <bÔ∫ fi
F°ufiub°Ôu ≤°ı<ªÖ°u* Ÿu ∫C•w tF°≤°ı Ì„≤S J¡∑ N°≈ ≤°tŸÂ„ ≈C` Ju¡ <≈w° F°ufiu Ÿu NÃ∫∏w @∏∫ Fæ* ∫°u*
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J¡∑ wS° tF°∫„_bÙ w≈°u<fi<@ ZÙ<bÿb°<t` J¡∑ ≈®„aŸ° J¡∑ N°æ≤ J¡F° o∏FÙ* Ju¡ tF°fig ≈®˚°b Ÿu Ft Ÿf
Ô°uy ˚®°<∏w J¡°u Ì¥≤ J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ Wt I°fi≈®Ì°fi J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ J¡∑ ∫F b°dÙ ŸCfi ≈°∫u Fæ* $
b°vtÙ<J¡ıÙ fiu J¡F° # ÎuŸ° J¡FJ¡≤ <Ÿ]°u* fiu <k¡≤ N°J¡°„ Ÿu k¥¡Ô°u* J¡∑ bT°Õ J¡∑ wS° Ÿ˚°_S°fi tu*
≈®Ÿ∏fi<ªW F°uJ¡≤ ªC≈ª°≈ fæ™> y∫u $$61-64$$ ŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ N°J¡°„_S <Ÿ] ≈C”T°u* fiu ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ
J¡∑ ≈®„aŸ° J¡∑, Ÿ˚°¿_Sw ≈C”T°u* fiu ˚Ù fi <Ÿ]°u* J¡° ≈®ªC≤ _wC<w∫°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S ≈¥ıfi <J¡∫° $$65$$
N°J¡°„ ¿_Sw tF<TÕ wS° Ìubw°N°u* fiu, ˚¥<t tu* ¿_Sw f®°Êd°u* wS° ≤°ı°N°u* fiu wS° ≈¨<SbÙ N°æ≤
N°J¡°„ tu* ¿_Sw tCfiÙÿb≤°u* fiu ≈¥bÕb<dÕw ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu N≈fiÙ N≈fiÙ „<•w Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ ≈®Ã∫uJ¡ ≈C”T J¡∑
≈C‹≈°P∫ÕÌ°fi ∫C•w hª ı∫ ı∫J¡°≤ b°dÙ Ÿu ≈¥ı° J¡∑ $$66$$
Ì°u Ÿ°æb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
Ì°u Ÿ°æ ÎJ¡b°≥ ŸyÕ
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ZÙb°vtÙ<J¡ıÙ fiu J¡F° # oŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°wg fiÙªu Ÿ˚° ≈®Ìu„ tu* ıf @Ù≤u @Ù≤u Ÿ°@Cb°Ì°u* J¡° w°aw°
„°∏w F°u ªCJ¡°, I°fi°u≈Ìu„ ≈°J¡≤ ≤°ıyd <bJ¡<ŸwbÌfi F°u y∫u, ŸaŸ°≤-˚®°<∏w Ju¡ <bÔÙfi F°ufiu ≈≤
Ô°uy N≈fiÙ NI°fiNb_S° Ju¡ ª¿≤` J¡°u _b∫a FÙ w[b J¡∑ N°u≤ ≈¥dÕw∫° Ny®Ÿ≤ FCÎ <ªW Ÿu F≥Ÿfiu Ôyu,
Ÿ˚°yw <bbuJ¡∑ Ô°uy <ªWb¨<W Ju¡ ≈®Ã∫Jg¡≈®bd≈¥bÕJ¡ <ªÌuJ¡≤Ÿ°fi∏Ì Ju¡ Ÿ‡∫Jg¡ N°_b°Ìfi tu* wÃ≈≤ F°u
º∫°fi°b¿_Sw J¡∑ w≤F „°∏w F°u y∫u, ˚®°w¨Ÿ<Fw ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ yC” Ju¡ N°yu yC”ıÙ Ju¡ ÌÙ<›wt°fig tC©
≈≤ ¸>J¡¸>J¡∑ Ôy°J¡≤ F°S ı°unu ≈μ°Ÿfi f°≥@u fæ™> y∫u wS° tF°≤°ı Ì„≤S º∫°fi_S Ÿu F°uJ¡≤ N≈fiu
N∏Ì≤ N°<Ì, tº∫ N°æ≤ N∏w tu* ≈<b`w° f»°fiub°ÔÙ NÔ°æ<J¡J¡ ıÙb∏tC<•w¿_S<w J¡°, NfiC˚b J¡≤
≤Fu Su Ÿ Ÿt∫ tC<fi b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ ˚•w ≤°ı° N°<Ì J¡∑ ≈¥ı° y®Fd J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ sd˚≤ ªC≈ª°≈
™>F≤J¡≤ @Ù≤u-@Ù≤u f°uÔu $$1-6$$ Fu ≤°t, N°≈ N≈fiu <b„°Ô JC¡ÔR¡≈ N°J¡°„ Ju¡ ª∏Bt° Fæ* $ Fu J¡tÔfiu`
N°≈ oŸŸu N<w¿≤•w •∫° ŸCfifi° ª°Fwu Fæ* ? N≈fiÙ oh~>° Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ fwÔ°oÎ $$7$$ Fu ≤°tıÙ, N°ı
oŸ ¿_S<w J¡° _b∫a N°≈ Jæ¡Ÿ° NfiC˚b J¡≤wu Fæ* ? oŸ ı°y<wJ¡ N°˚°Ÿ J¡°u N°≈ Jæ¡Ÿ° Ìu©wu Fæ* ? ∫F
fwÔ°o∫u $$8$$ ˚yb°fig b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ Ju¡ ∫F J¡Ffiu ≈≤ yC” Ju¡ tC≥F J¡°u Ìu© ≤Fu ≤°ıJC¡t°≤ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu
<ffi° |fn°F¸> ∫° <Fª<J¡ª°F¸> Ju¡ t¨ÌC wS° _≈‹¸> bªfi J¡F° $$9$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ≈®˚°u, N°≈Ju¡ NfiCy®F Ÿu tæ* bæŸu FÙ ≈≤t <fitÕÔw° J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u ªCJ¡° F¥≥
ıæŸu J¡ÔaJ¡ Ÿu ≈¥dÕw∫° <b≤<Fw ª∏Bt° Ÿu ŸC<ª<Öw N°J¡°„wÔ <fitÕÔ F°uw° Fæ $ tu≤Ù ŸaŸ°≤R¡≈Ù ÌC#©
ŸyÕ - 201] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2541
≈®Ì°fi J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ Ÿ˚Ù ˚®°<∏w∫°≥ „°∏w F°u yoÕ Fæ* $ tæ* <fitÕÔ N°J¡°„ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi N<w<fitÕÔ N≈fiu
_bR¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw F¥≥ $ tu≤Ù <ªÌgN<ªÌg y®<∏S „°∏w F°u yoÕ Fæ, tu≤u ŸJ¡Ô <b„uTd (≈°<@∫°≥) <bÔÙfi F°u
ªCJu¡ Fæ* wS° f®Ê˚°b Ÿu <b„C] ıywg tu* tu≤Ù fC<] _k¡<¸>J¡ Ju¡ t¿∏Ì≤ Ju¡ tº∫ tu* ¿_Sw _k¡¿¸>J¡ t<d
J¡∑ w≤F <fitÕÔwt Fæ $ tu≤° „°∏w tfi oŸJu¡ f°Ì N°æ≤ JC¡~> ≈Ìu„ ŸCfifi° wS° J¡tÕ-Ÿ‡≈°Ìfi J¡≤fi°
fiFÙ* ª°Fw° Fæ $ ≈≤t w¨<›w J¡°u ≈®°›w FCN° bF ŸCTC›w Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ¿_Sw Fæ $$10-13$$ Fu tC<fib≤, ≈≤t
„°<∏w J¡°u ≈®°›w FCÎ tu≤u tfi Ju¡ ŸJ¡Ô <bT∫_t≤d „°∏w F°u ªCJu¡ Fæ*, ŸJ¡° <bT∫˚°uy J¡° J¡°æwCJ¡ ªÔ°
y∫° Fæ wS° Ÿfiu <bT∫ ŸaJ¡v≈°u* J¡° Ã∫°y J¡≤ <Ì∫° Fæ $ tæ* ıywg Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* t°fi<ŸJ¡ <bT∫°Ô°uªfi
≤<Fw <ıŸtu* <k¡≤ f°u@ fiFÙ* Fæ ÎuŸ° Îu<∏BJ¡ <bT∫°Ô°uªfi ≤<Fw <fi≤°t∫ F°uJ¡≤ Ÿ°uw° Ÿ° F¥≥, ≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu
<fib°Õd J¡°u ≈®°›w F¥≥, „°∏w F¥≥ $ ∫F°≥ ≈≤ ob „ÆÌ ŸCTC›w˚°fi Ju¡ ˚Ù <tØ∫° F°ufiu Ÿu wC≤Ù∫°b_S° tu*
Nb¿_S<w J¡° Ω°uwJ¡ Fæ $ ≈¥bÕ J¡∑ N°„°N°u* Ÿu <bá<Ôw „≤Ù≤ tu* N°ÃtfC<] Ÿu ¿_S<w J¡° ≈F°ŸJ¡≤
ÌuÌÙ›∫t°fi (k¡nJ¡ ≤FÙ) N°≈J¡∑ Ÿ¥<•w∫°u* Ÿu oŸ Ÿt∫ _b_S F°uJ¡≤ <fi_Ÿ∏ÌuF ¿_Sw F¥≥ $ fi ≈Ìu„
Ÿu, fi ≈Ìu„≈®∫C•w N∏∫ ≈®∫°uıfi Ÿu, fi „°˜°u* Ÿu, fi f∏@C-f°∏@b°u* Ÿu N°æ≤ fi ofi ŸfJu¡ Ã∫°y Ÿu FÙ
tu≤° J¡°uoÕ ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ $ <ıŸtu* Ju¡bÔ ≈®Ã∫y°Ãtt°` tu* <ªW ≈®<w‹™>w ≤Fw° Fæ ÎuŸÙ N<bfi°<„fiÙ (<fiÃ∫)
ıÙb∏tC•w ¿_S<w J¡° tæ* _byÕ tu* Ÿ°t®°≠∫ J¡∑ NŸC≤°<Ì Ju¡ s°u˚ Ÿu b<ıÕw ı°u ¿_S<w Fæ ŸJu¡ wCv∫ FÙ
NfiC˚b J¡≤w° F¥≥ $ tæ* f°fl Â<‹¸> Ÿu <ıŸtu* fiu` N°<Ì Nay Fæ* ÎuŸÙ ¿_S<w J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uJ¡≤ ˚Ù ıywg J¡°u
N°J¡°„ Ÿu ˚Ù NÃ∫aw <fitÕÔ ÎJ¡t°` <ª∏t°`°J¡°„R¡≈ FÙ Ìu©w° F¥≥ $ NI°fiÙ ≈C”T J¡∑ w≤F ıywg J¡°u
ın fiFÙ* Ìu©w° $ ∫F ıywg Ju¡bÔ N°J¡°„t°` FÙ Fæ ÎuŸ° Â» <fiÿª∫b°Ô° tæ* oŸ ıywg Ju¡ t°uF-<fiB°
Ju¡ Ÿ°S f°<@w F°ufiu ≈≤ Ns∫ _bR¡≈ F°u ŸÌ° FÙ ı°yw° F¥≥ $ ˚°bÙ J¡°∫Õ J¡°u ∫S°J¡°t, bwÕt°fi J¡°∫Õ
J¡° ∫S°≈®°›w wS° ≈¥bÕ¿_Sw J¡°∫Õ J¡°u ∫S°¿_Sw ı°u N°≈ J¡Fwu Fæ* ŸJ¡°u tæ* k¡Ô°<˚Ÿ¿∏@ Ÿu „¥∏∫
F°uJ¡≤ N<bPfiw∫° yC” wS° „°˜ Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ J¡≤w° F¥≥ $ "∫S°J¡°ta ∫S°≤‡˚a ∫S°≈®°›wa ∫S°¿_Swtg'
oŸ w≤F Ju¡ ≈°™>°∏w≤ tu* N≈fiu J¡°∫Õ Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* ∫S°J¡°t (∫Suh~>) wS° ≈®°≤Æ@°fiCŸ°≤' ≈≤ Ju¡ J¡°∫Õ Ju¡
<bT∫ tu* ∫S°≈®°›w wS° ∫S°¿_Sw ı°u N°≈ J¡Fwu Fæ* ŸJ¡° tæ* yC” N°æ≤ „°˜ Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ <fi<bÕPfi
Ÿ‡≈°Ìfi J¡≤w° F¥≥ $$14-21$$ o‹¸> b_wC J¡∑ ≈®°<›w Ÿu fi w°u tæ* N∏Ì≤ tfi tu* Ÿ∏wC‹¸> F°uw° F¥≥ N°æ≤ fi
f°F≤ „≤Ù≤ Ÿu F<TÕw F°uw° F¥≥ wS° fi ≈C‹¸> F°uw° F¥≥ Îba N<fi‹¸> b_wC J¡∑ ≈®°<›w Ÿu fi ≤°uw° F¥≥ $ Nbÿ∫J¡wÕΔ∫
Ô°æ<J¡J¡ N°æ≤ bæ<ÌJ¡ J¡°∫Õ J¡≤w° F¥≥ $ tæ* Ju¡bÔ ÎJ¡ FÙ F¥≥ $ tu≤° ˚®tı°Ô Ì¥≤ ˚°y ªCJ¡° Fæ $$22$$
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu ¿_Sw FCÎ tCHu, NI°<fi∫°u* Ju¡ N<˚tw f∏@C, ıfi, ≤°≠∫ N°<Ì Ju¡ fi°„°u* Ÿu NSb°,
b¨<] , °Ÿ N°<Ì Nb_S°N°u* Ÿu NfiSÕ≈®°<›w J¡∑ N°„aJ¡° fiFÙ* Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ª°Fu ∫F Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ô¸> ı°∫ NSb° ≈®Ô∫J¡°Ô Ju¡ ≈bfi fFu*, ª°Fu Ìu„ Ÿ°utt°yÕ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ıfi„¥∏∫
F°u ı°∫ Ôu<J¡fi tæ* ¿fi<bÕsu≈R¡≈ Ÿu N≈fiÙ N°Ãt° tu* ¿_Sw F¥≥ $$23$$ Fu tC<fib≤, tæ* N°Ãt°≤°t F¥≥, f°fl
o¿∏B∫°u* Ÿu NÔ‚∫ F¥≥, tfi Ÿu ˚Ù ÌCÔÕ‚∫ F¥≥, <fi≤°t∫ F¥≥, N°„°N°u* Ÿu tæ* bæŸu FÙ f∏@fi J¡°u ≈®°›w fiFÙ*
F°uw° ıæŸu <J¡ tC<‹¸>∫°u* π°≤° N°J¡°„ f∏@fi J¡°u ≈®°›w fiFÙ* F°uw° $$24$$
ÌuF tu* N<˚Δ∫•w J¡° ÌuF°wÙw ≤Ffiu tu* Â‹¸>°∏w J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu b¨syw ≈C‹≈ tu* N<˚Δ∫•w y∏@ N°J¡°„ tu* ≈FC≥ªJ¡≤ ≈C‹≈°wÙw ≤FwÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ tæ* ÌuF tu*
N<˚Δ∫•w F°uJ¡≤ ÌuF°wÙw Ÿt (∫F oŸ ≈C‹≈ J¡° Fæ NSb° oŸ ÌuF J¡° Fæ ∫°u* <b„uTd Ju¡ ∫°uÀ∫ fi F°ufiu
Ÿu Ÿ°@°≤d) R¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw F¥≥ $$25$$
w°u N°≈ N°yu Jæ¡Ÿu N°æ≤ <J¡Ÿ w≤F Δ∫bF°≤ J¡≤u*yu ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu FÙ ≈®fC] wS° N≈®fC] Ÿf ≤°ı° <b<b@ J¡°t@°tb°Ôu ≤°≠∫°u* tu* Δ∫bF°≤ J¡≤wu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ FTÕ,
<bT°Ì N°æ≤ N°„° Ÿu <b≤<Fw, ¿_S≤, ÎJ¡, Ÿt Ì„Õfi tæ* N°Ãt° tu* ¿_Sw F°uJ¡≤ <fi#„aaJ¡ F°u Δ∫bF°≤
J¡≤w° F¥≥ $ N≈®fC], ≈®fC] tu* ∫FÙ N∏w≤ Fæ <J¡ NI°fiÙ FTÕ, <bT°Ì N°æ≤ N°„°≈°„ Ÿu f], N¿_S≤
wS° <bTtÂ<‹¸> ≤Fw° Fæ, I°fiÙ FT°Õ<Ì Ÿu ≤<Fw ¿_Sw wS° ŸtÂ<‹¸> ≤Fw° Fæ $$26,27$$
Fu ≈®˚°u, ŸJ¡Ô<bT∫æÿb°∫°Õfi∏Ì Ju¡ «¡≈≤ ¿_Sw f®Ê°fi∏Ì Ÿu tæ* ŸC©Ù F¥≥ NwÎb N≈fiu „≤Ù≤ tu*
<bT∫ŸC© J¡∑ tCHu oh~>° fiFÙ* Fæ $ f°fl Â<‹¸> Ÿu ŸbÕŸ°@°≤d ıfiJ¡∑ w≤F tæ* ¿_Sw F¥≥ $ tCHu N≈fiÙ
oh~>° Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ Ÿub° N°<Ì <ıŸ <J¡ŸÙ ˚Ù <bT∫ tu* <fi∫°u<ıw J¡∑<ı∫u $ Fu Ÿ≠ıfi <„≤°utdu, ÎJ¡t°`
<fitÕÔf®ÊR¡≈Ô‚∫ tu* Â<‹¸>b°Ô° tæ* ıf wJ¡ tu≤° „≤Ù≤ ≤Fuy° wf wJ¡ Ÿ°aŸ°¿≤J¡ ¿_S<w J¡° <fi#„aJ¡
F°uJ¡≤ bæŸu FÙ ≈°Ôfi J¡R¡≥y° ıæŸu <J¡ f°ÔJ¡ N≈fiÙ Nb_S° Ju¡ NfiCR¡≈ J®¡∑n° J¡° NfiCbwÕfi J¡≤w°
Fæ $$28,29$$ Fu tC<fifi°∫J¡, tæ* ˚°uıfi J¡≤w° F¥≥, ≈Ùw° F¥≥, fæ™>w° F¥≥, N≈fiu J¡wÕΔ∫ J¡° ≈°Ôfi J¡≤w° F¥≥ $
N°≈Ju¡ NfiCy®F Ÿu tu≤Ù Ÿf „aJ¡°Î≥ <fib¨W F°u ªCJ¡∑ Fæ* $$30$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, ∫F fnu Ÿ°æ˚°À∫ J¡° <bT∫ Fæ <J¡ N°≈fiu N°<Ì, tº∫ N°æ≤
N∏w ≤<Fw bF tF°≈C^∫ ŸbÕZu‹™> ≈Ì ≈° <Ô∫° Fæ <ıŸ ≈Ì tu* ¿_Sw FCÎ ≈C”T°u* J¡°u ≈Cfi# „°uJ¡-ÌC#©
fiFÙ* ≤Fw° $ N°≈ NÃ∫aw Ÿt (<bTtw°Ôu„„¥∏∫) „ÙwÔ _b°Ãt° tu* ıæŸu N°J¡°„ „°∏w N°J¡°„ tu*
<bZ°t ≈®°›w J¡≤w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ ≈¥dÕ <bZ°<∏w J¡°u ≈®°›w FCÎ Fæ* $ fnu FTÕ J¡∑ f°w Fæ N°≈ ŸbÕS° „°uJ¡
ÌC#©„¥∏∫ F°u y∫u Fæ*, fnu N°fi∏Ì J¡° <bT∫ Fæ <J¡ N°≈J¡°u Wt ¿_S<w ≈®°›w F°u yoÕ Fæ Îba tF°Ÿ°æ˚°À∫
J¡∑ f°w Fæ <J¡ N°≈J¡∑ oŸ Ô°uJ¡ N°æ≤ ≈≤Ô°uJ¡ tu* Â‹¸>, NÂ‹¸> N°æ≤ ZCw NfiSÕ„aJ¡° J¡∑ <fib¨<W F°u yoÕ
Fæ $$31-33$$ Fu ≈C`, FTÕ Fæ <J¡ N°≈fiu N°Ãtw[bI°fiÙ F°uJ¡≤ f°u@ Ÿu ≤|Cba<„∫°u* J¡∑ NwÙw, bwÕt°fi
N°æ≤ ˚°bÙ JC¡ÔŸ∏w<w J¡°u ≈<b` J¡≤ <Ì∫° Fæ $ Fu ≤|Cfi°S, oŸ Ÿt∫ N°≈ tC<fifi°∫J¡ ZÙ<bÿb°<t` J¡∑
oŸ ∫I<bPfi¿fib¨<W J¡∑ NU∫SÕfi° J¡°u ≈¥dÕJ¡≤ <≈w° Ju¡ ıÙwuıÙ fiJ¡∑ N°I° Ÿu ≤°sŸb@ π°≤° ≈¨<SbÙ
J¡° ≈°ÔfiJ¡≤ ¿_Sw F°uo∫u $$34,35$$ Fu Ÿ°æ˚°À∫„°ÔÙ ≤°|b, N°≈ Ÿ≤Ù©u tF°≈C”T JC¡ÔÌÙ≈J¡ Ÿu
∫C•w ≈C`-≈°æ`, ŸubJ¡, f∏@Cf°∏@b, ≈æÌÔ <Ÿ≈°FÙ, ≤S, yı N°æ≤ NÿbŸtCÌ°∫ Ju¡ Ÿ°S Ÿf ≤|Cba„Ù
„≤Ù≤ tu* fiÙ≤°uy, <fi˚Õ∫ N°æ≤ |≤°u* tu* ŸÌ° Ì∫b°Ôu F°u* $$36$$
Ì°u Ÿ°æ ÎJ¡b°≥ ŸyÕ t°›w $
Ì°u Ÿ°æ Ì°ub°≥ ŸyÕ

≈®f°u@ Ÿu ∫°u* F<TÕw FCÎ ≤°ı°N°u* J¡° wS° ≈®f°u@ Ÿu F<TÕw FCÎ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ J¡° bdÕfi wS°
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ π°≤° I°fi<fitÕÔ N≈fiÙ ¿_S<w J¡° bdÕfi $
b°vtÙ<J¡ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ˚≤π°ı, Ÿ˚° tu* b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ J¡° ∫F bªfi ŸCfiJ¡≤ Ÿf ≤°ı° wS° N∏∫°∏∫
Ô°uy Nt¨w≈®b°F Ÿu ŸÙ*ªu FCÎ J¡∑ w≤F N∏Ì≤ NÃ∫∏w „ÙwÔw° J¡°u ≈®°›w FCÎ $$1$$ J¡tÔfi∫fi
ŸyÕ - 203] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2543
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ N≈fiu tfi°uI ª∏BbÌfi Ÿu ÎuŸu ŸC„°u<˚w FCÎ ıæŸu <J¡ Nt¨w Ÿu ≈¥dÕ tfi°uF≤ ª∏Bt° Ju¡
Ì∫ Ÿu Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ sÙ≤Ÿ°y≤ ŸC„°u<˚w F°uw° Fæ $$2$$ w[bI°fi<b„°≤Ì b°tÌub N°<Ì Ÿf Ô°uy°u* fiu b°F
˚yb°fig ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu •∫° Wt I°fi J¡° bdÕfi <J¡∫°, ∫F fnu Ÿ‡t°fi Ÿu J¡F° $$3$$ „°∏w
N∏w#J¡≤db°Ôu ≤°ı° Ì„≤S ≈®Ÿ∏fiw° Ÿu NÃ∫∏w ŸC„°u<˚w FCÎ $ bu NÃ∫aw Ÿ∏w°uT Ÿu ≈¥dÕw∫°
≤°ut°a<ªw „≤Ù≤ F°u ÎJ¡ N≈¥bÕ „°u˚° J¡°u ≈®°›w FCÎ $ oŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°wg I°fiÙ ≈C”T°u* tu* fFCw-ŸÙ Ÿ°@Cb°Ì
J¡S°N°u* Ju¡ ≈®b¨W F°ufiu ≈≤ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu, <ıfiJ¡° NI°fi ~¥>¸> y∫° S°, ≈Cfi# ∫F bªfi J¡F° $$4,5$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ˚ybfig, N°≈ NwÙw N°æ≤ bwÕt°fi Ju¡ N<@≈<w Fæ*, N°≈fiu Ft°≤° ∫F NI°fi
bæŸu FÙ ≈¥dÕw∫° <t¸>° <Ì∫° Fæ ıæŸu N<Àfi ŸCbdÕ J¡° tÔ (N∏∫°∏∫ @°wCN°u* J¡∑ <tÔ°b¸>) ≈¥dÕw∫°
<t¸>° Ìuw° Fæ $$6$$ Fu ≈®˚°u, Ft Ô°uy ≈FÔu Ju¡bÔ „≤Ù≤ tu* N°ÃtÂ<‹¸>b°Ôu Su oŸ Ÿt∫ N°≈Ju¡ NfiCy®F
Ÿu ŸbÕ` Ÿb°ÕÃtÌ„ÙÕ F°u y∫u Fæ* $$7$$ tæ* Ÿb°ÕÃt° F°uJ¡≤ Ÿ‡≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw F¥≥, fiÙ≤°uy F°u y∫° F¥≥,
tu≤Ù ŸJ¡Ô N°„aJ¡°Î≥ <t¸> ªCJ¡∑ Fæ* $ oŸ Ÿt∫ tæ* I°fib°fig F°uJ¡≤ ı°yR¡J¡ F¥≥ $$8$$ J¡˚Ù ©uÌb°fig fi
F°ufiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ tæ* N°fi¿∏Ìw F¥≥, <ª≤J¡°Ô Ju¡ <ÔÎ tæ* ŸC©Ù F¥≥, J¡˚Ù N_w fi F°ufiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ tæ* ¿_Sw F¥≥,
tu≤u ≈≤t≈C”T°SÕ J¡° Ì∫ N°¿b˚¥Õw F°u y∫° Fæ $ NF° ≈<b`wt „ÙwÔ I°fiR¡≈ÙıÔ Ÿu N°≈fiu tCHJ¡°u
ŸÙ*ª° Fæ $ NwÎb tæ* ⁄Ì∫ tu* „≤ÃJ¡°Ô Ju¡ J¡tÔ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ≈®⁄‹¸> F¥≥, <bJ¡<Ÿw F¥≥ $$9,10$$ N°≈Ju¡
NfiCy®F Ÿu N°ı tCHu ∫F <ÌΔ∫ Ÿ°t®°≠∫≈ÌbÙ ≈®°›w F°u ªCJ¡∑ Fæ <ıŸtu* ¿_Sw FCÎ tu≤u <ÔÎ ∫F Ÿ°≤°
ıywg Nt¨w ffi y∫° Fæ $$11$$ tu≤Ù t<w ≈¥dÕw∫° ≈®Ÿ∏fi F°u ªCJ¡∑ Fæ, tu≤° Ÿt_w „°uJ¡ <fib¨W F°u
y∫° Fæ, tæ* NÔ°æ<J¡J¡ „°<∏w Ÿu (ŸJ¡°∫Õ t¥ÔNI°fi Ju¡ fi°„ Ÿu) NtÔ°„∫R¡≈ N°Ãt° tu* N°fi∏Ì J¡°u
≈®°›w F°u y∫° F¥≥ $ ˚ÔÙ˚°≥<w ≈≤Ùs° J¡≤Ju¡ Ìu©u y∫u N°Ãt° Ÿu FÙ _bw# <Ÿ] <fitÕÔw° J¡°u tæ* ≈®°›w F°u
ªCJ¡° F¥≥ NwÎb tCHJ¡°u fit_J¡°≤ Fæ $$12$$
Ì°u Ÿ°æ Ì°ub°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
Ì°u Ÿ°æ wÙfib°≥ ŸyÕ

tº∫°ÖJ¡°Ô J¡° Ÿ¥ªJ¡ wC≤Ù J¡° |°uT, <Ìfiª∫°Õ,
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J¡≤ ≤Fu Su Ÿ Ÿt∫ t°fi°u* fiJu¡ <bª°≤<bt„Õ J¡°u ŸCfifiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ˚yb°fig Ÿ¥∫Õ N°J¡°„ Ju¡ tº∫ tu*
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_≈‹¸>R¡≈ Ÿu ≈®Ì„Õfi Ju¡ <ÔÎ ıvÌÙ wuı F°u y∫° $ Ÿ Ÿt∫ Ω°fi Ju¡ w°Ô°f <bJ¡<Ÿw J¡tÔ°u* Ÿu
<b„°ÔJ¡°∫ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ≈®kC¡vÔ-⁄Ì∫ J¡tÔ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d <bJ¡<Ÿw°J¡°≤ bF°≥ ≈≤ fæ™>u FCÎ ≤°ı°N°u*
J¡∑ w≤F ©¥f ŸC„°u<˚w FCÎ $ t°u<w∫°u* J¡∑ |fiÙ H°Ô≤b°Ô° _k¡<¸>J¡t<d J¡° H≤°u©° <ıŸtu* ˚yb°fig
Ÿ¥∫Õ J¡° ≈®<w<f‡f ŸaJ®¡°∏w S°, N°J¡°„ tu* wæ≤w° FCN°-Ÿ° fi°ªw° S° $ ≈μ≤°y t<d∫°u* tu* ŸaJ®¡°∏w Ÿ¥∫Õ
J¡∑ N°J¡°„ tu* kæ¡ÔÙ FCoÕ wuıÌÙ<›wb°ÔÙ <J¡≤du* (≈®<w<f¿‡fw-J¡°¿∏w∫°≥) ÎuŸÙ _kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ* ıæŸu
<J¡ _bh~> ≈Ìu„ I°fiJ¡Ô° _kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ* $$1-5$$ tC<fiZu‹™> b<Ÿ‹™>, <bÿb°<t` N°<Ì J¡∑
tC©J¡°¿∏wR¡≈ ª∏Bt° Ÿu <bJ¡<Ÿw Ÿu FCÎ N≈fiu JC¡Ô Ju¡ Jæ¡≤b˚¥w (≤°w J¡°u <©Ôfiub°Ô° Ÿku¡Ì J¡tÔ)
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ tF°≤°ı ıf oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ≈≤t°fi∏Ì J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u y∫u, ıf fnb°fiÔ Ju¡ wCv∫ ˚yb°fig
Ÿ¥∫Õ, ı°u wuı#≈CaıR¡≈Ù ÌuÌÙ›∫t°fi ≠b°Ô°N°u* Ÿu ∫C•w wS° fnb°fiÔ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi FÙ Ÿty® ≤Ÿ°u* J¡° ≈°fi
J¡≤fiub°Ôu Fæ*, N°J¡°„R¡≈Ù tF°Ÿ°y≤ Ju¡ fi°<˚ Ju¡ ŸÂ„ F°u y∫u ∫°fiÙ tº∫ N°J¡°„ tu* ¿_Sw F°u y∫u,
ıf N°J¡°„R¡≈Ù fiÙÔJ¡tÔ, ı°u Ÿ¥∫ÕR¡≈Ù J¡<dÕJ¡° Ÿu tfi°uF≤, ÌuÌÙ›∫t°fi <J¡≤dR¡≈Ù Ju¡Ÿ≤°u* Ÿu
ŸC„°u<˚w S° wS° <ıŸŸu ≤ıR¡≈Ù ≈≤°y <y≤ ≤F° S°, NÃ∫∏w ŸCF°bfi° t°Ô¥t F°uw° S°, bF
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(J¡°fi°u* J¡° N°˚¥Td) S° $ bF J¡d°Õ˚≤d N°æ≤ <„≤°u˚¥Td ˚Ùw≤ ınu FCÎ ªtJ¡∑Ôu <Ÿw°≤uR¡≈Ù <b<b@
≤Ãfi°u* Ÿu ŸC„°u<˚w S°, ıf <Ì„°R¡≈Ù fi°<∫J¡°N°u* fiu <b„°Ô ≈bÕw<„©≤R¡≈Ù F°S°u* Ÿu @¥≈ Ÿu <t<Zw
ıÔ ≤<Fw tF°tu|°u* J¡°u Ì≈Õd°u* J¡∑ fi°o˘ ≈J¡n ≤©° S° wS° ıf Ÿ¥∫Õ≤<Fw ˚Ù N°J¡°„ Zu‹™>wt Ÿ¥∫ÕJ¡°∏w
t<d∫°u* Ÿu <fiJ¡ÔÙ FCoÕ N°y Ÿu ≈®ÌÙ›w F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d Ÿ¥∫Õ Ÿu ˚Ù ÌCyCfi° Ÿ° ıÔ ≤F° S° Ÿ tº∫°Ö
Ÿt∫ tu* Ÿt∫ J¡∑ Ÿ¥ªfi° Ìufiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ fıfiub°Ôu „a© ≈®Ô∫ J¡°Ô J¡∑ b°∫C Ÿu ≈¥dÕ Ÿ°y≤°u* J¡∑ w≤F ≈®ªC≤
tC©b°∫C Ÿu ≈¥¿≤w F°uJ¡≤ fıu $ J¡tÔ°u* ≈≤ N°uŸ J¡∑ fC≥Ì°u* Ju¡ Ÿt°fi Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ tC© t^±>Ô°u* ≈≤ ≈ŸÙfiu J¡∑
fC≥Ì°u* fiu ¿_S<w J¡∑, <ıfiJ¡° N°J¡°≤-≈®J¡°≤ o@≤ @≤ <f©≤u FCÎ t°u<w∫°u* Ju¡ Ÿt°fi S° $ ıæŸu b¨<‹¸>
N°æ≤ fiÌÙ J¡° ıÔ Ÿ°y≤ J¡°u ˚≤w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ |≤ J¡∑ ÌÙb°≤°u* tu* ¸>•J¡≤ Ôyfiu Ÿu ≈®<wºb<fi Ju¡ R¡≈ Ô°æ¸>u
FCÎ wS° ≈®°<d∫°u* Ju¡ J¡tÕÃb≤°≈®∫C•w „ÆÌŸa˚®t Ÿu ≈C‹¸> FCÎ „ÆÌ fiu Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ J¡°fi°u* J¡°u ˚≤ <Ì∫° $
tº∫°Ö J¡°Ô tu* ŸCb°<ŸfiÙ (Ÿ°æ˚°À∫bwÙ) t<FÔ°N°u* π°≤° ytÙÕ J¡∑ ≈®©≤w° J¡°u „°∏w J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ
n°oÕ FCoÕ Ÿku¡Ì J¡≈¥Õ≤∫C•w ıÔ ŸÙ*ªfiR¡≈Ù fi¥wfi-tu|t°Ô° vÔ°Ÿ J¡°u ≈®°›w FCoÕ $$6-15$$ tF°≤°ı
Ì„≤S Ÿf Ÿ°t∏w°u*, ˚¥≈°Ô°u*, N≈fiu Nay≤sJ¡, ª°J¡≤ N°<Ì, tF°tC<fi b<Ÿ‹™> wS° ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ Ju¡
Ÿ°S Ÿ˚° Ÿu ™>u $ Ÿf ≤°ı°, ≤°ıJC¡t°≤, t¿∏`yd, tC<fib¨∏Ì ≈≤_≈≤ ≈¥ı°-ŸÃJ¡°≤ ≈°J¡≤ fnÙ ≈®Ÿ∏fiw°
Ju¡ Ÿ°S N≈fiu N≈fiu |≤ J¡°u y∫u $ N∏w#≈C≤ Ju¡ ≈®tC© y¨F°u* tu* ≈a©°u* J¡∑ b°∫C Ÿu n°oÕ yoÕ J¡≈¥≤ J¡∑ @¥<Ô
Ÿu N≈¥bÕ FÙ tu|t°Ô° <Ìw FCoÕ $ oŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°wg tº∫°ÖJ¡°Ô J¡∑ w¥¿≤∫°u* J¡∑ ºb<fi ÌÙb°≤°u* tu* ¸>J¡≤°J¡≤
≈®<wºb<fiw FCoÕ wf b°•∫≈®∫°uy tu* <fi≈Cd tC<fiZu‹™> ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu ∫u b°•∫ J¡Fu # Fu ≤°tª∏BıÙ,
N°≈fiu Z°uwΔ∫ Ÿf JC¡~> ŸCfi <Ô∫° Fæ N°æ≤ I°wΔ∫ Ÿf JC¡~> ı°fi <Ô∫° Fæ oŸJu¡ N<w¿≤•w Wt
I°wΔ∫ JC¡~> ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ $$16-20$$
Nf N°≈J¡°u yC” Ju¡ ≈Ìu„, buÌ°∏w N°<Ì „°˜ wS° _b°fiC˚b Ju¡ N<bŸab°Ì Ju¡ <ÔÎ
ÎJ¡°SÕ<fi‹™>w°R¡≈ ÎJ¡b°•∫w° J¡≤fiÙ ª°<F∫u, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Fu ≤°t, <ıŸ ≈®J¡°≤ tæ*fiu N°≈J¡°u ≈Ìu„ <Ì∫° Fæ, <ıŸ ≈®J¡°≤ N°≈fiu buÌ°∏w„°˜°u* Ÿu ı°fi°
Fæ N°æ≤ ıæŸ° N°≈J¡° N≈fi° NfiC˚b Fæ Ÿ ≈®J¡°≤ ŸfJ¡∑ ÎJ¡b°•∫w° J¡∑<ı∫u $ Fu tF°twu, ∫S°≈®°›w
J¡wÕΔ∫ J¡° ≈°Ôfi J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ N°≈ <™>∫u $ Ft Ô°uy tº∫°Ö_fi°fi Ju¡ <ÔÎ ı°wu Fæ* $ ∫F Ft Ô°uy°u*
J¡° tº∫°Ö J¡° Ÿt∫ Δ∫wÙw F°u ≤F° Fæ $ Fu ˚B, N≈fiÙ N°J¡°as° J¡∑ <b<fib¨<W Ju¡ <ÔÎ N°≈J¡°u ı°u
ŸC∏Ì≤ b_wC ≈¥~>fiÙ F°u bF ≈®°w# J¡°Ô N°≈ ≈Cfi# ≈¥~> ÔÙ<ı∫uy° $$21-23$$ ZÙb°vtÙ<J¡ıÙ fiu
J¡F° # tC<fiZu‹™> b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ Ju¡ ∫F J¡Ffiu ≈≤ ÿÔ°|fiÙ∫ @t°ÕÃt° tF°≤°ı Ì„≤S fiu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ
ŸyÕ - 203] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2545
Ju¡ Ÿ°S Ÿ˚° tu* ŸtC≈¿_Sw fi ŸJ¡Ô Ÿ°@C≈C”T°u* J¡∑, tC<fi∫°u* J¡∑, f®°Êd°u* J¡∑, ≤°ı°N°u* J¡∑ wS°
N°J¡°„ª°≤Ù <Ÿ] N°æ≤ Ìubyd°u* J¡∑ ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>, <bÿb°<t` N°<Ì tC<fi∫°u* π°≤° ≈<Ì‹¸> J®¡t Ÿu
t<d-t°uwÙ N°<Ì Ju¡ <fi‹J®¡∫R¡≈ @fi Ÿu, <ÌΔ∫ k¥¡Ô°u* Ÿu, t<d-≤Ãfi N°<Ì Ju¡ ≈®Ì°fi Ÿu, tC•w°t°Ô°
Ju¡ Ÿt≈Õd Ÿu, <bfi∫, ≈®d°t, @fiŸ<Fw J¡∏∫°≈®Ì°fi, b˜ N°Ÿfi, N∏fi, ≈°fi, ŸCbdÕ, ˚¥<t, @¥≈,
y∏@, t°Ô° N°<Ì Ÿu ∫S°∫°uÀ∫ ≈¥ı° J¡∑ $ ≈¥ı° J¡≤fiu Ju¡ ≈≤°∏w Ÿ˚° Ju¡ fÙª Ÿu Ì¥Ÿ≤°u* J¡° Ÿ‡t°fi
J¡≤fiub°Ôu tF°≤°ı Ì„≤S b<Ÿ‹™> N°<Ì Ìub<TÕ∫°u* Ju¡ Ÿ<Fw Ÿ°≤Ù Ÿ˚° Ju¡ Ÿ°S bæŸu FÙ ™>u ıæŸu <J¡
Ÿ°∫aJ¡°Ô Ju¡ Ÿt∫ N°J¡°„ Ÿu ª∏Bt° ™>w° Fæ $$24-29$$ bF Ãb≤°∫C•w Ÿ˚° Ÿu ™>fiu J¡° Ÿt∫
NÃ∫∏w ŸC„°u<˚w FCN° <ıŸtu* |Ç>fi°u* wJ¡ Ìubw°N°u* π°≤° bT°Õ∫u y∫u k¥¡Ô°u* Ÿu ª°≤°u* N°u≤ J¡∑ªn F°u
y∫° S°, ≈≤_≈≤ <|Ÿfiu N°æ≤ ¸>J¡≤°fiu Ÿu Ju¡∫¥>≤°u* (NayÌ°u*) tu* ınu FCÎ ≤Ãfi°u* Ju¡ ª¥≤u Ÿu ≈¨ØbÙ Ô°Ô
F°u yoÕ SÙ, ¸¥>¸>u FCÎ F°≤°u* Ÿu _kC¡¿≤w F°u ≤FÙ t°uwÙR¡≈Ù w°¿≤J¡°N°u* fiu ≤°<`J¡°Ô tu* ≈®<Ÿ] fis`∫C•w
N°J¡°„ J¡°u ıÙw <Ô∫° S°, Ìub<TÕ, tC<fi, f®°Êd wS° ≤°ı°N°u* Ju¡ o@≤ @≤ Ÿaª°≤, Ÿu ı°u NÃ∫∏w
˚Ùn˚°nb°Ô° S°, Δ∫y® Ÿu<bJ¡°N°u* Ju¡ F°S°u* tu* ª≥b≤ Ju¡„°u* Ÿu ªaªÔ Su, b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ π°≤° ≈<Ì‹¸>
I°fi Ju¡ J®¡t Ju¡ tfifi N°<Ì π°≤° ˚¥¿tJ¡° Ju¡ J®¡t Ÿu ≈®tu∫ÙJ¡≤d Ju¡ <ÔÎ FÙ _≈∏Ìt°fi, N∏∫
_b°SÕÃb≤° Ÿu fiFÙ*, oŸ J¡°≤d ı°u Ì°R¡d fi S°, J¡˚Ù ı≤° Ÿ° @•J¡° Ôyfiu ≈≤ ˚Ù ≈≤_≈≤
st°∫°ªfi° Ju¡ <ÔÎ <Ÿ≤ tu* Naı<Ô f°≥@u FCÎ N°yu N°æ≤ NyÔ fyÔ wÙfi°u* ˚°y°u* tu* Ìu©fiu wS° st°
t°≥yfiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈®b¨W fiu` N°æ≤ ıÙ˚b°Ôu ŸJ¡Ô ıfi°u* Ÿu <b≤°<ıw S°, ≈°yÔ <fi‹™C>≤ Ô°uy°u* Ÿu <bTt
fiFÙ* S°, oŸ<ÔÎ bF°≥ ≈≤ ≈Ùn° N°<Ì Ì°uT°u* J¡° ÔuT ˚Ù fi S° $$30-33$$ t¨Ì…-t@C≤ bªfib°Ôu
ŸÃJ¨¡w Ì„≤S N°<Ì Ÿf Ÿ≠ıfi ≈C”T, ı°u Ÿ°w°u* Ô°uJ¡°u* Ju¡ <fib°ŸÙ Su, ≈≤_≈≤ ≈¥~>J¡≤ o∏B≈C≤Ù
Ÿu Ìubw°N°u* J¡∑ w≤F ≈≤_≈≤ _fiuF≈¥dÕ ⁄Ì∫ F°uJ¡≤ N≈fiu-N≈fiu N°Zt°u* J¡°u y∫u $$34,35$$
J®¡t°fiCŸ°≤ ≈®ut Ÿu ÎJ¡ ÌqŸ≤u J¡°u ŸÃJ¡°≤ J¡≤ fiŸu <bÌ° ÔuJ¡≤ N≈fiu |≤ tu* N°J¡≤ ∏F°u*fiu <Ìfi J¡°
J¨¡Ã∫ <J¡∫° $$36$$ oŸJu¡ ≈ÿª°wg ZÙb<Ÿ‹™> N°<Ì wS° Ì„≤S N°<Ì ≤°ı°-Ÿffiu <ÌbŸ Ju¡ J¨¡Ã∫
<J¡∫u $ oŸJu¡ Nfi∏w≤ fiJu¡ <ÌbŸ Ÿ‡f∏@Ù <J®¡∫° J¡≤fiu ≈≤ J®¡t Ÿu N°J¡°„ J¡° ≈<SJ¡ Ÿ¥∫Õ N_w
J¡°u ≈®°›w F…N° $ fiJ¡∑ wS° tF°t<w ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ J¡∑ ŸÙ J¡S° Ÿu ı°y≤db„ bF ≤°<` „Ù|®
Δ∫wÙw F…oÕ $$37,39$$ ≈®°w#J¡°Ô |≤ tu* H°nq fCF°≤Ù Ìufiu J¡∑ w≤F N∏@J¡°≤R¡≈Ù ≈°aŸC w°≤° R¡≈Ù
k¥¡Ô°u* J¡∑ ≤°<„∫°≥ <ıŸtu* Ÿu F¸>° ÌÙ yoÕ Fæ* ÎuŸu ıyÌgR¡≈Ù ˚bfi J¡°u |≤ J¡∑ w≤F Ÿ°k¡ ŸCS≤° ffi°
≤Fu ˚yb°fig Ÿ¥∫Õ J¡° Ì∫ F…N° $$40$$ oŸJu¡ Nfi∏w≤ J¡≤bÙ≤ N°æ≤ JC¡ŸC‡f Ju¡ ŸÂ„ <J¡≤d°u* Ÿu
<Ì„°N°u* J¡°u Ô°Ô ffi° ≤Fu f°Ô Ÿ¥∫Õ N°J¡°„R¡≈Ù Ÿ°y≤ tu* ≈®<b‹¸> F…Î $ ≤°ı°, ≤°ıJC¡t°≤, t∏`Ù
Ô°uy wS° ZÙb<Ÿ‹™> N°<Ì tC<fiyd <k¡≤ tF°≤°ı Ì„≤S J¡∑ Ÿ˚° tu* N°∫u $ N≈fiu-N≈fiu J®¡t,
_S°fi, Ìu„ N°æ≤ N°Ÿfi Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ ıæŸu N°J¡°„ tu* fis` „°u˚° ≈®<b‹¸> F°uwÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ bF°≥ ≈≤
bF Ÿ˚° ≈®<b‹¸> F…oÕ $ wÌfi∏w≤ Ì„≤S N°<Ì ˚¥≈°Ô°u* wS° ŸCt∏` N°<Ì t¿∏`∫°u* Ju¡ N°Ÿfi ≈≤
N°ŸÙfi tC<fiZu‹™> b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ J¡∑ ≈®ªC≤ _wC<w J¡≤fiu ≈≤ tF°tC<fi b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ wS° N≈fiu <≈w°ıÙ Ju¡
Ÿ∏tC© J¡tÔfi∫fi ZÙt°fig ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu ∫F t@C≤ bªfi J¡F° $$41-45$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ŸJ¡Ô @t°u˘ Ju¡ I°w°, Fu ŸJ¡Ô I°fi°u* Ju¡ tF°Ÿ°y≤, Fu ŸJ¡Ô
Ÿ∏ÌuFR¡≈Ù b¨s°u* J¡° h~>uÌ J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈≤„C (JC¡™>°≤) R¡≈ wS° Fu „`CN°u* Ju¡ ˚Ù „°uJ¡ N°æ≤ ˚∫
J¡∑ <fib¨<W J¡≤fiub°Ôu Fu f®Êfig, tu≤u <ÔÎ N∏∫ ZbdÙ∫ NSb° I°wΔ∫ •∫° „uT Fæ ? ı°u JC¡~> ˚Ù
Z°uwΔ∫ ∫° I°wΔ∫ tu≤u <ÔÎ Nb<„‹¸> F°u bF Ÿf N°≈ tCHŸu J¡Ffiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u $$46,47$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ N°≈J¡°u f°u@ ≈®°›w F°u y∫° Fæ $ N°≈Ju¡ <ÔÎ Nf Z°uwΔ∫
JC¡~> ˚Ù Nb<„‹¸> fiFÙ* Fæ $ N°≈J¡∑ fC<] J¨¡wJ¨¡Ã∫ F°u yoÕ Fæ N°æ≤ ∫F ≈®°›wΔ∫ b_wC J¡°u ≈®°›wJ¡≤
N°Ãt° tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $ N°≈ FÙ N≈fiÙ fC<] Ÿu <bª°≤J¡≤ _b∫a J¡<F∫u <J¡ N°ı N°≈ _b°fiC˚b Ÿu Jæ¡Ÿu
Fæ* N°æ≤ N°≈Ju¡ <ÔÎ „uT Z°uwΔ∫ •∫° Fæ ? $$48,49$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu f®Êfig, ıæŸ° N°≈ J¡Fwu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ tæ* N≈fiu J¡°u J¨¡wJ¨¡Ã∫ ŸtHw°
Fq≥, tæ* <fib°Õd J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u ªCJ¡° Fq≥, ≈®„°∏w F°u ªCJ¡° Fq≥, tCHtu* <J¡ŸÙ f°w J¡∑ N°Ja¡°s° fiFÙ* Fæ $
ı°u JC¡~> b•wΔ∫ S° Ÿu N°≈ J¡F ªCJu¡ Fæ*, tæ* Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ I°wΔ∫ b_wC ı°fi ªCJ¡° Fq≥ Nf J¨¡wJ¨¡Ã∫w°
J¡°u ≈®°›w F…oÕ N°≈J¡∑ b°dÙ <bZ°t J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u $ tæ* ı°fifiu ∫°uÀ∫ w[b J¡°u ı°fi ªCJ¡° Fq≥, ∫F I°wΔ∫
b_wC tCHu <tÔ yoÕ Fæ $ Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ ıywg Îu•∫ J¡°u (f®ÊæJ¡≤Ÿw° J¡°u) ≈®°›w F°u ªCJ¡° Fæ $ ıÙb f®Ê
˚uÌR¡≈Ù πæw N_w J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u y∫° Fæ tu≤° Âÿ∫˚uÌ J¡° ˚°fi <t¸> y∫° Fæ •∫°u*<J¡ tæ*fiu ©¥f
<bª°≤<bt„Õ J¡≤ Ÿ°≤Ù Ÿ°aŸ°¿≤w° J¡∑ N°_S° J¡° Ã∫°y J¡≤ <Ì∫° Fæ $$50-52$$
Ì°u Ÿ°æ wÙfib°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
Ì°u Ÿ°æ ª°≤b°≥ ŸyÕ
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ wS° ZÙ≤°tıÙ J¡° <ªÌ°Ãt° Ju¡ ≈¿≤„°u@fi Ju¡ <ÔÎ
<fi‹J¨¡‹¸> ∫C<•w Ÿu <k¡≤ <ªwg tu* Âÿ∫ J¡° ≈¿≤t°ıÕfi J¡≤fi° $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu tF°f°F°u, Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, <k¡≤ tu≤° ≈≤t Ÿa<s›w (∫C<•w∫°u* Ÿu _≈‹¸>
wS° Âÿ∫ Ju¡ ≈¿≤t°ıÕfi J¡° ≈Ìu„J¡ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ÃJ¨¡‹¸) bªfi ŸC<fi∫u, •∫°u*<J¡ f°≤-f°≤ ©¥f
≈°u*~>fiu Ÿu Ì≈Õd NÃ∫∏w „°u<˚w F°uw° Fæ $$1$$
R¡≈ N°æ≤ fi°t Ju¡ ˚uÌ Ÿu Ì°u ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° Âÿ∫ Fæ $ fitu* Ÿu ≈FÔu Ju¡ t°ıÕfi J¡° (<t¸>°fiu J¡°) ≈°∫
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ª°≤ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ „ÆÌ°u* Ju¡ (ı°<w„ÆÌ, yCd„ÆÌ, <J®¡∫°„ÆÌ N°æ≤ ∫Âh~>°„ÆÌ°u* Ju¡) ı°<w, yCd,
<J®¡∫° N°æ≤ ∫Âh~>°ª°≤ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ NSÕ F°uwu Fæ* $ ıæŸu fiÙÔÙ, ªaªÔ ˚B° fi°t J¡∑ y°æ $ ∫F°≥ ≈≤ y°æ
ı°<wb°ªJ¡ „ÆÌ Fæ, fiÙÔ yCdb°ªJ¡, ªaªÔ <J®¡∫°b°ªJ¡ N°æ≤ ˚B° ∫Âh~>° „ÆÌ Fæ $ bu ÎJ¡ FÙ b_wC
tu* Δ∫°bÃ∫Õ˚uÌ Ju¡ N@Ùfi ˚uÌJ¡v≈fi°R¡≈ „ÆÌ ˚uÌ ≈®b¨<W<fi<tWw° Ÿu J¡¿v≈w ˚®°¿∏wbuÌfi ŸaJu¡wR¡≈
FÙ Fæ* b°_w<bJ¡ fiFÙ* $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ NSÕ J¡° ≈¿≤t°ıÕfi F…N° $ Nf ÌqŸ≤u Ju¡ („ÆÌ Ju¡) t°ıÕfi J¡° ≈°∫
J¡Fwu Fæ* $ NSÕ Ju¡ ≈¿≤t°<ıÕw F°ufiu ≈≤ <fi≤SÕJ¡ „ÆÌ ıÔºb<fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi F°uJ¡≤ fi°tw° J¡° Ã∫°yJ¡≤
NSÕw° J¡°u ≈®°›w F…N°, oŸ<ÔÎ NSÕ Ju¡ ≈¿≤t°ıÕfi Ÿu „ÆÌ J¡° ˚Ù ≈¿≤t°ıÕfi F°u y∫° ∫°u* NSÕ N°æ≤
„ÆÌR¡≈ Ì°u ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° FÙ Âÿ∫ _b›fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi <ªÌ°˚°fit°` <Ÿ] F…N° $ ÎuŸÙ Nb_S° tu* ıywg J¡∑
Ã≈<W J¡F°≥ F…oÕ ? ıf ı°y®wg FÙ <tØ∫° Fæ wf ı°y®wg FÙ Ÿa_J¡°≤ π°≤° _b›fiÂ‹¸> ≈Ì°SÕ ffi ı°w°
ŸyÕ - 204] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2547
Fæ N°æ≤ _t≤d Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ≈Ì°SÕ„¥∏∫ _bR¡≈ F°uJ¡≤ Ÿ°tfiu N°w° Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ bF Ÿa<bÌg ŸabuÌfit°`
F°uJ¡≤ N∏∫ N°J¡°≤ J¡∑ ˚°≥<w <b_w¨w Fæ Ÿtu* Ÿa<bwg Ÿu N<w¿≤•w JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ $ ıæŸu ≈®Ã∫Jg¡ ªæw∏∫R¡≈
tCH tu* _b›fiıywgR¡≈ <fitÕÔ Ÿa<bÌ°J¡°„ ŸR¡≈ F°uw° F…N° ˚Ù fiÙR¡≈ Fæ bæŸu FÙ <`˚Cbfi ˚Ù ŸR¡≈
F°uw° F…N° ˚Ù fiÙR¡≈ Fæ $$2-4$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, <ªwg tu* ∫F ˚¥<t Jæ¡Ÿu Ÿa≈∏fi F…oÕ, ≈bÕw Jæ¡Ÿu Ÿ‡≈∏fi F…Î, Jæ¡Ÿu
ıÔ F…N°, Jæ¡Ÿu ≈ÃS≤ F…Î, Jæ¡Ÿu wuı F…N°, Jæ¡Ÿu <J®¡∫° F…oÕ, Jæ¡Ÿu J¡°Ô F…N°, Jæ¡Ÿu b°∫C F°u y∫° N°æ≤
Jæ¡Ÿu <ªÌ°J¡°„ F°u y∫° ∫°fiÙ <ªwg tu* ınw° N°æ≤ ˚¥<t N°<Ì <b<ª`w° Jæ¡Ÿu F°u yoÕ ? ∫Ω<≈ ∫F Ÿf tæ*
N°≈Ju¡ ≈Ìu„ Ÿu ı°fi ªCJ¡° Fq≥, tu≤u <b„Ì f°u@ Ju¡ <Ô∫u <k¡≤ tCHŸu J¡Ffiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u $$5-7$$
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ≤|Cb≤, ı≤° J¡<F∫u w°u ŸFÙ _b›fi tu* <Ì©°oÕ <Ì∫u tF°fiy≤ tu* Jæ¡Ÿu
b°_w<bJ¡ R¡≈ Ÿu ˚¥<t F°u yoÕ, Jæ¡Ÿu N°J¡°„ F°u y∫°, Jæ¡Ÿu ıÔ F°u y∫°, Jæ¡Ÿu ≈ÃS≤ F°u y∫u, Jæ¡Ÿu wuı
F°u y∫°, Jæ¡Ÿu <Ì„°Î≥ F°u yoÕ, Jæ¡Ÿu J¡°Ô F°u y∫° N°æ≤ Jæ¡Ÿu <J®¡∫° F°u yoÕ ? fi ŸfJu¡ <fi<tW N°<Ì Ÿf
Jæ¡Ÿu F°u y∫u ∫F tCHŸu J¡<F∫u $ <J¡Ÿfiu oŸ _b›fi tu* Âÿ∫ıaı°Ô J¡° <fit°Õd <J¡∫°, <J¡Ÿfiu oŸJ¡°u
ıÔ°∫°, J¡°æfi oŸJ¡°u Ô°∫°, <J¡Ÿfiu oŸJ¡∑ ≤ªfi° J¡∑, <J¡Ÿfiu oŸJ¡°u <b<b@ ≈Ì°S°u˘ Ÿu ˚≤°, J¡°æfi
oŸJ¡° Ã≈°ÌJ¡ Fæ, <J¡Ÿfiu oŸu ≈®J¡¸> <J¡∫°, oŸJ¡° •∫° _bR¡≈ Fæ N°æ≤ •∫° N°J¡°≤-≈®J¡°≤ Fæ ? ∫°fiÙ
_b›fiÂÿ∫ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi FÙ oŸJ¡∑ Ÿa˚°bfi° J¡≤fiÙ ª°<F∫u oŸ N<˚≈®°∫ J¡°u tfi tu* ≤©J¡≤ ≈®<wb°∏ÌÙ Ÿu
_b∫a ≈®ÿfi Ju¡ Æ∫°ı Ÿu ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ Ju¡ ≈®ÿfi J¡° W≤ <Ì∫° $$8-11$$
Â‹¸>°∏w Ju¡ (_b›fiÂÿ∫ Ju¡) Ÿt°fi FÙ Ì°‹¸>>°Õ¿∏wJ¡ tuu* (ı°y®wg Âÿ∫ tu*) ˚Ù ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì J¡∑
Ÿ‡≈¿W J¡∑ Ÿa˚°bfi° J¡≤ ≤Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ _b∫a ˚Ù ıywg J¡∑ NŸÃ∫w° J¡° bdÕfi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
_b›fiR¡≈ oŸ ıywg J¡° _bR¡≈ <fi≤°J¡°≤ <fi≤°@°≤ N°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ $ ˚¥<t, ≈bÕw N°<Ì ŸÃ∫ fiFÙ*
Fæ* $$12$$ oŸJ¡° <fi≤°@°≤ <fi≤°J¡°≤ N°Ãt° FÙ Δ∫°utR¡≈ Fæ, N°J¨¡<w Ju¡ N˚°b tu* oŸ Δ∫°ut J¡° N°@°≤
Ÿu •∫° ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ ? $$13$$
≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì N°J¡°≤Ÿ‡≈<W J¡°u t°fiJ¡≤ ∫F J¡F° y∫° Fæ, b°_wb tu* ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì Ÿ‡≈<W ˚Ù
∫F ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì JC¡~> ˚Ù Ÿ‡≈∏fi fiFÙ* F…Î ∫F Ÿa<bwg Ju¡ N<w¿≤•w, Ÿwg fiFÙ* Fæ* $ ∫F
ıyÌ°J¡°≤ <ªwg J¡° _kC¡≤d _b›fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi tfi FÙ Ÿ ≈®J¡°≤ (ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈Ÿu) ¿_Sw Fæ, ŸŸu
N<w¿≤•w fiFÙ* Fæ $$14$$
N°æ≤ tfi ˚Ù Ju¡bÔ <ªwg J¡° _kC¡≤d Fæ, Nw# bFÙ Ÿf JC¡~> Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ŸJ¡Ô w[bbuW° J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* Ÿ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° f°u@ F°ufiu Ÿu ∫F°≥ ≈≤ <Ì„°, J¡°Ô N°<Ì <ªwg J¡° ˚°fi
Fæ, ≈bÕw N°<Ì <ªÌg˚°fi Fæ, ıÔ N°<Ì <ªwg Fæ Îba b°∫C N°<Ì <ªÌ°J¡°„ Fæ $ Ÿa<bwg FÙ N°J¡°„w° J¡°u
≈®°›w F°uJ¡≤ N°J¡°„R¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ, J¡°<™>∏∫ Ÿu bF ≈ÃS≤ Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ N°æ≤ Bbb„ bF ıÔ Ju¡
Ÿt°fi ¿_Sw Fæ $ b°_wb tu* ˚¥<t N°<Ì JC¡~> ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ bF Ÿf ÎJ¡ Nfi∏w <ªÌ°J¡°„ ≈¨<SbÙ
N°<Ì Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ $ ≈®Ÿ∏fi (<fiÿªÔ) Ÿ°y≤ J¡° ıÔ BbR¡≈ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d FÙ ıæŸu w≤ay ku¡fi,
N°bwÕ N°<Ì (N<˚∏fi) F°uw° F…N° FÙ N≈fiu tu* fi°fi° F°uw° Fæ $ <ª¿w N≈fiu tu* J¡°<™>∏∫ Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈ Ÿu
≈¨<SbÙ J¡∑ w≤F <y¿≤w° J¡°u ≈®°›w FCoÕ Fæ, <ª¿w N≈fiu tu* „¥∏∫w° Ju¡ buÌfi Ÿu N°J¡°„ J¡∑ w≤F N≈fiu J¡°u
„¥∏∫ ı°fiwÙ Fæ $ N≈fiu tu* BbÃb Ju¡ buÌfi Ÿu ıÔ t°fiwÙ Fæ, N≈fiu tu* _≈∏Ìw° Ju¡ buÌfi Ÿu b°∫C ı°fiwÙ
Fæ, N<@‹™>°fi <ªBq≈ N≈fiu _bR¡≈ J¡° Ã∫°y fi J¡≤ ≤FÙ <ª¿w ‹dw° Ju¡ buÌfi Ÿu N¿Àfi J¡°u ı°fiwÙ Fæ $
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ _b˚°bb°Ô° FÙ ∫F N°J¡°„R¡≈ <ªwg@°wC <ffi° J¡°≤d, <ffi° yCd N°æ≤ <ffi° J®¡t Ju¡ ı°u
JC¡~> oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ _kC¡¿≤w F°uw° Fæ ŸJu¡ N<w¿≤•w ıywg J¡° w[b bæŸu FÙ ∫F°≥ JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ ıæŸu <J¡
N°J¡°„ N°æ≤ Ÿ°y≤ tu* „¥∏∫w° N°æ≤ ıÔ Ju¡ <Ÿb° N∏∫ w[b JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ $ "oÌtg' (∫F) "Ãbtg' (wCt)
N°æ≤ "NFtg' (tæ*) oÃ∫°<Ì ıywg <ªÌ°J¡°„ Ju¡ N<w¿≤•w fiFÙ* Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ ŸJu¡ <ffi° JC¡~> ˚Ù Ÿa˚b
fiFÙ* Fæ $ oŸ<ÔÎ N°≈ ≈¥dÕ „°∏w F°uJ¡≤ ¿_Sw F°uo∫u $ N°≈ ıæŸu oŸ |≤ tu* _b›fi, tfi°u≤S N°<Ì Ÿu
N¿Àfi≈bÕw N°<Ì J¡∑ fC<] J¡≤wu F…Î N¿Àfi ≈bÕw fi F°uwu F…Î ˚Ù ŸJ¡°u N¿Àfi≈bÕw Ìu©wu Fæ* bæŸu FÙ
<fi≤°J¡°≤ <ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡°u ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* Ìu©wu Fæ* $ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ ÌuFwCv∫ ≈®wÙw F°uw°
Fæ wf <ffi° J¡°≤d Ju¡ NŸwg Ÿu (NI°fi Ÿu) ÌuF°J¡°≤ <ª¿w <Ìw F°uwÙ Fæ, b°_wb tu* ÌuF <Ìw fiFÙ*
F°uw° Fæ, ∫F I°fiÙıfi°u* J¡°u <bª°≤ J¡≤fi° ª°<FÎ $ tfi, fC<], NFaJ¡°≤, ≈aª tF°˚¥w, ≈bÕw N°æ≤ <Ì„°Î≥
∫u Ÿf <„Ô°y˚Õ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ∫S°¿_Sw N<fib°∫Õ Fæ* $ oŸ w≤F fi JC¡~> Ã≈∏fi F…N° Fæ fi JC¡~> fi‹¸> F…N°
Fæ ∫S°¿_Sw ∫F ıywgR¡≈ f®Ê°Ãt° tu* ¿_Sw fi°tJ¡ ı°u _bR¡≈ J¡° ≈®J¡TÕ Ÿu fäFd Fæ bFÙ ∫F ıywg
J¡F° y∫° Fæ $ ∫S°SÕ Ÿ‡∫Jg¡ Ì„Õfi Ÿu ≈®fC] fC<]b°Ôu J¡∑ Â<‹¸> Ÿu ∫F ıywg˚°b Ÿu ˚°fi ˚Ù N˚°fi FÙ
Fæ ∫°fiÙ b°_wb tu* „¥∏∫ <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ N≈®fC]fC<]b°Ôu ∫°fiÙ t¥©Õ J¡∑ Â<‹¸> Ÿu ıæŸ° wæŸ° F°u ŸJu¡
<bª°≤ Ÿu •∫° ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$15-29$$
Ì°u Ÿ°æ ª°≤b°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
Ì°u Ÿ°æ ≈°≥ªb°≥ ŸyÕ

Ju¡bÔ <bT∫t°` _bR¡≈b°ÔÙ ∫F ıywg ¿_S<w _b›fiwCv∫ Fæ $
fi ∫F J¡˚Ù Ã≈∏fi F…oÕ, fi ¿_Sw Fæ N°æ≤ fi fi‹¸> F…oÕ ∫F Ju¡bÔ <ª∏t°` FÙ Fæ $
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ıywg J¡∑ _b›fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ≈¥b°uÕ•w <bbwÕt°`w° J¡° _bÙJ¡°≤ J¡≤ J¥¡¸>_S N<πwÙ∫
<ª∏t°` <bbwÕ J¡° ˚Ù Ÿa˚b fiFÙ* Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ ŸJ¡° J¡°≤d fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ ≈®ÿfi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, ıæŸu ≈≤t°J¡°„ _b›fi tu* Âÿ∫R¡≈ F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ ∫F ı°y®wg tu*
Âÿ∫R¡≈ F°uw° Fæ oŸ <bT∫ tu* ∫<Ì Ÿ∏ÌuF fiFÙ* Fæ w°u ∫F ŸbÕZu‹™>> tF°≈®ÿfi tCHŸu J¡Ffiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈°
J¡∑<ı∫u $ NÌuF <ª¿w ı°y®wgR¡≈ _b›fi tu* ŸÌuFbwg Jæ¡Ÿu F°uwÙ Fæ ? $$1,2$$
FuwC fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d N°≈fiu <bbÕw J¡∑ NfiCÃ≈<W, NfiCÃ≈∏fi J¡∑ ¿_S<w fiFÙ* F°uyÙ Nw# „¥∏∫w° FÙ
F°uyÙ ∫F <Ÿ] J¡≤fi° ª°<FÎ $ ıywg J¡∑ „¥∏∫w° o‹¸> FÙ Fæ, Nw# N°≈Ju¡ ≈®ÿfi tu* FuwC˚¥w Ÿ∏ÌuF
<fi”≈<WJ¡ Fæ, ∫°u* ˚yb°fig b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ Ju¡ ≈®ÿfi J¡° W≤ Ìuwu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # ZÙ≤°tıÙ, ∫F Âÿ∫ ı°y®wg N°æ≤ _b›fi tu* FuwC„¥∏∫ N°J¡°„ Ÿu Ã≈∏fi F…N°
Fæ, Nw# „¥∏∫°@°≤ „¥∏∫R¡≈ FÙ F°uy° ÎuŸ° FÙ <Ÿ] J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u $ N°æ≤ © („¥∏∫) ≈≤t f®Ê FÙ Fæ
N∏∫ fiFÙ*, oŸ<ÔÎ Ã≈<W N°<Ì Ÿu „¥∏∫ Nπæw f®Ê Ju¡ N<b≤°u@Ù <bbwÕ tu* NfiC≈≈<W J¡° Ÿ∏ÌuF
ŸyÕ - 205] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2549
≈≈∏fi fiFÙ* F°uw°, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$3$$
<bbÕw tu* NfiCÃ≈<W J¡° FÙ ≈≈°Ìfi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
Ÿt_w J¡°≤d°J¡°≤°u* tu* N_wt∫R¡≈b°Ôu Ÿy°Õ<Ì tu* FÙ J¡°uoÕ ˚¥w Ã≈∏fi FÙ fiFÙ* F°uwu ∫°fiÙ Ÿ
Ÿt∫ ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì <J¡ŸÙ ˚¥wJ¡° Ÿa˚b fiFÙ* Fæ $$4$$
NÌuF <ª<w ı°y®wg N°æ≤ _b›fi tu* ŸÌuFbwg Jæ¡Ÿu F°uwÙ Fæ, ∫F ≈®ÿfi ˚Ù NfiCÃ≈∏fi Fæ •∫°u*<J¡ ≈¨<SbÙ
N°<Ì Ju¡ N˚°b tu* ı≤°∫Cı, N^±>ı, _buÌı N°æ≤ Ìg<˚≠ı ofi ª°≤ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ ˚¥w°u* Ju¡ „≤Ù≤ ˚Ù NŸwg
FÙ Fæ* ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
oŸ<ÔÎ ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì Ju¡ N¿_wÃb tu* FÙ F°ufiub°Ô° ∫F „≤Ù≤ JC¡~> ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ $ ∫u ˚¥w FÙ <fiÿª∫
J¡≤Ju¡ ÌuF Fæ* N°æ≤ fiJ¡° ŸbÕS° N˚°b Fæ $$5$$
Nw# <bbwÕ≈s <fiÌ°uÕT Fæ ∫F J¡Fwu Fæ* $
oŸ<ÔÎ <ªÌ°J¡°„ _b›fibwg ≈®wÙw F°ufiub°Ôu _bR¡≈t°`_kC¡≤dR¡≈ ıyÌ°<Ì N°J¡°≤b°fig ıæŸu
t°∫°yCd Ÿu <bsCÆ@ oŸ Âÿ∫ J¡°u Ìu©w° Fæ $$6$$ ∫F ı°u <ªÌ°Ãt° J¡° ˚°fit°` Fæ bFÙ _b›fi˚°fi
Fæ N°æ≤ bFÙ ıyÌ°J¨¡<w <ªÌ°J¡°„R¡≈ FÙ _b›fi <bbwÕ, ıyÌ°<Ì „ÆÌ Ÿu J¡F° ı°w° Fæ $$7$$
<ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡° ı°u ∫F buÌfi Fæ ∫F N°J¡°„ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi <fitÕÔ Fæ oŸ buÌfi Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ ˚°Ÿt°fi <ªwg
J¡° R¡≈ Ÿ¥‚t F°ufiu ≈≤ _b›fi N°æ≤ _S¥Ô F°ufiu ≈≤ ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ ∫°fiÙ buÌfi FÙ _b›fi
N°æ≤ ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $$8$$
oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ R¡≈≈®≈aª Ju¡ buÌfit°` F°ufiu ≈≤ fi°t≈®≈aª ˚Ù buÌfi J¡° FÙ ÎJ¡ fi°t ˚uÌ ≈®<Ÿ] F°uw° Fæ,
oŸJu¡ ≈≤°∏w ª°≤°u* N°u≤ Δ∫°›w F…Î N≈fiu _b˚°bJ¡ªfi (_kC¡≤d) tu* Ÿ <ªBq≈ <ªÌ°Ãt° fiu ∫u
≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì ≈¨SJg¡ ≈¨SJg¡ ŸaI°Î≥ J¡∑ Fæ* $$9$$
NwÎb _b›fi N°<Ì J¡∑ <fib¨<W F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù bF w[b (˚°fi) J¡˚Ù „°∏w fiFÙ* F°uw°, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
•w <ªÌg˚°fi FÙ _b›fi N°æ≤ ıywg „ÆÌ°u* Ÿu <fi<ÌÕ‹¸> F°uw° Fæ $ <ªwg J¡° ˚°fi _b˚°b (w[b) Fæ $
bF <ªÌ°J¡°„R¡≈Ù ˚°fi J¡˚Ù „°∏w fiFÙ* F°uw° $$10$$
ŸJu¡ (<ªÌg˚°fi Ju¡) ŸÌg˚°b Ÿu FÙ Ÿtu* fF…w-Ÿu <bbwÕ F…Î Fæ*, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
fF…w-ŸÙ <˚∏fi-<˚∏fi Ÿ¨<‹¸> Â<‹¸>∫°≥ f®ÊR¡≈ FÙ Fæ* $ ıæŸu N°J¡°„ tu* „¥∏∫w° ¿_Sw Fæ bæŸu FÙ bu
f®Ê°J¡°„ tu* FÙ ¿_Sw Fæ* N°æ≤ ≈®bu„ J¡≤wÙ Fæ* $$11$$
J¡°æwCJ¡b„ oŸ f®Ê°^±> Ju¡ _bR¡≈ J¡°u ŸCfifiu J¡∑ oh~>° Ÿu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ ≈®ÿfi J¡∑ ˚¥<tJ¡° <fit°Õd
J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, N°≈fiu ÔÙÔ°u≈°¶∫°fi, ˚C„C^±>°¶∫°fi N°<Ì tu* J¡≤°un°u* ≈®J¡°≤ J¡∑
Ÿ¨<‹¸>∫°u* J¡° bdÕfi <J¡∫° Fæ $ fitu* Ÿu JC¡~> f®Ê°^±>J¡°u„ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ*, JC¡~> ŸŸu ≤<Fw ∫°fiÙ tfi N°<Ì
tu* ¿_Sw Fæ*, JC¡~> ˚¥J¡°u„ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ*, JC¡~> N°J¡°„J¡°u„ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ*, JC¡~> wuıJ¡°u„ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ* N°æ≤
JC¡~> b°∫CJ¡°u„ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ* $ JC¡~> N°J¡°„wÔ tu* ¿_Sw y°uÔ°J¡°≤ ˚¥<t≈Ù™> Fæ*, fitu* ≤Ffiub°Ôu ºbÕ
wS° N@°u˚°y tu* ¿_Sw ¿ª*<¸>∫°u* Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ˚¥y°uÔ Ÿu <ª≈Ju¡ F…Î Ìub, NŸC≤ N°<Ì Ft FÙ «¡≈≤ Fæ* Ft FÙ
«¡≈≤ Fæ* ∫°u* <b<b@ <fiÿª∫b°Ôu Fæ*, •∫°u*<J¡ ŸfJ¡∑ Â<‹¸> Ÿu ˚¥<t Ju¡ N@°u˚°y Ju¡ ıfi, ˚¥<t Ju¡ t¥Ô°J¡°„
Ÿu <ıfiJu¡ ≈æ≤ «¡≈≤ J¡∑ N°u≤ N°æ≤ <Ÿ≤ fiÙªu J¡∑ N°u≤ ≤Fw° Fæ, ÎuŸu ≈®wÙw F°uwu Fæ* $ oŸ w≤F fi Ô°uJ¡°u*
tu* «¡ºbÕt¥Ô N@#„°©° N°æ≤ <„©≤b°Ôu F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d bfi N°æ≤ ≈bÕw Ô¸>Ju¡ F…Î Ÿu t°Ô¥t F°uwu Fæ* $
JC¡~> b°wt∫ (b°∫C „≤Ù≤b°Ôu) ≈®°<d∫°u* Ÿu ≈¿≤≈¥dÕ Fæ*, JC¡~> <fi≤∏w≤ N∏@J¡°≤ Ÿu Δ∫°›w Fæ*, JC¡~>
N°J¡°„t∫ „≤Ù≤ @°≤d J¡≤fiub°Ôu ıÙb°u* Ÿu ˚≤u Fæ* N°æ≤ JC¡~> Ÿ¨<‹¸>∫°≥ y¥Ô≤ Ju¡ k¡Ô Ju¡ Ÿt°fi J¡°u<¸>
J¡°u<¸> J¡∑n°u* Ÿu Δ∫°›w Fæ* $ JC¡~> N°J¡°„J¡°u„ tu* <_Sw Fæ*, JC¡~> Ÿ¨<‹¸>∫°≥ <„Ô°N°u* Ju¡ y˚Õ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ*,
JC¡~> ˚°^±>-fwÕfi ∫C•w, t^±>≈ N°<Ì Ju¡ J¡°u„ tu* <_Sw Fæ* N°æ≤ JC¡~> N°J¡°„ tu* ≈<s∫°u* Ju¡ Ÿt°fi
<_Sw Fæ* $ Fu ˚ybfig, Fu w[bbuW°N°u* tu* Zu‹™>, fitu* Ÿu Ft°≤° N°Z∫˚¥w ∫F f®Ê°^±> <ıŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡°
N°æ≤ ıæŸ° ¿_Sw Fæ, bF tCHŸu J¡Ffiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u $$12-17$$
∫F N°≈J¡° ≈®ÿfi w[bI°fi<bT∫J¡ NSb° w[bI°fi°u≈∫°uyÙ fiFÙ* Fæ, fi oŸJ¡° J¡°uoÕ ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ,
fi ≈®J¨¡w buÌ°∏w-ªª°Õ Ju¡ ≈∫C•w Fæ, fi N≈¥bÕ Fæ N°æ≤ fi <fi∫w (ŸÌ° ŸfJu¡ tw Ÿu ÎJ¡R¡≈) Fæ,
•∫°u*<J¡ tC<fi∫°u* π°≤° <b<˚∏fi ≠∫°u<wT <Ÿ]°∏w°u* tu* ˚¥<t, bfi N°<Ì J¡∑ ¿_S<w N∏∫S° (N∏∫°∏∫
≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu) b<dÕw Fæ $ ∫F Ÿf tæ* ≈FÔu <Ì©Ô° ªCJ¡° Fq≥, NwÎb t°∫°t∫ _b›fiwCv∫ oŸJu¡ <bT∫
tu* <J¡ŸÙ ÎJ¡ J¡° ≈s≈°w J¡≤ <Ÿ]°∏w J¡Sfi°ua J¡° J¡°uoÕ ≈®∫°uıfi fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° ŸtH ≤Fu ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ
∫F <bT∫ N∏∫ „°_`°u* J¡° Fæ, fiŸu N°≈J¡°u I°w F°u FÙ ªCJ¡° Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ ∫F <bT∫ ≈®ÿfi∫°uÀ∫ fiFÙ*
Fæ, ∫°u* Ÿt°@°fi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, ı°u b_wC N≈¥bÕ F°u (N∏∫ ≈®t°d°u* J¡° y°uª≤ fi F°u), ı°u o‹¸> fi
F°u, NfiC˚¥w fi F°u NSb° ZCw fi F°u ∫°fiÙ ≈®Ã∫s, NfiCt°fi N°æ≤ „ÆÌ J¡° <bT∫ fi F°u ŸÙJ¡° yC”
ŸC∏Ì≤ ŸC∏Ì≤ Â‹¸>°∏w°u* Ÿu ≈®<w≈°Ìfi J¡≤w° Fæ wS° <„‹∫ Zbd π°≤° ŸÙJ¡° y®Fd N°æ≤ tfifi π°≤°
ŸÙJ¡° «¡Ffi J¡≤w° Fæ N∏∫ J¡° fiFÙ*, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $ Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, oŸ f®Ê°^±> J¡° w°u ≠∫°u<wT
N°<Ì N°yt°u* fiu (buÌ-„°˜°u* fiu) wS° „°˜ Ju¡ ≈®bwÕJ¡ tC<fi∫°u* wS° Ìubw°N°u* fiu „w„# (NfiuJ¡
≈®J¡°≤°u* Ÿu) bdÕfi <J¡∫° Fæ ∫F N≈¥bÕ fiFÙ* Fæ N°æ≤ N°≈J¡°u I°w FÙ Fæ $$18,19$$ ıæŸ° ∫F N°≈fiu
ı°fi° Fæ, ıæŸ° N°yt°u* π°≤° b<dÕw Fæ bF Ÿf ≠∫°u*-J¡°-Ã∫°u* ¿_Sw Fæ oŸJu¡ <bT∫ tuu* N°æ≤ •∫°
bdÕfi J¡≤u* ? ∫°fiÙ N°≈J¡°u ı°u ≈®J¡°≤ I°w Fæ ŸÙJ¡° N°≈Ju¡ ≈®<w J¡Sfi N≈¥bÕ fiFÙ* Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ
ŸJ¡° bdÕfi <ªw fiFÙ* Fæ $$20$$
w°u f®Ê Jæ¡Ÿu f®Ê°^±>°J¡°≤ ffi°, <J¡wfiu J¡°Ô wJ¡ f®Ê°^±>°J¡°≤ ≤Fuy° ? ∫F tCHŸu J¡Ffiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈°
J¡∑<ıÎ, ∫°u* ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ ≈Cfi# ≈®ÿfi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu f®Êfig, <ª∏tF°J¡°„ ∫F (f®Ê°^±>) Jæ¡Ÿu ffi°, ∫F <J¡wfi° <b„°Ô Fæ
NSb° <J¡wfiu J¡°Ô wJ¡ ¿_Sw ≤Fuy° ∫F tCHŸu J¡Ffiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u $$21$$
f®Ê J¡˚Ù Ÿ°J¡°≤ fiFÙ* F…N°, fi ŸJ¡° J¡°<ÔJ¡ ≈¿≤h~>uÌ FÙ Fæ <J¡∏wC NI°fiÙ ıÙb ıf wJ¡
NI°fi ≤Fw° Fæ wf wJ¡ ŸC›w ≈C”T J¡∑ w≤F N≈fiu N°Ãt° J¡°u ıywg Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ tu* Ìu©w° Fæ, oŸ N°„∫
Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
∫F N<bfi°„Ù f®Ê N°<Ì-N∏w „¥∏∫ <fiÃ∫ Fæ $ ≈≤t°J¡°„ tu* fi N°<ÌÃb, fi tº∫Ãb N°æ≤ N∏wÃb
ŸyÕ - 205] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2551
Fæ wS° fi <b<b@ N°J¡°≤ Fæ* $ ∫F f®Ê°J¡°„ N°<Ì-N∏w ≤<Fw, Ns≤ ŸbÕΔ∫°≈Ù Fæ, NwÎb f®Ê°J¡°„t∫
N°<Ì-N∏w <bFÙfi ∫F <bÿb ª°≤°u* N°u≤ kæ¡Ô° Fæ $ oŸ ≈≤t <ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡° _bw# _b°Ãt° tu* ı°u ˚°fi Fæ,
ŸJ¡°u ŸÙ fiu _b∫a <bÿb J¡F° Fæ, bF <tØ∫° Fæ $ ıæŸu ≈C”T J¡° _b›fifiy≤Ì„Õfi Fæ bæŸu FÙ fiy≤bwg
ŸJ¡° ∫F ˚°fi Fæ bFÙ <bÿb J¡FÔ°w° Fæ $$22-25$$
<ªÌuJ¡_b˚°fi f®Ê tu* <ªÃ_b˚°b Ÿu <b”] ≈bÕw J¡°<™>∏∫ N°<Ì _b˚°b Jæ¡Ÿu ŸÃ∫ F°u ŸJ¡wu Fæ*,
∫F°≥ fi J¡<™>fi ≈bÕw Fæ*, fi BbR¡≈ ıÔ Fæ, fi „¥∏∫ ∫F N°J¡°„ Fæ N°æ≤ fi ŸfJ¡°u J¡b<Ôw
J¡≤fiub°Ô° J¡°Ô FÙ Fæ $$26$$
<ª¿w FÙ ˚®°∏w ªuwfi J¡°u wS° Ÿ Ÿ R¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw-ŸÙ ≈®wÙw F°uwÙ Fæ b_wCw# bF Ÿ R¡≈ tu*
<ª¿w fiu <ıŸ ≈Ì°SÕ J¡° <ıŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ıF°≥ ≈≤ <ª∏wfi <J¡∫° bF Ÿ ≈®J¡°≤ bF°≥ <ªW[b tu*
≈bÕw, fiÌÙ N°<Ì Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* ≈¥dÕw∫° ¿_Sw Fæ* $$27$$ ıæŸu _b›fi tu* N<„Ô° FÙ <„Ô° F°uwÙ Fæ,
Nfi°J¡°„ FÙ N°J¡°„ F°uw° Fæ ∫°fiÙ <„Ô° wS° N°J¡°„ Ÿu N<w¿≤•w ªæw∏∫ FÙ <„Ô° N°æ≤ N°J¡°„
F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ ∫F°≥ Ÿy°Õ<ÌR¡≈Ù _b›fi tu* ªuwfi tu* Âÿ∫ J¡∑ (ıywg J¡∑) ¿_S<w Fæ $ <fi≤°J¡°≤ „°∏w
<ª¿w <ıŸ _b_kC¡≤d J¡°u FÙ _b›fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ı°fiwÙ Fæ bF ıywg J¡F° ı°w° Fæ, Nw# <ªBq≈ ıywg
<fi≤°J¡°≤ FÙ Fæ ∫F f°w tæ* N°≈Ÿu „w„# J¡F ªCJ¡° Fq≥ $ ıæŸu b°∫C Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ ¿_Sw _≈∏Ì ÎJ¡t°`
Ju¡bÔ b°∫C FÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ ∫F f®Ê tu* f®Ê Fæ $ ∫F fi w°u <Ìw F°uw° Fæ N°æ≤ fi „°∏w F°uw° Fæ $ ıæŸu
ıÔ tu* BbÃb ≤Fw° Fæ, ıæŸu N°J¡°„ tu* „¥∏∫Ãb N°æ≤ ıæŸu ≈Ì°SÕ tu* ≈Ì°SÕÃb ≤Fw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ f®Ê
tu* ∫F ıywg Fæ $ fi w°u ∫F ≈®Ô∫ tu* ¿w≤°u<Fw F°uw° Fæ NSb° fi Ÿy°Õ<Ì tu* ıywg Ju¡ NJ¡°≤d f®Ê
Ÿu <fi‹J¡°≤dJ¡ Ã≈∏fi F…N° Fæ $ f®Ê≈Ì tu* ∫F ıywg fi w°u N<˚∏fi Fæ NSb° fi <˚∏fi FÙ Fæ $ Nfi°<Ì
<fi≤°˚°Ÿ <fi≤°J¡°≤ <ªÌ°J¡°„ N∏∫ (<bŸÂ„, ın) ŸyÕÂ<‹¸>∫°u* J¡° J¡°≤d J¡Ì°<≈ fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w°
Fæ $ oŸ<ÔÎ ıæŸu Nb∫bÙ Ju¡ (NayÙJu¡) Nb∫b (Nay) Ju¡bÔ_b°Ãtt°` Fæ* ∫°fiÙ ŸŸu ≈¨SJg¡ fiFÙ*
Fæ* bæŸu FÙ <fi≤b∫b (N©^±>) f®Ê°J¡°„ tu* ıywgR¡≈Ù N°J¡°„ ¿_Sw Fæ f®Ê°J¡°„ Ÿu ıyÌ°J¡°„
≈¨SJg¡ fiFÙ* Fæ $$28-34$$ Ÿf JC¡~> Âÿ∫ „°∏w, <fi≤°@°≤, <fi≤°t∫ (<fiÌ°uÕT) I°fit°` Fæ $ ∫F°≥ fi
ıywg J¡∑ ŸW° Fæ NSb° fi NŸW° Fæ wS° ∫F°≥ <J*¡<ªwg ˚Ù ˚uÌ fiFÙ* Fæ $ Ì¨ÿ∫ Ju¡ oŸ N≈Ô°≈ tu*
"fiuF fi°fi°¿_w <J*¡ªfi' ∫F ZC<w ≈®t°d Fæ $$35$$
„°∏w <fi≤°@°≤ I¿›wt°` Âÿ∫ J¡° N°˚°Ÿ F°ufiu tu* Â‹¸>°∏w Ìuwu Fæ* $
tfi°u≈a© Ÿu J¡¿v≈w fiy≤ Ju¡ wS° _b›fi tu* Â‹¸> fiy≤ Ju¡ b¨w°∏w Ju¡ Ÿt°fi Ÿ°≤° Âÿ∫ kæ¡Ô° Fæ $
b°_wb tu* <bTtw°„¥∏∫, „°∏w, Nı∏t° N<bfi°„Ù f®Ê°J¡°„ FÙ Âÿ∫ Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $ ≈≤t
<ªÌ°J¡°„ _bh~>, ªtJ¡Ì°≤, Ÿ°≤˚¥w _bR¡≈ FÙ <ªÃ_b˚°b F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ˚®tb„ <ıŸ <ıŸ N°J¡°≤
tu* ≈¥dÕR¡≈ tu* <bJ¡<Ÿw F°uw° Fæ -_kC¡¿≤w F°uw° Fæ-ŸÙ _bJ¡¿v≈w N°ÃtR¡≈ J¡°u ≈®Ô∫≈∫Õ∏w ŸÙ fiu
(<ªÌ°J¡°„ fiu FÙ) ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu ı°fi° Fæ N∏∫ J¡°u fiFÙ* $$36,37$$
Ì°u Ÿ°æ ≈°≥ªb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
Ì°u Ÿ°æ ~>™>b°≥ ŸyÕ

f®Ê FÙ Ÿwg Fæ ıywg J¡∑ ŸW° fiFÙ* Fæ oŸJu¡ <fidÕ∫ tu* J¡°≤d˚¥w JC¡„πÙ≈uÿb≤ π°≤° J¡<Sw ≈®ÿfi°u* J¡° <fiR¡≈d $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚B, ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, <ffi° J¡°≤d Ju¡ <ıŸ ıyÌg˚°fi J¡° _kC¡≤d F°uw° Fæ
bF JC¡~> ˚Ù Fæ FÙ fiFÙ* $ b°_wb tu* ≈≤t°SÕ˚¥w f®Ê FÙ ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $$1$$ Fu tF°fC]u, J¡˚Ù
<J¡ŸÙ fiu tCHŸu ≈®ÿfi <J¡∫u Su $ oŸ <bT∫ tu* Ÿ‡∫Jg¡ I°fi J¡∑ ©¥f ≈C<‹¸> Ju¡ <Ô∫u N°yu J¡Fu ı° ≤Fu oŸ
tF°≈®ÿfi J¡°u N°æ≤ ŸC<fi∫u $$2$$ Ì°ufi°u* N°u≤ Ÿu ŸC≤°uÌJ¡ wS° |¨w°uÌJ¡b°Ôu tF°Ÿ°y≤°u* Ÿu Ja¡J¡d Ju¡ wCv∫
<|≤° F…N°, <`Ô°uJ¡∑ tu* <b¶∫°w JC¡„πÙ≈ fi°tJ¡° πÙ≈ ˚¥Ô°uJ¡ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $ bF°≥ ≈≤ ≈¥bÕ N°æ≤ W≤ <Ì„°
Ju¡ tº∫ tu* oÔ°bwÙ fi°tJ¡∑ ŸCbdÕt∫ fiy≤Ù Fæ, <ıŸtu* J¡°¿∏wR¡≈Ù ≠b°Ô°b¿Ô Ju¡ ©‡˚°u* Ÿu ˚¥wÔ N°æ≤
N°J¡°„ yC≥Su F…Î Fæ* $ Ÿ fiy≤Ù tu* ≈¥bÕ ˚°y tu* ≈®I¿›w fi°tŸu <b¶∫°w ≤°ı° F…N° $ Ÿf ıywg Ju¡ ≈®°dÙ
Ÿ ≈≤ NfiC≤•w Su, _byÕ tuu* ÌqŸ≤u o∏B Ju¡ Ÿt°fi bF ŸbÕ<≈®∫ wS° Ÿt¨] S° $ <J¡ŸÙ Ÿt∫ J¡∑ f°w Fæ
<J¡ tæ* ≈®Ô∫J¡°Ô tu* N°J¡°„ Ÿu <y≤u Ÿ¥∫Õ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi <J¡ŸÙ ≈®∫°uıfi Ÿu Ÿ ≤°ı° Ju¡ ŸtÙ≈ tu* ≈F…≥ª° $
≈C‹≈, NP∫Õ N°æ≤ N°ªtfi°u* π°≤° tu≤Ù ≈¥ı° J¡≤ bF fæ™>° $ <J¡ŸÙ J¡S° Ju¡ <ŸÔ<ŸÔu tuu* Ÿfiu fnu <bfi∫
Ÿu tCHŸu ∫F ≈¥~>° # ˚ybfig, Ÿ°≤u Âÿ∫ J¡° ŸaF°≤ F°ufiu wS° ŸfJu¡ J¡°≤d˚¥w fÙı N°<Ì wS° ≈¨<SbÙ
N°<Ì J¡° s∫ F°ufiu ≈≤ „¥∏∫R¡≈ Ÿu <b_wÙdÕ fi°t Ju¡ ˚Ù ≈®b¨<W<fi<tW˚¥w ı°<w, yCd, <J®¡∫° N°æ≤
Ÿa_S°fi Ju¡ N˚°b Ÿu Nb°h∫ ≈≤t°J¡°„ tu* Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°≤‡˚ J¡° J¡°æfi t¥Ô J¡°≤d (≈°Ì°fi J¡°≤d)
<k¡≤ F…N° NSb° J¡°æfi ŸFJ¡°≤Ù (<fi<tW) J¡°≤d F…Î ? bu J¡F°≥ Ÿu (<J¡Ÿ ≈°Ì°fi Ÿu) F…Î N°æ≤ Jæ¡Ÿu
(<J¡Ÿ ≈°∫ Ÿu) F…Î ? Ã≈∏fi F…N° ıywg b°_wb tu* •∫° Fæ ? ŸJu¡ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ÿu ÔuJ¡≤ ≈®Ô∫-≈∫Õ∏w
<bJ¡°≤ •∫° Fæ* ? Ÿtu* ˚Ù JC¡~> ˚¥<t∫°≥ <fiÃ∫ N∏@J¡°≤ Ÿu N°h~>∏fi ≤FwÙ Fæ*, JC¡~> f®ÊÔ°uJ¡ N°<Ì
N°J¡°„ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ* wS° JC¡~> fi≤J¡°<Ì ˚¥<t∫°≥ J¨¡<t-J¡∑¸>°u* Ÿu ˚≤Ù Fæ*, JC¡~> N∏w¿≤s N°<Ì Ô°uJ¡
N°J¡°„J¡°u„ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ*, JC¡~> ÌæÃ∫, Ì°fib N°<Ì J¡∑ fiy≤ÙR¡≈ ˚¥<t∫°≥ <„Ô° Ju¡ y˚Õ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ*
oÃ∫°<Ì <b<ª`w° •∫° Fæ ? ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì ≈aª˚¥w wS° fitu* ≤Ffiub°Ôu ı≤°∫Cı, N^±>ı N°<Ì
ªwC<bÕ@˚¥wŸa| N°<Ì w[bw# •∫° Fæ* ? fiJu¡ fC<] N°<Ì N°º∫°¿ÃtJ¡ ≈Ì°SÕ •∫° wS° Jæ¡Ÿu F°uwu Fæ* ?
ofi ŸfJ¡∑ ≤ªfi° J¡≤fiub°Ô° NSb° B‹¸>° J¡°æfi Fæ wS° ofiJ¡∑ ≈≤_≈≤ N°@°≤ N°@u∫w° •∫° Fæ ? ∫<Ì
J¡tÕJ¡°^±> N°æ≤ f®ÊJ¡°^±>R¡≈ buÌ wS° „°_`°u* Ju¡ N<b≤°u@ Ju¡ <ÔÎ ıyw°u* J¡° J¡˚Ù ˚Ù ≈®Ô∫ fiFÙ* Fæ,
<J¡∏wC wwg-wwg ≈®°<d∫°u* Ju¡ J¡t°u˘ Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ ŸÌ° FÙ ıyÌg-Δ∫bF°≤ ªÔwu ≤Fwu Fæ* J¡˚Ù ˚Ù oŸŸu
<bÔsd ıywg fiFÙ* S° oŸ <fiÿª∫ J¡° ŸtSÕfi <J¡∫° ı°∫ w°u ıæŸ° ŸabuÌfi F°uw° Fæ bæŸÙ FÙ NfiC˚¥<w∫°≥
F°uwÙ Fæ* oŸ ≈®<Ÿ<] Ÿu ŸabuÌfi ÌuF N°<Ì J¡° FuwC Fæ J¡F° ı°∫ ∫° JC¡~> N°æ≤ ? ≈®St ≈®ÿfi tu* bF ŸabuÌfi
ŸÌ° _S°∫Ù Fæ NSb° fiÿb≤ Fæ ? ∫<Ì bF ŸÌ° _S°∫Ù Fæ w°u bF J¥¡¸>_S FÙ Fæ $ bF ÌuF N°<Ì <bJ¡°≤
J¡Ì°<≈ fiFÙ* F°uy° $ ∫<Ì bF fiÿb≤ Fæ w°u ŸJ¡∑ Ã≈¿W tu* J¡°≤d J¡Ffi° ª°<FÎ $ ŸJ¡° <fibÕªfi F°ufi°
J¡<™>fi FÙ fiFÙ* NŸ‡˚b Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ ŸabuÌfi Ju¡ <ffi° ŸJ¡∑ <Ÿ<] fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ $ Fu tC<fifi°∫J¡,
tCHu ÌqŸ≤Ù „aJ¡° ∫F Fæ <J¡ N°ı ı‡f¥πÙ≈ N°<Ì Ìu„ tu* NSb° oŸ JC¡„πÙ≈ tuu* t≤u F…Î wS° N<Àfi tu*
ıÔ°∫u y∫u ÌuFfi°„b°Ô°u* Ju¡ fi≤J¡ _byÕ Ju¡ ˚°uy Ju¡ <ÔÎ ÌuF J¡°u Ã≈∏fi J¡≤fiub°Ôu t°w°, <≈w° N°<Ì Ÿu
ŸyÕ - 206] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2553
„¥∏∫ ≈®Ìu„ tu* „≤Ù≤ Ju¡ ≈®<w ≈°Ì°fi J¡°≤d J¡°æfi F°uy° NSb° <fi<tW J¡°≤d J¡°æfi F°uuayu ?
„aJ¡° # @tÕ N°æ≤ N@tÕ FÙ ÌuF Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ tu* ≈¿≤dw F°u ı°∫u*yu ? Ÿt°@°fi-@tÕ N°æ≤ N@tÕ Ì°ufi°u*
Nt¥wÕ Fæ* $ fi Nt¥w°u˘ J¡∑ t¥wÕw° NŸtaıŸ Fæ $ NBΔ∫ (Ì®Δ∫<˚∏fi) @tÕ N°æ≤ N@tÕ BΔ∫°u* π°≤°
(≈°<SÕb∫C•w) fiFÙ* Fæ $ bF°≥ t°w°-<≈w° N°<Ì J¡° N˚°b Fæ, Nw# •∫° ≈°Ì°fi J¡°≤d F°uy° N°æ≤
fÙı Ju¡ N˚°b Ÿu ≈∫CÕ•w @tÕN@tÕ J¡° ÌuF°J¡°≤ tu* ≈¿≤d°t NŸtaıŸ Fæ $ @tÕ N°æ≤ N@tÕ J¡≤fiub°Ôu
J¡° ≈≤Ô°uJ¡ fiFÙ* Fæ ∫F fi°<_wJ¡ ≈s ˚Ù ™>ÙJ¡ fiFÙ* Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ ŸFÙ ı∏t (bwÕt°fi ı∏t) ≈¥bÕ ı∏t J¡∑
N≈us° ≈≤Ô°uJ¡ Fæ $ N°æ≤ ∫F ı∏t ŸabuÌfi Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ ¿_Sw Fæ $$3-18$$
Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ Ô°uJ¡, buÌ N°<Ì J¡° <b≤°u@ F°ufiu Ÿu ˚Ù fi°¿_wJ¡ ≈s y®°fl fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
≈®ı°ıfi ≤°ı° J¡∑ N°I° N°<Ì Ÿu, ı°u _buh~>° ªu‹¸>° N°<Ì Ju¡ Ny°uª≤ Fæ*, Ìq≤ Ìu„°∏w≤ tu* Fæ*,
NwÎb Ÿ‡f∏@ ≤<Fw Fæ* N°æ≤ Nt¥wÕ ˚Ù Fæ*, b@, f∏@fi, Ì^±> N°<Ì k¡Ô ≈°wu Fæ* oŸtu* J¡°æfi ≈≈<W
Fæ ? ÌqŸ≤Ù f°w ∫F Fæ <J¡ ≈ÃS≤, Ô°uFu N°<Ì J¡° ©‡˚° Ìubw°, tC<fi N°<Ì Ju¡ b≤Ì°fi Ÿu ŸCbdÕ J¡∑
≈®°¿›w Ju¡ <ÔÎ ytfi, N°ytfi N°<Ì <J¡∫u <ffi° FÙ ıF°≥ ≈≤ sd˚≤ tu* Ÿ°ufiu J¡° F°u ı°w° Fæ bF°≥
≈≤ bF Ÿ‡≈<W <J¡Ÿ ≈≈<W Ÿu Fæ ? ∫F J¡<F∫u $ N°æ≤ ˚Ù ŸC<fi∫u, Nªuwfi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d
≈®∫°uıfi<Ÿ<]R¡≈ <fi<tW Ju¡ <ffi° FÙ ≈®b¨W F°u ≤Fu <b<@ ≈®<wTu@R¡≈ „°_`°u* J¡° •∫° ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ,
ı°u <J¡ ≈®ª°≤ π°≤° Ô°uJ¡ tu* ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ* <J¡ŸÙ Ju¡ π°≤° NfiC‹™>°fi fi F°ufiu Ÿu N≈®<Ÿ] Fæ*, ∫F fwÔ°fiu
J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u ? $$19-21$$ Fu f®Êfig, ıywg ≈FÔu NŸwg S° ≈ÿª°wg Ÿwg F…N° ıæŸu-"NŸπ°
oÌty® N°ŸÙwg ww°u bæ ŸÌı°∫w' (∫F ≈FÔu NŸwg FÙ S°), "ŸÌub Ÿ°u‡∫uÌty®
N°ŸÙÌuJ¡tub°<πwÙ∫tg' (Fu Ÿ°æ‡∫, ∫F ≈FÔu ÎJ¡ N<πwÙ∫ Ÿwg FÙ S°) oÃ∫°<Ì ZC<w∫°u* J¡∑ ≈≤_≈≤
Ÿayw°SÕw° (ÎJ¡b°•∫w°) Jæ¡Ÿu F…oÕ ∫F tCHŸu J¡Ffiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u $ N°æ≤ ŸC<fi∫u, Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡
N°≤‡˚ tu* „¥∏∫ N°J¡°„ Ÿu ∫F f®Ê Jæ¡Ÿu F°uy° ? ∫<Ì N°J¡°„ J¡° ÎuŸ° ≈®˚°b t°fiu*, w°u oŸ w≤F
Ju¡ ≈®˚°bb°Ôu Ÿf ≈®Ìu„°u* tu* <˚∏fi N°J¡°„ Ÿu Ÿf ıyF N∏∫ f®Ê •∫°u* fiFÙ* ≈æÌ° F°uwu ?
Fu tC<fiZu‹™>, N°æT<@∫°u* Ju¡ N≈fiu N≈fiu ≈Ì°S°u˘ Ju¡ ‹dÃb N°<Ì _b˚°b Jæ¡Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ* ∫F
tCHŸu N≈fiu f°u@ Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ J¡Ffiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u $$22$$ ˚ybfig, ÎJ¡ FÙ ≈C”T Ju¡ <t` fiu ≈®∫°y
N°<Ì tfi°ub°a¿h~>w k¡Ô Ìufiub°Ôu su` tu* ŸJu¡ ıÙbfi J¡∑ J¡°tfi° J¡≤ t¨Ã∫C J¡° N°<Ô*yfi <J¡∫° N°æ≤
„`C fiu bFÙ* ≈≤ ŸJu¡ t≤d J¡∑ J¡°tfi° J¡≤ N¿∏wt Ÿ°≥Ÿ ÔÙ $ Ì°ufi°u* Ju¡ t≤d Ju¡ ≈ÿª°wg <b”]
_b˚°b b°Ôu J¡°∫Õ Jæ¡Ÿu F°u*yu ∫F tCHŸu J¡Ffiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u $ wS° ÎJ¡ FÙ Ÿt∫ tu* "tæ* N°J¡°„
tu* ≈¥dÕ ª∏Bt° F°u«≥¡ oŸ J¡°tfi° Ÿu ª∏BÃb ≈®°›w J¡≤°fiub°ÔÙ ≈°Ÿfi°<b<@ Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ º∫°fi
J¡≤fiub°Ôu fF…w Ÿu ≈°ŸJ¡°u* π°≤° ÎJ¡ FÙ J¡°Ô tu* ≈®°›w Nbÿ∫‡˚°bÙ ª∏BÃb≈®°¿›wR¡≈ k¡Ô°u* Ÿu
N°J¡°„ ÎJ¡Ÿ°S NfiuJ¡°u* ª∏Ì®°u* Ÿu ∫C•w •∫°u* fiFÙ* F°uw° ? wS° ÎJ¡ FÙ ˜Ù J¡° N≈fiÙ ˜Ù Ju¡ R¡≈
tu* ≈®°›w J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ıf Ô°©°u* ≈C”T°u* fiu ÎJ¡ Ÿ°S º∫°fi <J¡∫° wf fi ≈C”T°u* Ju¡ º∫°fi J¡∑
k¡Ô˚¥w bF ÎJ¡ FÙ ˜Ù fi ≈C”T°u* J¡°u <˚∏fi Ìu„ tu* ¿_Sw <˚∏fi <˚∏fi |≤°u* tu* ÎJ¡ FÙ Ÿt∫ Jæ¡Ÿu
≈®°›w F…oÕ ? wS° Fu tF°tC<fiıÙ, bF ÎJ¡ FÙ ˜Ù N≈fiÙ w≈ÿª∫°Õ Ÿu ≈≤t f®Êª°¿≤dÙ, fitu* Ÿu
≈®Ã∫uJ¡ ≈<w Ju¡ |≤ tu* ≤Ffiu Ÿu ≈®Ã∫uJ¡ Ju¡ ≈®<w w≈_∫° Ÿu Ÿ°ºbÙ Îba fF…ıfi ˚°uÀ∫ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d
NŸ°ºbÙ Jæ¡Ÿu wS° bF fi ŸfJ¡∑ ˜Ù Jæ¡Ÿu F…oÕ ∫F tCHŸu J¡Ffiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u $$23-28$$
˚ybfig, tæ* |≤ Ÿu f°F≤ fiFÙ* <fiJ¡Ôw° F…N° ˚Ù J¡v≈fi°≈∫Õ∏w Ÿ›wπÙ≈°u* J¡° N@Ùÿb≤ F°uJ¡≤ |≤ ≈≤
¿_Sw F°u«≥¡ ∫F <b”] Fæ $ <J¡ŸÙfiu b≤Ì°fi N°<Ì π°≤° ıF°≥ ≈®°›w <J¡∫° bF°≥ |≤ Ju¡ ˚Ùw≤ ˚°uÀ∫b≤
J¡∑ b≤w° Jæ¡Ÿu ≈≈∏fi F°uwÙ Fæ ? $$29$$ Ì°fi, @tÕ N°<Ì w≈_∫°N°u* wS° N∏Ã∫u<‹¸> <J®¡∫°, Z°]
N°<Ì J¡t°u˘ J¡° NÂ‹¸> ıF°≥ <J®¡∫° F…oÕ ŸÙ ≈®Ìu„ tu* ∫<Ì Ã≈∏fi F°uw° Fæ w°u ∫F°≥ ≈≤ ¿_Sw Ô°uy°u*
J¡°u <J®¡∫° J¡° k¡Ô ≈≤Ô°uJ¡ tu* Jæ¡Ÿu F°uy°, ı°u •w <J®¡∫° J¡∑ Ã≈<W Ÿu „¥∏∫ Fæ ? wS° NÂ‹¸> t¥wÕ
ÌuF N°<Ì tu* ≈®Ù<wıfifi Ÿu Ÿk¡Ô Fæ ∫F J¡<F∫u w°u ≈≤Ô°uJ¡ tu* ¿_Sw ÌuF tu* NÂ‹¸> J¡° N¿_wÃb J¡F°≥
Fæ ? $$30$$ ∫<Ì J¡<F∫u <J¡ Δ∫bF°≤ J¡≤fiub°Ô° ıÙb N°æ≤ Ÿtu* Ÿtb°∫ Ÿ‡f∏@ Ÿu ¿_Sw ŸJ¡°
NÂ‹¸> <ıŸ ıyF ŸJ¡° ˚°uy F°uw° Fæ bF°≥ Fæ $ ∫F J¡Sfi ˚Ù ™>ÙJ¡ fiFÙ* Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ oŸ Ô°uJ¡ Ju¡
ÌuF N°<Ì t¥wÕ ≈Ì°SÕ N∏∫ Ô°uJ¡ wS° N∏∫ J¡°Ô tu* fiFÙ* ≤Fwu <ıfiJu¡ N°Z∫ Ÿu Δ∫bF°≤ J¡≤fiub°Ô°u*
J¡°u k¡Ô F°u ŸJu¡y°, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$31,32$$ oÃ∫°<Ì NŸtaıŸ Jæ¡Ÿu ŸtaıŸ F°uy° ? tu≤u tfi tu* ™>u
F…Î ofi ŸJ¡Ô Ÿ∏ÌuF°u* J¡°u „ÙwÔ N°æ≤ ≠≠bÔ b°dÙ Ÿu ÎuŸu J¡°¸> ±>°<Ô∫u ıæŸu <J¡ ª∏Bt°
Ÿ°∫aJ¡°Ô tu* F°ufiub°Ôu N∏@J¡°≤ J¡°u „ÙwÔ wS° ≠≠bÔ J¡°¿∏w Ÿu J¡°¸> Ìuw° Fæ $$33$$ Fu ˚ybfig,
≈≤t°Ãt° Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* ≈Ìu„ π°≤° ŸJ¡Ô Ÿa„∫°u* J¡° <bfi°„ J¡≤fiu Ÿu Fı°≤°u* <b”] k¡Ôb°Ô° ˚Ù
Ì°ufi°u* Ô°uJ¡°u* tu* (oŸ Ô°uJ¡ N°æ≤ ≈≤Ô°uJ¡ tu*) <FwJ¡≤ wS° N<b”] F°u ı°w° Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ ≈≤tb_wCf°u@
(≈≤t°Ãtf°u@) tCHu ÌÙ<ı∫u $ N°≈Ju¡ ŸÂ„ tF°≈C”T°u* J¡° Ÿt°yt tu≤u ŸÂ„ <J¡ŸÙ J¡°u Ÿ°@°≤d
k¡Ô≈®Ì fiFÙ* F°uw° Fæ, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$34$$
Ì°u Ÿ°æ ~>™>b°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
Ì°u Ÿ°æ Ÿ°wb°≥ ŸyÕ

≈¥bÕ ŸyÕ tu* ≤°ı° ≈®I¿›w π°≤° <J¡∫u y∫u ≈®ÿfi°u* Ju¡ J¡<w≈∫
≈®ÿfi°u* J¡° J®¡t wS° Δ∫CÃJ®¡t Ÿu ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ π°≤° Ÿt°@°fi $
ÎJ¡ <bI°fi Ÿu FÙ ŸbÕ <bI°fi F°uw° Fæ, Nw# ŸJ¡Ô Ÿ∏ÌuF°u* J¡° t¥Ô°uh~>uÌ π°≤° ≈¿≤F°≤ F°ufiu Ju¡
J¡°≤d tæ* Ÿ°t°∏∫R¡≈ Ÿu Ÿf ≈®ÿfi°u* J¡° Ÿt°@°fi J¡R¡≥y°, ∫°u* ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ ≈®<wI° J¡≤wu Fæ* $
Fu ≤°ıfig, <ıŸ ≈®J¡°≤ tæ* FSuÔÙ tu* ≤•©u N°≥bÔu J¡∑ w≤F _≈‹¸>R¡≈ Ÿu N°Ãtw[b J¡° ≈®<w≈°Ìfi
J¡≤w° Fq≥ Ÿu wCt ŸCfi°u $ <ıŸŸu wC‡F°≤u ŸJ¡Ô Ÿ∏ÌuF ŸbÕS° ≈¥dÕ”≈ Ÿu <fit¥ÕÔ F°u ı°∫u*yu $$1$$
ŸbÕ≈®St _b∫a≈®t°d _b _b ŸabuÌfi J¡° NfiCŸ≤d J¡≤fiub°Ôu ≈C”T°u* J¡°u ≈Ì°S°u˘ Ju¡ w[b J¡∑ Δ∫b_S°
J¡≤fiu tu* J¡FÙ* ˚Ù <J¡ŸÙ ˚Ù Ÿ∏ÌuF J¡∑ ≈≈¿W fiFÙ* F°uwÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Ÿ˚Ù ıywg Ju¡ ≈Ì°SÕ ŸÌ° FÙ NŸBq≈ Fæ* N°æ≤ ŸÌ° FÙ ∫u ŸBq≈ Fæ*, •∫°u*<J¡ ofiJ¡∑ ¿_S<w ŸabuÌfi
Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ Fæ $ ıF°≥ ≈≤ <ıŸJu¡ N¿_wÃb J¡∑ ≈®wÙ<w F°uwÙ Fæ, ıF°≥ ≈≤ <ıŸJu¡ fi°¿_wÃb J¡∑ ≈®wÙ<w
F°uwÙ Fæ bF°≥ Ì°ufi°u* FÙ _SÔ°u* tu* ˚ybwÙ Ÿa<bwg π°≤° FÙ fiJu¡ N¿_wÃb N°æ≤ fi°¿_wÃb R¡≈J¡°
ŸtSÕfi <J¡∫° ı°w° Fæ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$2$$ <ıŸ <bT∫ tu* ∫F ≈Ì°SÕ Fæ, fiÙÔ° Fæ, ≈ÙÔ° Fæ, |n° Fæ,
b˜ Fæ, NSb° fiFÙ* Fæ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° FÙ Fæ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ Nb@°≤d Ÿu (<fiÿª∫ Ÿu) Ÿa<bwg Ÿu Δ∫°›w
ŸyÕ - 207] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2555
Fæ Ÿ <bT∫ J¡° bF R¡≈ Nbÿ∫ F°uw° FÙ Fæ $ bF Ÿwg F°u NSb° NŸwg F°u oŸ <bT∫ tu* N°y®F
fiFÙ* Fæ $$3$$ Ÿa<bwg J¡° ÎuŸ° _b˚°b FÙ Fæ $ •w Ÿa<bwg π°≤° N°ÃtR¡≈ tu* „≤Ù≤ J¡∑ ≈FÔu ˚°bfi°
J¡∑ ı°wÙ Fæ N°æ≤ Ÿa<bwg J¡∑ ÌuF@tÕw° ∫°u* <b≈≤Ùww° J¡° Nº∫°Ÿ <J¡∫° ı°w° Fæ $ Ÿ ÌuF Ÿu Ÿ
Ÿa<bwg J¡∑ N<˚Δ∫<•w F°uwÙ Fæ ∫°fiÙ ÌuF J¡∑ N°Ãtw° $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ fi≤J¡ N°æ≤ _byÕ Ju¡ ˚°uy Ju¡ <ÔÎ
ÌuF Ju¡ Ã≈°ÌJ¡ t°w°-<≈w° N°<Ì Ÿu „¥∏∫ ≈®Ìu„ tu* ÌuF Ju¡ ≈®<w J¡°æfi ≈°Ì°fi J¡°≤d Fæ N°æ≤ J¡°ææfi
<fi<tW N°<Ì J¡°≤d Fæ* ? ≈®I¿›w Ju¡ oŸ ≈®ÿfi J¡° Ÿt°@°fi <J¡∫° y∫° $$4$$ oŸÙ<ÔÎ Ô°uy _b›fi
N°æ≤ ı°y®w tu* ÌuF J¡° ªuw<∫w° Ju¡ (N°Ãt° Ju¡) R¡≈ tu* FÙ NfiC˚b J¡≤wu Fæ* N∏∫ ∫°fiÙ Ÿa<bwg J¡°u
ªuw<∫w° J¡° (ÌuFJ¡°) @tÕ ı°fiwu Fæ* bF _b∫a ªuw<∫`Ù Fæ ÎuŸ° fiFÙ* ı°fiwu Fæ* $ oŸ<ÔÎ J¡°uoÕ ∫°fiÙ
˚®°¿∏wR¡≈ Ÿa<bwg FÙ „≤Ù≤w° Fæ ŸŸu N∏∫ „≤Ù≤w° fiFÙ* Fæ $$5$$
N°<Ì Ju¡ wÙfi ≈®ÿfi°u* J¡° ˚Ù oŸÙ w≤F Ÿt°@°fi J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u, •∫°u*<J¡ ıywg J¡∑ <Ÿ<] ŸabuÌfi Ju¡
fÔ≈≤ FÙ F…oÕ Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ ≈®°≤‡˚ tu* Ÿt_w J¡°≤d°u* J¡° N˚°b S°, NwÎb Nbÿ∫ N°Z∫ Ôufiu ∫°uÀ∫ _b›fiB‹¸>°
Ÿa<bÌ°Ãt° FÙ ∫°u* ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* ˚°Ÿw° Fæ $ ÎuŸÙ Nb_S° tu* oŸ ıywg tu* _b›fibæ@‡∫ÕR¡≈ N∏∫w°
J¡°æfi Fæ ∫°fiÙ J¡°uoÕ fiFÙ* Fæ NS°Õwg ıywg _b›fiŸÂ„ FÙ Fæ $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ı°u FÙ f®Êfi°tJ¡ <fitÕÔ
ŸabuÌfi Fæ, bFÙ oŸ ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* ˚°Ÿw° Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ ıywg tu* f®Ê<˚∏fiw° Jæ¡ŸÙ ? $$6,7$$ oŸ
≈®J¡°≤ ŸÌ° ÎJ¡≤Ÿ (J¡˚Ù <bJ¨¡w fi F°ufiub°Ôu) f®Ê J¡∑ ıywgR¡≈ Ÿu <_S<w F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ıywg
f®Ê FÙ Fæ $ <bπ°fig, buÌ N°æ≤ Nº∫°Ãt„°˜R¡≈ ≈®t°d°u* Ÿu ÎuŸ° FÙ Ftfiu NfiC˚b <J¡∫° Fæ bFÙ ∫F°≥
≈≤ J¡F° Fæ oŸJu¡ N<w¿≤•w JC¡~> fiFÙ* J¡F° Fæ $$8$$ ıywg <fiÃ∫ Ÿa<b∏t°` FÙ Fæ, ∫F f°w Ÿf
≈®°<d∫°u* J¡∑ fC<] tu* f]t¥Ô Fæ, Â» NfiC˚b Ÿu <Ÿ] Fæ, <fiÃ∫ Ÿa<bÌ°Ãt° FÙ ŸW°R¡≈ Ÿu ŸbÕ` ≈¥dÕ
Fæ wS° tF°Ãt°N°u* fiu NfiuJ¡ f°≤ ∫F J¡F° Fæ <k¡≤ ˚Ù ıywg J¡∑ <fiÃ∫ Ÿa<b∏t°`w° J¡° N≈Ô°≈ J¡≤Ju¡
N∏@J¥¡≈ Ju¡ tui>J¡ ıæŸu ı°u t¥» ≈C”T N°≈°ww# bwÕt°fi fi°t N°æ≤ R¡≈ Ju¡ NfiC˚b J¡°u FÙ ≈®t°d
t°fiJ¡≤ Ÿa<bwg <fiÃ∫ fiFÙ* Fæ, <J¡∏wC ŸJ¡° J¡°≤d „≤Ù≤ FÙ Fæ bF ın°u≈°Ì°fi wS° ın°Ãt° J¡∑
yCd Fæ ∫°u* t°uF J¡°u ≈®°›w FCÎ Fæ* bu fiæ∫°<∫J¡, ª°b°ÕJ¡ N°<Ì NI ∏tW FÙ Fæ* $ bu Ft Ô°uy°u* J¡∑
I°fiªª°Õ tu* ˚°y Ôufiu Ju¡ ∫°uÀ∫ fiFÙ* Fæ* $ ˚Ôu ªayu t¿_w‹J¡b°Ôu ≈C”T°u* wS° ≈°yÔ°u* J¡° Îba t¥» wS°
≈®fC]°u* J¡° ≈≤_≈≤ ŸaÔ°≈ (Ÿab°Ì) Jæ¡Ÿ° ? <J¡ŸÙ ˚Ù ≈®J¡°≤ ŸJ¡° Ÿa˚b fiFÙ* Fæ $ <ıŸ <bπ°fig Ju¡
J¡Sfi°u≈J¡Sfi Ÿu ŸJ¡Ô Ÿ∏ÌuF°u* J¡° <bfi°„ fi F°u Ÿu oŸ Ô°uJ¡ tu* •∫° N∏∫ Ô°uJ¡°u* tu* •∫° ∫°fiÙ
wÙfi°u* Ô°uJ¡°u* tu* t¥©Õ-J¡S° FÙ ŸtHfi° ª°<F∫u $$9-12$$ ı°u t¥»fC<]b°Ô° ª°b°ÕJ¡ ∫F ≈®≈aª
ÎJ¡t°` ≈®Ã∫s ≈®t°db°Ô° FÙ Fæ, ≈®Ã∫s°<w¿≤•w N∏∫ ≈®t°d°u*b°Ô° fiFÙ* Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ ZC<w N°<Ì
Ÿu <Ÿ] ıywg J¡° y®Fd fiFÙ* J¡≤fi° ª°<FÎ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fw° Fæ bF Ÿ ∫C<•w<bFÙfi, ŸbÕ<b”] wS°
N<˚Iıfi°u* J¡° J¡dÕJ¡¸C> F°ufiu Ÿu ≈ÃS≤ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi J¡™>°u≤ N≈fiu bªfi Ÿu FÙ ŸJ¡Ô <bπ°fi°u* π°≤°
NI°fiÙ wS° N∏@u JC¡Î≥ J¡° tui>J¡ J¡F° y∫° Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ bF ≈¥b°Õ≈≤ <bª°≤fC<] J¡°u w°J¡ tu* ≤©J¡≤
Ju¡bÔ bwÕt°fit°`y°uª≤ ≈®Ã∫s ≈®t°d tu* FÙ N≈fiÙ fC<] Ÿu ≈„C Ju¡ ŸÂ„ ¿_Sw Fæ $$13,14$$
ª°b°ÕJ¡ N°<Ì J¡∑ <•w Ÿu Ÿ∏ÌuF°u* J¡∑ J¡Ì°<≈ <fib¨<W fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wÙ, •∫°u*<J¡ NfiCt°fi N°<Ì
≈®t°d°u* J¡° NayÙJ¡°≤ fi J¡≤fiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ŸJ¡∑ <•w ∫C<•w„¥∏∫ Fæ $ buÌ N°<Ì w°u yC”tC© Ÿu ≈¥~>u ı°fiu
≈≤ ŸJ¡Ô Ÿ∏ÌuF°u* J¡∑ <fib¨<W π°≤° ≈≤t ≈C”T°SÕ Ju¡ ≈®Ì°fi tu* ŸtSÕ Fæ*, J¡°≤d <J¡ bu N≈fiu NfiC˚b Ÿu
≈¥dÕ oŸ tu≤u π°≤° J¡FÙ FCoÕ Â<‹¸> J¡° ≈®<w≈°Ìfi J¡≤wu Fæ*, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
buÌ wS° w[bI°fiÙ ıfi ıf ≈¥~>u ı°wu Fæ* wf N≈fiu NfiC˚b Ÿu ≈¿≤≈¥dÕ oŸ tu≤u π°≤° J¡FÙ yoÕ Â<‹¸>
J¡° ÎuŸu ≈®<w≈°Ìfi J¡≤wu Fæ* ıæŸu <J¡ ∫u Ÿf Ÿa„∫ fi‹¸> F°u ı°wu Fæ* $$15$$ ∫<Ì ≈®Ã∫y°ÃtŸa<bwg FÙ ÌuF°<Ì
ıywg Fæ w°u „b (t¨w „≤Ù≤) ˚Ù Ÿa<bwg F°uufiu Ÿu •∫°u* fiFÙ* ªuww° ∫°fiÙ ªæw∏∫ ≈®°›w J¡≤w° Fæ ? ÎuŸÙ
<ıŸJ¡∑ „aJ¡° Fæ Ÿ t¥» Z°uw° Ju¡ <ÔÎ ∫F°≥ ≈≤ J¡F° ı°w° Fæ, wCt ŸCfi°u $$16$$ ıæŸu wC‡F°≤° _b›fifiy≤
<b_w¨w F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ <F≤^∫y˚Õ Ju¡ buT @°≤d <J¡∫u FCÎ ≈≤tf®Ê J¡° _b›fifiy≤ ∫F ıyÌg-˚°fi
<b_w¨w Fæ $$17$$ ∫Ω<≈ ∫F Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ ıyÌg-˚°fi b°_wb tu* <fi≤∏w≤ <ª∏t°`_bR¡≈ FÙ Fæ wS°<≈ oŸtu*
ıæŸu wC‡Fu* N≈fiu _b›fifiy≤ tu* ªuwfi ˚®°<∏w fiFÙ* F°uwÙ bæŸu FÙ „b°<Ì ın tu* ˚Ù fiFÙ* F°uwÙ Fæ ∫F
ı°fifi° ª°<F∫u $ N≈fiu _b›fi tu* ÌŸ°u* <Ì„°Î≥, <b<b@ ≈bÕw, ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ì, fiy≤ N°<Ì Ÿf JC¡~> <ª∏t∫
N°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ* ∫F <bª°≤ J¡≤fiu ≈≤ wC‡F°≤u NfiC˚b Ÿu <Ÿ] Fæ $$18,19$$
bæŸu FÙ ıywg tu* ˚Ù <ª∏t∫w° J¡∑ Ÿa˚°bfi° J¡≤fiÙ ª°<F∫u, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ $
f®Ê Ÿa<bÌ°J¡°„t∫ Fæ, ŸJ¡° ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ <b≤°¸>g Fæ, f®Ê° ˚Ù ÎJ¡t°` Ÿa<bwgt∫ FÙ Fæ bæŸ° FÙ
ŸJ¡° ffi°∫° FCN° ∫F ıywg ˚Ù „C] Ÿa<bwgt∫ FÙ J¡F° ı°w° Fæ $$20$$ ıæŸu wC‡F°≤u ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ tu*
wCtŸu <ıŸ-<ıŸ ≈Ì°SÕ J¡° ıæŸ° ŸaJ¡v≈ <J¡∫° ı°w° Fæ bæŸ° FÙ wC‡Fu* ŸJ¡° NfiC˚b F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ
f®Ê° Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤R¡≈ oŸ ıywg tu* <ªwg π°≤° <ıŸ <ıŸ J¡° ıæŸ° ŸaJ¡v≈ <J¡∫° ı°w° Fæ Ÿ
ŸJ¡° bæŸ° NfiC˚b F°uw° Fæ $ ıæŸu wC‡F°≤u ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ tu* <ıŸ-<ıŸ ≈Ì°SÕ J¡° ıæŸu ŸaJ¡v≈ <J¡∫°
ı°w° Fæ Ÿ Ÿt∫ bF bæŸ° ≤Fw° FÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ oŸ ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ tu* <ıŸ <ıŸJ¡° ıæŸu ŸaJ¡v≈ <J¡∫°
ı°w° Fæ bF Ÿ Ÿt∫ bæŸ° ≤Fw° FÙ Fæ $$21,22$$ oŸ<Ô∫u ıæŸu ıÙ<bw ÌuF J¡∑ ªu‹¸>° F°uwÙ Fæ, t¨w
„≤Ù≤ J¡∑ ªu‹¸>° fiFÙ* F°uwÙ $ ∫°u* <fi∫w ofi _≈∏Ì (ªu‹¸>°) N°æ≤ N_≈∏Ì (ªu‹¸>° J¡° N˚°b) Ì°ufi°u* J¡∑
<F≤^∫y˚ÕR¡≈ <ªwg fiu FÙ J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ Fæ bæŸu FÙ Ÿfiu fiJ¡° _b∫a NfiC˚b <J¡∫° oŸ<Ô∫u „b tu* ªuwfi°
J¡∑ N<˚Δ∫aıJ¡ ªu‹¸>° J¡∑ ≈®°<›w fiFÙ* F°uwÙ Fæ $$23$$
"<fiBÕΔ∫a JC¡”wu BΔ∫æ∫CÕ<•w¿≤Ã∫ŸtaıŸ°' oŸ ≈®ÿfi J¡° Ÿt°@°fi J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <Ô∫u ŸJu¡ N<˚≈®°∫
J¡°u <b„Ì J¡≤wu Fæ* $
tF°≈®Ô∫ Ju¡ N∏w tu* ≈Cfi# Ÿ¨<‹¸> ªÔwÙ Fæ $ Ôu<J¡fi Ÿt_w J¡°≤d°u* J¡° N˚°b F°ufiu Ÿu bF Ÿ¨<‹¸>
BΔ∫ w°u Fæ fiFÙ* $ ∫<Ì J¡<F∫u "≈¥bÕ J¡v≈ Ju¡ ≈®ı°≈<w Ÿu <fi<tÕw BΔ∫°u* J¡° oŸ (N°@C<fiJ¡) Ÿ¨<‹¸> tu*
≈∫°uy F°uy°, Nw# bF <fiBÕΔ∫ Jæ¡Ÿu ?' ∫F J¡Sfi ˚Ù ™>ÙJ¡ fiFÙ*, •∫°u*<J¡ ≈¥bÕ J¡v≈ Ju¡ ≈®Ô∫ Ÿu ≈FÔu FÙ
≈¥bÕ J¡v≈ J¡° ≈®ı°≈<w tC•w F°u ªCJ¡° oŸ J¡°≤d ŸJu¡ π°≤° <fi<tÕw ıywg J¡° ≈¥dÕ R¡≈ Ÿu ≈®Ô∫ F°ufiu
Ju¡ J¡°≤d ≈¥bÕ ıywg Ju¡ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡∑ _t¨<w N°<Ì <fi<tWJ¡°≤d fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F wC‡F°≤° N°„∫ Fæ $ Ôu<J¡fi
wC‡F°≤° ∫F N°„∫ Ft°≤u <Ÿ]°∏w Ju¡ NfiCJ¥¡Ô FÙ Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ _b∫a ≠∫°u<w f®Ê FÙ ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ tu*
˚°Ÿw° Fæ $ oŸ<ÔÎ f®Ê° J¡° ≈FÔu <F≤^∫y˚Õ Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* _kC¡≤d FCN° ŸJu¡ f°Ì N°J¡°„R¡≈ Ÿfiu
_b∫a FÙ N°J¡°„R¡≈ ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ J¡°u ıywg ı°fi° $ ıæŸu Ju¡bÔ <ª∏t°`R¡≈ ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ J¡° ˚°fi F°uw°
ŸyÕ - 208] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2557
Fæ bæŸu FÙ <fi‹J¡°≤d <ª∏t°` ∏tuT ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* ˚°Ÿw° Fæ $$24-27$$
oŸŸu "t°w° <≈`°Ωt°b°u&<≈' oŸ ≈®ÿfi J¡° ˚Ù Ÿt°@°fi F°u y∫°, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
„≤Ù≤ F°u ª°Fu tw F°u $ ıF°≥-ıF°≥ <ªÌ°J¡°„ Fæ bF°≥ bF°≥ bF πæw°πæwt∫ ıywgR¡≈ N°Ãt° J¡°u
ı°fiw° Fæ $$28$$
t≤d Ju¡ ≈ÿª°wg ıywg Ju¡ Ì„Õfi tu* ˚Ù ∫FÙ ∏∫°∫ ı°fifi° ª°<F∫u, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu <ªÌ°J¡°„ _b›fifiy≤ J¡°u Ìu©w° Fæ, ıæŸu ŸaJ¡v≈≈C≤ J¡°u Ìu©w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ t≤fiu Ju¡ f°Ì
ıywg J¡°u Ìu©w° Fæ $ ıæŸu ŸyÕ Ju¡ N°<Ì Ÿu N≈¨<SbÙt∫ ∫F ıywg ≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ìt∫-Ÿ° ˚°Ÿw° Fæ
bæŸu FÙ t¨w ≈C”T J¡° ˚Ù Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ ıywg N≈¨<SbÙ N°<Ìt∫ F°uw° FCN° ˚Ù ≈¨<SbÙ-N°<Ìt∫ ˚°Ÿw°
Fæ $ ıæŸu w[bI°fiÙ Ju¡ NSb° _b›fi Ÿu ı°yu FCÎ ≈C”T Ju¡ _b›fi Ju¡ Ìu„ N°æ≤ J¡°Ô ı°y®wg Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ÿu
w<fiJ¡ ˚Ù Δ∫°›w (Ÿ‡f]) fiFÙ* ≤Fwu bæŸu FÙ ≈≤Ô°uJ¡ ≈®°›w ≈C”T Ju¡ ˚Ù Îu<FJ¡ Ìu„-J¡°Ô bF°≥
(≈≤Ô°uJ¡ tu*) Δ∫°›w fiFÙ* F°uwu $$29-31$$
oŸÙ w≤F w[bI°fiÙ Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* ıywg ˚Ù fiFÙ* Δ∫°›w F°uw° Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
_≈‹¸>R¡≈ Ÿu N≈fiu π°≤° NfiC˚¥w ˚Ù ∫F ıywg ≈®fC] Ju¡ (w[bI°fiÙJu¡) <bT∫ tu* bæŸu FÙ JC¡~> fiFÙ*
Fæ ıæŸu <J¡ N°J¡°„ Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* J¡°≤d JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ $ ıæŸu N≈®fC] ≈C”T J¡°u NŸwg FÙ ∫F ıywg
ÌuÌÙ›∫t°fi t°Ô¥t F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ ≈≤Ô°uJ¡yw ≈C”T J¡°u <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ ŸyÕbwg ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ $ ≈≤Ô°uJ¡yw
≈C”T J¡°u N˚¥w≈¥bÕ <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ ΩCÔ°uJ¡, ≈¨<SbÙ, ∫t N°<Ì Ÿu ∫C•w ≈¥bÕ<Ÿ]-Ÿ° Δ∫°›w ≈®wÙw F°uw°
Fæ $ ∫F°≥ tæ* t≤°, <k¡≤ fi°≤J¡∑∫ ıÙb Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* Ã≈∏fi FCN°, ∫tÔ°uJ¡ tu* N°∫° N°æ≤ bF°≥ ≈≤ „C˚-
N„C˚ J¡tÕk¡Ô°u* J¡°u ˚°uyw° F¥≥ ∫°u* t¨w ≈C”T N<w<fi<fn ˚®°<∏w J¡°u Ìu©w° Fæ $$32-35$$
•w ˚®°<∏w t°us Ju¡ ≈°∫˚¥w Nº∫°Ãt„°˜°u* Ju¡ ≈¿≤„ÙÔfi N°<Ì Ÿu FÙ ≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu fi‹¸> F°uwÙ Fæ
ŸJu¡ <bfi°„ J¡° Ì¥Ÿ≤° t°yÕ fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
t°us Ju¡ ≈°∫˚¥w Zbd, tfifi, <fi<Ìº∫°Ÿfi N°<Ì J¡° Nfi°Ì≤ J¡≤fiub°Ôu ≈C”T°u* J¡° ∫F t°uF
(NI°fi) J¡Ì°<≈ „°∏w fiFÙ* F°uw° Fæ $ f°u@ F°ufiu Ÿu b°Ÿfi° Ju¡ <t¸> ı°fiu ≈≤ ∫F t°uF fi‹¸> F°u ı°w° Fæ $$36$$
oŸŸu @tÕ N°æ≤ N@tÕ FÙ ıywg Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ tu* ≈¿≤dw F°uwu Fæ* ∫F N°¿_wJ¡ Ô°uy°u* J¡° ≈s ˚Ù
NfiCy¨FÙw FCN°, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
N≈®fC] ≈C”T J¡∑ ı°u Ÿa<bwg Fæ bF @tÕ-N@tÕb°Ÿfi° Fæ ı°u N°J¡°„ tu* FÙ N°J¡°„R¡≈ ˚°ŸwÙ Fæ
bFÙ ∫F ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $ ıywg J¡° _bR¡≈ _bw# „¥∏∫R¡≈ ˚Ù fiFÙ* Fæ N°æ≤ ŸÃ_bR¡≈ ˚Ù fiFÙ*
Fæ, <J¡∏wC f®Êfi°t J¡° ªæw∏∫ FÙ ıywg_bR¡≈ Fæ N°æ≤ NI°fi Ju¡ J¡°≤d FÙ NfiSÕ˚¥w Fæ w[bI°fiÙ ≈C”T
Ju¡ <ÔÎ w°u ≈≤tJ¡v∫°d <fi≤<w„∫ N°fi∏ÌR¡≈ FÙ Fæ $$37,38$$
Ì°u Ÿ°æ Ÿ°wb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
Ì°u Ÿ°æ N°™>b°≥ ŸyÕ
ıæŸu ≈®ı° Ì¥≤ Ìu„ tu* ¿_Sw ≈®∫Ãfi°u* Ÿu N∏∫` b@, fa@fi N°<Ì k¡Ô ≈°wÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ f®Ê° J¡∑ oh~>° J¡° bdÕfi $
"N<fih~>wu<FwæÌ¥Õ≤Ìu„°∏w≤ywæ# k¡Ôtg $ ≈®ı° ≈®°›fi°uÃ∫Ÿaf]æ≤t¥wæÕ≤` J¡# J®¡t# $$' oŸ ≈®ÿfi J¡°
W≤ ŸCfi°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈®<wI° J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # ≤°ıfig, ≈®ı°N°u* J¡°u Nt¥wÕ, Ì¥≤ ¿_Sw NwÎb Ÿ‡fa@≤<Fw ≤°ı° J¡∑
N°I° N°<Ì Ÿu N≈fiu FÙ |≤ tu* ıæŸu „C˚°„C˚ k¡Ô (<fiy®F°fiCy®FR¡≈) ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ ŸJ¡°u ŸCfi°u,
tæ* J¡Fw° F¥≥ $$1$$ ª¥≥<J¡ f®Ê FÙ NI°fib„ Âÿ∫f°u@ Ÿu Âÿ∫ Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ N°æ≤ f®ÊI°fi
Ÿu f®Ê FÙ Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ ∫F ıywg f®ÊŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤R¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ $$2$$ ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ tu* <ıŸ <ıŸ
b_wC J¡° <ıŸ Ÿt∫ ıæŸ° ŸaJ¡v≈ <J¡∫° ı°w° Fæ bF bF b_wC Ÿ Ÿt∫ bæŸu FÙ NfiC˚¥w F°uwÙ Fæ $
ıæŸu wC‡F°≤u oŸ ŸaJ¡v≈t∫ |≤ tu* ı°u ∫F ≈®ı° Fæ bF wC‡F°≤u ŸaJ¡v≈ Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ ffiÙ bæŸu FÙ f®Ê
Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈ Ÿu Ÿ‡≈∏fi ıywg tu* ˚Ù ∫F ≈®ı° ≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu f®ÊŸaJ¡v≈ Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ FÙ F°uwÙ Fæ $ N≈fiu
ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ tu* ∫F Ÿf <ıŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° wC‡F°≤° <_Sw Fæ $ wCt N≈fiu ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ tu* <ıŸJ¡° ıæŸ°
ŸaJ¡v≈ J¡≤wu F°u ŸJ¡°u¡bæŸ° FÙ Ìu©wu F°u $$3-5$$
Ôu<J¡fi ı°u ıywg tu* Ft°≤u ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ J¡∑ <bÔsdw° J¡° NfiC˚b F°uw° Fæ Ÿu b≤-„°≈ ŸaJ¡v≈
Ju¡ wCv∫ ŸtHfi° ª°<F∫u, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
tC<fi∫°u* J¡∑ ∫t, <fi∫t N°<Ì Ju¡ Ÿubfi Ÿu „C] FCoÕ Ÿa<bwg b≤ N°æ≤ „°≈ Ÿu ıæŸu wwg-wwg Δ∫bF°≤sut
∫°fiÙ <fiy®F°fiCy®FŸtSÕ F°uwÙ Fæ, f®ÊŸa<bwg ˚Ù bæŸu FÙ F°uwÙ Fæ, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $ ı°u b≤ N°æ≤ „°≈ π°≤°
F°uw° Fæ Ÿu ˚Ù w≈¿_b∫°u* Ju¡ b≤ N°æ≤ „°≈ <Ÿ] F°u* ∫°u* f®Ê J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° Ÿu f®ÊŸ‡fa@Ù FÙ ŸÃ∫ŸaJ¡v≈
ŸtHfi° ª°<F∫u $$6$$ ≈®J¨¡w tu* ≈®ı°ıfi <b<@-<fiTu@ „°˜°u* π°≤° f°u<@w @tÕ N°æ≤ N@tÕ tu* Ÿu ÎJ¡
N°_S°b„ ı°u @tÕ NSb° N@tÕ J¡° k¡Ô ≈®°›w J¡≤wu Fæ* bF ˚Ù f®Ê Ju¡ FÙ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈b„ FÙ
F°uw° Fæ $$7$$ oŸ ıywg tu* ı°u ıÙb Fæ fiJu¡ Ÿ¨<‹¸>R¡≈ N<˚Δ∫<•w Ju¡ ≈¥bÕ ≈Ô<Æ@ fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d
≈FÔu ∫F ıywg NŸwg S° $ Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ ≈≤°∏w ŸÃ∫R¡≈ Ÿu oŸJ¡∑ ≈Ô¿Æ@ F°uwÙ Fæ $$8$$
NŸwg ıywg J¡° JC¡~> J¡°Ô wJ¡ ŸW°R¡≈ Ÿu ı°u <J*¡<ªwg ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ bF ˚Ù f®Ê Ju¡ ŸÃ∫ŸaJ¡v≈
Ÿu FÙ F°uw° Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
≤°ıfig,∫F ıywg <ªBq≈ f®Ê Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈ Ÿu FÙ JC¡~> J¡°Ô Ju¡ <ÔÎ Ÿwg Fæ, Nw# ı°u f®Ê Ju¡ ıywgR¡≈
Ÿu ∏tuT N°æ≤ <fituT Fæ* bu FÙ oŸ ıywg Ju¡ Ì∫ N°æ≤ ≈®Ô∫ Fæ* $ ≤°ı° fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, ∫<Ì ıywg f®Ê
Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈b„ Ÿwg Fæ w°u ≈FÔu ∫°fiÙ ŸCTC<›w N°æ≤ ≈®Ô∫J¡°Ô tu* •∫°u* ≈®wÙw fiFÙ* F°uw° ? ≈Ù~>u ∫°fiÙ
ı°y®wg N°æ≤ Ÿ¨<‹¸>J¡°Ô tu* <J¡Ÿ<ÔÎ <Ì©°oÕ Ìuw° Fæ ? ŸÌ° <bJ¡°≤ J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u ≤F° ∫F ıywg ŸC¿_S≤
(ŸÌ° _S°∫Ù) J¡°∫Õ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ˚°Ÿt°fi Jæ¡Ÿu Fæ ? ∫F tCHu fwÔ°fiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u $$9,10$$
∫F ıywg t°<∫J¡ Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ oŸJ¡° _b˚°b FÙ ÎuŸ° Fæ, ∫°u* ZÙb<Ÿ‹™> ıÙ ≈®I<›w ≤°ı° Ju¡ ≈®ÿfi
J¡° W≤ Ìuwu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # ≤°ıfig, oŸ <ªÌ°J¡°„ Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ tu* ¿_Sw ıywg tu* oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡°
_b˚°b FÙ Fæ <J¡ ∫F Ÿ¨<‹¸> tu* ∫°fiÙ _b›fi N°æ≤ ı°y®wg tu* Ã≈∏fi F°uJ¡≤ ≈®Ô∫, ŸCTC<›w N°æ≤ t°us
tu* N°<b˚¥Õw F°uw° FÙ fiFÙ* Fæ N°æ≤ <k¡≤ sd˚≤ tu* N°<b˚¥Õw F°u ı°w° Fæ $ f°ÔJ¡ Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈ Ju¡ fiy≤
Ju¡ wCv∫ wS° N°J¡°„ tu* ¿_Sw Ju¡„°u* Ju¡ bwCÕÔ°J¡°≤ y°uÔu N°<Ì Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ∫u Ÿwg NŸBq≈ Ÿ¨<‹¸>∫°≥
<ªÌ°Ãt° tu* ˚°ŸwÙ Fæ* $ wCt ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ J¡° <fit°Õd J¡≤ N∏∫ Ÿa<bwg Ÿu ∫°fiÙ ŸJu¡ ≈®Ô∫ ŸaJ¡v≈b„
ŸyÕ - 208] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2559
_b∫a ŸÙ sd tu* ŸJ¡° <bfi°„ J¡≤wu F°u ∫F ıæŸu wC‡F°≤° N≈fi° _b˚°b Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ªÌ°J¡°„ Ju¡
ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ tu* ı°u ∏t≠ıfi <fit≠ıfi Fæ, ∏tuT wS° <fituT Fæ bF f®Ê J¡° <fitÕÔ _b˚°b J¡ªfi
(_kC¡≤d) FÙ Fæ $ oŸ<ÔÎ <`ıyÌ°J¡°„ Ju¡bÔ ÎJ¡t°` Ÿa<b∏t∫ F°uJ¡≤ N°<Ì, N∏w „¥∏∫ f®Ê°J¡°„
FÙ Fæ $ ª¥≥<J¡ bF _b∫a FÙ ıywg Fæ, oŸ J¡°≤d bF ≈≤tuÿb≤ ı°u ı°u Ÿ°uªw° Fæ bF J¡≤w° ˚Ù Fæ $
N°b≤d ≤<Fw ŸJu¡ ŸÃ∫ŸaJ¡v≈ Ÿu Fı°≤°u* ∫°uıfi°u* tu* fFCw Ÿu ∫Cy°u* Ÿu Δ∫b<Fw ˚Ù ≈C^∫, ≈°≈ N°<Ì
J¡tÕ ≈≤Ô°uJ¡ N°<Ì tu* ŸtÙ≈ tu* <bΩt°fi J¡∑ w≤F bæŸu FÙ _byÕ, fi≤J¡, ˚°uy, Îuÿb∫Õ N°<Ì J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤Ù
F°uwu Fæ* ıæŸu <J¡ _b›fi F°uw° Fæ $ ıæŸu _kC¡¿≤w F°u ≤FÙ ªtJ¡ ≤FÙ t<d tu* N≈fiÙ ÌÙ<›w Ÿu FÙ J¡°¿∏w
Ju¡ ∏t≠ıfi N°æ≤ <fit≠ıfi J¡° N°<b˚°Õb N°æ≤ <w≤°u˚°b J¡° NfiC˚b F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ªÌ°J¡°„R¡≈Ù
t<d tu* ıyw°u* Ju¡ Ÿ¨<‹¸>≈®Ô∫R¡≈ ≈¿≤bwÕfi wS° fi°fi° J¡t°u˘ Ju¡ <b<ª` <b<b@ k¡Ô˚°uyR¡≈ ≈¿≤bwÕfi
˚Ù NfiC˚¥w F°uwu Fæ* $$11-18$$
NSb° <b<@≈®<wTu@R¡≈ „°˜°u* J¡°u Ÿk¡Ô ffi°fiub°ÔÙ Ô°uJ¡t∫°ÕÌ° FÙ f®Ê tu* f]t¥Ô Fæ ¿_Sw Fæ
Nw# bF Ì¥≤ ¿_Sw J¡t°u˘ Ju¡ ˚Ù k¡Ô J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤wÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
<b<@ „°˜ N°æ≤ <fiTu@ „°˜°u* J¡° Ô°uJ¡t∫°ÕÌ° Ÿa≤sd FÙ ÎJ¡t°` ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ, Ô°uJ¡¿_S<w FÙ,
ı°u f®Ê tu* yÙ FCoÕ Fæ, t≤J¡≤ ≈≤Ô°uJ¡ tu* y∫u FCÎ ≈C”T J¡°u k¡Ô Ìufiub°ÔÙ Fæ $$19$$
b°_wb tu* w°u N°Ãt° Ju¡ ı∏t N°æ≤ t≤d FÙ fiFÙ* F°uwu Fæ*, <J¡∏wC N°Ãt° _b∫a FÙ ˚®°<∏wb„ ı∏t
N°æ≤ t≤d J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤w° Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
f®Ê fi w°u J¡˚Ù N_w J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ N°æ≤ fi J¡˚Ù <Ìw F°uw° Fæ $ f®Ê<ªÌ°˚°Ÿ ŸÌ° FÙ
N°Ãt° tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $$20$$ ıæŸu B‹¸>°, Âÿ∫ N°<Ì ıywg J¡v≈fi°fiy≤ ÎJ¡t°` J¡v≈fi° FÙ Fæ bæŸu bF
_b∫a ıywg-Ÿ° ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ $ ŸJu¡ ı∏t J¡° ˚Ù b°dÙ Ÿu Δ∫≈Ìu„ F°uw° Fæ, b°_wb tu* bF fiFÙ*
F°uw° Fæ $$21$$
bæŸu FÙ t≤d ˚Ù ≈¥bÕÌuF˚®°<∏w Ju¡ _kC¡≤d J¡° ≈ŸaF°≤ FÙ Fæ N°æ≤ JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ, Âÿ∫ ıywg Ju¡
N°J¡°„ tu* _kC¡≤d N°æ≤ N_kC¡≤d NI°fi≈<Fw <ªwg J¡° _b˚°b FÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıf <ªÌ°J¡°„_bR¡≈ ıÙb _b˚°bw# _kC¡≤d J¡° Ã∫°yJ¡≤ N≈fiu _bR¡≈ tu* ¿_Sw F°uw° Fæ wf bF
„°∏w (t¨w) J¡F° ı°w° Fæ $ ıæŸu ∫u _≈∏Ìfi N°æ≤ N_≈∏Ìfi b°∫C Ju¡ _b˚°b FÙ Fæ* N∏∫ fiFÙ* Fæ* bæŸu FÙ
∫u _kC¡≤d N°æ≤ N_kC¡≤d Ÿ N°Ãt° Ju¡ <fitÕÔ N°æ≤ Ns∫ _b˚°b FÙ Fæ*, N∏∫ fiFÙ* Fæ* $$22,23$$
t<d, t∏` N°æ≤ N°æT<@∫°u* Ju¡ <b<b@ ≈®˚°b ˚Ù f®Ê Ju¡ ŸÃ∫ŸaJ¡v≈b„ FÙ bæŸu F°uwu Fæ*, oŸ f°w
J¡°u Â‹¸>°∏w Ju¡ Ÿ°S J¡Fwu Fæ* $
wC‡F°≤u J¡v≈fi°fiy≤ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ∫F°≥ ı≤°, t¨Ã∫C N°æ≤ <bfi°„ J¡≤fiub°Ôu t<d, t∏` N°<Ì Ju¡
≈¨SJg¡ _b˚°b NtCJ¡ t∏` ∫° N°æT<@ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ ≈®˚°b Ÿu ∫C•w F°u* ∫°u* f®Ê ŸaJ¡v≈ Ÿu FÙ <Ìw
F°uwu Fæ* oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ f®Ê Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈R¡≈ <`Ô°uJ¡∑ tu* Ÿf N°æT<@∫°u* wS° Ÿf ≈Ì°S°u˘ Ju¡ _b˚°b
ŸaJ¡v≈b„ <Ìw Fæ* $$24,25$$
w°u •∫° ≈®Ã∫uJ¡ sd tu* ≈®Ã∫uJ¡ b_wC J¡∑ „<•w, <J®¡∫° N°<Ì ˚uÌ°u* J¡° ŸaJ¡v≈ J¡≤fiub°Ôu oÕÿb≤ J¡∑
J¡v≈fi° J¡≤wu F°u ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi ≈≤ fiJ¡°≤°ÃtJ¡ W≤ Ìuwu Fæ* $
oÕÿb≤, ≈®Ã∫uJ¡ N≈fiu ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤R¡≈ <`ıywg tu* ≈®Ã∫uJ¡ sd tu* ≈®Ã∫uJ¡ b_wC J¡° _b∫a ŸaJ¡v≈
J¡≤w° Fæ ÎuŸÙ oÕÿb≤ J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° Ft fiFÙ* J¡≤wu N<≈wC ıæŸu f°ÔJ¡ N≈fiu <©Ô°æfi°u* J¡° ÎJ¡ FÙ f°≤
ŸaJ¡v≈ J¡≤w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ oÕÿb≤ NtCJ¡ byÕ J¡° ≈Ì°SÕ NtCJ¡ byÕ Ju¡ J¡°∫Õ J¡°u J¡≤fiub°Ô° F°u, NtCJ¡
ı°<w Ju¡ ≈Ì°SÕ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ã≈∏fi F°u* ÎuŸÙ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤w° Fæ $ ŸŸu FÙ fÙı, NaJC¡≤ N°<Ì Ju¡ J®¡t
Ÿu ≈¥bÕ-≈¥bÕ w¨d N°<Ì ≈Ì°SÕ W≤°uW≤ w¨d N°<Ì ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤w° Fæ $$26$$ oŸ <ªÌg|fi
J¡° ∫F _≈‹¸> _b˚°b FÙ Fæ <J¡ ∫F _b∫a <ıŸ <ıŸJ¡° ŸaJ¡v≈ J¡≤w° Fæ, sd˚≤ tu* FÙ bF°≥ ≈≤ bu
bu ≈Ì°SÕ N≈fiu N≈fiu Nb∫b°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S wS° „<•w, J¡°∫Õ N°<Ì ˚uÌ N°æ≤ J¡°∫Õ ≈≤‡≈≤°Î≥ ÎJ¡ f°≤
Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈ Ÿu FÙ <Ÿ] F°u ı°wÙ Fæ* $$27$$ ŸaJ¡v≈J¡¿v≈w ≈Ì°SÕ _b˚°bb„ fi°fi°R¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw F°ufiu
≈≤ ˚Ù _kC¡≤d_b˚°b f®Ê tu* <ªÌ°ÃtJ¡R¡≈ Ÿu ˚°Ÿwu Fæ* oŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ _bw# fi°fi° N°J¡°≤_b˚°bb°Ôu
F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù ŸBq≈ Ÿu ÎJ¡ w[bb°Ôu (ÎJ¡°J¡°≤) ¿_Sw Fæ* $ fi ≈Ì°S°u˘ tu* Ÿu ≈®Ã∫uJ¡ tu* N¿_w, ˚°<w
N°æ≤ <≈®∫R¡≈ Ÿu f®Ê<ª∏t°`w° Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ <ª¿w Ÿb°ÕÃtJ¡ Fæ ıF°≥ ≈≤ ıæŸu ≤FwÙ Fæ bF°≥ ≈≤ bæŸÙ
˚°ŸwÙ Fæ $$28,29$$ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ N°<Ì, tº∫ N°æ≤ N∏w ≤<Fw, N≈¿≤tu∫„<•w„°ÔÙ f®Ê ŸwgNŸwg
Ì°ufi°u* R¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ "ŸÃ∫a ª°fi¨wa ª ŸÃ∫t˚bwg' (ŸÃ∫ ≈≤t°Ãt° ŸÃ∫ N°æ≤ NŸÃ∫
FCN°) ÎuŸÙ ZC<w Fæ $ bF Ÿb°ÕÃtJ¡ Fæ, Nw# ≈®°<d∫°u* tu*, w¨d, yCvt, ≈un-≈°æ@°u N°<Ì tu* ıF°≥ ≈≤
ı°u b_wC <ıŸ _b˚°bb°fig Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ bF°≥ ≈≤ _b∫a FÙ wÃ_b˚°b (Ÿ _b˚°b J¡°) F°uJ¡≤
¿_Sw Fæ, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$30$$
Ì°u Ÿ°æ N°™>b°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
Ì°u Ÿ°æ fi°æb°≥ ŸyÕ
≈≤_≈≤ <b”] k¡Ô Ìufiub°Ôu J¡t°u˘ Ju¡ ˚°uy°u* J¡∑ ÎJ¡ Ÿ°S
≈®°<›w F°ufiu Ÿu N<b≤°u@ π°≤° Ÿk¡Ôw° J¡° ∫C<•w Ÿu Ÿ°@fi $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # b°a<~>w k¡Ô Ìufiub°Ôu ≈®∫°y N°<Ì su` tu* ÎJ¡ FÙ ≈C”T Ju¡ <t` fiu ŸJu¡
ÌÙ|ÕıÙbfi J¡∑ ≈®°SÕfi° J¡≤ N¿∏wt Ÿ°≥Ÿ ~>°unÙ N°æ≤ „`C fiu ŸJu¡ „Ù|® t≤d J¡∑ J¡°tfi° J¡≤ t¨Ã∫C
J¡° N°<Ô*yfi <J¡∫° ∫F Ì°ufi°u* J¡∑ ÌÙ|Õ ıÙbfi N°æ≤ „Ù|® t≤dR¡≈ <b”] J¡°tfi°Î≥ Jæ¡Ÿu Ÿ‡≈∏fi
F°u*yÙ ? ∫F°≥ ı°u wCtfiu ≈®ÿfi <J¡∫° S°, ŸJ¡° W≤ ŸCfi°u $$1$$
≤°ıfig, f®Ê fiu Ÿ¨<‹¸>R¡≈ N≈fiu ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ tu* ≈®∫°y°<Ì Ÿf J¡°tfi°≈®Ì su`°u* wS° Ÿf ≈Ì°S°u˘
Ju¡ k¡Ô J¡°, Ÿ N<@J¡°≤Ù ≈C”T Ju¡ <ÔÎ, ŸaJ¡v≈ Ÿu ŸtSÕfi <J¡∫° Fæ $ <ıŸtu* (ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ tu*)
<ıŸJ¡∑ (N<@J¡°≤Ù J¡∑) b°a<~>w k¡Ô <Ÿ<] Ju¡ <ÔÎ b°a<~>w k¡Ô Ìufiub°Ôu ≈®∫°y N°<Ì ≈C^∫wÙSÕ,
fitu* <J¡∫u y∫u _fi°fi, Ì°fi, w≈, ∫I N°<Ì ≈C^∫ wS° fi Ì°ufi°u* Ÿu ≈C^∫wÙSÕ N°æ≤ _fi°fi°<Ì ≈C^∫
Ÿu Ÿa_J¨¡w „≤Ù≤ ∫u wÙfi°u* ∫<Ì „°˜°fiCJ¥¡Ô N°ª≤d J¡≤fiub°Ôu N<@J¡°≤Ù Ju¡ Fæ* w°u ŸJu¡ π°≤° ∫F°≥
≈≤ tu≤u π°≤° <J¡∫u y∫u ≈C^∫ Ÿu tu≤° N˚Ù‹¸> k¡Ô Nbÿ∫ F°uy° ∫°u* <bÿb°Ÿ Ÿu NfiC<‹™>w ≈®∫°y t≤d
N°<Ì Ÿu ≈®°<SÕw k¡Ô Nbÿ∫ F°uw° FÙ Fæ $$2,3$$
≈C^∫°Ãt° ≈C”T J¡° ÎuŸ° F°u Ôu<J¡fi ı°u ≈°≈Ù Fæ, ≈≤ Z]° ≈¥dÕ ≤©w° Fæ ŸJ¡°u ≈®∫°y-t≤d N°<Ì
ŸyÕ - 209] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2561
Ÿu •∫° k¡Ô F°uw° Fæ ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
≈°≈Ù Z]°ÔC ≈C”T J¡° ≈®∫°y N°<Ì ≈C^∫ su` Ju¡ t≤d Ÿu Ã≈∏fi <ª<w„<•wR¡≈ bF ≈C^∫
f®ÊFÃ∫°<Ì tF°≈°≈ Ÿu Na„w# NSb° Ÿ‡≈¥dÕw# ıæŸ° su` J¡° t°F°Ã‡∫ F°u, ≈C”T J¡°u NÔyJ¡≤ _b∫a
˚Ù „°∏w F°u ı°w° Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ "@tuÕd ≈°≈t≈fiCÌ<w' (@tÕ Ÿu ≈°≈ J¡°u fi‹¸> J¡≤w° Fæ) oÃ∫°<Ì ZC<w
Fæ $$4$$ ∫<Ì „°˜°u* π°≤° <„sdÙ∫ (<„s°≈®°<›w∫°uÀ∫) ≈C”T tu* ≈°≈ J¡∑ t°`° J¡t F°u N°æ≤ wÙSÕsu` tu*
_fi°fi, Ì°fi N°<Ì Ÿu F°ufiub°Ô° @tÕ N<@J¡ t°`° tu* F°u w°u bF Ÿ ≈°≈ J¡°u <fi#„uT R¡≈ Ÿu <bfi‹¸>J¡≤
ZC<w π°≤° ≈®<w≈°<Ìw k¡Ô Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* Na„w# NŸ≤ ±>°Ôw° FÙ Fæ ∫°fiÙ Ÿu <Ÿ] J¡≤w° FÙ Fæ $$5$$ Fu
≤°ıfig, Ôu<J¡fi ıF°≥ ≈≤ „°˜ π°≤° <„sdÙ∫ ≈C”T J¡° ≈°≈ ≈C^∫su`°<ıÕw @tÕ Ju¡ f≤°f≤ FÙ F°uw° Fæ
bF°≥ ≈≤ wCv∫fÔ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d Ÿ @tÕ Ÿu Ÿ ≈°≈ J¡∑ <fib¨<W fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wÙ oŸ<ÔÎ ≈C^∫ N°æ≤ ≈°≈
Ju¡ ˚°uy Ju¡ <ÔÎ ŸJu¡ Ì°u „≤Ù≤ N°æ≤ fiJu¡ <ªÌ°˚°Ÿ Ì°u ˚®°<∏w N°æ≤ ≈®<w˚°ÃtJ¡ _kC¡¿≤w F°uwu Fæ* $$6$$
≈°≈°u* N°æ≤ ≈C^∫°u* J¡° tF°fig k¡ÔR¡≈ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° ı°u ı°u ıæŸu f®Ê ŸaJ¡v≈ Ÿu _kC¡¿≤w F°uw° Fæ bF bF
bæŸu FÙ Δ∫b¿_Sw Fæ, Ÿtu* JC¡~> ˚Ù Fu≤-ku¡≤ fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w° $$7$$
f®Ê Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈ Ÿu J¡<ªw (_kC¡¿≤w) Fæ ÎuŸ° J¡F° oŸtu* •∫° bF f®Ê Fæ, NSb° ıywg ŸJu¡
ŸaJ¡v≈ Ÿu J¡<ªw Jæ¡Ÿu ? ∫F ≈®ÿfi F°ufiu ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
∫F <ªÌg@°wC f®Ê J¡F° ı°w° Fæ $ bFÙ f®Ê° N°<Ì Ÿt<‹¸> ıÙb N°æ≤ NFt°<Ì Δ∫<‹¸> ıÙb J¡FÔ°w°
Fæ $ bF ıæŸu ŸaJ¡v≈ J¡≤w° Fæ Ÿt<‹¸-Δ∫<‹¸> ≈°<@ tu* ŸJ¡° ŸaJ¡v≈R¡≈ ıywg ˚Ù bæŸu FÙ ¿_Sw
Fæ $$8$$ f®Ê Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈ Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ FÙ „°_∫ („°Ÿfi∫°uÀ∫) ≈C”T J¡∑ ≈C^∫su`°u* tu* ≈°<ıÕw ≈C^∫ Ju¡
NfiCŸ°≤ ŸJu¡ k¡Ô˚°uyR¡≈ ≈®<w˚° bæŸu FÙ _b›fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi <Ìw F°uwÙ Fæ ıæŸu <J¡ ≈C^∫<b≈≤Ùw
≈°≈b°Ôu J¡∑ fi≤J¡°<Ì ≈®<w˚° Ã≈∏fi F°uwÙ Fæ $$9$$
Jæ¡ŸÙ-Jæ¡ŸÙ ≈®<w˚° <Ìw F°uwÙ Fæ* ? fiJ¡° vÔu©≈¥bÕJ¡ <fiR¡≈d J¡≤wu Fæ* $
∫F tæ* N°ı NJu¡Ô° FÙ t≤ y∫°, ∫u tu≤u f∏@C-f°∏@b Ÿf ıÙwu Fæ*, ∫u Ÿf tu≤u <Ô∫u ≤°uwu Fæ*,
tæ* ∫F NJu¡Ô° FÙ ≈≤Ô°uJ¡ tu* ≈FC≥ª y∫° F¥≥ $$10$$ oŸJ¡° t≤d ıæŸu ≈®<w˚°R¡≈ Fæ bæŸu FÙ oŸJu¡
f∏@CN°u* J¡° ˚Ù t≤fiu ≈≤ ŸbÕ` ≈®<Ÿ] ≤°ufi°, „b J¡°u Ôu ı°fi°, ÿt„°fi tu* ı°fi°, ıÔ°fi° N°<Ì Ÿf
JC¡~> @°wCs°u˚b°Ôu Ô°uy°u* J¡∑ (Ÿa<fi≈°w Ÿu <ıfiJu¡ b°∫C, <≈W N°<Ì @°wC sCÆ@ F°u y∫u Fæ* ÎuŸu Ô°uy°u*
J¡∑) w≤F bæŸÙ ≈®<w˚° FÙ Fæ, ∫F ŸtHfi° ª°<F∫u $$11$$ Ôu<J¡fi ıf tfiC‹∫°u* Ju¡ N<w ÃJ¡¸> ≈°≈
NSb° ≈C^∫ F°uwu Fæ* wf sCÆ@ FCÎ N≈fiu ≈°≈ NSb° ≈C^∫°u* Ÿu tF°Ãt° ≈C”T°u* π°≤° <fiy®F-NfiCy®F
Â<‹¸> Ÿu Ìu©u ı°fiu ≈≤ Ì¥Ÿ≤u ≈C”T°u* π°≤° Ô‚∫ (Ìu©fiu ∫°uÀ∫) NSb° N∏∫ ≈C”T°u* π°≤° NÔ‚∫
(Ìu©fiu Ju¡ N∫°uÀ∫) ≈C^∫ NSb° ≈°≈°u* Ju¡ k¡Ô˚¥w „≤Ù≤ N°<Ì <ªÃŸaJ¡v≈b„ F°uwu Fæ* $$12$$ bu ˚Ù
(ŸbÕ Ÿ°@°≤d Ô°uy ˚Ù) J¡FÙ* ≈≤ N<w ÃJ¡¸> ≈C^∫ NSb° ≈°≈°u* Ÿu „°_∫ („°Ÿfi ∫°uÀ∫) J¡°u
Nªuwfi „bR¡≈ tu* ≈n° t≤° FCN° Ìu©wu Fæ*, ≤°uwu Fæ* N°æ≤ ŸJu¡ f∏@C-f°∏@b°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S Ÿu <ªw°
J¡∑ N<Àfi tu* ±>°Ôwu Fæ* $$13$$ <t` N°æ≤ „`C Ju¡ ≈¨SJg¡ ≈¨SJg¡ J¡t°u˘ Ÿu „°_∫ („°Ÿfi ∫°uÀ∫) ÎJ¡ ≈C”T
_fiuFŸa<bwgR¡≈ ıÙb fiu ∫°fiÙ <t` fiu ≈®∫°y°<Ì wÙSÕsu` tu* ıæŸÙ ≈®°SÕfi° J¡∑ SÙ bæŸu ¿_Sw ı≤° N°æ≤
t¨Ã∫C Ÿu ≤<Fw N≈fiu J¡°u ÌC#©„¥∏∫ (ŸC©Ù) ı°fiw° Fæ $$14$$
•∫° bF Ì¥Ÿ≤u „≤Ù≤ Ÿu N≈fiu J¡°u ı≤°-t¨Ã∫CFÙfi N°æ≤ ŸC©Ù ı°fiw° Fæ ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi ≈≤ fiJ¡°≤°ÃtJ¡
bF bwÕt°fi ∫S°¿_Sw ÌuF Ÿu N≈fiÙ ıÙ<bw°b_S° J¡° NfiC˚b J¡≤w° Fæ $ wf ŸJu¡ „`C J¡°
tfi°u≤S Jæ¡Ÿu <Ÿ] F°uy° ? ∫°fiÙ <ıŸfiu ≈®∫°y N°<Ì J¡°tfi°≈®Ì ≈®Ìu„ tu* t¨Ã∫C Ju¡ Ÿt∫ ŸJu¡ „Ù|®
t≤d J¡∑ J¡°tfi° J¡∑ SÙ ŸJu¡ ŸaJ¡v≈ J¡∑ <Ÿ<] Jæ¡Ÿu F°uyÙ ? ∫F ∫<Ì „aJ¡° F°u w°u ŸCfi°u $ ≈®∫°y
N°<Ì ≈C^∫wÙSÕ tu* „`C J¡∑ t¨Ã∫C J¡≤°fiub°Ôu ≈C^∫ J¡° N°ª≤d J¡≤fiub°Ôu „`C Ÿu ıfÌÕ_wÙ t≤fiu Ju¡
<ÔÎ ≈®u¿≤w F°uJ¡≤ bF Ì¥Ÿ≤u <t`, _bıfi N°<Ì Ÿu NÂÿ∫ „≤Ù≤ Ÿu ŸÙ Ÿt∫ tu* t¨Ã∫C J¡° ˚Ù NfiC˚b
J¡≤w° Fæ $$15$$ „`C π°≤° <J¡∫u y∫u N<˚ª°≤ Ju¡ (wa`, ta`, „°≈ N°<Ì π°≤° t°≤d Ju¡) ≈®wÙJ¡°≤
Ÿu ≤<Fw „°_∫ J¡∑ Ÿa<bwg „`C J¡∑ J¡ÔC<Tw Ÿa<bwg J¡°u (t≤d N°<Ì J¡°u) wC≤∏w ŸÙ Ÿt∫ ı°fi
ı°wÙ Fæ $ J¡bª ≈Ffiu wS° „˜°˜ Ÿu Ÿıu FCÎ „`C J¡°u J¡bª fi ≈Ffiu FCÎ „˜°˜<bFÙfi <bÿb_w
≈C”T Ju¡ „≤Ù≤ J¡°u f°d, wÔb°≤, ˚°Ôu N°<Ì Ÿu |°∫>Ô J¡≤fiu tu* •∫° Ìu≤ Ôy ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ ? $$16$$
ŸJu¡ Ÿf f∏@Cf°∏@b ˚Ù ŸJ¡°u bæŸu FÙ Nt≤ Ìu©wu Fæ* oŸ w≤F ıÙbfi N°æ≤ t≤d Ì°ufi°u* ŸJ¡°u
ÎJ¡ Ÿ°S ≈®°›w F°uwu Fæ* $$17$$
oŸÙ ∏∫°∫ Ÿu Ÿf <b”] ≈®ÿfi°u* J¡° Ÿt°@°fi ŸtHfi° ª°<F∫u, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
∫F N≈®<wFwR¡≈ Ÿu N°<b˚¥Õw `æÔ°u•∫ Ju¡bÔt°` ˚®tR¡≈ Fæ $ ˚®°<∏w tu* •∫° ˚®°<∏w<b≈≤Ùw fiFÙ*
F°u ŸJ¡w° $ _b›fi, Ÿa<∏fi≈°w N°<Ì tu* Ô°©°u* <b”] <b”] f°wu* ÎJ¡ Ÿ°S F°uwÙ <Ì©°oÕ ÌuwÙ Fæ* $$18$$
ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ N°æ≤ _b›fifiy≤ tu* ı°u ˚®°<∏w t°Ô¥t F°uwÙ Fæ ı°y®wgR¡≈ _b›fi tu* ŸŸu N<@J¡ FÙ ∫F
˚®°<∏w NfiC˚¥w F°uwÙ Fæ ŸŸu J¡t NfiC˚¥w fiFÙ* F°uwÙ $$19$$
"@tÕ N°æ≤ N@tÕ Ì°ufi°u* Nt¥wÕ Fæ*, fi Ì°ufi°u* J¡∑ t¥wÕw° Jæ¡Ÿu ?' oŸ ≈®ÿfi J¡°u ≈®_wCw ªª°Õ Ju¡
NfiCJ¥¡Ô ŸC@°≤J¡≤ ≤°ı° <k¡≤ ≈¥~>w° Fæ $
Fu f®Êfig, @tÕ N°æ≤ N@tÕ f®Ê Ÿa<bwg Ju¡ J¡°≤d Jæ¡Ÿu F°uwu Fæ* ? @tÕ-N@tÕ Ì°ufi°u* ıf Nt¥wÕ Fæ*
t¥<wÕt°fig fiFÙ* Fæ* wf fitu* Ÿu ÎJ¡ <πwÙ∫ „≤Ù≤ Jæ¡Ÿu ffi ı°w° Fæ ? $$20$$
@°w° J¡° ŸÃ∫ŸaJ¡v≈ Nt¥wÕ J¡°u ˚Ù t¥<wÕt°fig ffi°fiu tu* ŸtSÕ Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu tF°twu, f®Ê Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤R¡≈ oŸ ıywg tu* •∫° ŸÃ∫ (Ÿayw) fiFÙ*
F°u ŸJ¡w° NSb° •∫° NŸayw fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w° ? $$21$$ ıæŸu Ft Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ tu* ÎuŸ° J¡°uoÕ
fiFÙ* Fæ ı°u Ÿa˚b fi F°u ŸJu¡ bæŸu FÙ oŸ f®Ê Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤R¡≈ <`Ô°uJ¡∑ tu* JC¡~> ˚Ù NŸa˚b fiFÙ*
Fæ ∫°fiÙ Ÿf JC¡~> F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ $$22$$ ıæŸu _b›fifiy≤ N°æ≤ ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ tu* ÎJ¡ FÙ <ª¿w Ô°©°u* R¡≈
@°≤d J¡≤wÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ ı°y®Ã_b›fi tu* ÎJ¡ FÙ <ª¿w tF°Ÿufi° Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uwÙ Fæ $$23$$
ıæŸu <ª¿w ı°y®wg tu* ÎJ¡ Ÿu NfiuJ¡ R¡≈ F°uwÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ ıF°≥ ≈≤ Ô°©°u* ÎJ¡R¡≈ F°uwu Fæ* bF ŸCTC<›w
˚Ù bFÙ F°uwÙ Fæ $ ÎJ¡ FÙ <ª¿w NfiuJ¡R¡≈ F°uwÙ Fæ N°æ≤ NfiuJ¡R¡≈ Ÿu ÎJ¡R¡≈w° J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uwÙ Fæ
oŸ f°w J¡° _b›fi wS° ŸaJ¡v≈ tu* NfiC˚¥w Ÿufi° Ju¡ _t≤d tu*, Ÿt¥FR¡≈ J¡∑ ÎJ¡°J¡°≤w° tu* wS°
"oÌtg' Ju¡ (∫F Ju¡) _S°fi tu* "wwg' (bF) J¡v≈fi° Ÿu N∏∫S° NfiC˚b F°uw° Fæ, oÃ∫°<Ì ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤
ŸyÕ - 209] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2563
N°æ≤ _b›fifiy≤ tu* <J¡ŸJ¡°u NfiC˚¥w fiFÙ* Fæ $ oŸ<ÔÎ oŸ ıywgR¡≈ <ªÌ°J¡°„ŸaJ¡v≈ tu* •∫° Ÿa˚b
fiFÙ* Fæ NSb° •∫° Ÿa˚b Fæ ? $$24-26$$ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ∫F ˚®°<∏w ÌuÌÙ›∫t°fi <ªÌ°J¡°„t∫ FÙ
≈®wÙw F°uwÙ Fæ ∫F°≥ ≈≤ fi JC¡~> Ÿwg Fæ, fi NŸwg Fæ NSb° fi Ÿwg NŸwg Fæ $$27$$ <ıŸ <ıŸJ¡°
ıæŸu NfiC˚b F°uw° Fæ bF bæŸ° FÙ Fæ $ w[bÌ„ÙÕ ≈C”T J¡°u oŸ <bT∫ tu* •∫° NŸtaıŸ Fæ ? $$28$$
@tÕ N°æ≤ N@tÕ J¡° N°ª≤d J¡≤fiub°Ôu Ô°uy ˚Ù „°˜ π°≤° N<ıÕw N≈fiu N≈fiu <fiÿª∫ Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤Ù
_by°u˘ J¡°u FÙ ≈®°›w J¡≤wu Fæ*, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
bF°≥ _byÕ tu* Ìubw°N°u* Ju¡ ≈˚°uÀ∫ wS° Nt¨wt∫ ıÔb°Ôu H≤fiu, w°Ô°f, k¡Ô, k¥¡Ô N°<Ì Ÿu
≈¥dÕ ≈bÕw Fæ* $ ∫F „°˜ Ÿu ı°fiJ¡≤ ŸJu¡ NfiCŸ°≤ ŸaJ¡v≈ F°ufiu ≈≤ ∫F°≥ @tÕ J¡° NfiC‹™>°fi <J¡∫° ı°∫
w°u bF°≥ ≈≤ ≈FC≥ªJ¡≤ @t°ÕfiC‹™>°fiJ¡w°Õ bæŸu ≈bÕw°u* J¡°u •∫° ≈®°›w fiFÙ* FCN° ∫°fiÙ fiJ¡°u ≈®°›w FCÎ
_b°Ãt° J¡° NfiC˚b •∫°u* fiFÙ* J¡≤w° Fæ ? $$29$$
∫<Ì <tØ∫° F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ∫F NŸtaıŸ Fæ, ÎuŸÙ N°≈J¡∑ t<w Fæ w°u ∫F Ô°uJ¡, oŸtu* <J¡∫° y∫°
@t°Õ<Ì J¡° NfiC‹™>°fi, ŸŸu ≈≤Ô°uJ¡ J¡∑ ≈®°<›w N°æ≤ Ÿtu* ŸC©-ÌC#©˚°uy ∫F Ÿ°≤° J¡° Ÿ°≤° ıywg
NŸtaıŸ FÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
oŸ ıywg tu* ı°u J¡°∫Õ <J¡∫° ı°w° Fæ, ŸJ¡° k¡Ô˚°uy ≈≤Ô°uJ¡ tu* ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ oŸ
ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ tu* Ÿf JC¡~> FÙ NŸtaıŸ Fæ $$30$$ ∫<Ì ıywg tu* JC¡~> ˚Ù ˚¥w, ˚Cbfi N°<Ì b_wC ŸÃ∫ F°u
w°u Ÿtu* ∫F <b≤°u@ F°uw° wf ∫F ŸtaıŸ Fæ ∫F NŸtaıŸ Fæ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° ∏∫°∫ Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ NJCa¡<™>w
F°uw° <J*¡wC Ÿ˚Ù B‹¸>° Ÿa<bwgR¡≈ Fæ*, Nw# fiJ¡° N≈fi° ŸaJ¡v≈ FÙ Âÿ∫ Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw Fæ, b°_w<bJ¡
fiFÙ* Fæ $ ª¥≥<J¡ ıywg ˚Ù f®Ê_bR¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw <ªwg Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈R¡≈ FÙ Fæ*, Nw# oŸ NŸtaıŸw° J¡°
≈¿≤F°≤ J¡≤fiub°Ôu ∏∫°∫ J¡∑ ı°u _b›fi N°æ≤ ŸaJ¡v≈ J¡∑ J¡v≈fi°N°u* tu* NfiC˚b Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ ¿_Sw Fæ,
ıyw°u* tu* ˚Ù ∫°uıfi° J¡≤fiÙ ª°<F∫u $$31,32$$ ıæŸu wC‡F°≤u ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ tu* ŸJ¡Ô ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡° NŸa˚b
Fæ FÙ fiFÙ* ∫°fiÙ ŸJ¡Ô ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡° bF°≥ ≈≤ Ÿa˚b Fæ bæŸu FÙ f®Ê Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈R¡≈ ıywg tu* ˚Ù <J¡ŸÙ ≈Ì°SÕ
J¡° NŸa˚b fiFÙ* Fæ $ f®Ê Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈ tu* <ıŸJ¡∑ <ıŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ bF ıf wJ¡ ŸaJ¡v≈ ≤Fw° Fæ
wf wJ¡ Ÿ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ Ÿa<fibu„ Ÿu ∫C•w bæŸu FÙ _b˚°b Ÿu ≤FwÙ Fæ $$33,34$$ Ÿ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu Ÿa<fibu„
<fi∫t Ÿu FÙ ∫F°≥ I°fiu¿∏B∫°u* π°≤° Ÿf b_wCN°u* J¡° ˚ÔÙ˚°≥<w (™>ÙJ¡ ™>ÙJ¡ N<bŸab°ÌR¡≈ Ÿu) Ì„Õfi
F°uw° Fæ wS° J¡tu˘¿∏B∫°u* Ju¡ Δ∫bF°≤ tu* ŸaJ¡≤w° ˚Ù fiFÙ* F°uwÙ $ <ªwg Ju¡ ≈¥dÕ≈®∫Ãfi Ÿu <fi∫w „≤Ù≤-
Ÿay™>fib°Ô° (N°J¡°≤-≈®J¡°≤b°Ô°) ≈Ì°SÕ <ªwg Ju¡ N∏∫ ≈®∫Ãfi Ju¡ <ffi° N∏∫S° ˚Ù fiFÙ* F°uw° $$35$$
f®Ê Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈ tu* ıæŸu ıywg J¡° ˚°fi FCN° bæŸu FÙ bF ≈®Ô∫≈∫Õ∏w ¿_Sw ≤F° $ <k¡≤ ≈®Ô∫ Ju¡ f°Ì N∏∫
ŸaJ¡v≈ Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu N∏∫ f®Ê°a±> ≈®°›w F°uy° $$36$$ ıæŸu _b›fi tu* _b›fifiy≤ J¡° ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ
J¡v≈ J¡v≈ tu* <ª<wR¡≈ <ª<w_b›fi tu* ŸaJ¡v≈R¡≈ ıywg J¡° ≈®Ã∫uJ¡ ıÙb Ju¡ ≈®<w ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ $$37$$
Fu ≤°ıfig, wCt ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤R¡≈ oŸ ıywg tu* ı°u ı°u fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ ŸtHwu F°u bF JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ ∫°fiÙ
oŸtu* Ÿf JC¡~> J¡° Ÿa˚b Fæ $ bF Ÿf JC¡~> J¡v≈fi° J¡≤fiub°Ôu oŸ ≈≤tf®Ê <ªÌ°Ãt° Ÿu ≈¨SJg¡ fiFÙ* Fæ,
oŸ<ÔÎ wCt ŸJ¡Ô ıywg J¡°u f®Ê FÙ ı°fi°u $$38$$
Ì°u Ÿ°æ fi°æb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
Ì°u Ÿ°æ ÌŸb°≥ ŸyÕ

≤°ı° ≈®I<›w Ju¡ „uT ≈®ÿfi°u* Ju¡ Ÿt°@°fi J¡° <fiR¡≈d wS°
w[bÂ<‹¸> Ÿu ÌuF°<Ì ıywg J¡∑ f®Êt°`w° J¡° <fiR¡≈d $
©u _∫°ts∫≈¥du˘∏ÌC¿≤<w ºt°<∫<ªwæ# k¡Ôæ# $ wCv∫J¡°ÔtfiC≈®°›wæ# ŸFŸ®u∏ÌC fi <J*¡ fi˚# $$
tæ* N°J¡°„ tu* Ns∫ ≈¥dÕ ª∏Bt° F°u«≥¡' oŸ J¡°tfi° Ÿu º∫°fi J¡≤fiub°Ô°u* Ju¡ Ÿa<ªw ÎJ¡ Ÿt∫ tu*
≈®°›w FCÎ ª∏BÃbR¡≈ k¡Ô°u* Ÿu N°J¡°„ ÎJ¡ Ÿ°S NfiuJ¡ ª∏B∫C•w •∫°u* fiFÙ* F°uw° ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi J¡° W≤
≈FÔu ŸCfi°wu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ≤°ıfig, ŸæJ¡n°u* º∫°fi J¡≤fiub°Ôu Ô°uy°u* π°≤° Ns∫ ª∏BÃbR¡≈ k¡Ô
≈®°›w F°ufiu ≈≤ ıæŸu N°J¡°„ ŸæJ¡n°u* ≈¥dÕª∏B°u* Ÿu ∫C•w fiFÙ* F°uw° Ÿ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ oŸ tu≤u J¡Sfi J¡°u
ŸCfi°u $ ∫Ω<≈ ŸÃ∫ª∏B<f‡f J¡° NFa˚°b Ÿu º∫°fi J¡≤fiub°Ôu ≈C”T ≈®°›wΔ∫ ª∏BÃb tu* <ª≤J¡°ÔÙfi
º∫°fi Ÿu N∏∫ ˚°b J¡° <b_t≤d F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d Îu∏Ìb°u* Ju¡ ≈°¶∫°fi tu* •w Îu∏Ìb∏∫°∫ Ÿu ŸC¿_Sw
F°uJ¡≤ ª∏BÃb J¡°u ≈®°›w FÙ Fæ* wS°<≈ bu fi w°u oŸ N°J¡°„wÔ tu* ≈®°›w FCÎ N°æ≤ fi oŸ ª∏B tu* ≈®<b‹¸>
FCÎ $$1,2$$
•∫°u* N°J¡°„wÔ tu* ≈®°›w fiFÙ* FCÎ ? oŸ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Ì¥Ÿ≤u Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ tu* Ì¥Ÿ≤° ≈®<b‹¸> F°u ∫F f°w J¡F°≥ Ìu©Ù yoÕ Fæ ∫F fwÔ°N°u $ ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ tu*
≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡∑ ≈®°<›w ŸÙ ≈C”T J¡°u F°uyÙ <ıŸJ¡° <J¡ bF ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ Fæ $ N∏∫ Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤ tu* J¡Ì°<≈
≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡∑ ≈Ô¿Æ@ fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ $ NÔy NÔy N≈fiÙ N≈fiÙ ŸaJ¡v≈Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°J¡°„°u* tu* FÙ
¿_Sw bu ª∏Bt°, <ıfiJ¡∑ J¡Ô° J¡° J¡Ì°<≈ s∫ fiFÙ* F°uw° Fæ, bFÙ* ≈≤ ≈®J¡°<„w F°uwu Fæ* $ "oŸÙ ª∏Bt°
tu* tæ* ≈®<b‹¸> F°u«≥¡' ÎuŸ° º∫°fi J¡≤fiub°Ô° ≈°ŸJ¡, ı°u <J¡ N∏Ì≤ N°ÃtfC<]ŸC© Ÿu „¥∏∫ Fæ, oŸÙ
ª∏Bt° tu* FÙ ≈®<b‹¸> F°uw° Fæ $$3-5$$
oŸÙ ª∏Bt° tu* ŸfJu¡ Ÿf º∫°fiJ¡w°Õ •∫°u* ≈®<b‹¸> fiFÙ* FCÎ, •∫°u*<J¡ ÎuŸ° J¡≤fiu tu* Ô°|b Fæ $ oŸ
tæ* ª∏B<f‡f Ju¡ ŸC© Ÿu ∫C•w F°uJ¡≤ ª∏Bt° tu* ≈®<b‹¸> F°u«≥¡, ÎuŸ° º∫°fi J¡≤fiub°Ô° ≈C”T Ÿ
≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ ŸC© J¡° ˚°yÙ ffiw° Fæ, ÎuŸ° <fiÿª∫ Fæ $ ˚°b ∫F <J¡ fi Ÿffiu bæŸ° º∫°fi fiFÙ* <J¡∫° ∫°fiÙ
"ÎJ¡ FÙ NtCJ¡ ª∏Bt° tu* ≈®<b‹¸> F°u«≥¡' Ÿffiu ÎuŸ° º∫°fi fiFÙ* <J¡∫°, <J¡∏wC wC‡F°≤u ≈®ÿfi Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤
"N°J¡°„ tu* Ns∫≈¥dÕ ª∏Bt° F°u«≥¡' oŸ J¡°tfi° Ÿu Ÿffiu º∫°fi <J¡∫° $$6$$
∫<Ì J¡°uoÕ ≈®ÿfi J¡≤u <J¡ N∏∫ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu º∫°fi J¡≤fiu ≈≤ N∏∫ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° k¡Ô •∫°u* fiFÙ* F°uw° ? w°u
oŸ ≈®ÿfi ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
º∫°fiJ¡w°Õ ıæŸ° Â»ŸaJ¡v≈ F°uJ¡≤ _b˚°b J¡° º∫°fi J¡≤w° Fæ Ÿ _b˚°b J¡° N<bfi°<„fiÙ
Ÿ°<sŸa<bwg bæŸu FÙ NfiC˚b J¡≤wÙ Fæ ŸŸu <b≈≤Ùw NfiC˚b fiFÙ* J¡≤wÙ $$7$$
"N∏∫hª º∫°<∫fi°a Ôsæº∫°ÕwæJ¡° ˜Ù ∫S°J®¡ttg $ ı°∫°Ãbufi Ÿta J¡°Ôtg $' oŸ ≈®ÿfi J¡° ˚Ù ≈¥b°uÕ•w
∫C<•w Ÿu FÙ Ÿt°@°fi J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u, ∫°u* N<w Ìu„ J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ŸyÕ - 210] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2565
ıæŸu ŸJ¡Ô º∫°fi J¡w°ÕN°u* J¡° N≈fiu N≈fiu ŸaJ¡v≈°fiCŸ°≤ ª∏BÃb ≈¨SJg¡ ≈¨SJg¡ ˚°Ÿw° Fæ $$8$$
"Ÿ°ºΔ∫Ÿ°ºbÙ y¨Fu ˚wCÕ#¡Ÿa¿_Sw° w≈Ÿ° ≈≤° $' oŸ ≈®ÿfi°a„ tu* ˚Ù ∫FÙ Ÿt°@°fi Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ı°u Ÿ°ºbÙ ˜Ù º∫°fi tu* Ô°©°u* º∫°fiJ¡w°ÕN°u* J¡∑ ˜Ù ffiÙ ŸJ¡∑ J¡°v≈<fiJ¡ NfiC˚¥<w fiJu¡
N∏w#J¡≤d≈<Fw Ÿ°sÙ tu* ¿_Sw Fæ $$9$$
|≤ Ÿu f°F≤ <fiJ¡Ôu <ffi° ıÙb Ÿ›wπÙ≈ J¡° ≈<w Jæ¡Ÿu FCN° ? oŸ ≈®ÿfi J¡° ˚Ù oŸŸu Ÿt°@°fi F°u
ªCJ¡°, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ı°u |≤ Ÿu f°F≤ fi <fiJ¡Ô° FCN° ıÙb Ÿ›wπÙ≈uÿb≤ F°uJ¡≤ ¿_Sw Fæ ŸJ¡° ˚Ù N≈fiu <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu*
bF J¡v≈fi°<Ÿ] ≤°≠∫ ˚°Ÿw° Fæ $$10$$ ıf ∫F Ft Ô°uy°u* J¡° Â<‹¸>y°uª≤ ıywg ˚Ù Ÿ°≤° J¡° Ÿ°≤°
ı∏t# ŸbÕI f®Ê J¡∑ J¡v≈fi°t°`, „¥∏∫, <fi≤°J¡°≤ N°æ≤ „°∏w Fæ wf ≈°ŸJ¡°u* π°≤° J¡¿v≈w ıyw°u* tu*
•∫° N∏∫S° oŸŸu <bÔsd ŸÃ∫w° F°uyÙ <ıŸŸu bF°≥ NŸtaıŸw° F°uyÙ, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$11$$
Ì°fi@t°Õ<Ìw≈Ÿ°t°æºbÕÌu<FJ¡J¡tÕd°tg $ oF_S°fi°tt¥w°Õfi°a t¥w˘ ≈®uÃ∫°&¿_w <J*¡ k¡Ôtg $$
oŸ ≈®ÿfi J¡° NfiCb°Ì J¡≤ Ÿt°@°fi J¡≤fiu J¡∑ ≈®<wI° J¡≤wu Fæ* $
Fu ≤°ıfig, Ì°fi, N∏Ã∫u<‹¸> J¡tÕ, w≈, ı≈ N°<Ì t¥<wÕ≤<Fw J¡t°u˘ J¡° ≈≤Ô°uJ¡ tu* t¥<wÕt°fig k¡Ô
Jæ¡Ÿu F°uw° Fæ ? ∫F ı°u wCtfiu J¡F° ŸJ¡° W≤ ∫F J¡F° ı°w° Fæ, ŸCfi°u $ Ì°fi N°<Ì Ÿu Na<J¡w
fC<]b°Ôu Nt¥wÕ ıÙb ≈≤Ô°uJ¡ tuu* _b›fi Ju¡ Ÿt°fi t¥<wÕt°fig Ÿu ≈®wÙw F°u ≤Fu NfiCÃ≈∏fi k¡Ô J¡°u, Ìu©wu
Fæ* <ıŸJ¡∑ t¥<wÕ Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° <ªwg Ÿu FÙ J¡∑ ı°wÙ Fæ $$13$$ Fu ≤°ıfig, tfi N°æ≤ I°fiu¿∏B∫°u*
Ÿu buÌfi° wS° NbuÌfi°J¡°≤ ˚®°<∏w F°uwÙ Fæ, Ÿ ˚®°<∏w J¡∑ <bT∫-≈®°<›w Ju¡ <Ô∫u bF <ª∏t°` tfi
Ÿ<Fw J¡tuÕ¿∏B∫°u* Ÿu _≈∏Ì N°æ≤ N_≈∏ÌR¡≈ F°uw° Fæ $ <J¡∏wC Ÿ ˚®°<∏w J¡∑ <fib¨<W F°ufiu ≈≤ <fitÕÔ
„°∏w <ªBq≈ N°Ãt° FÙ „uT ≤Fw° Fæ $$14$$ oŸ Ô°uJ¡ tu* NfiC<‹™>w (<J¡∫u y∫u) Ì°fi Ÿu ≈≤Ô°uJ¡ tu*
<ªÃ≈®<w˚°Ÿ_bR¡≈ wwg-wwg k¡Ô ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ $ ŸJ¡°u ŸaJ¡v≈_bR¡≈ ıÙb ≈®°›w J¡≤w° Fæ, ÎuŸ°
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Ì°fi Ÿu ≈¥b°uÕ•w NJ¨¡<`t ŸaJ¡v≈ FÙ ≈≤Ô°uJ¡ tu* ª°≤°u* N°u≤ <ª∏t°`R¡≈ ˚°uy, Îuÿb∫Õ N°<Ì Ì°fi-k¡Ô
F°u NSb° NÌ°fi Ÿu Ì¿≤Bw° N°<Ì NÌ°fi J¡° k¡Ô F°u oŸtu* J¡°uoÕ <b≤°u@ fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫°u* Ÿf NŸtaıŸ°u*
J¡° ≈¿≤F°≤ F°u y∫°, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$15,16$$
Ÿf ≈®ÿfi°u* J¡° _btC© Ÿu NSb° NSÕw# Ÿt°@°fi J¡≤ ıywg J¡° f®Ê FÙ w[b Fæ, ∫°u* ≈ŸaF°≤
J¡≤wu Fæ* $
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<fi≤°J¡°≤ ıywg <ª∏t°` J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° FÙ Fæ $$17$$
ÌuF tu* FÙ <ªwg J¡∑ N<˚Δ∫<•w <Ì©°oÕ ÌuwÙ Fæ, Nfi<˚Δ∫•w <ªwg tu* ˚®°<∏w N°<Ì fiFÙ* <Ì©°oÕ
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<Ÿ<] F°u ∫°u* N∏∫°u∏∫°Z∫ Ì°uT ŸtH ≤Fu ≈®I<›w ≤°ı° fiu ≈®ÿfi <J¡∫° $
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J¡v≈fi° Jæ¡Ÿu ˚°ŸwÙ Fæ ? ÌuF Ju¡ <ffi° <ªwg J¡∑ N<˚Δ∫<•w FÙ fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wÙ $ •∫° J¡FÙ* ÌÙb°≤ Ju¡
<ffi° ÌÙ≈≈®˚° ≈®J¡°„wÙ Fæ ? $$18$$
ın „≤Ù≤ <ªwg J¡° N<˚Δ∫aıJ¡ fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F w[bI°fiÙ J¡° ≈s Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ ŸJ¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* ın J¡∑
FÙ ≈®<Ÿ<] fiFÙ* Fæ $ f®Ê ŸbÕI F°ufiu Ÿu ŸÌ° FÙ N<˚Δ∫•w ªæw∏∫b°Ôu ÌuF N°<Ì ŸfJ¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤w°
Fæ, oŸ N<˚≈®°∫ Ÿu W≤ Ìuwu Fæ* $
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FÙ NŸa˚b Fæ ıæŸu <J¡ N°J¡°„ tu* ≈ÃS≤°u* J¡° fi°ªfi° NŸa˚b Fæ $ ı°u FÙ f®Ê„ÆÌ J¡° NSÕ Fæ bFÙ
ÌuF„ÆÌ J¡° NSÕ Fæ ıæŸu N‡fC N°æ≤ N‡˚Ÿ (fiÙ≤) „ÆÌ°u* Ju¡ NSÕ J¡° ˚uÌ fiFÙ* Fæ ∫°fiÙ Ì°ufi°u* „ÆÌ°u* J¡°
NSÕ ÎJ¡ "ıÔ' FÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ f®Ê N°æ≤ ÌuF „ÆÌ°u* Ju¡ NS°u˘ tu* ˚Ù ˚uÌ fiFÙ* Fæ $$19,20$$
_b›fiÌuF Ju¡ ŸÂ„ ∫F „≤Ù≤ f®Ê FÙ Fæ ŸŸu <˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ $ „aJ¡° - _b›fi tu* ˚Ù ∫F ∏∫°∫ Ÿt°fi
Fæ Nw# _b›fi ÌuF ˚Ù oŸ ÌuF Ju¡ Ÿt°fi FÙ f®ÊR¡≈ ™>F≤° ÎuŸÙ Ì„° tu* "_b›fi°˚' ∫°u* ˚uÌ J¡°u <Ÿ] Ÿ°
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fi ŸCTC<›w Fæ N°æ≤ fi N∏∫ JC¡~> Fæ <J*¡wC tfi, b°dÙ Ÿu Ny°uª≤ <b≤°¸>g, <bÿb wS° wæıŸ ŸfJ¡° ≈®Ô∫
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Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ∫F <ª∏t°`|fi Fæ $$29$$ ª¥≥<J¡ ∫F ıywg <ªwg J¡° ∏tuTt°` (_kC¡≤dt°`) Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ
<fi≤°J¡°≤ <ªÌ°J¡°„t°` FÙ Fæ $ ÎuŸÙ ≈¿≤¿_S<w tu* ıF°≥ ıF°≥ <ª∏t°` Fæ bF°≥-bF°≥ ıywg J¡° ≤Ffi°
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Ÿu J¡<Sw F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù ∫F Ÿf „°∏w f®Ê FÙ Fæ $$30,31$$ <ªÌ°J¡°„ Ju¡ ŸaJ¡v≈fiy≤°J¡°≤ ∫S°¿_Sw
ŸyÕ - 210] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2567
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tu* ŸBq≈ Ÿu buÌ N°<Ì tu* <Ÿ] f®Ê J¡° ŸÌ®¥≈ Ÿu FÙ _bÙJ¡°≤ J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u wS° buÌ°<Ì tu* NŸBq≈
Ÿu <Ÿ] πæw J¡° NŸwgR¡≈ Ÿu _bÙJ¡°≤ J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$33,34$$ ıf
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f®Ê <˚∏fiR¡≈ Ÿu ≈¿≤I°w <bÿb FÙ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu (f®ÊR¡≈ Ÿu) ≈¿≤I°w F°uJ¡≤ f®Êw° J¡°u ≈®°›w
F°uw° Fæ $$35$$ "Ãb∫°&S°uÕ ÌuF„ÆÌ_∫' Ÿu ÔuJ¡≤ ∫F°≥ wJ¡ tu≤u π°≤° ≈®<w≈°<Ìw ∏∫°∫ Ÿu ıÙb∏tC¿•w
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tu* (ŸaŸ°≤R¡≈Ù ≈Ù≈Ô Ju¡ ≈un tu*) ≈¿≤I°w <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ ŸŸu NdCt°` ˚Ù <˚∏fi fiFÙ* Fæ $ bF
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Ì°u Ÿ°æ À∫°≤Fb°≥ ŸyÕ

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ŸyÕ - 211] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2569
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<fi<bÕJ¡°≤ Ÿa„°∏w <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ <ıŸfiu ıæŸ° Â» <fiÿª∫ <J¡∫° ŸJ¡∑ Â<‹¸> Ÿu bæŸ° FÙ _kC¡¿≤w
F°uw° Fæ, ŸŸu N∏∫S° fiFÙ* F°uw° $ N<fi¿ÿªw ∫F ıywg ˚°Ÿw° FÙ fiFÙ* $ N<fi¿ÿªw ıywg tu* "Fæ'
∫° "fiFÙ* Fæ' oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° wJÕ¡ FÙ fiFÙ* ™>w° $ NwÎb „¥∏∫, <fi≤°J¡°≤ wS° <fi≤°u@ fi J¡≤fiub°Ô°
∫F ıywg ≈≤t°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ $ ı°u b_wC Â» <fiÿª∫ Ÿu ˚°ŸwÙ Fæ bF <ªÃ_b˚°b F°ufiu Ÿu ˚°R¡≈-ŸÙ
˚°Ÿt°fi <Ì©°oÕ ÌuwÙ Fæ $ <J¡∏wC NŸa<b<Ìw oŸ <bÿb tu* _b˚°bw# <ªÃŸW° N°æ≤ _k¥¡<wÕ J¡∑ Δ∫°<›w
fiFÙ* Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ ∫F „¥∏∫ N°æ≤ <fi≤°J¡°≤ Fæ $$9-16$$
J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤d Ju¡ fÔ Ÿu FÙ ŸJ¡∑ Ì¥Ÿ≤Ù ŸW° F°uyÙ, ÎuŸ° w°u J¡Ì°<≈ Ÿa˚b fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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Fæ ? Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ N°<Ì tu* ≈®Ô∫ J¡°u ≈®°›w FCÎ N°J¡°„ Ÿu Nfi∏w <bÿb J¡∑ Ã≈<W •∫° N°æ≤ Jæ¡Ÿu Ÿa˚b
Fæ ? $$17$$ N°J¡°„ tu* ı°u ˚¥w, ˚Cbfi N°<Ì b_wC Ã≈∏fi FCoÕ ŸÙ <Ì©°oÕ ÌuwÙ Fæ, bF N°J¡°„ tu*
N°J¡°„ FÙ Ÿ ≈®J¡°≤ (Ã≈∏fi FCN°-Ÿ°) ı≥ªw° Fæ $ oŸ<ÔÎ Ÿtu* ÎJ¡Ãb-<πÃb J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° ˚Ù
ÌCÔÕ˚ Fæ J¡°∫ÕJ¡°≤d˚°b w°u fFCw Ì¥≤ J¡∑ f°w ≤FÙ, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$18$$ bF (f®Ê) ıæŸ° FÙ S° ™>ÙJ¡
bæŸ° FÙ ≤Fw° Fæ Ÿtu* <J¡ŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° <bJ¡°≤ fiFÙ* N°w° ıæŸu _b›fi tu* <ªÌ°J¡°„ N≈fiu _bR¡≈
Ÿu ≈®h∫Cw FCÎ <ffi° _b›fi≈Ì°SÕ J¡° <bbwÕ N<@‹™>°fi Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ªÌ°J¡°„ N≈fiu _bR¡≈ Ÿu ≈®h∫Cw
∫° <bJ¨¡w FCÎ <ffi° FÙ <bbwÕ N<@‹™>°fi FÙ Fæ $ fi w°u J¡°≤d Fæ N°æ≤ fi <bJ¡°≤Ù Fæ $ ŸaJ¡v≈ tu* <ªW
ıæŸu N°J¡°≤ J¡∑ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤ ≈bÕwÔÙÔ° Ÿu <Ìw F°uw° Fæ, b°_wb tu* fi bF ≈bÕw Fæ N°æ≤ fi bF
N°J¡°„ Fæ, bæŸu FÙ f®Ê tu* ıywg J¡∑ ¿_S<w Fæ $$19,20$$
NwÎb N≈fiÙ Â<‹¸> Ÿu Δ∫°≈°≤„¥∏∫ ˚Ù ıÙb∏tC•w ≈C”T Δ∫bF°≤ tu* wÃ≈≤ Ÿu ≈®wÙw F°uwu Fæ* b°_wb
tu* bu Δ∫bF°≤≈≤°∫d fiFÙ* ≤Fwu ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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NfiC˚¥w F°u N°æ≤ ˚Ôu FÙ NSÕ<J®¡∫°J¡°≤Ù ˚Ù F°u w°u ˚Ù ∫F _b›fifiy≤ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi <fi≤°J¡°≤ wS° „¥∏∫ Fæ $
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N°æ≤ NıyW° ≈≤f®Ê Ju¡ FÙ <fitÕÔ „≤Ù≤ Fæ* $ ı°u N∏∫ ≤≠ıC N°<Ì b_wC Ÿ≈°Õ<Ì fi°tb°ÔÙ fiFÙ* F°u
ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ bF ≈≤t°SÕR¡≈ Ÿu Ÿwg fiFÙ* Fæ $$21-29$$ Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, <Ÿ] Ô°uJ¡°u* J¡°u ˚°uy N°<Ì J¡°
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<Ÿ<] N°<ÌR¡≈ wCh~> k¡Ô tu* N°≈ ≈C”T°SÕfC<] J¡° Ã∫°y J¡∑<ıÎ $ •∫°u*<J¡ N°≈J¡°u f®Êw[b J¡° I°fi
F°u ªCJ¡° Fæ $ Nw# N°≈J¡°u Ju¡bÔt°` t°∫°R¡≈b°Ôu <Ÿ] Ô°uJ¡°u* Ju¡ bæ˚b J¡°u ı°fifiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ b¨S°
≈¿≤Zt fiFÙ* J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u $$30$$
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(_S¥Ô Â<‹¸> Ÿu) <Ÿ] Fæ <J¡∏wC ≈≤t°SÕ Â<‹¸> Ÿu fi <F≤^∫y˚Õ Fæ, fi ıÙb Fæ NSb° fi ıywg FÙ Fæ Ju¡bÔ
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NSÕ J¡° ≈®<w≈°Ìfi J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈®_wCw F°uwu Fæ* $
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<F≤^∫y˚Õw° Fæ $ Ÿ <F≤^∫y˚Õ J¡° ŸaJ¡v≈ ∫F <`ıywg Fæ $$1$$
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f®Ê FÙ Fæ $$4$$
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ıywg f®ÊR¡≈Ù ıÔ J¡° N°bwÕ Fæ $ oŸtu* ÎJ¡Ãb N°æ≤ <πÃb J¡°æfi ? •∫° J¡FÙ* N°bwÕ N°æ≤ ıÔ tu*
ŸyÕ - 212] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2571
<πÃb (˚uÌ) Fæ ? N°æ≤ ıf <πw° J¡° N˚°b Fæ wf ÎJ¡w° J¡F°≥ ? •∫°u*<J¡ ÎJ¡w° <πÃb J¡∑ N≈us° J¡≤wÙ
Fæ $$5$$ N©^±> ≈≤t„°∏w bF f®Ê<ªwg F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d (≈≤_kC¡≤d_b˚°bb„) NFtg' ∫°u*
NFaJ¡°≤Ÿt<‹¸>R¡≈w° J¡°u (<F≤^∫y˚Õw° J¡°u) ı°fiw° FCN° bæŸu FÙ N≈fiu J¡°u NSÕ Ÿ° ªuww° Fæ ıæŸu <J¡
<b_w¨w N°J¡°„ N≈fiu N∏Ì≤ ¿_Sw N≈fiÙ „¥∏∫w° J¡°u ı°fiw° Fæ $ ıæŸu ≈bfi N≈fiu N∏Ì≤ ¿_Sw
N≈fiu _≈∏Ìfi J¡°u ı°fiw° Fæ, ıæŸu N<Àfi N≈fiu N∏Ì≤ ¿_Sw N≈fiÙ ‹dw° J¡°u ı°fiwÙ Fæ N°æ≤ ıæŸu
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NSÕ Ÿ° ı°fiw° Fæ $$6,7$$
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J¡≤wu Fæ* $
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N°b≤d≤<Fw N°<Ì-N∏w „¥∏∫ N°æ≤ <fiÃ∫ Fæ $ ∫F oŸ Ÿt∫ ∫°fiÙ Ÿ¨<‹¸>J¡°Ô Ÿu ÔuJ¡≤ ªuww° Fæ, ÎuŸ°
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J¡≤ W≤ Ìuwu Fæ* $
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NFtg N°<Ì Ju¡ _kC¡≤d tu* Ì¥Ÿ≤u J¡∑ J¡°uoÕ N≈us° fiFÙ* Fæ $ ŸyÕ N°æ≤ NŸyÕ N°J¡°„R¡≈ f®Ê ŸbÕ`
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JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ* $$9,10$$
wf <bΩ°-N<bΩ°-<tZÂ<‹¸> tu* f®Ê Jæ¡Ÿ° ªuww° Fæ ? oŸ ≈≤ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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Fæ ? $$11$$ ª¥≥<J¡ ıywg <fi<bÕJ¡°≤ N°<Ì-N∏w „¥∏∫ f®ÊR¡≈ FÙ Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ ıywg J¡∑ ŸÌ° FÙ ÎuŸÙ FÙ
ŸW° Fæ J¡˚Ù ˚Ù oŸŸu <bÔsd ŸW° fiFÙ* Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ <b≈¿ÿªwg ≈°¶∫°fi tu* J¡FÙ yoÕ ∫C<•w Ju¡
NfiCŸ°≤ ŸJ¡Ô ıÙb°u* Ju¡ ŸaŸ°≤ Ju¡ h~>uÌ J¡° NbŸ≤ ≈®<Ÿ] fiFÙ* Fæ $$12$$
oŸ <tZÂ<‹¸> J¡°u ˚Ù N°≈ N≈fiu f°u@ J¡∑ NfiCb¨<W wJ¡ FÙ „ÆÌ Zbd oÃ∫°<Ì N°<Ì Δ∫bF°≤ J¡∑
<Ÿ<] Ju¡ <ÔÎ _bÙJ¡°≤ J¡≤wu Fæ*, w°u _bÙJ¡°≤ J¡∑<ı∫u ≈≤ ≈≤t°SÕR¡≈ Ÿu _bÙJ¡°≤ tw J¡∑<ı∫u, ÎuŸ°
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
∫Ω<≈ N°≈J¡°u ∫F N<πwÙ∫ f®Êf°u@ ≈®°›w F°u ªCJ¡° Fæ <k¡≤ ˚Ù NI°fi J¡°u _bÙJ¡°≤ J¡≤ tu≤u ≈Ìu„
„ÆÌZbd tu* N°Ÿ•w<ªW F°u N°≈ <tZÂ<‹¸> Ÿu ≈®°›w πæw J¡°u (Ÿ≈®≈aª<fi‹≈®≈aªR¡≈w° J¡°u) _bÙJ¡°≤
J¡≤wu F°u w[b Â<‹¸> Ÿu J¡Ì°<≈ fiFÙ* J¡≤wu $ <tZÂ<‹¸> tu* w°u f®Ê Ÿb°ÕÃtJ¡ Fæ, ŸJu¡ N∏wyÕw J¡°uoÕ ıÙb
ı°u JC¡~> ªuww° Fæ w°u bF Ÿ ıÙb Ÿu N<˚∏fiR¡≈ f®Ê FÙ ªuww° Fæ, ∫°u* ŸJu¡ R¡≈ Ÿu Ÿf JC¡~> ªuww°
Fæ $ <J¡∏wC <fi<bÕ„uT f®ÊR¡≈ Ÿu J¡°uoÕ JC¡~> ˚Ù J¡˚Ù fiFÙ* ªuww° Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ ŸŸu N∏∫_bR¡≈b°Ô° J¡°uoÕ
fiFÙ* Fæ Nw# J¡Ì°<ªwg fiFÙ* ªuww° $$13,14$$ Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, f] J¡∑ Â<‹¸> Ÿu f®Ê ŸÌ° <`˚Cbfi-
Ÿ° FÙ ˚°Ÿw° Fæ tC•w J¡∑ Â<‹¸> Ÿu ∫F Ÿf „°∏w f®Ê FÙ Fæ ŸJu¡ N<w¿≤•w ˚uÌ w<fiJ¡ ˚Ù fiFÙ*
Fæ $$15$$ ıæŸu N°J¡°„ Ÿu b¨s, ≈bÕw N°<Ì J¡Ì°<≈ Ã≈∏fi fiFÙ* F°uwu bæŸu FÙ f®Ê Ÿu ıywg Ã≈∏fi fiFÙ*
F°uwu Fæ* ∫F <fiÿª∫ J¡≤ N°≈ ≈≤t „°<∏w J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uoÎ $$16$$
ıf wJ¡ ≈Ìu„ Zbd tu* ≈®b¨<W Fæ w˚Ù wJ¡ tæ*fiu <tZÂ<‹¸> J¡°u _bÙJ¡°≤ <J¡∫° Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
∫<Ì Ÿ∏ÌuF Ju¡ NbŸ≤ ≈≤ ≈Ìuÿ∫ Ju¡ ≈Ìu„ Ju¡ <ÔÎ Nv≈t<w ffiJ¡≤ ıf wJ¡ N°≈J¡°u I°fi≈®°<›w
fi F°u wf wJ¡ ˚uÌ t°fiwu F°u w°u t°fi°ua oŸtu* J¡°uoÕ F°<fi fiFÙ* Fæ $ ≈®fC] w[bI°fiÙ F°ufiu ≈≤ f®ÊR¡≈ FCÎ
N°≈Ju¡ <ÔÎ fi „°˜ N°<Ì Fæ, fi „ÆÌfC<] Fæ wS° NFaJ¡°≤ N°æ≤ ŸJu¡ ŸaJ¡v≈ ıyBq≈ ≈®ı°≈<w J¡∑
∫F ˚uÌfC<] wS° fC<] ˚Ù N°≈J¡°u fi F°uyÙ ∫° JC¡~> ˚uÌfC<] „°∏w F°u ı°∫uyÙ $$17,18$$ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ
fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, "ÎwÌgf®Êfig J¡Ì° fi°t' oÃ∫°<Ì ı°u tæ*fiu N°≈Ÿu ≈®ÿfi <J¡∫° S° ŸJ¡° FÔ tæ* N°≈J¡∑
<•w Ÿu ≈° ªCJ¡° Nf N°≈ J¨¡≈° J¡≤Ju¡ ≈®_wCw Ÿt<‹¸> NFaJ¡°≤ N°<Ì Ju¡ Nº∫°Ÿ J¡° <fiR¡≈d J¡∑<ı∫u
<ıŸJ¡° <J¡ N°≈fiu tu≤u f°u@ Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈FÔu ≈®_w°b <J¡∫° S° $ Ÿ ≈≤t ≈Ì tu* NFaJ¡°≤ Ju¡ ªu<ww F°ufiu ≈≤
N°yu •∫° F°uw° Fæ ? N°≈ ŸbÕI F°ufiu Ÿu¡ Ÿf JC¡~> ı°fi ªCJu¡ Fæ* N°æ≤ tæ* N°≈Ju¡ ≈Ìu„ Ju¡ Zbd tu*
Ô°Ô°<∫w F¥≥, Nw# tCHu w¨<›w fiFÙ* F°uwÙ $$19,20$$ ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, oŸ
≈≤t≈Ì tu* NFaJ¡°≤ J¡° _kC¡≤d F°ufiu ≈≤ Ÿtu* N°J¡°„ J¡° Nº∫°Ÿ F°uw° Fæ ≈Cfi# <Ì„°N°u* J¡° Nº∫°Ÿ,
J¡°Ô J¡° Nº∫°Ÿ wS° <`<b@ ≈¿≤h~>uÌ J¡° (wS° b_wCJ¨¡w ≈¿≤h~>uÌ J¡°) Nº∫°Ÿ F°uw° Fæ $$21$$
NFaJ¡°≤°º∫°Ÿ ≈¿≤h~u>Ì°º∫°Ÿ J¡° J¡°≤d Fæ, ∫F Ì„°Õwu Fæ $
ıf N°Ãt° J¡°u ÌuF N°<Ì tu* "NFtg' J¡° ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ, wf ÌuF Ÿu „¥∏∫ _SÔ tu* ∫F°≥ ≈≤ tæ* fiFÙ* F¥≥,
oŸJ¡° ˚Ù Nbÿ∫ ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ $ ∫F Ìu„J¨¡w ≈¿≤h~>uÌ Fæ $ oŸÙ ≤Ù<w Ÿu _b°Ãt° FÙ fi°fi° ≈®J¡°≤ J¡°
≈¿≤h~>uÌ ∫°fiÙ J¡°ÔJ¨¡w ≈¿≤h~>uÌ N°æ≤ b_wCJ¨¡w ≈¿≤h~>uÌ <ffi° J®¡t Ju¡ πæwR¡≈ F°uJ¡≤ N°J¡°„ tu*
<Ìw F°uw° Fæ $$22$$
wÌC≈≤°∏w ≈≤_≈≤ Δ∫°b¨<W J¡≤fiub°Ôu ı°<w, yCd, <J®¡∫° N°<Ì ≈®b¨<W <fi<tW°u* Ju¡ ˚uÌ J¡∑ J¡v≈fi°
Ÿu Ã≈∏fi fi°t˚uÌ°º∫°Ÿ F°uw° Fæ ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
wÌfi∏w≤ ofi Δ∫°ut°ÃtJ¡ (<ªÌ°J¡°„t∫) ≈Ì°SÕ˚uÌ ŸW°N°u* Ju¡ ≈≤_≈≤ ˚uÌJ¡ ı°<w, yCd, <J®¡∫°
N°<Ì ≈®b¨<W <fi<tW Ju¡ ˚uÌ Ÿu fi°tfC<] ∫°fiÙ b°ªJ¡ „ÆÌ°u* J¡° Nº∫°Ÿ F°uw° Fæ, ≈≤ b°_wb tu* ∫F Ÿf
<ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ Fæ $ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ <fi≤°J¡°≤ oŸ ≈≤t ≈Ìtu* NFa˚°b Ÿu Ìu„, J¡°Ô N°<Ì J¡∑ J¡v≈fi°N°u* Ju¡
<Ÿ] F°ufiu ≈≤ ∫°fiÙ Ÿ ≈≤t ≈Ì Ju¡ Ìu„, J¡°Ô J¡v≈fi°R¡≈ F°ufiu ≈≤ ı°u ∫F Âÿ∫ fi°tJ¡° ≈®J¡°„R¡≈
buÌfi ˚°Ÿw° Fæ Ÿtu* NFa˚°b Ÿu ıÙb-Ÿ°<s<ªwg tu* N°b≤d Ju¡ N˚°b Ÿu ŸbÕ` _b°˚°<bJ¡ <ªwg J¡∑
N<˚Δ∫<•w F°ufiu Ÿu wwg-wwg _S°fi tu* ıywg Ju¡ N°J¡°≤ Ÿu f®Ê FÙ Nf®ÊR¡≈ Ÿu (ŸaŸ°≤R¡≈ Ÿu)
<b≤°ıt°fi F°uw° Fæ $$23-25$$ Fu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, ıÙb N°æ≤ ıyÌg˚°b Ÿu „¥∏∫ „°∏w, ı∏t≤<Fw,
ŸyÕ - 213] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2573
ÎJ¡, N<bfi°„Ù f®Ê FÙ ıÙb J¡v≈fi° J¡∑ ŸÙ ˚°bfi° J¡≤ (ıÙb˚°b J¡° Nº∫°Ÿ J¡≤) N°b≤d„¥∏∫
ıÙbŸ°sÙ <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu* FÙ wf wJ¡ NÃ∫∏w <b_w¨w Âÿ∫ J¡°u Ìu©w° Fæ ıf wJ¡ <J¡ N°ÃtI°fi F°ufiu Ÿu
w[bI°fi J¡° Ì∫ fiFÙ* F°uw° Fæ $$26$$
Ì°u Ÿ°æ f°≤Fb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
Ì°u Ÿ°æ wu≤Fb°≥ ŸyÕ

yC” N°æ≤ <„‹∫ J¡∑ J¡S° Ÿu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ Ju¡ ≈¥bÕı∏t Ju¡ Ÿab°Ì J¡° bdÕfi $
<b_w°≤≈¥bÕJ¡ ≈Ìu„ Ìufiu Ÿu FSuÔÙ tu* ≤©u F…Î N°≥bÔu Ju¡ Ÿt°fi Ÿ°s°wg J¡≤°∫u y∫u N°Ãtw[b J¡°u
ı∏t°∏w≤ tu* _b∫a ≈<Ì‹¸> N°Ãtw[b J¡° FÙ <k¡≤ tæ*fiu wC‡Fu* ≈Ìu„ <Ì∫° Fæ ∫°u* _t≤d <ÌÔ°J¡≤-
_S¥d°<fiJ¡∏fi ∏∫°∫ Ÿu Â» J¡≤fiu J¡∑ oh~>° J¡≤ ≤Fu ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ ıywg Ju¡ ≈J¡°≤ Ju¡ <ÔÎ
ŸbÕ„°˜°SÕŸay®FR¡≈ yC” <„‹∫ J¡S° J¡° „°˜ Ju¡ N∏w tu* tayÔ°ª≤dR¡≈ Ÿu ≈Ìu„ Ìuwu Fæ* $
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu „`Cfi°„J¡ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, ı°u <bT∫ (N°Ãtw[b) N°ı N°≈fiu tCHŸu
≈¥~>° Fæ bFÙ <bT∫ N∏∫ ≤°t°bw°≤ tu* ˚Ù N°≈fiu tCHŸu ≈¥~>° S° $ Ÿ Ÿt∫ ˚Ù tæ* yC” FÙ S° N°æ≤
N°≈ <„‹∫R¡≈ Ÿu FÙ ¿_Sw Su $$1$$ <J¡ŸÙ ≈¥bÕJ¡v≈ tu* N°≈ ≤°t Su, tæ* b<Ÿ‹™> S°, Ÿ Ÿt∫ ˚Ù
N°≈J¡°u bæ≤°À∫ F…N° S°, Nw# N°≈ tu≤u ŸtÙ≈ bfi tu* N°∫u Su wS° tCHŸu ≈®ÿfi <J¡∫° S° oÃ∫°<ÌR¡≈
∫F <ªÃ≈®<w˚° yC”<„‹∫R¡≈ Ÿu N°ı J¡∑ w≤F F…oÕ SÙ $$2$$ bÃŸ ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ, bF°≥ ≈≤ ˚Ù tæ* yC”
S° N°æ≤ N°≈ <„‹∫ Su $ tu≤u Ÿ°tfiu fæ™>J¡≤ Ì°≤fC<]b°Ôu F°uwu F…Î ˚Ù NfC<] J¡∑ w≤F N°≈fiu tCHŸu
∫F ≈¥~>° S° $$3$$ <„‹∫ fiu J¡F° # Fu yC”b≤, Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ ıywg Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* tu≤° ∫F tF°fig Ÿ∏ÌuF Fæ,
<ıŸJ¡° tæ* N°yu N°≈Ÿu <fibuÌfi J¡≤w° Fq≥, oŸu N°≈ <fib¨W J¡≤fiu J¡∑ J¨¡≈° J¡∑<ı∫u $ bF ∫F <J¡
tF°J¡v≈ tu* J¡°æfi b_wC fi‹¸> F°uwÙ Fæ N°æ≤ J¡°æfi fiFÙ* ? $$4$$ yC”ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ≈C`, ıæŸu _b›fi-
fiy≤ ŸCTC¿›w Nb_S° J¡°u ≈®°›w F…Î N°Ãt° J¡° N°Ãt°t°` „uT F°uJ¡≤ Ÿ‡≈¥dÕw∫° „Ù|® <bfi‹¸> F°u
ı°w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ ≈®Ô∫ J¡°Ô tu* ∫F Ÿ°≤° Âÿ∫ <ª∏t°` „uT F°uJ¡≤ Ÿ‡≈¥dÕw# <bfi‹¸> F°u ı°w° Fæ $$5$$
≈®Ô∫J¡°Ô tu* Ÿt_w ≈¨<SbÙ, Ÿf ≈bÕw, ÌŸ°u* <Ì„°Î≥, <J®¡∫°, J¡°Ô N°æ≤ J®¡t Ÿf JC¡~> Ÿt°fi R¡≈
Ÿu fi‹¸> F°u ı°wu Fæ*, JC¡~> ˚Ù „uT fiFÙ* ≤Fw° Fæ $$6$$ Ÿf ˚¥w fi‹¸> F°u ı°wu Fæ* $ ŸJ¡Ô ıyw°u* Ju¡
˚°fi Ju¡ Ÿ°S N°J¡°„ J¡° ˚Ù NΔ∫°J¨¡w tu* Ô∫ F°ufiu Ÿu fi°„ F°u ı°w° Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ ˚°uÀ∫ J¡∑ ¿_S<w
˚°u•w° J¡∑ ¿_S<w Ju¡ N@Ùfi Fæ, ≈®Ô∫ J¡°Ô tu* ˚°u•w° J¡° FÙ Ÿ‡˚b fiFÙ* Fæ $$7$$
f®Ê°, <b‹dC N°<Ì FÙ Ÿ Ÿt∫ ˚°uÀ∫ Ju¡ ˚°u•w° ≤Fu*yu ÎuŸÙ <J¡ŸÙ J¡°u N°„aJ¡° F°u w°u ŸJu¡
<fib°≤d Ju¡ <Ô∫u J¡Fwu Fæ* $
f®Ê°, <b‹dC, ”B N°<Ì ı°u J¡°≤d°u* Ju¡ ˚Ù J¡°≤d Fæ* fiJ¡° tF°J¡v≈ Ju¡ N∏w tu* wS° <bI°fiı∏∫
≈®°J¨¡<wJ¡ ≈®Ô∫ tu* fi°t-<fi„°fi wJ¡ fiFÙ* ≤Fw°, Nw# bu ˚°uÀ∫ b_wC Ju¡ ˚°u•w° Jæ¡Ÿu ≤Fu*yu ? $$8$$
ıywg N°Ãtt°` „uT ≤FJ¡≤ <bfi‹¸> F°u ı°w° Fæ, ÎuŸ° ı°u J¡F°, ŸJ¡° ≈≈°Ìfi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
N<bfi°„Ù <ªÌgb_wC Ju¡ <bbÕw Ju¡ <bfi‹¸> F°ufiu≈≤ <ªÌ°J¡°„ FÙ Nb„uT ≤Fw° Fæ ÎuŸ° NfiCt°fi F°uw°
Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ N≈fiu tu* Nº∫_w ıywg Ju¡ NfiC˚b tu* FuwC˚¥w <ªÌ°Ãt° Ÿu FÙ ŸbÕ≈®≈aª„¥∏∫ Nb<„‹¸>
≈®Ô∫J¡°Ô <Ÿ] F°uw° Fæ $ ∫<Ì ŸJ¡° ˚Ù ≈®Ô∫ tu* fi°„ t°fi°u w°u <fi#Ÿ°<sJ¡ ≈®Ô∫ FÙ <Ÿ] fi F°uy°,
∫F NSÕ Fæ $$9$$
Ÿwg ıywg J¡° NŸW°R¡≈ N˚°b (fi°„) FÙ <Ÿ] fiFÙ* F°uw° Fæ, ∫°u* <„‹∫ „aJ¡° J¡≤w° Fæ $
<„‹∫ fiu J¡F° # Fu yC”b≤, NŸwg ≈Ì°SÕ J¡∑ ŸW° fiFÙ* Fæ N°æ≤ Ÿwg ≈Ì°SÕ J¡° N˚°b fiFÙ* Fæ ∫F
<fi∫t Fæ $ ÎuŸÙ ≈¿≤¿_S<w tu* ∫F <bΩt°fi (Ÿwg) <b„°Ô ıywg Jæ¡Ÿu J¡F°≥ ªÔ° ı°w° Fæ ? $$10$$
ZC<w, ≈®Ã∫s, NfiCt°fi, _t¨<w N°<Ì Ÿu ıywg J¡° fi°„ <Ÿ] Fæ, Nw# ŸJ¡° N≈Ô°≈ fiFÙ* <J¡∫°
ı° ŸJ¡w° Fæ $ oŸ<ÔÎ •w ZC<w, ≈®Ã∫s, NfiCt°fi N°<Ì Ju¡ fÔ Ÿu N°≈°wÌ„Õfi Ÿu (_S¥Ô Â<‹¸> Ÿu)
ŸÃ∫ ≈®wÙw J¡° FÙ N≈Ô°≈ <J¡∫° ı°w° Fæ, ∫°u* J¡°uoÕ Ì°uT fiFÙ* Fæ oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu yC” Ÿt°@°fi J¡≤wu Fæ* $
bÃŸ, wC‡F°≤° J¡Sfi ∫C¿•w∫C•w fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F ıywg Nbÿ∫ <bfi‹¸> F°uw° FÙ Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ ≈®Ã∫s
N°<Ì ≈®t°d°u* Ÿu Ÿ°b∫b ≈Ì°S°u˘ Ju¡ fi°„ J¡∑ ≈®<Ÿ<] Fæ oŸ<ÔÎ bF Fæ FÙ fiFÙ* Nw# NŸwg oŸJ¡°
N¿_wÃb fiFÙ* Fæ ∫F wCtfiu NfiCJ¥¡Ô FÙ J¡F° Fæ N°æ≤ Ÿwg J¡° w°u N˚°b F°uw° fiFÙ* Fæ $ ı°u b°_wb tu* Fæ FÙ
bF J¡˚Ù ˚Ù JC¡~> N˚°b°ÃtJ¡ NŸwg fiFÙ* Fæ ŸJ¡° ŸÌg˚°b (N¿_wÃb) Jæ¡Ÿu NŸW° J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u
ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? $$11,12$$
Ju¡bÔ N°≈°wÌ„Õfi Ÿu ıywg J¡∑ ŸW° J¡° <fiÿª∫ J¡≤ Ôufi° <ªw fiFÙ* Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ „C¿•w tu*
≤ıw, t”t≤Ù<ªJ¡° tu* ıÔ N°<Ì fF…w Ÿu N°≈°wÂ‹¸> ≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡∑ ŸW° fiFÙ* <Ì©°oÕ ÌuwÙ Fæ, ÎuŸ°
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
tÿw¨‹d° J¡° (t”t≤Ù<ªJ¡°) ıÔ J¡F°≥ ¿_S≤ Fæ ∫°fiÙ NSÕ<J®¡∫°J¡°≤Ù Fæ ? (›∫°Ÿ fCH°fiu tu* ŸtSÕ
Fæ ?), N°J¡°„ tu* <πª∏B J¡∑ ˚®°¿∏w J¡F°≥ ¿_S≤ ≤FwÙ Fæ ∫°fiÙ b°_w<bJ¡ Fæ, N°J¡°„ tu* Ju¡„°u* Ju¡ y°uÔ°u*
J¡° Ì„Õfi J¡F°≥ b°_w<bJ¡ Fæ, ˚®°¿∏w J¡° NfiC˚b J¡F°≥ _S°∫Ù ≤Fw° Fæ ? Fu ≈C`, ∫F Ÿ°≤° Âÿ∫ Ju¡bÔ
˚®°¿∏w_bR¡≈ Nw# NŸ∏t∫ Fæ $ _b›fi tu* Â‹¸> fiy≤ Ju¡ Ÿt°fi oŸJ¡° ˚°fi F°uw° Fæ Nw# ∫F •∫°u* fi
<bfi‹¸> F°uy° ? NŸwg Ju¡ <bfi°„ tu* •∫° N°ÿª∫Õ Fæ ? $$13,14$$
oŸJ¡°u f°º∫ <Ÿ] J¡≤fiu tu* ı°y®wg N°æ≤ _b›fi J¡° ≈≤_≈≤ Â‹¸>°∏w˚°b ≈®<Ÿ] Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
∫F Ÿb°ÕÃtfi° ≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu bæŸu FÙ <bfi‹¸> F°uw° Fæ ıæŸu <J¡ ı°y®wg tu* ŸÌ° N°æ≤ ŸbÕ` _b›fi <bfi‹¸>
F°u ı°w° Fæ NSb° ıæŸu _b›fi J¡°Ô tu* ı°y®wg <bfi‹¸> F°u ı°w° Fæ $$15$$
Âÿ∫ f°<@w F°uJ¡≤ J¡F°≥ ı°w° Fæ, J¡F°≥ ≤Fw° Fæ ∫F ∫°u<y∫°u* J¡°u ˚Ù I°w fiFÙ* F°uw°, oŸ<Ô∫u
ŸJ¡∑ NŸW° FÙ „≤d Fæ, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ıæŸu ı°y®wg J¡°Ô tu* f°<@w F°uJ¡≤ _b›fifiy≤ fi t°Ô¥t „Ù|® J¡F°≥ ªÔ° ı°w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ I°fi Ÿu
f°<@w F…N° ıyÌgR¡≈ Âÿ∫ fi ı°fiu „Ù|® J¡F°≥ ªÔ° ı°w° Fæ $$16$$ <„‹∫ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, ∫<Ì Âÿ∫
Fæ FÙ fiFÙ* w°u Âÿ∫ Ju¡ buT Ÿu JC¡~> J¡°Ô wJ¡ ≈≤t°SÕR¡≈ Ÿu b_wC-Ÿ° Jæ¡Ÿu ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ N°æ≤ bFÙ <k¡≤
f°u@ F°ufiu Ju¡ f°Ì bæŸ° ≈®wÙw fiFÙ* F°uw° Fæ Ÿ°u <J¡Ÿ J¡°≤d ? ∫F <J¡Ÿ <b_w¨w N°J¡°≤b°Ôu <ªÌ°J¡°„R¡≈
b_wC J¡° R¡≈ Fæ ? $$17$$ yC” fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ ı°u ∫F ıywg ≈®wÙw F°uw° Fæ bF ıæŸu „C<•w (ŸÙ≈)
N≈fiÙ ªtJ¡-ÌtJ¡ Ÿu ≤ıw J¡∑ (ª°≥ÌÙ J¡∑) w≤F _kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ <ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡° N<w„∫
_kC¡≤d FÙ Fæ ŸŸu N<w¿≤•w ıywg JC¡~> fiFÙ* Fæ $$18$$ ∫F ıywg <b_w¨w N°J¡°≤b°Ôu oŸ <ªÌ°J¡°„R¡≈
ŸyÕ - 213] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2575
b_wC J¡° R¡≈ Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ "πu b°b f®Êd°u* R¡≈u t¥w˘ ªæb°t¥w˘ ª' (f®Ê Ju¡ t¥wÕ N°æ≤ Nt¥wÕ Ì°u R¡≈ Fæ*) ÎuŸÙ
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N_kC¡≤dR¡≈ Ÿ¨<‹¸> N°æ≤ ≈®Ô∫ oŸJu¡ N°J¡°„Ôsd _bR¡≈ FÙ Fæ* $$20$$ ıæŸu _bh~> ıÔb°Ôu w°Ô°f
Ju¡ N∏Ì≤ ≈®<b‹¸> F…Î ∫F wCt <f‡f-≈®<w<f‡f ˚uÌ Ju¡ s∫ Ÿu ÎJ¡ FÙ F°u $ w°Ô°f tu* ≈®<b‹¸> F°ufiu Ju¡ ≈FÔu
˚Ù <f‡f-≈®<w<f‡f˚°b N°<Ì ˚uÌ°u* Ju¡ _kC¡≤d°u* Ÿu ˚Ù s∫ N°æ≤ Ì∫ ≤<Fw ÎJ¡ FÙ Su bæŸu FÙ f®Ê ˚Ù
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bæŸu FÙ oŸ Ÿ¨<‹¸> tu* N°æ≤ ≈®Ô∫ tu* <ªÃ_b˚°b N<bJ¡°≤Ù ÎJ¡ f®Ê FÙ Fæ $$21,22$$ ıæŸu _b›fiB‹¸>° J¡°
_b›fi tu* ≈®<Ÿ] ıywg ı°y®wg N°æ≤ ŸCTC<›w tu* f°<@w F°uJ¡≤ Ÿ‡≈¥dÕw# „°∏w F°u ı°w° Fæ bæŸu FÙ ∫F
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fi°tJ¡ bF _b›fiıywg ÌqŸ≤u _S°fi tu* bæŸu FÙ ≤Fw° Fæ ∫F f°w f°u@Â<‹¸> Ÿu Ft fiFÙ* ı°fiwu $ N∏∫
≈C”T°u* Ju¡ ıÙb°J¡°„ tu* bF ≤Fuy° ÎuŸÙ N°„aJ¡° w°u J¡Ì°<≈ fiFÙ* J¡≤fiÙ ª°<F∫u, •∫°u*<J¡ Ft°≤u <ªÌ°J¡°„
tu* FÙ Ft°≤u b°Ÿfi°t∫ _b›fi ıywg J¡° Ÿa˚b Fæ $ Ÿu f°<@w fi ˚Ù t°fiu* w°u ˚Ù ÌqŸ≤°u* Ju¡ <ªÌ°J¡°„ tu*
ŸJu¡ ytfi J¡° Ÿa˚b fiFÙ* Fæ, ∫F NSÕ Fæ $$24$$
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ÌqŸ≤°u* J¡°u f°u@ Ÿu „C] <ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡° _kC¡≤d fiFÙ* FÙ F°uw° Fæ ÎuŸÙ J¡v≈fi° J¡≤fiÙ F°uyÙ $ Ÿtu* J¡v≈J¡
J¡°uoÕ ≈®t°d fiFÙ* Fæ, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
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Ÿa<bÌ°J¡°„ tu* „C] <ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡° _kC¡≤d fiFÙ* F°uw° Fæ oŸtu* •∫° ≈®t°d Fæ ?
<„‹∫ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, N°≈Ju¡ J¡Sfi°fiCŸ°≤ Ft°≤Ù Ÿa<bÌg J¡∑ <bT∫˚¥w Ÿ¨<‹¸> J¡° ∫<Ì ÌqŸ≤u J¡∑
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(Âÿ∫@ÙŸ<Fw) ≤Fw° Fæ bæŸu FÙ ≈®Ô∫ J¡°Ô tu* ˚Ù ÌqŸ≤u ≈C”T tu* ıywg N°<Ì fC<] (Âÿ∫fC<]) Fæ ∫°fiÙ
Ì¥Ÿ≤° ≈C”T Âÿ∫fC<] Fæ, ÎuŸ° tæ* ŸtHw° Fq≥ $
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F°uw° w°u bF ŸbÕŸ°@°≤d F°uw° <J¡∏wC ıywg <ªwg J¡° _bR¡≈ fiFÙ* Fæ N<≈wC <ªwg tu* Nº∫_w F°uJ¡≤
bF Ì®‹¸>°N°u* J¡°u ˚°Ÿw° Fæ N∏∫°u* J¡°u bæŸ° FÙ fiFÙ* ˚°Ÿw°, oŸ<ÔÎ wwg wwg ≈C”T°u* Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤
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fi JC¡~> Ÿwg FÙ Fæ <J¡∏wC wwg wwg ıÙb°u* Ju¡ <ªÌ°J¡°„ J¡° _kC¡≤d t°` FÙ Fæ $ Ÿtu* Ÿwg N°æ≤ NŸwg
Â<‹¸>∫°≥ Jæ¡ŸÙ ? ∫<Ì bF <ªÌ°J¡°„ Ju¡ R¡≈ Ÿu Fæ ÎuŸ° J¡F°u w°u ÎuŸÙ Nb_S° tu* bF Ÿ°≤° J¡° Ÿ°≤°
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(_bR¡≈ Ÿu Ÿwg b¨<W∫°u* Ÿu <w≤°u<Fw F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d NŸwg Fæ) NwÎb Ÿ°≤° ıywg ˚Ù ŸÌ° Ÿwg N°æ≤
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Ì…#©Ì°∫J¡ F°uw° Fæ ∫F <ªÌ°J¡°„ Fæ ∫°u* I°w F°u ı°fiu ≈≤ w°u ŸJ¡ÔÌ…#©°u* J¡° s∫ F°u ı°w° Fæ $
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ŸbÕS° <bΩt°fi Fæ N°æ≤ ŸbÕ` ŸbÕÌ° ŸbÕS° <bΩt°fi fiFÙ* Fæ $$25-32$$
ŸÙ J¡∑ ŸbÕR¡≈ Ÿu <bΩt°fiw° J¡° _≈‹¸>ÙJ¡≤d J¡≤wu Fæ* $
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N˚°b, ı∏t, <b˚¥<w, fi°„, „C˚ N„C˚ J¡tÕ Ÿf JC¡~> ∫FÙ Fæ $ bF b_wC Fæ FÙ fiFÙ* <ıŸJ¡° N°<Ì,
tº∫ wS° N∏w wÙfi°u* J¡°Ô°u* tu* <fiÃ∫ ÎJ¡ FÙ <ªÌ°J¡°„ Ÿ w≤F J¡° R¡≈ fi @°≤d J¡≤w° F°u $ I°fiÙ J¡∑
Â<‹¸> tu* Ÿf JC¡~> Ÿf ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu Ÿf ıyF ŸÌ° oŸtu* Fæ N°æ≤ NI°fiÙ J¡∑ Â<‹¸> tu* Ÿf Ÿf ≈®J¡°≤ Ÿu Ÿf
ıyF ŸÌ° oŸtu* fiFÙ* Fæ $$33-36$$ Fu ZÙ≤°tıÙ, ıf oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ f®Ê°ÃtJ¡ F°ufiu Ÿu _b›fi°fiC˚¥w fiy≤
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JC¡~> f®Ê°ÃtJ¡ FÙ Fæ $ ˚°b ∫F <J¡ f®Ê˚°b Ÿu Ì„Õfi J¡≤fiu ≈≤ w¨d N°<Ì ŸJ¡Ô ≈Ì°SÕ NÔy NÔy Ÿf
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Fæ* $ <ıŸ R¡≈ tu* s∫ N°æ≤ fi°„ ≈®wÙw (˚°<Ÿw) F°uwu Fæ* bæŸ° Ÿf R¡≈ oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡∑ <b˚Cw°R¡≈ Ÿu FÙ
¿_Sw Fæ $$37-42$$
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Ÿa˚b Fæ $ wwg wwg fC¿]Nb¿h~>∏fi ªæw∏∫ tu* b≤ „°≈ Ju¡ ∏∫°∫ Ÿu N≈fiu ŸaJ¡v≈°fiCŸ°≤ Δ∫b¿_Sw <bbwÕ
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ŸyÕ - 214] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2577
ffiJ¡≤ N≈fiu „C] <ª∏t°` _bR¡≈ J¡°u ıywg Ju¡ R¡≈ tu* Ìu©w° F…N° fi fi ≈°<@∫°u* tu b_wCw# <fiı
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≈®Ô∫J¡°ÔR¡≈Ù f∏Ì≤ π°≤° HJ¡H°u≤Ù yoÕ Ÿ¥©Ù J¡v≈b¨s„°©°b°Ôu N°æ≤ Ô°uJ¡≈°Ô°u* Ju¡ fiy≤ N°æ≤ <˚∏fi
<˚∏fi Ô°uJ¡R¡≈ „°©°b°Ôu _byÕR¡≈ b¨s Ÿu „Ù|® ˚¥<t tu* <y≤u F…Î ©¥f ªtJ¡wu F…Î <Ÿw°≤°u* J¡° <ı∏Fu*
<y≤°fiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ <Ì„°N°u* Ju¡ tC©°u* J¡∑ N°u≤ ŸaF°≤”B „Ù|® H≈¸>u, t∏Ì-t∏Ì tCŸJC¡≤°F¸> Ju¡ Ÿ°S ≈¿≤F°Ÿ
J¡≤ ≤FÙ SÙ ∫°fiÙ bF w°≤°u* Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ≈¥dÕ ªtJ¡-ÌtJ¡b°ÔÙ SÙ $ Ì„Õfi Ÿu N°fi∏Ì J¡° <b_w°≤ J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ
bF ≈C‹≈b¨<‹¸> S°unÙ Ìu≤ tu* „°∏w F°u yoÕ, <ıŸJ¡° Ì…∏Ì…<˚ J¡∑ ºb<fi Ÿu y≤ı ≤F° Ju¡Ÿ≤≈Caı FÙ tu| S°
wS° <ıŸfiu <Ft Ju¡ Ÿt°fi tfi°uF≤ ≈C‹≈≤°<„ Ÿu Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ Ÿ˚° ˚≤ ÌÙ SÙ $ _S°fi Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ (N) J®¡t Ÿu
fiÙªu fæ™>u F…Î Ÿ˚°ŸÌ°u* fiu fi <ÌΔ∫ k¥¡Ô°u* J¡°u ÔuJ¡≤ b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ Ju¡ ª≤d°u* tu* ≈C‹≈°aı<Ô ÌuJ¡≤ b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ
J¡°u fit_J¡°≤ J¡≤ k¥¡Ô°u* J¡∑ ŸCy¿∏@, „ÙwÔw° N°<Ì Ju¡ Ÿ‡≈JÕ¡ Ÿu _buÌ, ÌCyÕ∏@ N°<Ì Ÿu ı<fiw „°uJ¡bW°,
≤°uy, ˚¥©, ›∫°Ÿ, Zt N°<Ì Ÿu F…oÕ Ÿ„°uJ¡w° (Ì…#©) N°æ≤ ı∏t, t≤d N°<Ì ŸJ¡Ô •Ôu„°u* Ÿu ~C>¸>J¡°≤°
≈°∫° $$2-5$$ tF°≤°ı Ì„≤S fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, N°≈Ju¡ ≈Ìu„ Ÿu Ft°≤° N°Ãt° ≈≤t ≈Ì tu* ŸC© Ÿu
≈®bu„ ≈°fiu ∫°uÀ∫ ffi y∫° Fæ $ NwÎb ŸaŸ°≤R¡≈Ù NÃ∫∏w ÌÙ|Õ Ì…yÕt t°yÕ w∫ J¡≤fiu Ÿu <ª≤J¡°Ô Ÿu SJu¡
F…Î Ft Ô°uy N°≈Ju¡ ≈Ìu„ Zbd Ÿu ınw° N°æ≤ t<Ôfiw° Ÿu ≤<Fw F°u ≈≤t ≈Ì tu* ≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu bæŸu FÙ
<bZ°t ≈° ªCJu¡ Fæ* ıæŸu <J¡ ıÔ N°æ≤ J¨¡‹dw° (J¡°<Ôt°) Ÿu ≤<Fw „≤wgJ¡°Ô Ju¡ tu| <Ft°Ô∫ N°<Ì
≈bÕw ≈≤ <bZ°t ≈°wu Fæ* $$6$$ Fu tC<fib≤, N°≈Ju¡ NfiCy®F Ÿu N°ı Ft°≤u ≈C”T°SÕ J¡∑ <Ÿ<] Ju¡ <Ô∫u
Nbÿ∫ J¡wÕΔ∫J¡t°u˘ J¡∑ Nb<@ ≈¥dÕ F°u yoÕ Fæ, ∫°fiÙ Ft J¨¡wJ¨¡Ã∫ F°u ªCJu¡ Fæ* N°≈<W∫°u* J¡∑ ≈≤t Nb<@
(ŸÙt°∏w) Ft Ìu© ªCJu¡ Fæ*, Ftfiu I°wΔ∫ w[b ≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu ı°fi <Ô∫° Fæ wS° N°ı Ft ≈≤t ≈Ì tu*
<bZ°t ≈° ≤Fu Fæ* $$7$$ º∫°fi Ÿu J¡¿v≈w N∏∫ N°J¡°„ tu* <ª≤J¡°Ô wJ¡ <bF°≤ N°<Ì J¡∑ NfiC˚¥<w Ju¡
˚®t°u* Ÿu, <ıfiJ¡° <J¡ ÔÙÔ°u≈°¶∫°fi N°<Ì tu* <b_w°≤ Ÿu ≈®Ì„Õfi <J¡∫° y∫° Fæ, @°≤d° Ÿu Ÿb°Õ@°≤ f®Ê
tu* <bZ°t Ÿu ÌuFÃ∫°y Ju¡ J®¡t°u* Ÿu, ŸaJ¡v≈t∫ fibÙfi <fit°Õd°u* Ÿu, _b›fi tu* Ìu©u y∫u ıywg Ju¡ Ì…#©°u* Ÿu,
„C<•w ≤ıw°u* Ju¡ NfiC˚b°u* Ÿu, _b›fi tu* N≈fiÙ t¨Ã∫C Ju¡ Ì„Õfi°u* Ÿu, N<˚∏fiR¡≈ ≈bfi _≈∏Ì°u* Ÿu, Nfi∏∫
ıÔ-Bb°u* Ÿu, o∏Bı°Ô fiy≤°u* J¡∑ ≤°<„∫°u* Ÿu y∏@bÕ-fiy≤ Ju¡ Ÿt¥F°u* Ÿu, t°∫° Ÿu ≈®Ì<„Õw ıÔ≈¥dÕ
tF°≈®b°Fb°Ôu tÿw¨‹d°fiÌÙ Ju¡ buy°u* Ÿu, Ÿ¨<‹¸> Ju¡ W≤ J¡°Ô tu* ∫°fiÙ ≈®Ô∫ tu* b<dÕw tF°fig buyb°Ôu
b°∫C Ju¡ _≈„°u˘ Ÿu, <πª∏B Ju¡ NfiC˚b°u* Ju¡ Ì∫°u* Ÿu, tÌ Ÿu (fi„u Ÿu) fuF°u„Ù F°ufiu ≈≤ t°Ô¥t ≈n ≤Fu
fiy≤-J¡‡≈fi°u* Ÿu, Ã≈°w N°<Ì Ÿu „C˚°„C˚ Ÿ¥ªfi Ju¡ <ffi° FÙ ˚®°¿∏w Ÿu ≈®wÙ∫t°fi ˚¥-J¡‡≈°u* Ÿu,
f°ÔJ¡ Ju¡ ∫s N°<Ì Ju¡ NfiC˚b°u* Ÿu, N°J¡°„ tu* Ju¡„°u* Ju¡ bwCÕÔ°J¡°≤ y°uÔ°u* Ju¡ Ì„Õfi°u* Ÿu oÃ∫°<Ì wS°
ofiŸu N<w¿≤•w N≈fiu J¡°u NfiC˚¥<w J¡≤°fiub°Ôu N∏∫°∏∫ Â‹¸>°∏w°u* Ÿu N°≈fiu tu≤Ù Âÿ∫Â<‹¸> J¡° ≈¿≤t°ıÕfi
J¡≤ <Ì∫° Fææ $ ∫F tu≤u <Ô∫u ≈≤t Ÿ°æ˚°À∫ J¡∑ f°w Fæ $$8-13$$ ZÙ≤°tª∏Ì®ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu tC<fiZu‹™>, Fu
yC”b≤, N°≈Ju¡ NfiCy®F Ÿu tu≤° NI°fi fi‹¸> F°u y∫° Fæ, tCHu ≈≤t≈Ì ≈®°›w F°u y∫° Fæ, tæ* NÃ∫∏w <fitÕÔ
fC<] F°u y∫° F¥≥ $ tu≤u Ÿf Ÿ∏ÌuF <fib¨W F°u ªCJu¡ Fæ*, tu≤u NI°fi J¡° ≈Ì°Õ F¸> y∫° Fæ, tæ* _b˚°b˚¥w
(_b°ÃtR¡≈) f®Ê tu* ¿_Sw F¥≥ ıæŸu N°≈fiu tCHu ∫S°≈®°›w Δ∫bF°≤-≤°≠∫ ≈°Ôfi N°<Ì - J¡≤fiu Ju¡ <Ô∫u
J¡F° Fæ bæŸu FÙ tæ* N°≈J¡° N°Ìu„ ≈°Ôfi J¡R¡≥y° $ Nt¨w Ÿu ŸÙ*ªfiu Ju¡ wCv∫ ≈≤tŸC© Ìufiub°Ôu N°≈Ju¡
(N) ŸfŸu «≥¡ªu _S°fi tu* ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ <b≤°ıt°fi Su $ fiJu¡ ŸtÙ≈ tu* N∏∫°∏∫ tC<fiyd, ofiJu¡
<fiJ¡¸> tF°≤°ı Ì„≤S, ≤°ıJC¡t°≤ ≤°tª∏B N°<Ì, fiJu¡ <fiJ¡¸>bwÙÕ <fi‡fi _S°fi tu* t∏`Ù, Ÿ°t∏w
N°<Ì wS° fiJu¡ f°Ì ŸbÕŸ°@°≤d Z°uw°ıfi ∫°u* J®¡t Ÿu fiÙªu fæ™>u F…Î Su $
ŸyÕ - 214] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2579
bªfi J¡° f°≤f°≤ _t≤d J¡≤ ≈¥ıu ı°fiu wS° N≈t°<fiw F°ufiu ≈≤ FTÕ, <bT°Ì N°<Ì J¡° Ì∫ fi F°ufiu Ÿu
„°∏w FCN° ˚Ù tæ* f°≤ f°≤ F<TÕw-Ÿ° F°uw° F¥≥ $ N°ı tu≤° ∫F°≥ fi w°u J¡tÕ Ÿu J¡°uoÕ ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ N°æ≤ fi
NJ¨¡w Ÿu (I°fi Ÿu) J¡°uoÕ ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ <k¡≤ ˚Ù ıæŸu ≈FÔu Δ∫bF°≤ tu* ¿_Sw S° bæŸu FÙ ¿_Sw F¥≥ Ôu<J¡fi
Δ∫bF°≤ tu* ≈®Ÿ¿•w Ÿu F°ufiub°Ô° Ÿ∏w°≈ tCHtu* <fÔJC¡Ô fiFÙ* Fæ $$14-17$$ NF° ! NŸÙt <bZ°¿∏wŸC©
˚¥<t tCHu <tÔ yoÕ Fæ $ ı∏t, t≤d N°<Ì Nfi∏w NfiS°u˘ Ÿu Δ∫°›w ŸaŸ°≤Ì„° ≈®°<d∫°u* J¡°u NÃ∫∏w
•Ôu„Ì°∫J¡ Fæ $$18$$
Ôu<J¡fi Nf tu≤u ÌC#© Ju¡ J¡°uoÕ ˚Ù J¡°≤d fiFÙ* ≤F y∫u Fæ*, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
˚ybfig, fi tu≤° J¡°uoÕ „`C Fæ fi <t` Fæ, fi tu≤° „≤Ù≤ Fæ N°æ≤ fi f°F≤Ù ©uw Fæ, fi ÌCıÕfi Fæ N°æ≤ fi
Ÿ≠ıfi Fæ $ ∫F N°Ãt<ª¿w FÙ ıf wJ¡ ÌCf°uÕ@ SÙ ∫°fiÙ ŸtH tu* fiFÙ* N°wÙ SÙ wf wJ¡ ÌC#©Ì°<∫fiÙ
∫F ıywgR¡≈ FCoÕ <J¡∏wC oŸ Ÿt∫ w°u ıywg J¡° I°fi Ÿu f°@ F°uufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ∫F Ÿb°ÕSÕ ŸC∏Ì≤ F°u yoÕ
Fæ $$19$$ Fu ˚ybfig, N°≈Ju¡ NfiCy®F Ju¡ <ffi° oŸ Ì¨¿‹¸> J¡°u tfiC‹∫ Jæ¡Ÿu ı°fi ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? ˚Ô° fwÔ°o∫u
w°u ŸFÙ ≈CÔ NSb° ıF°ı Ju¡ <ffi° FÙ f°ÔJ¡ ŸtCB J¡°u Jæ¡Ÿu ≈°≤ J¡≤ ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? ZÙÔ‚tdıÙ fiu
J¡F° # NF°, Nfi∏w ı∏t ı∏t°∏w≤°u* tu* f»Ù ª»Ù ÌCb°ÕŸfi°N°u* Ju¡ J¡°≤d Ã≈∏fi FCÎ Ÿ∏ÌuF°u* J¡° fi°„
J¡≤fiub°Ôu wS° NfiuJ¡ ı∏tı∏t°∏w≤°u* tu* Ÿa<ªw ŸæJ¡n°u* ≈C^∫°u* J¡°u k¡Ô°u∏tC© ffi°fiub°Ôu tC<fi tF°≤°ı
Ju¡ ≈Ìu„ Ÿu <J¡∫u y∫u ≈®<wf°u@fi Ÿu <bª°≤ Ju¡ <ÔÎ Ωt„ÙÔ tu≤u tfi tu* N°ı ª∏Bt° Ju¡ wCv∫ ≈≤t
N°á°Ì Ìufiub°Ô° ≈≤t°Ãt≈®J¡°„ F°u y∫° Fæ $$20,21$$ ˚ybfig, N°≈Ju¡ ŸÂ„ tF°fiC˚°b°u* Ju¡ ≈Ìu„
Ÿu oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡∑ <fi≤<w„∫N°fi∏Ì≈®J¡°„R¡≈ N°ÃtÂ<‹¸> Ju¡ ≈®Ã∫sR¡≈ Ÿu Âÿ∫t°fi F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù tfiC‹∫
Ô°uy ŸbÕ` ≈®<Ÿ] N≈fiu ÌC˚°ÕÀ∫ Ÿu tF°≈C”T°u* J¡∑ Ÿub° „CZCT° Ÿu ba<ªw ≤FJ¡≤ ≤°y, πuT, NFaJ¡°≤,
ı∏t, t≤d N°<Ì ŸæJ¡n°u* Ì°uT≈¥dÕ Nb_S°N°u* Ÿu ≤°w <Ìfi J¡°™> Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ıÔwu Fæ* ∫F tF°fig N°ÿª∫Õ
Fæ $$22$$ ZÙ<bÿb°<t`ıÙ fiu J¡F° # NF° ! Ft°≤u <ÔÎ fnu FTÕ J¡∑ f°w Fæ <J¡ Ftfiu tC<fi tF°≤°ı Ju¡
ZÙtC© Ÿu NÃ∫∏w ≈C^∫t∫ I°fi ŸCfi° Fæ <ıŸJu¡ ≈®˚°b Ÿu Ft Ô°uy Fı°≤ f°≤ yay° tu* _fi°fi <J¡∫u FCÎ Ÿu
NÃ∫∏w ≈<b` F°uJ¡≤ fæ™>u Fæ* $$23$$
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ fiu J¡F° # Ÿ‡≈<W∫°u* Ju¡ ÃJ¡TÕ tu* N°Ãt° ª≤tŸÙt° Ìu©° y∫° Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ bF
<fi≤<w„∫ N°fi∏ÌR¡≈ Fæ, Â<‹¸>∫°u* J¡∑ ª≤tŸÙt° N°ÃtÂ<‹¸> Ìu©Ù y∫Ù Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ ÎJ¡ Ju¡ I°fi Ÿu ŸbÕ
J¡° I°fi F°u ı°w° Fæ, „°˜°u* J¡∑ ª≤tŸÙt° Nº∫°Ãt„°˜ Ìu©° y∫° Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ bFÙ ª≤t ≈®t°d Fæ $
≈„C, ≈C`, @fi N°<Ì Ju¡ <bfi°„R¡≈ <b≈Ì°N°u* J¡∑ ª≤tŸÙt° ŸbÕŸaŸ°≤fi°„ Ìu©° y∫° Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡
ŸJu¡ f°Ì <k¡≤ Ì¥Ÿ≤° fi°„ fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡w° Fæ $ J¡°Δ∫, ≤Ÿ, NÔaJ¡°≤ N°<Ì Ÿu „°u<˚w b°<d∫°u* J¡∑
ª≤tŸÙt° ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ tF°≤°ı J¡∑ ≈Ìu„°u<•w Ìu©Ù yoÕ Fæ wS° Â‹¸> ŸC© <bZ°<∏w Ju¡ J¡°≤d
tFÔ, f°y-fyÙª°, ≈bÕw, fiÌÙ, f°Ô¥t∫ w¸>˚¥<t N°<Ì ≈®Ìu„°u* J¡∑ ª≤tŸÙt° ≈≤t°ÃtR¡≈ ≈®Ìu„ Ìu©°
y∫° Fæ, •∫u*<J¡ bFÙ ≈≤t <bZ°<∏w FuwC Fæ $$24$$
Ìub<TÕ ZÙfi°≤ÌıÙ fiu J¡F° # NF° ! ı°u Wt w[b f®ÊÔ°uJ¡ tu* ŸCfifiu J¡°u fiFÙ* <tÔ°, ı°u _byÕ tu*
fiFÙ* <tÔ° wS° N∏∫` ˚¥wÔ tu* ˚Ù ı°u fiFÙ* <tÔ° Ÿ Wt w[bI°fi J¡°u ŸCfiJ¡≤ tu≤u J¡°fi N°ı ≈≤t
≈<b` F°u y∫u Fæ* $$25$$
ZÙÔ‚tdıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu tC<fib≤, Ft°≤u ⁄Ì∫ J¡° wS° f°F≤ J¡° NI°fi°∏@J¡°≤ <fi#„uT <fib¨W
J¡≤ ªCJu¡ N°≈fiu Ft Ô°uy°u* Ju¡ Ÿ∏tC© ∫F <Ÿ] J¡≤ <Ì∫° Fæ <J¡ N°≈ ≈®<Ÿ] Ÿ¥∫Õ J¡∑ N≈us° J¡oÕ yCfi°
N<@J¡ ÃJ¨¡‹¸> Ÿ¥∫Õ F°u y∫u* Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ Ÿ¥∫Õ Ju¡bÔ f°F≤ J¡° FÙ N∏@J¡°≤ <fib¨W J¡≤w° Fæ bF ˚Ù
ŸŸu N°Ã∫¿∏wJ¡ <fib¨W fiFÙ* F°uw° <J¡∏wC N°≈fiu ˚Ùw≤ f°F≤ Ju¡ N∏@J¡°≤ J¡∑ N°Ã∫¿∏wJ¡ <fib¨<W
J¡≤ ÌÙ Fæ $$26$$
ZÙ „`CPfiıÙ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, N°≈Ju¡ NfiCy®F Ÿu tæ* <fi≤<w„∫N°fi∏ÌR¡≈ ıÙb∏tC<•w J¡°u ≈®°›w
F°u ªCJ¡° F¥≥, NÃ∫∏w ≈®„°∏w F¥≥, ≈≤t ≈Ì J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u y∫° F¥≥, ŸÌ° Ju¡ <ÔÎ ≈¿≤≈¥dÕ (≈®°›wJ¡°t) F¥≥,
Ju¡bÔ <fi≤<w„∫ ŸC©_bR¡≈ F¥≥ $$27$$
tF°≤°ı Ì„≤S fiu J¡F° # NfiuJ¡ ı∏t°u* Ju¡ Ÿa<ªw ≈C^∫°u* Ÿu ≈≤tI°fiÙ tC<fiZu‹™> ofi JC¡ÔyC” tF°≤°ı
fiu Ft Ô°uy°u* J¡°u ≈≤t≈°bfi w[b NSb° Nº∫°Ãt„°˜ J¡° ≈Ìu„ <Ì∫°, <ıŸŸu Ft Ô°uy ≈≤t ≈<b`
F°u y∫u Fæ* $$28$$
ZÙb°vtÙ<J¡ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ˚≤π°ı, ıf ≤°ı° Ì„≤S Ju¡ Ÿ°S Ÿ˚° ¿_Sw bu ŸU∫yd oŸ ≈®J¡°≤
Ju¡ ≈®„aŸ° b°•∫ J¡F ≤Fu Su wf ˚yb°fig b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ fiu I°fi Ÿu ≈°bfi b°dÙ Ÿu ∫F J¡F° $$29$$
Nf tF°tC < fi ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ "ta y Ô°ÌÙ<fi ta y Ôtº∫°<fi ta y Ô°∏w°<fi „°˜°<d ≈® S ∏wu
bÙ≤≈C”TJ¡°^∫°∫C‹tÃ≈C”TJ¡°<d ª ˚b¿∏w Nº∫uw°≤ÿª tayÔ∫C•w° ∫S° _∫C#' -NS°Õwg <ıfi „°˜°u*
Ju¡ N°<Ì tu*, tº∫ tu* N°æ≤ N∏w tu* tayÔ°ª≤d <J¡∫° ı°w° Fæ bu Ô°uJ¡ tu* ©¥f ≈®<Ÿ] F°uwu Fæ* ∏Fu* ffi°fiu
wS° ≈»°fiub°Ôu ≈C”T bÙ≤ N°æ≤ ÌÙ|ÕıÙbÙ F°uwu Fæ*, fiJ¡° Nº∫∫fi J¡≤fiub°Ôu ˚Ù bæŸu FÙ F°uwu Fæ* -
˚°‹∫ tu* ˚yb°fig ≈waı<ÔıÙ π°≤° Ìg@¨w ZC<w Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ <fi<bÕPfi Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ FCÎ tF°fig „°˜ Ju¡ •w
k¡Ô J¡∑ <Ÿ<] Ju¡ <ÔÎ ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ f®°Êd, Ìubw°, <≈w≤, tC<fib¨∏Ì Ju¡ ≈¥ı°uÃŸb N°<ÌR¡≈ tayÔ J¡∑
N°æ<ªÃ∫I°≈fi π°≤° N°I° Ìuwu Fæ* $
Fu tF°≤°ı, Fu ≤|CJC¡Ô J¡°u N°á°<Ìw J¡≤fiub°Ôu ª∏BR¡≈, ı°u tæ* J¡Fw° F¥≥, Ÿu J¡∑<ı∫u $ o<wF°Ÿ
J¡S° Ju¡ Naw tu* <πı°<w∫°u* J¡∑ ≈¥ı° J¡≤fi° <b<@≈®°›w wS° <ªw Fæ, oŸ<ÔÎ N°ı N°≈ <b≈®b¨∏Ì°u* J¡°u
fiJ¡∑ ŸJ¡Ô J¡°tfi°N°u* Ÿu ≈¿≤≈¥dÕ J¡∑<ı∫u oŸŸu N°≈J¡°u Nº∫°Ãt„°˜ J¡∑ Zbd<b<@ J¡∑ Ÿ°ay°u≈°ay
<fi‹≈<W J¡° Ns∫ k¡Ô ≈®°›w F°uy° $ t°us Ju¡ ≈°∫˚¥w J¡S° J¡∑ Ÿt°<›w F°ufiu ≈≤ J¡∑nu J¡∑ w≤F fiy^∫
Ì¿≤Ì® J¡°u ˚Ù N≈fiÙ „<•w Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ f®°Êd≈¥ıfi Nbÿ∫ J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u N°≈ ıæŸu tF°≤°ı Ju¡ <ÔÎ
w°u J¡Ffi° FÙ •∫° Fæ ? tF°tC<fi ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ J¡° ∫F bªfi ŸCfiJ¡≤ tF°≤°ı Ì„≤S fiu ÌŸ Fı°≤ buÌI
f®°Êd°u* J¡°u Ì¥w°u* π°≤° <fit¿∏`w <J¡∫° $ tSC≤° tu*, Ÿ°æ≤°‹¸A> Ìu„ tu*, y°æn Ìu„ tu* ı°u f®°Êd <fib°Ÿ J¡≤wu
Fæ* fi Zu‹™>-Zu‹™> f®°Êd°u* Ju¡ JC¡Ô°u* J¡°u ŸÃJ¡°≤≈¥bÕJ¡ fCÔ°J¡≤ N<@J¡°<@J¡ I°fi<bI°fib°Ôu f®°Êd°u*
J¡°u ≈®tC©w° ÌuJ¡≤ ≤°ı° fiu ÌŸ Fı°≤ f®°Êd°u* J¡°u Ÿ<b<@ ˚°uıfi J¡≤°∫° $$30-35$$ •w N≈fiÙ-
N≈fiÙ ”<ª Ju¡ NfiCJ¥¡Ô ˚°u≠∫, N∏fi, Ì<sd° Ÿu wS° Z°], ≈F°≤, t<d, t°<d•∫ N°<Ì Ÿu J®¡t„#
fi f®°Êd°u*, <≈wÿd°u*, Ìubw°N°u*, ≤°ı°N°u*, fi°y¿≤J¡°u*, t¿∏`∫°u*, fi°æJ¡≤-ª°J¡≤°u*, ÌÙfi, N∏@u, Ô¥Ôu,
Ôaynu N°<Ì J¡° ∫°u* ≈¥dÕ ŸÃJ¡°≤ J¡≤ ŸaŸ°≤ J¡∑ ŸÙt° Ju¡ N∏w tu* ≈F≥Cªu FCÎ ≤°ı° Ì„≤S fiu ŸC⁄Ì ıfi°u* Ju¡
Ÿ°S Ÿ <Ìfi Wt tF°uÃŸb <J¡∫° $ ≤u„tÙ b˜, t<d N°æ≤ ŸCbdÕ Ÿu <b˚¥<Tw NwÎb ŸCtu” Ju¡ wCv∫
ŸyÕ - 215] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2581
ŸC∏Ì≤ ≤°ıtFÔ tu* wS° ©¥f Ÿı°∫u y∫u NwÎb ŸCtu” ŸÂ„ N∫°uº∫° fiy≤Ù tu* <bÔ°ŸbwÙ ∫°æbfitW
J¡°<t<fi∫°u* fiu |≤-|≤ fi°ª <J¡∫° $$36-39$$ Ÿ fi°ª tu* f°≥ŸC¿≤∫°≥, J¡°a_∫w°Ô, bÙd°, ≈©°bı,
wfÔu N°<Ì fı ≤Fu Su, w°^±>b fi¨Ã∫ Ÿu ı°u≤ J¡∑ ºb<fi F°u ≤FÙ SÙ $ fi fi°ª J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ t<FÔ°N°u* Ju¡
„u©≤ ≈≤_≈≤ <bÔsd Ju¡„fa@fi Ju¡ <b<˚∏fi N°˚¥Td°u* Ÿu <b≤<ªw Su, o@≤ @≤ fiª°∫u y∫u <b<b@
N<˚fi∫ J¡≤fiub°Ôu F°S°u* Ju¡ ˚®td°u* Ÿu fiJu¡ N°Ÿ≈°Ÿ J¡° N°J¡°„ wS° fiJu¡ b˜ ≈vÔ<bw Ÿu Ôywu
Su, F°_∫≤Ÿ Ju¡ N<˚fi∫ Ju¡ Ÿt∫ bu Ì∏wR¡≈Ù ª∏Bt° J¡∑ „C˚® ≤¿ÿt∫°≥ tfi°uF≤ N\>°F°Ÿ°u* π°≤° ª°≤°u*
N°u≤ <f©u≤wÙ SÙ*, bÙ≤ ≤Ÿ Ju¡ N<˚fi∫ Ju¡ Ÿt∫ taÌ≈¥bÕJ¡ FC≥J¡°≤ J¡≤wÙ SÙ*, J¡”d, NÌg˚Cw N°<Ì ≤Ÿ°u*
Ju¡ N<˚fi∫ J¡∑ ÔÙÔ°N°u* Ju¡ NbŸ≤ ≈≤ fiJ¡° _b≤ ªaªÔ F°u ™>w° S°, D°äy°≤ ≤Ÿ tu* t°fiJu¡ N<˚fi∫
Ju¡ NbŸ≤ ≈≤ bu ÎJ¡ ≈æ≤ Ju¡ wÔCbu Ÿu ÔÙÔ°≈¥bÕJ¡ @≤°wÔ ≈≤ N°|°w J¡≤wÙ SÙ*, t°uwÙt°Ô°N°u* ∫°
≈C‹≈t°Ô°N°u* Ju¡ k¡¸>J¡°≤fiu Ÿu fis`°u* J¡∑ w≤F <f©≤ ≤Fu ≈C‹≈°u* J¡∑ b¨<‹¸>∫°u* Ÿu bu Ÿku¡Ì SÙ*, ıÔ@°≤° Ju¡
Ÿt°fi <y≤°∫u y∫u ¸¥>¸>u FCÎ F°≤°u* ≈≤ Ìæb°wg ≈æ≤ ≤©fiu Ÿu fiJu¡ ≈æ≤ <k¡ŸÔ ı°wu Su $ N≈fiu ªaªÔ N°˚≤d°u*
Ÿu J¡°tÌub J¡°u t¥<wÕt°fig Ÿ° <Ì©Ô° ≤FÙ fi ÔÔfi°N°u* fiu ıÙ ˚≤ J¡≤ fi°ª <J¡∫° $ f®°Êd°u* fiu buÌ≈°™>
<J¡∫°, b¿∏Ì∫°u* fiu _wC<w≈°™> <J¡∫° N°æ≤ fi <˜∫°u* fiu yÙw y°∫u $ fitu* Ÿu ı°u N°Ÿb N°<Ì t°ÌJ¡BΔ∫
J¡° Ÿubfi J¡≤fiub°Ôu <πıuw≤ Su ∏F°u*fiu N°Ÿb N°<ÌJ¡° ≈°fi <J¡∫° <J¡∏wC b˜, N°˚¥Td N°<Ì Ÿu
<b˚¥¥<Tw ˚°uıfi°SÙÕ <b≈®°u* fiu ˚°uıfi∫°uÀ∫ <b<b@ ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ ˚‚∫°u* Ju¡ bæ<ªc∫ Ÿu ∫C•w ª°≤ ≈®J¡°≤ J¡°
N∏fi y®Fd <J¡∫° $ ª¥fi° N°<Ì J¡∑ ≈Cw°oÕ Ÿu _bh~> ffi°oÕ yoÕ y¨F<˚<W∫°≥ ≤°tR¡≈Ù ª∏Bt° J¡∑
ÌuFJ¡°<∏wR¡≈ ª°≥ÌfiÙ Ÿu wS° ≈C‹≈°u≈F°≤, @¥≈, N∏∫°u∏∫ ≤ay°u* Ju¡ Ôu≈ Ÿu ©¥f ªtJ¡ ™>Ù* $$40-46$$
≤°ı° Ì„≤S Ju¡ ÃŸbR¡≈Ù ∫I tu* ≤ay <f≤ay Ju¡ J¡≈nu ≈Ffiu FCÎ wS° Wt Wt t°Ô° @°≤d
<J¡∫u FCÎ ≈¿≤ª≤ N°æ≤ ≈¿≤ª°¿≤J¡°Î≥, <ıfiJu¡ „≤Ù≤ Ÿu tfi°uF≤ y∏@ tFJ¡ ≤FÙ SÙ, o@≤ Ÿu @≤ ı° ≤FÙ
SÙ* $$47$$ w°^±>b fi¨Ã∫ J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ <˜∫°≥ J¡≈¥≤, NyR¡, J¡_w¥≤Ù N°æ≤ Ja¡J¡°uÔ<tªÕ <t<Zw ª∏Ìfi
Ôy°J¡≤ ©¥f Ÿı°∫u y∫u ≤°ıŸ˚° Ju¡ Ì¥Ÿ≤u N°≥yfi tu* yoÕ $$48$$ tF°≤°ı Ì„≤S fiu N<bfi°„Ù ≈≤t≈Ì
J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uJ¡≤ f°u@R¡≈Ù Ÿ¥∫°uÕÌ∫ F°u ı°fiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ŸaŸ°≤R¡≈Ù J¨¡‹d≈s J¡∑ ≤°<` J¡° N∏w (<bfi°„)
F°ufiu Ÿu Ã≈∏fi FCÎ FTÕ Ÿu Ôy°w°≤ Ÿ°w ≤°<` wJ¡ ≈¥b°uÕ•w ≈®J¡°≤ J¡° tF°fig ÃŸb <J¡∫°, <ıŸtu* Ì°fi,
˚°uy N°æ≤ Ÿı°b¸> J¡° N¸¥>¸> f°uÔf°Ô° S° $$49$$
Ì°u Ÿ°æ ª°æÌFb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
Ì°u Ÿ°æ ≈∏BFb°≥ ŸyÕ
wCt ≤°t N°<Ì Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ≈®fC] F°uJ¡≤ ıÙb∏tC•w ŸC©Ù F°uN°u ∫°u*
ZÙ b°vtÙ<J¡ıÙ J¡° N≈fiu <„‹∫ ˚≤π°ı J¡°u ≈Ìu„ Ìufi° $
ZÙb°vtÙ<J¡ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu tu≤u <„‹∫°u* tu* ŸbÕZu‹™>, Fu tF°twu ˚≤π°ı, ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ N°<Ì
≈¥b°uÕ•w ≤Ù<w Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ I°wΔ∫ ≈≤t w[b J¡°u ı°fiJ¡≤ „°uJ¡ ≤<Fw FCÎ $$1$$ bÃŸ, wCt ˚Ù oŸÙ
<fiÌ°uÕT ≈¥dÕ f®Ê°ÃtÂ<‹¸> J¡° Â»w° Ÿu NbÔ‡ffi J¡≤ Ÿ°aŸ°¿≤J¡ ŸC©°u* Ÿu <b≤•w Ÿ∏ÌuF≤<Fw ıÙb∏tC•w
„°∏wfC<] F°uJ¡≤ ŸC© Ÿu ≤F°u $$2$$
∫F tu≤u π°≤° ≈<Ì‹¸> ŸaŸ°≤fi°„J¡ I°fi ÌC‹¸>ıfi°u* J¡∑ Ÿay<w Ÿu <ıŸ ≈®J¡°≤ fi‹¸> fi F°u bæŸu
ŸJ¡∑ ≤s° J¡≤°u, oŸ N°„∫ Ÿu J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Fu ≈<b`°Ãt° ˚≤π°ı, ıæŸu ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ J¡°u b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ π°≤° ≈<Ì‹¸> I°fi ÌC#Ÿay wS°
<bT∫˚°uy J¡∑ N°Ÿ<•w Ÿu ≤<Fw ≤F° NwÎb bF ≠∫°u*-J¡°-Ã∫°u* ≤F° ∫°fiÙ <bJ¨¡w fiFÙ* FCN° bæŸu FÙ
wC‡F°≤Ù fC<] ˚Ù (tÌC≈<Ì‹¸> I°fi ˚Ù) ∫<Ì ÌC#Ÿay N°æ≤ <bT∫˚°uy°Ÿ<•w Ÿu „¥∏∫ ≤FÙ w°u |fiu
NI°fi tu* ≈nfiu ≈≤ ˚Ù wS° <bt¥i> F°ufiu ≈≤ ˚Ù bF fi‹¸> fiFÙ* F°uyÙ $ oŸÙ ≈®J¡°≤ ∫u tF°tfi° Ì„≤S
N°<Ì ≤°ı° wS° ≤°tª∏B N°<Ì ≤°ıJC¡t°≤ ıÙb∏tC<•w ≈Ì J¡°u ≈®°›w FCÎ $$3,4$$ Fu ≈C` ˚≤π°ı,
wCt _b∫a N≈fiu <bª°≤ Ÿu FÙ ≤°tª∏BıÙ N°<Ì Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ≈FÔu Ÿu FÙ ıÙb∏tC•w F°u $ N°ı oŸ t°us
Ÿa<Fw° J¡°u ŸCfiJ¡≤ ŸªtCª tC•ww≤ F°u y∫u F°u, •∫°u*<J¡ <ıŸ „aJ¡°R¡≈Ù ≈aJ¡ J¡∑ Ÿa˚°bfi° SÙ,
ŸJ¡° ˚Ù oŸŸu s°Ôfi F°u y∫° $$5$$
oŸ „°˜ J¡° ≈≤t ≈C”T°SÕR¡≈ k¡Ô Â‹¸> Fæ, Nw# ∫F ŸJ¡Ô „°˜°u* Ÿu Zu‹™>wt Fæ N°æ≤ NU∫°Ÿ
J¡≤fiu ≈≤ t∏Ì N<@J¡°¿≤∫°u* J¡°u tC<•wR¡≈ ≈≤t≈C”T°SÕ Ìufiu tu* ŸtSÕ Fæ, ÎuŸ° <Ì©Ô°wu Fæ* $
Ÿ°s°wg ≈≤f®Ê°fiC˚¥<w ≈®Ì°fi J¡≤°fiub°Ôu ≈≤t ≈C^∫ ofi t°us°u≈°∫°u* J¡°u ∫<Ì f°ÔJ¡ ˚Ù ŸCfiu, w°u bF
˚Ù w[bI°fiÙ F°u ı°∫ $ N°≈ ıæŸu tC¶∫ N<@J¡°≤Ù tu* ∫u k¡Ô°u≈@°∫J¡ Fæ*, oŸtu* J¡Ffi° FÙ •∫° Fæ, oŸJu¡
Zbd Ÿu N°≈ w°u Nbÿ∫ w[bI°fiÙ F°u y∫u Fæ*, ∫F ˚°b Fæ $$6$$ Fu Ÿ°@°u, ıæŸu ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ Ju¡
≈Ìu„bªfi°u* Ju¡ ⁄Ì∫ tu* ≈®Ÿ°≤ Ÿu ŸJ¡Ô Ÿ∏ÌuF°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°S NI°fi J¡° <bfi°„ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d tF°fiC˚°b
≤°t N°<Ì ≤|Cba„Ù ≈≤t ≈<b`wt ıÙb∏tC<•w≈Ì J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uJ¡≤ „°uJ¡<bFÙfi F°u y∫u bæŸu FÙ wC‡Fu* ˚Ù
<fiÃ∫<Ÿ] f®Ê_bR¡≈ ıÙb∏tC•w≈Ì J¡°u ≈®°›w F°ufi° ª°<F∫u wS° „°uJ¡≤<Fw F°ufi° ª°<F∫u $$7$$
<fiÃ∫<Ÿ] f®Ê°Ãt˚°bR¡≈ ıÙb∏tC•w≈Ì J¡∑ ≈®°<›w Ju¡ <Ô∫u N°æ≤ Ô°uy°u* J¡°u ˚Ù ŸwgŸay<w, ŸÃŸub°,
Ÿ∏w°u* Ÿu ≈¥~>fi° N°<Ì ≈°∫ J¡° N°Z∫ J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
Ÿ∏w tF°Ãt°N°u* J¡∑ Ÿwg<„s° Ÿu, Ô°u˚, N°Ô_∫, <fiB° N°<Ì Ÿu ≤<Fw Ÿ≈®ut <fi≤∏w≤ Ÿub° Ÿu
wS° f°u@°u≈°∫˚¥w J¡S°N°u* Ÿu ˚≤u FCÎ fiJu¡ ŸÌC≈Ìu„ Ÿu Ÿ°b@°fi Ÿ∏t<w N<@J¡°¿≤∫°u* J¡°u I°wΔ∫
N°Ãtw[b bæŸu FÙ I°w F°u ı°w° Fæ ıæŸu <J¡ ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ J¡∑ ŸÃŸay<w Ÿu ZÙ≤°tª∏B N°<Ì J¡°u I°w
FCN° $$8$$ w¨‹d°R¡≈Ù ªtnu J¡∑ ≤_ŸÙ Ÿu J¡ŸJ¡≤ f≥@Ù FCoÕ NI°fiÙ Ju¡ ⁄Ì∫ tu* ıtÙ FCoÕ ÌuF, o¿∏B∫
N°<Ì tu* w°Ì°Ã‡∫Nº∫°ŸR¡≈ y®¿∏S∫°≥, y¨F, ≈C`, J¡Ô` N°<Ì tu* ttw°y®FR¡≈ y®¿∏S∫°≥ wS° Ÿf ≈®°<d∫°u*
tu* ÎJ¡°Ãtw° Ju¡ NfiC˚b Ÿu N˚uÌ (ÎuJ¡≤_∫) fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d πuT N°<Ì J¡∑ FuwC˚¥w y®¿∏S∫°≥ ∫u ŸfJ¡∑
Ÿf y®¿∏S∫°≥ oŸ t°us„°˜ J¡S°N°u* Ju¡ <bª°≤<bt„Õ Ÿu ıæŸu f°Ô (fib°ui>°) <˜∫°≥ ≈FÔu f°v∫°b_S°b„
©uÔJ¥¡Ì tu* <ªW ≤Ffiu wS° ≤Ÿ°fi<˚I F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d ≈<w Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* <b„uT <ÌÔª_≈Ù fiFÙ* ≤©wÙ*
Ôu<J¡fi Ÿt∫ ≈°J¡≤ ≈®°æ» F°ufiu ≈≤ ≈<w Ju¡ Ÿ°S <FÔ<tÔ ı°wÙ Fæ* bæŸu FÙ Ÿf ˚¥w°u* tu* N˚uÌ J¡°u (ÎuJ¡≤_∫
J¡°u) ≈®°›w F°u ı°wÙ Fæ* $$9$$ Fu ≈C`wCv∫ J¨¡≈°˚°ıfi ˚≤π°ı, ∫u tC<•w Ju¡ ≈°∫ t∏Ì N<@J¡°≤Ù ≈C”T
˚Ù ∫<Ì ofiJ¡° Zbd°U∫°Ÿ J¡≤u* w°u fiJu¡ ˚Ù NI°fi°∏@J¡°≤ J¡°u F¸>°fiu J¡∑ Ÿ°tØ∫Õ ≤©wu Fæ* ÎuŸu
tF°t<Ft°„°ÔÙ ofi t°us°u≈°∫°u* J¡°u yC”tC© Ÿu ı°u N<@J¡°≤Ù Zu‹™> ≈C”T ŸCfiu*yu bu w[bI°<fi∫°u* tu*
Zu‹™>wt F°uJ¡≤ <k¡≤ ˚bªJ®¡ tu* J¡Ì°<≈ fiFÙ* ≈nu*yu $ ∫F tu≤Ù Ÿa<s›w ≤F_∫ <•w Fæ, oŸJu¡ N<w¿≤•w
ŸyÕ - 215] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2583
J¡Sfi Ÿu •∫° ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ ? $$10$$
b•w° (≈Ìu„ Ìufiub°Ôu) ˚Ù yC”tC© Ÿu <bª°≤ J¡≤ FÙ Ÿ‡≈®Ì°∫w# NSÕ J¡°u ˚ÔÙ˚°≥<w ı°fiJ¡≤
N°æ≤°u* J¡°u ŸCfi°bu*, ≈Ìu„ Ìu*, w°u ∏Fu* f°u@R¡≈ k¡Ô J¡∑ ≈®°<›w F°u ŸJ¡wÙ Fæ N°æ≤°u* J¡°u fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wÙ,
oŸ <fi∫t J¡°u Ÿ¥<ªw J¡≤wu FCÎ J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ı°u Ÿ∏w ≈C”T oŸ y®∏S J¡°u fFCZCw yC”ıfi°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°tfiu _b∫a ˚ÔÙ˚°≥<w <bª°≤J¡≤ fiJu¡ Ÿab°Ì Ÿu
ıf ∫F y®∏S ˚ÔÙ˚°≥<w I°w F°u ı°∫ wf ≈Ù~>u _b∫a ˚Ù „CZCT (ŸCfifiu J¡∑ oh~>° J¡≤fiub°Ôu) Ô°uy°u* J¡°u
Ÿ‡≈®Ì°∫°fiCŸ°≤ J¡Fu*yu, ≈Ìu„ Ìu*yu, w°u bu t¥©Õw° (t¥»w°) NSb° ≈CfiıÕ∏t J¡°u ≈®°›w fiFÙ* F°u*yu Nbÿ∫
FÙ w[bI°fiR¡≈ k¡Ô J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u*yu $ Ÿa≈®Ì°∫ Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ fi ı°fiu y∫u bªfi°u* Ju¡ Zbd NSb° Ì¥Ÿ≤°u* J¡°u
Zbd J¡≤°fiu Ÿu •∫° ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ ? $$11$$
Nf NSÕf°u@ Ju¡ <ffi° FÙ y®∏S Ju¡ ≈°≤°∫d J¡°, y®∏S Ôu©fi wS° b°ªJ¡ J¡°u b¨<W ÌuJ¡≤ Δ∫°¶∫°fi
J¡≤°fiu J¡° k¡Ô J¡Fwu Fæ* $
ı°u Δ∫CÃ≈<W fi F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d NS°ÕfiCŸ∏@°fi Ju¡ <ffi° wS° ≈°≤°∫d J¡∑ Ì<sd° BΔ∫ J¡∑ N≈us° fi
J¡≤ ∫°fiÙ <fiÔ°uÕ˚ F°uJ¡≤ ≈°≤°∫d J¡≤°∫u*yu NSb° ı°u ≈C_wJ¡ <Ô©°∫u*yu, ı°u Wt wÙSÕsu` tu* b¨<W
f°≥@J¡≤ Δ∫°¶∫° J¡≤fiub°Ôu ≈C”T Ju¡ Ÿ°S b°ªJ¡ J¡°u <fi∫C•w J¡≤u*yu ∫° Ju¡bÔ FÙ b°ªJ¡ J¡°u <fi∫C•w
J¡≤u*yu bu ∫<Ì ŸJ¡°t F°uJ¡≤ ∫u Ÿf J¡°t J¡≤u*yu w°u ≤°ıŸ¥∫ ∫I Ju¡ k¡Ô Ÿu ∫C•w F°uJ¡≤ f°≤-f°≤ _byÕ
ı°∫u*yu $ ∫<Ì <fi‹J¡°t F°uJ¡≤ •w J¡°∫Õ J¡≤u*yu w°u Wt JC¡Ô tu* ı∏t wS° ŸÌgyC” Ju¡ tC©°≤<b∏Ì Ÿu
Ÿwg„°˜ J¡° Zbd ≈®°›w J¡≤ bæŸu FÙ wÙŸ≤u ı∏t tu* t°us J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u*yu ıæŸu <J¡ ≈C^∫b°fig ≈C”T wÙŸ≤u
ı∏t tu* Ô‚tÙ J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uwu Fæ* $$12,13$$
oŸ y®∏S J¡° ÎuŸ° tF°k¡Ô N°≈J¡°u J¡F°≥ Ÿu I°w FCN° ÎuŸÙ <J¡ŸÙ J¡°u N°„aJ¡° F°u, w°u oŸ ≈≤
J¡Fwu Fæ* $
≈C≤°fiu Ÿt∫ tu* N<ª∏Ã∫R¡≈Ù f®Ê° fiu tu≤u π°≤° <b≤<ªw oŸ t°ust∫Ù Ÿa<Fw° J¡°u tC<fi∫°u* J¡∑ Ÿ˚°
tu* N°Ω°u≈°∏w _b∫a Ìu©J¡≤ ∫F bªfi ŸfJu¡ ≈®<w J¡F° <J¡ ŸÃ∫b•w° b°vtÙ<J¡ıÙ, b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ wS° tu≤u
bªfi NŸÃ∫ J¡Ì°<≈ fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wu wS° ≈¥bÕ ≤°t°∫d tu* tCHu ∏F°u*fiu b≤Ì°fi <Ì∫° S° <J¡ "fi wu
b°yfi¨w° J¡°Δ∫u J¡°<ªÌ` ˚<b‹∫<w' ∫°fiÙ oŸ J¡°Δ∫ tu* wC‡F°≤Ù b°dÙ w<fiJ¡ ˚Ù NŸÃ∫ fi F°uyÙ $$14$$
oŸ „°˜ J¡∑ Ÿt°<›w F°ufiu ≈≤ y¨F, N∏fi, @fi N°<Ì J¡° Ì°fi f®°Êd°u* J¡°u Nbÿ∫ Ìufi° ª°<F∫u,
fC<]t°fig ≈C”T°u* J¡°u t°us°u≈°∫R¡≈ oŸ J¡S°≈®f∏@ J¡∑ Ÿt°<›w F°ufiu ≈≤ ≈®∫Ãfiw# b•w° J¡°u
ŸC∏Ì≤ ˚bfi ÌuJ¡≤ N<˚tw N∏fi, ≈°fi, Ì°fi π°≤° f®°Êd°u* J¡° ≈¥ıfi J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u $ Ì°fi N°<Ì J¡°
J¡w°Õ ≈C”T „°˜°fiCŸ°≤ _bJ¨¡w ≈C^∫ J¡°u ŸJu¡ NfiCR¡≈ k¡ÔR¡≈ Ÿu Nbÿ∫ ≈®°›w F°uw° Fæ ÎuŸ°
ŸtHJ¡≤ N≈fiÙ „<•w Ju¡ NfiCŸ°≤ ∏Fu* N˚Ù‹¸> Ì<sd° N°<Ì Ìufi° ª°<F∫u $$15,16$$ Fu ˚≤π°ı,
wC‡F°≤Ù fC<] J¡°u f°u@ Ìufiu Ju¡ <Ô∫u ŸæJ¡n°u* J¡S°J®¡t°u* Ÿu <b„°Ô J¡Ôub≤ FCN° ∫F „°˜ tæ*fiu wCtŸu
J¡F°, <ıŸtu* f®Êw[b J¡° <b_w°≤ Ÿu bdÕfi Fæ wS° ı°u Â‹¸>°∏w∫C<•w∫°u* Ÿu ŸC„°u<˚w Fæ $ oŸJ¡°
ZbdJ¡≤ ıÙwu ıÙ FÙ <btC•w°„∫ F°uJ¡≤ Ô°uJ¡°fiCy®F Ju¡ <Ô∫u I°fi, w≈_∫° N°æ≤ J¡tÕk¡Ô Ÿu ∫C•w
≈®°≤Æ@ ˚°uy Ju¡ ŸÃJ¡t°u˘ J¡∑ k¡ÔR¡≈ ∫°uy, I°fi<Ÿ<] N°æ≤ Îuÿb∫Õ J¡∑ Ns∫ „°u˚° J¡°u ˚°uyJ¡≤
≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu <ª≤<bZ°<∏w J¡°u ≈®°›w F°uN°u $$17$$
Ì°u Ÿ°æ ≈∏BFb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w
Ì°u Ÿ°æ Ÿ°uÔFb°≥ ŸyÕ
≤°ı° N¿≤‹¸>fiu<t, ŸC”<ª N›Ÿ≤°, M¡<T≈C` J¡°”^∫ N°<Ì J¡∑ J¨¡wJ¨¡Ã∫w° J¡° wS°
<„‹∫°u* J¡° yC”ıfi°u* Ju¡ <ÔÎ N°Ãt<fibuÌfi J¡° bdÕfi $
ZÙb°vtÙ<J¡ıÙ fiu J¡F° # Fu ≤°ıfig, b<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ J¡° ≤°t N°<Ì Ju¡ ≈®<w wS° Ny_Ã∫ıÙ J¡°
ŸCwÙ‚d N°<Ì Ju¡ ≈®<w ∫F ŸÌC≈Ìu„ tæ*fiu N°≈Ÿu J¡F° $ oŸ y®∏SR¡≈ w[bt°yÕ Ÿu Ÿ ≈≤t ≈Ì J¡°u
N°≈ Nbÿ∫ ≈®°›w F°u*yu $$1$$ ≤°ı° (N¿≤‹¸>fiu<t) fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, N°≈J¡∑ ı°u J¨¡≈°Â<‹¸> tCH ≈≤
≈nÙ Fæ bF ˚bR¡≈Ù f∏@fi J¡° <bfi°„ J¡≤fiub°ÔÙ Fæ, oŸ<Ô∫u Ÿ J¨¡≈°t∫Ù Â<‹¸> Ÿu tæ* ˚bŸ°y≤
Ÿu WÙdÕ F°u y∫° F¥≥ $$2$$ ÌubÌ¥w fiu J¡F° # wÌC≈≤°∏w ÎuŸ° J¡FJ¡≤ ≤°ı° Ju¡ fiu` N°ÿª∫Õ Ÿu <bJ¡<Ÿw
F°u y∫u $ Ÿfiu tCHŸu t¨ÌC _b≤ Ÿu t@C≤ bªfi J¡F° $$3$$ ≤°ı° fiu J¡F° # Fu ÌubÌ¥w, wCtJ¡°u fit_J¡°≤
Fæ, Fu ≈®˚°u, wC‡F°≤° J¡v∫°d F°u, Ÿ≠ıfi ≈C”T°u* J¡∑ tæ`Ù Ÿ°w J¡Ìt Ÿ°S ªÔfiu Ÿu F°u ı°wÙ Fæ ÎuŸ°
Ÿ≠ıfi°u* J¡° J¡Sfi Fæ, ŸJ¡°u N°≈fiu ŸÃ∫ J¡≤ ±>°Ô° Fæ $ Nf N°≈ Ìub≤°ı Ju¡ tFÔ J¡°u ı°o∫u,
N°≈J¡° ˚Ô° F°u $ oŸ t°us„°˜-J¡S° Ju¡ Zbd Ÿu Ÿf w°≈°u* J¡∑ <fib¨<W F°u ı°fiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d tæ*
N°fi∏ÌtÀfi F°u y∫° F¥≥ <fi≤<w„∫ FTÕ <fi˚Õ≤ F°u y∫° F¥≥ $ Ÿf ≈®J¡°≤ Ju¡ w°≈°u* Ÿu ≤<Fw FCN° tæ* tC<fiıÙ
Ju¡ tC© Ÿu ŸCfiu y∫u NSÕ J¡° <ª∏wfi J¡≤w° FCN° ∫FÙ* ≈≤ ≤F¥≥y° $ ≤°ı° Ju¡ ∫°u* J¡Ffiu ≈≤ ŸJu¡ <bfi∫
Ÿ°æı∏∫ N°<Ì yCd°u* Ÿu tæ* N∏∫∏w N°ÿª∫Õ tu* ≈n y∫° $$4-6$$
ŸÃŸay Ju¡ J¡°≤d ZbdÔ°˚ F°ufiu Ÿu tæ* ˚Ù J¨¡wJ¨¡Ã∫ F°u y∫° F¥≥, ÎuŸ° J¡Fwu Fæ* $
≈FÔu J¡˚Ù tCHu ∫F I°fi ŸCfifiu J¡°u fiFÙ* <tÔ° S° N≈¥bÕ FÙ ∫F I°fiŸ°≤ ŸÃŸayb„ tCHu ŸCfifiu J¡°u
<tÔ° Fæ $ oŸÙ Ÿu tu≤° N∏w#J¡≤d NÃ∫∏w ≈®Ÿ∏fi F°u y∫° Fæ $ tæ* oŸ Ÿt∫ <ıŸfiu Nt¨w ~>J¡J¡≤ <≈∫°
F°u Ÿ ≈C”T Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ≈¿≤w¨›w F°u y∫° F¥≥ $$7$$ Fu ≈°≈≤<Fw (c) wÌC≈≤°∏w b°vtÙ<J¡ıÙ Ÿu N°I°
ÔuJ¡≤ tæ* wC‡F°≤u <fiJ¡¸> wC‡Fu* ≈Ìu„ Ìufiu Ju¡ <ÔÎ N°∫° F¥≥ $ wCtfiu ı°u tCHŸu ≈¥~>° S° bF Ÿf tæ* wCtŸu
J¡F ªCJ¡° F¥≥ $ Nf tCHu N°I° Ì°u Ìub≤°ı o∏B Ju¡ tFÔ J¡∑ N°u≤ tæ* ı°«≥¡y° $$8$$
N›Ÿ≤° fiu J¡F° # Fu tF°˚°À∫„°ÔÙ ÌubÌ¥w, wCtJ¡°u fit_J¡°≤ Fæ, wC‡F°≤u π°≤° ŸCfi°∫u y∫u oŸ
Nº∫°Ãt„°˜ Ÿu tæ* ≈≤t ŸC© <bZ°<∏w J¡°u ≈®°›w F°u yoÕ F¥≥, tCHtu* ÌC#©-•Ôu„ J¡° fi°t-<fi„°fi fiFÙ*
≤F y∫° Fæ, N°<@˚°æ<wJ¡, N°<@Ìæ<bJ¡ N°æ≤ N°º∫°¿ÃtJ¡ wÙfi°u* w°≈ tCHŸu J¡°u„°u* Ì¥≤ ˚°y y∫u Fæ* $ Fu
ÌubÌ¥w, Nf wCt N≈fiÙ oh~>°fiCŸ°≤ o∏B Ju¡ ŸtÙ≈ ı°N°u $ wC‡F°≤° ˚Ô° F°u $$9,10$$
N<Àfibuÿ∫ fiu J¡F° # bÃŸ, wÌC≈≤°∏w bF ŸC”<ª fi°t J¡∑ N›Ÿ≤° y∏@t°Ìfi Ju¡ ŸtÙ≈ <Ft°Ô∫
Ju¡ <„©≤ ≈≤ fæ™>J¡≤ ÌubÌ¥w π°≤° ≈<Ì‹¸> ŸÙ f®Ê°Ãtæ•∫R¡≈ NSÕ J¡° <ª∏wfi J¡≤fiu ÔyÙ $$11$$
(c) "Nfi|u' oŸ Ÿ‡f°u@fi Ÿu <fi‹≈°≈ F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d wCtJ¡°u N<@J¡°≤Ù ı°fiJ¡≤ wCtŸu ∫F Ÿf
tæ*fiu J¡F°, ∫F Ÿ¥<ªw <J¡∫° $
ŸyÕ - 216] ZÙ ∫°uyb°<Ÿ‹™> tF°≤°t°∫d 2585
Fu ≈C`, •∫° wCtfiu ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ J¡° ≈Ìu„R¡≈ ∫F „°˜ ŸCfi° ? t°us J¡° Ÿ°@fi J¡tÕ Fæ NSb°
I°fi Fæ ? ÎuŸ° wC‡F°≤° ı°u Ÿ∏ÌuF S°, ŸJ¡° t¥Ô˚¥w NI°fi Ju¡ <bfi°„ Ÿu h~>uÌ F°u y∫° $ Nf
ıæŸ° wCt ª°Fwu F°u bæŸ° J¡≤°u $$12$$
J¡°”^∫ fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, oŸ Ÿt∫ w[bI°fi F°ufiu Ÿu NwÙw, Nfi°yw N°æ≤ NŸa<fiJ¨¡‹¸>
(Ìq≤bwÙÕ) <bT∫°u* tu* tu≤Ù _t¨<w, b°dÙ Δ∫bF°≤ wS° bwÕt°fi <bT∫ tu* ≈®Ã∫s bæŸu FÙ <fi<bÕT∫ F°u
y∫u Fæ* ıæŸu <J¡ _b›fi tu* ≈®wÙw b∏º∫°≈C` Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* <fi<bÕT∫ F°uwu Fæ* $ ıæŸu <fiıÕÔ t”˚¥<t tu*
t≤Ù<ªJ¡° J¡∑ ¿_S<w F°uwÙ Fæ bæŸu FÙ tu≤Ù Ÿ°≤Ù Ÿ°aŸ°¿≤J¡ ¿_S<w J¡∑ y<w F°u yoÕ Fæ $ <J¡ŸÙ ˚Ù <bT∫
tu* tu≤° Nf JC¡~> Ÿ∏ÌuF „uT fiFÙ* ≤F y∫° Fæ $ Nf tu≤° oŸ ŸaŸ°≤ tu* fi w°u J¡tÕ Ÿu JC¡~> ≈®∫°uıfi
Fæ N°æ≤ fi I°fi Ÿu J¡°uoÕ ≈®∫°uıfi Fæ, •∫°u*<J¡ tæ* J¨¡wJ¨¡Ã∫ F°u ªCJ¡° Fq≥ $ <k¡≤ ˚Ù tæ* Ô°uJ¡<„s° J¡u <ÔÎ
ZÙ≤°tª∏BıÙ N°<Ì Ju¡ Ÿt°fi FÙ ∫S°≈®°›w bdÕ N°æ≤ N°Zt Ju¡ NfiCJ¥¡Ô Δ∫bF°≤ J¡≤w° ≤Fq≥y°
ıfÌÕ_wÙ J¡tÕÃ∫°y tu* J¡°æfi N°y®F Fæ $$13,14$$
Ny¿_w fiu J¡F° # Fu ŸCwÙ‚d, J¨¡wJ¨¡Ã∫ F…Î N<Àfibuÿ∫ Ju¡ ≈C` J¡°”^∫ fiu ∫F J¡FJ¡≤ <bb°F
π°≤° J¡t°Õ<@J¡°≤Ù ffiJ¡≤ ∫S°u<ªw Ÿt∫ tu* „°˜°fiCŸ°≤ bd°ÕZt°u<ªw _fi°fi, Ì°fi, N<ÀfiF°u`,
N<w<S≈¥ıfi N°<Ì J¡tÕ <J¡∫° $$15$$ Fu ŸCwÙ‚d, I°fi Ju¡ ≈ÿª°wg J¡t°ÕfiC‹™>°fi Ju¡ <bT∫ tu* J¡tÕ
f∏@fi J¡° FuwC F°uy°, ÎuŸ° Ÿ∏ÌuF fiFÙ* J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u, •∫°u*<J¡ Ÿa„∫b„ ıÙb ≈≤t≈C”T°SÕR¡≈ _b°SÕ
Ÿu h∫Cw F°u ı°w° Fæ, Ÿa„∫°Ãt° <bfi‹¸> F°u ı°w° Fæ, ÎuŸ° b¨]°u* J¡° NfiC„°Ÿfi Fæ $$16$$ Ÿ∏ÌuF Ju¡
<bT∫ <b”] NfiuJ¡ J¡°u<¸>R¡≈ Ÿ°aŸ°¿≤J¡≈Ì°S°u˘ J¡° ≈°≤t°<SÕJ¡ f®Êw[bR¡≈ Ÿu ŸJ¡Ô<b≤°u@°u* Ju¡
Ã∫°y Ÿu ÎJ¡w° f°u@fiR¡≈ tC<fi Ny_Ã∫ıÙ J¡° ∫F bªfi ŸCfiJ¡≤ ŸCwÙ‚d fiu ŸtÙ≈ tu* yC”ıÙ J¡°u
NÃ∫∏w <bfi∫ Ÿu fit_J¡°≤ J¡≤ yC”ıÙ Ÿu J¡F° $$17$$ ŸCwÙ‚d fiu J¡F° # ˚ybfig, N°≈Ju¡ NfiCy®F
Ÿu tu≤° NI°fi N°æ≤ ŸJ¡° J¡°∫ÕR¡≈ ıywg fi‹¸> F°u y∫° Fæ $ tCHu ŸbÕZu‹™>f®Ê°Ãtæ•∫R¡≈ I°fi ≈®°›w
F°u y∫° Fæ $ ıæŸu fi°ˆ„°Ô° tu* ÌÙ≈J¡ Ju¡ ≤Ffiu ≈≤ ŸJu¡ ≈®J¡°„ Ju¡ ŸF°≤u fi¸>, fiwÕJ¡ N°<Ì J¡∑
fi°ªJ¥¡Ì, N<˚fi∫ N°<Ì <J®¡∫°Î≥ F°uwÙ Fæ*, bæŸu FÙ <ıŸ ŸfJu¡ Ÿ°sÙ ≈≤t°Ãt° Ju¡ _b∫a ≠∫°u<w F°ufiu
Ju¡ J¡°≤d <fiÃ∫ _kC¡¿≤w N°æ≤ <fi¿‹J®¡∫R¡≈ Ÿu ¿_Sw F°ufiu ≈≤ Ÿf _≈∏Ì t¥<wÕ∫°≥ (Ÿªu‹¸> t¥<wÕ∫°≥) wS°
Ô°æ<J¡J¡ N°æ≤ bæ<ÌJ¡ <J®¡∫°Î≥ F°uwÙ Fæ* Îba ıæŸu J¡°aªfi FÙ J¡n°, f°ı¥faÌ, Ju¡∫¥≤ N°æ≤ fi¥≈C≤°u* Ju¡ R¡≈
tu* _kC¡¿≤w F°uw° Fæ wS° ıæŸu ıÔ tu* ÔF≤u* _kC¡¿≤w F°uwÙ Fæ* bæŸu FÙ <ıŸŸu ∫F Âÿ∫ _kC¡¿≤w F°uw°
Fæ, ∫F Ÿ°≤° ıywg bFÙ Fæ Ÿtu* ≈¥dÕR¡≈ Ÿu Δ∫b¿_Sw Fæ, ŸŸu ≤aª˚≤ ˚Ù ≈¨SJg¡ fiFÙ* Fæ $ ÎuŸ°
<bª°≤J¡≤ <ıŸ N°Zt tu* ı°u Δ∫bF°≤ ıæŸ° ≈®°›w Fæ Ÿ Δ∫bF°≤ J¡° NfiCbwÕfi (NfiCŸ≤d) J¡≤w°
Fq≥, Ÿ∏w°u* Ju¡ bªfi J¡° J¡°æfi vÔa|fi J¡≤ ŸJ¡w° Fæ ? ˚ybfig, N°≈Ju¡ NŸÙt NfiCy®F Ÿu tæ* I°wΔ∫
w[b J¡° ˚ÔÙ˚°≥<w I°fi ≈®°›w J¡≤ ¿_Sw Fq≥ $$18-21$$ oŸ Ÿt∫ yC” π°≤° <J¡∫u y∫u ≈≤t≈C”T°SÕ
Ìufiub°Ôu I°fi Ju¡ ≈®Ì°fiR¡≈ ≈≤t ≈J¡°≤ J¡° ıywg tu* ≈®Ã∫C≈J¡°≤ fi Ìu©J¡≤ fiJu¡ ª≤d°u* tu* Ÿ°‹¸>°ay
fit_J¡°≤ J¡≤ N≈fiu J¡°u N°ıÙbfi fiJ¡∑ Ì°Ÿw° Ju¡ <ÔÎ Ÿt<≈Õw J¡≤wu Fæ* $
Fu yC”b≤ ! tæ* J¨¡w°SÕ F°u y∫° Fq≥ N°≈Ju¡ Ÿ∏tC© ˚¥<t tu* Ì^±>bwg ≈n° Fq≥ $ <„‹∫ yC” Ju¡ ≈J¡°≤
Ÿu (M¡d Ÿu) <J¡Ÿ ≈®Ã∫C≈J¡°≤ π°≤° M¡d F°u ŸJ¡wu Fæ* NS°Õwg <J¡ŸÙ Ÿu ˚Ù fiFÙ* F°u ŸJ¡wu, oŸ<ÔÎ
<„‹∫°u* J¡°u ª°<F∫u tfi, bªfi N°æ≤ J¡tÕ Ÿu yC” Ju¡ Ÿ∏tC© N°ÃtŸt≈Õd J¡≤ Ìu* $ bFÙ fiJ¡° yC” Ju¡
≈J¡°≤ Ÿu <fi_w°≤ Fæ $ N∏∫ <J¡ŸÙ ˚Ù J¡tÕ Ÿu yC”ıÙ Ju¡ ≈J¡°≤ Ÿu <fi_w°≤ fiFÙ* F°u
ŸJ¡w° $$22,23$$ ˚ybfig, N°≈Ju¡ NŸÙt NfiCy®F Ÿu <fi_Ÿ∏ÌuF F°u tæ* ˚bŸ°y≤ Ÿu ≈°≤ F°uJ¡≤
≈¥d°Õfi∏ÌR¡≈ Ÿu Ÿ‡≈¥dÕ ıy≠ı°Ô J¡°u Δ∫°›w J¡≤ ¿_Sw Fq≥ oŸtu* JC¡~> ˚Ù Ÿa„∫ fiFÙ* Fæ $$24$$
∫F y®∏S ŸJ¡Ô ≈<fiTÌ°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°≤˚¥w NSÕ J¡° ≈fäFdR¡≈ Fæ Nw# oŸJ¡° tCtCsC ≈C”T°u* J¡°u
˚Ù Ÿt°Ì≤ J¡≤fi° ª°<F∫u ∫F Ÿ¥<ªw J¡≤wu F…Î "Ÿb˘ ©¿vbÌa f®Êw≠ıÔ°<fi<w „°∏w ≈°ŸÙw'NS°Õwg
∫F Ÿ°≤° ıywg f®Ê Ÿu Ã≈∏fi F°ufiu, f®Ê tu* ÔÙfi F°ufiu N°æ≤ f®Ê tu* ¿_Sw F°ufiu Ju¡ J¡°≤d f®Ê FÙ
Fæ ∫°u* „°∏w F°uJ¡≤ ≈°Ÿfi° J¡≤fiÙ ª°<F∫u oŸ ≈®J¡°≤ ~>°∏Ì°uÀ∫°u≈<fiTÌg tu* ≈®Ì<„Õw _≈‹¸> ≈°∫Ÿ<Fw
I°fi Ÿu I°w Ÿb°ÕÃtJ¡Ÿ<hªÌ°fi∏Ì N<πwÙ∫ f®Êw[b J¡° NfiCŸ∏@°fi J¡≤ N∏w tu* tayÔ Ju¡ <ÔÎ
fit_J¡°≤ J¡≤wu Fæ* $
ı°u f®Ê Ÿ°tbuÌ tu* "Ÿb˘ ©¿vbÌa f®Ê w≠ıÔ°fig' oŸ ZC<w π°≤° N<@J¡°≤Ù ≈C”T°u* Ju¡ <ÔÎ F°S
tu* ≤•©u N°≥bÔu Ju¡ Ÿt°fi ≈®Ã∫sR¡≈ Ÿu ≈≤tw°Ã≈∫Õw∫° ≈<Ì‹¸> Fæ Ÿ R¡≈Ÿu Nb<„‹¸ >≈®Ã∫Jg¡
<ªÌ°fi∏Ì|fi ≈≤t°Ãt° J¡°u fit_J¡°≤ Fæ $ I°fi°u≈Ìu„ π°≤° ≈≤tŸC©Ì°∫J¡, N<πwÙ∫ I°fit¥<wÕ,
ŸC©Ì…#© N°<Ì π∏π°u* Ÿu ≤<Fw, N°J¡°„ŸÂ„ <fitÕÔ, "w[bt<Ÿ' N°<Ì buÌ°∏wtF°b°•∫°u* Ju¡
Ô‚∫°SÕR¡≈, ÎJ¡, <fitÕÔ, <fiÿªÔ, ŸJ¡Ô@Ùb¨<W∫°u* Ju¡ Ÿ°sÙ, ˚°b°wÙw, <`yCd≤<Fw, f®Ê°fi∏ÌR¡≈
ZÙb<Ÿ‹™>ıÙ J¡°u Ft fit_J¡°≤ J¡≤wu Fæ* $$25-26$$
Ì°u Ÿ°æ Ÿ°uÔFb°≥ ŸyÕ Ÿt°›w $
Ÿt°›w°u&∫a y®∏S#

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YogVashisth Part 4 Ashram Edition

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