AN661

Code Hopping Decoder Using a PIC16C56

KEY FEATURES
Author: Steven Dawson • Stand-alone decoder
Microchip Technology Inc. • Compatible with Microchip HCS200, HCS201,
HCS300, HCS301, HCS360, HCS361 and
HCS410 encoders
OVERVIEW • Automatic baud rate detection
• Automatic encoder type detection
This application note fully describes the working of a • Four function outputs
code hopping decoder implemented on a Microchip • Six learnable transmitters
PIC16C56 microcontroller. Background is given on the • RC Oscillator
various KEELOQ® code hopping encoders that can be
used with the decoder, the decoder hardware described,
and descriptions of the various software modules com-
prising the system. The software can be used to imple-
ment a stand-alone decoder or integrated with full
function security systems. The decoder supports the
Microchip HCS200, HCS201, HCS300, HCS301,
HCS360, HCS361 and HCS410 KEELOQ Code Hopping
Encoders.

Notice:
This is a non-restricted version of Application Note AN642 which is available under the KEELOQ
License Agreement. The license agreement can be ordered from the Microchip Literature Center as
DS40149.

KEELOQ is a registered trademark of Microchip Technology, Inc.

Microchip’s Secure Data Products are covered by some or all of the following patents:
Code hopping encoder patents issued in Europe, U.S.A., and R.S.A. — U.S.A.: 5,517,187; Europe: 0459781; R.S.A.: ZA93/4726
Secure learning patents issued in the U.S.A. and R.S.A. — U.S.A.: 5,686,904; R.S.A.: 95/5429

 1998 Microchip Technology Inc. DS00661B-page 1

AN661
INTRODUCTION TO KEELOQ
ENCODERS
All KEELOQ encoders use the KEELOQ code hopping tech-
nology to make each transmission by an encoder unique.
The encoder transmissions have two parts. The first part
changes each time the encoder is activated and is called
the hopping code part. The second part is the serial num-
ber of the encoder, identifying it to a decoder.
Hopping Code
The Hopping Code contains function information, a
discrimination value, and a synchronization counter. This
information is encrypted by an encryption algorithm before
being transmitted. A 64-bit encryption key is used by the
encryption algorithm. If one bit in the data that is encrypted
changes, the result is that an average of half the bits in the
output will change. As a result, the hopping code changes
dramatically for each transmission and can not be pre-
dicted.
Function Information
The encoder transmits up to four bits of function
information. Up to 15 different functions are available
(0000 is related to the reset condition in all the current
encoders, and can never be transmitted).
DiscriminationValue
Stored in the encoder EEPROM, this information is used to
check integrity of decryption operation in the decoder. If
known information is inserted into the transmitted string
before encryption, the same information can be used at the
decoder to check whether the information has been
decrypted correctly. In the Microchip HCS encoders, up
to 12 bits (including overflow bits) are available.
FIGURE 1: BLOCK DIAGRAM
RF
Receiver
EEPROM
DS00661B-page 2
Synchronization Counte
rs
The transmitted word contains a 16-bit synchronization
counter. The synchronization information is used at the
decoder to determine whether a transmission is valid, or a
repetition of a previous transmission. Previous codes are
rejected to safeguard against code grabbers. The
HCS300/301 encoder transmits two overflow bits which
may be used to extend the range of the synchronization
counter from 65,536 to 196,608 button operations.
Fixed Code
Serial Number
The encoder’s serial number is transmitted every time the
button is pressed. The serial number is transmitted unen-
crypted as part of the transmission, and serves to identify
the encoder to the decoder. The number can be used dur-
ing learning operations to calculate the key to be used for
decrypting the transmissions.
Other Status and Function formation
In
The HCS300/301 encoders include provision for four bits
of function information and two status bits in the fixed code
portion of its transmission. The two status bits indicate
whether a repeated transmission is being sent, and
whether the battery voltage is low. The HCS200/201 does
not send repeated transmission information and the bit is
permanently set to ‘0’.
Transmission Format
Table 1 contains a summary of the information contained in
transmissions from each of the KEELOQ encoders that can
be learned by the Microchip decoder.
S0
RFIN S1
S2
S3
PIC16C56
Learn
CS Indication
CLK
DIO
Learn
Init
 1998 Microchip Technology Inc.
 AN661
TABLE 1: KEELOQ ENCODER TRANSMISSION SUMMARY
HCS200/201 HCS300/301 HCS360/361 HCS410
# of bits # of bits # of bits # of bits
Total Transmission Length 66 66 67 69
Code Hopping Portion 32 32 32 32
Sync Counter 16 16 16 16
Discrimination bits 12 10 8 10
User Bits 0 0 2 0
Overflow Bits 0 2 1 2
Independent Mode 0 0 1 0
Function Code 4 4 4 4
Fixed Portion 34 34 35 37
Serial number 28 28 28/32 28/32
Function Code 4 4 4/0 4/0
Low Voltage Indicator 1 1 1 1
Repeat Bit 1 1 0 0
CRC 0 0 2 2
Queue Bits 0 0 0 2
TABLE 2: HCS200/201 AND HCS300/301 CODE HOPPING TRANSMISSION FORMAT
Code Hopping Portion Fixed Portion
Sync Counter Discrimination Func Serial Number Func VLOW
REPT
TABLE 3: HCS200/201 AND HCS300/301 SEED TRANSMISSION FORMAT
Seed Portion Fixed Portion
Seed Serial Number Func VLOW
REPT
TABLE 4: HCS360/361 CODE HOPPINGTRANSMISSION FORMAT
Code Hopping Portion Fixed Portion
Sync Counter Discrimination Func Serial Number Func VLOW
OVR, IND (28/32 bits) (4/0 REPT
bits)
TABLE 5: HCS360/361 SEED TRANSMISSION FORMAT
Seed Portion Fixed Portion
Seed Serial Number Func VLOW
(48 bits) (12/16 MS bits) (4/0 REPT
bits)
TABLE 6: HCS410 CODE HOPPING TRANSMISSION FORMAT
Code Hopping Portion Fixed Portion
Sync Counter Discrimination Func Serial Number Func VLOW
OVR (28/32 bits) (4/0 CRC
bits) QUE
TABLE 7: HCS410 SEED TRANSMISSION FORMAT
Seed Portion Fixed Portion
Seed Func VLOW
(60 bits) (4/0 CRC
bits) QUE

 1998 Microchip Technology Inc. DS00661B-page 3

AN661
PWM Format
In general, all KEELOQ encoders share a common
transmission format.
• A preamble to improve biasing of decision
thresholds in super-regenerative receivers. The pre-
amble consists of alternate on and off periods, each
lasting as long as a single elemental period.
• A calibration header, consisting of a low period of 10
elemental periods. Calibration actions should be
performed on the low period of the header to ensure
correct operation with header chopping.
• A string of 66 pulse width modulated bits, each con-
sisting of three elements. The first element is high,
the second contains the data transmitted and is
either high or low, the third element is always low.
• A guard period is usually left between the
transmissions. During this period nothing is
transmitted by the encoder.
FIGURE 2: KEELOQ PWM TRANSMISSION FORMAT
Bit Format I
2te te
1
te 2te
DS00661B-page 4
Figure 2 shows the sampling points when sampling data.
The first and last elements are used exclusively to verify
the integrity of the received signal. The first element
(sample point A) is always high, the second (sample point
B) is the complement of the data bit being sent, and the
final element (sample point C) is always low. Because the
period between the low portion of a bit (sample point C)
and the rising edge of the following bit (sample point X)
can vary somewhat, the rising edge of the first element
(sample point X) is used to resynchronize the receiving
routine to each incoming bit.
If random noise is being received, the probability of a set
of three samples producing a valid combination is only 2-2
= 1/4. For a string of 56 bits, the corresponding figure is
2-134. For longer strings, the probability is considerably
less.
Integrity checking on incoming signals is important. Code
hopping signals require significant processing, as well as
EEPROM access, to decrypt. Unnecessary processing
can be avoided by not attempting to decrypt incoming
codes that have bit errors.
Sampling Points
X A B C
 1998 Microchip Technology Inc.
 AN661
IMPLEMENTATION ber and decryption key. In other words, the serial number
is stored with the key. When a transmission is received,
The Microchip decoder’s primary hardware componenets the decoder finds the correct memory block by checking
are a PIC16C56 RISC microcontroller and a 93LC46B all blocks until a matching serial number is found. The key
EEPROM. However, this solution can be implemented in is then retrieved from that particular memory block. A
any PICmicro microcontroller with at least 1K words of serial number of 000000016 is considered invalid.
programming. The operating frequency of the controller is
Validation of a received transmission consists of two
4 MHz. The microcontroller is used to capture transmis-
parts. The first includes checking the integrity of the
sions from the various encoders, decrypt transmissions
decryption operation. Here the decoder compares the
captured, and check the validity of the transmission
12-bit discrimination value received with the stored dis-
based on the information in the decrypted transmission
crimination value. The discrimination value stored for the
and information stored in the EEPROM. If a transmission
HCS300/301 includes the overflow bits.
from a valid encoder is received, the Microchip decoder
activates the outputs dictated by the transmission. The second portion of validation involves checking syn-
chronization information for that particular encoder. The
Encoder information, such as serial number, synchroni-
synchronization counter transmitted by all encoders is 16
zation information, and decryption key are stored exter-
bits long. Two copies of the full synchronization counter
nally in an EEPROM. The EEPROM used is a Microchip
are stored for all valid encoders. The storing of two copies
93LC46B CMOS serial EEPROM. The information stored
of the synchronization information protects the decoder
in the EEPROM is encrypted to protect the decoders from
from loosing synchronization with an encoder if one of the
cloning. The EEPROM encryption is less secure than the
counters is corrupted.
KEELOQ code hopping algorithm.
A more secure implementation of the decoder would be FIGURE 3: PINOUTS OF MICROCHIP
to modify the software in the application note and use a KEELOQ DECODER
PIC16CXX with an internal EEPROM such as a
PIC16C84. In this way communication between the
LEARN INIT 1 18 RFIN
PIC16C56 and EEPROM cannot be monitored.
As can be seen from the section on encoder transmis- LEARN IND 2 17 NC
sions there are differences in the transmission formats of VDD 3 16 OSC OUT
the different encoders that are compatible with the sys-

PIC16C56
tem. The following section summarizes how the differ- MCLR 4 15 OSC IN
ences in transmitted data are dealt with by the decoder. 5 14
GND VDD
As the serial number information follows after the code hop-
S0 6 13 FUNC OK
ping portion of the transmission, any number of serial num-
ber bits can be received and processed. In the Microchip S1 7 12 EE CS
decoder described 28 bits of the serial number are stored.
S2 8 11 EE CK
The serial number is used to identify the memory block
S3 9 10 EE DIO
used to store the 64-bit decryption key for a particular
encoder because of the relationship between serial num-

FUNCTIONAL INPUTS AND OUTPUTS

TABLE 8: MICROCHIP DECODER FUNCTIONAL INPUTS AND OUTPUTS
Pin Input /
Mnemonic Function
Number Output
RF IN 18 I Demodulated PWM signal from RF receiver. The decoder uses this
input to receive encoder transmissions.
LEARN INIT 1 I Input to initiate learning.
LEARN INDICATION 2 O Output to show the status of the learn process (in an integrated
system this will be combined with the system status indicator).
FUNC OK 13 O Indication that the received button code matches the learned
button code.
S0, S1, S2, S3 6, 7, 8, 9 O Function outputs, correspond to encoder input pins.
EE DIO 10 I/O EEPROM Data.
EE CK 11 O EEPROM Clock.
EE CS 12 I EEPROM Chip Select.

 1998 Microchip Technology Inc. DS00661B-page 5

AN661
PROGRAM FLOW so, it is assumed the learn cycle was not successfully
completed and the encoder at the learn indicator sub-
The software for the Microchip decoder has been writ- sequently deleted (WIPE_TX).
ten for the PIC16C56 microcontroller. The compiler
The encoder then enters the main loop where it spends
used is MPASM. The operating frequency of the
most of its time. The main loop checks to see if the
PIC16C56 is 4 MHz. The clock speed is important as
learn button is being activated (TST_LEARN). If so, the
the reception routine (RECEIVE) has some critical tim-
decoder enters the learn mode.
ing specifications. Other decoder functions that rely on
a 4 MHz clock speed are the hold times of the various If learn has not been initiated, the microcontroller then
outputs, time-outs, etc. checks for transmissions from encoders (RECEIVE). If
64 bits (HCS encoders) are received, the microcontrol-
The main program flow is described here. More
ler validates the transmission received. If the transmis-
detailed descriptions of the modules can be found fur-
sion received is a valid transmission from an encoder
ther in the application note. On power-up the decoder
learned into the system, the system sets the appropri-
reads the learn indicator from the external EEPROM.
ate outputs (M_BUT).
The status flags are checked to see if a learn routine
was interrupted when the microcontroller was reset. If

FIGURE 4: MICROCHIP DECODER MAIN PROGRAM FLOW

Reset

Get Learn
Pointer
MAIN

Delete TX
Yes At Learn
Reset Due To
Failed Learn? Position
WIPE_TX

No
Loop Back
Point
MAIN2

Learn
Pressed?
M_LOOP2-> Learn Routine
TST_LEARN Yes

No

Check For
Encoder TX
RECEIVE

Received 56
Or 66 Bits?
No M_LOOP2

Yes

Transmission
Validation

DS00661B-page 6  1998 Microchip Technology Inc.


FUNCTIONAL MODULES
Reception
The reception routine (RECEIVE) is based on a reliable
algorithm which has successfully been used in previous
implementations of KEELOQ decoders. Automatic baud
rate detection is used to compensate for variations in
baud rate of different encoders of a specific type, as well
as the difference in baud rate between different encoders
(HCS200 and HCS300). The reception routine is able to
handle 64-bit transmissions. This is easily extended to
receive more bits. The reception routine is able to deter-
mine the type of encoder by the number of bits in the
transmission.
The reception algorithm performs the following functions
when an output is detected from the receiver:
AN661
The receiving routine should be called often enough to
ensure that the high portion in the header is not missed
(Sample 1, Figure 5).
In systems where the receive routine is called to check if
there is activity on the receiver input, the routine should
poll the input for a valid transmission for at least the time
taken to complete one transmission if activity is detected
on the input line. This makes provision for the receive rou-
tine being called while a transmission is in progress. Hav-
ing missed the first header, the first transmission will be
invalid and be discarded. The decoder should continue
sampling the input through the guard time in order to
catch the next header and transmission (i.e., for a
decoder designed to capture HCS300 transmissions the
time spent polling for a valid transmission should be at
least 100 ms if activity is detected in the input line).

1. Calibrate on the header low period to determine The diagram below (Figure 5) gives all the major sam-
the actual elemental period for the transmission pling points in the receive algorithm.
being received. The required elemental period is Note: The sample points are labeled in the
10% of the low header period. In the diagram receive routine flow diagrams that follow.
below (Figure 5) the header calibration sample
points are marked 1 through 3. The calibration flow
chart (Figure 6) shows at what points in the source
code samples 1, 2, and 3 are taken.
Elemental periods outside the capture range of the FIGURE 5: SAMPLING POINTS USED IN
algorithm (either too long or too short) should be RECEIVE ALGORITHM
rejected, since they would be due either to noise or Preamble Header Data
to reception of an incomplete signal.
2. Using the determined elemental period, three
samples after the first rising edge following the
header are taken. The first sample is taken half an 12 3 4 5 6 74 5
elemental period after the rising edge (Sample 4);
the second, one elemental period later (Sample 5),
and the third, another one elemental period later
(Sample 6). The first sample must be high, the sec-
ond could be either high or low, and the third sam-
ple must be low. If either the first or the third
sample is not as expected, the attempt at captur-
ing a transmission is abandoned. In the diagram
below (Figure 5), the data sample points are
points 4 through 6. The flow chart describing data
reception (Figure 7) shows where in the code the
samples are taken.
3. If all 64 bits have been captured, each with the cor-
rect first and third elements, the transmission can
be assumed to be correct, and decryption can
commence.

 1998 Microchip Technology Inc. DS00661B-page 7

AN661
Flow Diagrams FIGURE 6: CALIBRATION FLOW CHART
The first flow diagram (Figure 6) describes the calibration
routine which is used to determine the actual transmis- Calibrate
sion rate of the encoder so that the decoder can compen- RECEIVE
sate for deviations from nominal timing. There are four
different exit points, each of which should branch to a
point in the program where housekeeping and input mon-
itoring can be resumed. There is only one exit point for a
Low Invalid
valid calibration operation (RCV7). At this point, it is Input? Header
assumed that a valid header has been received and that RMT_0
a string of data bits will follow.
The second flow diagram (Figure 7) handles the High
1
reception of bits once the calibration routine has been
successfully completed. The data bits are all sampled Reset Time-out
three times each to ensure that a noise free transmission Counter
has been received. The receive routine uses the cali-
brated elemental period, determined in the calibration
routine, to ensure that the samples are spaced correctly. No
The routine resynchronizes itself on the rising flank of
each bit. Provision for identification of the encoder type, High
based on the number of bits received, is included. Keeloq Input?
RCV1 Time-out?
encoders transmit at least 66 bits. The decoder only Yes
receives 64 bits of the transmission, the remaining status
bits aren’t used by the decoder. Low
2
If all of the control samples in all of the bits are sampled
correctly (i.e., the first element is high and the last ele- Clear Calibration
ment is low), the routine checks whether 56 bits have Counter
RCV2
been received correctly. If not, the routine returns to the
calling procedure. Update Time-out
Counter
RCV5 No

Input? Low Too

RCV3 Long?
RCV4

High Yes
3
Calibration
Counter/10
RCV6

Too Yes Invalid

Short? Header
RCV6 RMT_0

No

Load
Cal Counter
RCV7

Receive
Data
DL1

DS00661B-page 8  1998 Microchip Technology Inc.

 AN661
FIGURE 7: DATA RECEPTION IN RECEIVE

Receive
Data
RCV7

Wait Half
Bit Period
DL1

Low
Input?

High
4

Wait Full
Bit Period
DL2

High
Input?

Low
5

Data = 1 Data = 0

Wait Full
Bit Period
DL3

High
7 Input?

Low
High 6

Low Input? No
RCV9/RCV10 Last Bit?

No Yes

Time-out?

Yes

No Received
Invalid 56 Bits?
RMT0
Yes

Reception
Cleanup Complete
RMT2 RMT1

 1998 Microchip Technology Inc. DS00661B-page 9

AN661
VALIDATION
SYNCHRONIZATION
FUNCTION INTERPRETATION
OUTPUT ACTIVATION
KEY GENERATION
DECRYPTION
LEARN
ROM MEMORY MAP
EEPROM MEMORY MAP
RAM MEMORY MAP

The confidential and proprietary information contained in this section of AN642 has
been removed. The full application note is available under a license agreement and
can be ordered as DS40149 from Microchip Technology Inc.

DS00661B-page 10  1998 Microchip Technology Inc.

 AN661
DEVICE PINOUTS
The device used in the application note is a PIC16C56 PDIP.
TABLE 9: DEVICE PINOUTS
PIN PIC16C56 Function Decoder Function PIN PIC16C56 Function Decoder Function
1 PORTA Bit2 LEARN Input Active 18 PORTA Bit1 RF Input
Low
2 PORTA Bit3 LRN IND Output Active 17 PORTA Bit0 Not used
High
3 TIME Connect to VDD 16 Osc In RC osc (4 MHz)
4 MCLR Brown out detect 15 Osc Out
5 GND Ground 14 VDD +5V supply
6 PORTB Bit0 S0 13 PORTB Bit7 FUNC OK
7 PORTB Bit1 S1 12 PORTB Bit6 EEPROM CS (1)
8 PORTB Bit2 S2 11 PORTB Bit5 EEPROM CLK (2)
9 PORTB Bit3 S3 10 PORTB Bit4 EEPROM DIO (3+4)

TIMING PARAMETERS
TABLE 10: TIMING PARAMETERS
Parameter Typical Unit
Output activation duration 524 ms
Output pause if new function code received 131 ms
Erase all duration 8.4 s
Learn mode time-out 33.6 s
Learn successful LED flash duration 4.2 s
Learn successful LED flash rate 3.8 Hz
Learn failure LED on duration 1 s

SOURCE CODE LISTING

A diskette is supplied containing source code for the Microchip decoder in the file mcdec12.asm. The code has been
compiled using MPASM v02.13.00. Certain functions are dependent on the oscillator speed for correct functioning.
Examples of time dependent functions include RECEIVE and TST_RTCC. The PIC16C56 Microcontroller should run at
4 MHz.

LIST OF IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS

Function Name Description Function Length
CALC_KEY Key generation routine. 62
DECRYPT Decryption routine for Code Hop. 61
EEREAD The data in the EEPROM at ADDRESS is read and decrypted to TMP1 31
and TMP2. Note that TMP1, TMP2 and ADDRESS are user defined reg-
isters.
EEWRITE The data in TMP1 and TMP2 is encrypted and written to the EEPROM at 48
ADDRESS. Note that TMP1, TMP2 and ADDRESS are user defined reg-
isters.
M_DIS Check discrimination value. 19
M_CNT Check synchronization (counter) values. 69
RECEIVE Start of the RF receive routine. 121
TST_LEARN1 Check for learn mode and entry to learn. 21
TST_RTCC Check TIMER0 and do whatever real time tasks are required. 38

 1998 Microchip Technology Inc. DS00661B-page 11

 U2 VCC
J1 D5 LM7805
12V
FIGURE A1:

1 VI G VO
2
AN661

VCC U4 N

DS00661B-page 12
LOW VOLTAGE DETECTOR 3 1N4004/7 C2 C3
APPENDIX A:

GND 100 µF D 100 µF

VI G VO CON3
N
D POWER SUPPLY

J2
R3 VCC
1k 1 D6 LEARN
R8
RF INPUT

R4 D1 S0
U5
14 R5 D3 S1
R1 4 17
10k MCLR V RA0 R6 D4
C 18 S2
3 RA1
T0CKI C RA2 1
2 R7 D2 S3
16 RA3
OSC1 R9 D7 FUNC OK
RB0 6
15 7
CLKOUT RB1
RB2 8
RB3 9
10
APPENDIX SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS

RB4
G RB5 11
C1 N RB6 12
10 pF D RB7 13

5 VCC VCC
PIC16C56
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF MICROCHIP KEELOQ DECODER

R2 U1
10k 1 CS VCC 8
2 SK NC 7
3 DI NC 6
4 DO GND 5
2
1k
S1 93LC46B
LEARN INIT SERIAL EEPROM
1

 1998 Microchip Technology Inc.

 12V U2 VCC
J1 D5 LM7805
12V
12V 1 VO
VI G MOTOR CONTROL OUT J2
FIGURE A2:

2 N 1
3 1N4004/7 C2 C3
GND 100 µF D 100 µF K2 CON1
CON3 D8
VCC
POWER SUPPLY 1N4004/7
J3 RELAY SPST

 1998 Microchip Technology Inc.

ANTENNA 1
VCC U4 2
LOW VOLTAGE DETECTOR 3 S0 Q1
4 NPN
VI G VO VCC 5
N 6
D 7
R3
1K 8 DOOR MOTOR
9
10
U5 11
14
R1 12
4 17 13
10k MCLR V RA0 RF INPUT
C RA1 18 14
3 C 1 15
T0CKI RA2 L1
RA3 2
16 RF RECEIVER MODULE GARAGE LIGHT
OSC1 S0
RB0 6
15 7 S1 12V
CLKOUT RB1
8
TYPICAL GARAGE DOOR OPENER SCHEMATIC

RB2 V1
RB3 9
10 110VAC
RB4
G RB5 11
C1 12 D9 K1
N RB6
10 pF D RB7 13
VCC
VCC 1N4004/7
PIC16C56 5 RELAY SPST
R2 U1
R4 10k 1 8
1k CS VCC
2 SK NC 7 S1 Q2
3 DI NC 6 NPN
D10 2 4 5
LEARN DO GND
S1
LEARN INIT 93LC46B
SERIAL EEPROM
1 GARAGE LIGHT

DS00661B-page 13
AN661
AN661
NOTES:

DS00661B-page 14  1998 Microchip Technology Inc.

 AN661
NOTES:

 1998 Microchip Technology Inc. DS00661B-page 15

Note the following details of the code protection feature on PICmicro® MCUs.

• The PICmicro family meets the specifications contained in the Microchip Data Sheet.
• Microchip believes that its family of PICmicro microcontrollers is one of the most secure products of its kind on the market today,
when used in the intended manner and under normal conditions.
• There are dishonest and possibly illegal methods used to breach the code protection feature. All of these methods, to our knowl-
edge, require using the PICmicro microcontroller in a manner outside the operating specifications contained in the data sheet.
The person doing so may be engaged in theft of intellectual property.
• Microchip is willing to work with the customer who is concerned about the integrity of their code.
• Neither Microchip nor any other semiconductor manufacturer can guarantee the security of their code. Code protection does not
mean that we are guaranteeing the product as “unbreakable”.
• Code protection is constantly evolving. We at Microchip are committed to continuously improving the code protection features of
our product.
If you have any further questions about this matter, please contact the local sales office nearest to you.

Information contained in this publication regarding device Trademarks

applications and the like is intended through suggestion only
and may be superseded by updates. It is your responsibility to
ensure that your application meets with your specifications.
No representation or warranty is given and no liability is
assumed by Microchip Technology Incorporated with respect
to the accuracy or use of such information, or infringement of
patents or other intellectual property rights arising from such
use or otherwise. Use of Microchip’s products as critical com-
ponents in life support systems is not authorized except with
express written approval by Microchip. No licenses are con-
veyed, implicitly or otherwise, under any intellectual property
rights.
The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, FilterLab,
KEELOQ, microID, MPLAB, PIC, PICmicro, PICMASTER,
PICSTART, PRO MATE, SEEVAL and The Embedded Control
Solutions Company are registered trademarks of Microchip Tech-
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dsPIC, ECONOMONITOR, FanSense, FlexROM, fuzzyLAB,
In-Circuit Serial Programming, ICSP, ICEPIC, microPort,
Migratable Memory, MPASM, MPLIB, MPLINK, MPSIM,
MXDEV, PICC, PICDEM, PICDEM.net, rfPIC, Select Mode
and Total Endurance are trademarks of Microchip Technology
Incorporated in the U.S.A.

Serialized Quick Turn Programming (SQTP) is a service mark

of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A.

All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their

respective companies.

© 2002, Microchip Technology Incorporated, Printed in the

U.S.A., All Rights Reserved.

Printed on recycled paper.

Microchip received QS-9000 quality system

certification for its worldwide headquarters,
design and wafer fabrication facilities in
Chandler and Tempe, Arizona in July 1999. The
Company’s quality system processes and
procedures are QS-9000 compliant for its
PICmicro® 8-bit MCUs, KEELOQ® code hopping
devices, Serial EEPROMs and microperipheral
products. In addition, Microchip’s quality
system for the design and manufacture of
development systems is ISO 9001 certified.

 2002 Microchip Technology Inc.

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2355 West Chandler Blvd.
Chandler, AZ 85224-6199
Tel: 480-792-7200 Fax: 480-792-7277
Technical Support: 480-792-7627
Web Address: http://www.microchip.com
Rocky Mountain
2355 West Chandler Blvd.
Chandler, AZ 85224-6199
Tel: 480-792-7966 Fax: 480-792-7456
Atlanta
500 Sugar Mill Road, Suite 200B
Atlanta, GA 30350
Tel: 770-640-0034 Fax: 770-640-0307
Boston
2 Lan Drive, Suite 120
Westford, MA 01886
Tel: 978-692-3848 Fax: 978-692-3821
Chicago
333 Pierce Road, Suite 180
Itasca, IL 60143
Tel: 630-285-0071 Fax: 630-285-0075
Dallas
4570 Westgrove Drive, Suite 160
Addison, TX 75001
Tel: 972-818-7423 Fax: 972-818-2924
Detroit
Tri-Atria Office Building
32255 Northwestern Highway, Suite 190
Farmington Hills, MI 48334
Tel: 248-538-2250 Fax: 248-538-2260
Kokomo
2767 S. Albright Road
Kokomo, Indiana 46902
Tel: 765-864-8360 Fax: 765-864-8387
Los Angeles
18201 Von Karman, Suite 1090
Irvine, CA 92612
Tel: 949-263-1888 Fax: 949-263-1338
New York
150 Motor Parkway, Suite 202
Hauppauge, NY 11788
Tel: 631-273-5305 Fax: 631-273-5335
San Jose
Microchip Technology Inc.
2107 North First Street, Suite 590
San Jose, CA 95131
Tel: 408-436-7950 Fax: 408-436-7955
Toronto
6285 Northam Drive, Suite 108
Mississauga, Ontario L4V 1X5, Canada
Tel: 905-673-0699 Fax: 905-673-6509
ASIA/PACIFIC
Australia
Microchip Technology Australia Pty Ltd
Suite 22, 41 Rawson Street
Epping 2121, NSW
Australia
Tel: 61-2-9868-6733 Fax: 61-2-9868-6755
China - Beijing
Microchip Technology Consulting (Shanghai)
Co., Ltd., Beijing Liaison Office
Unit 915
Bei Hai Wan Tai Bldg.
No. 6 Chaoyangmen Beidajie
Beijing, 100027, No. China
Tel: 86-10-85282100 Fax: 86-10-85282104
China - Chengdu
Microchip Technology Consulting (Shanghai)
Co., Ltd., Chengdu Liaison Office
Rm. 2401, 24th Floor,
Ming Xing Financial Tower
No. 88 TIDU Street
Chengdu 610016, China
Tel: 86-28-6766200 Fax: 86-28-6766599
China - Fuzhou
Microchip Technology Consulting (Shanghai)
Co., Ltd., Fuzhou Liaison Office
Unit 28F, World Trade Plaza
No. 71 Wusi Road
Fuzhou 350001, China
Tel: 86-591-7503506 Fax: 86-591-7503521
China - Shanghai
Microchip Technology Consulting (Shanghai)
Co., Ltd.
Room 701, Bldg. B
Far East International Plaza
No. 317 Xian Xia Road
Shanghai, 200051
Tel: 86-21-6275-5700 Fax: 86-21-6275-5060
China - Shenzhen
Microchip Technology Consulting (Shanghai)
Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Liaison Office
Rm. 1315, 13/F, Shenzhen Kerry Centre,
Renminnan Lu
Shenzhen 518001, China
Tel: 86-755-2350361 Fax: 86-755-2366086
Hong Kong
Microchip Technology Hongkong Ltd.
Unit 901-6, Tower 2, Metroplaza
223 Hing Fong Road
Kwai Fong, N.T., Hong Kong
Tel: 852-2401-1200 Fax: 852-2401-3431
India
Microchip Technology Inc.
India Liaison Office
Divyasree Chambers
1 Floor, Wing A (A3/A4)
No. 11, O’Shaugnessey Road
Bangalore, 560 025, India
Tel: 91-80-2290061 Fax: 91-80-2290062
Japan
Microchip Technology Japan K.K.
Benex S-1 6F
3-18-20, Shinyokohama
Kohoku-Ku, Yokohama-shi
Kanagawa, 222-0033, Japan
Tel: 81-45-471- 6166 Fax: 81-45-471-6122
Korea
Microchip Technology Korea
168-1, Youngbo Bldg. 3 Floor
Samsung-Dong, Kangnam-Ku
Seoul, Korea 135-882
Tel: 82-2-554-7200 Fax: 82-2-558-5934
Singapore
Microchip Technology Singapore Pte Ltd.
200 Middle Road
#07-02 Prime Centre
Singapore, 188980
Tel: 65-334-8870 Fax: 65-334-8850
Taiwan
Microchip Technology Taiwan
11F-3, No. 207
Tung Hua North Road
Taipei, 105, Taiwan
Tel: 886-2-2717-7175 Fax: 886-2-2545-0139
EUROPE
Denmark
Microchip Technology Nordic ApS
Regus Business Centre
Lautrup hoj 1-3
Ballerup DK-2750 Denmark
Tel: 45 4420 9895 Fax: 45 4420 9910
France
Microchip Technology SARL
Parc d’Activite du Moulin de Massy
43 Rue du Saule Trapu
Batiment A - ler Etage
91300 Massy, France
Tel: 33-1-69-53-63-20 Fax: 33-1-69-30-90-79
Germany
Microchip Technology GmbH
Gustav-Heinemann Ring 125
D-81739 Munich, Germany
Tel: 49-89-627-144 0 Fax: 49-89-627-144-44
Italy
Microchip Technology SRL
Centro Direzionale Colleoni
Palazzo Taurus 1 V. Le Colleoni 1
20041 Agrate Brianza
Milan, Italy
Tel: 39-039-65791-1 Fax: 39-039-6899883
United Kingdom
Arizona Microchip Technology Ltd.
505 Eskdale Road
Winnersh Triangle
Wokingham
Berkshire, England RG41 5TU
Tel: 44 118 921 5869 Fax: 44-118 921-5820
01/18/02
 2002 Microchip Technology Inc.