Air Traffic Control Common Phraseology

"Cleared to taxi"
When told by ground control or tower that you are cleared to taxi, the controller has given you instruction to taxi
along taxiway centerlines according to taxiway markings. It is important to repeat all controller instructions and
runway crossing instructions, as you may be told to "hold short" of a specific runway and wait for further
instructions.

"Position and hold"

The tower expects you to taxi onto runway centerline and maintain a stopped position while the aircraft in front of
you gains separation or clears the runway. It is important that, prior to crossing the hold-short lines, you verify your
instructions, verify runway of use, and scan extended final for traffic.

"Cleared for takeoff"

The tower controller is the only authority to clear you for takeoff at a controlled airfield. Repeat back your takeoff
clearance and call sign, as well as scan final for traffic. The tower may request other specific instructions, so listen
closely to your takeoff clearance.

"Enter closed traffic"

The tower has acknowledged the pilot's intention to perform successive operations involving takeoffs and landings
or low approaches where the aircraft does not exit the traffic pattern.

"Cleared for the option"

When you are cleared for the option you have been given permission to either do a touch-and-go, make a low
approach, missed approach, stop and go, or full-stop landing. If requesting this clearance, the pilot should do so
upon establishing downwind on a VFR traffic pattern.

"Cleared touch-and-go"
When authorized by the tower, the touch-and-go procedure allows the pilot to land on the runway, reconfigure the
airplane and perform a takeoff to re-enter the traffic pattern. If requesting this approach the pilot should do so upon
establishing downwind on a VFR traffic pattern.

"Cleared low approach"

A low approach clearance allows the pilot to perform a simulated emergency landing or normal landing down to the
runway environment (100' AGL) and then perform a go-around to re-enter or depart the pattern. If requesting this
approach you should do so upon establishing downwind on a VFR traffic pattern.

"Cleared stop-and-go"
A stop-and-go clearance allows the pilot to land on the runway, come to a full stop, and then takeoff on the
remaining length of runway. The pilot must be aware of runway lengths and takeoff distance requirements. This
procedure can be beneficial in keeping costs lower when performing night currency. If requesting this clearance the
pilot should do so upon establishing downwind on a VFR traffic pattern.

"Cleared to land"
When given clearance to land the tower has authorized you to land on the runway in use. The phrase "cleared to
land" gives you immediate use of that runway, unless the tower advises that you are in sequence for landing
("number two to land, number three, etc..."). After advising approach or tower that you are inbound for landing at
your destination you do not have to make any further request for clearance to land.

"Land-and-hold-short"
The land-and-hold-short procedure requires the pilot to perform an accurate landing on the runway so that the pilot
can stop the aircraft before reaching an intersecting runway, intersecting taxiway, or construction area. If you are
unable to comply with landand-hold-short operations, you may request clearance for a different runway.

"Make Short Approach"

Used by ATC to have a pilot to alter their traffic pattern so as to make a short final approach. If unable to execute a
short approach, simply tell the ATC so.

"Parking with me"

Under normal conditions you would exit the runway at the first available taxiway, stop the aircraft after clearing the
runway, and call ground control for instructions if you have not already received them. If the controller says "parking
with me", he or she has given you clearance to taxi to your destination.
"Caution: wake turbulence"
This call from ATC advises the pilot of the potential for encountering wake turbulence from departing or arriving
aircraft.

"Frequency change approved"

You've reached the edge of the controller's airspace and may change your radio to your next frequency.

"Proceed direct"
You may turn to the direct heading of your destination (often followed by this heading). Usually used by ATC once
you've been vectored clear of other traffic in the area.

"Report position"
The controller wants to pinpoint your position relative to the airport. You should report altitude, distance, and
direction. For example: "8081G is five miles southwest of the airport at one thousand two hundred feet"

"Expedite"
ATC would like you to hurry up whatever it is that you're doing; taking off, landing, climbing, descending, or taxiing
to your destination.

"Ident"
ATC request for a pilot to use his aircraft transponder identification feature (usually an IDENT button). This helps
the controller to confirm an aircraft identity and position.

"Squawk"
Followed by a squawk code or function button on the transponder. ATC issues individual squawk codes to all
aircraft within radar service in order to differentiate traffic.

"Go around"
Pilots receiving this transmission should abandon their approach to landing. Additional instructions from ATC may
then follow. Unless otherwise instructed, VFR aircraft executing a go around should overfly the runway while
climbing to pattern altitude, then enter the traffic pattern by way of the crosswind leg.

"Watch for Traffic..."

Usually followed by the direction and distance of the traffic, you should immediately scan for it with "Looking for
traffic" and report back to the controller whether you have the aircraft in sight or not.

"Extend Downwind"
While this may seem obvious, the controller wants you to continue straight on your downwind until he or she tells
you to turn base (often followed by "I'll call your base"). In all likelyhood you're going to have a long final. Keep
course and scan for other traffic.

Air Terms and Aviation Glossary

AGL - Above Ground Level, as a measurement of altitude above a specific land mass, and differentiated from MSL.

ADF - Automatic Direction Finding via automated radio.

ADI - Attitude direction indicator. Shows the roll and pitch of the aircraft.

AFCS - Automatic flight control system that provides inputs to the fight controls to assist the pilot in maneuvering
and handling the aircraft.

AFT - Referring to the rear of the aircraft.

AI - Altitude indicator. Displays the aircraft's altitude above sea level.

Aileron - The movable areas of a wingform that control or affect the roll of an aircraft by working opposite one
another-up-aileron on the right wing and down-aileron on the left wing.

AIM - Airman's Information Manual - A primary FAA publication whose purpose is to instruct airmen about
operating in the US airspace system.
ADC - Air Data Computer - A primary sensor-based navigation data source.

AGR - Air-Ground Ranging - Straight-line distance from the aircraft to a point on the ground.

ATC - Air Traffic Control - A service operated by the appropriate authority to promote the safe, orderly, and
expeditious flow of air traffic.

Airfoil - The shape of the wing when looking at its profile. Usually a teardrop shape.

Airframe - The fuselage, booms, nacelles, cowlings, fairings, and airfoil surfaces of an aircraft.

Airspeed - The speed of an aircraft relative to its surrounding air mass. See: calibrated airspeed; indicated
airspeed; true airspeed.

Airspeed Indicator - An onboard instrument which registers velocity through the air, usually in knots. Different from
ground speed.

AIS - Aeronautical Information Service.

ALS - Approach light system. A lighting system installed on the approach end of an airport runway and consists of a
series of lightbars, strobe lights, or a combination of the two that extends outward from the runway end.

ALT - Short term for Altitude.

Altimeter - An onboard instrument which senses air pressure in order to gauge altitude.

Altimeter Setting - The barometric pressure reading used to adjust a pressure altimeter for variations in existing
atmospheric pressure.

Altitude - Height of an aircraft, usually with respect to the terrain below.

Angle of Attack - The angle between the chord line of the wing of an aircraft and the relative wind.

Annual - Mandatory inspection of airframe and power plant that occurs every 12 months.

AO - Aircraft Operator.

AOPA - Aircraft Owner and Pilot's Association.

APP - Approach (Control).

Approach Speed - The recommended speed contained in aircraft manuals used by pilots when making an
approach to landing.

ARCID - Aircraft Identification.

ATA - Actual Time of Arrival. As opposed to ETA (Estimated Time of Arrival) used in filing a flight plan.

ATD - Actual Time of Departure. As opposed to ETD (Estimated Time of Departure) used in filing a flight plan.

ATIS - Automated Terminal Information Service usually containing vital information on wind direction, velocity,
pressure readings, and active runway assignment for that particular airport.

Attitude - The primary aircraft angles in the state vector; pitch, roll, and yaw.

Attitude Indicator - A vacuum powered instrument which displays pitch and roll movement about the lateral and
longitudinal axes.

ADF - Automatic Direction Finding - A basic guidance mode, providing lateral guidance to a radio station.
Equipment that determines bearing to a radio station.

Autopilot - A method of an automatic flight control system which controls primary flight controls to meet specific
mission requirements.
Autorotation - A rotorcraft flight condition in which the lifting rotor is driven entirely by action of the air when the
rotorcraft is in motion.

AVGAS - Aviation Gasoline (piston aircraft fuel).

Bernoulli Effect - Airflow over the upper surface of an airfoil causes suction (lift) because the airstream has been
speeded up in relation to positive pressure of the airflow on the lower surface.

CAS - Calibrated Airspeed - The indicated airspeed of an aircraft, corrected for position and instrument error. CAS
is equal to true airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level.

Camber - The convex or concave curvature of an airfoil.

CAT - Clear Air Turbulance.

CAVU - Ceiling and Visibility Unlimited; ideal flying weather.

Ceiling - The heights above the earth's surface of the lowest layer of clouds or obscuring phenomena that is
reported as "broken," "overcast," or "obscured".

CG - Center of Gravity - The longitudinal and lateral point in an aircraft where it is stable; the static balance point.

Chord - The measurable distance between the leading and trailing edges of a wingform.

CTAF - Common Traffic Advisory Frequency - A frequency designed for the purpose of carrying out airport advisory
practices while operating to or from an airport without an operating control tower. The CTAF may be a UNICOM,
Multicom, FSS, or tower frequency and is identified in appropriate aeronautical publications.

Controlled Airspace - An airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control service is provided to IFR
flights and to VFR flights in accordance with the airspace classification. Controlled airspace is a generic term that
covers Class A, B, C, D, and E airspace.

Crabbing - A rudder-controlled yawing motion to compensate for a crosswind in maintaining a desired flight path, as
in a landing approach.

Dead Reckoning - The process of estimating one's current position based upon a previously determined position,
or fix, and advancing that position based upon known speed, elapsed time, and course.

Deadstick - Descending flight with engine and propeller stopped.

Departure Stall - A stall in the takeoff configuration with power.

Deviation (Magnetic) - The error of a Magnetic Compass due to inherent magnetic influences in the structure and
equipment of an aircraft.

Directional Gyro - A panel instrument providing a gyroscopic reading of an aircraft's compass heading.

DME - Distance Measuring Equipment, a radio navigation device that determines an aircraft's distance from a given
ground station, as well as its groundspeed and time to/from the station.

Drag - The resisting force exerted on an aircraft in its line of flight opposite in direction to its motion.

Dry Weight - The weight of an engine exclusive of any fuel, oil, and coolant.

Elevator - The movable part of a horizontal airfoil which controls the pitch of an aircraft, the fixed part being the
Stabilzer.

ETA - Estimated time of arrival.

ETD - Estimated time of departure.

FBO - Fixed-Base Operator. A commercial operator supplying fuel, maintenance, flight training, and other services
at an airport.

FAR - Federal Air Regulations.

Flap - A movable, usually hinged airfoil set in the trailing edge of an aircraft wing, designed to increase lift or drag
by changing the camber of the wing or used to slow an aircraft during landing by increasing lift.

Flare - A control wheel maneuver performed moments before landing in which the nose of an aircraft is pitched up
to minimize the touchdown rate of speed.

Flight Envelope - An aircraft's performance limits, specifically the curves of speed plotted against other variables to
indicate the limits of speed, altitude, and acceleration that a particular aircraft cannot safely exceed.

Flight Plan - Specified information relating to the intended flight of an aircraft, filed orally or in writing with an FSS or
an ATC facility.

FSS - Flight Service Station - Air traffic facilities which provide pilot briefing, enroute communications and VFR
search and rescue services, and assist lost aircraft.

Fuselage - An aircraft's main body structure housing the flight crew, passengers, and cargo and to which the wings,
tail and, in most single-engined airplanes, engine are attached.

GA - General Aviation - That portion of civil aviation which encompasses all facets of aviation except air carriers
holding a certificate of public convenience and necessity from the Civil Aeronautics Board and large aircraft
commercial operators.

Glass Cockpit - Said of an aircraft's control cabin which has all-electronic, digital and computer-based,
instrumentation.

Glider - An unpowered aircraft capable of maintaining altitude only briefly after release from tow, then gliding to
earth.

Glide Scope - (1) The angle between horizontal and the glide path of an aircraft. (2) A tightly-focused radio beam
transmitted from the approach end of a runway indicating the minimum approach angle that will clear all obstacles;
one component of an instrument landing system (ILS).

GPS - Global Positioning System; satellite-based navigation, rapidly replacing dead reckoning methods.

Gross Weight - The total weight of an aircraft when fully loaded, including fuel, cargo, and passengers; aka Takeoff
Weight.

Ground Control - Tower control, by radioed instructions from air traffic control, of aircraft ground movements at an
airport.

Ground Effect - Increased lift generated by the interaction between a lift system and the ground when an aircraft is
within a wingspan distance above the ground. It affects a low-winged aircraft more than a mid- or high-winged
aircraft because its wings are closer to the ground.

Ground Speed - The actual speed that an aircraft travels over the ground�its "shadow speed"; it combines the
aircraft's airspeed and the wind's speed relative to the aircraft's direction of flight.

IFR - Instrument Flight Rules, governing flight under instrument meteorological conditions.

ILS - Instrument Landing System. A radar-based system allowing ILS-equipped aircraft to find a runway and land
when clouds may be as low as 200' (or lower for special circumstances).

IAS - Indicated Air Speed - A direct instrument reading obtained from an air speed indicator uncorrected for
altitude, temperature, atmospheric density, or instrument error. Compare calibrated airspeed and true airspeed.

IMC - Instrument Meterological Conditions - Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from
clouds, and ceiling less than minimal specified for visual meteorological conditions (VMC).

Knot - One nautical mile, about 1.15 statute miles (6,080'); eg: 125kts = 143.9mph.

Lift - The force exerted on the top of a moving airfoil as a low-pressure area [vacuum] that causes a wingform to
rise. airfoils do not "float" on air, as is often assumed - like a boat hull floats on water - but are "pulled up" (lifted) by
low air pressures trying to equalize.
Lift-Drag Ratio - The lift coefficient of a wing divided by the drag coefficient, as the primary measure of the
efficiency of an aircraft; aka L/D ratio.

Liquid Compass - A non-electronic, calibratable compass floating in a liquid as a panel instrument; aka wet
compass.

Load Factor - The proportion between lift and weight commonly seen as g (sometimes capitalized) - a unit of force
equal to the force of gravity times one.

LORAN - Long Range Navigation System - Utilizes timing differences between multiple low-frequency
transmissions to provide accurate latitude/longitude position information to within 50'.

LTA - Lighter-than-air craft, generally referring to powered blimps and dirigibles, but often also includes free
balloons.

Magnetic Compass - The most common liquid-type compass, capable of calibration to compensate for magnetic
influences within the aircraft.

Magnetic Course - Compass course + or - deviation.

Magnetic North - The magnetic North pole, located near 71° North latitude and 96° West longitude, that attracts a
magnetic compass which is not influenced by local magnetic attraction.

MAG - Magneto - An accessory that produces and distributes a high-voltage electric current for ignition of a fuel
charge in an internal combustion engine.

MSL - Mean Sea Level. The average height off the surface of the sea for all stages of tide; used as a reference for
elevations, and differentiated from AGL.

METAR - Acronym in FAA pilot briefings and weather reports simply means an "aviation routine weather report".

NDB - Non Directional Beacon - An LF, MF, or UHF radio beacon transmitting non-directional signals whereby the
pilot of an aircraft equipped with direction finding equipment can determine his bearing to or from the radio beacon
and "home" on or track to or from the station.

PAR - Precision Approach Radar, a ground-radar-based instrument approach providing both horizontal and vertical
guidance.

Pattern - The path of aircraft traffic around an airfield, at an established height and direction. At tower-controlled
fields the pattern is supervised by radio (or, in non-radio or emergency conditions by red and green light signals) by
air traffic controllers. Flying an entire pattern is called a 'Circuit'.

PIC - Pilot in Command - The pilot responsible for the operation and safety of an aircraft during flight time.

Pitch - Of the three axes in flight, this specifies the vertical action, the up-and-down movement.

Pitot Tube - More accurately but less popularly used, Pitot-Static Tube, a small tube most often mounted on the
outward leading edge of an airplane wing (out of the propeller stream) that measures the impact pressure of the air
it meets in flight, working in conjuction with a closed, perforated, coaxial tube that measures the static pressure.

Roll - Of the three axes in flight, this specifies the action around a central point.

Rotorcraft - A heavier-than-air aircraft that depends principally for its support in flight on the lift generated by one or
more rotors. Includes helicopters and gyroplanes.

Rudder - The movable part of a vertical airfoil which controls the YAW of an aircraft; the fixed part being the fin.

Scud - A low, foglike cloud layer.

Service Ceiling - The height above sea level at which an aircraft with normal rated load is unable to climb faster
than 100' per minute under Standard Air conditions.

Sideslip - A movement of an aircraft in which a relative flow of air moves along the lateral axis, resulting in a
sideways movement from a projected flight path, especially a downward slip toward the inside of a banked turn.
Sink, Sinking Speed - The speed at which an aircraft loses altitude, especially in a glide in still air under given
conditions of equilibrium.

Skid - Too shallow a bank in a turn, causing an aircraft to slide outward from its ideal turning path.

Slip - Too steep a bank in a turn, causing an aircraft to slide inward from its ideal turning path.

Slipstream - The flow of air driven backward by a propeller or downward by a rotor.

Squawk Code - A four-digit number dialed into his transponder by a pilot to identify his aircraft to air traffic
controllers.

Stabilizer - The fixed part of a horizontal airfoil that controls the pitch of an aircraft; the movable part being the
elevator.

Stall - (1) Sudden loss of lift when the angle of attack increases to a point where the flow of air breaks away from a
wing or airfoil, causing it to drop. (2) A maneuver initiated by the steep raising of an aircraft's nose, resulting in a
loss of velocity and an abrupt drop.

TAS - True Air Speed - True Air Speed. Because an air speed indicator indicates true air speed only under
standard sea-level conditions, true air speed is usually calculated by adjusting an Indicated Air speed according to
temperature, density, and pressure.

Thrust - The driving force of a propeller in the line of its shaft or the forward force produced in reaction to the gases
expelled rearward from a jet or rocket engine. Opposite of drag.

Torque - A twisting, gyroscopic force acting in opposition to an axis of rotation, such as with a turning propeller; aka
Torsion.

Touch-and-Go - Landing practice in which an aircraft does not make a full stop after a landing, but proceeds
immediately to another take-off.

Transponder - An airborne transmitter that responds to ground-based interrogation signals to provide air traffic
controllers with more accurate and reliable position information than would be possible with "passive" radar; may
also provide air traffic control with an aircraft's altitude.

Trim Tab - A small, auxiliary control surface in the trailing edge of a wingform, adjustable mechanically or by hand,
to counteract ("trim") aerodynamic forces on the main control surfaces.

Turn & Bank Indicator - Primary air-driven gyro instrument, a combined turn indicator and lateral inclinometer to
show forces on an aircraft in banking turns. Also referred to as "needle & ball" indicator, the needle as the gyro's
pointer and a ball encased in a liquid-filled, curved tube.

Uncontrolled Airspace - Class G Airspace; airspace not designated as Class A, B, C, D or E.

UNICOM - Universal Communication - A common radio frequency (usually 121.0 mHz) used at uncontrolled (non-
tower) airports for local pilot communication.

Useful Load - The weight of crew, passengers, fuel, baggage, and ballast, generally excluding emergency or
portable equipment and ordnance.

V - Velocity - Used in defining air speeds, listed below:

VA = Maneuvering Speed (max structural speed for full control deflection)
VD = Max Dive Speed (for certification only)
VFE = Max Flaps Extended Speed
VLE = Max Landing Gear Extended Speed
VLO = Max Landing Gear Operation Speed
VNE = Never Exceed Speed
VNO = Max Structural Cruising Speed
VS0 = Stalling Speed Landing Configuration
VS1 = Stalling Speed in a specified Configuration
VX = Best Angle of Climb Speed
VXSE = Best Angle of Climb Speed, one engine out
VY = Best Rate of Climb Speed
VYSE = Best Rate of Climb Speed, one engine out
VASI - Visual Approach Slope Indicator - A system of lights on the side of an airport runway that provides visual
descent guidance information during the approach to a runway.

Venturi Tube - A small, hourglass-shaped metal tube, usually set laterally on a fuselage in the slipstream to create
suction for gyroscopic panel instruments. Now outdated by more sophisticated means.

VFR - Visual Flight Rules that govern the procedures for conducting flight under visual conditions. The term is also
used in the US to indicate weather conditions that are equal to or greater than minimum VFR requirements. Also
used by pilots and controllers to indicate a specific type of flight plan.

VMC - Visual Meteorological Conditions - Expressed in terms of visibility, distance from clouds, and ceiling equal to
or better than specified minima.

VOR - VHF OmniRange - A ground-based navigation aid transmitting very high-frequency (VHF) navigation signals
360° in azimuth, on radials oriented from magnetic nort. The VOR periodically identifies itself by Morse Code and
may have an additional voice identification feature. Voice features can be used by ATC or FSS for transmitting
information to pilots.

VSI - Vertical Speed Indicator. A panel instrument that gauges rate of climb or descent in feet-per-minute (fpm).
Also called the Rate Of Climb Indicator.

Yaw - Of the three axes in flight, this specifies the side-to-side movement of an aircraft on its vertical axis, as in
skewing.

Yoke - The control wheel of an aircraft, akin to a automobile steering wheel