Chemical Bonding.

Unions that build

 Atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons
so as to have eight electrons in their outer
electron shell giving them the same electronic
configuration as a noble gas.
 The rule is applicable to the main-group
elements, especially carbon, nitrogen,
oxygen, and the halogens, but also to metals
such as sodium or magnesium.
 In simple terms, molecules or ions tend to be
most stable when the outermost electron
shells of their constituent atoms contain eight
electrons.
 The octet rule does not work for predicting the
charges on transition metals ions.

 Transition metals are located on the periodic table

in the ten columns between columns for the
representative elements, and the groups are
labeled IB to VIIIB.

 The transition metals typically produce ions with

1+, 2+, 3+ and sometime 4+ charges, and unlike
the representative elements many transition
metals can have more than one charge state
 Valence electrons: Electrons in the outermost
electron shells, maximum 8 electrons. noble
gases has 8 electrons

 Ion: A charged atom. Can be either positive or

negative.
◦ Positive ion: Is an atom that lost at least one
electron, are called cations. Example Na+, Mg2+, Al3+
◦ Negative ion: Is an atom that gained at least one
electron, are called anions. Cl-, O2-, N3-
 Groups IA, IIA, and IIIA have metallic atoms
that tend to lose electrons to acquire
electronic configuration of a noble gas
forming positive ions.

 Groups VA, VIA, VIIA have non metallic atoms

that tend to gain electrons to acquire
electronic configuration of a noble gas
forming negative ions.
 Element Group Valence e- Electrons to form Ion
Ion Forme
Lost Gained d
Sodium IA Na+
Magnesium IIA Mg2+
Calcium IIA Ca2+
Aluminum IIIA Al3+
Sulfur VIA S2-
Oxygen VIA O2-
Chlorine VIIA Cl-
Bromine VIIA Br-
 Lewis structures, also called Lewis-dot
diagrams, Electron-dot diagrams or Electron-
dot structures, are diagrams that show the
bonding between atoms of a molecule, and
the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in
the molecule.

 Consists of the element symbol surrounded

by "dots" to represent the number of
electrons in the outer energy level (correlated
by the Group number).
However, because of the high charge
that would result, either C4+ or C4- for
carbon and Si4+ or Si4- for silicon
 Lithium  Lithium ion
 Calcium  Calcium ion
 Aluminum  Aluminum ion
 Carbon  Carbon
 Nitrogen  Nitrogen ion
Oxygen ion
Oxygen


 Chlorine ion
 Chlorine
 Argon
 Argon
Symbol Atomic Lewis Formed Ionic Electronic Lewis
Electronic atom ion configuration ionic
configuration structure structure

Li 1s2 2s1 Li Li+ 1s2 Li+

Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
 A chemical bond is the attraction caused by
the electromagnetic force between opposing
charges, either between electrons and nuclei
or as the result of a dipole attraction.
 The strength of bonds varies considerably;
there are "strong bonds" such as covalent or
ionic bonds and "weak bonds" such as
dipole-dipole interactions, the London
dispersion force and hydrogen bonding.
 Type of chemical bond that involves a metal and
a nonmetal ion through electrostatic attraction. It
is a bond formed by the attraction between two
oppositely charged ions, The electrostatic
attraction between the oppositely charged ions
causes them to come together and form a bond
like magnets .

 The metal donates one or more electrons,

forming a positively charged ion or cation with a
stable electron configuration. These electrons
then enter the non metal, causing it to form a
negatively charged ion or anion which also has a
stable electron configuration.
For example, common salt is sodium chloride.
When sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) are combined, the
sodium atoms each lose an electron forming a cation
(Na+), and the chlorine atom gain an electron to form
an anion (Cl−).
Na + Cl  Na+ + Cl-
 Formed between a metallic element and a non
metallic element.
 The bonding involves electrons transfer, the
metal atom donates electrons while the non
metal accept the electrons.
 The compounds formed are solids with a
crystal lattice tridimensional structure.
 Most of them dissolve in water giving
solutions that conducts electricity
 Salts (NaCl) and acids (HCl) are ionic
compounds
 1. Find the total number of electrons:
For each atom, read the group number.
2. Draw a first tentative structure:
The element with the least number of atoms is usually the
central element. Draw a tentative molecular and electron
arrangement attaching other atoms with single bonds as the first
guess.

 3. Add electrons as dots to get octets around atoms:

When counting electrons for the octet around an atom, count
both electrons in a bond for each atom and any lone pair
electrons. Hydrogen, of course, gets only 2 electrons.
4. Count the total number of electrons in the final structure to
see if the total agrees with the number tabulated in step #1. If
not, then move a lone pair of electrons into a double bond. Or
add more lone pairs of electrons.

 5. Cycle through steps 3 and 4 several times until you get it right
by trial and error.
NaCl Na IA = 1e Cl VIIA= 7e


Cl



Na +  Na+  Cl -







MgCl2 Mg IIA=2e Cl VIIA= 7e

  


Mg + Cl Cl   Cl -
Mg2+  Cl -











  


RbBr
CaBr2
AlF3
SrO
 Chemical bonding is characterized by the
sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms.

 Is formed by at least two non-metallic

elements, they can be molecules of the same
atom like O2 or different atoms like H2O.

 The atoms can share more than one pair of

electrons, they can share two or even three
pair of electrons, like single, double or triple
bonds.
 or

The pair of shared electrons

can be drawn with lines

Chlorine molecule Cl2  

Cl = 7 e Cl Cl





 

pair of shared electrons in red,

each chlorine atom has 8 e
 Single: One pair of electrons are shared.
or

 Double: Two pairs of electrons are shared.

 Triple: Three pairs of electrons are shared

1. Write the valence electrons of the Nitrogen
atom
2. Write the total number of electrons from
both atoms
3. Draw the dot diagram
4. Arrange the electrons using octet rule (both
atoms must have 8 electrons how many
electrons must they share?)
 N from family VA= 5 electrons
 For the molecule N2 are 10 electrons
 Sharing just one pair

doesn’t apply the octet rule.


 N N
 

N N







  
 

 Neither sharing two pairs of electrons apply

 

N 
 N
 

 But sharing THREE pair of electrons the octet rule

does apply  

N N or N N
 




 F2
 NH3
 H2
 H2S
 HBr
 CH4
 CO2
 CO
 O2
 CCl4
 Polar covalent: between atoms of different elements.
Example H2O, H2S, CO2, CCl4. The type of bond is
also determined by the difference of the
electronegativity values of the elements <(below)1.7
Example : H2O
H=2.1 O=3.5  3.5-2.1= 1.4 polar covalent bond

 Non-polar Covalent: Between molecules. Same

elements. Example H2, O2, Cl2, F2. The type of bond
is also determined by the difference of the
electronegativity values of the elements = 0
Example F2
F= 4  4-4 = 0 Non-polar Covalent bond
Compound Electronegativity Electronegativity Type of bond
value of each atom difference
F2 F: 4.0 F: 4.0 4.0 – 4.0 = 0 Covalent Non-polar
H2S
NaF
RbBr
NH3
HF
MgO
KCl
N2
CH4
 In chemistry, polarity refers to a separation of
electric charge leading to a molecule having
an electric dipole.

 Polar: Is a molecule that can dissolve in water

like Salts (NaCl, KF, etc) and Acids (HCl,
HNO3, etc).

 Non polar: Is a molecule that can not dissolve

in water like fats, oils, gasoline, methane gas
(CH4) carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), CO2.
 A water molecule, a commonly-used example
of polarity. The two charges are present with a
negative charge in the middle (red shade), and a
positive charge at the ends (blue shade).
 Metallic bonding is the electromagnetic
interaction between delocalized electrons, called
"electrons sea“.
 The electrons sea are the responsible for the
physical properties of solid metals: conduct heat
and electricity, generally high melting and boiling
points,strong, malleable (can be hammered or
pressed out of shape without breaking), ductile
(able to be drawn into a wire), metallic lustre
 The elements involved in this type of bonding are
mainly the transition metals like Fe, Cu, Au, Ag,
Al, Zn, Pt, etc.
 Are the forces holding molecules together
◦ Dipole-dipole forces
◦ Weak London dispersion or van der Waal's force.
◦ Hydrogen bond
Certain substances such as H2O, HF, NH3 form
hydrogen bonds, and the formation of which affects
properties (solubility) of substance. Other compounds
containing OH and NH2 groups also form hydrogen
bonds. Molecules of many organic compounds such as
alcohols, acids, amines, and aminoacids contain these
groups, and thus hydrogen bonding plays a important
role in biological science.
Which of the
following pairs
has the
strongest
hydrogen bond.

a) HCl or HF
b) NH3 or PH3
c) H2O or H2S