Deep Found BC

BEARING CAPACITY OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Alan J. Lutenegger
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Ma.
3/1/96
(updated 2/20/99)
BEARING CAPACITY OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Types of Deep Foundations
3.0 Bearing Capacity Analyses

3.1 Drained Analysis (∃-method)
3.2 Undrained Analysis (∀-method)
4.0 Bearing Capacity in Compression

4.1 Drilled Shafts
4.2 Driven Piles
4.2.1 Driven Piles in Sands
4.2.2 Driven Piles in Clays
4.3 Expanded Base Piles
4.4 Auger-Cast Piles
5.0 Piles in Tension

5.1 Driven Piles
5.2 Drilled Shafts
5.3 Underreamed Shafts & Anchors
5.4 Vertical Piles Subject to Oblique Pull
6.0 Pile Groups

6.1 Groups in Granular Soil
6.2 Groups in Fine-Grained Soil
7.0 Vertical Piles Under Eccentric or Inclined Loading
8.0 Battered Piles
9.0 Rock Sockets in Shale
10.0 Pullout of Single and Multi-Helix Anchors
11.0 Behavior of Drilled and Grouted Soil Anchors
12.0 Plugging of Pipe Piles
13.0 Increase in Pile Capacity with Time
14.0 Pore Pressures From Pile Driving

4.2.1 BEHAVIOR OF DRIVEN PILES IN SANDS
Briaud, J.L. and Tucker, L., 1984. Piles in Sand: A Method Including Residual Stresses. Journal of the Geotechnical
Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 110, No. 11, pp. 1666-1680.
Coyle, H.M. and Sulaiman, I.H., 1967. Skin Friction for Steel Piles in Sand. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and
Foundation Division, ASCE, Vol. 93, No. SM3, pp. 261-277.
Coyle, H.M. and Castello, R.R., 1981. New Design Correlations for Piles in Sand. Journal of the Geotechnical
Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 107, No. 7, pp. 965-986.
DeNicola, A. and Randolph, M.F., 1993. Tensile and Compressive Shaft Capacity of Piles in Sand. Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 119, No. 12, pp. 1952-1973.
Dennis, N.D. and Olson, R.E., 1983. Axial Capacity of Steel Pipe Piles in Sand. Offshore Engineering Practice,
ASCE, pp. 389-402.
Gregersen, O.S., Aas, G. and Dibiagio, E., 1973. Load Tests of Friction Piles in Loose Sand. Proceedings of the 8th
International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 2, pp. 108-117.
Hanna, T.H. and Tan, R.H.S., 1973. The Behavior of Long Piles Under Compressive Loads in Sand. Canadian
Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 311-340.
Kishida, H., 1967. The Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Pipe Piles in Sands. Proceedings of the 3rd Asian Regional
Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 1, pp. 196-199.
Kishida, H., 1967. Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Piles Driven into Loose Sand. Soils and Foundations, Vol. 7, No.
3, pp. 20-29.
Kraft, L.M., 1991. Performance of Axially Loaded Pipe Piles in Sand. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE,
Vol. 117, No. 2, pp. 272-296.
Lehane, B.M., Jardine, R.J., Bond, A.J. and Frank, R., 1993. Mechanisms of Shaft Friction in Sand from
Instrumented Pile Tests. Journal of Geotechncial Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 119, No. 1, pp. 19-35.
Meyerhof, G.G., 1976. Bearing Capacity and Settlement of Pile Foundations. Journal of the Geotechnical
Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 102, No. GT3, pp. 195-228.
Nordlund, R.L., 1963. Bearing Capacity of Piles in Cohesionless Soils. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and
Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 89, SM3, pp. 1-23.
Olson, R.E., 1990. Axial Load Capacity of Steel Pipe Piles in Sand. Proceedings of the 22nd Offshore Technology
Conference, Vol. 1, pp. 17-24.
Olson, R.E. and Flaate, K.S., 1967. Pile Driving Formulas for Friction Piles in Sand. Journal of the Soil Mechanics
and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 93, No. SM6, pp. 279-296.
Randolph, M.F., Dolwin, J. and Beck, R., 1994. Design of Driven Piles in Sand. Geotechnique, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp.
427-448.
Rieke, R.D. and Crowser, J.C., 1987. Interpretation of Pile Load Test Considering Residual Stresses. Journal of
Tavenas, F.A., 1971. Load Tests on Friction Piles in Sand. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 8, No. 7, pp. 7-22.
1
Yen, T.-L., Lin, H., Chin, C.-T. and Wang, R.F., 1989. Interpretation of Instrumented Driven Steel Pipe Piles.
Foundation Engineering: Current Principles and Practices, ASCE, Vol. 2, pp. 1293-1308.
2
4.2.2 BEHAVIOR OF DRIVEN PILES IN CLAY
Azzouz, A.S., Baligh, M.M. and Whittle, A.J., 1990. Shaft Resistance of Piles in Clay. Journal of Geotechnical
Engineering, ASCE, Vol.116, No. 2, pp. 205-221.
Burland, J.B., 1973. Shaft Friction of Piles in Clay - A Simple Fundamental Approach. Ground Engineering, Vol. 6,
No. 3, pp. 30-42.
Chandler, R.J., 1968. The Shaft Friction of Piles in Cohesive Soils in Terms of Effective Stress. Civil Engineering
Public Works Review, Vol. 63, Jan. Pp. 48-51.
Dennis, N.D. and Olson, R.E., 1983. Axial Capacity of Steel Pipe Piles in Clay. Geotechnical Practice in Offshore
Engineering, ASCE, pp. 370-388.
Kraft, L.M., Focht, J.A. and Amerasinghe, S.F., 1981. Friction Capacity of Piles Driven into Clay. Journal of the
Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 108, No. GT11, pp. 1387-1404.
Kraft, L.M., 1982. Effective Stress Capacity Model for Piles in Clay. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE,
Vol. 108, No. GT11, pp. 1387-1404.
Parry, R.H.G. and Swain, C.W., 1977a. Effective Stress Methods of Calculating Skin Friction on Driven Piles in
Soft Clay. Ground Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 24-26.
Parry, R.H.G. and Swain, C.W., 1977b. A Study of Skin Friction on Piles in Stiff Clay. Ground Engineering, Vol.
10, No. 8, pp. 33-37.
Randolph, M.F. and Murphy, B.S., 1985. Shaft Capacity of Driven Piles in Clay. Proceedings of the 17th Offshore
Technology Conference, pp. 371-378.
Semple, R.M. and Rigden, W.J., 1984. Shaft Capacity of Driven Pipe Piles in Clay. Analysis and Design of Pile
Foundations, ASCE, pp. 59-79.
Sladen, J.A., 1992. The Adhesion Factor: Applications and Limitations. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 29,
No. 2, pp. 322-326.
Tomlinson, M.J., 1957. The Adhesion of Piles Driven in Clay Soils. Proceedings of the 4th International
3
4.3 BEARING CAPACITY OF PRESSURE INJECTED FOOTINGS,
EXPANDED BASE PILES, OR FRANKI PILES
Bertok, J. and Berezowski, M., 1983. Pile Load Tests for the Calgary Air Terminal Building. Canadian
Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 20, pp. 353-361.
Brzezinski, L.S., Shector, L., MacPhie, H.L., and Vander Noot, H.J., 1973. An Experience with Heave of Cast In
Situ Expanded Base Piles. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 10, pp. 246-261.
Chandrasekaran, V., Garg, K.G., and Prakash, C., 1978. Behavior of Isolated Bored Enlarged Base Pile Under
Sustained Vertical Loads. Soils and Foundations, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 1-15.
Clark, J.I., Harris, M.C. and Townsend, D.L., 1981. Heave of Compacted Expanded Base Concrete Piles.
Proceedings of hte 10th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 2, pp. 667-
672.
Joshi, R.C. and Sharma, H.D., 1987. Prediction of Ultimate Pile Capacity from Load Tests on Bored and Belled
Expanded Base Compacted and Driven Piles. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Prediction and
Performance in Geotechnical Engineering, pp. 135-144.
Lewis, M.R. and Blendy, M.M., 1988. Pressure-Injected Footings - A Case History. Proceedings of the 2nd
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 2, pp. 1233-1238.
Massaarsch, K.R., Tancre, E., and Brieke, W., 1988. Displacement Auger Piles with Compacted Base. Proceedings
of the 1st International Geotechnical Seminar on Deep Foundations on Bored and Auger Piles, pp. 333-342.
McAnally, P.A. and Douglas, D.J., 1984. The Design of Frankipiles in Clays. Proceedings of the 4th Australia-New
Zealand Conference on Geomechanics, Vol. 2, pp. 40-45.
Meyerhof, G.G., 1960. The Design of Franki Piles with Special Reference to Groups in Sands. Proceedings of the
Symposium on the Design of Pile Foundation, International Association of Bridge and Structural Engineering
Congress, pp. 105-123.
Neely, W.J., Waitkus, R.A., and Schnabel, J.J., 1987. Pressure Injected Footings in Piedmont Profiles. Foundations
and Excanations in Decomposed Rock of the Piedmont Province, ASCE, pp. 37-61.
Neely, W.J., 1989. Bearing Pressure - SPT Correlations for Expanded Base Piles in Sand. Proceedings of the
Foundation Engineering Congress, ASCE, Vol. 2, pp. 979-990.
Neely, W.J., 1990. Bearing Capacity of Expanded-Base Piles in Sand. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE,
Vol. 116, No. 1, pp. 73-87.
Neely, W.J., 1990. Bearing Capacity of Expanded-Base Piles with Compacted Concrete Shafts. Journal of
Neely, W.J., 1994. Bearing Capacity of Expanded-Base Piles in Till. Proceedings of the International Conference
on Design and Construction of Deep Foundations, Vol. 2, pp. 817-827.
Nordlund, R.L., 1982. Dynamic Formula for Pressure Injected Footings. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,
ASCE, Vol. 108, No. 3, pp. 419-437.
4
4.4 AUGER-CAST PILES
Booth, A.T. and McIntosh, K.A., 1994. Utilization and Quality Control of Augercast Piles. Proceedings of the
International Conference on Design and Construction of Deep Foundations, Vol. 2, pp. 385-400.
Fleming, W.G.K., 1994. Current Understanding and Control of Continuous Flight Auger Piling. Proceedings of the
International Conference on Design and Construction of Deep Foundations, Vol. 1, pp. 260-278.
Lezinicki, J.K., Esrig, M.I. and Gaibrois, R.G., 1992. Loss of Ground During CFA Pile Installation in Inner Urban
Areas. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 118, No. 6, pp. 947-950.
McVay, M., Armaghani, B. and Casper, R., 1994. Design and Construction of Auger-Cast Piles in Florida. paper
presented to 73rd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.
Neate, J.J., 1989. Augered Cast-In-Place Piles. Foundation Engineering Congress, ASCE, Vol. 2, pp. 970-978.
Neely, W.J., 1991. Bearing Capacity of Auger-Cast Piles in Sand. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE,
Vol. 117, No. 2, pp. 331-345.
O’Dell, L.G. and Pool, J.M., 1979. Auger-Placed Grout Piles in Gravel. Symposium on Deep Foundations, ASCE,
pp. 300-310.
O’Neill, M., 1994. Review of Augered Pile Practice Outside the United States. paper presented to 73rd Annual
Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.
5
5.0 TENSION TESTS ON PILES
Aurora, R.P., Peterson, E.H., and O’Neill, M.W., 1981. Model Studies of Long Piles in Clay. Proceedings of the
13th Annual Offshore Technology Conference, Vol. 4, pp. 331-338.
Begemann, H.K.S. Ph., 1973. Alternating Loading and Pulling Tests on Steel I-Beam Piles. Proceedings of the 8th
International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 2.1, pp. 13-17.
Chattopadhyay, B.C and Pise, P.J., 1983. Uplift Capacity of Piles in Sand. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,
ASCE, Vol. 112, No. 9, pp. 888-904.
Chaudhuri, K.P.R. and Symons, M.V., 1990. Uplift Resistance of Model Single Piles. Offshore Engineering
Practice, ASCE, pp. 335-355.
Clemence, S.P. and Brumund, W.F., 1975. Large-Scale Model Test of Drilled Piers in Sand. Journal of the
Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 101, No GT6, pp. 537-550.
Cox, W.R., Kraft, L.M. and Verner, E.A., 1979. Axial Load Tests on 14-inch Pipe Piles in Clay. Proceedings of the
Cox, W.R. and Reese, L.C., 1978. Pullout Tests of Grouted Piles in Stiff Clay. Journal of Petroleum Technology,
Vol. 30, pp. 349-356.
Cragg, C.B.H., Radhakrishna, H.S. and Tsang, R., 1985. Selection of Uplift Coefficients for Cylindrical Augered
Footing Design. Proceedings of the 38th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, pp. 155-159.
Das, B.M. and Rozendal, D.B., 1983. Ultimate Uplift Capacity of Piles in Sand. Transportation Research Record
No. 945, pp. 40-45.
Das, B.M., Seeley, G.R. and Pfeifle, T.W., 1977. Pullout Resistance of Rough Rigid Piles in Granular Soils. Soils
and Foundations, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 72-77.
Das. B.M. and Seeley, G.R., 1982. Uplift Capacity of Pipe Piles in Saturated Clay. Soil and Foundations, Vol. 22,
No. 1, pp. 91-94.
Das. B.M. and Seeley, G.R., 1975. Uplift Capacity of Buried Model Piles in Sand. Journal of the Geotechnical
Davie, J.R., Yound, L.W. and Lewis, M.R., 1993. Uplift Load Tests on Driven Piles. Proceedings of the 3rd
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 1, pp. 97-103.
DeNicola, A. and Randolph, M.F., 1993. Tensile and Compressive Shaft Capacity of Piles in Sand. Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 119, No. 12, pp 1952-1973.
Hansen, J.B., 1968. A Theory for Skin Friction on Piles. Danish Geotechnical Institute Bulletin No. 25, pp. 5-12.
Hegedus, E. and Khosla, V.K., 1984. Pullout Resistance of “H” Piles. Canadian Geotechnical Journal ASCE, Vol.
110, No. 9, pp. 1274-1290.
Hussein, M.H. and Sheahan, J.M., 1993. Uplift Capacity of Driven Piles from Static Loading Tests. Proceedings of
the 3rd International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 1, pp. 1-11.
Ireland, H.O., 1957. Pulling Tests on Piles in Sand. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Soil
Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 2, pp. 43-45.
Ismael, N.F. and Al-Sanad, H., 1986. Uplift Capacity of Bored Piles in Calcareous Soils. Journal of Geotechnical
6
Ismael, N.F., Al-Sanad, H.A. and Al-Otaibi, F., 1994. Tension Tests on Bored Piles in Cemented Desert Sands.
Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 31, pp. 597-603.
Ismael, N.F., 1989. Field Tests on Bored Piles Subject to Axial and Oblique Pull. Journal of Geotechnical
Joshi, R.C., Achari, G. and Kaniraj, S.R., 1992. Effects of Loading History on the Compression and Uplift Capacity
of Driven Model Piles in Sand. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 29, pp. 334-341.
Karlsrud, K. and Haugen, T., 1984. Comprehensive Field Model Tests Carreid Out to Study the Behavior of
Offshore Piles in Clay. Norwegian Maritime Research, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 26-32.
Kulhawy, F.H., 19985. Drained Uplift Capacity of Drilled Shafts. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference
on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 3, pp. 1549-1552.
Kulhawy, F.H., Kozera, D.W. and Withiam, J.L., 1979. Uplift Testing of Model Drilled Shafts in Sand. Journal of
the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 105, No. GT1, pp. 31-47.
Levacher, D.R., 1984. On the Behavior of Opened Tubular Driven Piles in Sands. Proceedings of the 6th Budapest
Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, pp. 381-388.
Milovic, D., 1963. Pulling Out Resistance of Foundations in Loess Soil. Proceedings of the Conference on Soil
Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Budapest, pp. 281-287.
Nauroy, J.-F., Brucy, F. and LeTirant, P., 1985. Tension Load Tests on Driven Piles. Proceedings of the 11th
Nunez, I.L. and Randolf, M.F., 1984. Tension Pile Behavior in Clay-Centrifuge Modelling Techniques. Proceedings
of a Symposium on the Application of Centrifuge Modelling to Geotechnical Design, pp. 87-102.
Puech, A., 1982. Basic Data for the Design of Tension Piles in Silty Soils. Boss ‘82, Proceedings of the 3rd
International Conference on Behavior of Offshore Structures, pp. 141-157.
Rao, K.S.S. and Venkatesh, K.H., 1985. Uplift Behavior of Shore Piles in Uniform Sand. Soils and Foundations,
Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 1-7.
Reese, L.C. and Cox, W.R., 1978. Pullout Tests of Piles in Sand. Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 30, pp.
343-348.
Sowa, V.A., 1970. Pulling Capacity of Concrete Cast In Situ Bored Piles. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 7,
pp. 482-493.
Stewart, J.F. and Kulhawy, F.H., 1981. Interpretation of Uplift Load Distribution Data. Proceedings of the 10th
Subba, Rao, K.S. and Venkatesh, K.H., 1985. Uplift Behavior of Short Piles in Uniform Sand. Soils and
Foundations, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 1-7.
Sutherland, H.B., 1965. Model Studies for Shaft Raising Through Cohesionless Soils. Proceedings of the 6th
Tan, R.H.S. and Hanna, T.H., 1974. Long Piles Under Tensile Loads in Sand. Geotechical Engineering, Vol. 5, pp.
109-124.
7
Tucker, K.D., 1987. Uplift Capacity of Drilled Shafts and Driven Piles in Granular Materials. Foundations for
Transmission Line Towers, ASCE, pp. 142-159.
Turner, J.P. and Kulhawy, F.H., 1990. Drained Uplift Capacity of Drilled Shafts Under Repeated Axial Loading.
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 116, No. 3, pp. 470-491.
8
5.3 PULLOUT (UPLIFT) OF BELLED SHAFTS AND UNDERREAMED ANCHORS
Adams, J.I. and Radhakrishna, H.S., 1971. Uplift Resistance of Augered Footings in Fissured Clay. Canadian
Balla, A., 1961. The Resistance to Breaking Out of Mushroom Foundations for Pylons. Proceedings of the 5th
Bassett, R.H., 1977. Underreamed Ground Anchors. Revue Francaise de Geotechnique, Proceedings of the 9th
International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Specialty Session No. 4, pp. 11-17.
Batable, A.D., 1974. Multibell Ground Anchors in London Clay. 7th Congress on Prestressed Concrete
Foundations and Ground Anchors, Technical Session, pp. 33-37.
Chandrasekharan, V., Garg, K.G., and Prakash, C., 1978. Behavior of Isolated Bored Enlarged Base Pile Under
Sustained Vertical Loads. Soils and Foundations, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 1-15.
Collins, L.E., 1953. A Preliminary Theory for the Design of Underreamed Piles. Transactions of the South African
Institution of Civil Engineers, Vol. 3 No. 11, pp. 305-313.
Cooke, R.W. and Whitaker, T., 1961. Experiments on Model Piles with Expanded Bases. Geotechnique, Vol. 11,
No.1, pp. 1 - 13.
Dickin, E.A. and Leung, C.F., 1990. Performance of Piles with Enlarged Bases Subject to Uplift Forces. Canadian
Dickin, E.A. and Leung, C.F., 1992. The Influence of Foundation Geometry on the Uplift Behavior of Piles with
Enlarged Bases. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 498-505.
Downs, D.I. and Chieurzzi, R., 1966. Transmission Tower Foundations. Journal of the Power Division, ASCE, Vol.
92, No. PO2, pp. 91-114.
Ismael, N.F. and Kym, T.W., 1978. Behavior of Rigid Piers in Layered Cohesive Soils. Journal of the
Fleming, W.G.K. and Frischmann, W.W., 1960. Loading Tests on an Under-Reamed Bored Pile. Civil Engineering
and Public Works Review, Vol. 55, pp. 1151 - 1152.
Gangadharappa, B.M., Kumar, A., and Yagi., 1999. Study of Under-reamed Piles in Cohesionless Soil Under
Tension. Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 235-243.
Jain, G.S. and Gupta, S.P., 1968. A Comparative Study of Multiple Under-Reamed Pile with Large Diameter Pile in
Sandy Soil. Proceedings of the 3rd Budapest Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, pp. 563-
570.
Mohan, D. and Jain, G.S., 1958. Underreamed Pile Foundations in Black Cotton Soil. Indian Concrete Journal, Vol.
32. Pp. 20-28.
Mohan, D. and Jain, G.S., 1961. Bearing Capacity of Bored Piles in Expansive Clays. Proceedings of the 5th
Mohan, D., Jain, G.S., and Sharma, D., 1967. Bearing Capacity of Multiple Under-Reamed Bored Piles.
Proceedings of the 3rd Asian Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 1, pp. 103-106.
Mohan, D., Murthy, V.N.S., and Jain, G.S., 1969. Design and Construction of Multi-Underreamed Piles.
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 2, pp. 183-
186.
9
Neeley, W.J. and Montague-Jones, M., 1974. Pullout Capacity of Straight-Shafted and Underreamed Ground
Anchors. The Civil Engineer in South Africa, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 131-134.
Neumann, H. and Peleg, M., 1955. The Behavior of Piles with Enlarged Base. Civil Engineering and Public Works
Review, Vol. 50, pp. 176-178.
Prakash, C., 1980. Uplift Resistance of Underreamed Piles in Silty Sand. Indian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 10, No.
1, pp. 46-59.
Radhakrishna, H.S. and Adams, J.I., 1973. Long-term Uplift Capacity of Augered Footings in Fissured Clay.
Rowe, R.K. and Booker, J.R., 1980. Elastic Response of Multiple Underream Anchors. International Journal for
Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 313-332.
Saliman, R.S., 1972. Testing Transmission Line Belled Auger Footings. Performance of Earth and Earth Supported
Structures, ASCE, Vol. 1, pp. 1501-1515.
Small, J.C. and Booker, J.R., 1986. Time-Deflection Behavior of a Rigid Underreamed Anchor in a Deep Clay
Layer. Research Report University of Sydney School of Civil and Mining Engineering, No. R. 522, 27 pp.
Tucker, K.D., 1987. Uplift Behavior of Drilled Shaft and Driven Piles in Granular Soils. Foundations for
Turner, E.A., 1962. Uplift Resistance of Transmission Tower Footings. Journal of the Power Division, ASCE, Vol.
88, No. PO2, pp. 17-33.
Yazdanbod, A., Sheikh, S.A., and O’Neill, M.W., 1987. Uplift of Shallow Underreams in Jointed Clay.
Foundations for Transmission Line Towers, ASCE, pp. 110-127.
10
5.4 PULLOUT OF INCLINED PILES SUBJECT TO AXIAL OR OBLIQUE
LOAD OR VERTICAL PILES SUBJECT TO OBLIQUE LOAD
Awad, A. and Petrasovits, G., 1968. Considerations on the Bearing Capacity of Vertical and Batter Piles Subjected
to Forces Acting in Different Directions. Proceedings on the 3rd Conference on Soil Mechanics, Budapest, pp. 483-
497.
Awad, A. And Ayoub, A., 1976. Ultimate Uplift Capacity of Vertical and Inclinced Piles in Cohesionless Piles.
Proceedings of the 5th Budapest Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, pp. 221-227.
Das, B.M. and Seeley, G.R., 1975. Inclined Load Resistance of Anchors in Sand. Journal of the Geotechnical
Das, B.M., Seeley, G.R. and Raghu, D., 1977. Uplift Capacity of Model Piles Under Oblique Loads. Journal of the
Hanna, T.H., 1973. The Influence of Anchor Inclination on Pull-Out Resistance of Clays. Canadian Geotechnical
Journal, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 669-669.
Hanna, A.M. and Afram, A., 1986. Pull-out Capacity of Single Batter Piles in Sand. Canadian Geotechnical
Journal, Vol. 23, No.3 , pp. 387-392 .
Hanna, A.M. and Afram, A., 1987. reply to Pull-Out Capacity of Single Batter Piles in Sand. Canadian
Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 24, No. 3, p. 468.
Ismael, N.F., 1989. Field Tests on Bored Piles Subject to Axial and Oblique Pull. Journal of Geotechnical
Madhav, M.R. and Hanna, A.M., 1986. Ultimate Pull-Out Capacity of Batter Piles. Proceedings of the International
Conference on Deep Foundations, Bejing.
Meyerhof, G.G., 1973. Uplift Resistance of Inclined Anchors and Piles. Proceedings of the 8th International
Meyerhof, G.G., 1973. The Uplift Capacity of Foundations Under Oblique Loads. Canadian Geotechnical Journal,
Vol. 10, pp. 64-70.
Schmidt, B. and Kristensen, J.P., 1964. The Pulling Resistance of Inclined Anchor Piles in Sand. Danish
Geotechnical Instituter Bulletin No. 18, pp. 5-25.
Schmidt, B., 1987. discussion of Pull-Out Capacity of Single Batter Piles in Sand. Canadian Geotechnical Journal,
Vol. 24, No. 3, p. 467.
Shin, E.C., Das, B.M., Puri, V.K., Yen, S.C. and Cook, E.E., 1993 Ultimate Uplift Capacity of Model Rigid Metal
Piles in Clay. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, Vol. 11, pp. 203-215.
Tran-Vo-Nhiem, 1971. Ultimate Uplift Capacity of Anchor Piles. Proceedings of the 4th Budapest Conference on
Soil Mechanics, pp. 829-836.
Yoshimi, Y., 1964. Piles in Cohesionless Soil Subject to Oblique Pull. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and
11
6.0 PILE GROUPS
6.1 BEARING CAPACITY OF PILE GROUPS IN GRANULAR SOILS
Beredugo, Y.O., 1967. An Experimental Study of the Load Distribution in Pile Groups in Sand. Canadian
Briaud, J.-L, Tucker, L.M. and Ng, E., 1989. Axially Loaded 5 Pile Group and Single Pile in Sand. Proceedings of
the 12th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 2, pp. 1121-1124.
Cambefort, H., 1953. La Force Portante des Groupes de Pieux. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on
Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 2, pp. 238-242.
Chaudhuri, K.P.R., Ghataora, G.S., and Symons, M.V., 1982. Uplift Resistance of Model Piles and Pile Groups.
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Numerical Methods in Offshore Piling, Austin, Texas, pp.
2399-255.
Das, B.M., Seeley, G.R. and Smith, J.E., 1976. Uplift Capacity of Group Piles in Sand. Journal of the Geotechnical
Garg, K.G., 1979. Bored Pile Groups Under Vertical Load in Sand. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering
Division, ASCE, Vol. 105, No. GT8, pp. 939-956.
Garg, K.G., 1979. Design of Pile Groups Under Vertical Loads in Sand. Indian Concrete Journal, Vol. 53, No. 12,
pp. 322-326.
Hanna, T.H., 1963. Model Studies of Foundation Groups in Sand. Geotechnique, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 334-351.
Kezdi, A., 1957. Bearing Capacity of Piles and Pile Groups. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Soil
Kishida, H. and Meyerhof, G.G., 1965. Bearing Capacity of Pile Groups under Eccentric Loads in Sand.
274.
Meyerhof, G.G., 1960. The Design of Franki Piles with Special Reference to Groups in Sand. Proceedings of the
Symposium on the Design of Pile Foundations, Stockholm, pp. 105-123.
Meyerhof, G.G. and Ranjan, G., 1973. The Bearing Capacity of Rigid Piles Under Inclined Loads in Sand. III. Pile
Groups. Canadian Geotechnicall Journal, Vol. 10, No. , pp. 428- .
Myslivec, A., Simek, J. and Kysela, Z., 1977. Interaction of Foundations and Foundation Soil. Proceedings of the
9th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 1, pp. 671-674.
Stevens, J.B., Holloway, D.M., Moriwaki, Y. and Demsky, E.C., 1979. Pile Group Response to Axial and Lateral
Loading. Symposium on Deep Foundations, ASCE, pp. 396-419.
Stuart, J.G. and Hanna, T.H., 1961. Groups of Deep Foundations: A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation.
153.
Tcheng, Y. and Panet, M., 1973. Etude en Modele Reduit Hydraulique du Pouvoir Portant d'un Groupe de Pieux.
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 2.1, pp. 227-
229.
Tcheng, Y., 1975. Experimental Measures for Sandy Soils Concerning Soil Pressure and Bearing Capacity of the
Piles and Pile Groups. Annales de l’Institut Technique du Batiment et des Travaux Publics, No. 332, pp. 89-115.
12
Tejchman, A.F., 1973. Model Investigations of Pile Groups in Sand. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations
Division, ASCE, Vol. 99, No. SM2, pp. 199-217.
Venkatanarayana, P. and Ratnakumar, M. 1984. Efficiency of Pile Groups. Indian Concrete Journal, Vol. 14, No. 4,
pp. 223-237.
Vesic, A.S., 1969. Experiments with Instrumented Pile Groups in Sand. Performance of Deep Foundations, ASTM
STP444, pp. 177-222.
Walker, B.P., 1965. discussion on deep foundations, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Soil
13
6.2 BEARING CAPACITY OF PILE GROUPS IN FINE-GRAINED SOILS
Barden, L. and Monckton, M.F., 1970. Tests on Model Pile Groups in Soft and Stiff Clay. Geotechnique, Vol. 20,
No. 1, pp. 94-96.
Brand, E.W., Muktabhant, C., and Taechathummarak, A., 1972. Load Tests on Small Foundations in Soft Clay.
Performance of Earth and Earth Supported Structures, ASCE, Vol. 2, pp. 903-928.
Kodner, R.L., 1962. Friction Pile Groups in Cohesive Soil. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division,
ASCE, Vol. 88, No. SM3, pp. 117-149.
Koizomi, Y. and Ito, K., 1967. Field Tests with Regard to Pile Driving and Bearing Capacity of Piles Foundation.
Soil and Foundations, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 30-53.
Masters, F.M., 1943. Timber Friction Pile Foundation. Transactions of ASCE, Vol. 108, pp. 115-140.
O'Neill, M.W. and Hawkins, R.A., 1982. Pile-Head Behavior of Rigidly Capped Pile Group. Transportation
Research Record No. 884, pp. 1-7.
O'Neill, M.W., Hawkins, R.A. and Mahar, L.J., 1982. Load Transfer Mechanisms in Piles and Pile Groups. Journal
of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 108, No. GT12, pp. 1605-1623.
O'Neill, M.W., Hawkins, R.A. and Audibert, J.M.E., 1982. Installation of Pile Group in Overconsolidated Clay.
Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 108, No. GT11, pp. 1369-1386.
Saffrey, M.R. and Tate, A.P.K., 1961. Model Tests on Pile Groups in a Clay Soil with Particular Reference to
Behavior of the Group when it is Loaded Eccentrically. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Soil
Schlitt, H.G., 1952. Group Pile Loads in Plastic Soils. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Meeting of the Highway
Research Board, pp. 62-81.
Sowers, G.F., Martin, C.B., Wilson, L.L. and Fausold, M., 1961. The Bearing Capacity of Friction Pile Groups in
Homogeneous Clay from Model Studies. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and
Foundation Engineering, Vol. 2, pp. 155-159.
Tate, A.P.K., 1963. Model Behavior of Pile Groups in Clay. Proceedings of the 2nd Pan American Conference on
Torstensson, B.A., 1973. The Behavior of a Cohesion Pile Group in Soft Clay. Proceedings of the 8th International
Whitaker, T., 1957. Experiments with Model Piles in Groups. Geotechnique, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 147-167.
14
7.0 BEARING CAPACITY OF VERTICAL PILES UNDER INCLINED LOADS
Meyerhof, G.G and Yalcin, A.S., 1984. Pile Capacity for Eccentric Inclined Load in Clay. Canadian Geotechnical
Journal. Vol. 21, No., pp. 389-.
Meyerhof, G.G. and Sastry, V.V.R.N., 1985. Bearing Capacity of Rigid Piles Under Eccentric and Inclined Loads.
Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 22, No., pp. 267- .
Meyerhof, G.G. and Purkayastha, R.D., 1985. Ultimate Pile Capacity in Layered Soil Under Eccetric and Inclinced
Loads. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 22, No., pp. 399-.
Meyerhof, G.G. and Ranjan, G., 1972. The Bearing Capacity of Rigid Piles Under Inclined Loads in Sand. I.
Vertical Piles. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 9, No., ppp. 430-.
Kuomoto, T., Meyerhof, G.G. and Sastry, V.V.R.N., 1986. Analysis of Bearing Capacity of Rigid Piles Under
Eccentric and Inclined Loads. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 127-.
15
8.0 BEARING CAPACITY OF BATTERED PILES SUBJECT
TO AXIAL OR OBLIQUE LOADING
Meyerhof, G.G., 1981. The Bearing Capacity of Rigid Piles and Pile Groups Under Inclined Loads in Clay.
Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 18, No., pp. 297- .
Meyerhof, G.G., Mathur, S.K. and Valsangkar, A.J., 1981. The Bearing Capacity of Rigid Piles and Pile Groups
Under Inclined Loads in Layered Sand. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 18, No., pp. 514- .
Meyerhof, G.G. and Ranjan, G., 1973. The Bearing Capacity of Rigid Piles Under Inclined Loads in Sand. II. Batter
Piles. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 71- .
16
9.0 BEHAVIOR OF ROCK SOCKETS IN SHALE
(including mudstone, claystone and siltstone)
Aurora, R.P. and Reese, L.C., 1976. Behavior of Axially Loaded Drilled Shaft in Clay Shales. Research Report 176-
4, Center for Highway Research, University of Texas at Austin.
Bertok, J. and Berezowski, M., 1983. Pile Load Tests for the Calgary Air Terminal Building. Canadian
Briaud, J.-L., Rada, C.F., Johnson, W.T., Halvorson, R. And Ohya, S., 1985. Predicted and Measured Performance
of a Foundation. Drilled Piers and Caissons II, ASCE, pp. 43-56.
Bump, V.L., Anderson, K.E., Krause, K.E., and Gnirk, P.F., 1971. Determination of Pile Bearing Capacities, South
Dakota Dept. of Highways.
Freeman, C.F., Klajnerman, D., and Prasad, G.D., 1972. Design of Deep Socketed Caissons Into Shale Bedrock.
Gieke, P.M. and Hustad, P.A., 1979. Instrumented Drilled Shafts in Clay-Shale. Symposium of Deep Foundations,
ASCE, pp. 149-165.
Goodwin, J.W., 1993. Bi-Directional Load Testing of Shafts to 6000 TONS. Design and Performance of Deep
Foundations: Piles and Piers in Soil and Soft Rock, ASCE, pp. 204-217.
Henley, A.D., 1967. Investigation of Side Shear Stress Transfer for Drilled in Foundation Shafts in Weak Rock.
Proceedings of the 5th Annual Symposium on Engineering Geology and Soils Engineering, Pocalello, Idaho.
Horvath, R.G., Kenney, T.C. and Kozicki, P., 1983. Methods of Improving the Performance of Drilled Piers in
Weak Rock. Canadian Geotechnical Journal. Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 758-772.
Hummert, J.B. and Cooling, T.L., 1988. Drilled Pier Load Test, Fort Collins, Colorado. Proceedings of the 2nd
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, Vol 23, pp. 1375-1382.
Jasper, J.L. and Shtenko, V.W., 1969. Foundation Anchor Piles in Clay-Shales. Canadian Geotechnical Journal,
Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 159-174.
Johnson, L.D., and Stroman, W.R., 1984. Vertical Behavior of Two 16-Year Old Drilled Shafts in Expansive Soil.
Analysis and Design of Pile Foundations, ASCE, pp. 154-173.
Jubenville, D.M., and Hepworth, R.C., 1981. Drilled Pier Foundations in Shale, Denver Colorado Area. Drilled
Piers and Caissons, ASCE, pp. 66-81.
Lewis, T.G., 1993. Load Testing of Permanently Cased Drilled Shafts Founded in Hartford Shale. Design and
Performance of Deep Foundations: Piles and Piers in Soil and Soft Rock, ASCE, pp. 218-228.
Matich, M.A. and Kozicki, P., 1967. Some Load Tests on Drilled Cast-in-Place Concrete Caissons. Canadian
O’Neill, M.W. and Hassan, K.M., 1993. Perimeter Load Transfer in Drilled Shafts in the Eagle Ford Formation.
Design and Performance of Deep Foundations: Piles and Piers in Soil and Soft Rock, ASCE, pp. 229-244.
Pells, P.J.N. and Turner, R.M., 1979. Elastic Solutions for the Design and Analysis of Rock-Socketed Piles.
Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol.16, pp. 481-487.
Radhakrishnan, R. and Leung, C.F., 1989. Load Transfer Behavior of Rock-Socketed Piles. Journal of Geotechnical
Engineers, ASCE, Vol. 115, No. 6, pp. 755-768.
17
Rosenberg, P. And Journeaux, N.L., 1976. Friction and End Bearing Tests on Bedrock for High Capacity Socket
Design. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 13, pp. 324-333.
Rowe, and Armitage,
Rowe, and Armitage,
Santiago, J.L. and Fragio, A.G., 1986. Design Parameters for Grouted Piles in Rock from In Situ Load Tests. Use of
In Situ Tests in Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, pp. 968-984.
Seychuk, J.L., 1970. Load Tests on Bedrock. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 7, pp. 464-470.
Sladen, J.A. and Graham, M.D., 1985. Rock Socket Pile Load Tests in Clagary, Albertal. Proceedings of the 38th
Canadian Geotechnical Conference, pp. 83-88.
Spanovich, M. and Garvin, R.G., 1979. Field Evaluation of Caisson-Shale Interaction. Behavior of Deep
Foundations, ASTM STP 670, pp. 537-557.
Tchepak, S., 1993. Geotechnical Investigation and Design of Rock Sockets in a Soft Siltstone: A Case Study.
Proceedings of the 2nd International Geotechnical Seminar on Bored and Auger Piles, pp. 395-401.
Thornburn, S., 1966. Large Diameter Piles Founded on Bedrock. Large Bored Piles, ICE, pp. 121-129.
Townsend, F.C., Dunkelberger, C.E. and Bloomquist, D., 1993. Drilled Shaft Friction Evaluation via Pullout Tests.
Design and Performance of Deep Foundations: Piles and Piers in Soil and Soft Rock, ASCE, pp. 64-75.
Townsend, F.C., Dunkelberger, C.E., and Bloomquist, D., 1994. Drilled Shaft Evaluation via Pullout Tests.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Design and Construction of Deep Foundations, Orlando, Vol. II,
pp. 1485-1498.
Turner, J.P., Sandberg, E. And Chou, N.N.S., 1993. Side Resistance of Drilled Shafts in the Denver and Pierre
Formations. Design and Performance of Deep Foundations: Piles and Piers in Soil and Soft Rock, ASCE, pp. 245-
259.
Van Doren, L.M., Hazard, S.G., Stallings, J.R. and Schnacke, D.P., 1967. Drilled Shaft Foundation Test Program.
Project No. 35W-87-I-35W-1(58)48. State Highway Commission of Kansas.
Vijayvergiya, V.N., Hudson, W.R. and Reese, L.C., 1969. Load Distribution of a Drilled Shaft in Clay-Shale.
Research Report 89-5, Center for Highway Research, University of Texas at Austin.
Williams, A.F., Johnston, I.W., and Donald, I.B., 1980. The Design of Socketed Piles in Weak Rock. Proceedings of
the International Conference on Structural Foundation Rock, Vol. 1, pp. 327-347.
Williams, A.F. and Pells, P.J.N., 1981. Side Resistance Rock Sockets in Sandstone, Mudstone and Shale. Canadian
18
10.0 PULLOUT OF SINGLE AND MULTI-HELIX ANCHORS
Adams, J.I. and Hayes, D.C., 1967. The Uplift Capacity of Shallow Foundations. Ontario Hydro Research
Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 1-13.
Adams, J.I. and Klym, T.W., 1972. A Study of Anchors for Transmission Tower Foundations. Canadian
Bobbitt, D.W., and Clemence, S.P., 1987. Helical Anchors: Application and Design Criteria. Proceedings of the 9th
Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conference, Vol. 2, pp. 6-105 - 6-120.
Carville, C.A. and Walton, R.W., 1994. Design Guidelines for Screw Anchors. Proceedings of the International
Conference on Design and Construction of Deep Foundations, Vol. 2, pp. 646-655.
Clemence, S.P. and Pepe, F.D. Jr., 1984. Measurement of Lateral Stress Around Multi-Helix Anchors in Sand.
Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 145-152.
Clemence, S.P., 1984. The Uplift and Bearing Capacity of Helix Anchors in Soil. Vol 1,2 & 3, Contract Report
TT112-1 Niagra Mohawk Power Corporation, Syracuse, N.Y.
Clemence, S.P., 1994. Uplift Capacity of Helical Anchors in Soils. Proceedings of the 2nd Geotechnical
Engineering Conference, Cairo, Vol. 1, pp. 332-343.
Ghaley, A., Hanna, A., Ranjan, G. And Hanna, M., 1991. Helical Anchors in Dry and Submerged Sand Subjected to
Surcharge. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 117, No. 10, pp. 1463-1470.
Ghaley, A., Hanna, A., and Hanna, M., 1991. Installation Torque of Screw Anchors in Dry Sand. Soils and
Foundations, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 77-92.
Ghaley, A.M., Hanna, A.M. and Hanna, M.S., 1991. Uplift Behavior of Screw Anchors in Sand - I: Dry Sand.
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 117, No. 5, pp. 773-793.
Ghaley, A.M. and Hanna, A.M., 1991. Experimental and Theorectical Studies on Installation Torque of Screw
Anchors. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 353-364.
Ghaley, A.M. and Hanna, A.M, 1992. Stress and Strains Around Helical Screw Anchors in Sand. Soils and
Foundation, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 27-42.
Ghaley, A.M. and Hanna, A.M., 1994. Model Investigation of the Performance of Single Anchors and Groups of
Anchors. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 31, pp. 273-284.
Ghaley, A.M. and Hanna, A., 1994. Ultimate Pullout Resistance of Single Vertical Anchors. Canadian Geotechnical
Journal, Vol. 31, No. 5, pp. 661-672.
Hanna, A. and Ghaley, A., 1994. Ultimate Pullout Resistance of Groups of Vertical Anchors. Canadian
Hoyt, R.M., 1989. Uplift Capacity of Helical Anchors in Soil. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on
Lutenegger, A.J., Smith, B.L. and Kabir, M.G., 1988. Use of In Situ Tests to Predict Uplift Performance of Multi-
Helix Anchors. Special Topics in Foundations, ASCE, pp. 93-110.
Mitsch, M.P. and Clemence, S.P., 1985. The Uplift Capacity of Helix Anchors and Sand. Uplift Behavior of Anchor
Foundations in Soil, ASCe, pp. 26-47.
Mooney, J.S., Adamczak, S.Jr., and Clemence, S.P., 1985. Uplift Capacity of Helix Anchors in Clay and Silt. Uplift
19
Behavior of Anchor Foundaitons in Soil, ASCE, pp. 48-72.
Rao, N.S., Prasad, Y.V.S.N., Shetty, M.D. and Joshi, V.V., 1989. Uplift Capacity of Screw Pile Anchors.
Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 139-159.
Radhakrishan, H.S., 1975. Helix Anchor Tests in Stiff Fissured Clay. Ontario Hydro Research Division Research
Report.
Rao, S.N., Prasad, Y.V.S.N. and Shetly, M.D., 1991. The Behavior of Model Screw Piles in Cohesive Soils. Soil
and Foundations, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 35-50.
Rao, S.N. and Prasad, Y.V.S.N., 1993. Estimation of Uplift Capacity of Helical Anchors in Clays. Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 119, No. 2, pp. 352-357.
Rao, S.N., Prasad, Y.V.S.N. and Veeresh, C., 1993. Behavior of Embedded Model Screw Anchors in Soft Clays.
Geotechnique, Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 605-614.
Robinson, K.E. and Taylor, H., 1969. Selection and Performance of Anchors for Guyed Transmission Towers.
Canadian Geotechnial Journal, Vol. 6, pp. 119-135.
Rodgers, T.E. Jr., 1987. High Capacity Multi-Helix Screw Anchors for Transmission Line .Foundations. Foundation
for Transmission Line Towers, ASCE, pp. 81-95.
Trofimenkov, J.G. and Maruipolshii, L.G., 1965. Screw Piles Used for Mast and Tower Foundations. Proceedings of
the 6th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 2, pp. 328-332.
Udwari, J.J, Rodgers, T.D., and Singh, H., 1979. A Rational Approach to the Design of High Capacity Multi-Helix
Screw Anchors. Proceedings of the 7th Annual IEEE/PES, Transmission and Distribution Exposition, pp. 606-610.
Weikart, A.M. and Clemence, S.P., 1987. Helix Anchor Foundations - Two Case Histories. Foundations for
20
11.0 BEHAVIOR OF DRILLED AND GROUTED SOIL ANCHORS
Boonsinsuk, P., Ludwig, H., and Yong, R.N., 1987. A Laboratory Study of Tiebacks in Cohesive Soil. Canadian
Bustamante, M., Delmas, F. and Lacour, J., 1977. Behavior of Prestressed Ground Anchors in Plastic Clay.
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Specialty Session,
No. 4, pp. 79-87.
Bustamante, M. And Doix, B., 1985. Method of Calculating Grouted Tie Rods and Micropiles. Bulletin de Liasion
des Laboratoires des Ponts et Chaussees, No. 140, Nov. - Dec., pp. 75-92.
Evangelista, A. and Sapio, G., 1977. Behaviour of Ground Anchors in Stiff Clay. Proceedings of the 9th
International Conference on Soil Mechnical and Foundation Engineering, Specialty Session No. 4, pp. - .
Johnston, G.H. and Ladanyi, B., 1972. Field Tests of Grouted Rod Anchors in Permafrost. Canadian Geotechnial
Journal, Vol. 9, pp. 176-194.
Littlejohn, G.S., 1980. Design Estimation of the Ultimate Load-Holding Capacity of Ground Anchors. Ground
Engineering, Vol. 13, No. 8, pp. 25-39.
Mohamed, M.K. and Hanna, T.K., 1985. Pressure-Injected Anchors in Sand: Load and Creep Behavior. Canadian
Geotechnial Journal, Vol. 22, pp. 456-465.
Neely, W.J. and Montague-Jones, M., 1974. Pullout Capacity of Straight-Shafted and Underreamed Ground
Anchors. The Civil Engineer in South Africa, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 131-134.
Ostermayer, H. and Scheele, F., 1978. Research on Ground Anchors in Non-Cohesive Soils. Revue Francaise de
Geotechnique, No. 3, pp. 92-97.
Robinson, K.E., 1969. Grouted Rod and Multi-Helix Anchors. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on
Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Specially Session No. 15, pp. 126-131.
Shields, D.R., Schnabel, H., and Weatherby, D.E., 1978. Load Transfer in Pressure Injected Anchors. Journal of the
Geotechnical Engineering Divsion, ASCE, Vol. , No. GT9, pp. 1183-1196.
Trow, W.A., 1974. Temporary and Permanent Earth Anchors: Three Monitored Installations. Canadian Geotechnial
21
12.0 PILE PLUGGING IN PIPE PILES
Brucy, F., Meunier, J. and Nauroy, J.-F., 1991. Behavior of Pile Plug in Sandy Soils During and After Driving.
Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Offshore Technology Conference, Vol. 1, pp. 145-154.
Kishida, H. and Isemoto, N., 1977. Behavior of Sand Plugs in Open-End Steel Piles. Proceedings of the 9th
Klos, J. and Tejchman, A., 1977. Analysis of Behavior of Tubular Piles in Subsoil. Proceedings of the 9th
Miller, G.A. and Lutenegger, A.J., 1994. Effects of Plugging on Piles Installed in an Oversconsolidated Clays.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Design and Construction of Deep Foundations, Vol. 2, pp. 525-540.
Murff, J.D., Raines, R.D. and Randolph, M.F., 1990. Soil Plug Behavior of Piles in Sand. Proceedings of the 22nd
Annual Offshore Technology Conference, pp. 25-32.
Paikowsky, S.G., 1990. The Mechanism of Pile Plugging in Sand. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Offshore
Technology Conference, pp. 593-604.
Paikowsky, S.G., and Whitman, R.V., 1990. The Effects of Plugging on Pile Performance and Design. Canadian
Pailowsky, S.G., Whitman, R.V. and Baligh, M.M., 1990. A New Look at the Phenomenon of Offshore Pile
Plugging. Marine Geotechnology, Vol. 8, pp. 213-230.
Randolph, M.F., 1987. Modeling of the Soil Plug Response During Pile Driving. Proceedings of the 9th Southeast
Asian Geotechnical Conference, Vol. 2, pp. 6.1-6.14.
Randolph, M.F., Leong, E.C., and Houlsby, G.T., 1991. One-Demensional Analysis of Soil Plugs in Pipe Piles.
Geotechnique, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 587-598.
Smith I.M., To, P., and Willson, S.M., 11986. Plugging of Pipe Piles. Proceedings of the 3rd International
Conference on Numerical Methods in Offshore Piling, pp. 53-73.
Soo, C.F., Lin, C.C., Wang, R.F., Ou, C.D., and Moh, Z.C., 1980. Plugging of Open-End Steel Pipe Piles.
Proceedings of the 6th Southeast Asian Conference on Soil Engineering, Vol. 2, pp. 315-325.
22
13.0 INCREASE IN BEARING CAPACITY WITH TIME
Aurora, R.P., Peterson, E.H. and O’Neilly, M.W., 1981. Model Studies of Long Piles in Clay. Proceedings of the
Banerjee, R., 1986. Case Histories of Pile Driving in Bombay High. Proceedings of the 5th International Offshore
Mechanics and Arctic Engineering Symposium, Vol. 1, pp. 618-625.
Bartolomei, A.A., Yushkov, B.S., and Rukavishnikoua, N.E., 1980. Stress and Strain in the Active Zone of Pile
Foundations in Satuarated Soils. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, (Osnov. Fund. Mek. Grund.) Vol. 17,
No.6, pp. 250-255.
Bengtsson, P.-E. And Sallfors, G., 1983. Floating Piles in Soft, Highly Plastic Clays. Canadian Geotechnical
Bergdahl, U. and Hult, G., 1981. Load Tests on Friction Piles in Clay. Proceedings of the 10th International
Brenner, R.P. and Balasubramaniam, A.S., 1984. Skin Friction Tests on Driven Piles in Soft Bangkok Clay.
Proceedings of the 6th Budapest Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, pp. 327-334.
Eide, O., Hutchinson, J.N., and Landva, A., 1961. Short and Long-term Test Loading of a Friction Pile in Clay.
Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 2, pp. 45-53.
Fellenius, B.H., Riker, R.E., O’Brien, A.J., and Tracy, G.R., 1989. Dynamic and Static Testing in Soil Exhibiting
Set-Up. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 115, No. 7, pp. 984-1001.
Finno, R.J., Cosmao, T., and Gitskin, B., 1989. Results of Foundation Engineering Congress Pile Load Tests.
Predicted and Observed Axial Behavior of Piles, ASCE, pp. 338-355.
Flaate, K., 1972. Effects of Pile Driving in Clays. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 9, pp. 81-87.
Flaate, K. and Selnes, P., 1977. Side Friction of Piles in Clay. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on
Hitchnison, J.N. and Jensen, E.V., 1968. Loading Tests on Piles Driven into Estuarine Clays at Port of
Khorramshahr, Iran, and Observations on the Effect of Bitumen Coating on Shaft Bearing Capacity. Norwegian
Geotechnical Institute Bulletin No. 78, pp. 1-12.
Hu, Zhong-Xiong, 1985. Time Dependent Increase of Bearing Capacity of Single Pile in Saturated Clay. Selected
Papers from the Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, pp. 113-126.
Janbu, N., 1976. Static Bearing Capacity of Friction Piles. Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Soil
Konrad, J.-M., and Roy, M., 1987. Bearing Capacity of Friction Piles in Marine Clay. Geotechnique, Vol. 37, No. 2,
pp. 163-175.
Kraft, L.M., Focht, J.A. Jr., and Amerasinghe, S.T., 1983. Closure to Friction Capacity of Piles Driven into Clay.
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 109, No. 5, pp. 763-765.
Lacy, H.S., 1978. Load Testing of Instrumented 225-Foot-Long Prestressed Concrete Piles. ASTM STP No. 670.,
pp. 358-380.
Lukas, R.G. and Bushell, T.D., 1989. Contribution of Soil Freeze to Pile Capacity. Foundation Engineering:
Current Principles and Practices, ASCE, Vol 2, pp. 991-999.
23
Milligan, V., Soderman, L.G., and Rutka, A., 1962. Experience with Canadian Varved Clays. Journal of the Soil
Mechanics and Foundation Division, ASCE, Vol. 88, No. SM4, pp. 31-60.
Moe, D., Arvesen, H., and Holm, O.S., 1981. Friction Bearing Pipe Piles at Calabar Port. Proceedings of the 10th
O’Neill, M.W., Hawkins, R.A. and Audibert, J.M.E., 1982. Installation of Pile Group in Overconsolidated Clay.
Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 108, No. GT11, pp. 1369-1386.
Preim, M.J., March, R. and Hussein, M., 1989. Bearing Capacity of Piles in Soils wsith Time Dependent
Characteristics. Proceedings of the International Conference on Piling and Deep Foundations, Vol. 1, pp. 363-370.
Reese, L.C. and Seed, H.B., 1955. Pressure Distribution Along Friction Piles. Proceedings of the American Society
for Testing and Materials, Vol. 55, pp. 1156-1182.
Samson, L. And Authier, J., 1986. Change in Pile Capacity with Time: Case Histories. Canadian Geotechnical
Seed, H.B. and Reese, L.C., 1957. The Action of Soft Clay Along Friction Piles. Transactions of the American
Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 122, pp. 731-754.
Thornburn, S. and MacVicar, R.S.L., 1970. Pile Load Tests to Failure in the Clyde Alluvium. Proceedings of the
Conference on Behavior of Piles, ICE, pp. 1-71.
Trenter, N.A. and Burt, N.J., 1981. Steel Pipe Piles in Silty Clay Soils at Belawan, Indonesia. Proceedings of the
Vesic, A.S., 1968. Principles of Pile Foundation Design. Soil Mechanics Series No. 38, Duke University School of
Engineering.
Zai, Jin-Zhang and Hu, Zhong-Xiong, 1986. Piling Shanghai Soils: Historical Sketch and Growth of Capacity with
Time. ASTM STP No.923, pp. 239-255.
24
14.0 PORE PRESSURES FROM PILE INSTALLATION
Appendino, M., 1977. Analysis of Data from Instrumentated Driven Piles. Proceedings of the 9th International
Appendino, M., Jamiolkowski, M., and Lancellotta, R., 1979. Pore Pressures of NC Soft Silty Clay Around Driven
Displacement Piles. Recent Developments in the Design and Construction of Piles, ICE, pp. 169-175.
Banerjee, P.K. and Fathallah, R.C., 1979. Eulerian Formulation of the Finite Element Method for Predicting the
Stresses and Pore Water Pressures Around a Driven Pile. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on
Numerical Methods in Geomechanics, Vol. 3, pp. 1053-1060.
Bjerrum, L. and Johannessen, I., 1960. Pore Pressures Resulting from Driving Piles in Soft Clay. Proceedings of the
Conference on Pore Pressure and Suction in Soils, pp. 108-111.
Bozozuk, M., Fellenius, B.H., and Samsom, L., 1978. Soil Disturbance from Pile Driving in Sensitive Clay.
Brenner, R.P., Balasubramaniam, A.S., Chotivittayathanin, R., and Pananookooln, P., 1979. Pore Pressures from
Pile Driving in Bangkok Clay. Proceedings of the 6th Asian Regional Conference on Soil Mechanical and
Foundation Engineering, Vol. 1, pp. 133-136.
Burghignoli, A. and Carvana, R., 1979. Experimental Study of the Effects of Pile Driving in Soft Clay. Rivista
Itliana di Geotechnica, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 87-93.
Chandra, S. and Hossain, M.I., 1993. Prediction and Observation of Pore Pressure Due to Pile Driving. Proceedings
of the 3rd International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 1, pp. 279-284.
Crooks, J.H.A., Matyas, E.L. and McKay, H.M., 1980. Excavation Slope Stability Related to Pore-Water Pressure
Variations During Piling. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 17, pp. 225-235.
Cunze, G., 1989. Modified Method for the Estimation of Excess Pore Pressure Generated by Pile Driving.
110.
D’Applonia, D.J. and Lambe, T.W., 1971. Performance of Four Foundations on End Bearing Piles. Journal of the
Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division, ASCE, Vol. 97, No. SM1, pp. 77-92.
Fellenius, B.H., and Samson, L., 1976. Testing of Drivability of Concrete Piles and Disturbance to Sensitive Clay.
Finno, R.J., Cosmao, T., and Gitskin, B., 1989. Results of Foundation Engineering Congress Pile Load Tests.
Predicted and Observed Axial Behavior of Piles, ASCE, pp. 338-355.
Hanna, T.H., 1967. The Measurement of Pore Water Pressures Adjacent ot a Driven Pile. Canadian Geotechnical
Journal, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 313-325.
Holtz, R.D. and Boman, P., 1974. A New Technique for Reduction of Excess Pore Pressures During Pile Driving.
Canadian Geotechincal Journal, Vol. 11, pp. 423-430.
Ismael, N.F. and Klym, T.W., 1979. Pore-Water Pressures Induced by Pile Driving. Journal of the Geotechnical
Koizumi, Y. and Ito, K., 1967. Field Tests with Regard to Pile Driving and Bearing Capacity of Piled Foundations.
Soils and Foundations, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp.
25
Leung, C.F., Radhakrishnan, R., and Tan, S.-A. 1991. Performance of Precast Driven Piles in Marine Clay. Journal
of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 117, No. 4, pp. 637-657.
Lo, K.Y., 1968. Discussion of Effects of Pile Driving on Soil Properties. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and
Lo, K.Y. and Stermac, A.G., 1965. Induced Pore Pressure During Pile Driving Operations. Proceedings of the 6th
Massarch, K.R., 1978. New Aspects of Soil Fracturing in Clay. Journal of the Geotechincal Engineering Division,
ASCE, Vol. 104, No. GT8, pp. 1109-1123.
Massarsch, K.R. and Broms, B.B., 1981. Pile Driving in Clay Slopes. Proceedings of the 10th International
Moller, B. and Bergdahl, U., 1981. Dynamic Pore Pressure During Pile Driving in Fine Sand. Proceedings of the
Muktabhant, C. and Sasisuwun, S., 1975. Effects of Pile Driving on Bangkok Clay. Proceedings of the 4th Southeast
Asian Conference on Soil Engineering, pp. 4-1- 4-8.
Nishida, Y., 1963. Pore Pressure in Clay Induced by Pile Friction. Proceedings of the 2nd Pan American Conference
on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 2, pp. 225-233.
Nishida, Y., 1963. A Basic Calculation on the Failure Zone and the Intitial Pore Pressure Around a Driven Pile in
Clay. Proceedings of the 2nd Asian Regional Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 1,
pp. 217-219.
Orrje, O. and Broms, B., 1967. Effects of Pile Driving on Soil Properties. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and
Randolph, M.R., Carter, J.P. and Wroth, C.P., 1979. Driven Piles in Clay - The Effects of Installation and
Subsequent Consolidation. Geotechnique, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 361-393.
Rizdallah, V. and Cunze, G., 1979. Effects of Pile Driving on Excess Pore Pressure. Proceedings of the 9th
European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 2, pp. 627-631.
Roberston, P.K., Woeller, D.J., and Gillespie, D., 1990. Evaluation of Excess Pore Pressures and Drainage
Conditions Around Driven Piles Using the Cone Penetration Test with Pore Pressure Measurements. Canadian
Roy, M., Blanchet, R., Tavenas, F. and La Rochelle, P., 1981. Behavior of a Sensitive Clay During Pile Driving.
Seed, H.B. and Reese, L.C., 1957. The Action of Soft Clay Along Friction Piles. Transactions of the American
Society of Engineers, Vol. 122, pp. 731-754.
Soderberg, L.O., 1962. Consolidation Theory Applied to Foundation Pile Time Effects. Geotechnique, Vol. 12, pp.
217-225.
Soderman, L.G. and Milligan, V., 1961. Capacity of Friction Pilesin Varved Clays Increased by Electro Osmosis.
Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineeing, Vol. 2, pp. 143-
147.
Torstensson, B.-A., 1973. The Behavior of a Cohesion Pile Group in Soft Clay. Proceedings of the 8th International
Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 2.1, pp. 237-242.
26
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Deep Found BC

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BEARING CAPACITY OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS

2.0 Types of Deep Foundations

3.0 Bearing Capacity Analyses

4.0 Bearing Capacity in Compression

5.0 Piles in Tension

6.0 Pile Groups

7.0 Vertical Piles Under Eccentric or Inclined Loading

8.0 Battered Piles

9.0 Rock Sockets in Shale

10.0 Pullout of Single and Multi-Helix Anchors

11.0 Behavior of Drilled and Grouted Soil Anchors

12.0 Plugging of Pipe Piles

13.0 Increase in Pile Capacity with Time

14.0 Pore Pressures From Pile Driving

Rowe, and Armitage,

Rowe, and Armitage,

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