ALKALOIDS – applied to basic nitrogenous comp’ds of plant origin that are physiologically active.

1. Among the outstanding alkaloid yielding plants are Leguminosae, Papaveracae, Renunculaceae, Rubiaceae,
Solanaceae and Berberidaceae
2. Primary amine (RNH2), Secondary amine (R2NH), Tertiary amine (R)
3. Liquid Alkaloids: CONIINE, NICOTINE, SPARTEINE; lacks oxygen
Names of alkaloids are obtained in various ways:
1. Generic name of plant yielding them (hydrastine, atropine)
2. Specific name of plant yielding them (cocaine, belladonnine)
3. Common name of drug yielding them (ergotamine)
4. Physiologically active (emetine, morphine)
5. Discoverer (pelleterine)

Classification based on the ring structure or nucleus of the chief alkaloid group in the plant drug
1. Pyridine & Piperidine (arecoline, lobeline, nicotine)
2. Tropane – condensation product of pyrrolidine & piperidine (atropine, hyoscine, hyoscyamine)
3. Quinoline – (cinchona, quinine, quinidine, cinchonine & cinchondine)
4. Indole – (ergonovine, reserpine, strychnine)
5. Imidazole – (pilocarpine)
6. Purine – (caffeine & theobromine)
7. Steroidal – (protoveratrine)
8. Purine bases – (caffeine & theobromine)
Alkaloidal reagents:
Wagner’s Iodine in Potassium Iodide Reddish-brown ppt.
Mayer’s Potassium in Mercuric Iodide Cream/white ppt.
Dragendorff’s Potassium Bismuth Iodide Orange ppt.
Valser’s Mercuric Iodide White ppt.
Marme’s Cadmium in Potassium Iodide
Scheibler Phospotungstic
Sonneschein Phospomolybdic

Pyridine – tertiary base; upon reduction it is converted into 2ndary base, piperidine
 Most important alkaloids in this group are: areca, arecoline HBR, lobelia, lobeline, nicotine
3 subgroups:
1. Piperidine – lobeline and lobelia
2. Nicotinic acid – arecoline and areca
3. Pyridine and pyrrolidine - nicotine

Botanical Source Constituents/Description Uses

Nicotine  Temporary aid to stop
smoking
Areca  Areca catechu  Arecoline (arecaidine methyl  In India, ‘punsupari’, stimulant
 FN: Palmae ester) – most abundant & masticatory
physiologically active alkaloid  Anthelminthic in Veterinary
 Vermicide & Taenifuge
Lobelia or  Lobelia Infata  Lobeline or alpha lobeline  Smoking deterrent
Indian Tobacco  FN: Lobeliaceae
  
Tropane Alkaloids – dicyclic comp’d formed by condensation of pyrrolidine precursor (ornithine)
Tropine – 3-hydroxy derivative of tropane; with esterification with (-)-tropic acid yieds hyoscyamine
 PHENYLALANINE – precursor of tropic acid
 Most impt. Drugs are: BELLADONNA, HYOSCYAMUS, STRAMONIUM, ATROPINE, HYOSCYAMINE,
SCOPOLAMINE, COCA, COCAINE

Botanical Source Constituents/Description Uses

BELLADONNA or  Atropa belladonna  Hyoscyamine,  Parasympathetic
Deadly nightshade leaf  FN: Solanaceae  few atropine depressant
 Tx of peptic ulcer
 Anticholinergic property

 Most of the alkaloids are derived from Egyptian Henbane (Hyoscyamus muticus)
 SOLANACEOUS ALKALOID – (-)-hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine (aka hyoscine), anhydride atropine
(apoatropine), belladonine
Hyoscyamine  Hyoscyamus muticus  
 Tropine ester of tropic
acid
Hyoscyamine Sulfate  Hyoscyamus muticus  Extremely poisonous  Anticholinergic
  In parkinsonism, reduces
rigidity & tremors
Atropine  Hyoscyamine  
Atropine Sulfate  Hyosacyamine  Extremely poisonous  Anticholinergic
 Efflorescence in dry air  Antidote for
cholinesterase inhibitor
Scopolamine or Hyoscine  Datura fastuosa  Yields TROPIC ACID  Anticholinergic
Scopolamine HBr  Datura metel & SCOPOLINE  CNS depressant
 Anti motion sickness
Hyoscyamus or Henbane  Hyoscyamus niger  Poisonous to swine  Parasympatholytic
(hogbean)
Egyptian henbane  Hyoscyamus muticus   For extraction of alkaloid
Stramonium, jimson weed,  Datura stramonium  0.25% alkaloid  Anticholinergic
Jamestown weed  hyoscyamine  Ingredient in prep’n for
burn
 Relief of asthma
Withania  Withania somnifera  Tropine, pseudotropine  Sedative
with hygrine
Duboisia  Duboisia myoporoides  (-)-hyoscyamine, 
scopolamine,
 Chief source of
ATROPINE
Pituri or Australian  Duboisia hopwoodii  Nicotine 
tobacco  nornicotine
Mandragora or European  Mandragora  Hyoscyamine, 
mandrake officinarum scopolamine,
mandragorine
Coca or coca leaves  Has 3 Varieties:
 Var Coca yields Huanuco (bolivian) coca
 Var Spruceanum yields Truxillo (Peruvian) coca
 Var Novogranatense yields truxillo coca
 Has 3 basic types of alkaloid
 Ecgonine (cocaine, cinnamylcocaine, R-truxilline)
 Tropine (Tropacocaine, valerine)
 Hygrine (Hygroline, cushcoshygrine)
Huanuco coca  Contains cocaine  Cuscohygrine – 
nonester alkaloid
Truxillo coca  “Divine Plant of the   Used in travelling to avoid
Incas fatigue
Cocaine  Erythroxylum coca  Methyl ester of  Psychomotor stimulant
 benzoylecgonine
Cocaine HCl  E. coca  Crystalline powder
 “free-basing” –
inhalation of vapors of
alkaloidal cocaine
 Ingredient in Brompton’s
cocktail, used to control
severe pain of cancer
 Analgesic

QUINOLINE ALAKALOIDS – includes those obtained from cinchona, QUININE, QUINIDINE, CINCHONINE,
CINCHONIDINE
- TRYPTOPHAN – is a precursor of quinine in cinchona
- Appears to be a cleavage of the benzopynole ring of the tryptophan moiety

Botanical Source Constituents/Description Uses

CINCHONA or  Cinchona succirubra
Peruvian bark -known as RED Cinchona
in commerce
 C. ledgeriana – Calisaya
bark or yellow cinchona
 FN: Rubiaceae
 Yellow barks – quinine,
quinidine, cinchonine,
cinchonidine
 Red barks – cinchonidine,
cinchotannic acid
 Tx for malaria
 Prep’n of Tonic Water
**Cinchonism – OD of
cinchona, impaired or loss
of hearing/sight, ringing in
the ears

CUPREA BARK  Remijia purdieana  Copper-red color, hard,  Source of Quinidine

 Remijia pedunculata
CINCHONA ALKALOIDS
QUINIDINE  Steroisomer of quinine
QUINIDINE SULFATE  Sulfate of Cinchona spe.
QUINIDINE GLUCONATE  White, crystalline powder
 Sustained-release form
compact, heavy
 Quinine
  Depresses myocardial
excitability
 Readily soluble in water,  Tx for cardiac
alcohol, methanol arrhythmias
 UD: 10-20mg/kg/day

QUINIDINE  Produces lower incidence of gastro intestinal irritation

POLYGALACTURONATE
QUININE  Diasteroisomer of quinidine
 Bitter crystalline powder
QUININE SULFATE  Cinchona sp  Becomes brownish when  Antimalarial UD:650mg
exposed to light q 8hours
 Skeletal muscle
relaxant
 Tonic
 Analgesic

ISOQUINOLINE ALKALOIDS - important drugs are: IPECAC, EMETINE, HYDRASTIS, HYDRASTINE, SANGUINARIA,
CURARE, TUBOCURARINE, BERBERINE & OPIUM
- Derived from phenylalanine or tyrosine

Botanical Source Constituents/Description Uses

IPECAC  Cephaetis ipecacuanha –
(Rio or Brazilian Ipecac)
 Cephaetis acuminate –
(Cartagena, Nicaragua,
Panama ipecac)
EMETINE or  Alkaloid from ipecac
Methylcephaeline
HYDRASTIS or  Hydrastis Canadensis
Golden Seal  FN: Renunculaceae
 Emetine, cephaeline,
psychotrine
 Becomes yellowish when
exposed to light
 HYDRASTINE, berberine
(only yellow alkaloid),
canadine
 Tx of drug overdose
 Ipecac mixed with OPIUM
(Dover’s powder) – acts as
diaphoretic
 Antiamebic
 Antiprotozoan
 Expectorant/emetic
properties
 Astringent in inflammation
of mucus membrane
SANGUINARIA or  Sanguinaria Canadensis  Sanguinirine – yields  Used by Indians as Acrid
Bloodroot reddish salts with emetic
nitric/sulfuric acid  Expectorant and emetic
 Chelerythrine – yellowish properties
salts
CURARE or South  Strychnos castelnaei  Earliest available prep’ns  Paralyzing effect on
American arrow were named accdg to voluntary muscle
poison containers, calabash (curariform effect)
(gourd), tube (bamboo),  Toxic action on blood
pot (clay pot) curare vessels
 Brownish or  Histaminelike effect
black,shiny,resinoid mass 
 TOBUCURARINE – with
bisbenzylisoquinoline
structure
**TOBUCURARINE  Chondodendron  Quaternary ammonium  Skeletal muscle relaxant
tomentosum compound structure  Used to control convulsion
 Standardized by “head- of strychnine poisoning of
drop” crossover test in tetanus
rabbits  Adjunct to shock therapy
 Diagnostic aid in
myasthenia gravis
OPIUM or Gum  Papaver somniferum  Morphine  depresses nerve response
Opium  Codeine  analgesic
INDIAN OPIUM  Yields 10% anhydrous  Noscapine  hypnotic
morphine  Papaverine  narcotic
 Only licit source of opium  thebaine
 LAUDANUM, opium tincture, deodorized opium tincture  Classed as an antiperistaltic
 PAREGORIC or Camphorated opium tincture  Controls diarrhea

POPPY SEED or  Papaver Somniferum  No significant quantities  Used in baking

Maw seed of alkaloid

ALKALOIDS OF OPIUM

Botanical Source Constituents/Description Uses

MORPHINE  Most impt. Of opium alkaloids  Centrally acting
 Agonist activity at mu and kappa opiate receptor analgesic
subtypes
 Classed as narcotic analgesic
 Structural features: a) central carbon with no hydrogen
sub
 B) phenyl group or isostere attached to carbon atom
 C) tertiary nitrogen atom
 D) two carbon bridge

CODEINE  Obtained from opium  Most widely used opium  Narcotic analgesic
or synthetically by alakaloid  Antitussive
demethylation   Sedative in cough
DIACETYLMORPHINE OR  Phenolic and acetyl group are replaced by acetyl  More pronounced than
HEROIN groups morphine
(ANALGESIC)
PAPAVERINE  Occurs naturally in opium by 1%
PAPAVERINE HCl  Smooth muscle relaxant
 Relief of cerebral and peripheral ischemia
HYDROMORPHONE  Reducing morphine in  Well known by trade  Narcotic analgesic
HYDROCHLORIDE or HCl sol’n name DILAUDID
Dihydromorphinone
HYDROCODONEBITARTRAT/    antitussive
Dihydrocodeinone Bitartrate
INDOLE AKALOIDS
 Botanical Source Constituents/Description Uses
RAUWOLFIA  Rauwolfia serpentine  Reserpine  Hypotensive
SERPENTINA  FN: Apocynaceae  3 series of alkaloids:  Sedative and
a. Weakly basic indole tranquilizing effect
(reserine)
b. Indoline alkaloids of
intermediate basicity
c. Strong anyhydronium bases
Powdered Rauwolfia  Reserpine – chief alkaloid with hypotensive and sedative activity
Serpentina - Antihypertensive & antipsychotic agent
RESCINNAMINE  Methyl reserpate ester of 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid  Used to treat mild
hypertension
DESERPIDINE  Rauwolfia canescens  Canescine, recanescine  hypotensive
 11-desmethoxyreserpine
YOHIMBINE  Pausinystalia yohimbe  Yohimbine  Tx of impotence
 FN: Rubiaceae  ↑cholinegic activity;
↓penile blood outflow
CATHARANTHUS or  Catharanthus roseus Four Bisindole: vinblastine,
  Oral hypoglycemic
Vinca; Periwinkle; vinleurosine, vinrosidine,
Chichirica vincristine
CATHARANTHUS ALKALOIDS
VINBLASTINE SO4  Catharanthus  N-methyl group  Tx for neoplasms
Vincaleukoblastine  Tx for Hodgkin’s dse
Sulfate VLB  Antineoplastic
VINCRISTINE SO4  Catharanthus  N-formyl group  Tx for acute lymphocytic
Leurocristine SO4 leukemia
VCR or LCR
VINDESINE  Semisynthetic derivative   Antineoplastic activity
of vinblastine
VINORELBINE  Semi synthetic derivative  3-noranhydrovinblastine  First line of Tx of non
TARTRATE of vinblastine small cell lung cancer
NUX VOMICA  Strychnos nux vomica  Strychnine & brucine 
STRYCHNINE &  Nux vomica/ignatia by  Brucine – less toxic than  Central stimulant
BRUCINE extraction with dilute strychnine; alcohol  Vermin killer
(Dimethoxystrychnine) Sulfuric acid denaturant
PHYSOSTIGMA,  Physostigma venenosum  Physostigmine/serine  Reversible
CALABAR BEAN,  FN: Fabaceae cholinesterase inhibitor
ORDEAL BEAN  Tx of Glaucoma
Physostigmine/eserine  Cholinergic (ophthalmic) applied topically to the conjunctiva
salicylate  Antidote in poisonings caused by anticholinergic agents
Physostigmine/serine  Cholinergic (ophthalmic) applied topically to the conjunctiva
sulfate
ERGOT, RYE ERGOT  Claviceps purpurea  Aka SPURRED RYE 
or Secale cornutum
ERGOT ALKALOIDS
ERGONOVINE  Ergot  Ergometrinine – accepted  Oxytocic
MALEATE/ chem.. name of isolysergic
Ergometrine Maleate acid isomer of ergonovine
METHYLERGONOVINE  Semi-synthetic homolog  White to pinkish tan  Oxytocic
MALEATE of ergonovine microcrystalline powder
ERGOTAMINE  Oxytocic activity
TARTRATE  Used to prevent abort vascular headaches or migraine
(Avamigram)  Cerebral vasoconstrictor
Dihydroergotamine  Salt of semisynthetic   Tx of migraine
mesylate alkaloid
ERGOLOID  Relief of symptoms of idiopathic decline in mental capacity in geriartric px
MESYLATE
Methysergide maleate  Synthetsis of lysergic  Salt of methylergonovine  Serotonin antagonist
acid  Prophylaxis of vascular
headache
LYSERGIC ACID  Most active & most specific psychotomimetic agent
DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD)  Central sympathetic stimulant (hallucinogen)
DRUGS RELATED TO ERGOT
Botanical Source Constituents/Description Uses
OLILIUQUI  Rivea corymbosa  Lysergic acid amide  Aztec hallucinogenic drug
(ergine)
 Isokysergic amide
(erginine)
PILOCARPINE  Pilocarpus jaborandi  An acid with glyoxaline  Stimulates muscarinic
nucleus receptors
 Pilocarine HCl
STEROIDAL ALKALOIDS – derived biosynthetically from 6 isoprene units
- Found in plant families of APOCYNACEAE, BUXACEAE, LILIACEAE, SOLANACEAE

Botanical Source Constituents/Description Uses

VERATRUM VIRIDE  Veratrum viride GROUP I – esters of steroidal  Hypotensive
American/Green bases (alkamines)  Cardiac depressant
Hellebore - Cevadine, germidine,  Sedative prop.
germitrine, neogermitrine  Tx. Of hypertension
GROUP II – glucosides of
alkamines
- Pseudojervine,veratrosine
GROUP III – alkamines
- Germine, jervine,
rubijervine, veratramine

WHITE/ EUROPEAN  Veratrum album  Protoverine A & B  Insecticide

HELLEBORE
ALKALOIDAL AMINES – do not contain heterocyclic nitrogen atoms
- Some alkaloids include Mescaline in Peyote Cactus, Ephedrine, Cathinone, Colchicines
Botanical Source Constituents/Description Uses
EPHEDRINE  Ephedra sinica  Ephedrine – potent  Central nervous system
(ephedra/ma huang) sympathomimetic that stimulates stimulant
alpha, beta1, & beta2 adrenergic
receptors
EPHEDRINE SO4  Used to combat hypotensive states and for allergic disorders
EPHEDRINE HCl  Used as sympathomimetic
COLCHICINE  Colchicum  Colchicines  Tx for Gout
autumnale  Antimitotic activity
OTHER ALKALOIDAL AMINE DRUGS
KHAT/ ABYSSINIAN  Catha edulis  (-)-Cathinone –  Alleviates hunger and
TEA phenylalkylamine alkaloid fatigue
PEYOTE or Mescal  Lophora williamsii  Mescaline  First series of hallucinogen
Buttons or psychotomimetics
PURINE BASES – derivatives of heterocyclic nucleus consisting of 6-membered pyrimidine ring fused to the 5-membered
imidazole ring
- Includes XANTHINE, CAFFEINE, THEOPHYLLINE, THEOBROMINE
- Uses: direct relaxation of smooth muscles of bronchi & pulmonary blood vessels
- Stimulation of CNS; increase gastric secretion, induced uterine contraction
CAFFEINE CONTAINING DRUGS
Botanical Source Constituents/Description Uses
KOLA, KLANUTS  Cola nitida  Caffeine  Used in manuf. Of
carbonated beverages
 Central stimulation action
COFFEE BEAN  Coffea arabica  Caffeine,  Stimulant
 *CAFFEOL –  1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine  Diuretic
ROASTED COFFEE aroma of coffee  Trigonelline (N-methylbetaine of  Tx of poisoning by CNS
nicotinic acid) depressants
GUARANA  Paulinia cupana  Tannin (cathechutannic acid)  Stimulating drug
MATE OR  Ilex paraguariensis  Caffeine 2%  Laxative/Purgative
PARAGUAY TEA  Tannin  Diaphoretic&diuretic
 THEOPHYLLINE
Botanical Source Constituents/Description Uses
THEA or TEA  Camelia sinensis  Green Tea – Japan 
 Black Tea – Sri Lanka
THEOPHYLLINE  Prepared   Smooth muscle relaxant
1,3-Dimethylxantine synthetically by  Bronchial asthma
caffeine
THEOBROMINE  Theobroma cacao   Diuretic & smooth muscle
3,7-Dimethylxantine relaxant
PROTEINS & PEPTIDES
PROTEINS – polymers of amino acid joined together by peptide bonds.
ENZYMES – organic catalysts produced by living organism
- Precipitated by conc. Alcohol
6 Major Classes of Enzymes
1. OXIDOREDUCTASES – catalyzing oxidoreductions between 2 substances
2. TRANSFERASES – catalyzing a transfer of a group other than Hydrogen
3. HYDROLASES – catalyzing hydrolysis of ester, ether, peptide, glycosyl
4. LYASES – catalyzing removal of groups from substrates by mechanisms other than hydrolysis
5. ISOMERASES – catalyzing interconversion of optic, geometric, or positional isomers
6. LIGASES – catalyzing linkage of 2 compounds coupled to the breaking of pyrophosphate

COENZYME – if enzyme is combined with organic substance

ACTIVATORS – if enzyme is combined with inorganic substance
GROUP AMYLOLYTIC ENZYMES/ ESTERASES PROTEOLYTIC OXIDIZING
CARBOHYDRASES ENZYMES ENZYMES
DESCRIPTIO diastase & amylase (well Pepsin – proteolytic Peroxidases –
N known amylolytic enzyme) enzyme found in cause discoloration
gastric juice of fruits
pH 1.8
ENZYMES Salivary diastase or Lipase – found in Trypsin – best in Thrombin –
ptyalin and Pancreatic pancreatic juice of alkaline medium of converts fibrinogen
diastase or amylopsins – animal oily seed pH8 into fibrin
aka Animal diastase -Causes hydrolysis of
fats into glycerine &
fatty acids
Malt diastase - formed Pectase – splits pectin Erepsin – found in Zymase –
during germination of barley into pectic acid and intestinal juice monosaccharide
grains converts into starch methyl alcohol -converts proteoses split by oxidation
and maltose to peptones
Zymase – fermenting Steapsin – lipolytic Rennin – coagulating
enzyme converts enzyme capable of enzyme in mucus
monosaccharide to alcohol digesting dietary fat membrane
and CO2
Emulsin – found in almonds Ureases – obtained Papain – found in
-causes hydrolysis of beta- from soy bean papaya tree
glucosides (amygdalin) -used as agent for
converting urea to
ammonia
Myrosin – found in white &
black mustard
-hydrolyses sinalbin,sinigrin
Malt Extract Source Use
BARLEY Hordeum vulgare Used in brewing and alcohol industries
Aid in digesting starch
DIASTASE Can convert 50 times its weight of potato starch into sugars
LACTASE Obtained commercially from yeast Hydrolyzes Lactone into Galactose & Glucose
PEPSIN Sus scrofa (hog) Assist Gastric digestion

Source Use

 PANCREATIN  From pancreas of hog or ox  Digestive aid

 Contains amylase, lipase & protease
 PACRELIPASE – more concentrated
pancreatin; ↑ intestinal absorption of fat
 PAPAIN  Carica papaya
 CHYMOPAPAIN – employed in Tx of
Herniated lumbar intervertebral disk
 BROMELAIN  Ananas comosus (pineapple)
 TRYPSIN  Bos Taurus
 CHYMOTRYPSIN – for ophthalmic
sol’n
 Tx of infants with Celiac disease
 Tx for Episiotomy
 Ingredient in cleansing sol’n for contact
lense
 Adjunctive therapy to reduce
inflammation & edema
 ↑Tissue repair after episiotomy
 For debridement of necrotic & pyogenic
surface lesions

 HYALUNORIDASE  From mammalian testes  Spreading agent

 STREPTOKINASE  Group C beta hemolytic streptococci  Pulmonary embolism
 Deep vein thrombosis
 UROKINASE  Human urine; human kidney cells  Pulmonary embolism
 Deep vein thrombosis
 FIBRINOLYSIN  Blood serum as a protease in  Tx of blood clots with CVS
streptokinase
 SUTILAINS  Bacillus subtilis  Wound debridement
 COLLEGENASE  Clostridium histolyticum  Debride dermal, ulcers, burned areas
 L-ASPARIGINASE  E. coli  Antitumore agent

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS – VITAMINS A, D, E, K

VITAMINS FUNCTIONS SOURCES DEFICIENCY USES
A  Normal growth  Yellow & dark  Night blindness  Essential to
 Healthy eyes green leafy  Preifolicular Good immunity
 Provides lysosome veg. hyperkeratosis  Useful in iron-
stability  Fish liver oils  Xeropthalmia – deficiency
corneas become anemia
swollen  Useful in lupus
 Keratomalacia – colitis and ulcers
thickening of bone
shaft
D  Made in the liver  Fish liver oils,  Osteomalacia  Osteoporosis
D1 – Calciferol  Egg yolk  Rickets  Hypoparathyroid
D2 –  Butter  Tetany  Kidney related
 Light-  Muscle spasm bone problems
Ergocalciferol
sprouted
D3 –
cholecalciferol
E  Neutralizes free  Wheat germ  Blood cell to lyse  ↓sickle cell
Alpha Tocopherol radicals oil  May affect vision & anemia
 Works with selenium  Sunflower produce  Tx of Alzheimer’s
to destroy cell seed neurological disease
peroidases  Safflower oil symptoms  Antioxidant
 Almonds  Nerve damage-
lethargy
K  Synthesis of 5 proteins  K1 –  Hemmorhagic  In blood
K1(Phytonadione) involved in blood chlorophyll, disease coagulation
K2(Menaquinone) clotting turnip greens,  osteoporosis
K3(Menadione) broccoli
 K2 – intestinal
bacteria
 K3 – synthetic

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS – THIAMINE, RIBOFLAVIN, NIACIN, PANTHOTHENIC ACID, PYRIDOXINE,

CYANOCOBALAMIN, VITAMIN C

VITAMINS FUNCTIONS SOURCES DEFICIENCY USES

B1-THIAMINE  aids in carbohydrate  brewer’s  anorexia  Megaloblastic
metabolism yeast  severe anemia
 for growth, normal  beans, nuts constipation  Beriberi
appetite  rice bran  ↓stomach acid  Alcoholism
 metabolism of secretion
alcohol  Wernicke
korsakoff
syndrome
B2- RIBOFLAVIN  Energy production  Cereals,  Tissue  Cataract
 For growth, healthy  organ meats inflammation prevention
eyes breakdown  Rheumatoid
 Delayed healing arthritis
 Glossitis  Carpal tunnel
B3 - NIACIN  Enzyme system  Peanuts  Weakness,  ↓cardiovascular
 Synthesis of  Milk ↓appetite disease
hormones  Legumes  Skin eruptions  diabetes
 Fish
B5-PANTHOTENIC  metabolism  Brewer’s  Nerve & muscle  Stress
ACID  stress resistance yeast 12 disturbances  Aging
 energy metabolism  Calf Liver  Cardiovascular  Rheumatoid
 Peanuts disorder arthritis
 Digestive disorder  Burning foot syn
B6 – PYRIDOXINE  Protein metabolism  Bananas  Greasy, scaly  Prevents
 Hemoglobin  Egg yolk dermatitis hypochromic
synthesis  Watermelon  Microcytic anemia anemia
 Infant seizure
B12 –  Metabolism of  Beef liver  Pernicious anemia  Anemia
CYANOCOBALAMIN carbon fragments  Salt water  Noise or light  Neuralgias
 Synthesis of genetic fish intolerance
material  Oyster
C – ASCORBIC  For growth  Citrus fruits  Scurvy  ↑ immunity
ACID  Metabolism of amino  Tomato  Fatigue, weakness  Wound healing
acid  Melon  Muscle Cramps
MINERALS
BIOTIN  Synthesis of fatty  Liver  Dermatitis  Seizures
acids  Chocolates  Hair loss  Diabetes
 Mushroom  Anxiety  dermatitis
BORON  for bone & dental  fruits, veg.  Osteoporotic-like  Osteoporosis
enamel  soybeans changes  Osteoarthritis
 cell membrane  nuts  Fungal infection
signaling
CALCIUM  Most abundant  Salmon  Osteoporosis  Osteoporosis
mineral in body  Dairy leading to rickets  Muscle cramping
 Controls muscle products
contraction  Sardines
COPPER  Trace element  Liver,  Paleness  Heart disease
 Conc. In brain & liver  Olives  Anemia  Collagen defects
 Antioxidant defenses  Nuts  Diarrhea  Nerve affiction