SPM 2010

CHEMISTRY 6 Dicember

Cation
Sodium Na+ Iron (II) Fe2+
Calcium Ca2+ Iron (III) Fe3+
Magnesium Mg2+ Lead(II) Pb2+
Aluminium Al3+ Copper (II) Cu2+
Zinc Zn2+ Ammonium NH4+

Whatever,

Anion
Chloride ion Cl-

sulphate ion SO42-

nitrate ion NO3-

carbonate ion CO32-

 COLOR

Aqueous
Salt of metal oxide Solid
solution
Salt of Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium,
White colourless
Aluminium, zinc, Lead, ammonium

Salt of Chloride, sulphate, nitrate, carbonate White colourless

Salt of Copper(II).

Copper(II) Carbonate Green Insoluble

Copper(II) sulphate, Copper(II) nitrate, Blue Blue
Copper(II) chloride
Insoluble
Copper(II) oxide
Black
Salt of Iron (II)

Iron(II) sulphate; Iron(II) nitrate; Iron(ID

Green Green
chloride
Salt of Iron (III)

Iron(III) sulphate; Iron(III) nitrate; Iron(III)

Brown Brown
chloride
Hot : Yellow
Zinc oxide Insoluble
Cold : White
Hot : Brown,
Lead(II) oxide(black) Insoluble
Cold : Yellow
Magnesium oxide, Aluminium oxide White Insoluble
Potassium oxide, Sodium oxide, Calcium oxide White Colourless
 HEATING ON CARBONATE SALT

Carbonate Salt Equation of The Reaction

Potassium carbonate
Not decomposible
Sodium carbonate
Calcium carbonate CaCO3 ---> CaO + CO2

Magnesium carbonate MgCO3 ---> MgO + CO2

Aluminium carbonate Al2(CO33 ---> Al2O3 + 3CO2
Zinc carbonate ZnCO3 ---> ZnO + CO2
Iron (III) carbonate Fe2(CO3)3---> Fe2O3 + 3CO2
Lead(II) carbonate PbCO3 ---> PbO + CO2
Copper(II) carbonate CuCO3 ---> CuO + CO2
Mercury(II) carbonate 2HgCO3 ---> 2Hg + 2CO2 + O2

Silver(I) carbonate 2Ag2CO3 ---> 4Ag + 2CO2 + O2

Ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3 ---> NH3 + CO2 + H2O

HEATING ON NITRATE SALTS

Nitrate Salt Equation of The Reaction

Potassium nitrate 2KNO3 ---> 2KNO2 + O2

Sodium nitrate 2NaNO3 ---> 2NaNO2 + O2

Calcium nitrate 2Ca(NO3)2 ---> 2CaO + 4NO2 + O2

Magnesium nitrate Mg(NO3)2 ---> 2MgO + 4NO2 + O2

Aluminium nitrate 4Al(NO3)3 ---> 2Al2O3 + 12NO2 + 3O2
Zinc nitrate Zn(NO3)2 ---> 2ZnO + 4NO2 + O2
Iron (III) nitrate 4Fe(NO3)3 ---> 2Fe2O3 + 12NO2 + 3O2
Lead(II) nitrate Pb(NO3)2 ---> 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
Copper(II) nitrate Cu(NO3)2 ---> 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2
Mercury(II) nitrate Hg(NO3)2 ---> Hg + 2NO2 + O2

Silver(I) nitrate 2AgNO3 ---> 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2

Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 ---> N2O + 2H2O
 HEATING OF SULPHATE SALTS

Heating effect on sulphate salt

- Most sulphate salts do not decompose by heat. For instance, sodium sulphate, potassium
sulphate and calcium sulphate are not decomposeable by heat.
- Only certain sulphate salts are decomposed by heat when heated strongly
-Example:

--- Strong heating of green crystal iron (II) sulphate will release water vapour
[H2O (g)], sulphur dioxide (SO2), sulphur trioxide (SO3) and leave behind a
reddish solid iron (III) oxide redsidue.

2FeSO4 + 7H2O Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3 + 14H2O

- Meanwhile, zinc sulphate, copper (II) sulphate, and iron (III) sulphate decompose when
heated strongly to evolve sulphur trioxide gas and form a metal oxide.

Example

Zinc sulphate

ZnSO4 ---> ZnO + SO3

Copper (II) sulphate

CuSO4 ---> CuO + SO3

Iron (III) sulphate

Fe2(SO4)34 ---> Fe2O3 + SO3

When ammonium sulphate is heated strongly, this white solid sublimate and is
decomposed to form ammonia gas and sulphuric acid(gaseous)

(NH4)2SO4 ---> 2NH3 + H2SO4

HEATING OF CHLORIDE

All chloride salts do not decompose when react with heat except ammonium chloride.
 At a glance of heating....

Heating effect on sulphate salt The heating effect on chloride salts

Most sulphate salts do not decompose by heat.
All chloride salts are not decomposable by heat
Only certain sulphate salts are decomposed by except ammonium chloride.
heat when heated strongly.
Zinc sulphate, Copper (II) sulphate, Iron (III) Example:
sulphate
ZnSO4 ---> ZnO + SO3 NH4Cl ---> NH3 + HCl
CuSO4 ---> CuO + SO3
2Fe2(SO4)3 ---> Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3

Ammonium sulphate
(NH4)2SO4 ---> 2NH3 + H2SO4

GASES MATTERS

Gases Characteristics
Oxygen Rekindle glowing splinter.
Hydrogen Explode with a ‘pop’ sound when brought close to a lighted splinter.
Carbon
Turns lime water chalky.
Dioxide
Chlorine Turn moist blue litmus paper to red. Bleach moist litmus paper.
Pungent smell.
Ammonia
Turn moist red litmus paper to blue. Produces white fume when reacts with
concentrated hydrochloric Acid.
Pungent smell.
Sulphur
Dioxide Bleach the purple colour of potassium manganate(VII).
Turn moist blue litmus paper to red.

Pungent smell.
Nitrogen
Dioxide
Brown in colour.
Turn moist blue litmus paper to red.
 TESTS FOR ANIONS

Diluted HCl or BaCl (aq) or AgNO3 follow by Brown Ring Test ( +

diluted HNO3 Ba(NO3)2 (aq) follow diluted HNO3. FeSO4 (aq ) +
or diluted by diluted concentrated H2SO4
H2SO4 HCl/HNO3
CO3 Carbon Dioxide White precipitate is White precipitate is
2-
is released. formed. It is soluble in formed. It is soluble
diluted HCl/HNO3 in diluted HNO3
SO4 White precipitate is
2-
formed. It is NOT
soluble in diluted
HCl/HNO3
Cl- White precipitate is
formed. It is NOT
soluble in diluted
HNO3
NO3 Formation of Brown
-
Ring

TESTS FOR CATIONS

(Fe)

Reagent Observation Ion

presents
Solution of potassium Light blue precipitate Fe2+
hexacyanoferate(II)
Dark Blue precipitate Fe3+
--- K3Fe(CN)6 ---
Solution of hexacyanoferate (III) Dark blue precipitate Fe2+
--- K4Fe(CN)6 ---
Greenish brown Fe3+
solution
Solution of potassium thiocyanate Pinkish solution Fe2+
--- KSCN ---
Blood red solution Fe3+
 Ag+ Note: Iodide salt are same
with chloride salts, meaning
that, all chloride salts are
soluble except Pb2+, Ag+ and
Hg+

Cl-
Hg+ Pb2+

Ca2+

SO4
Pb2+ Ba2+
 Na+
K+ NH4+
CO32+

Na+
K+ Ca2+
O2-

Na+ Ca2+

OH-
K+ Ba2+
Chemistry on salts’ colours are simple. Just simply remember the colour of the element when
react with sodium hydroxide solution. The colour of the element are varies in the periodic table
based on the transition element. The transition give out colours. When an element form salt, you
should know the colour of the reactant that involve the colour of the base or alkali and acid.

Based on qualitative and quantitative of a reaction, you must draw the BALANCED chemical
equation.

ZnO + H2SO42- ZnSO42- + H2O

Then interpret the equation. Qualitatively, that is the PHYSICAL condition of the chemical used
in the reaction. Such as, solid zinc oxide react with aqueous sulphuric acid to produce aqueous
zinc sulphate and water.

ZnO (s)+ H2SO42- (aq) ZnSO42- (aq) + H2O (l)

You don’t have to write aqueous water because we don’t say solid water when water turn to ice
and gaseous water when water change into water vapour. Quantitatively, that is the QUANTITY
of the product formed by state the number of moles.

1 ZnO + 1 H2SO42- 1 ZnSO42- + 1H2O

For instance, 1 mol of zinc oxide react with 1 mol of sulphuric acid to produce 1 mol of zinc
sulphate and 1 mol of water. By interpreting the equation qualitatively and quantitatively, you
must include the state PHYSICAL state and the QUANTITY of the chemical used and the
chemical produced.

1ZnO (s)+ 1H2SO42- (aq) 1Z nSO42- (aq) + 1H2O (l)

Example, 1 mol of solid zinc oxide react with 1 mol of aqueous sulphuric acid to produce 1 mol
of aqueous zinc sulphate and 1 mol of water.
If you are asked to identify a compound of salt, just follow these instructions;

First, add NaOH to the compound.

1) If : No precipitate --- presence of NH4+
Heat it --- test with red litmus paper, turns blue
Add Nessler’s reagent to salt solution – brown precipitate (NH4+ ion present)

2) If : White precipitate --- presence of Ca2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Al3+, Mg2+

Add excess NaOH ---

a) soluble, = Pb2+, Al3+ ,Zn2+

Then add NH3 --- White precipitate
Add excess NH3 , if soluble, Zn2+ present

If insoluble, Al3+ or Pb2+ present

Add KI solution
3+
No precipitate= Al Yellow precipitate= Pb2+

b) insoluble, = Ca2+, Mg2+

Add NH3 --- = white precipitate, Mg2+
= no precipitate, Ca2+

3) If : i) blue precipitate, Cu2+

Add NH3 = blue
Add excess NH3 = deep blue solution

ii) green precipitate, Fe2+

Add NH3 = green
Add K3Fe(CN)6 = dark blue precipitate

iii) brown precipitate, Fe3+

Add NH3 = brown
Add KSCN = blood red precipitate