CHEMISTRY PROJECT

On
Determination Of The
Contents Of Cold Drinks

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PROJECT
CT
T PR
PREPARED
R
RE BY:
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Gaurav
XII
Session : 2008-2009
Board’s Roll Number : 6229000
Mother Divine Sr. Sec. Public School
 AIM
COMPARITIVE STUDY AND QUALITATIVE
ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT BR
BRANDS OF

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COLD DRINKS AVAILABLE MARKET.
E IN M

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 CERTIFICATE
This is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine
investigation work has been carried out to investigate
about the subject matter and the related data

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collection and investigation hass beenn completed
solely, sincerely and satisfactorily ly by GAURAV of
ily
CLASS XII A, Mother Divine vine
vine
i Sr.
S Sec. Public

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School (Rohini), regarding
E.c ngg hishi project titled
“Determination of the Contents
nttents
t of
o Cold Drinks”.

Teacher’s Signature
BS
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It would be my utmost pleasure to express my sincere

thanks to My Chemistry Teachers Mrs. Aditi, Mrs.
Richa and Mrs. Shobhna in providing vi a helping
hand in this project. Their valuablee guida
gguidance,
a support

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and supervision all through this tth
his pproject titled
“Determination of the Contents nts
ts ooff Cold Drinks”,

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are responsible for attaining itss present
E.c ppres
prese
seen form.

Gaurav
XII
BS
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 PURPOSE
In recent days, soft drink brands were put into
various questions regarding their purity. News
p
pes
flashed that they contain harmful pesticide, which

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ts contents
arouse many interest in knowing its contt because
I have been drinking them for years.
years I wanted to
confirm that whether the chargeg imposed
rrge
ge iim
mp on these

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brands are true or not.
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Another fact which inspired
pire me to do this project is
pi
that I am in touch with th qualitative
ith qual
quaali
li analysis whose
knowledge with otherr factors
fac ors helped me to do so.
ffa
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 CONTENTS
I. Introduction
II. Theory
III. Apparatus

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IV. Chemicals Required

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V. Detection of pH
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VI. Test for Carbon Dioxide
d
de
VII. Test for Glucose
VIII. Test for Phosphate
hate
t
te
IX. Test for Alcohol
ho
hol
ol
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X. Test for Sucrose

crose
rosee
XI. Result
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XII. Conclusion
u ion
usio
 INTRODUCTION
The era of cold drinks began in 1952 but the
industrialization in India marked its beginning with
launching of Limca and Goldspot byy parley
p
pa group of

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companies. Since, the beginning of coldd drinks was
highly profitable and luring, many multinational
companies launched their brandsd inn IIndia like Pepsi
nd
ds

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and Coke. E.c
Now days, it is observededd iin gen
general that majority of
ge
g
people viewed Sprite, Miranda,
Mirand
M nda
Miran d and Limca to give
feeling of lightness, while
whi e Pepsi
wh Pe
P and Thumps Up to
activate pulse and brain.
rain.
ain.
BS
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 THEORY
Cold drinks of different brands are composed of alcohol,
carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate ions etc. These soft
drinks give feeling of warmth, lightness and have a tangy taste
which is liked by everyone. Carbon dioxide is responsible for the
formation of froth on shaking the bottle.

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The carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water
ater
atter to fo
form carbonic acid
which is also responsible for the tangy taste.
astee. Car
aste. Carbohydrates are the
Ca

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naturally occurring organic compounds d and
ds d aare major source of
energy to our body. General formula off carbo
carbohydrates
cca
arbo
b is
CX (H2O)Y.
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On the basis of their moleculee size
si carbohydrates
c rbo
rb are classified as:-

Monosaccharide, Disaccharides aride

arid des and Polysaccharides. Glucose is a
monosaccharide with formula rmula
mula C6H12O6 .It occurs in Free State in
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the ripen grapes in bonesnes

ess and alsaalso
s in many sweet fruits. It is also
present in human blood odd to the
tthe extent
ex of about 0.1%. Sucrose is one
of the most useful disa
disacchar
acch
disaccharides in our daily life. It is widely
ure in
distributed in nature n juice
jjuices,
iic seeds and also in flowers of many
plants. The main in
n sourcee of sucrose is sugar cane juice which
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su se and sugar beet which has about 10-17 %

contain 15-20 % sucrose
molecu
sucrose. The molecularula formula of sucrose is C12H22O11. It is
produced by a mixtureur of glucose and fructose. It is non-reducing
in nature whereas glucose is reducing. Cold drinks are a bit acidic
in nature and their acidity can be measured by finding their pH
value. The pH values also depend upon the acidic contents such as
citric acid and phosphoric acid.
 APPARATUS
™Test Tube
™Test Tube Holder
™Test Tube Stand

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™Stop Watch

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™Beaker
™Burner
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™pH Paper
™Tripod Stand
™China Dish
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™Wire Gauge
™Water Bath
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 CHEMICALS
REQUIRED
¾ Iodine Solution

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¾ Potassium Iodine
¾ Sodium Hydroxide

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¾ Fehling’s A & B Solutionn
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¾ Lime Water
¾ Concentrated HNO
O3
¾ Benedict Solution
on
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¾ Ammonium Molybdate
Moolybdat
Moly
olybdaat
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 DETECTION OF PH
EXPERIMENT
Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube
and put on the pH paper. The change in the color of pH paper was noticed
and was compared with the standard pH scale.

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OBSERVATION

o
NAME OF THE COLOUR
OLOU
OLOUR
UR
SR. NO. pH VALUE
DRINK CHANGE
CHA
AN
A
ANG
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1 COCA COLA PINK
PIN
N 2.5-3
2 SPRITE RED
R 3
3 LIMCA PINKISH
P 4
4 FANTA LIGHT
L
LIG ORANGE 3-4
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INFERENCE
Soft drinks are generally
erally acidic
aaccidic
cidic because of the presence of citric acid and
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phosphoric acid. pH H values

v s of cold drink of different brands are different due
to the variation inn amount
amount off acidic contents.
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 TEST FOR CARBON
DIOXIDE
EXPERIMENT
As soon as the bottles were opened, one by one nee the sample
sa was passed

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through lime water. The lime water turned milky.

OBSERVATON
SR.

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NAME OF THE TIME
M TAKEN
ME TAK
AKK
E.c CONCLUSION
NO. DRINK (SEC.)
(SEC.)
1 COCA COLA 26
26.5
6
6.5 CO2 IS PRESENT
2 SPRITE 221 CO2 IS PRESENT
3 LIMCA 35 CO2 IS PRESENT
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4 FANTA 36 CO2 IS PRESENT

INFERENCE
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All the soft drinksks ccontain ddissolved carbon dioxide in water. The carbon
dioxide (CO2) dissolves
ssolve
ssolve
ves
es in w
water to form carbonic acid, which is responsible
for its tangy taste.

CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED

Ca(OH)2(s) + CO2(g) -----------Æ CaCO3(s) + H2O(s)
 TEST FOR GLUCOSE
EXPERIMENT
Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by the following
test:-

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1. BENEDICTS’S REAGENT
NT TEST:-
NT T
Small samples of cold drinks of different brands
rands
ands were
w
weer taken in a test tube
wer

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and a few drops of Benedict’s reagent were added.
dded The
added. T test tube was heated
for few seconds. Formation of reddish color orr confirmed
co the presence of
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glucose in cold drinks.

OBSERVATON
SR. NAME OF THE
OBS
OB SE
SE
OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
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NO. DRINK
REDDISH
RE
RED
ED COLOUR GLUCOSE IS
1 COCA COLA
A
P
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
REDDISH
R COLOUR GLUCOSE IS
2 SPRITE
TE
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
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REDDISH COLOUR GLUCOSE IS

3 LIMCA
IM
MCA
MCA
A
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
REDDISH COLOUR GLUCOSE IS
4 FANTA
PRECIPITATE PRESENT

INFERENCE
All the samples gave positive test for glucose with Benedict’s reagent.
Hence all the drinks contain glucose.
2. FEHLING’S SOLUTION TEST
Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube
and a few drops of Fehling’s A solution and Fehling’s B solution was added
in equal amount. The test tube was heated in a water bath for 10 minutes.
Appearance of brown precipitate confirmed the presence of glucose in cold
drinks.

OBSERVATON

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SR. NAME OF THE
AT
TION
ON
OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
NO. DRINK

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REDDISH
H BROWN
B
BROW WN GLUCOSE IS
1 COCA COLA
CIPITAAT
A
ATE
PRECIPITATETE PRESENT
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REDDISH
SH BROWN
DIS BR
RO GLUCOSE IS
2 SPRITE
PRECIPITATE
P PIT
PIT PRESENT
REDDISH
RE
REDDIS H BROWN GLUCOSE IS
3 LIMCA
PREC
PRECI
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
REDDISH
REDDI
RED
DD BROWN GLUCOSE IS
4 FANTA
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PRE
PR
PRECIPITATE PRESENT

INFERENCE
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All the samples gav

gave
ave positi
positive
tiv test for glucose with Fehling’s (A & B)
all the
solutions. Hence all thhe
he cold drinks contain glucose.
 TEST FOR PHOSPHATE
EXPERIMENT
Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes
and Ammonium Molybdate followed by concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO3)
was added to it. The solution was heated. Appearanceara
aran of canary-yellow
precipitate confirmed the presence of phosphate ions
onns in col
cold drinks.

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OBSERVATON

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SR. NAME OF
OBSERVATION
R
RVATI
IIO
O CONCLUSION
NO.
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THE DRINK
CANARY-YELLOW
N Y
YELL PHOSPHATE IS
1 COCA COLA
PREC
R
RECI ITA
T
TA
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
CANARY-YELLOW
CA
ANARY-Y
N
NARY- Y PHOSPHATE IS
2 SPRITE
P C
PRECIP
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
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CANARY-YELLOW
CA
CANAR
ANAR PHOSPHATE IS
3 LIMCA
PRECIPITATE
PR
PRE
REE PRESENT
CANARY-YELLOW
CA
CAN
C AN PHOSPHATE IS
4 FANTA
P
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
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INFERENCE
NCE
NC
CE
CE
All the soft drinks samples gave positive test for phosphate ions. Hence all
the cold drinks contain phosphate.

CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED

NaHPO4 + 12(NH4)2MoO4 + 21HNO3 + 3H+ ----------Æ (NH4)3PO4.12MoO3
+ 21HN4NO3 + 12H2O
 TEST FOR ALCOHOL
EXPERIMENT
Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes
and Iodine followed by Potassium Iodide and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
solution was added to each test tube. Then the test tube
tubes were heated in hot
tub

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water bath for 30 minutes. Appearance of yellow yellow colored
co precipitate
confirmed the presence of alcohol in cold drinks

OBSERVATON

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SR.
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NAME OF
OBSERVATION
ERV
RVATI
TI CONCLUSION
NO. THE DRINK
YELLOW
YELL
YE
E LO OW
W ALCOHOL IS
1 COCA COLA
P
PRECIP
PRECIPII
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
YELLOW
YEL
EL ALCOHOL IS
2 SPRITE
PREC
PRE
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
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YELLOW
Y ALCOHOL IS
3 LIMCA
P
PR
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
YELLOW ALCOHOL IS
4 FANTA
A
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
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INFERENCE
CE
All the cold drinks samples gave positive test for alcohol. Hence all the cold
drinks contain glucose.

CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED

CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH ------Æ CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI + 5H2O
 TEST FOR SUCROSE
EXPERIMENT
5 ml samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate china
dishes and were heated very strongly until changes occur. Black colored
residue left confirmed the presence of sucrose in cold
old drinks.
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OBSERVATON

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SR. NAME OF
OBSERVATION
VAT
VA
AT
ATION
TION CONCLUSION
NO. THE DRINK
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SUCROSE IS
1 COCA COLA BLACK
A RESIDUE
E
ESID
PRESENT
SUCROSE IS
2 SPRITE BLACK
B LACK RE
RESIDUE
R
PRESENT
SUCROSE IS
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3 LIMCA BLAC
BLA
BLACK
CK RESIDUE
PRESENT
SUCROSE IS
4 FANTA BL
B
BLACK
L RESIDUE
PRESENT
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INFERENCE
NCE
NC
CE
CE
All the brands of cold drinks contain sucrose. But amount of sucrose varies
in each brand of drink. Fanta contains highest amount of sucrose.
 RESULT
After conducting several tests, it was concluded that the different brands of
cold drinks namely:

1. Coca Cola

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2. Sprite
3. Limca
4. Fanta

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All contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate

brands Coca Cola is the most acidic and

brands taken.
dL
m
hos
osp
sphate
cold drinks are acidic in nature. On comparing
hate and carbon dioxide. All
ngg the pH value of different
mparing
Limca iis least acidic of all the four
SE
CARBON DIOXIDE
IDE
E
Among the four sampless off cold ddr drinks taken, Sprite has the maximum
rbon
amount of dissolved carbonon dioxide
dio
diox
dioxidde and Fanta has the minimum amount of
dioxi
CB

de.
de
dissolved carbon dioxide.
 CONCLUSION
DIS-ADVANTAGES OF COLD DRINKS
1. Soft drinks are little more harmful than sugar sug
ug solution. As they

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contain sugar in large amount which cause aause problems
ause probb in diabetes
patients.
2. Soft drinks can cause weight gain as theyy interfereinte
ter with the body’s
natural ability to suppress hunger feeling.in
ng.
n g.

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3. Soft drinks have ability to dissolve vee the
thhe cca
calcium so they are also
harmful for our bones.
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4. Soft drinks contain “phosphoric acid”acid
cid” which
whhi has a pH of 2.8. So they
d
can dissolve a nail in about 4 days.
inks syrup
in
5. For transportation of soft drinks syrup
up the commercial truck must use
the hazardous matter placee cards reserved
rese
res for highly consive material.
bility to remove
bility
6. Soft drinks have also ability remo
rem blood so they are very harmful
to our body.
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USES OF COLD
LD
D DRI
D
DR
DRINKS
RI
1. Cold drinks canan be used
used asa toilet cleaners.
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2. m
move
They can remove rust sspots
sp from chrome car humpers.
3. They cleann ccorrosion
corr
orrosion n from
ffr car battery terminals.
4. ussedd as
use
Soft drinks are used a an excellent ‘detergent’ to remove grease from
clothes.
5. They can loose a rusted bolt.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
LABORATORY MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY
BY- VEENA SURI

DINESH COMPANION CHEMISTRY

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BY- S.K. MALHOTRA

WEBSITES — www.icbse.com

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TEACHER’S REMARKS

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