PROJECT REPORT

“KARACHI AN METROPOLITAN
CITY ITS PROBLEMS AND
SOLUTIONS”
Subject: Management & Operations of Pakistan
Economy

Class ID: 10132

Prepared By
1. Suraj Oad (4344)
2. Zeeshan Khan (4503)
3. M.Talha Atta-us-samad (4502)

4. Rosheen

Submitted To:
Sir Riaz Ahmed
 Acknowledgement

A million grateful thanks to Allah the almighty that gave us the perseverance to complete this
project, which was indeed a difficult one.

We are grateful to Allah, Who enables us to complete this

report effectively. We also thankful to our respected teacher Sir
Riaz Ahmed, because without his generous co-operation, the
accomplishment of this report would not be possible.

Sincerely,

Suraj Oad

Zeeshan khan

M.Talha Atta-us-samad,

Rousheen
The Karachi City:
is the largest city, main seaport and financial centre of Pakistan, and the capital of the province of Sindh.
With an estimated population of about 18 million, Karachi is one of the world's largest cities in terms of
population,the 13th largest urban agglomeration, the 4th largest metropolitan area in the world, and the
2nd largest city within the Organisation of the Islamic Conference. It is Pakistan's premier centre of
banking, industry, and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in
textiles, shipping, automotive industry, entertainment, the arts, fashion, advertising, publishing, software
development and medical research. The city is a major hub of higher education in South Asia and the
wider Islamic world.

Karachi is ranked as a Beta world city. It was the original capital of Pakistan until the construction of
Islamabad and is the location of the Port of Karachi and Port Bin Qasim, two of the region's largest and
busiest ports. After the independence of Pakistan, the city population increased dramatically when
hundreds of thousands of Urdu-speaking migrants or Mohair’s from India, East Pakistan (later
Bangladesh) and other parts of South Asia came to settle in Karachi.

The city is spread over 3,527 km2 (1,362 sq mi) in area, almost four times bigger than Hong Kong. It is
locally known as the "City of Lights" and "The bride of the cities" for its liveliness, and the "City of the
Quaid", having been the birth and burial place of Quaid-e-Azam (Muhammad Ali Jinnah), the founder of
Pakistan, who made the city his home after Pakistan's independence.

HistoryOf Karachi:
By the time of independence of Pakistan in 1947 Karachi had become a bustling metropolis with beautiful
classical and colonial European styled buildings, lining the city’s thoroughfares. Karachi was chosen as
the capital of Pakistan, which at the time included modern day Bangladesh, a region located more than
1,000 km (620 mi) away, and not physically connected to Pakistan. In 1947, Karachi was the focus for
settlement by Muslim migrants from India, who drastically expanded the city's population and
transformed the demographics and economy. In 1958, the capital of Pakistan was moved from Karachi to
Rawalpindi and then in 1960, to the newly built Islamabad. This marked the start of a long period of
decline in the city, marked by a lack of development.Karachi had both a municipal corporation and a
Karachi Divisional Council in the 1960s, which developed plans for schools, colleges, roads, municipal
gardens, and parks. The Karachi Divisional Council had separate working committees for education,
roads, and residential societies development and planning.During the 1960s, Karachi was seen as an
economic role model around the world. Many countries sought to emulate Pakistan's economic planning
strategy and one of them, South Korea, copied the city's second "Five-Year Plan" and World Financial
Centre in Seoul is designed and modeled after Karachi.

The 1970s saw major labour struggles in Karachi's industrial estates, (see: Karachi labour unrest of 1972).
The 1980s and 1990s saw an influx of refugees from the Soviet war in Afghanistan into Karachi; they
were followed in smaller numbers by refugees escaping from Iran. Political tensions between the Mohair
and other native groups (e.g. Sindhis, Punjabis, Pashtuns, and others), erupted and the city was wracked
with political and ethnic violence. The period from 1992 to 1994 is regarded as the bloodiest period in the
history of the city, when the Army commenced its Operation Clean-up against the Muttahida Qaumi
Movement. Most of these tensions have now simmered down. Today, Karachi continues to be an
important financial and industrial centre and handles most of the overseas trade of Pakistan and the world,
mainly the Asian countries. It accounts for a lion's share of the GDP of Pakistan,and a large proportion of
the country's white collar workers.

Al-Qaeda has a history of using safe houses in Karachi.Ramzi Binalshibh, an al-Qaeda operative
described as a "key facilitator for the September 11 attacks"was captured after a gunfight in the city in
2002. The militant group Lashkar-e-Taiba plotted and financed the 2008 Mumbai attacks from camps in
Pakistan, some of which were in Karachi.In November 2009, Pakistani authorities charged seven men
they had arrested earlier, of planning and executing the assault.Abdul Ghani Baradar, described as the
number two official of the Afghan Taliban, was captured in a "joint" CIA-Pakistani intelligence operation
in Karachi in February 2010. Mohammad Younis, a former Taliban shadow governor in Afghanistan. and
Agha Jan Mohtasim, another "Afghan Taliban leader",were both arrested in Karachi in early 2010. The
Washington Times reported in November 2009 that Mohammed Omar, the head of the Afghan Taliban,
had recently moved to Karachi.Taliban fighters are increasingly using the city to raise money and for
vacation.Recent Pakistani media reports even claim Osama bin Laden is hiding in Karachi.On 22 June
2010, the BBC reported an increase of Taliban members moving to the city.

Economy Of Karachi:
Karachi is the financial and commercial capital of Pakistan. In line with its status as a major port and the
country's largest metropolis, it accounts for a lion's share of Pakistan's revenue. According to the Federal
Board of Revenue's 2006-2007 year book, tax and customs units in Karachi were responsible for 46.75%
of direct taxes, 33.65% of federal excise tax, and 23.38% of domestic sales tax.Karachi accounts for
75.14% of customs duty and 79% of sales tax on imports.Therefore, Karachi collects a significant 53.38%
of the total collections of the Federal Board of Revenue, out of which 53.33% are customs duty and sales
tax on imports.(Note: Revenue collected from Karachi includes revenue from some other areas since the
Large Tax Unit (LTU) Karachi and Regional Tax Offices (RTOs) Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur & Quetta
cover the entire province of Sindh and Balochistan). Karachi's indigenous contribution to national
revenue is 25%.

Karachi's contribution to Pakistan's manufacturing sector amounts to approximately 30 percent.A

substantial part of Sindh’s gross domestic product (GDP) is attributed to Karachi (the GDP of Sindh as a
percentage of Pakistan’s total GDP has traditionally hovered around 28%-30%).Karachi’s GDP is around
20% of the total GDP of Pakistan.A PricewaterhouseCoopers study released in 2009, which surveyed the
2008 GDP of the top cities in the world, calculated Karachi’s GDP (PPP) to be $78 billion(projected to be
$193 billion in 2025 at a growth rate of 5.5%).It confirmed Karachi’s status as Pakistan’s largest
economy, well ahead of the next two biggest cities Lahore and Faisalabad, which had a reported GDP
(PPP) in 2008 of $40 billion and $14 billion, respectively.Karachi's high GDP is based on its mega-
industrial base, with a high dependency on the financial sector. Textiles, cement, steel, heavy machinery,
chemicals, food, banking and insurance are the major segments contributing to Karachi's GDP. In
February 2007, the World Bank identified Karachi as the most business-friendly city in Pakistan.

Karachi is the nerve center of Pakistan's economy. The economic stagnation caused by political anarchy,
ethnic strife and resultant military operation during late 1980s and 90s led to efflux of industry from
Karachi. Most of Pakistan's public and private banks are headquartered on Karachi's I. I. Chundrigar
Road; according to a 2001 report, nearly 60% of the cashflow of the Pakistani economy takes place on I.
I. Chundrigar Road. Most major foreign multinational corporations operating in Pakistan have their
headquarters in Karachi. The Karachi Stock Exchange is the largest stock exchange in Pakistan, and is
considered by many economists to be one of the prime reasons for Pakistan's 8% GDP growth across
2005.A recent report by Credit Suisse on Pakistan's stock market is a testimonial to its strong
fundamentals, estimating Pakistan’s relative return on equities at 26.7 percent, compared to Asia’s 11
percent.

Recently, Karachi has seen an expansion of information and communications technology and electronic
media and has become the software outsourcing hub of Pakistan. Call centres for foreign companies have
been targeted as a significant area of growth, with the government making efforts to reduce taxes by as
much as 10% in order to gain foreign investments in the IT sector.Many of Pakistan’s independent
television and radio stations are based in Karachi, including world-popular Business Plus, AAJ News,
Geo TV, KTN, Sindh TV, CNBC Pakistan, TV ONE, ARY Digital, Indus Television Network, Samaa
TV and Dawn News, as well as several local stations.

Karachi has several large industrial zones such as Karachi Export Processing Zone, SITE, Korangi,
Northern Bypass Industrial Zone, Bin Qasim and North Karachi, located on the fringes of the main city.
Its primary areas of industry are textiles, pharmaceuticals, steel, and automobiles. In addition, Karachi has
a vibrant cottage industry and there is a rapidly flourishing Free Zone with an annual growth rate of
nearly 6.5%. The Karachi Expo Centre hosts many regional and international exhibitions. There are many
development projects proposed, approved and under construction in Karachi. Among projects of note,
Emaar Properties is proposing to invest $43bn (£22.8bn) in Karachi to develop Bundal Island, which is a
12,000 acre (49 km²) island just off the coast of Karachi. The Karachi Port Trust is planning a Rs. 20
billion, 1,947 feet (593 m) high Port Tower Complex on the Clifton shoreline. It will comprise a hotel, a
shopping center, an exhibition center and a revolving restaurant with a viewing gallery offering a
panoramic view of the coastline and the city.

As one of the most rapidly growing cities in the world, Karachi faces challenges that are central to many
developing metropolises, including traffic congestion, pollution, poverty and street crime. These problems
continue to earn Karachi low rankings in livability comparisons: The Economist ranked Karachi fourth
least livable city amongst the 132 cities surveyed and BusinessWeek ranked it 175 out of 215 in livability
in 2007, down from 170 in 2006.

Government Of Karachi:
In 2000, the Government of Pakistan designed a new devolution;'financial resources and
responsibilites'. This plan abolished the earlier second-level division and merged the five
districts of Karachi into a Karachi DIstrict. When the devolution plan was implemented in
2001, this district officially became a City District, with the City District Government of
Karachi handling its government, Karachi now has a three-tier federated system, formed by:

 The City District Government Karachi (CDGK)

 Town Municipal Administrations
 Union Council Administrations

The City-District of Karachi is divided into eighteen towns governed by elected municipal
administrations responsible for infrastructure and spatial planning, development facilitation,
and municipal services (water, sanitation, solid waste, repairing roads, parks, street lights,
and traffic engineering), with some functions being retained by the CDGK. The towns are
sub-divided into 178 localities governed by elected union councils (UC's), which are the core
element of the local government system. Each UC is a body of thirteen directly elected
members including a Nazim (mayor) and a Naib Nazim (deputy mayor).In the local body
elections of 2005, Syed Mustafa Kamal was elected City Nazim of Karachi to succeed
Naimatullah Khan & Nasreen Jalil was elected as the City Naib Nazim. Mustafa Kamal was
the provincial minister for information technology in Sindh before assuming office as the
city's mayor. Mustafa Kamal is advancing the development and has been actively involved in
maintaining care of the city's municipal systems.

The city-district of Karachi is structured as a three-tier federation, with the two lower tiers composed of
18 towns and 178 union councils, with each tier focused on elected councils with some common members
to provide "vertical linkage" within the federation. Each union council comprises thirteen members
elected from specified electorates: four men and two women elected directly by the general population;
two men and two women elected by peasants and workers; one member for minority communities; two
members are elected jointly as the union mayor (nazim) and deputy union mayor (naib nazim). Each town
council comprises all of the deputy union mayors in the town as well as elected representatives for
women, peasants and workers, and minorities. The district council comprises all of the union mayors in
the district as well as elected representatives for women, peasants and workers, and minorities. Each
council also includes up to three council secretaries and a number of other civil servants. The main
purpose of all of the councils is to provide municipal services, with specific responsibilities allocated to
the district council, the town councils, and the union councils. There are also six military cantonments
which are administered by the Pakistan Army and do not form part of the City District Government.

The current system of government was brought into existence by the Local Government Ordinance of 14
August 2001, the latest in a series of administrative setups for Karachi. The first form of government was
a conservancy board established in 1846 to control the spread of cholera in the city. The board became a
municipal commission in 1852 and a municipal committee the following year. The City of Karachi
Municipal Act of 1933 transformed the city administration into a municipal corporation with a mayor, a
deputy mayor and 57 councilors. In 1948, the Federal Capital Territory of Pakistan was created;
comprising approximately 2,103 km2 (812 sq mi) of Karachi and surrounding areas, but this was merged
into the province of West Pakistan in 1961. However, the municipal corporation remained in existence
and in 1976 became a metropolitan corporation, followed by the creation of zonal municipal committees,
which lasted until 1994. Two years later the metropolitan area was divided into five districts, each with a
municipal corporation.

Naimatullah Khan was the first Nazim of Karachi and Shafiq-Ur-Rehman Paracha was the first district
coordination officer (DCO) of Karachi, Paracha even served as the last Commissioner of Karachi.
Naimatullah Khan focused on building new parks, providing entertainment outlets to the youth (to
celebrate events like Valentine's Day) and families (to celebrate events like Eid). In the elections of 2005,
Syed Mustafa Kamal was elected City Nazim of Karachi to succeed Naimatullah Khan, and Nasreen Jalil
was elected as the City Naib Nazim. Mustafa Kamal was previously the provincial minister for
information technology in Sindh. In 2010, Fazlur Rahman became caretaker administrator of the CDGK,
replacing the Mustafa Kamal.
List Of Mayors In Karachi:
Following is the list of city Mayors and Nazims of Karachi.

List of Mayors in Karachi

No. Name of Mayor/Nazim Office Duration
1 Mr. Jamshed Nusserwanji Mehta Nov 1933 to Aug 1934
2 Mr. Teakum Dass Vadhumull Aug 30, 1934 to May 03, 1935
3 Mr. Qazi Khuda Buksh May 03, 1935 to May 09, 1936
4 Mr. K.B. Aradsher H. Mama May 09, 1936 to May 04, 1937
5 Mr. Durgha Das B. Adwani May 04, 1937 to May 06, 1938
6 Mr. Hatim A. Alvi May 06, 1938 to May 05, 1939
7 Mr. R.K. Sidhwa May 05, 1939 to May 07, 1940
8 Mr. Lalji Malhootra May 07, 1940 to May 06, 1941
9 Mr. Muhammad Hashim Gazdar May 06, 1941 to May 08, 1942
10 Mr. Soharab K.H. Katrak May 08, 1942 to May 11, 1943
11 Mr. Shambo Nath Molraaj May 11, 1943 to May 10, 1944
12 Mr. Yousaf Abdullah Haroon May 10, 1944 to May 08, 1945
13 Mr. Manuel Misquita May 08, 1945 to May 01, 1946
14 Mr. Wishram Das Dewan Das May 09, 1946 to May 09, 1947
15 Mr. Hakeem Muhammad Ahsan May 09, 1947 to May 25, 1948
16 Mr. Allah Bakhsh Gabol April 1951 to Jan 10, 1953 [1]
17 Mr. Mahmood A. Haroon Jan 19, 1954 to May 26, 1955
18 Mr. Al-Haj Malik Bagh Ali May 26, 1955 to May 29, 1956
19 Mr. Siddique Wahab May 29, 1956 to Dec 14, 1956
20 Mr. S.M.Taufiq 1958
21 Mr. Allah Bakhsh Gabol May 1961 to Oct 1962
22 Mr. Abdul Sattar Afghani Nov 09, 1979 to Feb 12, 1987
23 Dr. Farooq Sattar Jan 09, 1988 to Jul 27, 1992

List of Nazims in Karachi

No. Name of Mayor/Nazim Office Duration
1 Mr. Naimatullah Khan Aug 14, 2001 to May 2005
2 Mr. Mustafa Kamal Oct 17, 2005 to Feb 2010
Development Of Karachi City:
2000 to 2005:
Naimat-ul-lah Khan was first Nazim of Karachi after devolution plan. He is lawyer
by profession. He is the chairman of the biggest NGO of Pakistan; Alkhidmat
Foundation. He is the only Mayor of Karachi who was selected in Top-20 Mayors of
World. He was among 3 strongest candidates for the top 10 world mayors in
2005.waleed fahim khan is a grandson f him.
Naimatullah Khan was elected City Nazim (Mayor) in 2001. . Nematullah Khan
achieved to get an amount of Rs.2900 Million for reconstruction of Karachi; city
council passed various projects such as 18 flyovers, six underpasses, two signal free
roads and a huge water supply scheme for the people of Karachi. It was first time in
the history of Karachi that all the stake holders in Karachi were incorporated for the
developmental works in Karachi. The Karachi development plan comprises signal
free main roads, many fly over’s underpasses and the replacement of water and
sewerage lines. He is a great man.
Niamthullah Khan, Mayor (Nazim) of Karachi. Mayor Kahn resigned from office in
June 2005 and was not re-elected in Pakistan's following local elections.

2005 to 2010:
In the last three years, Karachi the commercial hub of Pakistan, has witnessed a phenomenal
pace of development of its infrastructure, improvement in provision of services to the citizens,
and solutions to municipality related problems. This has led to a marked improvement in the
credibility of public utility sector. Public opinion on the performance of the city government has
improved significantly, and about 80% of the respondents were of the opinion that the city
government is performing excellently. All this change may be attributed to Mr. Syed Mustafa
Kamal, City Nazim Karachi and his team. His efforts were recently recognized by the weekly
Time Magazine, which published a story titled, “Karachi Dreams Big” in its August, 18 2008
issue. The story was about the challenges that Mustafa Kamal needs to surmount to achieve his
vision of matching Pakistan’s sprawling metropolis with Dubai in five years (Baker, A. 2008).
Under Sindh Local Government Ordinance-2001(SLGO -2001) the military government of
Pakistan brought a major change to devolve power at grassroots level and induce citizens into
participatory management. Under the new system, Nazims allover Pakistan replaced the
traditional mayor system of administering cities, and the powers which had earlier been
exercised by civil bureaucrats were delegated to elected local leaders. These structural changes
have had a far reaching impact in improving the quality of the life of general public. (Amjad, R.
2007).

The origin of Karachi goes back to the eighteenth century when Baluchi and Makrani tribes
established a fishing community which was called as “Kolachi”. Historians have different
depictions of this city portraying it in some accounts as a fishing community, and in some as a
seaport; the city was never in the limelight as compared to Thatta a commercial hub, or Debul
the gateway to Sindh; however over a period of time these cities faded away while Karachi grew
into a metropolis. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, a heavy influx of refugees from
India changed the demographic character of the city with the migrants from India becoming the
majority community and the original inhabitants of the city being reduced to a minority. Karachi
being the only seaport and the commercial center of the country remained the capital of
Pakistan until mid 1960’s. The Father of the Nation, Quaid-e- Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah
predicted, “I envision the future of Karachi as truly great because it has tremendous potential for
development and the prospects of its expansion and progress is limitless”. As predicted by the
father of the nation over the last six decades this city has transformed into a sprawling
metropolis. It is now ranked amongst the 10 mega-cities of the world. The continuous inflow of
streams of migrants to the city has completely changed its demographic profile. The
heterogeneous characteristic not only adds to the diversity of the city but it has also been a
source of ethnic strife.
Karachi Municipal Corporation was formed in 1933 to administer the city. The word municipality
is derived from a Greek word “munis” and “cipes” where the former means ‘service” and later
“participating citizens”. From 1976 to 1996, the city was divided into five administrative districts
that were under the administrative control of district magistrates/commissioners. The system
however was not that effective because the city being the hub of commercial activity in Pakistan
was growing at a faster pace than envisaged. The city remained infested with all kinds of
problems ranging from inefficient amenity service, choking traffic congestions, and deteriorating
law and order situation.
Under the new system put in place in 2001, the City Government is headed by the City Nazim.
The city is further divided into 18 towns each of which has its own Town Nazim. This forms the
second tier of the City Government. There is also a third tier which consists of 178 Union
Councils. This three-tiered federation of elected representatives is responsible for the
infrastructure development, spatial planning, and municipal services in their respective
jurisdictions. The city government is also responsible for performing its traditional Municipal
function of administering the water & sanitation, health, education, building control authority, fire
fighting, community services and transport services.

Mustafa Kamal was the minister of Information Technology (IT) in the sindh Provincial
Government before his nomination as the Nazim City. A senior politician remarked on identifying
him as a key resource person with these words, “People are developed the same way as
goldmines, several tons of dirt must be removed before an ounce of gold is found. But you do
not go into the mine looking for dirt. You go in looking for gold.” Soon after assuming the charge
as City Nazim, sparks of dynamism began to emerge. Leading from the front was his style and
appearing at every crisis situation was his norm. This style differed from his predecessor who
was an easygoing person lacking vitality and exuberance. His youthful exuberance energized
the dull and bureaucratic offices of the city government. In Jan 2006 he unveiled the “Tameer-e-
Karachi” program. The Government of Pakistan supported this program by providing a
development package worth Rs. 29 billion. At the commencement of the program, a few
skeptics thought that this program like previous ones would not go beyond the blueprint stage.
However, very soon even the skeptics had to admit that this person means business and is
ready to push for implementing the planned projects at a lightning speed. The salient features of
the “Tameer-e-Karachi Program were”: -

 Preparation of a master plan for the development of the city.

 Development of the communication infrastructure to reduce traffic congestion.
 Enhancement of the working efficiency of municipality and other amenities.
 Improvement of surface drainage system to reduce inundations due rains.
 Refurbishing the existing water distribution system.

The city of Karachi always had the potential of becoming a g loba l m ega city it co ntrib ute s 60 % to w ards
the nationalrevenues, 25% tow ards the G D P , add 42% valuelarge through
scale manufacturing units, and the
Karachi StockE xchange co n tribute s 8% tow a rds the e co no m y (B
w eek,
u sine2005).
ss Despite this huge share in
every sector thecity w as unable to achieve it full potential becauseobsolete
of its infrastructure and dearth
of developmentprojects. The underlying strategic vision conceived in the above w as to transform the city into
a hub of com m ercialand mercantile activity in this part of the world in shortest
the possible tim e, and at the
sam e tim e ensuringcoma fortable urban living environm ent of befitting stature.
There was a short and a long-
term orientation in thisprogram. Matters needing urgent attention affecting public life and opinion were
prioritized as short-termgoals. The short-term goals w ere aim ed at revam ping old and
the dilapidated water,
sanitation, and educationinfrastructure. At the same time a master plancom form unication
developm ent was conceived as a part the of
long term objectives which included mass transit program,
circular railway, and signal free corridors.

The vision of the city government is reflected in the Annual Development Program 2007-08
which included 296 projects worth approximately rupees two billion. A substantial amount was
earmarked for infrastructure development, education and health as shown in the graph below.
The significant achievement however was the fact that 61 projects were completed during the
period under review which reflects the focus of the city government on the implementation of
their plans.

The research questions that provided the thrust for this case study were: the initiatives
undertaken to change the corporate culture of the public sector organizations, which were
known for their inefficiency, snail pace of operations, and rampart corruption? What were the
strategic actions implemented by him to bring about this turnaround? How was he able to
motivate these disinclined services to respond earnestly to the call of the residents? How was
he able to use his charismatic power to push for the completion of gigantic projects at lightning
speed?

Karachi has a number of unique characteristics blessed with two major seaport of the country, a
bustling commercial center, skilled manpower, and a multiethnic population spread over an area
of 3,500 sq km. The population of the city is over 15.5 million and is growing at the rate of 5%
per annum. A number of vital installations like oil refineries steel mill, dockyard, and a great
many large scale manufacturing units are located within the environs of city. The presences of
these attributes imply that a positive climate exists for commercial growth in the city. At the
same time it is also very important that the residents should find the living conditions congenial
with access to civic amenities. It is only when such an enduring environment exists in the
metropolis; domestic and international investment will follow. Unfortunately, this did not happen
in the past because vested political interests in the past also deferred allocation of resources to
the development of city. This led to corrosion of the civic infrastructure supplemented by lack of
funds. A blue print for the expansion of the city also did not exist in the past. It was only when
the majority electorate of this city wielded real authority over apportioning of resources that the
development materialized.

One of the nightmares of any mega-city is heavy traffic flow. According to an estimate 1.5
million vehicles ply on road daily in Karachi with an increase of 400-500 cars being added every
day. Flyovers, underpasses, concentric ring-roads are some of the measures adopted by
developed countries. Under “Tameer-e- Karachi” a comprehensive blue print was prepared to
bring the traffic congestions under control. A web Storm water drains; flyovers and underpasses
throughout the city were constructed to facilitate the smooth flow of traffic. All these projects
worth Rs. 1 billion were completed in record time. It is important to determine the cost/benefit
analysis of such gigantic projects. Unlike profit making private sector organizations the non
profit public sector organizations do not have concrete measurement tools like bottom line
figures to evaluate their performance. It is therefore imperative that new criterions need to be
developed to measure the productivity of municipal services. There is also a need to develop
benchmark that can be used to challenge employees to maintain high performance standards.

PROJECTS AND COMPLETION

PROJECT
NAME COST C O M P LE T IO N T IM E
Fly overs
Askari IV 249 m 4 m o n th s
Johar 250 m 4 m o n th s
Gulshan 391 m 4 m o n th s
Sohrab goth 580 m
Nagan Ch 499 m 4 m o n th s

Under passes
Gharibabad 135 m 1 2 m o n th s
Liaqatabad 350 m 8 m o n th s

Nazimabad 367 m 8 m o n th s
Signal Free
 C orridors
Karsaz 170 m 6 m o n th s
National Stadium 44 8 m 8 m o n th s
Hasan Square 497 m 6 m o n th s

The above Table shows a list of some of the projects that The above Table shows a list of some
of the projects that the completion time. The time period in which some of the projects were
completed is commendable. Perhaps it was the personal involvement of the City Nazim which
was at the heart of the expeditious completion of all the city government projects. Although a
number of new projects were being implemented concurrently the Nazim made it a part of this
routine to visit the project sites on a regular basis. He was regularly seen at project sites
inspecting, coaxing, and motivating the laborers. The key to this efficiency was the team spirit
and the sense of responsibility displayed by the engineers, suppliers, and laborers. The Nazim
also introduced monetary and non-monetary benefits for high performers. Talking to the author
he remarked, “I addressed a number of initiatives concurrently, next I channeled the
departments discontent constructively and encouraged inquiry and reflection on part of
everyone to achieve team-work.” He also mentioned that he displayed patience allowing
subordinates time to change their attitudes. The achievements of CDGK were recognized when
in 2007 International Organization of Standardization, Geneva conferred it with ISO Certification
9001 standard for Quality Management System. These initiatives of the city government have
not only resulted in reducing the environmental pollution it has also eased the traffic congestion.
One can now cruise at a higher speed and reduce travel time.

The second priority projects like parking plazas and better and fuel-efficient commuting facilities
are presently under way. Bus terminals operating within the heart of city have been shifted to
the outskirts of city.
Health services for general residents that have always remained under pressure due to the
continual influx of migrants from other part of country have been upgraded and improved City
hospitals have been upgraded with sophisticated apparatus. A trauma center has been added to
Abbasi Shaheed hospital, blood banks and ambulance services have been expanded. Funds
worth Rs. 120 million were allocated to the health sector in 2007.

Another need that had remained unfulfilled the availability of adequate recreational facilities for
the general public. Most of the facilities present in the city are located in the affluent areas of the
city. CDGK initiated a number of schemes of develop recreational parks in the various districts of the
city. Ibn-e-Qasim park overlooking the
Arabian Sea with its soothing ambience and the cool
ocean
breeze which provides relief to the visitors from
the scorching weather in the summers. Another facility
w orth m entioning is the G oaish adventure park forThese
youth.initiatives have added some color to the life-
style of an average family.

The general election of 2008 in P akistan has changed

scenario.
the The support, which was previously assured C DGK,
to does
not exists any m ore the budget of the government
local has been reduced substantially, and petty games of power po
have erupted. In view of these changed circumstances it is difficult to commentfuture
on theperformance of the local
government. Therem arkable perform ance record of M ustafa Kam althe during
last three years has raised the expectation
of the public. Under the changed circumstances following 2008
the elections the Nazim has a difficult period ahead
him . of
The rem aining period of his tenure certainly dem
adroitness,
and patience, and perseverance.

Problems and Solutions Of Karachi city

Traffic:
introduction:

Karachi – The city of Lights is currently facing many problems like Water and Sewerage, Load- Shedding, High Crime
Rate and many other etc.

I will throw some light on Traffic Problems in the Karachi city that increases day by day. First of all Karachi is a
big city of Pakistan having huge number of places to visit. The problem faced by the travelers is that they get stuck in
the traffic and they have to wait for that traffic to be release as soon as possible.

Now when government feels that this is the time to improve the infrastructure of roads they are trying to build more
bridges and they are free to do so and they are not thinking about people that may get stuck in the traffic due to the
construction of roads.

Reasons for Traffic Jams

There are numerous reason for traffic congestion in the city, some of these are listed here:

1. Road Construction: The road construction works are in progress on M.A. Jinnah Extension Road,
Rashid Minhas Road, Shahrae Jehangir, 5000 Road in North Karachi, 8000 Road in Korangi
Manghopir Road etc. The flyover works are ongoing at Time Medico intersection, Hasan Square
intersection and Sohrab Goth, Underpasses works are also underway at Gharibabad, Liaquatabad
No. 10 and Nazimabad No. 2. Most of the projects are on going without any traffic diversion plan.

2. Encroachments: Squatters have also set up encroachments on the roads. The car showroom
owners park their vehicles at footpath and on a large portion of M. A. Jinnah Extension Road, Khalid
Bin Walid Road, Tariq Road, University Road etc. Inter-city buses have illegal depots and stop points
along University Road (old sabzi mandi) causing hinderance in traffic flow.

3. Manual Traffic Control: According to a report in PakTribune.com, traffic signals are switched off in
many areas by police officials who try to control the traffic manually. They get confused in the process and
due to their errors, the traffic from different directions is grid locked which leads to traffic muddle on the
roads. Usually, the traffic police close the traffic signals in evening when traffic volume from all directions is
much higher. They open one-side of road for long period while the other traffic is closed for minutes.

Usually signals of Shaheen Complex, Civic Centre. Tibet Centre, Nishat Cinema, Numaish, Empress Market,
Sharea Faisal, Shaheen Complex, Teen Hatti, Sharea Pakistan etc are switched off.

Ironically, the signals are operating under Urban Traffic Control(UTC) in which timings are fixed in according
to the traffic flow of these roads. The city government has installed 130 UTC signals on major roads, which
have computerized system. Timings are stored in the system in according to the traffic volume, which can
also be varied.

According to city government officials, the traffic police was responsible to operate these signals but instead
of it they were more intended to operate traffic manually. The city government has asked traffic police
department many times to abandon traffic control manually as it causes traffic jams but the officials
concerned never response positive.

4.Lack of Civic Sense: Another major reason for traffic jams and mishaps in Karachi is lack of civic sense
in drivers. Most drivers are either unaware of traffic rules or they simply do not bother. Jumping lanes,
overtaking, speeding, cursing and swearing, all causing frustration, depression and hyper-tension around
them.

Solutions: Solving traffic related issues is certainly no easy task and requires lot of research and
planning. Considering the availability of resources and funds, it is best to utilize what is readily available
rather than opting for brand-new solution which cause more strain on tax payers’ pockets. For example, the
circular railway system, if properly launched, can reduce pressure from the vehicular traffic. While there was
some progress on Karachi Mass Transit Program, it fall prey of various political agendas and went down the
drain.

According to a BBC report, a congestion-beating project has been launched that could lead to some of the
UK’s disused railway lines being paved with rubber.

Holdfast Rubber Highway (HRH) in UK is developing rubber roads and may provide a use for some of the
estimated 50m tyres disposed of in the UK each year.

Parent company, Holdfast Level Crossings, already makes the rubber decking found at pedestrian and rail
crossings. The company has extended this idea to create cheap interlocking panels that can be laid between
the gaps on disused railway lines.

Each mile of track would use 354,000 scrap tyres. Individual panels are made “cold” so there are few
emissions in the production process.

A 980ft (300m) demonstration track, funded by the not-for-profit Waste and Resources Action Programme
(Wrap), has been built on a branch line leading into a car depot in Corby, Northamptonshire.

Over eight weeks, more than 8,000 cars will drive over the surface to make sure it can stand up to wear and
tear.

However, Mr Coates Smith, the managing director of Holdfast, said he was more interested in seeing how
quickly the road could be laid.

“It took four men five days to put down 300m of road,” he said. “The panels we’d be using [in the future]
are three times as long, so you can imagine 900m in five days.”

Also in the UK, researchers are working on a tiny, three-wheeled car that could help solve traffic congestion.
The prototype Clever (Compact Low Emission Vehicle for Urban Transport) car is one metre wide and less
polluting than normal vehicles. It has a top speed of 100 km/h (60mph) and uses a novel tilting chassis to
make it safe and manoeuvrable.

The traffic-busting two-seater is the result of a 40-month project by researchers in nine European countries.

The three-year, £1.5m EU-funded research project aimed to produce a totally different class of private
motor vehicle specifically designed for the urban environment.

The idea is to try to marry the small size and efficiency of a motorcycle with the comfort and safety of a
standard car.

Solutions:

Following solutions are possible if our government pays attention to such problems.

• Fresh graduates should be given preference for the job of traffic police
• Update the hardware of traffic lights
• People should be aware of the traffic laws
• New pathways should be made to avoid traffic

Sewerage and Water Problems in Karachi

I have been living in Karachi for 19 years. It was called city of lights and city of opportunities. Since then I have been
observing one problem that is not yet been solved. It’s not traffic, it’s not pollution, its sewage problem.

Problems:

It seems very gross, when I see sewerage water on main roads and pedestrian paths. People are feeling disgusted
and they used to blame the government. And yes they should blame government, but it’s not all governments fault.
It’s the sweepers who use blocks the sewerage line on purpose to earn money.

Sewerage water get mixed with water supply lines this causes lots of diseases. I was suffering from Typhoid last year
due to dirty water supply in an area. Daily many cases of diahorea are registered and about 20-28 percent of deaths
in Karachi happen because of water diseases.

Sewerage and draining system is getting better in some areas. However, when we talk about Lyari and Bath Island it
is worst. There is no system of draining of water. It is either non-existent or in dilapidated condition.

The sweepers use to block the gutters and then ask for money from the whole street. If anyone refuse to pay them.
They use to spit gutka on the door of that house. Later, they choke the line of that house. And then one must pay
them what they ask. I know this because once I didn’t paid the sweeper because I saw him choking the line. I told
everyone about his act; I talked in the area council.

During rainy season condition of these areas are become worse. Rain water and sewerage water get mixed and
there is too much water that a car can’t cross some roads. Life in those areas becomes obsolete. Every government
before coming to the rule promises Lyari people and areas related to it, that they’ll solve problems of that area and
make it like heaven for everyone. But, those promises are remain a promise and no one act on them.

Due to water on roads malaria and other diseases increases causing lots of destruction to children studies and
working people. Resulting in effecting the economy.

What can people do to their area? Some volunteers from those areas use to clean the gutters of each street, so
people of that area can live without bearing that gross smell and can work properly.

When people call the water and sewerage department they engage their phone. I have seen that in the water and
sewerage board office that the phone is on hold for no reason.

Every day I hear reports from different TV channels about water and sewerage problems and government officials’
reply to that with good comments but no one solve those problems.

2 year back in rainy season an example of government’s laziness was on the front page of newspapers. It was the
newly constructed underpass for traffic flow. It was completely filled with water. It seemed like a water pond or a
underwater path to some secret place.

A tender was given to a company to fix that problem; people were surprised to hear a good decision by government.
However, after last year’s rainy season people saw what government has done. They just wasted money on that
repairing project. Similar to last year rain, the underpasses filled with water.

Due to increase in the population this issue is growing at a rapid speed. And if government’s attitude remains like this,
then after rain this whole city daily life will be paused. This is a serious issue that causes lots of lives of people every
year. And when the condition get worse, then government take rapid actions, costing it lots of money.

What can be done for solution?

• First of all drainage system must be repaired and redeveloped on urgent basis to drain water in rainy
season. This will require redeveloping of all the sewerage lines.

• Water supply lines route should be kept different from sewerage lines. So, mixing of clean and dirty water
can’t be possible.

• All the lines should be monitored by a monitory system. So, if any line has some problem then a team can
be sent to tackle the problem.
 • All sweepers should be given an identity. So, if there is any problem to any area member then that member
can tell the respective department.

• A department should be made for complaints. “This department should work in an order”. And there should
be a department that can check that complaint department.

• Act on above given suggestions should be done on emergency bases. Otherwise, this can cause lots of
destruction to this city and this country. And then, a good amount of money is required to rebuild this city
again and making it a place of opportunities.

Increasing Crimes In Karachi:

Introduction:

Karachi is known as City of lights as it is the biggest city of Pakistan. Almost 70% of the revenue of Pakistan is
generated by Karachi.

As the City is growing in population the crime in the city is also increasing such as mobile snatching, target killing and
even bomb blasts.

The crime in the city has made the life difficult for civilians, different reports specify that there are more than 1500-
2000 mobile snatching, 5-10 bomb blasts and 2-3 target killing incidents are held in the city per year, but my article
mainly focuses on the mobile snatching.

Why Crimes in city?

According to me, there will be hardly a person who will involve in the crime activities without severe pressure. The
person likely to be involved in such activities because of unemployment, lack of education and may be some personal
issues. In Karachi, most of the crime is done by the youth, they use to come on bike and snatch your mobile on
gunpoint. If you don’t have the mobile with yourself then they don’t even bother to kill you. I have also been targeted
by mobile snatcher several times but my fate saved me.

The other major cause is that there are no proper security arrangements in the city; the police itself are not honest
with the peoples of city. The other known cause is that, the snatched mobile phones are easily sold in the mobile
market. There are different shops that only deal with the snatched mobile phones in mobile markets and also in
unlocking the snatched mobile phones.

The unemployment also causes the person to make money using shortcuts. The population of the Karachi is
increasing by large amount as well as the ratio of unemployment. The persons need some resource to live his life,
and if he doesn’t get them in right way, they can go for something wrong.
The literacy rate of Pakistan is also very must on the lower side, thus most of the people don’t get proper education.
This causes them to involve in other activities and they can also involve in bad company of friends.

Steps to be taken by government?

Proper security arrangements must be provided in the city. The police may dress up as Civilians and then try to catch
the snatcher. After getting the snatcher they must give him proper punishments thus the others may also learn the
lesson.

The shops that purchase the snatched cell phones must be closed. The proper arrangements should be done to stop
the sell/purchase of these phones in the market if anyone found doing this he must me treated with severe
punishment.

Steps to be taken by us?

We must avoid using very expensive phones, and using the cheap phones when moving outside our homes. We
must avoid hanging outside in the night without any reason. We must not resist giving a mobile to the snatcher
because this can also cause us to lose our life just for a cell phone.

Recommendations:

The snatching can be decrease if we put some efforts, like we should not use mobile phone on street and if you find
some unknown person talks with you without any purpose then try to find a place where there are group of peoples.
Avoid talking to strangers on road.

Load shedding Problem

Karachi: The City of Pakistan the Dark Side

Karachi is one of the big cities of Pakistan; the city is counted in the Metropolitan cities of Pakistan. From few years it
has been the victim of LOAD Shedding. As Karachi is known as the city of lights but I myself don’t think it has that
feature any more. We call ourselves as the Nuclear power but It would be shame on us that in that era technology we
people don’t have even the Electricity.

The Promises:

The people of Karachi are given dates on dates by different politicians. Our politicians come before seventeen crores
public of Pakistan and there these people with loud voices make new promises. We people wait for that promise but
at last promises don’t be any more and few days later another politician comes and a new promise is made. We
people of Karachi just can do a=one thing just listen to their promises and that is what we are doing for few years.
Now recently the President of Pakistan said that we people would not have load shedding any more from the last
December , that December and almost half year have gone, the people of Karachi are facing the same problem but it
have become worst.

The Problems:

As Electricity has become major source of energy, life is almost impossible without it in the city like Karachi, as
Karachi is the major source of Pakistan’s stock exchange, without electricity we not only can progress but also it
would be reason of our downfall.

The Karachi markets are now used to of the generators, batteries and UPS .As you go there when there is no
electricity in the markets you will find that how difficult is to even breathe. And our fathers and brother sit there in the
harming environment. If it just to thought how much it is harmful for their health.

Students feel difficult to do their work without the electricity. The school students are being affected as their
performance is very much affected by the load shedding.

We are having new daises in the city. Malaria is one of those, as children are affected most.

Few days ago a friend of mine was heading towards Larkana by air. He called me and said that we have no
electricity in the airplane and it has been charged by the numbers of vehicles , so it would not be on it’s schedule.
That is so far we have gone

What is the solution?

Few our neighboring countries are ready to serve us the Electricity. Iran is one of those countries. Iran is ready to
give Electricity to Pakistan at the most cheaper rate, these people have also made the transmission line up to the
Gawader port. But our selected politicians are not ready to accept that.

AS China is also ready to give Electricity, these people are serving us at the cheaper rate but we people don’t want
their Electricity and wants ourselves to be lives with the Dark Age. The question is that what is the reason behind all
these things? Why our politicians don’t want these proposals? The answer of all those things in mind is that these
politicians don’t get their share as they want.

We the people of Karachi are being heard of the Dams!!. From few past years it has been a big issue, new ideas are
being brought by new President of Pakistan. One day we hear from them we are making that dam another day we
are making that dam and load shedding would be no more. But at the end of that President of Pakistan as he
completes his time we people of Karachi are facing the dame problem and no dam are being built.

The thing is that how long we people of Karachi would face that problem? What it takes to get rid of that thing?