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10-13 10-10 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-3 10-1 10 103
Visible
γ - Rays X-Rays Ultraviolet Light Infrared Micro waves T.V radio
C = 310 8 m/s
1
λm
6000 o K
λm 5000 o K
4000 o K
λm
λ m •
6000 oK
5000 Ao0.5 micron500 nm.
40 %
50 %
3000 oK
10000 Ao1 microm1000 nm.
20 %
2
10 micron
λµm
0.499 4.0 9.66
3
Perfect Absorber
Perfect Emitter
Cavity
Quantum
Photon
E = h υ
Quantized
h = 6.62510-34 J.SE = n h υ
υE = h υ
υ
4
Photoelectric Effect
Surface Potential Barrier
{
{
Y X
_
_ +
Electron Gun
Cathode
Filament
Grid
Anode
5
Fluorescent Screen
Electrons Ray Moving System
YX
Photoelectrones
Photoelectric Cell
{}
υ
υ
6
υC
υC
υC
υC
Photons
E = h υE
h
Work
υCEW = h υCEWFunction
h υ
h υC
EW = h υC
h υCh υ
h υ –h υC
υC
K E
υC
7
EWh υC
EW
υC
Compton Effect
γX
–
–
q
y
E`= h υ`
PL` = E` / C
x
E=hυ
PL = E / C PLe ( m V )
8
q
h υ
C
h υ
2
2
C
E = m C
. E hυ
..m= 2 = 2
C C h υ
C
h υ h υ
C
C C2
φL Photons/S
2 m C
F = 2 m C . φL = 2 ( h υ ) φL
C
9
PW( h υ ) φL
. 2 PW
.. F=( )
C
q
J.S
E
h
υ
υλ
.
. .
.
. .
10
λ
λ
C...
PL...
.
. . PL = m C …… ( 1 )
hυ
... m = 2 …… ( 2 )
C
12
. hυ hυ
. . PL = 2 C =
C C
. hυ
. . PL =
C
. C
... C = λ υ è ..λ=
υ
h
. hC h h
..λ= = =
h υ h υ PL
C . h
. . λ =
PL
Ã
X-Rays
11
h
=
PL
q
Spin
12
Electronic Microscope
Cathode
Anode
13
Objective Coil
Projection Coil
Fluorescent Screen–
λ = Ph
L
Ve
eV
.
..½mv =eV
2
eVSV
e VS = K Emax = ½ m v2
14
Quantam Mechanics
Energy levels
h υ
Relaxation
15
h υ
Excited AtomExcitation
Ionization Energy
h υ
h υ
Tightly Bound Particles
16
Thompson's Model
1898
e
+ _ + me
_ _
+
+ _
Rutherford's Model
1911
10 - 4 cm2 He 4
17
q
Ã
q
q
–
18
Bohr's Model
1913
E1 E2
E2 - E1h υE2 > E1
NMLK
QPO
n=1K
n=2 or 3 or 4 ...
10-8
C h υυ
λ
series
19
n=8
n=6
n=5
O
n=4
N
n=3
M
n=2
L
n=1
K
Leyman
n = 1K
Balmer
n = 2L
Paschen
n = 3M
20
Bracket
n = 4N
Pfund
n = 5O
Spectrometer
21
Absorption Spectrum Emission Spectrum
22
X-Ray
X-RaysRontgen
-13 -8
10 m10 m
Coolidge
12
+
_
X
23
24
λm 0.04 0.08 0.12 ( nm)
C
∆E=h
λ
Ch∆ E
25
Laser
Laser
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
E2
h υ = E2-E1 h υ = E2-E1
E1
E2
E1 E2
10-8 Sec.
26
Lifetime Lifetime
E2 E2 E2 E2 E2
hυ hυ hυ hυ
E1 E1 hυ E1 E1 E1
Lifetime
27
φL
φL
φL
Max
844 840 836 823
28
Laser Action
RubyCrystalline Solids
Semiconductors
Li qu i d D ye
Ga s e s
29
Radio Frequency Waves ( RF )
Electric Discharge
×
Pumpimg Optical
Flash Lamps
External Resonant Cavity
Amplification
Internal Resonant Cavity
30
He - Ne
10 : 1
1:10
0.6 mm Hg
VDC
98%99.5%
-3
10 S
lifetime
31
π
2
λ
32
Printer
CD
CDs
33
×
34
Si Si Si
Si Si Si
4
8
Si Si Si
- 273 oC
×
×
35
Si Si Si
ND
n
p
×
Si Si Si p- type
Si B Si
BAl
Ga
Si Si Si
4
36
Acceptor
p = n + NA
NA
n
p
×
p-type n-type
p = NA n = ND
n = ni 2 / NA p = ni 2 / ND
37
Electronic Components Devices
LCR
Sensors
p-n Junction
n-typep-type
p-typen-type
np
pn
n
n
pp
pn
pn
38
----
N P
+++
---- +++
np
- --- +++
+++
{
pn
N
P
N P
---- ++++
---- ++++
----
----
++++
++++
{
ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﺻ ﯿﻞ
: ﻋﻤﻠﮭﺎ
N P
++++
--
--
--
++++
++++
++++
--
--
{
V ( V. )
39
N
P t
~
V
t
40
Transistor
n-p-np-n-p
n P n p n p
IE IC IE IC
_ + _
+
IB
IB
+ +
E B C
n p n
n-p-n
E
B
n-p
CB
p-n
pn
C
41
ICIE
IB
IC = αe IE , IB = ( 1 - αe ) IE
αe
αe
IEIC0.998
IC αe IE αe
βe = I = ( 1 - α ) I = 1 - α
E e E e
βe
( 1 - αe )αe
αe
1 - αe
βe
–n-p-n
RB–RCVCC
VCC = VCE + IC RC
VCC
VCE
IC
RC
VCEIC
0.2 V
OutputInput
q
42
ON
RC
C V =V VCC
_ o CE
RB
+ B IC
Vin _ VCE
E
on
Off
RC
Vo = VCC
C VCC
_
RB + VCE
B
Vin
_
E off
Vout
off
Vin on
43
Digital Eectronics
1 0Code
Binary System
Analogto Digital Converter
Digital to Analog Converter
Binary System
2120
22
57
57 2 = 28 1
28 2 = 14 0
14 2 = 7 0
72=3 1
32=1 1
12=0 1
111001257
1110012
5 4 3 2 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 1 = 120 + 021 + 022 + 123 + 124 + 125
= 1 + 0 + 0 + 8 + 16 + 32 = 57
44
CD
Logic Gates
45
OR AND NOT
B A
A or B A and BBA
46
Switch
Amplifier
NOTGate
ANDGate
1
ORGate
11
RAM
10
Hard DiskData
CD
10
01
CD DriveWrite
10
Read
CDDVD
Pixel by Pixel
CCD
Camcorder
Fax
Blue Tooth
47
Electric Circuits
Passive
Active
Integrated CircuitsIC‘s
q
p-n
p-typen-type
Selective Diffusion
Planar Diffusions
Photolithography
n-p-n
p-typen-type
n-p-nnp
Wafer
Chips
Printed Circuit Board ( PCB )
48
Mother board
RAMprocessor
ALU
100
1000
10000
100000
10
49