As you now have at your disposal, a thorough, detailed

referencing guide, there are NO EXCUSES FOR GETTING IT

WRONG! If you are unsure, or come across any material that
needs to be referenced and is not in this guide, ASK YOUR
SUBJECT TEACHER. While you should at all times try and use
this specific guide there are an enormous number of alternate
guides available online to consult if (and only if) necessary.

Footnotes
Footnotes are used to give sources of direct quotations and sources of
information or unusual facts, and sometimes to expand on matters referred to
in the main text.

They are indicated by sequential numbers which appear at the end of the appropriate
sentence or passage in the text. The numbers appear at the bottom of the page or at the
end of the text, preferably for reader convenience at the bottom of the page.

The number is used only once; additional references to the same source are indicated by
several conventional terms:

• Ibid meaning the same

• Op cit meaning opus citato or work cited (referred to)
• Ibid is used when the very next footnote uses the same source as
the preceding footnote.
• Op cit is used to refer to a source quoted in an earlier footnote.

Footnotes should be used with discretion but a reasonable number must appear
in your essay to indicate the range of sources you have used and to
acknowledge both direct quotes and general indebtedness of your information.

Book

The first, full reference for a book should contain the following information:

• Author: full name of author(s) or editor(s); first name always precedes

surname!
• Title - IN ITALICS : full title of book, including subtitle if there is one
• edition, if not the first edition
• volume number of a multivolume work
• publication data: city, publisher and date of publication
• page number or numbers, if applicable

1
1
John Hope Franklin, George Washington Williams: A Biography, Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1985, 54.

Pages are referred to by number alone; the abbreviations p. and pp. should not be used.

Bibliography

***In your bibliographical entry the last name always comes first***

At the end of your essay and on a separate page provide a full list of your
•
resources, including those in your footnotes and those used for general
reading. DO NOT INCLUDE PAGE NUMBERS IN YOUR BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Sources appear in ALPHABETICAL ORDER according to the authors' last
names.
• The details appear in this order and on the same line, as far as possible:
Author, Title (IN ITALICS), City of publication, Publisher, Date of
publication.

FOR EXAMPLE:
• Bean, C.E.W, Gallipoli Mission, Melbourne, Angus and Robertson, 1957.
• Crawford,R.M, Australia Third edition. London, Hutchinson. 1970.
• Gammage, Bill, The Broken Years: Australian Soldiers in the Great War,
Ringwood, Penguin, 1975.
• Richards, Frank, Old Soldiers Never Die, London, Blackwells, 1964.

Sometimes the name of the publisher is omitted but it is a useful item to include.
Internet references should also appear in the non-print section of the bibliography.

FOLLOW ALL THE ABOVE POINTS PRECISELY, INCLUDING FORMAT AND

PUNCTUATION.

Book with Two Authors

When a book has two authors, their names are listed in the order in which they appear on
the title page.

16
Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann, The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Article - From a Journal OR Magazine

Journal Article

2
The first full reference to an article in a journal or periodical should include the
following, in the order shown:

• author’s name
• title of article (IN QUOTATION MARKS)
• title of Journal or Magazine (IN ITALICS)
• volume or issue number (or both)
• year of publication
• Page number(s).

EXAMPLES:

Shelley Baranowski, “East Elbian Landed Elites and Germany’s Turn to Fascism:
The Sonderweg Controversy Revisited.” European History Quarterly 26 (1996):
209-240.

Newspapers

For most references to newspapers one only needs to cite…

• the name of the paper (IN ITALICS)

• the date
• the page number(s).

However, the citation should include the author's name and the title of the article (IN
QUOTATION MARKS) if these are given.

EXAMPLES:

12
Canberra Times, 30 July 1999.

6
"John Howard Dead in Freak Accident," The Age, 12 September 1999.

7
Peter Costello, "I was Wrong about the GST," Financial Review, 1 April 2000.

Internet sites

If you use material from the Internet you must provide a full, first reference which
contains the following information:

• author's name (first name comes first)

• title of work or title or the list/site as appropriate (IN QUOTATION MARKS)
• access path (universal resource locator, URL)
• date created, if available

3
 • archived at, if available
• AND IMPORTANTLY THE DATE… on which you accessed information

Graeme Davison, "On History and Hypertext," Electronic Journal of Australian and New
Zealand History; available from http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/new.htm; accessed 19
August 1997.

German Foreign Office Memorandum, Hewel Berchtesgaden to State Secretary von

Weizsacker, 29 June 1939, available from
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/062939.htm; archived at the Avalon Project,
Yale University Law School 1997; accessed 4 April 1998.

Subsequent references

Use ibid where appropriate, that is where the citation is to the same work as in the
preceding footnote. In all other cases use the author's surname plus a shortened version
of the title.

EXAMPLES:

1
Joachim C. Fest, Hitler (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1975), 435.

2
Ibid., 412.

After the first, full reference in a footnote, subsequent references to a source are
shortened. Use only the author's last name and a shortened version of the title of the
book or article. Do not use op.cit.

1
Geoffrey G. Field, Evangelist of Race. The Germanic Vision of Houston Stewart
Chamberlain, New York: Columbia University Press, 1981, 234-36.

2
Conan Fischer, ed. The Rise of National Socialism and the Working Classes in Weimar
Germany, Providence, R.I.: Berghahn Books, 1996.

3
Field, Evangelist of Race, 123.