MINI PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 GPTC MEPPADI

ABSTRACT

Project work has an important position in the syllabuses of

Diploma courses in engineering science. Project work is meant to
make or fabricate product, which are useful for the public .The project work
gives the student a chance to apply this theoretical knowledge into practical
situations.
Various equipments fabricated under project work will not only
enhance the skill of students but also aid for the development of our
community. Project work selected by the student may involve
improvement of existing machines, invention of new devices, reduction of
manufacturing cost, etc...

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS
MINI PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 GPTC MEPPADI

CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

 THEORY

 WORKING

 PARTS OF THE AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

 BLOCK DIAGRAM

 ADVANTAGES

 APPLICATIONS

 COMPONENT LIST

 COMPONENT COST

 CONCLUSION

 REFERENCE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS
MINI PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 GPTC MEPPADI

INTRODUCTION

Automatic Street light needs no manual operation for switching ON

and OFF. It detects itself whether there is a need for light or not. When
the light intensity decreases below certain level, the street light
will be switched ON and when there is other source of light i.e. day
time, the street light gets OFF.
The sensitivity of the street light can also be adjusted. In our
project we have used LEDs instead of bulb. A Relay (electromagnetic
switch) connected at the output of pin 3 of IC 555 will enable the circuit to
control a high power supply to any other electrical equipments.

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MINI PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 GPTC MEPPADI

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

THEORY

This circuit uses a popular timer IC 555. IC 555 is connected as a

comparator with pin-6 connected with positively rail; the output goes
high (1) when the trigger pin-2 is at lower than 1/3 rd level of the supply
voltage. Conversely the output goes low (0) when it is above 1/3 rd level.
So small change in the voltage of pin-2 is enough to change the level of
output (pin-3) from 1 to 0 and 0 to 1. The output has only two states, high

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MINI PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 GPTC MEPPADI

and low and cannot remain in any intermediate stage. It is powered by a 9v

battery for portable use.
The circuit is economic in power consumption. Pin-4, 6 and 8 is
connected to the positive supply and pin-1 is grounded. To detect the
present of an object we have used LDR and a source of light. LDR is a
special type of resistance whose value depends on the brightness of the
light which is falling on it. It has resistance of about 1 mega ohm when in
total darkness, but a resistance of only about 5k ohms when brightness
illuminated. It responds to a large part of light spectrum.
We have made a potential divider circuit with LDR and 100k
variable resistance connected in series. We know that voltage is directly
proportional to conductance. So more voltage we will get from this
divider when LDR is getting light and low voltage in darkness. This
divided voltage is given to pin-2 of IC 555. Variable resistance is so
adjusted that it crosses potential of 1/3rd in brightness and fall below 1/3rd in
darkness.
Sensitiveness can be adjusted by this variable resistance. As soon
as LDR gets dark the voltage of pin-2 drops 1/3 rd of the supply voltage
and pin-3 gets high and LED or buzzer which is connected to the output
gets activated.

WORKING

When light falls on the LDR, it's resistance decreases which

results in increase of the voltage at pin-2 of the IC 555. IC 555 has got inbuilt
comparator, which compares between the input voltage from pin-2 and
1/3 rd of the power supply voltage. When input falls below 1/3rd then
output is set high otherwise it is set low. Since in brightness, input voltage

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS
MINI PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 GPTC MEPPADI

rises so we obtain no positive voltage at output of pin-3 to drive relay or

LED, besides in poor light condition we get output to energize.

Precautions:

 LDR used should be sensitive. (Before using in the circuit it

should be tested with multimeter.)
 IC should not be heated too much while soldering. It may destroy
the IC. For safety and ease to replace, use of IC base is suggested.
While placing the IC pin no 1 should be made sure at right hole.
 Opposite polarity of battery can destroy IC so check the polarity
before switching ON the circuit. One should use diode in series
with switch for safety since diode allows flowing current in one
direction only.
 Check the biasing of LED since it glows only when forward biased.
 LDR should be so adjusted that it should not get light from
streetlight itself.

MONOSTABLE OPERATION OF 5551C

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MINI PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 GPTC MEPPADI

Monostable multivibrator often called a one shot multivibrator. It is

a pulse generating circuit in which the duration of the pulse is determined by
the RC network, connected externally to the 555 timer. In a stable or standby

state, the output of the circuit is approximately zero or a logic-low level. When
external trigger pulse is applied output is forced to go high (–Vcc). The time for
which output remains high is determined by the external RC network connected
to the timer. At the end of the timing interval, the output automatically reverts
back to its logic-low stable state.

The output stays low until trigger pulse is again applied. Then the cycle
repeats. The monostable circuit has only one stable state (output low) hence the name
monostable.
Initially when the circuit, is in the stable state i.e. when the output is low,
transistor Q1 is ON and the capacitor C is shorted out to ground. Upon the application

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MINI PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 GPTC MEPPADI

of a negative trigger pulse to pin 2, transistor Q1 is turned OFF, which releases the
short circuit across the external capacitor C and drives the output high. The capacitor C
now starts charging up towards Vcc through R. When the voltage across, the capacitor
becomes 2/3 Vcc, comparator 1's output switches from low to high, which in turn
drives the output to its low state via the output of the flip-flop. At the same time the
output of the flip-flop turns transistor Q1 ON and hence the capacitor C rapidly
discharges through the transistor. The output of the monostable remains low until a
trigger pulse is again applied. Then the cycle repeats. The pulse width of the trigger
input must be smaller than the expected pulse width of the output waveform. Also the
trigger pulse must be a negative going input signal with amplitude larger than 1/3
Vcc.

PARTS OF AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

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MINI PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 GPTC MEPPADI

 Battery
For 9v power supply we can use 6 pcs dry cell or 6F22 9V single piece
battery.

 Switch
Any general purpose switch is used as circuit breaker.

 LDR (Light Depending Resistor)

It is a special type of resistance whose value depends on the intensity of
light which is falling on it. It has resistance of about 1 mega ohm when in total
darkness, but a resistance of only about 5k ohms in high intensity of light. It
responds to a large part of light spectrum.

 LED:
A diode is a component that only allows electricity to flow in one way. It
can be thought as a sort of one way street for electrons. Because of
this characteristic, diodes are used to transform or rectify AC voltage into
a DC voltage. Diodes have two connections an anode and a cathode. The
cathode is the end on the schematic with the point of the triangle pointing
towards a line. In other words, the triangle points towards that cathode.
The anode is, of course, opposite end. Current flows from the anode to
the cathode. Light emitting diodes, or LEDs, differ from regular diodes in that
when a voltage is applied, they emit light. This light can be red (most common),
green, yellow, orange, blue (not very common), or infra-red. LEDs are
used as indicators, transmitters, etc. Most likely, an LED will never burn
out like a regular lamp and it requires less current. Since LEDs act like
regular diodes and will form a short if connected between + and - , a current
limiting resistor is used to prevent that very thing. LEDs may or may not
be drawn with the circle surrounding them.

 Variable resistance: (Potentiometer)

Resistors are one of the most common electronic components. A resistor is a
device that limits, or resists current. The current limiting ability of resistance

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MINI PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 GPTC MEPPADI

is measured in ohms, represented by the Greek symbol omega. We can adjust

the resistance by turning a shaft. This shaft moves a wiper across the actual
resistor element. By changing the amount of resistor between the wiper
connection and the connection (s) to the resistor element, you can change the
resistance.

 PCB: (Printed Circuit Board)

With the help of PCB it is easy to assemble circuit with neat and clean end
products. PCB is made of Bakelite with surface pasted with copper track-layout.
For each components leg hole is made. Connection pin is passed through the
hole and is soldered.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

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MINI PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 GPTC MEPPADI

ADVANTAGES

 Easy to construct.

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MINI PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 GPTC MEPPADI

 Less cost and less expensive

 Simple operation.

 It can be used as Bed Lamp or streetlight.

APPLICATION

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MINI PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 GPTC MEPPADI

 It is used in streetlight.

 It is used in automatic lamp like Bed Lamp.

COMPONENT LIST

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 MINI PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 GPTC MEPPADI

 RESISTOR

a. 470 Ohms

b. 47 k (Variable)

 LDR (Light Depending Resistance)

 IC NE555

 LED (Light Emitting Diode)

 Battery (9V DC)

 Switch

 PCB (General Purpose)

COMPONENT COST

COMPONENTS VALUE AMOUNT QUANTITY TOTAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS
 MINI PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 GPTC MEPPADI

470 ohms 0.25 2 0.50

Resistor
47 k
7.00 1 7.00
(Variable)

LDR 5.00 1 5.00

IC NE555 5.00 1 5.00

(Red colour) 1.00 6 6.00

LED

Battery 9V DC 15.00 1 15.00

Switch 5.00 1 5.00

(General
PCB 8.00 1 8.00
purpose)

Total Price of Components (for 1 piece Automatic Streetlight) 51.50

CONCLUSION

I am very happy to attend the project work. This project work

helped me to earn more technical knowledge. Many people helped me in
this project . I shall be thankful to my parents, respectable teachers,

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS
MINI PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 GPTC MEPPADI

classmates and all other friends.

REFERENCE

 A Text Book of Applied Electronics

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS
MINI PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 GPTC MEPPADI

R. S. SEDHA
 Fundamentals of Digital Electronics
A. Anand Kumar

 Electronics for You Magazine

 www.circuitstoday.com

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are taking this opportunity to express our thanks to our Principal

Mr. NARAYAN NAIK Sir for permission made this project possible.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS
MINI PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 GPTC MEPPADI

We here our acknowledgement with deep sense of gratitude to the

very valuable guidance of department head Mr. JOHNSON Sir and the
project guide Miss. SHAMEENA for without whole help it wouldn't
have a possible to complete this project. We are very indebted to our
department teachers of GPTC MEPPADI especially for Mr. THANKACHAN
Sir and Mr. JAISON Sir for the proper guidance and encouragement given to
me in conducting the project successfully.
We also express our sincere thanks all teachers of our college,
lab assistance of electronics lab, our classmates and friends for t h e i r c r e a t i v e
cooperation in completing the project timely.

AKHILNATH.V
JAMSHEER.P.C

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS