Almaz 5V24 5V27 S-125 Neva ..

Almaz 5V24/5V27/S-125 Neva/Pechora / SA-3 Goa / Зенитный Раке... http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-S-125-Neva.
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Last Updated: Wed Oct 13 13:02:14 UTC 2010
Almaz 5V24/5V27/S-125 Neva/Pechora

Air Defence System / SA-3 Goa
Зенитный Ракетный Комплекс 5В24/5В27/С-125 Нева/Печора
Technical Report APA-TR-2009-0602
by Dr Carlo Kopp, SMAIAA, MIEEE, PEng

July 2009
Text, Line Art © 2009 Carlo Kopp
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Almaz 5V24/5V27/S-125 Neva/Pechora / SA-3 Goa / Зенитный Раке... http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-S-125-Neva.html
The S-125 / SA-3 Goa was designed to provide low altitude coverage, supplementing the larger
and longer ranging S-75 / SA-2 Guideline. This weapon played a major role during the 1970s
Middle Eastern wars. Depicted Tetraedr's upgraded UNV-2T Low Blow and a four rail 5P73
launcher, upgraded to the Pechora 2T configuration (Tetraedr image).
Background
SNR-125/125M Low Blow Engagement Radar
5V24 and 5V27 Surface to Air Missiles
Production and Exports
S-125 Technical Data
S-125 Launch Footage
S-125 Battery Components
S-125 Battery Deployment
5P71/5P73 Launcher
PR-14A/AM Self Propelled Transporter/Transloader
AT-S Tow Tractor
Almaz SNR-125 Low Blow Engagement Radar
P-15 / P-15M / P-19 Flat Face / Squat Eye Acquisition Radar
PRV-10 Konus / PRV-11 Vershina / Side Net Heightfinding Radars
S-125 / SA-3 Goa Combat Imagery
References/Sources:
Background
The S-125 Neva/Pechora / SA-3 Goa Surface to Air Missile system was developed to supplement
the S-75 Dvina / SA-2 Guideline in Soviet and Warsaw Pact service. The S-75 Dvina / SA-2
Guideline was designed to provide medium to high altitude air defence coverage, primarily
against bomber aircraft. As such it was not well suited to the engagement of low flying targets,
especially fighter aircraft and cruise missiles.
The design aim of the S-125 Neva/Pechora / SA-3 Goa was thus to produce a system with a low
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coverage of protected airspace. Specifically, targets travelling at speeds of up to 1500 km/h

(800 KTAS) and at altitudes from 100 m to 5000 m (~300 ft to 16,500 ft AGL), at ranges of up
to 12 km (~6,5 NMI) were to be engaged and destroyed. Such performance is today
characteristic of a point defence weapon, but during the 1950s it was more typical of area
defence weapons.
The Soviets sought to build on the experience gained with the S-75 Dvina / SA-2 Guideline,
using command link guidance and a proximity fused warhead, but recognised from the outset
that a fundamentally new engagement radar design was required with much better clutter
rejection performance than the RSNA/SNR-75 / Fan Song series. The requirement for narrower
antenna mainlobes drove the designers into the 9 GHz frequency band, well above the ~6 GHz
operating range of the earlier RSNA/SNR-75 Fan Song series. Development was initiated in
1956, aiming for an IOC after 1960.
The resulting weapon was more compact than the S-75 Dvina / SA-2 Guideline, permitting two
rail launchers and two round transloaders, and used a solid propellant sustainer, the first in a
PVO SAM design. Canard controls were employed. Like its predecessor, the missile used a solid
rocket first stage booster. Numerous development problems were encountered throughout the
system, but especially with the performance of the radio proximity fuse and command link
guidance at very low altitudes.
The Soviets were particularly concerned about US Air Force low altitude penetration trials flown
by the B-58 Hustler, which demonstrated the ability to penetrate US SAM belts undetected, by
exploiting ground clutter and elevated terrain, a factor which influenced the design of the
subsequent F-111/FB-111 series and the B-1A LRCA.
Trials of the V-600P missile round and new radar demonstrated the capability to engage targets
at speeds of up to 2,000 km/h (~1,100 KTAS), at altitudes between 200 m and 10,000 m
(~600 ft to 33 kft AGL), with the target pulling up to 4G at 5,000 m to 7,000 m (16.6 kft to 23
kft) and up to 9 G below 3,300 ft AGL at transonic speeds. Estimated single shot Pk was
0.82-0.99, deteriorating to 0.49-0.88 if chaff were deployed.
While the new system met the needs of the PVO, its stow and deploy times were similar to the
S-75 Dvina / SA-2 Guideline and thus too great for the Army air defence units, who rejected the
design, resulting in the development of the high mobility 2K12 Kub / SA-6 Gainful system. The
S-125 Neva / SA-3A Goa achieved IOC in 1961, deployed as part of the Moscow region SAM
belt.
The first improved variant was the S-125M Neva M / SA-3B Goa, intended to improve the
missile's kinematic engagement envelope, low altitude fusing and radar clutter rejection, and
used a new four rail launcher. The new missile was designated the V-601P/5V27. IOC was not
achieved until early 1964.
The weapon was not deployed to South East Asia as the Soviets feared that the US Air Force
would quickly analyse its design and find its weaknesses, and develop effective
countermeasures, as they had done so successfully with the S-75 Dvina / SA-2 Guideline.
Instead, the Soviets exported the weapon to Egypt, to counter the innovative Israeli air force,
who frustrated Soviet instructors during the war of attrition, by flying well below the
engagement envelope of Egyptian S-75 Dvina / SA-2 Guideline batteries.
In Egypt, the sandy desert terrain proved problematic for wheeled vehicles, which were often
replaced with tracked AT-S artillery tow tractors. The Soviet instructors shot down several
Israeli aircraft during the War of Attrition, mostly F-4E Phantoms and at least one A-4 Skyhawk.
The US ALQ-101 jamming pods were effective against the S-75 Dvina / SA-2 Guideline, but not
the S-125 Neva / SA-3 Goa, possibly due to different operating bands and antenna scan
frequencies. The good low altitude capability of the weapon frustrated Israeli low altitude
penetration tactics. In the subsequent 1973 Yom Kippur war, the S-125 Neva / SA-3 Goa
repeated its earlier achievement, outperforming the S-75 Dvina / SA-2 Guideline.
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upgrade package, intended to improve countermeasures resistance and performance. The

9Sh33A Karat 2 television telescope was added to provide for optical angle tracking under
daylight conditions, and a new heavier and faster 5V27D missile round was designed. The
heavier missile resulted in the 5P73 launcher loadout being limited to three missiles. IOC was
achieved in 1978.
The S-125 Neva / SA-3 Goa was also used extensively by Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war, but
reliable statistics do not exist, given that both sides in the conflict had a well established habit of
grossly overstating kills in combat.
The S-125 Neva / SA-3 Goa did not perform well during the Desert Storm campaign, as it had
been completely compromised due to the Israeli capture of SNR-125 Low Blow radars in 1973,
and good countermeasures were available. Nevertheless, the weapon is usually credited with
the handful of Iraqi SAM kills against Coalition aircraft.
The last two documented kills credited to the S-125 Neva / SA-3 Goa are the F-117A Nighthawk
and an F-16 lost during Operation Allied Force in 1999.
The basic S-125 Neva / SA-3 Goa qualifies as semi-mobile, requiring several hours to set up or
redeploy a battery. Typical battery composition is a single SNR-125 Low Blow series
engagement radar, four dual rail 5P71 or four rail 5P73 launchers, and multiple PR-14 series dual
round transporter/transloader trucks carrying reload rounds. Most S-125 operators deploy the
system in fixed sites, with revetments using concreted pads and bays, and/or earthwork berms,
to protect the missile system components.
SNR-125/125M Low Blow Engagement Radar
The SNR-125 Low Blow is the engagement radar for the S-125/SA-3 Goa family of command
link guided SAM systems. While the system is regarded to be now obsolete, like the SA-2, a
number of manufacturers in former Soviet republics are offering deep technology upgrades to
the Low Blow design to improve maintainability, performance and jam resistance.
Like the SNR-75, the SNR-125 uses a pair of fixed scanned trough antennas to generate flapping
fan shaped beams, but the design is inherently SORO (Scan On Receive Only) with a separate
parabolic section antenna mounted between the characteristic chevron arrangement of trough
antennas. A clutter cancelling channel is included, using the central antenna. As noted earlier,
optical adjunct tracking was installed on later variants. The antenna at the top of the turret is
used for the missile uplink channels.
A more detailed discussion can be found under Engagement and Fire Control Radars.
5V27 (V-601P) Goa Cutaway (via Vestnik-PVO/Aviatsiya i Kosmonavtika No12/2002)

1 Proximity fuse transmit antenna
2 5E18 radio proximity fuse
3 Canard controls
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5 Receive antenna
6 Transducer
7 Splitter/converter box
8 Battery
9 5A22/APS-600 autopilot
10 5U42/UR-20A Command link control module
11 Aileron control
12 Aileron drive
13 Sustainer powerplant with 151 kg of 301-K solid propellant providing 20 sec burn duration
14 Compressed air tank
15 Initiator for sustainer powerplant
16 Adaptor destabilising fins
17 5S45/PRD-36 boost powerplant with 2-4 sec burn duration / 14 tubes of NMF-3K propellant
18 Stabiliser pivot
Baseline S-125 / SA-3 (dark) engagement envelope, and S-125-2T Pechora 2T block upgrade
(light) firing trial results. The Pechora 2T is a characteristic of contemporary digital block
upgrades to widely used Soviet era SAMs. Provisional data - Tetraedr JSC.
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Early model 5V24 SA-3A Goa missile (Almaz image via Vestnik PVO).
Late model 5V27 SA-3B Goa missile (Almaz image via Vestnik PVO).
5V24 and 5V27 Surface to Air Missiles
The basic airframe design of the 5V24/5V27 missile is similar to that of the earlier S-75 / SA-2
Guideline, but with two important differences. the first is the use of a low smoke solid propellant
sustainer, the second is the use of cruciform canard controls.
Like its predecessor, the 5V24/5V27 missile is a very simple design, with command link
guidance.
The nose of the missile houses the radio proximity fuse. In early variants this was the 5E15
Proliv series, in later variants the 5E18. The transmit antenna is in the nose, the receive
antennas aft of the cruciform canard controls and their actuator module. The canards are used
for pitch/yaw control inputs, with a pair of ailerons on the cruciform wing used for roll
stabilisation.
The truncated conically shaped fragmentation warhead is mounted aft of the canard controls. In
early variants this was the 5B15, with ~33 kg of high explosive and a prefragmented casing
designed to produce 3,560-3,570 high velocity fragments. Later variants used the 72 kg 5P18
producing 4,500 fragments. A 5B72 self destruct mechanism is mounted behind the warhead.
The 5A22/APS-600 autopilot and 5U42/UR-20A Command link control module are mounted aft
of the warhead in the main control section. A UR-80M turbogenerator is mounted in this section,
together with the 5P54 power converter. A spherical 300 atm compressed air tank is used to
power the controls.
The V-600P missile used a 5B83 solid propellant rocket sustainer, constructed with a 375 mm
dia steel cylindrical casing and filled with 125 kg of NM-4Sh nitrocellulose based propellant
charge, in an annular arrangement. A 5B93 igniter was used, initiating the burn from the central
cylindrical cavity. An external cable duct routed signal cables around the engine section.
The first stage, which was used to accelerate the missile at launch, employed a PRD-36 solid
rocket powerplant with 2-4 sec burn duration. This design used 14 tubes of NMF-3K solid
propellant and a variable cross section throat. The stabilisers on the booster were designed to
fold out under acceleration and lock into the flight position. The adaptor sleeve between the
stages acquired a pair of destabilising fins in later variants, intended to prevent post separation
glide of the burned out aft section.
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The missile guidance system is relatively simple, comprising an autopilot and a command link
receiver, with a missile beacon in the tail to facilitate tracking by the Low Blow radar.
In operation, the Low Blow radar tracks the target and continuously computes an optimal
missile trajectory for intercept, while tracking the 5B24/5V27 missile via its transponder beacon.
The uplink is then used to continuously drive the missile flightpath as close as possible to the
intended trajectory, in a closed loop scheme.
The Low Blow provides manual tracking, automatic tracking and television angle tracking
modes. The system provides five missile guidance control laws, TT (CLOS), PS, MV (LoAlt), K
(surface target attack) and DKM (ballistic). Three missile uplink signals are employed, K1 and
K2 for pitch/yaw steering, and K3 for fuse control. The most often used control law was the
“Polavinoye Spravleniye (PS - half correction)” technique, which is a range known mode. In PS
mode the proximity fuse is activated 60 m before the missile reaches the target, whereas in
basic range unknown TT/CLOS mode the fuse is activated immediately after launch.
The command link guidance scheme, and the need to carefully select control laws and radar
modes, results in a need for high levels of operator skill and a good understanding of
engagement geometries.
Production and Exports
The S-125 Neva / SA-3 Goa was manufactured by the Soviets from the mid-1960s through to
the 1980s, with spare part manufacture to support exported installations continuing since then.
The Soviets exported the weapon globally, and it would appear at this time that it is the mostly
widely used of the legacy SAM systems. As the S-125 Neva / SA-3 Goa does not require the
stockpiling and handling of problematic hypergolic liquid fuels, and is much simpler to operate
and maintain than its PVO-SV contemporary, the 2K12 Kvadrat / SA-6 Gainful, it has been a
very popular weapon in the developing world.
Surveying the exact status of current global deployments of this system is problematic, since
many operators do not disclose the state of their air defence systems. Russia retired the system
during the 1990s, but it remains in use with many former Soviet Republics, some former
Warsaw Pact nations, and many former Soviet client nations in the developing world, especially
Africa.
A number of electronics and mobility upgrades have been developed, a more detailed discussion
can be found under Legacy Air Defence System Upgrades.
S-125 Technical Data

Characteristics "Pechora" ADMS
1. Channels capacity, target 1
2. Channels capacity, SAM 2
3. Maximum target detection range, km 80
4. Maximum speed of targets engaged, head-on/receding, m/s 700 / 300
5. Minimal altitude of target engaged, km 0.02
6. Maximum altitude of target engaged, km 18
7. Range to near boundary of engagement zone, km 3.5
8. Range to remote boundary of engagement zone, km 17
9. Maximum slant range of engagement zone, km 24.8
10. Maximum course parameter of the target engaged, km 16.5
11. SAM guidance methods HL , TP
12. Jamming protection of SAM System:
spectrum density of the jamming (W/MHz), 24
equivalent distance 100 km
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13. Kill probability of target by one SAM:

а) tactical fighter 0.45 - 0.87
б) helicopter 0.17 - 0.67
в) cruise missile 0.04 - 0.48
г) maneuvering target 0.20 - 0.50
Source: Tetraedr
S-125 Launch Footage
SAM System Mobility - Air Defence System Vehicles [Click for more ...]
SAM System Integration - Air Defence Command Posts [Click for more ...]
SAM System Passive Targeting - Emitter Locating Systems [Click for more ...]
SAM System Counter VLO Capabilities [Click for more ...]
SAM System Multimedia - Rosoboronexport Footage [Click for more ...]
S-125 Battery Components

S-125M Battery Components
System Qty Function/Composition Vehicle
SNR-125 UNV Cabin / Low Blow 1 Radar head van Towed
SNR-125 UNK Cabin 1 Radar operator van (OdAZ-828 semitrailer) Towed
5E96 Cabin 1 Power generator van Towed
5P71 / 5P73 4 Launcher, Two/Four Rail Towed
PR-14A/AM 8 Transporter/transloader ZIL-131
AKKORD 1 Training Emulator (OdAZ-828 semitrailer) Towed
P-15M Squat Eye 1 UHF-Band Low Level Acquisition Radar Ural-375
P-15/19 Flat Face 1 UHF-Band Acquisition Radar Ural-375
1L22 Parol 4 / 75E6 Parol 3 1 IFF Interrogator KrAZ-255
PRV-10 Konus / PRV-11 Vershina / Side Net 1 Heightfinding Radars Towed
5F20/5Ya61/62/63 Tsikloida 1 Radio relay van (OdAZ-828 semitrailer) Towed
S-125 Optional Battery Components

RD-75 Amazonka 1 Rangefinding radar Towed
P-12M/P-18 Spoon Rest 1 VHF-Band Acquisition Radar Ural-375
AT-S N Tow Tractor -
S-125 Battery Deployment
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Aerial reconnaissance image of a Middle Eastern S-125 / SA-3 Goa site (via http://peters-
ada.de/).
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US DoD rendering of fixed revetted S-125 / SA-3 Goa site. Site design followed a similar
practice to that followed in the construction of S-75 / SA-2 Guideline sites.
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NVA drawing of an S-125 / SA-3 Goa site (via http://peters-ada.de/).
5P71/5P73 Launcher
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Reloading a 5P71 launcher from the PR-14A transloader vehicle.
PR-14A/AM Self Propelled Transporter/Transloader
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Early model PR-14A transloader/transporter (US DoD).
AT-S Tow Tractor
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The AT-S tracked tow tractor was often used as a substitute for wheeled tractors in Middle
Eastern deployments, due to soft surface conditions (Russian internet image).
Almaz SNR-125 Low Blow Engagement Radar
SNR-125M Low Blow B deployed, with UNV and UNK vans, and generator van (via Vestnik
PVO).
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Detail of Slovakian Air Force SNR-125M1 Low Blow in a hardened emplacement, the system has
since been retired from service (image © Miroslav Győrösi).
P-15 / P-15M / P-19 Flat Face / Squat Eye Acquisition Radar
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Late model P-19 Flat Face D acquisition radar.
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PR-14A , P-15 Flat Face and P-15M Squat Eye. Note the antenna mast tether on the P-15M
(Soviet MoD).
PRV-10 Konus / PRV-11 Vershina / Side Net Heightfinding Radars
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Early model PRV-10 heightfinder (Vestnik PVO image).
S-125 / SA-3 Goa Combat Imagery

The SNR-125M Low Blow operated at the core of the most successful S-125M battery ever used
in combat is depicted here. This system, formerly of the 3rd battery of the 250th Missile Brigade
of the Yugoslav Federal Air Force (3. raketni divizion 250. raketne brigade PVO (Protivvazdusne
otbrane)), is credited with two confirmed kills during the Allied Force air campaign of 1999,
while under the command of then LtCol and later Col Zoltán Dani. The first claimed kill was Vega
31, F-117A AF 82-0806, lost on the 27th March, 1999. The second claimed kill was F-16CG AF
88-0550, lost on 2nd May, 1999. The Serbians are also claiming a B-2A Spirit bomber, on 20th
May 1999, but no physical evidence exists to support the latter claim. The SNR-125M Low Blow
in question has since 1999 been upgraded to the SNR-125M1T configuration, with a thermal
imager and laser rangefinder, and some electronics upgrades like the TVK (television
coordinator equipment), and was recently photographed at Jakovo, near Belgrade International
Airport. It currently belongs to the 2nd Missile Battalion of the Serbian Air Force. All images ©
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SNR-125M1T Low Blow UNV radar head and UNK operator van.
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SNR-125M1T Low Blow UNV radar head, above and below.
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SNR-125M1T Low Blow UNK operator van, above, and stencils denoting claimed kills, below.
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5P73 launcher with four 5V27D Goa rounds loaded.
References/Sources:
1. Said Aminov, Vestnik PVO, URL: http://pvo.guns.ru
2. Peter Skarus, Peter's ADA - Theorie und Grundlagen der Fla, URL: http://peters-ada.de/
Technical Report APA-TR-2009-0602
Artwork, graphic design, layout and text © 2004 - 2010 Carlo Kopp; Text © 2004 - 2010 Peter Goon; All rights
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Almaz 5V24/5V27/S-125 Neva/Pechora / SA-3 Goa / Зенитный Раке... http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-S-125-Neva.

Last Updated: Wed Oct 13 13:02:14 UTC 2010

Almaz 5V24/5V27/S-125 Neva/Pechora

by Dr Carlo Kopp, SMAIAA, MIEEE, PEng

coverage of protected airspace. Specifically, targets travelling at speeds of up to 1500 km/h

upgrade package, intended to improve countermeasures resistance and performance. The

SNR-125/125M Low Blow Engagement Radar

5V27 (V-601P) Goa Cutaway (via Vestnik-PVO/Aviatsiya i Kosmonavtika No12/2002)

5V24 and 5V27 Surface to Air Missiles

Production and Exports

S-125 Technical Data

13. Kill probability of target by one SAM:

S-125 Launch Footage

S-125 Battery Components

S-125 Optional Battery Components

S-125 Battery Deployment

NVA drawing of an S-125 / SA-3 Goa site (via http://peters-ada.de/).

Reloading a 5P71 launcher from the PR-14A transloader vehicle.

PR-14A/AM Self Propelled Transporter/Transloader

Early model PR-14A transloader/transporter (US DoD).

AT-S Tow Tractor

Almaz SNR-125 Low Blow Engagement Radar

P-15 / P-15M / P-19 Flat Face / Squat Eye Acquisition Radar

Late model P-19 Flat Face D acquisition radar.

PRV-10 Konus / PRV-11 Vershina / Side Net Heightfinding Radars

Early model PRV-10 heightfinder (Vestnik PVO image).

S-125 / SA-3 Goa Combat Imagery

SNR-125M1T Low Blow UNV radar head, above and below.

5P73 launcher with four 5V27D Goa rounds loaded.

Technical Report APA-TR-2009-0602

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