T C

VSL Post-Tensioning Systems

have been used commonly
throughout the world since 1956.
They are technically mature and
have earned a reputation for
quality and reliability. Today,
VSL is a recognized leader in
post-tensioning and related
engineering.

VSL Post-Tensioning is used in

virtually every area of concrete
construction. While used
primarily in bridges and
buildings, the system is also
employed for the construction of
concrete containment structures,
anchoring in rock and soil,
structural strengthening and
repair, lifting and sliding of heavy
loads, and many other
applications.
Harbour Front, Hong Kong
The VSL technology is based
on the principle of post-
tensioning. The prestress is
permanently introduced into
the structure after the
concrete has hardened. This
is achieved by the stressing
of suitably arranged, high-
strength prestressing
tendons. VSL Post-
Tensioning generates
favorable stress conditions in Gateway I, Hong Kong

the structure, enabling

efficient use of building
materials while controlling
deformations under service
conditions.
Bank of China, Hong Kong
This publication comprises a
summary of the VSL Post-
Tensioning Systems and contains
important information of design
and construction. The dimensions

Tsing Ma and Kap Shui Mun Bridges, Hong Kong


and strengths indicated are
subject to change as VSL
continuously improves its systems.
Additional tendon sizes are available
upon request. Alternate dimensions,
special conditions and various
Rambler Channel Bridge, Hong Kong
strengths may all be accommodated.
Your local VSL Representative will
furnish additional details regarding
specific applications.
As a subsidiary of VSL
International of Switzerland and a
member of BOUYGUES S.A. of
France, VSL is part of a major
international construction group
with a combined workforce of over
80,000. VSL International Ltd.
further divides its subsidiaries and
licensees into five Operating Units
(OU's). Operating Unit 1 covers
South East Asia with the regional
office in Australia. Operating Unit 2
covers North East Asia with the
regional office in Hong Kong.
Operating Unit 3 covers the United
States with the regional office
THE COMPANY
in Raleigh. Operating Unit 4.5
covers Europe, Middle East, Africa
and South America, with the
regional office in France. This
arrangement gives VSL continuous
access to the latest construction
technologies
employed throughout
the world. Our local
based offices allow
VSL to be close to
our clients and offer
our construction
solutions effectively.
Bee-Do Bridge, South Korea
The scope of VSL's value-added
services is tailored to suit client
needs.
As a technical leader in the post-
tensioning industry, VSL works
continuously, through its quality
Koshiki Daimyojin Bridge, Japan
assurance program, to refine,
improve, and expand the scope of
its systems and services.
With offices throughout the world,
Subscribing to the philosophy that
VSL offers a comprehensive
what is good today may always
range of professional services for
be made better for tomorrow, VSL
any post-tensioning project.
has always attracted the most
These locally based services
talented and motivated people, all
include feasibility studies,
with one goal: to be your most
structural design assistance,
valued construction partner.
contractor consulting and field
installation, all aimed at finding
the best solution and insuring the
best value for money.
 MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING

The VSL multistrand system is characterized by the

following features:

• standardized tendon units with up to 55 strands of

13mm (0.5") or 15 mm (0.6") diameter;
• wide selection of anchorage types;
• ducts of steel or plastic PT-PLUS™;
• grouting with cement mortar or other materials;
• economical tendon manufacture on-site or in the
factory;
• no need to determine tendon length in advance;
• simultaneous stressing of all strands in a tendon
but individual locking of each strand at the
anchorage;
• stressing in any number of steps;
• simple and reliable equipment for installation,
stressing and grouting.

VSL Multistrand System Components

Grout tube
Grout tube Grout tube Grout tube Grout tube

Stressing anchorage Dead end anchorage

 MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING

Strand Properties
13 mm (0.5") 15 mm (0.6")
Strand type EN138 or ASTM A416 EN138 or ASTM A416
BS 5896 Super Grade 270 BS 5896 Super Grade 270
Nominal diameter mm 12.9 12.7 15.7 15.2
Nominal area mm 2 100 98.7 150 140
Nominal mass kg/m 0.785 0.775 1.18 1.1
1)
Yield strength MPa 1580 1) 1670 2) 1500 1670 2)
Tensile strength MPa 1860 1860 1770 1860
Min. breaking load kN 186 183.7 265 260.7
Young's modulus GPa cicra 195
Relaxation 3) % max 2.5
1) Measured at 0.1% residual strain (0.1% offset method)
2) Measured at 1% extension (1% extension under load method)
3) After 1000 hrs at 20º C (EN & BS, low relaxation to ASTM)

Tendon Properties
STRAND TYPE 13 mm (0.5") STRAND TYPE 15 mm (0.6")
4) Min. Breaking load 4) Min. Breaking load
Tendon No. of Duct ID/OD Tendon No. of Duct ID/OD
(kN) (kN)
unit strands Min. Nominal unit strands Min. Nominal
(mm) (mm) 12.9 12.7 (mm) (mm) 15.7 15.2

5-4 2 36/39 36/39 372 367 6-3 2 36/39 36/39 530 521
3 558 551 3 795 782
4 744 735 6-7 4 55/62 65/72 1060 1043
5-7 5 51/54 51/54 930 919 5 1325 1304
6 1116 1102 6 1590 1564
7 1302 1286 7 1855 1825
5-12 8 60/67 65/72 1488 1470 6-12 8 75/82 80/87 2120 2086
9 1674 1653 9 2385 2346
10 1860 1837 10 2650 2607
11 2046 2021 11 2915 2868
12 2232 2204 12 3180 3128
5-19 13 75/82 80/87 2418 2388 6-19 13 90/97 100/107 3445 3389
14 2604 2572 14 3710 3650
15 2790 2756 15 3975 3911
16 2976 2939 16 4240 4171
17 3162 3123 17 4505 4432
18 3348 3307 18 4770 4693
19 3534 3490 19 5035 4953
5-22 20 80/87 95/102 3720 3674 6-22 20 100/107 100/107 5300 5214
21 3906 3858 21 5565 5475
22 4092 4041 22 5830 5735
5-27 23 95/102 100/107 4278 4225 6-27 23 110/117 110/117 6095 5996
24 4464 4409 24 6360 6257
25 4650 4593 25 6625 6518
26 4836 4776 26 6890 6778
27 5022 4960 27 7155 7039
5-31 28 95/102 100/107 5208 5144 6-31 28 120/127 120/127 7420 7300
29 5394 5327 29 7685 7560
30 5580 5511 30 7950 7821
31 5766 5695 31 8215 8082
5-37 32 110/117 110/117 5952 5878 6-37 32 130/137 130/137 8480 8342
33 6138 6062 33 8745 8603
34 6324 6246 34 9010 8864
35 6510 6430 35 9275 9125
36 6696 6613 36 9540 9385
37 6882 6797 37 9805 9646
5-42 38 120/127 120/127 7068 6981 6-42 38 135/142 135/142 10070 9907
39 7254 7164 39 10335 10167
40 7440 7348 40 10600 10428
41 7626 7532 41 10865 10689
42 7812 7715 42 11130 10949
5-48 43 130/137 130/137 7998 7899 6-48 43 150/160 160/170 11395 11210
44 8184 8083 44 11660 11471
45 8370 8267 45 11925 11732
46 8556 8450 46 12190 11992
47 8742 8634 47 12455 12253
48 8928 8818 48 12720 12514
5-55 49 130/137 135/142 9114 9001 6-55 49 160/170 170/180 12985 12774
50 9300 9185 50 13250 13035
51 9486 9369 51 13515 13296
52 9672 9552 52 13780 13556
53 9858 9736 53 14045 13817
54 10044 9920 54 14310 14078
55 10230 10104 55 14575 14339
4) Corrugated plastic PT-Plus™ ducts are also available, refer to page 11
 MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING

Stressing Anchorage VSL Type EC

Grout connection
Duct

Anchor block

Casting

Wedges

Strands

AC F E A

B D

Dimensions
Tendon unit
A B C D E F G
Ext. Dia.
5-4 135 60 85 100 58 39 95
5-7 165 60 110 100 85 54 125
5-12 215 60 150 160 120 72 150
5-19 265 70 180 210 145 87 200
5-22 290 77 200 215 150 102 230
5-27 315 92 220 300 175 107 250
5-31 315 100 230 300 175 107 250
5-37 370 107 250 320 200 117 305
5-42 390 112 290 340 217 127 325
5-48 430 122 290 340 235 137 365
5-55 465 150 320 340 250 142 400
6-3 135 60 90 100 58 39 95
6-4 165 60 110 100 85 54 125
6-7 215 60 150 160 120 72 150
6-12 265 75 180 210 145 87 200
6-19 315 92 220 300 175 107 250
6-22 315 100 230 300 175 107 250
6-27 370 112 250 320 200 117 305
6-31 390 122 270 340 217 127 325
6-37 430 142 300 340 235 137 365
6-42 465 145 320 340 250 142 400
Dimensions in mm Subject to modification
Dimensions are valid for:
Nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 35 MPa (cube), 28 MPa (cylinder).
Maximum prestressing force may be applied when concrete reaches 25 MPa (cube) or 20 MPa (cylinder).
Max prestressing force is 75% of min. tendon breaking load (temporary overstressing to 80%).
 MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING

Stressing Anchorage VSL Type E Grout tube

Bearing plate (steel)

Duct

Anchor block

Wedges Sleeve

Strands

AD F A

C B E A

Dimensions
Tendon unit A B C D E F
Ext. Dia.
5-1 70 15 45 45 70 36
5-3 115 20 60 85 190 36
5-4 130 20 60 85 190 39
5-7 175 25 60 110 190 54
5-12 230 35 60 150 370 72
5-19 290 40 75 180 470 87
5-22 315 45 82 200 480 102
5-27 370 55 97 220 550 107
5-31 370 55 105 230 550 107
5-37 405 60 112 250 570 117
5-42 500 70 117 290 680 127
5-48 500 70 127 290 680 137
5-55 500 70 155 320 680 142
6-1 75 15 60 55 70 36
6-2 110 15 60 90 190 36
6-3 135 20 60 90 190 39
6-4 160 25 60 120 190 54
6-7 205 35 70 135 290 72
6-12 270 40 78 180 460 87
6-19 340 50 97 220 590 107
6-22 370 55 107 230 690 107
6-27 435 65 117 250 690 117
6-31 435 65 127 270 690 127
6-37 480 70 147 300 830 137
6-42 580 90 147 320 950 160
6-48 580 90 147 340 950 160
6-55 580 90 187 360 950 170
Dimensions in mm Subject to modification
Dimensions are valid for:
Nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 35 MPa (cube), 28 MPa (cylinder).
Maximum prestressing force may be applied when concrete reaches 25 MPa (cube) or 20 MPa (cylinder).
Max prestressing force is 75% of min. tendon breaking load (temporary overstressing to 80%).
 MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING

Couplers VSL Type K and V Sleeve

Grout tube
Coupling block V
Casting type EC or
Bearing plate type E
Coupling
block K Duct

Sleeve

Omega ring

Wedges Compression
fittings

Tension ring Compression fittings with

Tension ring retainer plates

Couplers Type K Couplers Type V

Fixed coupler. Movable coupler.
For coupling to a tendon which has been placed and stressed. For coupling to a tendon which has already been placed,
but not stressed.

Cast-in casting
A
type EC
D E+1.5 F
∆L

Tendon 2 Tendon 1
B ∆L=Elongation of tendon 1

Coupler type K Coupler type V

Tendon unit A B øC Tendon
D E F øG
5-3 430 110 130 unit
5-4 440 110 150
5-7 440 110 170
5-12 510 110 200 5-3 290 175 230 130
5-19 590 110 240
5-7 410 175 330 170
5-22 660 110 260
5-27 860 110 310 5-12 510 175 420 200
5-31 1010 110 350 5-19 600 175 490 240
5-37 1080 150 390
5-22 690 175 570 260
5-42 1080 150 395
5-48 1370 150 420 5-31 1000 175 870 350
5-55 1370 170 490
6-2 380 128 150
6-3 490 128 150
6-2 230 200 185 130
6-4 520 128 160
6-7 630 128 200 6-3 330 205 250 150
6-12 730 128 240 6-4 360 205 280 160
6-19 860 128 280 6-7 470 205 370 190
6-22 930 128 310
6-12 570 205 460 240
6-27 1090 138 330
6-31 1090 150 350 6-19 700 205 570 280
6-37 1390 170 440
Dimensions in mm Subject to modification
Dimensions are valid for:
Nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 35 MPa (cube), 28 MPa (cylinder).
Maximum prestressing force may be applied when concrete reaches 25 MPa (cube) or 20 MPa (cylinder).
Max prestressing force is 75% of min. tendon breaking load (temporary overstressing to 80%).
 MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING

Dead End Anchorage VSL Type H

Grout tube

Duct

Tension ring
Bulbs

Seal

Spacer

Type II
Type I

AxB

C
D

Strand type 13 mm (0.5") Strand type 15 mm (0.6")

Tendon Alter- Type A B C D Tendon Alter- Type A B C D
unit native unit native
5-3 1 I 230 70 930 - 6-3 1 I 290 90 950 -
5-4 1 I 310 70 930 - 6-4 1 I 390 90 950 -
2 I 150 170 930 - 2 I 190 210 950 -
5-7 1 II 370 70 1130 1280 6-7 1 II 450 90 1150 1330
2 II 170 190 1130 1280 2 II 210 230 1150 1330
6-12 1 II 430 230 1150 1330
5-12 1 II 350 190 1130 1280
2 I 390 330 1150 -
2 I 310 270 1130 -
6-19 1 II 570 230 1150 1330
5-19 1 II 470 190 1130 1280
2 II 390 470 1150 1330
2 II 310 390 1130 1280
6-22 1 II 690 230 1150 1330
5-22 1 II 570 190 1130 1280
2 II 470 490 1150 1330
2 II 390 390 1130 1280
6-31 1 II 810 260 1550 1700
5-31 1 II 670 310 1330 1480 2 II 570 510 1550 1700
2 II 470 430 1330 1480 6-37 1 II 1050 370 1850 2000
5-37 1 II 770 310 1530 1680 2 II 690 510 1850 2000
2 II 470 550 1530 1680 6-42 1 II 1050 370 1850 20000
5-42 1 II 870 350 1530 1680 2 II 810 510 1850 2000
2 II 570 550 1530 1680 3 II 690 650 1850 2000
5-55 1 II 1170 350 1830 1980 6-55 1 II 1410 370 2150 2300
2 II 870 430 1830 1980 2 II 1050 510 2150 2300
3 II 570 670 1830 1980 3 II 690 790 2150 2300
Dimensions in mm Subject to modification
Dimensions are valid for:
Nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 35 MPa (cube), 28 MPa (cylinder).
Maximum prestressing force may be applied when concrete reaches 25 MPa (cube) or 20 MPa (cylinder).
Max prestressing force is 75% of min. tendon breaking load (temporary overstressing to 80%).
 MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING

Intermediate Anchorage VSL Type Z and ZU

Grout tube Tension ring with anchors Wedges

Duct

Retainer plate

Anchor block Z

Wedges Anchor block ZU

Intermediate Anchorage Type Z Intermediate Anchorage Type ZU

Centre-stressing anchorages are used for ring tendons in circular structures, or for those tendons where the ends cannot be fitted
with normal stressing anchorages.

Stressing jack
Curved stressing chair

F+∆L B

Tendon 2
F+∆L B Tendon 1

G+∆L Tendon 2 Tendon 1

G+∆L

∆L = Elongation of tendon 2
C
E = + required cover
2

Intermediate anchorage type Z Intermediate anchorage type Z

Tendon Tendon
A B C D F 2) G 2) H A B C D F 2) G 2) H
unit unit

5-2 1) 130 60 80 60 400 560 170

5-4 1) 160 70 90 65 500 720 200 5-2 1)
165 103 80 60 450 655 200
5-6 200 90 130 85 700 990 240 5-4 1)
165 103 88 65 560 815 200
5-12 280 140 140 90 1000 1490 320 5-6 185 113 95 70 650 925 220
5-18 320 160 180 110 1300 1910 360
5-22 350 160 200 120 1450 2110 390

6-2 1) 140 70 90 65 450 620 180

6-4 1) 170 80 100 70 900 1180 210 6-2 1)
170 105 90 65 450 655 210
1)
6-6 210 100 140 90 1000 1400 250 6-4 170 105 92 65 560 815 210
6-12 300 160 160 100 1350 1960 340 6-6 200 120 100 75 650 925 240
6-18 380 180 200 120 1450 2280 420
6-22 400 180 250 145 1500 2380 440
Dimensions in mm Subject to modification
1) Tension ring only on side 2
2) Dependent upon the shape of the concrete surface.
The values stated apply for surfaces which are not curved.
 MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING
Selected Design Considerations
Spacing and Cover of Ducts
In determining minimum spacing and concrete cover
requirements, reference should be made to
applicable standards and recommendations.
Minimum Radii of Tendon Curvatures and Minimum Tangent Length
Minimum radius of
tendon curvature
Minimum tangent length
Tendon Force Losses
The effective prestressing force at a specific place
and time differs from the initial prestressing force
for various reasons.
Significant factors include:
• friction losses due to curvature of the tendon;
• shrinkage and creep of the concrete;
• relaxation of the prestressing steel;
• draw-in of the wedges during lock-off.
The friction losses along the tendon can be
determined with the following formula:
Px = Po e -(µα+kx) , where
x = Distance from stressing end (in meters)
Px = Prestressing force at x
Po = Prestressing force at stressing end
µ = Coefficient of friction
α = sum of all angular deviations (in radians)
over the distance x
k = Wobble friction coefficient due to minor
unavoidable tendon curvatures
(placing tolerances)
The friction coefficients µ and k can vary fairly widely
and depend upon various factors, including: the
nature and surface condition of the prestressing
steel; the type, diameter and surface condition of the
duct; and the installation method.
Tendon Supports
Recommended spacing:
Standard steel ducts 0.8 to 1.2m
Plastic ducts PT-PLUS™: 0.8 to 1.0m
Minimum breaking load of tendon (MN)
The following values may be assumed for design:
Tendon in standard steel ducts:
µ= 0.2 (range 0.16~0.22) k= 0.001 (range 0.0008~0.0012)
Tendon in plastic ducts PT-PLUS™:
µ = 0.14 (range 0.12~0.15) k= 0.001 (range 0.0008~0.0012)
For calculating the losses due to shrinkage and
creep of the concrete, reference should be made to
the technical literature and to the standards
applicable to each project.
The relaxation of the prestressing steel depends
primarily upon the types of steel (relaxation class),
the magnitude of the prestress and the temperature.
For low relaxation strands commonly used today, the
maximum loss is 2.5% after 1000 hours at 20˚ C and
an initial stress of 70% of the nominal tensile
strength. Further information can be found in the
relevant prestressing steel standards and
manufacturer's literature.
Independent of the type of jack or tendon, a loss due
to wedge draw-in of approximately 6mm occurs at
lock-off. If necessary, this can be compensated for
by suitable procedures.
 MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING

Sheathing and Corrosion Protection

For conventional applications, corrugated galvanised
steel ducts are used.
For applications requiring enhanced corrosion
protection and improved fatigue resistance of the
tendons, use of the VSL PT-PLUS™ System with
corrugated plastic duct is recommended. This fully
encapsulated and watertight system offers superb
corrosion protection, and the plastic duct eliminates
fretting fatigue between the strand and duct. It also
provides reduced duct friction. The PT-PLUS™
System may, in conjunction with VSL CS
Anchorages, be configured with special details and
installation techniques to provide Electrically Isolated
Tendons. These tendons may be electrically
monitored at any time throughout the life of the
structure.
All ducts are manufactured in a variety of standard
lengths and are coupled on site.

Dimensions of Plastic Ducts PT-PLUS™

Strand Type Strand Type Duct
13 mm (0.5") 15 mm (0.6") Dimensions (mm)
Tendon unit Tendon unit d D s

5-12 6-7 59 73 2
5-19 6-12 76 91 2.5
5-31 6-19 / 6-22 100 116 3
5-43 6-31 130 146 3
5-55 6-37 130 146 3
Other units on request

Steel Duct

Plastic Duct PT-PLUS™

Strand bundle

Centre line of duct

e Centre of gravity of strands

Strand Type 13 mm (0.5") Strand Type 15 mm (0.6")

Steel Plastic Steel Plastic
Tendon Tendon
duct duct duct duct
unit unit
e (mm) e (mm) e (mm) e (mm) Strand Position at High Point of Tendon
5-1 4 - 6-1 5 -
5-3 7 - 6-3 6 -
5-7 8 - 6-4 6 -
5-12 11 7 6-7 10 9
5-19 13 9 6-12 14 12
5-22 12 22 6-19 17 18
5-27 13 17 6-22 14 15 e

5-31 14 14 6-27 13 32
5-37 23 32 6-31 22 28
5-42 26 28 6-37 25 22
5-48 17 24
5-55 23 14
Strand Position at Low Point of Tendon
 MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING

Dead End Anchorage VSL Type L

Duct B
Hairpin Bar Reinforcement
Hairpin bar

Required cross-sectional area of hairpin bars:

Duct A
As • n = Po • π
As [mm2 ] = Cross-section area of one hairpin bar
n [-] = number of hairpin bars
Po [kN] = Prestressing force in the tendon
Grout tube øAext. [mm] = External diameter of duct
øA T [mm] = Concrete thickness
X [mm] = Required anchoring length
according to applicable standard

Yield strength of hairpin bars: ≥400 MPa

Concrete cover to ducts shall not be less than the

external duct diameter.
T

øB Layout of L-Anchorages:
a b c

T≥3 • øA ext. T≥4 • øA ext. T≥4 • øA ext.

Hairpin bar reinforcement

T

Strand Type 13 mm (0.5") Strand Type 15 mm (0.6")

Tendon øA øB R Tendon øA øB R
unit Internal/external Internal/external min. unit Internal/external Internal/external min.

5-4 42/45 36/39 600 6-2 42/45 36/39 600

5-7 60/67 51/54 600 6-3 42/45 36/39 600
5-12 80/87 65/72 900 6-4 65/72 55/62 600
5-19 90/97 80/87 1100 6-7 75/82 60/67 750
5-22 95/102 85/92 1200 6-12 90/97 80/87 1000
5-31 110/117 100/107 1400 6-19 110/117 95/102 1300
Dimensions in mm Subject to modification
Dimensions are valid for:
Nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 25 MPa (cube), 20 MPa (cylinder).
Maximum prestressing force may be applied when concrete reaches 80% of its nominal strength.
Maximum prestressing force is 75% of min. tendon breaking load (temporary overstressing to 80%).

Dead End Anchorage VSL Type LD

When loops with a smaller radius are required,

special half round ducts are available upon request.
VSL Type LD Loops are available with a 590 mm
Duct sized such that
radius. The tendon sizes available are the same as
only two (2) layers of
Type L - the difference is in duct configuration as strand occur in the
indicated. A tight radius is good for nailing of precast loop.
box segments to piers.
 MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING

Stressing
The unique feature of the VSL Post-Tensioning
system lies in its special procedure for locking the
wedges. The wedges always remain in contact with
the strands during the stressing operation. As the
pressure in the jack is released, the wedges
automatically lock in the conical holes of the anchor
head.

Placing of anchor block

Placing of anchor block and wedges

Positioning of the jack

Positioning of jack

Stressing

Stressing, measuring, seating of wedges

Seating of wedges

Grouting
VSL grouting equipment includes mixer and pump in
one unit. Grouting is usually carried out as soon as
possible after stressing.

Grouting equipment Grouting of tendon

 MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING

Push Through Machine Hydraulic Pump

Jack type A min. B C D E

60˚ ZPE-23FJ - 300 1200 116 90

ZPE-30 30 600 1100 140 100
ZPE-3 30 550 1000 200 150
ZPE-60 30 650 1100 180 140
ZPE-7/A 30 800 1200 300 200
ZPE-12/St2 50 700 1300 310 200
ZPE-200 50 1100 2100 330 210
ZPE-19 50 850 1500 390 250
ZPE-460/31 60 700 1500 485 300
Concrete cover according ZPE-500 80 1150 2000 585 330
to applicable standard ZPE-750 80 1350 2300 570 365
ZPE-1000 80 1300 2200 790 450
ZPE-1250 90 1350 2250 660 375
Dimensions in mm

B D

C E

Stressing Jack Data

Type I (ZPE-23 FJ) Type II (ZPE-19) Type III (ZPE-500)

Designation ZPE-23FJ ZPE-30 ZPE-3 ZPE-60 ZPE-7/A ZPE-12/St2 ZPE-200 ZPE-19 ZPE-460/31 ZPE-500 ZPE-750 ZPE-1000 ZPE-1250
Type I III III III III II III II II III II III II
Length (mm) 790 720 475 615 690 550 960 750 580 1000 1185 1200 1290
Diameter (mm) 116 140 200 180 280 310 315 390 485 550 520 790 620
Stroke (mm) 200 250 160 250 160 100 300 100 100 200 150 200 150
Piston area (cm 2) 47.10 58.32 103.6 126.4 203.6 309.4 325.7 500.3 804.0 894.6 1247.0 1809.5 2168.0
Capacity (kN) 230 320 500 632 1064 1850 2000 2900 4660 5000 7500 10000 12500
(bar) 488 549 483 500 523 598 614 580 580 559 601 553 577
Weight (kg) 23 28 47 74 115 151 305 294 435 1064 1100 2290 1730
Used for 13 mm 5-1 5-1 5-2 5-2 5-6 5-12 5-12 5-18 5-22 5-22 5-31 5-37 5-37
(0.5") tendon types 5-3 to 5-4 5-7 5-19 5-31 5-31 5-37 to 5-55 to 5-55
Used for 15 mm 6-1 6-1 6-2 6-2 6-4 6-6 6-6 6-12 6-18 6-18 6-31 6-31 6-31
(0.6") tendon types 6-3 6-7 6-7 6-19 to 6-22 to 6-43 to 6-55
Subject to modification
 B S
Harbour Front (Hunghom Marine Redevelopment), Hunghom, Hong Kong
Owners and designers of the
buildings of today and tomorrow
need to incorporate sufficient
flexibility into their structures to
accommodate the changing
needs of the users of the
building.
Post-tensioning offers larger
spans with reduced structural
depth, resulting in larger
column-free areas. Internal
tenancy layouts are thus not
restricted by tight column grids.
Positive deflection and crack
control and, if necessary, crack-
free water-tight slabs offer the
designer the opportunity to
Construction Sequence
Placing tendons
Concreting
P T
break free of the limitations of
the passive methods of
reinforced concrete or structural
steel.
VSL Post-Tensioning is more
economical than other systems,
especially when faster
construction cycles are
considered. There is less
material handling on site and
also a reduced site labour force
which minimises congestion on
site. Most importantly, there is
the quality and service of VSL
specialized high-performance
teams and optimum back-up on
site.
Stressing
The VSL Post-Tensioning slab
system has been used in many
prestigious buildings and
structures throughout the Far
East. The system uses up to
five strands in flat-shaped
ducting and anchorages. The
strands are individually stressed
and are gripped by wedge
action. After stressing, the duct
is subsequently filled with a
cementitious grout, which is
injected under pressure, so that
the strands are fully bonded to
the surrounding concrete.
Grouting
 BONDED S LAB POST- TENSIONING

Strand Properties
13 mm (0.5") 15 mm (0.6")
Strand type EN138 or ASTM A416 EN138 or ASTM A416
BS 5896 Super Grade 270 BS 5896 Super Grade 270
Nominal diameter mm 12.9 12.7 15.7 15.2
Nominal area mm 2 100 98.7 150 140
Nominal mass kg/m 0.785 0.775 1.18 1.1
1)
Yield strength MPa 1580 1) 1670 2) 1500 1670 2)
Tensile strength MPa 1860 1860 1770 1860
Min. breaking load kN 186 183.7 265 260.7
Young's modulus GPa cicra 195
Relaxation 3) % max 2.5
1) Measured at 0.1% residual strain (0.1% offset method)
2) Measured at 1% extension (1% extension under load method)
3) After 1000 hrs at 20º C (EN & BS, low relaxation to ASTM)

Tendon Properties Duct Dimensions

Min. breaking load (kN) Duct Dimension in mm
Strand type Tendon Number (Height x Width)
unit of BS 5896 ASTM A416 Standard Corrugated Plastic duct
strands Super Grade 270 flat duct flat duct PT-PLUS™
13 mm (0.5") 5-4 4 744 735
5-5 5 930 919 20 x 75 25 x 80 35 x 86
15 mm (0.6") 6-4 4 1060 1043
25 x 90 25 x 90 not available
6-5 5 1325 1304

Selected Design Considerations

• Spacing of tendon supports: 0.75 to 1.2 m (conventional steel ducts)

0.75 to 1.0 m (plastic ducts PT-PLUS™)

• Minimum radius of curvature: 2.5 m (vertical profile)

6.0 m (horizontal profile)

• Min. straight length at anchorage: 0.75 m

• A wedge draw-in of approximately 6 mm occurs at lock-off

• Friction losses can vary fairly widely from one tendon to another and from one structure to another,
depending on factors such as surface condition of strands, type and surface condition of ducts, material
properties, installation methods and workmanship on-site. In general, the following friction parameters can
be used, without additional consideration for anchorage losses:

- Tendons in standard steel ducts: µ = 0.20 (range: 0.16 ~ 0.22)

k = 0.001 (range: 0.0008 ~ 0.0012)
- Tendons in plastic ducts: µ = 0.14 (range: 0.12 ~ 0.15)
k = 0.001 (range: 0.0008 ~ 0.0012)
 BONDED S LAB POST- TENSIONING

Stressing Anchorage VSL Type S

E
Grout tube

Wedges

Strands

Duct

Casting
Recess
former
Anchor block

Type A B C D E F X
S 5-4 265 100 240 73 90 305 350
S 5-5 265 100 240 73 90 305 350
S 6-4 315 105 254 82 100 338 400
S 6-5 315 105 266 82 100 338 400
Subject to modification

Couplers VSL Type SK

600 D
C

Grout tube

Compression
fittings

Coupling block

Flat duct

B
Casting
Wedges

Strands
Type A B C D
S 5-4 265 110 95 215
S 5-5 265 110 95 215
S 6-4 265 110 95 215
S 6-5 265 110 95 215
Subject to modification

Dimensions in mm.
Dimensions are valid for a concrete transfer strength of 25 MPa (Cube), 20 MPa (Cylinder).
 BONDED S LAB POST- TENSIONING

Dead End Anchorage VSL Type H and Type P

Type H
Grout tube

AxB
Seal

Flat duct

Type A B C
Bulb H 5-4 310 70 750
H 5-5 390 70 750
H 6-4 390 90 950
H 6-5 490 90 950

Type P
C

Grout tube

Seal AxB

P-plate

Compression
fittings

Type A B C
P 5-4 250 75 370
P 5-5 300 75 370
P 6-4 260 80 435
P 6-5 410 80 435

Dimensions in mm.
Dimensions are valid for a concrete transfer strength of 25 MPa (Cube), 20 MPa (Cylinder).
 B S P T S

VSLAB ™ Encapsulated Two Strand System

E F
G

Grout cap
End anchor head
Bearing plate
A C
Half shell

Duct
G

Clip

Grout vent
B D
Wedge

Gasket

High performance grout

Encapsulated strand
Type A B C D E F G
SA5-2 163 163 150 90 105 130 40
k5-2 163 163 150 90 105 130 70

Anchorage Reinforcement

Details at Slab Edge

Extra links where

shown for S6-5 only Grout vent
Place innermost links
hard against casting
as shown

Extra links where Grout vent

Anchorage at Slab Edge shown for S6-5 only

Details at Edge Beam Plan

Anchorage at Edge Beam

The above sketches show the preferred arrangement for the local confinement reinforcement at the anchorages. Please consult your local VSL
representatives for more details.
 BONDED S LAB POST- TENSIONING S YSTEMS

Stressing Jack Clearance Requirements

Tendon A B C
Jack type
unit (mm) (mm) (mm)
5-4 1100 260 280
ZPE-23FJ 5-5 1100 260 400
6-4 1100 260 280
B=Strand projection C 6-5 1100 260 400
5-4 800 260 250
A DKP-5
5-5 800 260 320
6-4 850 400 300
DKP-6
6-5 850 400 400
Stressing Jack Data
DKP-5/DKP-6

Jack type ZPE-23FJ DKP-5 DKP-6

A (mm) 790 560 615
A B B (mm) 116 162 240
C (mm) - 105 84
D (mm) 195 150 165
Stroke (mm) 200 200 200
ZPE-23FJ Piston area (cm 2) 47.10 31.03 49.26
Capacity (kN) 230 147 230
(bar) 488 473 467
Weight (kg) 23 19 30
A B

Internal Stressing Pocket

13 mm and 15 mm strand
Details shown are typical and may vary for particular applications

Stressing Pocket
Plan

450 450

30 420 50 175 175 50

Section A Section B
 EXTERNAL POST-TENSIONING

External post-tensioning is well suited to bridges due to the resulting economies in construction costs and the high
degree of corrosion resistance provided by the system. External tendons are easy to inspect and can be replaced if
necessary. They are ideal for strengthening existing structures and have a multitude of applications in addition to
bridges.

VSL external tendons consist of:

• strand bundle;
• polyethylene duct;
• end and intermediate anchorages as well as tendon couplers;
• grouting compound.

External tendons, usually guided over deviation saddles, have many similarities to stay cables and permanent soil
and rock anchors.

Detailed information about design and construction is given in the VSL publication "External Post-Tensioning".

Bois de Rosset Viaduct, Switzerland

VSL External Post-tensioning System Components

Tendon deviation saddle

Stressing anchorage Strand bundle and sheathing Dead end anchorage

 E P T

A wide selection of VSL anchorage types is available to meet the full range of practical requirements. In addition
to the anchorages illustrated here, intermediate anchorages and couplers are also available . The strand bundle
can be assembled from uncoated or individually greased and sheathed strands. The anchorages for these two
types of tendon differ only in detail, the principle remains the same.

External prestressing components,

Anchorage Type ECR External tendons at deviation saddle

Tendon Dimensions (mm)

A øE
unit A B øC D øE 1)

5-12 270 125 222 110 65 / 3.6

5-19 310 150 258 125 90 / 5.1

5-31 370 165 320 150 110 / 6.3 Anchorage Type EC R

5-43 430 200 390 180 125 / 7.1

5-55 520 220 420 200 140 / 8.0 D

6-7 250 125 222 110 63 / 3.6

6-12 310 150 258 125 90 / 5.1

øC øE
6-19 390 165 300 150 110 / 6.3

6-31 430 200 390 180 140 / 8.0

6-37 520 220 420 200 160 / 9.1

Anchorage Type CS
Notes : 1. Nominal external duct diameter / wall thickness
2. Other sizes are available upon request
 S C

Dead end anchorage

with split bearing plate

Parallel monostrand
tendon, guide tubes and
stay pipe

Damper and
neoprene boot

Guide pipe VSL Staycable System 200

Bundle of
monostrands
Grease
HDPE stay pipe
Transition pipe

PE sheath Strand

VSL Staycable System 200 SSI

Bundle of Guide tube/

monostrands Extension tube
HDPE stay pipe Grease
Adjustable stressing
anchorage with threaded
anchorage head and ring nut Guide tube/
Extension tube
PE sheath Strand

VSL Stay Cable System

VSL Stay Cable System has been developed to fulfil the stringent requirements for the design,
construction and maintenance of cable stayed bridges.

VSL Stay Cable System consists of:

• a tendon made of multiple parallel 15mm high tensile steel strands;
• each strand having an extruded coating of grease and polyethylene;
• each strand having an individual polyethylene guide tube continuous from anchorage to anchorage (option for
system 200 SSI only);
• an outer sheath of thick walled polyethylene pipe;
• anchorages that are prefabricated in the factory.

The features of the system are:

• high fatigue resistance of 200 MPa at 45% of tendon capacity through 2,000,000 load cycles;
• high degree of corrosion resistance with multi-layers of corrosion protection;
• excellent corrosion protection of strands during construction provided by extruded coating;
• simple erection of stay cable assembly without the weight of the tendon strands;
• simple Single Strand Installation of the tendon into the erected stay assembly;
• all strands are parallel within guide tubes with no risk of intertwining;
• no requirement for on-site grouting of cable;
• easy to adjust or monitor the tendon force at any stage of the cable life;
• able to remove and replace individual strands or entire cable for inspection or repair at any time without
dismantling the installed anchorages;
• Single strand stressing.
 STAY CABLES

VSL Stay Cable System 200

L min
H
H

min. 220 M I I N min. 220

K min O
K min

Stressing end Dead end

Tendon Number Minimum

4) 4) 4) 3) 3)
Unit of breaking øA øB øC øD øE øF G H I K min L min M N O
2)
strands load (kN)
6- 4 4 1060 150 125 120 75/ 4,3 75/ 4,3 140/ 4 175 15 260 370 80 63 80 131
6- 7 7 1855 190 160 155 90/ 5,1 110/ 10 178/ 5 225 20 340 450 80 68 80 136
6-12 12 3180 230 190 185 110/ 6,3 140/ 8 219/ 6,3 290 25 600 710 80 75 80 141
6-19 19 5035 285 235 230 140/ 8 180/ 10,2 254/ 6,3 355 35 870 1000 100 95 95 172
6-22 22 5830 310 255 250 140/ 8 200/ 11,4 273/ 6,3 380 35 870 1000 105 100 100 177
6-31 31 8215 350 285 280 160/ 9,1 225/ 12,8 324/ 7,1 450 40 1060 1200 125 120 120 197
6-37 37 9805 380 310 300 180/ 10,2 250/ 14,2 343/ 8 485 45 1390 1530 135 130 135 217
6-43 43 11395 425 350 340 200/ 11,4 280/ 15,9 406/ 8,8 540 45 1550 1700 145 140 145 232
6-55 55 14575 470 385 380 225/ 12,8 315/ 17,9 419/ 10 590 55 1550 1700 160 155 160 254
6-61 61 16165 470 385 380 225/ 12,8 315/ 17,9 419/ 10 610 60 1850 2000 170 165 170 269
6-73 73 19345 530 440 430 250/ 14,2 355/ 13,7 495/ 11 690 65 1900 2100 180 175 180 288
6-85 85 22525 540 440 430 250/ 14,2 355/ 13,7 495/ 11 720 75 2100 2300 200 195 200 313
6-91 91 24115 590 490 480 280/ 15,9 400/ 15,4 546/ 12 765 75 2200 2400 200 195 200 313
Dimensions in mm

VSL Stay Cable System 200 SSI

Theoretical cable length
Theoretical cable length
Threaded anchor head DR Split Protection
T Connection Boot Damper Pregrouted U Anchor
with ring nut Guide Damper Connection sleeve cap
sleeve section shim head DS
pipe

Bearing Transition Pregrouted Boot Guide Transition Bearing

X 50 O 5-10 mm 50 pipe pipe plate T Q min 100
Pmin plate pipe section 50 O 50
S min min. 150
M min R
M min N min Bearing
Protection cap
plate
Guide L min
L min
tube
Stressing end Dead end
Split shim

5)
Tendon Number Minimum øA øB øC D 3) E F øG 4) øH øI øK L min M min N min O P min Q R S min 6) T 3) U X 7)

1)
Unit of breaking
2)
strands load

[-] [-] (kN) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)

6-12 12 3180 230 190 185 290 230 190 219/6.3 140 125 110 1200 650 550 1100 90 85 146 220 25 35 M 12

6-19 19 5035 285 235 230 355 280 230 267/6.3 180 160 140 1300 750 550 1350 105 100 170 230 35 40 M 16

6-22 22 5830 310 255 250 380 300 250 273/6.3 200 180 160 1400 850 550 1500 115 100 170 230 35 40 M 16

6-31 31 8215 350 285 280 450 350 300 324/7.1 225 200 180 1450 900 550 1650 135 125 207 260 40 50 M 16

6-37 37 9605 380 310 300 485 370 320 355.6/8 250 225 200 1600 1000 600 1850 150 150 237 280 45 55 M 16

6-43 43 11395 425 350 340 540 430 380 406/8.8 280 250 225 1800 1200 600 2100 155 155 247 290 45 60 M 16

6-55 55 14575 470 385 380 590 460 410 419/10 315 250 225 2000 1350 650 2200 175 175 274 310 55 65 M 16

6-61 61 16165 470 385 380 610 460 400 419/10 315 280 250 2050 1350 700 2400 190 190 294 330 60 70 M 20

6-73 73 19345 530 440 430 690 530 470 508/11 355 315 250 2300 1550 750 2600 190 190 303 330 65 75 M 20

6-85 85 22525 540 440 430 720 530 470 508/11 355 315 280 2400 1650 750 2700 220 220 343 360 75 85 M 20

6-91 91 24115 590 490 480 765 580 520 559/12.5 400 355 280 2550 1800 750 2900 230 230 353 370 75 85 M 20

Dimensions in mm Subject to modification

1) Tendon units 6-4 and 6-7: dimensions on request. 5) Min. height of anchor head allow an adjustability of ± 20 mm.
2) Strand in accordance with Euronorm 138-79 super; other types of strand 6) Dimensions valid only for load monitoring/adjustment. Min. required
with 15 mm (0.6) diameter see VSL's <Post-Tensioning Systems>. length for removal of cable to be determined acc. to project.
3) Valid for nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 45 MPa (cube), 36 7) Threaded holes in bearing plate.
MPa (cylinder). Local zone reinforcement not shown.
4) External diameter / wall thickness.
 GROUND A NCHORS

The VSL anchors are of similar construction, whether

intended for installation in rock or in soil, and consist
basically of the following three parts:
• bond length;
• free length;
• anchor head for attaching to the component to be
anchored.

Depending upon the intended application and

service life of the anchor, the type of rock or soil and
the magnitude of force to be transmitted, each of
these parts must be capable of satisfying the most
varied requirements. These factors therefore
influence the individual components of which the
anchor will be constructed and the dimensions of the
anchoring length and of the borehole.

The anchor head is the main characterisic feature of

the VSL anchor. It always consists of a stressing
anchorage selected from the VSL prestressing
systems. The other parts of the anchor may,
however, be adapted to the particular requirements
in regard to their length, load-carrying capacity, form
and individual components. Depending upon its
construction, the VSL anchor may then be used as a
temporary or permanent anchor, as a test anchor or
surveillance anchor, in certain circumstances it may
comprise special protective measures against
corrosion and mechanical damage. Further
information about the soil and rock anchors will be
found in the following VSL publications, which are
obtainable on request:
• VSL Measuring Technique;
• VSL Soil and Rock Anchors - Examples from
Practice.

Tie-down for a tall building

Securing a slope Strengthening of a gravity dam

 GROUND A NCHORS

Permanent VSL Strand Anchor Fully Encapsulated

Section A.A
Grout tube

Bare clean strand

Corrugated sheath
Internal spacer Anchor block
Bearing plate
External spacer
Bore hole

Smooth sheath (Polyethylene) or

corrugated sheath

Greased and sheathed strand

Section B.B
Grout Grout tubes
Grout tubes
Smooth sheath
Bare clean strand
Internal spacer
Corrugated sheath (Polyethylene)
Greased and plastic
coated strand
External spacer
External spacer
Bore hole Bore hole

Nose cone

Temporary VSL Strand Anchor

Section A.A
Grout tube

Bare clean strand

Spacer

Bore hole

Anchor block

Bearing plate

Greased and sheathed strand (optional)

Section B.B
Grout tubes
Grout (free length optional)
Bare clean strand

Grout tubes

Spacer Bore hole Greased and sheathed

strand (optional)
Bore hole
 GROUND A NCHORS

Stressing Anchorage
VSL Anchorage Type E
The VSL stressing anchorage Type E, is composed
basically of an anchor block, wedges and bearing
plate. A protective cap may also be fitted over the
anchorage, if the latter must be accessible for
surveillance purposes.
Fig. a: VSL anchorage Type ER
All the strands of an anchor are stressed
simultaneously, but they are locked off individually by
wedges in the conical bores in the anchor block. The
range of VSL anchorages Type E enables tendons of
1 to 55 strands to be stressed, the principle of
anchoring being the same from the smallest to the
largest unit.

The VSL stressing anchorages Type E are designed

in principle to meet all the special requirements
which may be demanded of an anchor. These
requirements must certainly be known in advance to
enable the anchor to be designed in detail
accordingly. This is particularly necessary when the
anchor is:
• a surveillance anchor;
• required to be restressed later;
• required to be detensioned and again restressed;
• required to be removed after use.
Surveillance Anchors
A surveillance anchor is an anchor at which
observations are carried out periodically and enables
the stressing force to be read at any time. The table
shows diagrammatically various forms of
construction of the anchorage. The choice of a
suitable type will depend upon the access available
to the anchor, its required service life and
economical considerations. For alternatives B and C,
an anchor head of Type E is used, with a thread on
it's external cylindrical surface.
Restressing of Anchors
Where force losses are to be expected as a
consequence of soil movements or structural
deformations, the anchor should be so constructed
that it can be restressed.
Anchor block for surveillance anchors:
Alternative A B
Diagrammatic
Presentation
VSL anchor head Type E normal Type E with thread Type E normal
Force measure- Stressing jack Stressing jack
ment with with coupling
Protection of strand Required None
Fig. b: VSL anchorage Type E A
Alternatives A and B in the table are also suitable for
restressing. To restress, the anchor block is lifted off
from the bearing plate and shims are inserted between
them. A third solution is to use VSL anchorage Type
ER, which has a ring nut enabling the prestressing
force to be adjusted (Fig. a).
Detensioning and Restressing of Anchors
Where an anchor is to be detensioned later, an
arrangement is required consisting of a different type
of wedge and an accessory device incorporated in
between the jack and the anchor head. With this
arrangement the wedges can be released and again
locked at any time thus enabling the anchor to be
completely detensioned in one or more stages.
Where strands must be cut off and not project beyond
the anchor block, a VSL anchorage Type EA can be
used (Fig. b). This works on the principle of an
adjusting ring nut and a coupler being used for
destressing.
Removable Anchors
For temporary rock or soil anchors which are required
to be removed after use, the VSL Removable Anchor
System can fulfill such a special requirement.
C
After destressing of the anchor, the entire strand
tendon can be removed. All that is left behind in the
ground is a small piece of steel component and the
grout column with plastic sheathing which would not
affect neighbouring foundation activities in the future.
Load cell, installed
permanent or only
when measuring
For details of the VSL Rock and Soil Anchor Systems
None
please contact your local VSL branch office.
 GROUND A NCHORS

VSL Permanent Ground Anchors (Strand Type)

Number Ultimate Drill Sheath Diameter (mm) Jack

of capacity hole type
Corrugated Smooth
15mm strands (kN) dia. (mm) required
ID OD ID OD

4 1060 130 65 85 70 75 ZPE-7/A

7 1855 150 80 100 84 90 ZPE-12/St2
12 3180 175 100 125 102 110 ZPE-19
19 5035 200 125 165 130 140 ZPE-460/31
27 7155 215 125 165 130 140 ZPE-750
31 8215 275 150 195 160 170 ZPE-750
37 9805 310 150 195 160 170 ZPE-1000
43 11395 325 200 256 210 220 ZPE-1000
55 14575 350 250 270 260 270 ZPE-1250

Note: Where block outs, voids or drill hole casing are required,
drill hole diameters and bearing plate dimensions should be confirmed with the local VSL office.

VSL Permanent Ground Anchors (Stressbar Type)

Permanent Encapsulated Epoxy Coated Temporary

Bar Ultimate Corrugated Jack

dia. capacity Drill hole sheath mm Drill hole Drill hole type
mm (kN) dia. mm ID OD dia. mm dia. mm required

15 190 100 50 65 75 50 ZPE-3

*15 191 100 50 65 75 50 ZPE-3
**20 188 100 50 65 75 50 ZPE-3
20 325 100 50 65 75 50 ZPE-3
23 450 125 65 85 87 75 ZPE-3
**25 295 125 65 85 87 75 ZPE-3
26 575 125 65 85 87 75 ZPE-60
29 715 150 80 100 100 87 ZPE-7/A
32 870 150 80 100 100 100 ZPE-7/A
36 1050 150 80 100 112 100 ZPE-7/A
38 1225 150 80 100 112 100 ZPE-200
40 1295 150 80 100 112 100 ZPE-200
56 2460 175 100 125 165 125 ZPE-19

Drill hole sizes are based on 10mm external cover

*VSL Deformed Tie Bar
**VSL Threadlok Bar

VSL Temporary Ground Anchors VSL Temporary Ground Anchors

13mm Strand 15mm Strand
No. of Ultimate Minimum Jack No. of Ultimate Minimum Jack
13 mm capacity drill hole type 15 mm capacity drill hole type
strands kN dia. mm required strands kN dia. mm required

7 1362 100 ZPE-7 / A 7 1855 100 ZPE-12/St2

12 2232 125 ZPE-12 / St2 12 3180 125 ZPE-19
19 3534 150 ZPE-19 19 5035 150 ZPE-460/31
27 5022 175 ZPE-460 / 31 27 7155 175 ZPE-500
 HEAVY L IFTING

New Airport Passenger Terminal Building Roof sliding, Hong Kong

Today's civil engineering structures and industrial plants are often assembled from large, heavy prefabricated
components. This may be done for economic or technical reasons, or to save construction time. For projects in
which cranes or other conventional handling equipment cannot be used because of excessive weight,
dimensions or space limitations, VSL Heavy Lifting will often provide the most effective solution.

VSL Heavy Lifting provides builders, engineers and owners with a broad range of advantages, including:
• custom-designed solutions for each project;
• the highest level of safety, based upon sound engineering practices and over two decades of experience;
• economy and efficiency through the use of advanced an reliable hydraulic equipment.

Unique Solutions
VSL will plan lifting, lowering or sliding operations and
design the necessary temporary structures to suit your
requirements. Sound engineering, clear thinking, the ability
to innovate, and years of successful experience give you a
guarantee of reliable and cost-effective solutions.

Tsing Ma Bridge, Hong Kong

Lifting of portal beams, formwork and steel trusses Loire River Bridge, France
(weight 270 ~ 420 tonnes) Lifting of 162 m long steel portal (2,400 tonnes) for the main span
 HEAVY L IFTING

Safety
Safety is VSL's first priority. Our specialised
hydraulic lifting equipment is designed for the highest
level of reliability, and all equipment is rigorously
tested and serviced through VSL's quality control
and maintenance programme. VSL field services are
also based upon a total commitment to safety, the
extensive experience of our personnel and VSL's
exceptional record provide further assurance of
reliable performance.

Flexibility
VSL's heavy lifting equipment includes a large
selection of hydraulic jacks, pumps, control units,
monitoring devices and jacking frames. This range of
equipment gives us the capability to perform virtually
any project requiring lifting, lowering or sliding.

Segment Erection, Normandy Bridge, France

Flat Jacks
Flat jacks are widely used for a multitude of civil engineering and construction applications such as:
• under pinning;
• prestressing of columns;
• counteracting sinking foundations;
Pump
• prestressing of road works or airport runways;
• prestressing concrete in confined spaces;
• lifting and lowering of bridge superstructures for bridge bearing adjustments;
• counteracting loads applied during backfilling;
• lifting heavy weights;
Flat Jack
• pile testing.

The VSL flat jack is constructed of two moulded steel sections welded together to form a containment vessel.
Hydraulic fluid or grout is injected at pressures of up to 13.5MPa into the peripheral ring, moving the lifting plates
aparts, so that a force is applied with a maximum lifting stroke of 25mm per jack. Other shapes of flat jacks are
available upon request.

Outside Maximum force Effective area at T E Installation

Type diameter D at 13.5MPa zero extension Thickness ** Maximum travel gap
mm kN 103mm2 mm mm mm

120c 120 85 6.4 25 25 38

150c 150 155 11.5 25 25 38
220c 220 390 29 25 25 38 Plan
250c 250 525 39 25 25 38
270c 270 605 45 25 25 38
300c 300 780 58 25 25 38
350c 350 1080 80 25 25 38
420c 420 1605 119 25 25 38
480c 480 2170 161 25 25 38 Closed
600c 600 3470 257 25 25 38
750c 750 5400 400 25 25 45
870c 870 7385 547 25 25 45
920c 920 8975 665 25 25 45
*1150c 1150 13635 1010 25 25 50
* 1150c Flat Jacks are specially produced to order and require longer lead times Fully Inflated
** Flat Jack thickness may vary ±3mm
 STRESSBAR

Hong Kong Stadium, Hong Kong

Bar Systems
VSL has been manufacturing and designing bar systems in Australia for use by the construction industry since
1971. These have proven to be one of the most popular tools of Engineers wishing to induce and control loads
and forces in structures.
The systems range from High Tensile Cold Worked Stressbar to Low Tensile Architectural Tendons, all with
compact and easy to assemble fittings.
A range of diameters is available to give a wide selection of bar forces. The prestressing force is anchored at the
end of the bar by a rolled thread, nut, washer and bearing plate. Where necessary bars can be joined with
threaded couplers, and clevis fittings may be used where pin connections are required.
The VSL bar system complies with the requirements of AS1313, AS1314, BS4486, ASTM-A722 and ISO 6934.

VSL Bar Configurations

Thread Details Architectural Max. Bar Length m

VSL Bar Fully Short Right Left Cold Hot Components Export containers
system CTA CTS hand hand rolled rolled available 20ft. 40ft.

CT Stress Bar
15-40mm CT Bar • • • • • • 5.85 11.85
56-73mm CT Bar • • • • • 5.85 5.85+6.0
Deformed Bar 5.85 11.85
15mm Tie Bar • • •
Threadlok Bar 5.85 11.85
20-25mm • • •
 STRESSBAR

Application
VSL bar systems are ideal for the economic application of post-tensioning forces on relatively short tendons.
Through the use of threaded connections and anchorages they are simple to use and lend themselves to many
applications.

Typical Applications are:

Buildings Anchors
• Prestressed Beams and Columns • Permanent and Temporary Ground Anchors
• Precast Connections • Uplift Anchors (Dam & Foundation)
• Roof Bolting
Bridges • Slope Stabilisation
• Stay Cable Hangers • Crane Bases
• Prestressed Segments • Light Towers
• Strengthening (Timber & Steel Bridges)
• Tension Piles and Caissons Specialist Engineering
• Heavy Lifting
Wharves & Jetties • Formwork Ties or Hangers
• Stressed Deck Planks • Frame Ties
• Tie Backs • Pile Testing
• Architectural Ties

Characteristic Properties
VSL Bar Properties are nominally as listed in the Tables.

Corrosion Protection
All bars and fittings must receive protection when installed under permanent conditions. In normal concrete
construction the use of galvanised duct, injected with grout, provides good protection. Anchorage recesses must
also be filled with cement mortar to protect these ends.

Bars
When bars are used in an exposed environment then one of the following coating systems may be used:
• single coat of inorganic zinc;
• three coat epoxy paint system;
• molybond coated bar ends only;
• greased and sheathed in poly tube;
• galvanising - (Threadlok Bar only).
A combination of the above systems may also be specified. Consideration must also be given to the threaded
ends to ensure correct installation of fittings after coating.

Fittings
Fittings may be treated as above but with preference given to galvanising.

Temporary Bar Anchors

Anchors used in a temporary environment may be used without protection apart from grout cover.

Permanent Bar Anchors

These anchors require installation into corrugated polyethylene sheathing to provide multiple levels of protection.
This is accomplished by the internal grout and sheathing barrier. Additional protection may also be used by
incorporating the above bar coatings.
 STRESSBAR

VSL CT Stressbar
Characteristic Properties
Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal tensile Nominal 0.1% Characteristic Strength Minimum Appr. Modulus Major Dia. Thread
Dia. area mass strength proof stress kN elongation of elasticity of thread pitch
mm sq. mm kg/m MPa MPa Max. force 0.1% Proof % kN/sq.mm mm mm
15 177 1.52 1080 930 190 165 6 170 17.2 6
20 314 2.39 1030 835 325 260 6 170 21.2 6
23 415 3.46 1080 930 450 385 6 170 25.2 6
26 531 4.40 1080 930 575 495 6 170 28.2 6
29 661 5.44 1080 930 715 615 6 170 31.2 6
32 804 6.59 1080 930 870 750 6 170 34.4 6
36 1018 7.86 1030 835 1050 850 6 170 37.4 6
38 1134 9.23 1080 930 1225 1055 6 170 40.4 6
40 1257 9.72 1030 835 1295 1050 6 170 41.4 6
56 2463 20.74 1000 810 2460 1995 6 205 58.5 6
73 4185 34.68 1000 810 4190 3390 6 205 76.5 6
Note: 1. Relaxation properties, as per AS1313, are 4% maximum at 1000 hrs when loaded to 70% of minimum breaking load.
2. Fatique results exceed two million cycles when loaded over a stress range of 80 N/sq.mm. (For unbonded tendon only).
3. Minimum bending diameter = 200 x Bar Dia.

Stroke
200 L E D

Hydraulic Stressing Jack and Accessories

Jack Clearance Details (mm)

Jack
model F G H
RH303 390 75 125
ZLP-100/80 560 150 150
F ZLP-200 1120 110 200
ZPE-460 / 31 750 250 300

Recess Details (mm) Jack Details

Bar Recommended Minimum Normal bar Jack Jack Dimension (mm) Capacity Weight
Dia. A B C A B C Dia. model D E Stroke kN kg
15, 20 125 125 75 100 100 70 15, 20 RH303 121 180 76 295 13.5
23, 26 150 150 80 130 130 75 23, 26, 29
29, 32, 36 150 150 100 130 130 90 32, 36, 38 ZLP-100/80 280 270 80 996 56
38, 40 175 175 112 150 150 100 46
56 220 220 250 200 200 200 56 ZLP-200 200 612 300 1980 249
73 320 320 250 300 300 200 73 ZPE-460/31 485 410 100 4570 295
 STRESSBAR

Permanent VSL Stressbar Anchor Fully Encapsulated

Nitroseal PX220
Spherical nut
Hot-Dip galvanized
protective cap
Protective grease
Protective grease
Spherical washer
Grout tube inner

Hot-Dip galvanized
bearing plate with
trumpet

Grout

Grout tube outer

O-ring

H.D.P.E. smooth or corrugated bore

A sheathing over free length
External spacers
at 1500 max. centres
Corrugated sheathing
Corrugated sheathing Grout tube outer (Polyethylene)
(Polyethylene) Grout tube inner
CT Stressbar Bore hole CT Stressbar
Internal spacers
at 1500 max. centres
A Internal spacers

Section A-A
Steel nose cone

Temporary VSL Stressbar Anchor

Spherical nut

Spherical washer

Heat shrink Bearing plate

& sleeve

Grout tube B

Grout
Greased bar over free length
A
H.D.P.E. smooth sheathing
over free length
B Grout tube

Spacers
CT Stressbar epoxy
coated if required
Bore hole CT Stressbar
Spacers at 1500 max. centres
Heat shrink

Section B-B
 RETAINED E ARTH

F5 Freeway, Heathcote NSW

VSL RETAINED EARTH is a composite soil reinforcing system which employs welded wire mesh to improve the
shear and compressive strength of an earth backfill.

A RETAINED EARTH structure is a stable, unified gravity mass which may be designed for use in a broad variety
of civil engineering applications. In projects ranging from commercial retaining walls to highway bridge
abutments, VSL RETAINED EARTH has found widespread use and acceptance as a major construction system.
The effective principle of RETAINED EARTH involves the transfer of stresses from the soils to the reinforcing
mesh through bearing. Bearing pressure is developed on the projected areas of the mesh crossbars, and the
pressure is in turn transferred to the longitudinal bars. The longitudinal bars are thus placed in tension, which
enables the soil mass to withstand loads in the direction of the reinforcement.

In addition to the significant performance

advantages, the VSL RETAINED EARTH
system is also extremely economical to
design and construct. The system consists
of only three components, reinforcing
mesh, precast facing panels and backfill
material. This simplicity allow construction
to proceed easily and rapidly.
Cost savings of up to 50% are regularly
realised when compared with traditional
stabilisation systems.

Fast, Easy and Economical

The construction of a RETAINED EARTH
structure is extremely straightforward. A
five-man crew using standard construction
Perspective View
equipment will average 75 square metres of VSL RETAINED EARTH
wall per shift, and can place up to 140 Retaining Wall
square metres per shift.
 RETAINED E ARTH

Complete Capabilities
VSL provides the client with a complete range of design and engineering
services for a RETAINED EARTH structure. VSL employs the most
advanced Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems available.

Services provided include analysis of external stability, internal stability,

bridge load, overturning and base sliding. In addition, VSL furnishes all
preliminary drawings, shop drawings and complete erection sequencing
documents as required.

Complete Flexibility
The VSL RETAINED EARTH concrete facing panels are available in a broad
range of textures and colours. Because local materials are used in the
production of these precast panels, the exposed surface can easily be
coloured to complement the natural surroundings. Standard RETAINED
EARTH panel treatments include raised relief, sandblast finish, exposed
aggregate, and conventional smooth face concrete. These are only a very
few of the possibilities however. Non-concrete faces, such as welded mesh
or steel faced are also available and can be used to make temporary
structures.
Temporary wall with welded mesh face

Fractured fin finish Ashlar finish

Steel face finish Raised relief finish

 SYSTEM F ORMWOR K

Central Plaza Building, Hong Kong

THE VSL Climbform System is a self climbing heavy duty construction platform used primarily to lift static panel
vertical wall formwork. The system provides the wall designer with complete flexibility in both the structural design
and selection of finishes.

Standard features include:

• custom designed formwork panels which may be ganged in any shape or size to lift as one unit;
• form heights ranging from 2.5 to 4.0 metres;
• unobstructed access to the forms for:
- cleaning and oiling
- fixing of door frames and blockouts
- reinforcement and reinforcing fabric fixing, including prefabricated reinforcement;
• truss members of fixed height assembled in "Meccano like fashion" to form a platform of any plan shape
or size;
• easy levelling and plumbing of the external platform,
which is typically supported on four, six or eight
seatings;
• variation of wall thickness by moving the internal or
external forms;
• parking the internal platforms at mid-lift to facilitate
blockout and reinforcement fixing;
• cycle times as low as three days;
• access to external walls for curing;
• hanging access stairway.

VSL Climbform and Table Formwork Systems

 SYSTEM F ORMWOR K

Optional features include:

• support of concrete placing booms on the platform;
• access hatches and/or temporary platforms to
install precast stairs;
• external trailing platforms for:
- patching of the tie-bolt holes
- concrete finishing and curing
- welding of beam stubs/brackets to support
steel floor beams;
• provision to allow manhoists to service the top
working platform;
• provision to locate tower cranes within internal
and corridor platforms;
• collapsible door formers.

The VSL Climform System is recognised as the most

Tsing Ma Bridge, Hong Kong powerful commercial formwork system available in
Climbformed piers and Slipformed pylons the world today and has been specified on the
largest and tallest vertical structures in Asia and
Australia.

The VSL Slipform System has been used in the

construction of silos, storage tanks, containment
structures, chimneys, cooling stacks and bridge piers
and pylons for over 20 years. Slipforming is
advantageous when rapid construction between 2
and 6 m per 24 hours is required which results from
continuous working and forms a monolithic structure
free from construction joints. The system is raised by
hydraulic jacks with upper working platforms for
reinforcement fixing and concrete placement and a
suspended scaffolding for finishing works.

Alsons Cement Plant, Philippines

VSL Formtravellers have been developed in

conjunction with the in-house design of balanced or
free cantilevering bridge structures. The formtraveller
of either overhead truss or underslung type, is a
hydraulically driven falsework system with built in
working platforms and formwork panels. VSL services
include design, supply, 1st assembly and
commissioning, or a total turnkey package
incorporating the operation of the system with the Phu Luong Bridge, Vietnam
post-tensioning application.

VSL System Formwork services include the design of

the formwork systems, hire of the Climbform and
Slipform Systems, prefabrication of forms and
platforms, supervision and 1st assembly of the
formwork and running of the systems.
 BRIDGE E NGINEERING

As a specialist involved in the design and construction of bridges, VSL has considerable experience and expertise
in:

• conceptual, preliminary and final detailed design of bridge structure;

• developing construction methods with full engineering;
• full design and detailing for formwork and erection systems;
• on-site construction of selected elements of the structure, from post-tensioning through to entire bridge
superstructures.

The application of this knowledge by VSL assists owners, developers, main contractors and consultants with initial
design concepts, alternative designs and construction methods. The result for the project is that:

• the cost is minimised; • the quality is enhanced;

• the methods are simplified; • the safety is improved;
• the time is reduced; • the value of the structure is increased;

Some of the very different projects successfully carried by VSL are:

Phu Luong Bridge,

VIETNAM
Balanced Cantilever Construction

VSL Scope of Work:

Design of the four lane main superstructure
consisting of a main span of 102 m and side spans
of 65m.
Design, supply and commissioning of the travelling
formwork system and supply of the post-tensioning,
bearings and movement joints.

Tsing Ma Bridge,
HONG KONG
Pylons and Approach Pier Construction

VSL Scope of Work:

Construction of two number 206m high concrete
pylons by slipforming including all concreting and
reinforcement fixing. Heavy lifting of steel trusses for
portal beams up to 420 tons. Design, supply and
operation of the 4 VSL Climbforms Systems for the
60m high approach piers.
 BRIDGE E NGINEERING

Ma On Shan Pipe Bridge,

HONG KONG
Incremental Launch Construction

VSL Scope of Work:

Alternative design and construction of superstructure
including casting of segments, reinforcement fixing and
post-tensioning. The bridge has a length of 330m and
spans of 33m for carrying 2 No. 1.2m diameter pipes
crossing the river to the waste water treatment plant.

Decking Over Roadway, Lam Tin,

HONG KONG
Precast Girder Construction

VSL Scope of Work:

Supply and erect 87 No. 300 ton, 3m deep precast
beams.
Design, supply and operation of the erection gantry and
launching.

Seoul Expressway Phase 1,

KOREA
Precast Segmental Construction

VSL Scope of Work:

Design and commissioning of formwork for the 3,600
precast box girder segments. The production on CAD of
segment fabrication shop drawings. The design of the
erection truss and full erection of the segments. Supply
and installation of permanent and temporary post-
tensioning.

Hung Hom By-Pass,

HONG KONG
Precast Segmental Construction

VSL Scope of Work:

Supply and installation of post-tensioning, bearings and
movement joints. Supply and operation of the erection
gantry for the erection of 1650 No. precast segments.
The spans vary from 26 to 45 m with segment weight
40~83 tons.
 STRUT URAL P RODUCTS

Structural Bearings
Positioned between two structures to accommodate
load transfer and relative movements which may
cause damage. Bearings can be divided into two
types, namely elastomeric and mechanical (disc or
pot bearings). VSL services include design, testing,
supply and installation.

Slip Joints
The slip joint has been developed to fill the need for
a reliable and easily applied slip joint material on
load bearing brickwork or under cast concrete slabs.
It is designed to centralise loads and accommodate
shrinkage and movement. Composed of polished
stainless steel sliding against PTFE coated high
grade natural rubber.

Movement Joints
Single Element
Used in building, pedestrian and vehicular structures
to seal the gap between two structures so that they
can move independently without adversely affecting
each other. The joints are of either aluminium or
steel with a flexible seal spanning between them and
can accommodate movement ranges between 15
mm to 40 mm.

Movement Joints
Multi Element
Used in highway and bridge structures with large
movements due to the effects of concrete shrinkage,
thermal and seismic effects or differential settlement
and ground movements. Typical movement ranges
from 65 mm per single seal upto 1 m when
connected together. VSL services include design,
supply, 1st installation and long term maintenance.
 I NDEX

The Company 1

Multistrand Post-Tensioning 3

Bonded Slab Post-Tensioning 15

External Post-Tensioning 21

Stay Cables 23

Ground Anchors 25

Heavy Lifting 29

Stressbar 31

Retained Earth 35

System Formwork 37

Bridge Engineering 39

Structural Products 41

POST-TENSIONING SYSTEM BEARINGS, MOVEMENT JOINTS

& SYSTEM FORMWORK
ISO 9001: 1994 ISO 9002: 1994
Certificate No: CC421 Certificate No: CC416

VSL
South East Asia /
Australia
( Operating Unit 1 )
REGIONAL OFFICE
VSL Prestressing (Aust.) Pty. Ltd.
6 Pioneer Avenue
THORNLEIGH, NSW 2120
Australia
Tel. 61 - 2 - 9484 59 44
Fax. 61 - 2 - 9875 38 94
AUSTRALIA - Queensland
VSL Prestressing (Aust.) Pty. Ltd.
VIRGINIA
Tel. 61 - 7 - 326 564 00
Fax. 61 - 7 - 326 575 34
AUSTRALIA - New South Wales
VSL Prestressing (Aust.) Pty. Ltd.
THORNLEIGH
Tel. 61 - 2 - 9484 59 44
Fax. 61 - 2 - 9475 38 94
AUSTRALIA - Southern Division
VSL Prestressing (Aust.) Pty. Ltd.
NOBLE PARK
Tel. 61 - 3 - 9795 03 66
Fax. 61 - 3 - 9795 05 47
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
VSL Systems (B) Sdn. Bhd.
BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN
Tel. 673 - 2 - 380 153/2 - 38182
Fax. 673 - 2 - 381 954
GUAM
VSL Prestressing (Guam) Inc.
TUMON
Tel. 67 - 1646 80 61
Fax. 67 - 1649 08 50
INDONESIA
PT VSL Indonesia
JAKARTA
Tel. 62 - 21 - 570 07 86
Fax. 62 - 21 - 573 68 49
MALAYSIA
VSL Engineers (M) Sdn. Bhd.
KUALA LUMPUR
Tel. 60 - 3 - 242 47 11
Fax. 60 - 3 - 242 93 97
NEW ZEALAND
Precision Precasting (Wgtn.) Ltd.
OTAKI
Tel. 64 - 6 - 364 81 26
Fax. 64 - 6 - 364 83 44
SINGAPORE
VSL Singapore Pte. Ltd.
SINGAPORE
Tel. 65 - 336 29 23
Fax. 65 - 337 64 61
THAILAND
VSL (Thailand) Co., Ltd. - BANGKOK
Tel. 66 - 2 - 237 32 88/89/90
Fax. 66 - 2 - 238 24 48
THE COMBINATION OF A WORLD-CLASS SPECIALIST CONTRACTOR
WITH THE RESPONSIVENESS OF A LOCALLY BASED PARTNER
VSL International Ltd.
LYSSACH - CH 3421
Phone: 41-34-447 99 11
Fax: 41-34-445 43 22
http:\\ www.vsl-intl.com
Your post-tensioning specialist contractor:
North East Asia
( Operating Unit 2 )
REGIONAL OFFICE
VSL North East Asia
1508 Devon House
979 King's Road
Quarry Bay, HONG KONG
Tel. 852 - 2590 22 22
Fax. 852 - 2590 95 93
HONG KONG
VSL Hong Kong Ltd.
QUARRY BAY
Tel. 852 - 2590 22 88
Fax. 852 - 2590 02 90
JAPAN
VSL Japan Corporation
TOKYO
Tel. 81 - 33 - 346 89 13
Fax. 81 - 33 - 345 91 53
KOREA
VSL Korea Co., Ltd.
SEOUL
Tel. 82 - 2 - 574 82 00
Fax. 82 - 2 - 577 00 98
MAINLAND CHINA
258 Qianshan Road, Hefei,
ANHUI PROVINCE
Postal Code: 230031
Tel. 86 - 551 - 5577421
Fax. 86 - 551 - 5576018
PHILIPPINES
VSL Philippines Inc.
MANILA
Tel. 63 - 2 - 633 1739
Fax. 63 - 2 - 633 1740
TAIWAN
VSL Taiwan Co., Ltd.
TAIPEI
Tel. 886 - 22 - 759 68 19
Fax. 886 - 22 - 759 68 21
VIETNAM
VSL Hanoi
Representative Office
HANOI
Tel. 84 - 4 - 8245 488
Fax. 84 - 4 - 8245 717
HEADQUARTERS
Bernstrasse 9
Switzerland
USA-North America
( Operating Unit 3 )
REGIONAL OFFICE
VSL Corporation
Crosspointe II Plaza
2840 Plaza Place - Suite 200
RALEIGH, NC 27612 USA
Tel. 1 - 919 - 781 6272
Fax. 1 - 919 - 781 6892
MIDWEST
VSL Corporation
DALLAS, TX
Tel. 1 - 972 - 647 - 0200
Fax. 1 - 972 - 641 - 1192
NORTHEAST
VSL Corporation
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Tel. 1 - 703 - 451 - 4300
Fax. 1 - 703 - 451 - 0862
SOUTHEAST
VSL Corporation
MIAMI, FL
Tel. 1 - 305 - 592 - 5075
Fax. 1 - 305 - 592 - 5629
WEST
VSL Corporation
SAN JOSE, CA
Tel. 1 - 408 - 866 - 5000
Fax. 1 - 408 - 374 - 4113
Europe, Middle East,
South America and Africa
( Operating Unit 4.5 )
REGIONAL OFFICE
Representative Office
L'Odyssée - Bát. A
2-12 Chemin des Femmes
91886 MASSY Cedex - France
Tel. 33 - 1 - 69 19 43 16
Fax. 33 - 1 - 69 19 43 17
ARGENTINA
VSL Sistemas Especiales de
Construcción S.A.
BUENOS AIRES
Tel. 54 - 1 - 322 06 09
Fax. 54 - 1 - 322 09 19
AUSTRIA
Grund-und Sonderbau GesmbH
VIENNA
Tel. 43 - 1 - 878 17 0
Fax. 43 - 1 - 878 17 762 od 782
BOLIVIA
Prestress VSL of Bolivia Jauregui Ltd.
LA PAZ
Tel. 591 - 2 - 321 874
Fax. 591 - 2 - 371 493
CHILE
VSL Sistemas
SANTIAGO
Tel. 56 - 2 - 233 10 81
Fax. 56 - 2 - 233 67 39
CZECH REPUBLIC
VSL Systemy (CZ) s.r.o.
PRAGUE
Tel. 420 - 2 - 67 07 24 20
Fax. 420 - 2 - 67 07 24 06
FRANCE
VSL France S.A.
EGLY
Tel. 33 - 1 - 69 26 14 00
Fax. 33 - 1 - 60 83 89 95
GREAT BRITIAN
Balvac Whitley Moran Ltd.
DERBYSHIRE
Tel. 44 - 1773 54 26 00
Fax. 44 - 1773 54 27 00
GREECE
VSL Systems A/E
ATHENS
Tel. 30 - 1- 363 84 53
Fax. 30 - 1- 360 95 43
INDIA
Killick Prestressing Ltd.
BOMBAY
Tel. 91 - 22 - 578 44 81
Fax. 91 - 22 - 578 47 19
NETHERLANDS
Civielco B.V.
AT LEIDEN
Tel. 31 - 71 - 576 89 00
Fax. 31 - 71 - 572 08 86
Stronghold Benelux B.V.
Tel. 31- 70 -511-5145
Fax. 31- 70 -517-6624
NORWAY
VSL Norge A/S
STAVANGER
Tel. 47 - 51 - 56 37 01
Fax. 47 - 51 - 56 27 21
PERU
Pretensado VSL del Peru SA
LIMA
Tel. 51 - 1476 - 04 23/26
Fax. 51 - 1476 - 04 77
PORTUGAL
VSL Prequipe S.A.
LISBON
Tel. 351 - 1 - 793 85 30
Fax. 351 - 1 - 793 09 01
Stronghold Portugal
PORTO
Tel. 351 - 2 - 370 00 21
Fax. 351 - 2 - 379 39 73
SOUTH AFRICA
Steeledale Systems (Pty) Ltd.
JOHANNESBURG
Tel. 27 - 11 - 613 77 41/9
Fax. 27 - 11 - 613 74 04
SPAIN
CTT Stronghold
BARCELONA
Tel. 34 - 3 - 200 87 11
Fax. 34 - 3 - 209 85 90
SWEDEN
Internordisk Spánnarmering
AB, DANDERYD
Tel. 46 - 8 - 753 02 50
Fax. 46 - 8 - 753 49 73
SWITZERLAND
VSL (Switzerland) Ltd.
LYSSACH
Tel. 41 - 34 - 447 99 11
Fax. 41 - 34 - 445 43 22
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Representative Office
DUBAI
Tel. 971 - 4 - 555 220
Fax. 971 - 4 - 518 244