Electronics - I

Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology Islamabad – Pakistan Electrical Engineering
SECOND SEMESTER
ELECTRONICS - I
BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Prepared By: Checked By: Approved By:
Engr. Yousaf Hameed Engr. M.Nasim Khan Dr.Noman Jafri

Lecturer (Lab) Electrical, Senior Lab Engineer Electrical, Dean,
FUUAST-Islamabad FUUAST-Islamabad FUUAST-Islamabad
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Name: ____________________________________________
Registration No: ____________________________________
Roll No: ___________________________________________
Semester: _________________________________________
Batch: ____________________________________________
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C
COON
NTTE
ENNT
TSS
Exp No List of Experiments
1
STUDY OF OSCILLOSCOPE
2 TROUBLESHOOTING OF DIODE
MEASURE AND PLOT THE FORWARD AND REVERSE CHARACTERISTICS OF A TYPICAL PN JUNCTION
3
DIODE USING AN DIGITAL VOLT-METER
TO CONSTRUCT A HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT AND TO CHECK ITS OUTPUT WAVEFORM ON

4
OSCILLOSCOPE
5 TO CONSTRUCT A FULL-WAVE CENTER-TAP RECTIFIER CIRCUIT & TO CHECK AND MEASURE THE
INPUT & OUTPUTS WAVE FORMS ON OSCILLOSCOPE
6
INTRODUCTION OF PROTEUS SOFTWARE
TO CONSTRUCT A FULL-WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER
7
CIRCUIT AND TO CHECK AND MEASURE THE INPUT AND OUTPUTS WAVE FORMS ON OSCILLOSCOPE
8 TO CHECK THE EFFECTS OF FILTER CAPACITANCE ON DC OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND RIPPLE ON

OSCILLOSCOPE
9
SOFTWARE SIMULATION
To study the characteristics of zener diode
10
To study the voltage regulation in zener diode regulating circuit
11
Series BIASED & UNBIASED Clippers
12 PARALLEL BIASED & UNBIASED Clippers
13
ZENER DIODE AS CLIPPER/LIMITERS
14
Unbiased Clamper
15
Biased Clamper
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Determine the type of transistor NPN or PNP and identifying the terminals (base, emitter and Collector)
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EXAMINE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NPN THROUGH EXPERIMENTS
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EXAMINE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PNP THROUGH EXPERIMENTS
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EXPERIMENT NO – 01
STUDY OF OSCILLOSCOPE:
Dual Trace Oscilloscope 20MHz (GW INSTEK GOS-620)
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Lab Task:
1. Generate the following signals from function generator and verify this on oscilloscope. Also
draw it below.
S.NO Frequency Amplitude Wave Type

1 5 KHz 3 V P-Peak Sine Wave
2 10 KHz 5 V P-Peak Square Wave
3 50 KHz 7 V P-Peak Triangular Wave
4 Of your own choice Of your own choice Of your own choice
Example:
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TROUBLESHOOTING OF DIODE
Testing a diode is quite simple, particularly if the multi-meter used has a diode check function.
With the diode check function a specific known voltage is applied from the meter across the diode.
With the diode check function a good diode will show approximately 0.7 V or 0.3 V when forward
biased.
When checking in reverse bias the full applied testing voltage will be sent on the display.
An ohm-meter can be used to check the forward and reverse resistance of a diode if the ohm-meter has
enough voltage to force the diode into conduction. Of course, in forward biased connection low
resistance will be seen and in reverse biased connecting high.
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OPEN DIODE
In the case of an open diode no current flows in either direction which is indicated by the full
checking voltage with the diode check function or high resistance using an ohmmeter in both forward
and reverse connections.
SHORTED DIODE
In the case of a shorted diode maximum current flows indicated by 0V with the diode check
function or low resistance with an ohm-meter in both forward and reverse connections.
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MEASURE AND PLOT THE FORWARD AND REVERSE CHARACTERISTICS OF A TYPICAL

PN JUNCTION DIODE USING AN DIGITAL VOLT-METER
THEORY
Figure 1 Junction diode being impressed forward and reverse voltage
Semi-conductor diode allows the current to pass through in one direction but almost not in opposite
direction. Because while it has low forward resistance, high reverse resistance. All semi-conductor
diode generally has one-directional characteristic.
FORWARD CURRENT
The status connecting power to p side of pn junction diode with +, and to n side with – as Figure 1(a) is
called as being applied forward voltage or forward bias. At this time, current (forward current) flows
through the diode. The fact that the hole of p field flows to n field and the electron of n field to p field
vigorously makes big current I flowing from p to n.
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REVERSE CURRENT
The status adding external voltage to n side +, to p side – as Figure 1(b) is called as being applied
reverse voltage or reverse bias. At this time, very weak ‘reverse saturation current’ flows from n to p
field through diode. This current reaches to maximum value very easily and increasing reverse voltage
doesn’t increase this current more than that value. So we call it reverse saturation current.
Figure 2 Forward v-I characteristic of power-junction diode
PROCEDURE:
Figure 3
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1. Connect the circuits as shown in figure –a and figure –b

2. Connect current meter in series with resistor and diode and establish the circuit as Figure 3(a)
to measure the forward current of diode. Measure the forward current (IF) as changing input
voltage as table 1 and record it.
3. Connect current meter in series with resistor and diode to establish the circuit as Figure 3(b) to
measure the reverse current of diode. Measure the reverse current (IA) as changing input
voltage as table 1 and record it.
4. Draw forward and reverse current characteristic curve using the measured value of Table 1.
(Graph 1 and 2)
Table-1
Current Ge Diode Si Diode
Forward Forward Reverse Reverse Forward Forward Reverse Reverse
Input Voltage
(IF) (VF) (IR) (VR) (IF) (VF) (IR) (VR)
1V
2V
3V
4V
5V
6V
7V
8V
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Graph-1 (Si)
Graph-2 (Si)
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Graph-1 (Ge)
Graph-2 (Ge)
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TO CONSTRUCT A HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT AND TO CHECK ITS OUTPUT
WAVEFORM ON OSCILLOSCOPE
THEORY
HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER
Rectifier is the diode used in converting AC to DC and this process is rectification. The basic way of
rectification is half-wave rectifier circuit shown in Figure 1. When the secondary voltage of
transformer is positive half period ( V AB is +), diode D1 becomes forward bias. Because it represents
very low resistance value toward voltage source, so most of the secondary voltage appears both sides
of load RL . Silicon and germanium are representative forward biased diode. The step-down range of
silicon diode is from 0.5V to 1.0V and that of germanium diode is from 0.2V to 0.6V. Most of step-
down is ignored to make the interpretation of circuit simple. Especially when power supply is very
high, forward step-down of diode becomes very small toward output voltage.
Figure 1(b) explains the action of half-wave rectifier. Note that the fact that output becomes ‘0’ when
the voltage of transformer ( V A B ) is negative (-). It is because diode becomes a backward bias (added
anode toward cathode). It is the same as open circuit ideally. Average DC voltage ( V dc ) is the same as
0.318 times ( 0.318 = 1 / π ) of maximum value. Most of voltage meter displays average value. So it
indicates 0.318 times of maximum voltage toward half-wave rectifier. But effective value must be used
to calculate power. The effective voltage toward half-wave rectifier circuit is 0.5 times of maximum
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value.
In case of half-wave;
This 2 way of displaying voltage may cause some confusion. Fortunately, effective value and average
value is mostly equal in general DC current. Therefore you may not worry about that. Average current
I 0 is the current taken by dividing average voltage of load by load resistance.
Step-down is so small in forward bias. But maximum input voltage appears as the step-down of both
sides of diode in backward bias. We call it as Peak Reverse Voltage (PRV). Every diode has maximum
allowable PRV rating which must not be exceeded and when the exceeding is happens, the factor
extinguished. The voltage of diode VAC in Figure 1(b) follows V AB in backward bias. Therefore diode
has very high resistance value. And note that step-down ( V A C ) is not ‘0’ but a small positive value. It
is a forward step-down of diode and generally it is less than 1V.
APPARATUS:
1. Low-voltage AC power supply

2. One 1N4001 diode
3. Resistance 100Ω
4. Oscilloscope
The diode need not be an exact model 1N4001. Any of the "1N400X" series of rectifying diodes are
suitable for the task
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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:
FIGURE -2
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the diode to the low-voltage AC power supply as shown in a figure. Note that the
resistor uses to limit the current.
2. Connect CH1 of oscilloscope to Input and CH2 to Output/Load Resistance of a circuit.
3. Switch on the oscilloscope and the sinusoidal supply.
4. Sketch the input waveform
INPUT WAVEFORM
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5. Measure and record time T , peak voltage Vp and peak to peak voltage Vpp of Input supply
T= _______________ Vp: _______________ Vpp _______________
6. With the oscilloscope DC. Coupled adjust the time-base and the Y amplifier sensitivity.
7. Sketch the waveform and label it to show the periods when the diode is conducting and those
when it is not. Time T depends upon the frequency of your power supply.
OUTPUT WAVEFORM
8. Measure and record time T and peak voltage Vp of output
T= _______________ Vp: _______________
9. Confirm this Vp should be very nearly equal to the peak voltage of the alternating supply.
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COMMENTS:
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
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TO CONSTRUCT A FULL-WAVE CENTER-TAP RECTIFIER CIRCUIT & TO CHECK AND

MEASURE THE INPUT & OUTPUTS WAVE FORMS ON OSCILLOSCOPE
THEORY:
More useful and effective way of converting AC to DC is using both positive and negative range of
AC input signal. There are 2 kinds of circuit to use to do this. Figure-1 shows a circuit among the two.
Because this method uses all of input wave type as DC output, it is known as full-wave rectification.
Center-tap rectifier in Figure-1 uses secondary winding having center-tap. When the polarity of
voltage is the same as figure, anode has a positive polarity toward cathode. So D1 becomes a forward
bias and conduction status. On the contrary, D 2 becomes a backward bias and non-conduction status.
Therefore only D1 supplies the current to load.
Figure-1
Because the polarity of secondary voltage of transformer is inverted in the next half cycle of AC, so
everything is in opposition to above condition. Therefore, D1 becomes backward bias and D2 becomes
forward bias, then D2 supplies current to load. Because each diode is insulation status during only the
half cycle (by half cycle in turn), load current which is double the current of half-wave rectifying.
Figure -2 shows its output wave type. Note that double the increase of frequency appears in output
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substantially. It is because cycle of output wave type T is the half of AC input signal. Remember that
frequency is the reciprocal of cycle. ( f =1/ T ).

Center tap circuit has been the most general full-wave rectifying circuit but, bridge circuit becomes
most general owing to the appearance of silicon diode having low price, high reliability and small size.
Figure- 3: I/O waveforms of full wave rectifier
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The reason is in the fact that it enables to cut down the size of transformer needed in getting the degree
of output as well as center tap. Current flows in turn by dividing secondary side of transformer half and
half during each half cycle of main-sub in center tap circuit.
During this one cycle of the input sine wave, two positive DC pulses have been developed.
With this Condition, the output frequency has doubled. If the input frequency is 50 hertz, the positive
alternation will be present 50 times. After the full-wave rectification, there will be 100 positive pulses
at the output. If the DC output signal is measured with a multi-meter, the indication will be the
average value of the peak signal.
To determine the average value of a full-wave rectified signal, multiply the peak value by 0.636
Example:
VAVG = VP * 0.636
Input peak value = 10 V AC
10 V AC x 0.636 = 6.36 V DC
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APPARATUS:

2. Two 1N4001 diode
3. Resistance 1KΩ
4. Oscilloscope
The diodes need not be exact model 1N4001 units. Any of the "1N400X" series of rectifying diodes
are suitable for the task, and they are quite easy to obtain.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the diodes to the low-voltage AC power supply as shown in a figure.

2. Connect CH1 of Oscilloscope to Input and CH2 to Output/Load Resistance of a circuit.
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INPUT WAVEFORM
T= _______________ Vp: _______________ Vpp _______________
7. Sketch the output waveform and label it to show the periods when the diode D1 is conducting
and when the diode D2 is conducting those. Time T depends upon the frequency of your power
supply.
OUTPUT WAVEFORM
8. Measure and record time T and peak voltage Vp of an output supply.
T= _______________ Vp: _______________
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COMMENTS:
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
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INTRODUCTION OF PROTEUS SOFTWARE
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TO CONSTRUCT A FULL-WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

CIRCUIT AND TO CHECK AND MEASURE THE INPUT AND OUTPUTS WAVE FORMS ON OSCILLOSCOPE
THEORY:
A basic full-wave bridge rectifier is illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Basic Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
A full wave bridge rectifier has one advantage over the conventional full-wave rectifier: the amplitude
of the output signal. The frequency of the positive pulses will be the same in either rectifier. When the
output signal is taken from a bridge rectifier, it is taken across the entire potential of the transformer;
thus, the output signal will be twice the amplitude of a conventional full-wave rectifier. For the first
half cycle of a bridge rectifier, refer to Figure 2.
Figure 2 Full Wave Bridge Rectifier (First Half-Wave Cycle Operation)

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During the first half cycle of the input signal, a positive potential is felt at Point A and a negative
potential is felt at Point B. Under this condition, a positive potential is felt on the anode of D2 and on
the cathode of D1. D2 will be forward-biased, while D1 will be reverse-biased. Also, a negative
potential will be placed on the cathode of D3 and the anode of D4. D3 will be forward-biased, while D4
will be reverse biased. With D3 and D2 forward-biased, a path for current flow has been developed.
The current will flow from the lower side of the transformer to Point D. D3 is forward-biased, so
current will flow through D3 to Point E, from Point E to the bottom of the load resistor, and up to Point
F. R3 is forward biased, so current will flow through D2, to Point C, and to Point A. The difference of
potential across the secondary of the transformer causes the current to flow. Diodes D3 and D2 are
forward-biased, so very little resistance is offered to the current flow by these components. Also, the
resistance of the transformer is very small, so approximately all the applied potential will be developed
across the load resistor. If the potential from Point A to Point B of the transformer is 24 volts, the
output developed across the load resistor will be a positive pulse approximately 24 volts in amplitude.
Figure 3. Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier (Second Cycle Operation)
When the next alternation of the input is felt (Figure 3), the potential across the transformer reverses
polarity. Now, a negative potential is felt at Point A and a positive potential is felt at Point B. With a
negative felt at Point C, D1 will have a negative on the cathode and D2 will have a negative on the
anode. A positive at Point D will be felt on the anode of D4 and the cathode of D3. D1 and D4 will be
forward-biased and will create a path for current flow. D3 and D2 will be reverse-biased, so no current
will flow. The path for current flow is from Point A to
Point C, through D1 to Point E, to the lower side of the load resistor, through the load resistor to Point
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F, through D4 to Point D, and to the lower side of T1. Current flows because of the full potential being
present across the entire transformer; therefore, the current through the load resistor will develop the
complete voltage potential. The frequency of the output pulses will be twice that of the input pulses
because both cycles of the input AC voltage are being used to produce an output.
APPARATUS:

2. Four 1N4001 diode
3. Resistance 1KΩ
4. Oscilloscope
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Figure
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the diodes to the low-voltage AC power supply as shown in a figure.

2. Connect CH1 of Oscilloscope to Input and CH2 to Output/Load Resistance of a circuit.
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INPUT WAVEFORM
T= _______________ Vp: _______________ Vpp _______________
7. Sketch the output waveform and label it to show the periods when the diode D1 and D4 are
conducting and when the diode D2 and D3 are conducting those. Time T depends upon the
frequency of your power supply.
8. Sketch the output waveform during positive Half Cycle
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9. Sketch the output waveform during negative Half Cycle
10. Sketch the output waveform
OUTPUT WAVEFORM
11. Measure and record time T and peak voltage Vp of an output supply.
T= _______________ Vp: _______________
12. Compare Input and output voltages.
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COMMENTS:
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
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TO CHECK THE EFFECTS OF FILTER CAPACITANCE ON DC OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND

RIPPLE ON OSCILLOSCOPE
THEORY:
The Capacitor Filter
The simple capacitor filter is the most basic type of power supply filter. The use of this filter is very
limited. It is sometimes used on extremely high-voltage, low-current power supplies that require very
little load current from the supply. This filter is also used in circuits where the power-supply ripple
frequency is not critical and can be relatively high.
The simple capacitor filter shown in figure 1 consists of a single-filter element. This capacitor (C) is
connected across the output of the rectifier bridge in parallel with the load. The RC charge time of the
filter capacitor (C) must be short and the RC discharge time must be long to eliminate ripple action
when using this filter. In other words, the capacitor must charge up fast with preferably no discharge at
all. Better filtering also results when the frequency is high; therefore, the full-wave rectifier output is
easier to filter than the half-wave rectifier because of its higher frequency.
Figure 1. - Full-wave rectifier with a capacitor filter
The value of the capacitor is fairly large (several microfarads).
When the pulsating voltage is first applied to the circuit, the capacitor charges rapidly and almost
reaches the peak value of the rectified voltage within the first few cycles. The capacitor attempts to
charge to the peak value of the rectified voltage anytime a diode is conducting, and tends to retain its
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charge when the rectifier output falls to zero. (The capacitor cannot discharge immediately). The
capacitor slowly discharges through the load resistance (RL) during the time the rectifier is not
conducting.
The rate of discharge of the capacitor is determined by the value of capacitance and the value of the
load resistance. If the capacitance and load resistance values are large, the RC discharge time for the
circuit is relatively long.
When the circuit is energized, the diode conducts on the positive half cycle and current flows through
the circuit allowing C to charge. C will charge to approximately the peak value of the input voltage.
The charge is less than the peak value because of the voltage drop across diodes.
If fewer ripples are desired under heavy-load conditions, a larger capacitor may be used.
APPARATUS:

2. Four 1N4001 diode
3. Capacitor
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4. Oscilloscope
A larger capacitor value is fine to use in this experiment, so long as its working voltage is high enough.
To be safe, choose a capacitor with a working voltage rating at least twice the RMS AC voltage output
of the low-voltage AC power supply
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Construct the bridge rectifier circuit by using rectifying diodes and RC smoothing circuit and
connect it to the low-voltage AC power supply as shown in a figure.
2. Connect CH1 of Oscilloscope to Input and CH2 to Output of a circuit.
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INPUT WAVEFORM
6. Check the output waveform when filtering capacitance is not connected and Sketch it.
7. Now connect filtering capacitance on Output side and check the output on oscilloscope and
sketch it.
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8. By changing RC change the Load and checks the effect on output waveform also sketches the
output waveform.
COMMENTS:
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
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SOFTWARE SIMULATION
Verify Experiment 4 (Half Wave Rectifier), Experiment 5 (Full Wave Center tapped
Rectifier), Experiment 6 (Full Wave Bridge Rectifier), Experiment 8 (Full Wave Bridge
Rectifier with RC filter circuit) by the use of Proteus also submit a printout of a proper labeled
schematic.
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ZENER DIODE
OBJECTIVES:
To study the characteristics of zener diode

To study the voltage regulation in zener diode regulating circuit
APPARATUS:
1. DC Power supply
3. Zener Diode 6V,9V
4. Resistance 0.1K, 1K, 3.3K
5. Oscilloscope
Part A: Zener diode characteristics

PROCEDURE:
1. Construct the circuit of figure. Set the DC supply to 0V and record the measured value of R
Figure-1
2. Set the DC supply (E) to the values appearing in Table 1 and measure both VZ and VR.
Calculate the zener current, IZ using Ohm’s law given in the table and complete the table.
3. Plot IZ versus VZ using data in table 1 on graph paper.

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R (Measured) = ________________________
Table:
Volts 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
VZ (V)
VR (V)
IZ = VR / Rmeas (mA)
Graph:
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Part B: Zener diode Regulation

1. Construct the circuit of figure-2. Record the measured value of each resistor.
Figure -2
2. Measure the value of VL and VR. Using the measured values, calculate the value for current
through R, IR and RL, IL and current through zener diode IZ.
3. Checks the output waveform on oscilloscope also sketch the output waveform.
R (measured) = __________________ RL (measured) = __________________
VR (measured) = __________________ VL (measured) = __________________
IR-VR/R = __________________ IL = VL / RL = __________________
I Z = IR - IL = __________________
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4. Change RL to 3.3Kohm and repeat step 2.

5. After changing load resistance Check the output waveform on oscilloscope also sketch it
Change RL to 3.3K ohm

RL (measured) = __________________
VR (measured) = __________________ VL (measured) = __________________
IR-VR/R = __________________ IL = VL / RL = __________________
I Z = IR - IL = __________________
6. Comment on the results obtained in steps 2 and 3.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
PROTEUS Instruction
1. Construct the circuit in fig 2 using PROTEUS

2. Find the Values of VL, VR, IZ, IL and IR when RL=1K ohm.
3. Change RL to 3.3K ohm; find the same values as step 2.
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SERIES CLIPPERS
Part-A: Series Un-Biased Clipper.
APPARATUS:

2. One 1N4001 diode
3. Resistors(100-ohm, 1k-ohm)
4. Oscilloscope
Circuit Diagram
Figure-1
PROCEDURE:
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INPUT WAVEFORM
T= _______________ Vp: _______________ Vpp _______________
7. Sketch the output waveform.
OUTPUT WAVEFORM
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Part-B: Series Biased Clipper.
APPARATUS:

2. One 1N4001 diode
4. Oscilloscope
Circuit Diagram
Figure-2
PROCEDURE:
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INPUT WAVEFORM
T= _______________ Vp: _______________ Vpp _______________
OUTPUT WAVEFORM
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COMMENTS:
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
SOFTWARE SIMULATION
Construct the circuit in Figure-1 & Figure-2 by the use of Proteus Software also Submit a
printout of a proper labeled schematic. Include hand calculation.
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ASSIGNMENT
Construct the circuit in Figure-1, 2, 3 &4 by the use of Proteus Software also Submit a printout of
a proper labeled schematic. Include hand calculation.
Figure-1
Figure-2
Figure-3
Figure-4
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Parallel Clippers
Part-A: Parallel Un-Biased Clipper.
APPARATUS:

2. One 1N4001 diode
4. Oscilloscope
Circuit Diagram
Figure-1
PROCEDURE:
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INPUT WAVEFORM
T= _______________ Vp: _______________ Vpp _______________
OUTPUT WAVEFORM
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Part-B: Parallel Biased Clipper.
APPARATUS:

2. One 1N4001 diode
4. Oscilloscope
Circuit Diagram
Figure-2
PROCEDURE:
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INPUT WAVEFORM
T= _______________ Vp: _______________ Vpp _______________
OUTPUT WAVEFORM
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COMMENTS:
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
SOFTWARE SIMULATION
Construct the circuit in Figure-1 & Figure-2 by the use of Proteus Software also Submit a
printout of a proper labeled schematic. Include hand calculation.
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ZENER DIODE AS CLIPPER
APPARATUS:

2. Zener Diode 6V,9V
3. Resistance 100 Ohm, 1K
4. Oscilloscope
Note: Zener diode can use for limiting just as normal diode. The difference to consider for a zener
limiter is its zener breakdown characteristics.
PROCEDURE:
1. Construct the circuit as shown in figure.
Figure
2. Connect CH1 of oscilloscope on Input. Checks the input waveform on oscilloscope also sketch
the input waveform.
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3. Connect CH2 of oscilloscope on output side and checks the output waveform on oscilloscope
also sketch it.
COMMENTS:
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
SOFTWARE SIMULATION
Construct the circuit in Figure by the use of Proteus Software also Submit a printout of a
proper labeled schematic. Include hand calculation.
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Unbiased Clamper
APPARATUS:

2. One 1N4001 diode
3. Resistor 1k-ohm
4. Capacitor
5. Oscilloscope
Circuit Diagram
Figure
PROCEDURE:
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INPUT WAVEFORM
T= _______________ Vp: _______________ Vpp _______________
OUTPUT WAVEFORM
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COMMENTS:
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
SOFTWARE SIMULATION
proper labeled schematic. Include hand calculation.
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Biased Clamper
APPARATUS:

2. One 1N4001 diode
3. Resistor 1k-ohm
4. Capacitor
5. Oscilloscope
Circuit Diagram
Figure
PROCEDURE:
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INPUT WAVEFORM
T= _______________ Vp: _______________ Vpp _______________
OUTPUT WAVEFORM
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COMMENTS:
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
SOFTWARE SIMULATION
proper labeled schematic. Include hand calculation
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Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology Islamabad – Pakistan Electrical Engineering

BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS LAB

Prepared By: Checked By: Approved By:

Engr. Yousaf Hameed Engr. M.Nasim Khan Dr.Noman Jafri

Registration No: ____________________________________

Roll No: ___________________________________________

Exp No List of Experiments

TO CONSTRUCT A HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT AND TO CHECK ITS OUTPUT WAVEFORM ON

8 TO CHECK THE EFFECTS OF FILTER CAPACITANCE ON DC OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND RIPPLE ON

S.NO Frequency Amplitude Wave Type

MEASURE AND PLOT THE FORWARD AND REVERSE CHARACTERISTICS OF A TYPICAL

Figure 1 Junction diode being impressed forward and reverse voltage

Figure 2 Forward v-I characteristic of power-junction diode

1. Connect the circuits as shown in figure –a and figure –b

1. Low-voltage AC power supply

T= _______________ Vp: _______________ Vpp _______________

T= _______________ Vp: _______________

TO CONSTRUCT A FULL-WAVE CENTER-TAP RECTIFIER CIRCUIT & TO CHECK AND

Therefore only D1 supplies the current to load.

frequency is the reciprocal of cycle. ( f =1/ T ).

Figure- 3: I/O waveforms of full wave rectifier

1. Low-voltage AC power supply

1. Connect the diodes to the low-voltage AC power supply as shown in a figure.

T= _______________ Vp: _______________ Vpp _______________

8. Measure and record time T and peak voltage Vp of an output supply.

T= _______________ Vp: _______________

INTRODUCTION OF PROTEUS SOFTWARE

TO CONSTRUCT A FULL-WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

A basic full-wave bridge rectifier is illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Basic Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier

Figure 2 Full Wave Bridge Rectifier (First Half-Wave Cycle Operation)

Figure 3. Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier (Second Cycle Operation)

1. Low-voltage AC power supply

1. Connect the diodes to the low-voltage AC power supply as shown in a figure.

T= _______________ Vp: _______________ Vpp _______________

9. Sketch the output waveform during negative Half Cycle

10. Sketch the output waveform

T= _______________ Vp: _______________

12. Compare Input and output voltages.

TO CHECK THE EFFECTS OF FILTER CAPACITANCE ON DC OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND

The Capacitor Filter

Figure 1. - Full-wave rectifier with a capacitor filter

The value of the capacitor is fairly large (several microfarads).

1. Low-voltage AC power supply

To study the characteristics of zener diode

Part A: Zener diode characteristics

3. Plot IZ versus VZ using data in table 1 on graph paper.

Part B: Zener diode Regulation

R (measured) = __________________ RL (measured) = __________________

VR (measured) = __________________ VL (measured) = __________________

IR-VR/R = __________________ IL = VL / RL = __________________

4. Change RL to 3.3Kohm and repeat step 2.

Change RL to 3.3K ohm

VR (measured) = __________________ VL (measured) = __________________

IR-VR/R = __________________ IL = VL / RL = __________________

6. Comment on the results obtained in steps 2 and 3.

1. Construct the circuit in fig 2 using PROTEUS

1. Low-voltage AC power supply

T= _______________ Vp: _______________ Vpp _______________

Part-B: Series Biased Clipper.

1. Low-voltage AC power supply

T= _______________ Vp: _______________ Vpp _______________

1. Low-voltage AC power supply

T= _______ Vp: _ Vpp _________

T= _ Vp: _

T= _______ Vp: _ Vpp _________

T= _ Vp: _

T= _______ Vp: _ Vpp _________

T= _ Vp: _

R (measured) = RL (measured) =

VR (measured) = VL (measured) =

IR-VR/R = IL = VL / RL =

VR (measured) = VL (measured) =

IR-VR/R = IL = VL / RL =

T= _______ Vp: _ Vpp _________

T= _______ Vp: _ Vpp _________

T= _______ Vp: _ Vpp _________

T= _______ Vp: _ Vpp _________

T= _______ Vp: _ Vpp _________

T= _______ Vp: _ Vpp _________