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Diagnostics – a means to identify and determine the type of incipient fault occurring. A key
element with a diagnostic type system is the availability of various tools/methods that can be
utilized to determine the type of transformer fault occurring.
A single gas (i.e. hydrogen, H2) monitoring solution product that provides only a warning of an
impending fault is inadequate compared to a multi-gas solution that is capable of supporting a
diagnosis of the most critical faults – partial discharge, thermal faults and arcing. A hydrogen-
only solution merely provides alarm on an unknown problem (critical or otherwise) with
absolutely no diagnosis.
Sources have shown that many types of faults evolve the generation of H2 gas. In addition to the
traditional fault types H2 has been shown to be generated by;
• Rust inside a transformer, where the moisture in the oil reacts with any uncoated surfaces.
• The combination of H2O & galvanized metal (i.e. a pipe fitting added to the transformer)
produces huge quantities of H2 (that have confounded DGA results over the years).
• Exposure of oil to sunlight, during installation/inspection when the transformer tank is opened.
H2 is the tiniest molecule, the lightest fault gas and by far the least soluble in oil of any
transformer gases including N2 & O2. CO is the next lightest but over twice as soluble as H2,
then CH4 that is 9 times more soluble. This means two things;
• H2 does not like to dissolve into the transformer oil and is more likely to accumulate in small
gas pockets at the top of a transformer.
• H2 tends to ultimately escape to the atmosphere through gaskets & welds (that oil won’t leak
through).
© 2006 Serveron Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. PN 810-1716-00. Rev. B 1
• Corona Type – is early PD that occurs anywhere within a transformer, an infrequent
occurrence. Normally a small amount of H2 is generated (approx. 100 ppm) along with a
smaller amount of CH4 is generated (approx. 7 to 10 ppm or 7% of the amount of hydrogen).
For all other faults outside of Corona PD the ratio of hydrogen/methane is 10:1.
• Sparking Type – is much hotter and more damaging than the Corona type, and is indicated
by a number of other gases than H2 alone, including C2H2, CH4 and C2H4. It is the more
dangerous of the two types of PD.
Statements from “New Guidelines for Interpretation of Dissolved Gas Analysis in Oil-
Filled Transformers”, by A. Mollmann and B. Pahlavanpour, ELECTRA No. 186, 1999
5.3.7 Hydrogen from Chemical Reactions
5.3.7.1 Rusting of steel in a water-phase at the bottom of the tank or in other cavities, as long as
oxygen is available, generated Hydrogen. This means that even oxygen can be taken from the
oil nearby. Large quantities of Hydrogen, up to 1,000,000 ppm may be produced in the
transformer that had never seen voltage.
© 2006 Serveron Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. PN 810-1716-00. Rev. B 2
5.3.7.2 The reaction between zinc chloride and free water on a zinc coated surface generates
hydrogen too. Zinc chloride is always present on fire plated steel ware and should be removed
by washing.
5.3.7.3 Sometimes aluminum castings are pre-tightened by painting with water-glass. In the
presence of moisture water-glass is hydrolyzed and reacting with the aluminum resulting in free
hydrogen.
5.3.7.4 Some sorts of stainless steel react at elevated temperature with the hydrocarbon oil,
together with dissolved oxygen, to liberate free hydrogen.
© 2006 Serveron Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. PN 810-1716-00. Rev. B 3