Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MWF 12:55-1:50pm
Heather Mischlich,
Jessy Dawson,
and Sean Finch
The First Run
1. Recall that Joanne's heart and respiratory rate were increased, and that her mouth was dry
before she started her run. Explain what was happening to her autonomic nervous system
(including which division is the most active) and trace the pathway of the ANS controls that
were creating the symptoms noted. What changes do you think were occurring in her digestive
and urinary systems at this time? (5 points)
Her Autonomic Nervous system was showing signs of increased sympathetic activity (Martini,
Nath 531).
Sympathetic Activation:
Suprarenal glands release adrenaline which binds to adrenergic receptors causing
sympathetic domination in blood increasing blood glucose and fatty acids for energy needs
Increased Heart Rate:
Pre-ganglionic fibers adrenal medulla stimulation and release of norepinephrine into blood
stream binds to adrenergic receptors increase heart rate
During sympathetic activity Sympathetic trunk over powers Vagus nerve to prevent decreased
heart rate.
Increased Respiration Rate:
The Cardiac and Pulmonary plexuses from the Sympathetic trunk send messages to the lungs to
dilate bronchial pathways which increases respiration depth
Dry Mouth:
Results from the shutdown of parasympathetic watery secretions (Martini, Nath 534-536)
Digestive system sphincters are contracted which means opened and motility is ceased
Urinary system sphincters are contracted which means opened and bladder walls relax (Moore,
Dalley 39-43)
2. Consider the action of skiing from the perspective of the hip and knee joints. Analyze those
actions and create a table that shows what muscles, under control of what nerves, pull on what
bones to cause each action. Be sure to include the isometric, isotonic concentric and isotonic
eccentric actions as needed. The first column for your table must be the action. This column
should describe what is occurring in both English and anatomical terminology (see chapter 9).
But only include those actions needed for skiing and group the muscles together by action, with
the prime mover listed first. Points will be deducted for unneeded actions. See example below*.
(7 points)
Sking straight and Fast Gluteus Maximus Ilium, Femur Inferior gluteal
sacrum nerve
Squatting in tucked
position
Muscle used are those Semimebranous Ischium
used to Tibia Sciatic Nerve
Extending at hip
Semitendinosus Ischium
(Eccentric) Tibia Sciatic Nerve
Stabilizing legs
Keeping skies from
crossing
ilium Femur Superior
Gluteus medius
Hip Abduction Gluteal nerve
Keep from doing the Adductor (longus, Pubis femur Obturator nerve
splits brevis, magnus)
muscles
Hip Adduction
One leg is
straightening
Muscles listed above for hip and knee extension, these muscles are
Hip and knee extension are now actively extending the skeletal structures of the knee and hip
and are shortening
(concentric isotonic)
3. Now, pick one of those muscles and trace its control from the appropriate brain structure all
the way to the NMJ. Be sure to include all intermediate structures, synapses, plexuses and
nerves. (5 points)
Motor homunculus for anterior thigh of the motor cortex of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum
cerebral peduncle in mesencephalon decussation of pyramids in medulla oblongata
Corticospinal/pyramidal tract Synapses on lower motor neurons on the lateral anterior gray
horns Lumbar nerves L2, L3, L4 Lumbar plexus femoral nerve Neuromuscular
junction Upper deep portion of Rectus Femoris (Hamill, Knutzen 333-342)
4. Recall that during the first run, Joanne’s thigh muscles were burning. Explain the level of
muscle activity involved, and note what metabolic process was providing most to the energy for
Joanne’s muscles at that time. What energy molecule is she consuming at this time and what
caused her muscles to feel like they were burning? What might Joanne have the night before to
increase her endurance today? (5 points)
Joanne’s muscles were in peak activity and were acquiring energy from anaerobic metabolism
of glucose through glycolisis. The energy molecule that she is consuming during this activity is
Glucose (Martini, Nath 319-320). Joanne’s muscles feel like they were burning due to a build-
up of lactic acid. Joanne’s endurance could have been increased from a dinner with a sufficient
amount of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; and an adequate amount of sleep in loose fitting
pj’s. (Martini, Nath 320).
6. Recall that Joanne could see the snow blowing machines below her on the second ride to the
top. Trace the image of the blowing snow to perception. (Include all focusing, transduction,
transmission and perception processes and structures) (5 points)
Stimulus Conjunctiva Cornea Aqueous humorLens Vitreous body Retina
(Transduction, Cones and Rods) Optic nerve (Transmission) Optic chiasm Visual tract
Visual Cortex (Perception) (Martini, Nath 566-576)
7. Recall that during the “white out” Joanne lost her equilibrium. Trace the two equilibrium
pathways (static and dynamic) from their receptors to their two points of perception. Then
explain how the loss of visual cues disrupted this process. (5 points)
8. Recall that Joanne lost consciousness and awoke with a headache. Using those two
symptoms, explain what CNS injury Joanne must have had. List at least one possible medical
consequence of that injury. (That is, what might happen to make it worse?) (4 points)
Joanne could have had a cerebral contusion caused by a sudden impact of a moving brain
against the cranium. Since a contusion is a collection of blood, her elevated heart rate could
have caused more bleeding. Any problem that increased blood flow to the head would make the
micro hemmorage worse and increase intracranial pressure (Moore, Agur 507).
9. Trace the sensation of pain in Joanne’s left knee from the receptor to perception in the brain.
Be sure to include the nerve and all intermediate structures involved in relaying this sensation.
(5 points)
Dendritic nerve endings (nociceptors) at knee to tibial nerve sciatic nerve in sacral
plexus to rami of L4-S3 through Dorsal root ganglia crosses spinal cord ascends up
lateral spinothalamic tract to Medulla to Thalamus to primary sensory cortex in post
central gyrus of parietal lobe (Martini, Nath 507-525)
10. What is the most likely knee injury that Joanne has suffered and explain why you think that
is the most likely. (More than one answer may be possible: pick one and explain it.) (4 pts)Torn
Anterior Cruciate Ligament:
In her situation it is most likely a torn Anterior Cruciate Ligament because it was to our belief
that there was not enough weight on her left knee joint to cause a meniscus cartilage tear. After
eliminating the possibility of the injury being a meniscus tear the fact that she twisted her knee
laterally and heard a popping sound solidified our belief that it was indeed an Anterior Cruciate
Ligament tear.
11. Describe two different possible injuries to Joanne’s shoulder that could account for the
popping sound and the pain. For each of these injuries, include a description of the specific
structure involved, the type of tissue injured and the immediate response of the body to that
injury. Describe how each tissue type will affect the repair process. (note: the two injuries must
damage different tissues).
a. Possible injury 1: (4 pts) Broken Clavicle
b. Possible injury 2: (4 pts) Acromioclavicular Joint Injury
Broken Clavicle:
Occurs from either
12. Create a table that shows the actions normally allowed around the shoulder and which
muscles, under control of which nerves cause those actions. Use the same format at for #2.
(7 pts)
All concentric
isotonic contractions
Move arm backward Teres major Scapula Humerus Lower subscapular nerve
and toward the body: (C5-C6)
Extension and
Adduction at
Shoulder
Adduction and
Flexion at shoulder
(Rotator Cuff
muscles and Deltoid)
Medial Rotation at
Shoulder
Move arm forward Subclavius 1st Rib Clavicle Nerve to subclavius (C5-
and down with C6)
turning of shoulder
blade:
Depression and
Protraction at
Shoulder
Depression and Pectoralis minor Ribs 3-5 Scapula Medial pectoral nerve
Protraction at (C8,T1)
Shoulder; Rotation of
Scapula
Move arm inward Rhomboid major & Vertebrae Scapula Dorsal scapular nerve
and down with Rhomboid minor C5
turning of shoulder
blade:
Adduction of Scapula
and downward
Rotation
13. Identify the components of the homeostatic control system that was trying to keep Joanne’s
body warm and then explain specifically how that system works, including the messaging system
involved. Be sure to classify this thermal injury and to explain how Joanne’s skin would change
in response.(5 pts)
14. If you were on the ski patrol and found Joanne in this state, explain what treatments she
would require, in what order of importance, and explain your reasoning for both the treatment
and the order. (6 pts)
(1)Possible head trauma – after asking her if she lost consciousness and her replying yes…
I would make sure to secure the head and neck with a neck brace on a snow sled, while
also isolating any movement of the spine. This is the most vital of all her treatments due
to the possible risk of cranial and spinal injuries the severity of these injuries in long
term recovery.
(2)Preventing Hypothermia and shock
The skier would then be wrapped in a wool or thermal blanket to keep her body
temperature up, preventing shivering and vasoconstriction as well as preventing post
injury shock.
(3)Treating physical injuries- After she told me her knee and shoulder popped and are in pain…
not to say these injuries are trivial, but they are the last to be treated because they are not going
to get any worse without immediate treatment
Shoulder – I would isolate the shoulder by wrapping the arm and securing it her body
This should prevent any unnecessary pain from moving the injured joint.
Knee – The knee would be splinted in a straight position if possible, otherwise it would
be immobilized in whatever position that could be medically achieved.
(Hudson)
Example Table for question 2 and 10
*The Table should be organized with the action listed first, then the muscles, then the origin and
insertion and nerve for each needed muscle. Only list the muscles that are actually needed. DO
NOT simply copy the information from the textbook, but THINK about what is needed for these
movements and list them. See example below:
Curl your fingers: Flexor Medial Condyle of Middle Phalanges Median Nerve
Digitorum Humerus and of digits 2-5
Superficialis Anterior Radius and
Ulna
Flex at the inter-
phalangeal joints of
digits 2-5
Flex at the inter- Flexor Medial and Posterior Distal Phalanges of Median and
phalangeal joints of Digitorum Ulna digits 2-5 Ulnar
digits 2-5 Profundus
Nerves
Curl your Thumb Flexor Pollicis Anterior Radius Distal Phalanx of Median Nerve
longus digit 1 (thumb)
Pull thumb toward rest Opponens Trapezium* First Metacarpal* Median Nerve
of hand Pollicis
* These bones form
Oppose your thumb the saddle joint)
(saddle joint)
Adduct your thumb Adductor Carpals and Proximal phalanx Ulnar Nerve
Pollicis metacarpals of thumb