NCN

www.nanohub.org

EE‐606: Solid State Devices
EE‐606: Solid State Devices
Lecture 7: Energy Bands in Real Crystals
Muhammad Ashraful Alam
alam@purdue.edu

Alam  ECE‐606 S09 1
Outline

1) E‐k diagram/constant energy surfaces in 3D solids

2) Characterization of E‐k diagram: Bandgap
Ch t i ti f E k di B d

3) Characterization of E‐k diagram: Effective Mass

4) Conclusions

Reference: Vol. 6, Ch. 3 (pages 71‐77)

Alam  ECE‐606 S09 2
Electronic States

Periodic
Original  Structure
Problem

Alam  ECE‐606 S09 3
Brillouin Zone in Cubic Lattice …

Real Space 
Real Space
Reciprocal  Lattice Brillouin Zone
Cubic Lattice

π a

−π a
a 0 2π a
Follow W-S algorithm, but
now for
f reciprocal
i l llattice
tti

Alam  ECE‐606 S09 4
Brillouin Zone in Real FCC Lattices …

Real Space FCC Reciprocal  Lattice
(for Si Ge GaAs)
(for Si, Ge, GaAs)
2π/a
z
4
5

1
2 7
a 6

3
a
0.87∗2π/a
Note unlike cubic lattice, zone edge is not at π/a
Alam  ECE‐606 S09 5
Analogy for E‐k Diagram: 4D info thiough 2D Plots

Density (x,y,z)
Density (x y z)
4D information

φ1
θ1 Cut along (θ1, φ1) …
ρ

A series of line-sections can

Represent the 4D info in 2D plots
r
Alam  ECE‐606 S09 6
E‐k along Γ‐X Direction

Ge

7
E‐k along Γ‐L direction

Ge

Alam  ECE‐606 S09 8
E‐k Diagram

ƒ 3 valence bands (light hole, heavy hole, split‐off)
valence bands near k=0 is essentially E ~ k2

ƒ Minima may not be at zone center 
Mi i b
ƒ(Ge: 8 L valleys, Si: 6 X valleys, and GaAs: Γ valleys)
Alam  ECE‐606 S09 9
E‐k diagram for GaAs

Direct bandgap material

Zone‐edge gaps (L6-Γ8,
X6-Γ8) close to direct gap

Has important implications 
For transport 

Alam  ECE‐606 S09 10
Analogy for E‐k Diagram

Contours of density ….

Density (x y z)
Density (x,y,z)

Alam  ECE‐606 S09 11
 Constant‐E surface for Conduction Band

E = Ec + Ak12 + B (k 22 + k32 ) E = Ec + A(k12 + k 22 + k32 )

Alam  ECE‐606 S09 12
 Constant E‐surface …

E = Ec + Ak12 + B(k22 + k32 ) E = Ec + A(k12 + k22 + k32 )

1 1 ∂2E
= 2
mij ∂ki ∂k j

1 2A 1 1 2B 1 1 1 1 1
= 2; = = 2; =0 = = = 2 A; =0
m11 m22 m33 mij (i ≠ j ) m11 m22 m33 mij (i ≠ j )

Alam  ECE‐606 S09 13
Four valleys inside BZ for Germanium

Alam  ECE‐606 S09 14
Constant E‐surface for Valence Band

E = Ev − Ak ∓ 2
[ B k + C (k k + k k + k k )]
2 4 2 2
x
2
y
2 2
y z
2 2
z x

Si:     A=4.29, B=0.68, C=4.87;      Ge:  A=13.38, B=8.48, C=13.15
Alam  ECE‐606 S09 15
Outline

1) E‐k diagram/constant energy surfaces in 3D solids

2) Characterization of E‐k diagram: Bandgap
Ch t i ti f E k di B d

3) Characterization of E‐k diagram: Effective Mass

4) Conclusions

Reference: Vol. 6, Ch. 3 (pages 71‐77)

Alam  ECE‐606 S09 16
Measurement of Band Gap

E
Photons are only absorbed between 
Photons are only absorbed between
bands that have filled and empty states
4

3 on
absorptio

2
1 E23
k
Alam  ECE‐606 S09 17
Measurement of Energy Gap

E hν
Iin

Iout
∼ ( E − E23 − E ph )
2

3 Iout - Iin
∼ E − E23

2
1 E23 E23+Δ
k
Alam  ECE‐606 S09 18
Temperature‐dependent Band Gap

E
αT 2
EG (T ) = EG ( 0 ) −
T +β

2
1
k
Alam  ECE‐606 S09 19
Outline

1) E‐k diagram/constant energy surfaces in 3D solids

2) Characterization of E‐k diagram: Bandgap
Ch t i ti f E k di B d

3) Characterization of E‐k diagram: Effective Mass

4) Conclusions

Reference: Vol. 6, Ch. 3 (pages 71‐77)

Alam  ECE‐606 S09 20
Measurement of Effective Mass

2
1
k
Alam  ECE‐606 S09 21
 Measurement of Effective Mass
kz
ν0=24 GHz B field variable …
(fixed)
Iin Iout

ky kx
qB0 qB0
ν0 = m* =
2π m** 2π v0
kz
Iout - Iin

Bcon Bval B ky kx 22
 qB0
Derive the Cyclotron Formula m* =
2π v0

For an particle in (x‐y) plane with B‐field in z‐direction, 
the Lorentz force is
the Lorentz force is …
B
m* υ 2
= qυ × Bz = qυ Bz
r0
qB0 r0
υ=
m* 2π r0 2π m**
τ= =
υ qB0
1 qB0
ν0 ≡ =
τ 2π m*
qB0
ω0 = 2πν 0 =
m*
Alam  ECE‐606 S09 23
Conclusions

1) E‐k diagram/constant energy surfaces are simple ways to 
represent the locations where electrons can sit They
represent the locations where electrons can sit. They 
arise from the solution of Schrodinger equation in 
periodic lattice. 

2) E‐k diagram and energy bands contain equivalent 
information In principle any one can be used to
information. In principle, any one can be used to 
construct the other.

3) EExperimental measurements are key to making sure that 
i l k ki h
the theoretical calculations are correct. We will discuss 
them in the next class. 

Alam  ECE‐606 S09 24