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ECE606: Solid State Devices
ECE606: Solid State Devices
Lecture 10: Additional Information
Muhammad Ashraful Alam
alam@purdue.edu
Alam ECE‐606 S09 1
Outline
1) Potential, field, and charge
2) E‐k diagram vs. band‐diagram
3) Basic concepts of donors and acceptors
4)) Conclusion
Alam ECE‐606 S09 2
E‐k diagram vs. band‐diagram
Kinetic energy
Potential Ec
Energy
Eυ
P.E. = Ec − Eref = − qV
Alam ECE‐606 S09 3
Position Resolved E‐k Diagram
Ec Ec Ec
Eυ Eυ Eυ
Alam ECE‐606 S09 4
E‐k Diagram vs. Band‐diagram
V=0 V=V1
Eref
P E = Ec − Eref = − qV ( x )
P.E.
Alam ECE‐606 S09 5
Potential, Field and Charge
P.E. = Ec − Eref
Ereff
−qV = Ec − Eref
dV 1 dEc
E=− =
d
dx q dx
d
dE d 2V
ρ= = 2
dx dx
Alam ECE‐606 S09 6
Outline
1) Potential, field, and charge
2) E‐k diagram vs. band‐diagram
3) Basic concepts of donors and acceptors
4)) Conclusion
Alam ECE‐606 S09 7
Carrier Distribution
Ec
Ec gc ( E ) gc ( E ) f ( E )
EF
gυ ( E ) gυ ( E ) ⎡⎣1 − f ( E ) ⎤⎦
Eυ
f (E) 1
gυ ( E ) ⎡⎣1 − f ( E ) ⎤⎦ dE
Eυ
p=∫
Ebot
8
Effective Density of States
2
F1 2 (ηc ) → N C e β ( Ec − EF ) > 3
− β ( Ec − EF )
n = NC if
π
NC
gc ( E ) f ( E )
EF EF
gυ ( E ) ⎡⎣1 − f ( E ) ⎤⎦ NV
Alam ECE‐606 S09 9
E‐k Diagram vs. Band‐diagram
V=0
V 0 V=V1
EC
EV
Alam ECE‐606 S09 10
Potential, Field and Charge
P E = Ec − Eref
P.E.
Eref
−qV = Ec − Eref
dV 1 dEc
E=− =
dx q dx
dE d 2V
ρ= = 2
dx dx
Alam ECE‐606 S09 11
Outline
1) Potential, field, and charge
2) E‐k diagram vs. band‐diagram
3) Basic concepts of donors and acceptors
4)) Conclusion
Alam ECE‐606 S09 12
Simplified Planar View of Atoms
Alam ECE‐606 S09 13
Donor Atoms
Even with donors, material
is charge neutral
Alam ECE‐606 S09 14
Donor Atoms in H2‐analogy
r0
= +
r0
=
Alam ECE‐606 S09 15
Donor Atoms in Real and Energy Space
m*host q 4
E1 = −
2 ( 4πε 0 K s ,host = )
2
r0 m0 q 4 m*host 1
=−
2 ( 4πε 0 = )
2
m0 K s ,host 2
m*host 1
= −13.6 ×
m0 K s ,host 2
~10s meV
ET=E1
Alam ECE‐606 S09 16
Assumption of Large Radius …
4πε 0 K s ,host = 2
r1,P = *
host
2
r0
mhost q
4πε 0 = m0 K s ,host
2
=
m0 q 2 m*host
K s ,host
= r1,H *
mhost / m0
12.9
r1,P = 0.53 A × = 12.9 A
0.53
(see tables 1.6 and 4.1)
Alam ECE‐606 S09 17
Characteristics of Donor Atoms
The number of donor atoms is much smaller
compared to host atoms. Therefore, the
electrons from one donor atom can go to the
electrons from one donor atom can go to the
other donor atoms only via the conduction
/valence bands of the host crystal.
Just like a Hydrogen atom, it is possible to
have multiple localized level for a given atom
(see the blue levels). (D)
Good donors live close to the conduction
band, so that they can offer electrons easily.
However, if they are below the midgap, the
f h b l h d h
donor levels are marked with (D) to
differentiate them from acceptor atoms
(which live close to the valence band)
(which live close to the valence band).
Alam ECE‐606 S09 18
Acceptor Atoms
Even with acceptor, material
is charge neutral
Alam ECE‐606 S09 19
Characteristics of Acceptor Atoms
r0
ET
Alam ECE‐606 S09 20
Amphoteric Dopants
Donor-type acceptor-type
Alam ECE‐606 S09 21
How to Read the Table …
Alam ECE‐606 S09 22
Conclusion
Bulk electron density in a semiconductor can be calculated by
multiplying bulk DOS and F‐D function.
Position resolved electron density can be calculated by first
Position resolved electron density can be calculated by first
converting the bulk E‐k diagram to band‐diagram.
IIntrinsic carrier concentration is so small that semiconductor
ti i i t ti i ll th t i d t
must be doped to make it useful.
A doping atom behaves like a H‐atom, except that the
dielectric constant and effective masses are given by by those
of the host atom
of the host atom.
Alam ECE‐606 S09 23