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à Fortescue’s Theorem
o 3 unbalanced phasors of a 3-phase system can be
resolved into 3 balanced systems of phasors.
The balanced sets of components are:
à Positive-sequence components
+ 3 balanced phasors
ð equal in magnitude
ð displaced from each other by 120°
ð same phase sequence as the original phasors
(for example a-b-c)
à Negative-sequence components
+ 3 balanced phasors
ð equal in magnitude
ð displaced from each other by 120°
ð opposite phase sequence to the original
phasors (for example a-c-b)
à Zero-sequence components
+ 3 equal phasors
ð equal in magnitude
ð zero phase displacement from each other
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
67 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Symmetrical Components
à Original voltages:
à Va Vb Vc
à Positive-sequence components:
à Va1 Vb1 Vc1
à or
à Va+ Vb+ Vc+
à Negative-sequence components:
à Va2 Vb2 Vc2
à or
à Va- Vb- Vc-
à Zero-sequence components:
à Va0 Vb0 Vc0
NEGATIVE-SEQUENCE
COMPONENTS
Vb2
POSITIVE-SEQUENCE
COMPONENTS
Vc1 Va1
Vc2
Va2
ZERO-SEQUENCE
Vb1 COMPONENTS
Va0
Vb0
Vc0
Vc0
Vc
Vc2 Vc1 Va1
Va2
Va Va0
Vb
Vb0
Vb1
Vb2
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
69 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Example 2
Vb2
Vb1
Va2
Vc2
Va1 Vc1
Va0
Vb0
Vc0
Vb
Va
Vc
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
70 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Example 3
Vb2
Va2
Vb1
Vc2
Vc1
Va1 Va0=Vb0=Vc0=0
Vb
Va=Vc
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
71 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Operators
120°
a3 = 1 Ð360°= 1 Ð 0°
à 1 + a + a2 = 0
a = 1 120
a3=1
a 2 = 1 -120
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
72 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Symmetrical Components Relations
Vb2
Vc1
Va0
Va1 Vb0
Vc2
Vc0
Vb1 Va2
In m atrix form :
V a 1 1 1 V a 0
V b =
2
1 a a V a 1
V c 1 a a 2 V a 2
Its in v e r s e is:
1 1 1
-1 1
A = 1 a a 2
3
1 a 2 a
T h e r e f o r e :
V a 0
1 1 1 V a
1
V a 1 = 3
1 a a 2 V b
V a 2
1 a 2 a V c
or:
1
V a 0 = (V a + V b + V c )
3
V a 1 =
1
3
(V a + a V b + a 2 V c )
V a 2 =
1
3
(V a + a 2V b + a V c )
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
74 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Example
Ia=10 A.
Ib=-Ia
Ic=0
Ia = 10∠0° A. Ib = 10∠180° A. Ic = 0 A.
1
Ia0 = [10∠0°+10∠180°+0] = 0
3
Ia1 = [10∠0°+ (10∠180° )(1∠120° ) + 0] = 5.78∠ − 30°
1
3
Ia2 = [10∠ 0°+(10∠180° )(1∠ − 120° ) + 0] = 5.78∠30°
1
3
Ib0 = Ia0 = 0
Ib1 = 5.78∠ − 30°−120° = 5.78∠ − 150°
Ib2 = 5.78∠ + 30°+120° = 5.78∠ + 150°
Ic0 = Ia0 = 0
Ic1 = 5.78∠ − 30°+120° = 5.78∠ + 90°
Ic2 = 5.78∠ + 30°−120° = 5.78∠ − 90°
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
75 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Unloaded Generator
a
+
Ea
jXn -
n - Eb
- +
+
Ec b
c
Ea0 1 1 1 Ea 1 1 1 Ea
1 1
Ea1 = 3 1 a a 2 Eb = 1 a
3
a 2 a 2 Ea
Ea2 1 a 2 a Ec 1 a 2 a aEa
Ea0 0
Ea1 = Ea
Ea2 0
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
76 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Generator Equivalent
Positive-sequence Negative-sequence
jX1 jX2
+
Ea1
-
jX0
Zero-sequence
Xn=Impedance from
neutral to ground
j3Xn
This means that the neutral does not carry positive or negative sequence
components.
However, the zero-sequence components are in phase, and their sum is:
In = Ia0 + Ib0 + Ic0 = 3 Ia0
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
77 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Single-line to ground fault
Ia = If Va = 0
Ib = 0 Vb=?
Ic = 0 Vc=?
Ia 0 1 1 1 Ia 1 1 1 If
1 1
Ia 1 = 3 1 a a 2 Ib = 1
3
a a 2 0
Ia 2 1 a2 a Ic 1 a2 a 0
Ia 0 I f / 3
Ia 1 =
I f / 3
Ia 2 I f / 3
If
Ia 0 = Ib 0 = Ic 0 =
3
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
78 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Single-line to ground fault
Ia2
jX2
+ Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2 = 0
Va2
-
Ia0
jX0 +
j3Xn Va0 -
-
F r o m t h e c ircuit:
Ea1
Ia0 = Ia1 = Ia2 =
jX1 + jX2 + jX0 + j3Xn
V a 1 = Ea1 - (jX1)(Ia1)
With this term
V a 2 = 0 - (jX2)(Ia2) we include the
value of the
Va0 = 0 - j(X0 + 3Xn)(Ia0) grounding
reactor
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
79 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Example: Line-to-ground fault in an unloaded generator
Assume:
X 1 = X 2 = 0.12 p. u. X 0 = 0.06 p. u. , X n = 0 Ea1 = 1 p. u.
1∠ 0 °
Ia0 = Ia1 = Ia2 = = − j 3.33 p. u.
j ( 0.12 + 0 .12 + 0 .06 )
Ia = If = 3Ia1 = -j10 p. u.
Ib = 0
Ic = 0
V a 1 1 1 Va0
V b = 1 a2 a Va1
V c 1 a a 2 Va2
V b = Va0 + a 2 V a 1 + a V a 2
V b = -0.2 + 0.6 a 2 - 0.4 a = -0.2 + 0.6 ∠ - 120 ° -0.4 ∠ 120 °
V b = 0 .9165 ∠ − 109 .1°
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
80 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Line-to-line fault
Unloaded generator
a 0
b If
G
c
jXn
-If
Ia = 0 Va = ?
Ib = If Vb=Vc
Ic = -If
Ia 0 1 1 1 Ia 1 1 1 0
1 1
Ia 1 = 3 1 a a 2 Ib = 1
3
a a 2 If
Ia 2 1 a2
a Ic 1 a2 a − I f
Ia 0 1−1
I f 2
Ia 1 = 3 a − a
Ia 2 a 2 − a
Ia 0 = 0
If
Ia 1 = j
3
If
Ia 2 = − j
3
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
81 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Line-to-line fault
Ia1
jX1
+ +
Ea1 Va1
-
-
Ia2=-Ia1
jX2
+
Va2
-
Ia0=0
jX0 +
j3Xn Va0
-
F r o m t h e c ircuit:
Ea1
Ia1 = -Ia2 =
jX1 + jX2
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
82 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Example: Line-to-line fault in an unloaded generator
Assume:
X 1 = X2 = 0.12 p.u. X 0 = 0.06 p.u ., X n = 0 Ea1 = 1 p. u.
1∠ 0 °
Ia1 = -Ia2 = = − j 4 .1 7 p . u .
j ( 0 .1 2 + 0 .1 2 )
Ia0 = 0
P h a s e c u r re n t s d u r i n g t h e f a u lt a r e :
Ia = 0
I b = If = -j 3 I a 1 = - 7 . 2 2 p . u .
Ic = -If = 7 . 2 2 p . u.
Va0 = -jX0(Ia0) = 0
V a 1 = E a 1 - j X 1 ( I a 1 ) = 1 - j 0 . 1 2 ( - j 4 .1 7 ) = 1 - 0 . 5 = 0 . 5
V a 2 = - j X 2 ( I a 2 ) = - j 0 . 1 2 ( j 4 .1 7 ) = 0 . 5
P h a s e v o l t a g e s d u r i n g t h e f a u lt a r e :
V a = Va0 + Va1 + Va2
V a = 0 + 0.5 + 0.5 = 1 . 0 p . u . Did not change!!!
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
83 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
Protection in Industrial Electric Networks
current
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
84 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000