Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Please number all your answer sheets and clearly indicate numbers of questions (subquestions)
you are answering. If you write in a disorderly fashion, I may miss a part of your answer and
then you will lose points!
1
This street divides the city roughly in half.
2
All bachelor students are younger than 30. The number of master students is small relative to bachelors.
1
xi. Describe as prior probability is updated to posterior probability upon arrival of new
information.
2 points
2. Calculate the mode, median, mean and standard deviation for the following values of x:
1 8, 3 , 5, 4 , 6 , 4, 2 , 7.
10 points
3. There are six tickets, three of which are numbered 1, 2, 3 and the other three are labeled 0. If
three tickets are drawn at random without replacement, what is the probability of drawing a total
of three for the labels?
8 points
4. Your performance in statistics next semester will be determined by two variables: D (diligence)
and L (luck). D has three values: WH (working hard), SS (so-so) and HW (hardly working). L
has two values: OL (out-of-luck) and LG (lucky guy).
a. Put your numerical estimates of probabilities in three tables: one for D, another for L and
a joint probability table.
2 points
b. Find marginal probabilities and write down theoretical relationships they should satisfy.
3 points
c. Suppose your work is evaluated on the scale from 0 to 5. Assign a grade to each cell in
the third table and find your expected grade.
2 points
d. If Luck includes coincidence of instructor’s assignments with the material you studied, do
you think there is dependence between D and L? In general, how do you check that two
variables are (in)dependent?
2 points
5. A corporation was concerned about the basic educational skills of its workers and decided to
offer a selected group of them separate classes in reading and practical mathematics. Of these
workers 40% signed up for the reading classes and 50% for the practical math classes. Of those
signing up for the reading classes 30% signed up for the practical math classes.
a. What is the probability that a randomly selected worker signed up for both classes?
1 points
b. What is the probability that a randomly selected worker who signed up for the math classes
also signed up for the reading classes?
1 points
c. What is the probability that a randomly chosen worker signed up for at least one of these
classes?
1 points
d. Are the events “Signed up for reading classes” and “Signed up for math classes” statistically
independent?
1 points
6. A state has a law requiring motorists to carry insurance. It was estimated that, despite this law,
7.5% of all motorists in the state are uninsured. A random sample of 60 motorists was taken.
a. Use the Poisson approximation to the binomial distribution to estimate the probability that
at least 3 of the motorists in this sample are uninsured.
3 points
b. Also indicate what calculations would be needed to find this probability exactly if the
Poisson approximation was not used.
3 points
7. Give the definitions and proofs for the following properties of mean values:
a. Linearity and its generalization to the case of n random variables
4 points
b. Additivity
2 points
c. Homogeneity
2
2 points
d. Mean of a constant
2 points
8. Define independent variables and prove the consequences of independence:
a. Multiplicativity of means
3 points
b. Uncorrelatedness
2 points
c. Additivity of variance
2 points
9. Identically distributed random variables
a. How are identically distributed random variables defined? Illustrate with tables
3 points
b. How do you justify the assumption of identical distribution in practice?
2 points
c. What can you say about their means and variances?
2 points
10. Define the binomial random variable and for the case n = 3 derive its distribution. What would
be a general expression for the probability of the binomial variable taking a specific value?
10 points
11. Write brief notes (definition and intuition), on each of the topics below:
a. Correlation
2 points
b. Sample space
2 points
c. Combinations
2 points
d. Joint probability
2 points
12. For each of the following statements indicate of it is true or false, with explanations:
a. A complement of a sure event is an impossible event.
1 points
b. If two events are collectively exhaustive, then their complements are mutually exclusive.
2 points
c. The complement of “None of the students has a grade of B or higher” is “All students have
grades B or higher”.
2 points
d. If V ( X + Y ) < V ( X ) , it must be that V (Y ) < 0 .
2 points
13. A random variable can only take the values 0 and 2. Its variance is 1. Find its mean.
8 points