Abdurahman MMOwag MED2006 TTT

i
MULTIBAND ANTENNA FOR GSM AND 3G MOBILE SYSTEM
2005/2006
ABDURAHMAN M M OWAG
Near ALHDI ARAFA School,

PROF.DR.THERK BIN ABD.RAHMAN
AL-ALUS,KASER
AL-AKHYAR. Libya
2 May 2006 2 May 2006

ii
I certify that I have read this thesis and that in my opinion it is fully adequate in scope
and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Masters in Engineering.
(Electrical - Electronics & Telecommunications)
Signature : ……………………………
Name of Supervisor: Professor Dr. Tharek Bin. Abdul Rahman
Date : …………………………………
Multiband Antenna for GSM and 3G Mobile System
ABDURAHMAN M M OWAG
A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (M Eng. Electrical-Electronics and Telecommunications)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering

University Technology Malaysia
May 2006
I declare that this entitled” Multiband Antenna for GSM and 3G Mobile System”
is a result of my own work except as clearly cited in the references
Signature: ………………………..……
Author: Abdurahman M.M Owag
Date: …………………………………..
To my beloved parents, beloved brothers and sisters, and all of my
family members…….
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of ALLAH, the most Gracious, the Most Merciful for
giving me the determination and will to complete this study.
.
I deeply appreciate the inspirations and guideline that I have
received from my supervisor Professor Dr. Tharek Bin. Abdul Rahman
for his advice, guidance, support and encouragement.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone who has

contributed either directly or indirectly throughout this thesis and
project.
I would like to thank my colleagues, friends, and lecturers in the

Faculty of Electrical Engineering for their help, facilities and for
providing conductive working environment
Finally, I would also like to thank all of my family for their moral
support on me, my parents, my brothers and my sisters who give me a
real love, prayer and support.
Abstract
We propose a new design for built-in handset antennas in that

metal strips as additional resonators are directly connected with a feed
strip. With the new design scheme, a multi-band antenna for covering
GSM900 and UMTS2000 bands for use in mobile built-in handsets are
experimentally carried out. Compared with the parasitic form with a
shorted strip placed away from the main radiator, the size of the
proposed antennas can be reduced by an order of 10 20%, which is
desirable since the size of mobile phones is becoming smaller according
to consumer preferences. Moreover, the impedance matching for each
band of the new antennas becomes easy. The new multi-band handset
antenna is developed within the limits of a 36 *16* 8 mm3 volume. The
antenna is also analyzed using the finite-difference time-domain
technique.
Abstrak
Kami memperkenalkan rekabentuk baru bagi antena dalaman telefon bimbit

yang berjalur logam sebagai “resonator” tambahan dan ia telah disambung terus
dengan penyuap berjalur. Eksperimen ini dijalankan untuk memastikan kegunaan
antenna dalaman yang berjalur berbilang sesuai digunakan pada jalur GSM 900 dan
UMTS 2000 pada telefon bimbit. Berbanding dengan bentuk parasitik dengan
meletakkan jalur pendek daripada penyebar utama; size bagi antena yang
dicadangkan dapat dikurangkan sebanyak 20%, dimana ia adalah diigini sebab size
telefon bimbit menjadi semakin kecil dari semasa ke semasa mengikut kehendak
antena pengguna. Selain daripada itu, kesesuaian galangan bagi antena tersebut
dengan setiap jalur menjadi semakin senang ditentukan. Size bagi antena jalur
berbilang telah dicadangkan dalam linkungan 36x16x18 mm3. Antena ini juga akan
dianalisa dengan menggunakan teknik “finite-difference time domain”.
Table of Contents
Chapter Title Page
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 introduction 1
1.2 Historical review 2
1.2.1 Mobile communication 3
1.2.2 The Wireless Revolution 3
1.3 Problem background 3
1.4 Objectives and Methodology of the project 5
1.5 Organization of the project 6
2 MOBIL COMMUNICATION EVOLUTION AND 8

MULTIBAND ANTENNA
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 The Evolution of Mobile Telephone Systems 8
2.3 Background and History 9
2.4 GSM (Global System mobile) 10
2.5 UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunications 11
System)
2.6 3G (Third Generation )- Mobile Evolution 12
2.7 Different Design available on literature 13
2.7.1 Design of a Multiband Internal Antenna for 13
Third Generation Mobile Phone Handsets
2.7.2 Multiband Folded Planar Monopole Antenna 14
for Mobile Handset
2.7.6.3 A Low-Profile Planar Monopole Antenna for 15

Multiband Operation of Mobile Handsets
2.7.4 Design of an Internal Quad-Band Antenna for 15

Mobile Phones
2.7.5 Compact internal Multiband antenna for mobile 16
phone and WLAN standards
2.7.6 Multiband internal antenna for mobile phones 16
2.7.7 Conformal Shaped PIFAs for Mobile 17
Communication Applications
2.7.8 New Compact Six-Band Internal Antenna 18
2.7.9 Intelligent quadrifilar helix antenna 18
2.8 Summary 19
3 THE OPTIMUM DESIGN OF COMPACT 20

ANTENNAS FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
3.1 Introduction 20
3.2 Monopole Antennas 20
3.3 Planer Antennas 23
3.3.1 Microstrip Patch Antennas 23
3.3.2 Planar Inverted-F Antenna 26
3.4 Dielectric Resonator Antennas 28
3.5 Optimum Design of Compact Antenna For 31
Mobile Communications
3.6 Slot Antennas 32
4 SIMULATION OF MULTIBAND ANTENNA 35
4.1 The Proposed Design 35

4.2 Antenna Structure and Design 36
4.3 Simulation 37
4.4 The Zeland fidelity software 38
4.5 The Finite-Difference Time-Domain 38
(FDTD)
technique
4.6 Summary 40
41
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
5
5.1 The Antenna Return Loss 41

5.2 Effects of the Ground Plane Size 42
5.3 Effects of the Additional Strip Position 42
and Its Size
5.4 The three dimensional far field patterns 42
5.5 The two-dimensional far field patterns 44
5.5.1. GSM 9OO MHz 45
5.5.2. GSM 18OO MHz 46
5.5.3 GSM 19OO MHz 47
5.5.4. UMTS 2000 MHz 48
5.5.5. ISM2450 MHz 49
5.6 The Antenna Gain 50
5.7 Summary 51
6 52
CONCLUSION&FUTURE WORK
6.1 Conclusion 52
6.2 Future work 53
References 54
List of Figures
figure Title Page

3.1 Configuration of a typical helical and whip antenna 21
3.2 Configurations of two types of dual-frequency helical 22

antenna. (a) Two helixes with different radii and (b) with
two different pitches.
3.3 Microstrip patch antenna configuration 23

3.4 Configurations of a rectangular patch antenna with (a) a 25
shorting wall, (b) a shorting plate or partial shorting wall,
and (c) a shorting pin.
3.5 Effect of substrate thickness on impedance bandwidth 26

and efficiency for two dielectric constants.
3.6 Configuration of the planar inverted-F antenna 27
3.7 Some reported radiating top patches for dual-frequency 27

PIFAs.
3.8 Configuration of a whip (monopole) and PIFA. 28
3.9 A circular cylindrical DRA on a ground plane. 29
3.10 The various feeding configurations. (a) A coaxial probe, 30

(b) a microstrip line, (c) an aperture-coupling, and (d) a
coplanar waveguide
3.11 Configuration of a slot antenna with a microstrip feed. 33
4.1 The Geometry of the proposed Antenna 35
4.2 The Dimensions of the proposed Antenna 37
5.1 The simulated input return loss of the designed antenna. 41
5.2 Simulated 3-D radiation pattern for proposed Antenna at 43

(a) 0.9GHz (b) 1.8 GHz (c) 2 GHz (d) 2.4 GHz
5.3 Simulated radiation pattern at 935MHz 45
5.4 The simulated radiation pattern at 1795 MHz 46

5.5 The simulated radiation pattern 1935 MHz 47
5.6 The simulated radiation pattern2100MHz 48
5.7 The simulated radiation pattern 2400 MHz 49
5.8 The peak antenna gain at 900 ,1800,1900,2000and 2400 50

MHz
A1 The dialog for Dielectric Parameters 63
A2 The dialog for Meshing Parameters 64
A3 The dialog for Layout and Grid Parameters 64
A4 The 1st object in the list 66
A5 The 2nd object in the list 66
A6 The 3rd object in the list 67
A7 The 4th object in the list 67
A14 The Parameter of the Coaxial Port object 71
A15 The dialog for the 1st feed object with all parameters 72
filled in
A16 The dialog for the 2nd feed object with all parameters 72
filled in
A17 The 3D view window of the structure 73
A18 The Far Field definition dialog 74
A19 The simulation setup dialog and parameters. 75
A20 The FIDELITY simulator window 76

A21 The dialog for S-Parameter extraction object in the list 78
A22 The window of Patten View 79
A23 The Pattern dialog box for the display on Pattern View 79
List of Table
Table Title Page
1.1 Frequency Bands for a few Wireless Applications 4
3.1 The Comparison of the Typical Antennas 31

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
With the rapid growth of wireless communications there is a growing

demand for mobile phones that are small, attractive, lightweight, and curvy. This has
resulted in the proliferation of handsets with antennas that are internal or hidden
within the device. An internal antenna makes the handset look much nicer and
compact.
The sizes and weights of mobile handsets have rapidly been reduced due to
the development of modern integrated circuit technology and the requirements of
the users. Conventional monopole-like antennas have remained relatively large
compared to the handset itself. Thus, built-in antennas are becoming very promising
candidates for applications in mobile handsets.
Most built-in antennas currently used in mobile phones are based on planar
inverted-F antennas (PIFAs) [1]. In addition, since the antenna is inside the phone it
is not prone to breakage or damage, which is commonly encountered with the so-
called external stub-type antenna. Currently mobile phones with small internal
antennas are already in the market.
Designing an internal antenna for a mobile phone is difficult especially when

dual or Multiband operation is required. Although obtaining dual-frequency
resonance is straightforward, satisfying the bandwidth requirement for the respective
communication bands is difficult. Further complications arise when the antenna has
to operate in close proximity to objects like shielding cans, screws, battery, and
various other metallic objects. Currently, many mobile telephones use one or more
of the following frequency bands: the GSM band, centered at 900 MHz; the DCS
band, centered at 1800 MHz; and the PCS band, centered at 1900 MHz. Triple-band
built-in antennas to operate at GSM900, DCS1800, and PCS1900 bands
demonstrated in [2], [3] .
If merger of technologies is considered where both advanced mobile phone

systems (AMPS) and global system for mobile (GSM) systems are integrated in one
phone, triple-band or even quad-band antennas may be needed. For instance,
consider a device that operates in the AMPS 800, GSM 900, and TDMA /GSM1900
MHz bands. This means that the device operates in the 824–894 MHz, 880–960
MHz, and 1850–1990 MHz bands making it triple band from antenna perspective.
In the lower band the required bandwidth is 136 MHz or 15.25% which is almost
twice as much of that required for GSM or AMPS alone.
1.2 Historical review
In 1897 Marconi demonstrate the first practical demonstration of wireless

communication when he established a continues radio contact between shore and
ship traveling in the English channel, and after years of research leads to mid of 20th
century when the mobile communication industry was strictly limited by the size and
weight of the early mobile phone and normally these based on the simple amplitude
modulation technique.
After the World War II, the development of transistor reduces the power and
space demand of the electronic devices and also mobile phone, the need of shrinking
of the size of mobile radio system has continued to the present day.
1.2.1 Mobile communication
Mobile communication is one of the fastest growing and consider as the

most important telecommunication application. it is the most powerful catalyst for
change in lifestyle of the people.
The mobile communication was used in limited applications due to costly

analogue technologies and restricted service (only phone calls were possible). The
tiny high technologies are now become a necessary need of every individuals life.
1.2.2 The Wireless Revolution
The wireless revolution is creating a flood of new wireless devices that

dramatically increase the availability of voice and data nearly anywhere in the world.
While this revolution is significantly expanding the opportunity for new, smaller and
better wireless communication terminals. It also requires the new and small antenna
design.
1.3 Problem background
Traditionally most mobile phones and handset haven been equipped with the
monopole antenna .monopole antenna are very simple in design and construction and
are well suited to mobile communication application. The most ¼ monopole
antenna is the wipe antenna, which can operate at range of frequencies and deal with
most environmental conditions better than other monopole antennas.
However, the monopole antenna possesses a number of drawbacks.

Monopole antennas are relatively large in size and protrude from the handset case in
an awkward way. This problem with the monopole’s obstructive and space
demanding structure also complicate any efforts taken to equip a handset with
several antennas to enable multilane operation. Monopole antennas also lack any
built-in shielding mechanisms, to direct any radiating waves away from user’s body,
thus increasing the potential risk of producing cancerous tumors growth in the user’s
head and reducing the antenna efficiency.
In recent years, the demand for compact handheld communication devices

has grown significantly. Devices smaller than palm size have appeared in the
market .antenna size is a major factor that limits device miniaturization. In addition
to solve the problem of broadening the antenna bandwidth to the required
specification of the system, one has to worry about developing new structure for
devices that require more than one frequency band of operation.
Multiband wireless phone has become popular recently because they permit
people to use the same phone in multi network that have different frequencies. Table
1.1 lists a few useful wireless applications and their operating frequencies. Systems
that require multiband operation require antenna that resonate at the specific
frequencies. This only adds complexity to the antenna design problem.
Table 1.1: Frequency Bands for a few Wireless Applications.

Wireless Applications Frequency Bands (MHz)
GSM-900 890-960
GSM-1800 1710-1880
GSM-1900(USA) 1850-1990
3G-(UMTS2000) 1885-2200
(WLAN) 2400-2483
Therefore, the problem statement of this project can be summarized as

following:
The sizes and weights of mobile handsets have rapidly been reduced due to
the development of modern integrated circuit technology and the requirements of
the users.
The built-in antennas are becoming very promising candidates for

applications in mobile handsets. Conventional monopole antennas are simple,
omni-directional pattern and gain that is suited for mobile application.
But they have remained relatively large compared to the handset itself, and
they have lack of shielding mechanisms, to direct any radiating waves away from
user’s body which causes potential harm to the user’s health and causes cancers.
Currently many different wireless standards are available for mobile

communication; therefore it requires that the same mobile phone can work for
different frequency bands. Since it is not feasible to equip the device with many
antennas for each frequency band, built-in antennas provide the feature of low
profile and multi-band reception.
1.4 Objectives and Methodology of the Project
The fundamental aim of this thesis is to design a multi band antenna suitable
for telephone handset. By using suitable antenna, the space demand of the antenna
as part of a telephone handset can be minimized, thus reducing the obtrusiveness of
the handset’s appearance. This design has these primary objectives
Select and design an efficient, low profile and realizable antenna capable of
operating at a number of frequencies bands (900MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz and
2000MHz) antenna for GSM and the third generation (3G) mobile system.
Verify the operations of the antenna at the prescribed frequencies in terms of

input impedance and field patterns, using electromagnetic simulation software
ZELAND FIDELITY which is based on Finite- difference. Discuss the simulated
result in term of Return loss and Radiation pattern.
In order to achieve the first objective as set out above, a comprehensive

literature review is required to obtain an antenna that requires minimal modification
to suit the requirements of this design. As the process of optimizing an antenna’s
dimensions to meet a set of specifications is highly rigorous, fading an antenna that
operates efficiently at the three required frequencies, as well being compact and
having a low profile, is very much desired.
1.5 Organization of the Project
Chapter one includes the introduction part of the project, the problem
background with the objectives, methodology and the implementation plan of this
project.
Chapter two represents the literature review, including the historical

developments and representing the latest techniques.
Chapter three includes an optimum design of compact antennas for mobile

communications such as monopole antennas, planer antennas, microstrip patch
antennas, planar inverted-F Antenna and Dielectric Resonator antennas
Chapter four represents an antenna design and structure, simulation
procedure, introduction to Zeland fidelity software and overview on The Finite-
Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Technique.
Chapter five includes the result and the discussion of the simulation in terms
of return Loss, effects of the additional strip position and its size, effects of the
ground plane size, the three-dimensional far field patterns, the two-dimensional far
field patterns and the antenna gain.
Chapter six represents conclusion and future.

CHAPTER 2
MOBILE COMMUNICATION EVOLUTION & MULTIBAND

ANTENNAS
2.1 Introduction
The literature review shows some descriptions of the low profile antenna
especially about the multiband frequencies that they can operate at. GSM900,
DCS1800, PCS1900, and UMTS2000.It also study the performance of them in terms
of input impedance, field patterns and gain. A number of papers explaining the
different types of multiband antennas for multiple frequencies are presented here.
2.2 The Evolution of Mobile Telephone Systems
Cellular is one of the fastest growing and most demanding

telecommunications applications. Today, it represents a continuously increasing
percentage of all new telephone subscriptions around the world. Currently there are
more than 45 million cellular subscribers worldwide, and nearly 50 percent of those
subscribers are located in the United States. It is forecasted that cellular systems
using a digital technology will become the universal method of telecommunications.
In future, forecasters predict that there will be more than 100 million cellular
subscribers worldwide.
The concept of cellular service is the use of low-power transmitters where

frequencies can be reused within a geographic area. Cellular mobile communication
systems, or just mobile systems, are communication systems with many access
points, or base stations. Each base station supports its nearby geographical area,
called a cell. The user can move around with his mobile phone and communicate
through the nearest base station.
2.3 Project Background and Historical Review.
The idea of cell-based mobile radio service was formulated in the United
States at Bell Labs in the early 1970s. However, the Nordic countries were the first
to introduce cellular services for commercial use with the introduction of the Nordic
Mobile Telephone (NMT) in 1981.
Cellular systems began in the United States with the release of the advanced
mobile phone service (AMPS) system in 1983. The AMPS standard was adopted by
Asia, Latin America, and Oceanic countries, creating the largest potential market in
the world for cellular.
In the early 1980s, most mobile telephone systems were analog rather than
digital, like today's newer systems. One challenge facing analog systems was the
inability to handle the growing capacity needs in a cost-efficient manner. As a result,
digital technology was welcomed. The advantages of digital systems over analog
systems include ease of signaling, lower levels of interference, integration of
transmission and switching, and increased ability to meet capacity demands.
Different mobile systems are classified according to their generation:
i. First generation (1G); Analog systems with basic speech service.
Examples: NMT (Scandinavia and Finland), TACS (Great Britain),
and AMPS (North America).
ii. Second generation (2G);Digital systems with higher capacity, better

speech quality, and simple data services such as ; GSM (Global), D-
AMPS (America), PDC (Japan), and IS-95 (USA and Korea).
iii. Evolved second generation (2.5G); Improved data services (packet

data and higher bit rates) GPRS (packet data in GSM) and EDGE
(higher bit rates within GSM).
iv. Third generation (3G); Further improved data services (higher bit
rates, streaming services e.g. video).
Examples: WCDMA.
v. Fourth generation (4G); Unclear what it will look like, and if it will
come. Common guesses are: even higher bit rates, ad-hoc systems,
multi-hop (peer-to-peer).
2.4 GSM (Global System Mobile)
GSM stands for Global System for Mobiles. This is a world-wide standard
for digital cellular telephony, or as most people know them Digital Mobile
Telephones. GSM was created by the Europeans, and originally meant "Group
Special Mobile", but this didn't translate well, so the now common more globally
appealing name was adopted. GSM is a published standard by ETSI, and has now
enjoys widespread implementation in Europe, Asia, and increasingly America.
Throughout the evolution of cellular telecommunications, various systems
have been developed without the benefit of standardized specifications. This
presented many problems directly related to compatibility, especially with the
development of digital radio technology. The GSM standard is intended to address
these problems.
From 1982 to 1985 discussions were held to decide between building an

analog or digital system. After multiple field tests, a digital system was adopted for
GSM. The next task was to decide between a narrow or broadband solution. In May
1987, the narrowband time division multiple access (TDMA) solution was chosen.
2.5 UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)
Standing for "Universal Mobile Telecommunications System", UMTS

represents an evolution in terms of capacity, data speeds and new service capabilities
from second generation mobile networks.
Today, more than 60 3G/UMTS networks using WCDMA technology are

operating commercially in 25 countries, supported by a choice of over 100 terminal
designs from Asian, European and US manufacturers. Japanese operator NTT
DoCoMo launched the world's first commercial WCDMA network in 2001.
A key member of the global family of third generation (3G) mobile

technologies identified by the ITU, 3G/UMTS offers mobile operators significant
capacity and broadband capabilities to support greater numbers of voice and data
customers - especially in urban centers - plus higher data rates at lower incremental
cost than 2G. Making use of radio spectrum in bands identified by the ITU for Third
Generation IMT-2000 mobile services and subsequently licensed to operators,
3G/UMTS employs a 5 MHz channel carrier width to deliver significantly higher
data rates and increased capacity compared with second generation networks. This 5
MHz channel carrier provides optimum use of radio resources, especially for
operators who have been granted large, contiguous blocks of spectrum - typically
ranging from 2x10 MHz up to 2x20 MHz - to reduce the cost of deploying 3G
networks.
Crucially, 3G/UMTS has been specified as an integrated solution for mobile

voice and data with wide area coverage. 3G/UMTS in its initial phase offers
theoretical bit rates of up to 384 kbps in high mobility situations, rising as high as 2
Mbps in stationary/nomadic user environments. Symmetry between uplink and
downlink data rates when using paired (FDD) spectrum also means that 3G/UMTS is
ideally suited for applications such as real-time video telephony - in contrast with
other technologies such as ADSL where there is a pronounced asymmetry between
uplink and downlink throughput rates.
Specified and implemented as an end-to-end mobile system, 3G/UMTS also

features the additional benefits of automatic international roaming plus integral
security and billing functions, allowing operators to migrate from 2G to 3G while
retaining many of their existing back-office systems. Offering increased capacity
and speed at lower incremental cost compared with second generation mobile
systems, 3G/UMTS gives operators the flexibility to introduce new multimedia
services to business users and consumers while providing an enhanced user
experience.
This in turn provides the opportunity for operators to build on the brand-
based relationships they already enjoy with their customers - and drive new revenue
opportunities by encouraging additional traffic, stimulating new usage patterns and
strengthening customer loyalty.
2.6 3G (Third Generation) - Mobile Evolution

Third Generation mobile in the shape of UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System) with WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access) as radio access technology is already a reality. With the first European
networks already live and an increasing number of commercial launches anticipated
during 2003, UMTS/WCDMA offers business users and consumers an evolution of
their current mobile experience to add video and other exciting new services.
Approaching 120 licenses have already been awarded to operators’

worldwide, specifying WCDMA radio access technology that builds on GSM to
provide a clear evolutionary path for more than 80% of the world's wireless market.
In terms of initial capital expenditure as well as ongoing operational costs, WCDMA
technology offers new and existing operators alike a more economical platform to
cope with projected growth in demand for voice and data services.
For customers already enjoying voice and data services via 2G and 2.5G,
UMTS/WCDMA delivers even more of what they like doing already faster, more
efficiently and with new possibilities. For many of the 1.2 billion customers of
second generation networks, UMTS is Third Generation mobile.
2.7 Different Design available on literature
2.7.1 Design of a Multiband Internal Antenna for Third Generation

Mobile Phone Handsets
This paper [4] presents a novel triple-band antenna that consists of a driven
meander-line element and two parasitic coupled elements. The geometrical
configuration, size, and proximity of the driven and parasitic elements help
materialize the desired multiband operation. The complete antenna assembly is
internal to the handset. The antenna can be tuned to operate either in the 824–894
MHz, 880–960 MHz, and 1850–1990 MHz bands or in the 824–894 MHz, 880–960
MHz, and 1710–1880 MHz bands.
The concept described in the paper can also be used to achieve other triple or
multiband operations. The size of the antenna is 50 mm by 10 mm by 6 mm (3 cm )
or less. The analysis of the antenna is conducted using a full-wave method of
moments (MoM) software package called IE3D. The present analysis of the antenna
does not contain the effect of the user’s head and hand on the antenna impedance and
pattern characteristics.
2.7.2 Multiband Folded Planar Monopole Antenna for Mobile

Handset
This paper[5] present a multiband handset antenna that can afford multiband
applications in the mobile systems, including GSM (880–960 MHz), DCS (1720–
1880 MHz), PCS (1850–1990 MHz), UMTS (1920 2170 MHz), and ISM bands
(2400–2484 MHz).
The planar monopole antenna can be constructed into different shapes such
as circle, square, trapezoidal, or pentagonal. Among these shapes, the square planar
monopole is favorable for its consistent radiation pattern over the operation
bandwidth. However, it has a large ground plane size and antenna height (larger
than one tenth of the lowest operating frequency), which make it unsuitable for using
in mobile phones. Recently, the antenna is integrated with the ground plane of the
circuit board of the mobile phone. However, the proposed configuration, with a
shorted rectangular patch, covers only about 10% of the operation bandwidth.
The design mainly consists of a folded rectangular planar monopole and an

inverted L-shape ground plane to meet the needs for multiband operation and
antenna size reduction. Furthermore, the design has many advantages for mobile
phone applications, such as low cost, simple structure, compact size, very wide
bandwidth, acceptable radiation efficiency, and omnidirectional radiation pattern.
2.7.3 A Low-Profile Planar Monopole Antenna for Multiband

Operation of Mobile Handsets
This paper [6] proposes a novel planar monopole antenna design with a very
low profile antenna (height less than 0.04 times the operating wavelength in the free
space) (the total antenna height is only 12 mm for operating at the 900-MHz band).
The proposed antenna, 12 mm in height and 30 mm in width has been constructed,
and the obtained bandwidths cover the 900-MHz band global system for mobile
communication (GSM), 1800-MHz-band digital communication system (DCS),
1900-MHz-band personal communication system (PCS), and 2050-MHz-band
universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS).
2.7.4 Design of an Internal Quad-Band Antenna for Mobile Phones
The antenna presented in this paper [7] combines several techniques applied
simultaneously which are necessary to reduce the size of these antennas while
maintaining good Multiband/wideband performance. The main resonator is a dual-
band PIFA antenna tuned to operate at center frequencies of 935 MHz and 1930
MHz. The introduction of a slot into this element allows a frequency decrease of
its fundamental resonance while the use of an end positioned capacitive load allows
its higher order modes to be decreased in frequency.
The addition of three quarter-wavelength parasitic elements is used here to

create new resonances, and thus enlarge both lower and upper impedance bandwidth.
These new resonances are tuned thanks to a lengthening by capacitive loads. This
antenna covers the GSM standard (Global System for Mobile communications, 880–
960 MHz) with a VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) better than 2.5 and also the
DCS (Digital Communication System, 1710–1880 MHz), PCS (Personal
Communication Services, 1850–1990 MHz) and UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System, 1920–2170 MHz) standards with a VSWR less than 2.
2.7.5 Compact internal multiband antenna for mobile phone and

WLAN standards
The antenna presented in this paper [8] is based on the quad-band structure,
and another technique is applied here to achieve the tuning of its higher order
resonances in the WLAN band.
The resulting structure is a well matched antenna in the GSM and the 2 GHz
bands. Three quarter wavelength type, parasitic shorted patches are then added to
widen these bandwidths. Each one is connected to the ground plane by metallic
strips and located near the main patch in order to be efficiently electromagnetically
coupled. A meticulous simulated parametric study was conducted on each patch by
independently changing their physical parameters in order to identify and control
their higher-order modes around 5 GHz. It was found that the tuning and matching
process of the resonances of all the parasitics led to only small modifications.
2.7.6 Multiband internal antenna for mobile phones
This paper [9] introduces a new internal antenna for Multiband cell phones
comprise a U-shaped elongated flat conductor featuring a closed meandered slot, a
ground and a feed leg.
A benchmark on a Motorola T192 handset is conducted to illustrate the

operation of this structure – called a folded inverted conformal antenna – showing
significantly more radiating bandwidth than a conventional dual-band PIFA.
A novel antenna structure for multiband mobile phones is featuring the
folded inverted conformal antenna (FICA) as the antenna component. The FICA
placement on the board and its feeding mechanisms are similar to those used
currently for the great majority of handsets with internal planar inverted F-antenna
(PIFA) components. Whereas multiband PIFAs exhibit two resonant modes , which
operate by sharing the available antenna volume, the FICA structure is synthesized
in order to sustain three resonant modes that reuse the volume.
The implementation of volume reuse allows spreading of the reactive

electromagnetic energy associated with each resonant mode across the entire antenna
volume. Consequently the FICA modes exhibit a wider fractional bandwidth than
the corresponding PIFA modes.
A dual-band PIFA component, when coupled with the handset circuit board,
exhibits one resonance in the low cellular band 900 MHz, and one in the high band
1800 MHz. The FICA exhibits two resonances in those bands, plus an additional
resonant mode that can be typically tuned to extend the higher cellular band
coverage
2.7.7 Conformal Shaped PIFAs for Mobile Communication

Applications
This paper[10] radiators of two different configurations are considered and

they are (a) Semi-circular shaped radiator for GPS bands, and (b) Embedded PIFAs
having the contour of a back-housing of a typical cellular handset and exhibiting
cellular dual and tri band performance. While conventional Micro strip antenna
designs are based on half-wavelength of operation, the PIFA designs invoke the
quarter-wavelength operation.
The quarter wavelength of PIFA operation is due to the connection of the

radiating element to the ground plane through a shorting strip or pin. This paper
extends the scope of using a single feed for dual band semi circular PIFA design and
the advantages of the proposed design. This paper also proposes embedded PIFAs
with radiators conforming to the contour of the back-housing of a typical cellular
handset.
The proposed embedded PIFA allows its formation as an integral part of the
back housing. The radiating element of the PIFA conforming to the contour of the
device also enables the optimum utilization of the available volume ear marked for
the internal antenna.
2.7.8 New Compact Six-Band Internal Antenna
This paper [11] presents a novel compact six-band internal antenna for
mobile handsets covering the GSM900, GPS1570, DCS1800, PCS1900,
WCDMA2000, and ISM2450 bands. The proposed antenna consists of two layer
patches and a folded stub. The two patches share a common shorting strip, while the
folded stub is not grounded. The antenna was realized within a volume of 36*17*8
mm3.
2.7.9 Intelligent Quadrifilar Helix Antenna
This paper [12] introduces the concept of the intelligent quadrifilar helix
antenna (I-QHA) as an antenna for handled mobile terminals. The potential
advantages of using the I-QHA in both terrestrial and satellite mobile
communications are presented. The I-QHA may be used as a multiband or
multimode antenna, allowing a handset to operate in different frequencies bands and
in both terrestrial and satellite communications environment. The adaptive matching
component of the I-QHA not only matches the antenna for different frequency bands,
hut counters the detuning effects caused by the user.
Finally, diversity gain improvements to up to 14dB in heavily shadowed
environments, achieved by implementing diversity technique on element of the I-
QHA, are demonstrated.
2.8 Summary
The analysis and designs of multiband internal antennas for the application of
mobile handset are presented. It has been demonstrated that the antennas can operate
either in the GSM 900/GSM1800 MHz/ UMTS2000 MHz/ bands. In addition, those
antennas have the advantages of compact antenna size, low cost, simple structure,
and multiband operation, the proposed antenna has omnidirectional radiation for all
operating bands. These performances suggest that the designs are not only suitable
for present-day wireless communication, but also future- generation mobile
communication system.
CHAPTER 3
THE OPTIMUM DESIGN OF COMPACT ANTENNAS FOR

MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
3.1 Introduction
Many antenna researchers have tried to achieve small, lightweight, low

profile, wide bandwidth, and multi-frequency bands for mobile communications. In
this chapter, we will review the typical antennas, such as monopole antennas, planar
antennas, and dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs), which are currently used and
developed for small mobile communications. Then we will discuss the optimum
design of compact multiband antennas, which is required for future mobile
communications.
3.2 Monopole Antennas
One of the most widely used antennas in mobile communications is the

family of monopole antennas. Conventional monopole antennas have a very simple
form consisting of a whip above a perfect ground plane, an excellent radiation that
has pattern uniformity in azimuth. These are usually operated with one-quarter
wavelength. The quarter-wave monopole, however, requires large antenna height.
For example, the height of monopole antenna is about 83mm when it is operated at
900MHz for mobile communications.
To reduce the monopole height, several different forms of monopole, such as

a helix, wound coil or folded loop have been used, and many related designs for 900
/ 1800 MHz dual-frequency operations have been developed [13-15]. The typical
helical antenna with an extendable whip having the bottom helix is shown in
Figure.3.1 [16].
Figure.3.1: Configuration of a typical helical and whip antenna.
This is the most popular antenna type employed in mobile communications.

It uses a whip for 1800MHz operation placed inside a uniform helix having 900MHz
resonance. The top of the whip is nonmetallic, so when the whip is retracted its
function is identical to that of a fixed normal mode helical antenna. The whip has a
metallic connection in its bottom, so when the whip is extended it will be connected
in parallel to the helix. A part of the whip passes through the helix and will detune it,
so only the whip itself will be fed in that case. By this arrangement, the antenna will
be tuned to approximately real input impedance in both retracted and extended
positions, although the radiation resistance is lower in the retracted position.
Figure.3.2 shows two other possible dual-frequency designs. The first

design uses two helixes of different radii [17].
Figure.3. 2: Configurations of two types of dual-frequency helical antenna.

(a) Two helixes with different radii and (b) with two different pitches.
The helix with a smaller radius for 1800MHz operation is placed inside the
helix with a larger radius for 900MHz operation. The second design uses two
different pitches, the global system for mobile communication (GSM; 880-960
MHz) and the digital communication system (DCS; 17 10-1880 MHz) for mobile
phone [17] [18]. Although the antenna height of these dual-frequency designs has
been greatly reduced in comparison with that of a straight monopole, they are still
larger than the wavelength of the lowest operating frequency. It is impossible to
integrate such monopole antennas with the mobile units.
3.3 Planar Antennas
Planar antennas, such as microstrip patch and planar inverted-F antennas

have also been widely used in mobile communications, because these have the
attractive features of low profile, small size, and conformability to mounting hosts
[19]. They are very promising candidates for satisfying this design consideration.
For this reason, compact and broadband design techniques for planar antennas [20]
have attracted much attention from antenna researchers.
3.3.1 Microstrip Patch Antennas
The typical microstrip patch antenna consists of a conducting patch, a

substrate, and a ground plane as shown in Figure.3.3. It has a low profile, lightweight,
easy fabrication, conformable to planar and non-planar surfaces, and easy to
combine with a printed microwave circuit. However, microstrip antennas have some
drawbacks, such as low efficiency, poor cross polarization, and narrow bandwidth (a
few percent at most) [21]. To enhance these drawbacks, especially narrow
bandwidth, and to meet the miniaturization requirements of mobile units, much
attention has been paid to achieve the design of internal compact and broadband
microstrip patch antennas [20] [22].
Figure.3.3: Microstrip patch antenna configuration.
In general, rectangular microstrip antennas with a thin dielectric substrate are

half-wavelength structures and are operated at the fundamental resonant mode
transverse magnetic (TM01) or transverse electric (TM10), with a resonant
frequency given as:
(1)
Where c is the speed of light, L is the patch length of the rectangular microstrip
antenna, and is the relative permittivity of the grounded dielectric substrate.
From equation (1), it is found that the radiating patch of the microstrip
antenna has a resonant length approximately proportional to , and the use of a

dielectric substrate with a larger permittivity thus can result in a smaller physical
antenna length at a fixed operating frequency.
Another technique for size reduction is the use of an edge-shorted patch. It

makes a microstrip antenna act as a quarter-wavelength structure and thus can reduce
the antenna’s physical length by half at a fixed operating frequency. When a
shorting plate (Figure.3.4(b)) or a shorting pin (Figure.3.4(c)) is used instead of a
shorting wall (Figure.3.4 (a)), further reductions in both the antenna’s fundamental
resonant frequency and size can be obtained [20][23].
However, with the use a dielectric substrate with larger permittivity and
overall size reduction at a fixed operating frequency, the impedance bandwidth of a
microstrip antenna is usually decreased. Figure.3.5 shows the effect of substrate
thickness on impedance bandwidth and efficiency for two values of dielectric
constants [24]. While the bandwidth increases monotonically with thickness, a
decrease in the value increases the bandwidth.
Figure.3.4: Configurations of a rectangular patch antenna with (a) a shorting wall,
(b) a shorting plate or partial shorting wall, and (c) a shorting pin.
Figure.3.5: Effect of substrate thickness on impedance bandwidth and efficiency for
two dielectric constants.
3.3.2 Planar Inverted-F Antenna
A planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) is a typical example of an internal

compact antenna. Due to their compact size, the designs of PIFAs have received
much attention. Some variations of dual-band or multi-band PIFAs suitable for
application in mobile units have been reported recently [25-28]. Figure.3.6 shows a
conventional single band PIFA formed by a ground plane and a short-circuiting
radiating patch which is fed from a transmission line on the back of the ground plane.
Figure.3.7 shows some reported radiating top patches for dual-frequency PIFAs.
These PIFA designs usually have a compact volume and can be integrated within
mobile units [18].
Figure.3. 6: Configuration of the planar inverted-F antenna.
Compared to the conventional monopole external antennas, such as

monopoles and helix used for mobile units, the PIFAs are less easily broken off. In
addition, PIFAs can reduce the possible electromagnetic energy absorption by the
mobile handset user’s head, because of relatively smaller backward radiation toward
the user. However, in comparison to the conventional whip antenna showing an
omnidirectional radiation pattern, one of the major design considerations for mobile
communications, the PIFAs have a unidirectional radiation pattern. If more than two
PIFAs are used to cover the whole region, the structure is very complicated because
of the multi-feed techniques. The mechanical difficulty, the requirement of precise
position between feed pin connection and short circuited plate to obtain input
impedance of50 ohm, is another problem in the practical application of PIFAs.
Figure.3.7: Some reported radiating top patches for dual-frequency PIFAs.

Figure.3.8 shows an antenna used for mobile handset. It is mainly composed
of a whip, which is monopole, and a PIFA. Unlike other contemporary mobile
handset systems, this system improves reception quality by using a PIFA for
diversity reception [16].
Figure.3.8: Configuration of a whip (monopole) and PIFA.
3.4 Dielectric Resonator Antennas
Dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) also have the advantages of the

microstrip and printed antennas, such as low profile, lightweight, and small size. In
addition, there is no high conduction loss at millimeter wave frequencies and low
efficiency due to surface wave excitation, as DRA require no radiating metal patch.
For this reason, DRA are increasingly popular and attractive to researchers [29].
DRAs consist of a small block of dielectric material mounted on a conducting
ground plane as shown in Figure.3.9. A number of different geometrical shapes like
hemisphere, circular cylinder, and rectangular are available for DRAs [30-32].
Figure.3.9. A circular cylindrical DRA on a ground plane.
DRAs also have the advantage of easy, simple, and flexible excitation
through the use of a coaxial probe, a microstrip line, an aperture-coupling, or a
coplanar waveguide (CPW) [29][33-37] as shown in Figure.3.10. The microstrip,
aperture-coupling, and coplanar waveguide potentially help the integration of DRAs
with microwave integrated circuits (MICs).
Furthermore, the dimensions of a DRA are closely related to the material

dielectric constant with a high material, the dimensions can be reduced to the
order of where is the free space wavelength. When operating in the 5.2
GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) band, the antenna has a low profile of
only 1.9 mm and occupies a small area of 10 x 10 mm2, with the use of a DR
element having a of 90.5 [38]. The drawbacks, when a high DR element is
used, are a great increase in the Q-factor and a consequent reduction in bandwidth,
with the resonance becoming very sensitive to temperature change.
Therefore, should be less than 30 to achieve suitable bandwidth for the

global system for mobile communication (GSM; 880-960 MHz), the digital
communication system (DCS; 1710-1880 MHz), and the personal communication
system (PCS; 1850-1990MHz) antenna applications, which have been allocated
spectrum in many parts of the world for the mobile telephone systems. However, the
dimensions of DRAs with <30 at frequencies below 3GHz are generally too large
to be used for mobile units. For example, at 900MHz the dimensions of a circular
cylindrical DRA will be 74mm in diameter and 74mm in height for =12 [39].
For this reason, many advanced designs for reducing the dimension with small
have been developed [40-42].
A number of DRAs designed for achieving circular polarization (CP) using a

single feed also have been proposed by [43-46]. Most of designs, however, require
special configurations for the DR elements and excitation schemes that increase the
complexity and difficulty in antenna fabrications. When a conducting probe is used,
special care should be taken in regard to the imperfect fabrication effect of air gaps
between the probe and the DR element [47].
Figure.3.10: The various feeding configurations. (a) A coaxial probe, (b) a
microstrip line, (c) an aperture-coupling, and (d) a coplanar waveguide.
3.5 Optimum Design of Compact Antenna For Mobile

Communications
So far, the typical antennas which are used and developed for mobile
communications have been reviewed. These antennas are still being successfully
applied to present-day mobile units. Further optimized designs, however, are
required in order to satisfy future mobile communications design. The development
of the user’s mobility requirements makes it necessary to extend the operation of a
terminal to cover two or more standards. The typical antennas are compared to find
the optimum design of compact antennas for mobile communications as shown in
Table 3.1.
Table 3.1: The Comparison of the Typical Antennas.
Antenna Monopole Planar DRA Optimum

Lightweight Good Excellent Excellent Excellent
Small Size Good
Poor Good Excellent
(low profile, integration) (Ground)
Robustness Poor Excellent Excellent Excellent
Good Good
Fabrication Excellent Excellent
(Helix) (Probe)
Linear/ Linear/ Linear!
Polarization Linear
Circular Circular Circular
Radiation Pattern Omni- Uni- Uni- Omni 17
For the optimized designs, a small size, lightweight, low profile, integration,
and robustness, which are almost common standards, must be fulfilled. In addition,
material and assembling costs must be kept as low as possible. Moreover, multi-
and/or broad- bandwidths that implement different combinations of frequency bands,
omni-directional radiation patterns, and circular polarization must be required to
improve the antenna performance.
The preferred optimum design, therefore, has to have small radiating patches
with multiple resonances, covering different bands, be easily adapted to the shape of
the handset, and be integrated within the back cover or suitable for microwave
integrated circuits (MICs). Using this optimum design, the terminal becomes more
robust, as there are no external radiating elements that could easily break off, and the
cost of the antennas can be reduced.
Through research, it is found that slot antennas, especially slot-ring antennas

fed by microstrip lines or coplanar waveguides (CPWs), are an interesting alternative
for the optimum design of compact multi-band antennas.
Another issue that is beginning to have more significance is the controversial

health issue of absorption of RF power from mobile unit antennas by the heads of
users. Typical shielded helix and monopole antennas are isotropic in the azimuthal
direction, which is one of the major design considerations for mobile units. Power is
radiated to the head of the user. The optimum design, therefore, needs to be
radiating away from the head area. This would not only reduce any potential health
risk, but it would also make the antenna more efficient. In this thesis, however, this
health issue of absorption of RF power will not be considered.
3.6 Slot Antennas
The slot antenna, which has been investigated since at least the 1940s [36], is
comprised of a narrow slit in a ground plane as shown in Figure.3.11. Slot antennas
are the dual of the microstrip antennas [48]. This means that the slot antennas have
low profile, easier construction, low cost, lightweight, and robustness like the
microstrip antennas. The microstrip antennas normally exhibit unidirectional
radiation pattern and a narrow bandwidth, whereas the slot antennas produce
bidirectional and unidirectional radiation patterns with larger bandwidth.
Figure.3.11: Configuration of a slot antenna with a microstrip feed.
Though, with modification, the slot antenna can adopt various excitation
schemes, such as waveguide, CPW, coaxial, slotline or microstrip line, the slot
antennas are usually fed by microstrip lines or by coplanar waveguides (CPW5)
[49][50]. The advantage of the CPW-feed is that the metal layer of both the feed line
and the radiator is on the same side of the substrate. This eliminates the need for via
holes for ground connection, potentially lowers the fabrication costs and offers easy
integration with monolithic microwave integrated circuits. A combination of
microstrip lines and slots offer an additional degree of freedom in the design of slot
antennas. These antennas can also be produced with desired polarization, and they
are less sensitive to manufacturing tolerances than are microstrip antennas [50].
However, the slot antenna has large input impedance, nearly 500 ohm, where
the resonant half-wavelength slot antenna is desirable for its compact size. This
matching problem can be solved by using an offset microstrip feed or the folded-slot
antenna. The use of additional slots can reduce the radiation resistance, while the
overall length of the antenna remains approximately a half-wavelength [49-51]. The
CPW version of the folded slot antenna has been investigated extensively [52-54].
This antenna requires no input matching and has a broad radiation pattern, which
makes it an inexpensive, compact, and a good candidate for wireless communication
systems.
Another problem is that slot antennas have limited bandwidth, which is the
reason why this type of antenna receives less attention from researchers. A few
attempts have been made to increase the bandwidth of CPW-fed slot antennas,
including the use of a bow-tie slot [55] [56] or shortening the upper slot [57]. In [58],
a square slot antenna by using a CPW feed with widened tuning stub presented a
large bandwidth of 60%.
Recently, multi-band slot antennas have been studied by many researchers

[59-63] due to wireless communication systems requiring multi-band operations.
Paper [59] presents a modified slot-loaded microstrip patch antenna, which added
parasitic elements to produce a triple-band. However, the configuration of the
antenna is complex because many parasitic elements are used, and the bandwidth is
smaller than 1 %. A microstrip-fed non-concentric annular-ring slot antenna is
presented in [60], which is suitable for the design of large frequency-ratio. In [61]
[62], by introducing the asymmetry of the ring slot, the degenerate resonant modes
are excited. Paper [63] presents a simple design of a triple-frequency annular-ring
slot antenna fed by CPW or microstrip line. This antenna consists of three
concentric annular-ring slots. Three operating frequencies are obtained by means of
the multiple radiating annular-ring slots, each supporting a strong electric field and
radiation at resonance.
CHAPTER 4
SIMULATION OF MULTIBAND ANTENNA
4.1 The Proposed Design
As well as the reasons describe before proposed antenna [64] was chosen as
the basis because of its ability to facilitate multiband operations. The cellular system
currently operate at a number of frequency bands (such900 MHz, 1800MHz
and2.0GHz), thus there being a demand for antenna that can operate at multiple
bands. As mobile phones are becoming smaller with time, it is not feasible for
separate antenna element to be used to facilitate multiband operations as shown in
Figure.4.1.
Figure.4.1: The geometry of the proposed antenna

This proposes a new design in that a new metal strip as an additional
resonator is directly connected with a feed strip and positioned at a plane
perpendicular to a ground plane and a main dual-resonator patch radiator. With this
direct-feed scheme, the forgoing problems relating to the parasitic-feed technique for
an additional resonance in a conventional multiple-band antenna can be alleviated.
As an example, a quad-band antenna for covering the GSM900, DCS1800, PCS1900,
and UMTS2000 was achieved. The simulations were achieved using
electromagnetic simulation software ZELAND FIDELITY which is based on the
finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method.
4.2 Antenna Structure and Design
The proposed new antenna in this work is shown in Figure. 4.1 The new
radiating strip as an additional resonator is directly connected to the feed strip and
positioned at a plane perpendicular to the ground plane and the original folded patch.
The new antenna also comprises a folded radiating patch in the first layer, a ground
plane in the second layer, a supporting foam in-between a short-circuited strip, a feed
strip, and a stub extended from the folded patch.
The patch is connected to the ground plane via a vertical short-circuited strip
and is fed via a feed strip connected to a 50- transmission line etched on the back of
the ground plane. At the first layer, the long bent portion of the antenna is tuned to
have a relatively low-band resonance frequency such as 900 MHz and the short part
of the antenna is tuned to have a high-band resonance frequency such as 1800 MHz.
The stub extended from the long bent portion is to finely tune the resonance at the
low band.
Compared to the designs in [65], [66], the size of the newly proposed antenna can be
reduced by an order of 20%, which is desirable since the size of mobile phones is
becoming smaller according to consumer preferences. The new additional strip is
like a PIFA antenna and is tuned to have a second high resonance frequency, such as
2100 MHz. The new quad-band antenna was developed within the limits of a 36*
16* 8 mm3 area as shown in Figure. 4.2.
Figure.4.2: The dimensions of the proposed antenna
The rectangular ground plane has a length of Lg=80mm and a width of

Wg=36mm. the dimensions of the new antenna are L1=36mm, a W1=16 mm. H = 8
mm , L2 = 15mm, L3=16mm , L4=3mm , g1=2mm , g2=1mm, W1=W2=W3=W4=
W5=W6=W7=W8=4 mm ,W9 =3mm . Wf=Ws=3mm and d1=2mm.
4.3 Simulation
With a suitable antenna chosen for further development, the next step is to
verify the operation of the antenna at the prescribed frequencies in term of input
impedance (Return loss) and field patterns.
To achieve this, an antenna design software package, called Zeland
FIDELITY, has been selected to develop and to simulate this antenna. Zeland
FIDELITY is based on a finite-difference time domain (FTDT) which is based on
full-wave electromagnetic simulator.
4.4 The Zeland fidelity Software
Zeland fidelity is used as the principle electromagnetic simulation software

package for simulating the antennas. Fidelity is a FDTD (Finite-Difference Time
Domain) based full-3D EM simulator. It has ability to deal with an antenna, wireless
/ RF antennas, and other high-speed and high-frequency circuitry .Most important.
Fidelity can perform simulations of objects that have curved structure. The good
thing about FDTD is that we can easily control the electric property for each grid .It
makes possible to simulate structure with very complicated distribution of dielectric
properties.
A fidelity simulation starts from the construction of the structure to be

simulated. It employees a non-uniform rectangular meshing. We need to do is to
build a structure as a set of small cubes with specific dielectric properties
4.5 The Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Technique
The Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) technique is arguably the most

popular numerical method for the solution of problem in electromagnetic. First
proposed by Yee in 1966[9], the FDTD method has existed for nearly 30 years, and
its popularity continues to grow as computing cost continue to decrease. There are a
number of reasons for this, it’s easy to understand, easy to implement in software,
and since it is a time-domain technique, it can cover a wide frequency range with a
single simulation run.
The FDTD method belongs in the general class of differential time -domain
numerical modeling methods .Maxwell’s (differential form) equations are simply
modified to central-difference equations, discredited, and implemented in software.
The electric field is solved at a given instant in time. Then the magnetic field is
solved at the next instant in time, and the process is repeated over and over again.
A simple description on the operations of this method is discussed. When

Maxwell’s differential form equations are examined, it can be seen that the time
derivative of the E field is dependent on the curl of the H field. This can be
simplified to state that the change in the E field (the time derivative) is dependent on
the change in the H field across space (the curl).These results are in the basic of
FDTD equations that, the new value of the E field is dependent on the old value of
the field (hence the difference in time) and the difference in the old value of the H
field on either side of the E field point in space.
Naturally, this is a simplified description with the constant omitted. The H

field is found in the same manner. The new value of the H field is dependent on the
old value of the H field (hence difference in time), and also dependent on in the
difference in the E field on either side of the H field point. However, when
multiple dimensions are considered, the difference in space must be considered in all
appropriate dimensions.
In order to use the FDTD, a computational domain must be established. The

computational domain is simply the space where the simulation will be performed.
The E and H field will be determined at every point within the computational
domain. The material of each cell within the computational domain must be
specified. Typically, the material will be either free-space (air), metal (perfect
electrical conductors), or dielectrics, any material can be used, as long as the
permeability, permittivity can be specified. Once the computational domain and the
grid material is established, a source is specified .the source can be an impinging
plane wave, a current on a wire, or an electric field between metal plates (basically a
voltage between the tow plates), depending on the type of situation to be modeled.
Since the E and H fields are determined directly.
The output of the simulation is usually the E or H field at a point or a series
of point within the computational domain. Nonetheless, every modeling technique
has some strengths and some weakness.
Some types of models with a given technique will excel, and other type of
models with the same technique would have difficulty performing rapidly and
accurately. FDTD is a very versatile modeling technique. FDTD is a time domain
technique, and when a time domain pulse (Gaussian pulse) is used as the souse pulse,
then a wide frequency range is solved with only one simulation.
4.6 Summary
In this chapter, the new design has been proposed in that a new metal strip as an
additional resonator is directly connected with a feed strip and positioned at a plane
perpendicular to a ground plane. With the new design scheme, a multi-band antenna
for covering GSM900, DCS1800, PCS1900, and UMTS2000 bands for use in
mobile handsets have been carried out. Compared with the parasitic form, the size of
the proposed antennas can be reduced by an order of 20%. Moreover, the
impedance matching for each band becomes easy. The new multi -band antennas
have been developed within the limits of a 36* 16* 8 mm3 area.
The antenna has also been analyzed using the FDTD technique
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
5.1 The Antenna Return Loss
The simulated result (with out plastic cover )according to -10 dB are 70MHz
(890-960MHz) at the lower band and1100MHZ (1800-2900MHz)at the upper band
respectively so the antenna has the capacity to cover GSM900, GSM 1800 , GSM
1900 , UMTS 2000 ,and Bluetooth 2450 bands as shown in Figure .5.1 .
Figure.5.1: The simulated input return loss of the designed antenna

Its very clear to observe that the wide bandwidth of the higher band of
the new antenna is due to the introduced strip connected to the feed .Note that the
wide band width at the upper band in this design may also come from one
resonance generated by the ground plane ,which has a half wave length with the
centre frequency being around 1.8 GHz
5.2 Effects of the Ground Plane Size
For small PIFA-like antennas, the finite ground plane can be considered as a
radiator. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effects of the ground plane size on
the impedance characteristics of the new antenna. With regard to our design, it is
observed that the ground plane length has a large effect on the upper band with the
length varying from 60 to 100 mm, while the lower band almost keeps unchanged.
5.3 Effects of the Additional Strip Position and its Size
It can be seen that the additional strip position and its width mainly affect the
impedance matching of the upper band. The matching will become decreased when
the additional strip bottom approaches very near to the ground plane as high
capacitance may be introduced in this case. The bandwidths of the lower band
almost keep constant with the additional strip position and its size varying.
5.4 The Three-Dimensional Far Field Patterns
While consideration of the antenna performance in terms of efficiency (i.e.

return losses) is important, one of the main antenna properties that must be analyzed
when considering the viability of the antenna in future handset is the radiation
pattern. The following will discuss the three-dimensional field pattern performance
of the three antennas.
Figure.5.2: Simulated 3-D radiation pattern for the proposed Antenna at (a) 0.9GHz
(b) 1.8 GHz (c) 2 GHz (d) 2.4 GHz
Looking at the three-dimensional field pattern generated from the planar

antenna, it is evident that the best result came from when the antenna was operating
at 2.4GHz an almost perfect outcome. The far field patterns were strongly omni
directional and the electric field magnitudes were very high and consistent for most
directions.
There was a very slight drop in the electric field strength in direction of the
two ends of the antenna. The far field performance of the antenna at 0.9 GHz was
very satisfactory, while the radiation pattern of the antenna operated at the resonant
frequency of 1.8GHz and 2GHz.were also omni directional.
The field patterns became again more predominant in X-Y (horizontal

polarization) as well as the field patterns becoming stronger in the direction above
the antenna relative to the direction underneath the ground plane.
5.5 The Two-Dimensional Far Field Patterns
While the three-dimensional field patterns indicated the electric field strength
coverage of the antenna from all directions around the antenna, it must be considered
that an antenna used for mobile applications can not be guaranteed to be positioned
in a particular orientation. With mobile application, the antenna is expected to
operate in cluttered mobile environments where signal polarization is frequently
randomized by reflections. Therefore, the performance of antennas in terms of both
polarizations (i.e. the E-phi and E-theta polarization) was considered.
5.5.1. GSM 9OO MHz
Figure.5.3: Simulated radiation pattern at 935MHz
The horizontal polarization is the dominant one with uniform variation at all
direction which is between -32 to -35dB. The vertical polarizations is the dominant
one with uniform variation angle between 0 to +180 which is between - 44 to -53dB,
and the other dominant one with uniform variation between 0 to -180which is
between -54 to -70dB
5.5.2. GSM 18OO MHz
Figure.5.4: The simulated radiation pattern at 1795 MHz
direction which is between 0 to -5dB. The vertical polarizations is the dominant one
with uniform variation angle between 0 to +180 which is between -14 to -18dB ,
between - 20 to -22dB
5.5.3 GSM 19OO MHz
Figure.5.5: The simulated radiation pattern 1935 MHz
with uniform variation angle between 0 to +180 which is between -14 to -18dB ,
between - 20 to -22dB
5.5.4. UMTS 2000 MHz
Figure.5.6: The simulated radiation pattern2100MHz
with uniform variation angle at all direction which is between -13 to -20 dB.
5.5.5. ISM2450 MHz
Figure.5.7: The simulated radiation pattern 2400 MHz
The horizontal polarization is the dominant one with uniform variation angle
at all direction which is between 0 to -5dB. The vertical polarization is the dominant
one with uniform variation at all direction which is between -12 to -16 dB.
From the result it appeared that, antenna operating at the first resonant
frequency, the resulting far-field patterns in the horizontal plane were as expected
from a typical micro strip antenna. The E-phi polarization and E-theta polarization
are omni-directional.
For the case where the antenna was simulated at the upper resonant
frequencies, the results were quite varied in quality. The planar antenna at the
second resonant frequency lost one of the nulls from the E-theta polarization but had
a degraded E-phi polarization. However, when the planar antenna was operating at
the third frequency. Both the polarization. Though almost identical to the case for
the second resonant frequency, were slightly degraded. Therefore, it can be
concluded that dual polarization performance of the planar antenna improves as the
resonant frequency is increased . Overall; however, the results were quite
impressive and indicated that the planar antenna is well suited to mobile applications.
5.6 The Antenna Gain
Figure.5.8: The peak antenna gain of 900 ,1800,1900,2000and 2400 MHz bands
From the above graph its seen that the beak antenna gain is varying between
3.3dBi to 3.1 for 900, 1800, 1900, 2000and 2400 MHz bands.
5.7 Summary
With the new design, a multi-band antenna for covering GSM900, GSM1800,
GSM1900, UMTS2000, and ISM2450 bands have been carried out. The results are
very encouraging. The simulated return loss is smaller than -10dB in the desired
frequency band. The radiation patterns are therefore expected to be those of omni-
directional in cases. The gains of antenna remain stable over each band with a
variation of 3 dBi in the worst case.
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION&FUTURE WORK
6.1 Conclusion
At the beginning of the nineties, digital mobiles radio communication began

to make first steps into the market. Since that time several development generations
of mobile phones have appeared on the market, which is now marked by a strong
competition between the phone manufacturers and by this a strong demand for
attractive designs and technical improvements. For a long time antennas for handsets
were seen as a necessary piece of wire at the end of a high tech system. Due to a
strong demand for better performance, lower price and better design, the antenna is
getting more and more in the focus of interest.
The small size of today’s handsets is a big challenge for the antenna design.
The antenna should be as small as possible, but on the other side, a maximum of
antenna performance is demanded. The miniaturisation leads not only to a smaller
volume available for the antenna but rises also the interaction between the antenna,
the casing of the handset and the user. New antenna concepts are necessary,
combining small volume with good performance in the user vicinity.
Another aspect of antenna design is the integration of the antenna in the plastic
casing of the handset. Today different concepts are used on the market to fulfill the
necessary requirements.
Dual band and multiband functionality is another important request for

today’s handset generation. This asks for antenna concepts matching all
specifications for at minimum two frequency bands.
Currently mobile phones with small internal antennas are already in the
market. Designing an internal antenna for a mobile phone is difficult especially when
dual or multiband operation is required. Although obtaining dual-frequency
resonance is straightforward, satisfying the bandwidth requirement for the respective
communication bands is difficult. Further complications arise when the antenna has
to operate in close proximity to objects like shielding cans, screws, battery, and
various other metallic objects.
As it mentioned earlier, the proposed antenna was chosen to form the basis of
this thesis .The proposed antenna as presented by Guo and Chia [2], meets the
antenna design requirements. The antenna is multiband design and is much simpler
to tune to the correct resonant frequencies .The proposed antenna possess the
qualities that make it more favorable antenna for mobile communication ,such as a
small and compact ,fully self-matching ,capable of dual polarization in all directions
as well as simple to fabricate.
6.2 Future work
The future work is to fabricate the prototype of the simulated antenna. Test
the prototype in real time and measure the performance of the antenna in terms of
return loss and radiation pattern, then compare simulated and measured result .
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2001
APPENDIX A
A.1 Modeling of Antenna Structure
In this chapter, we will discuss how to use the Zeland FIDILTY for modeling
the antenna structure and then simulation and post processing setups:
Step 1: Use paper to draw the cross-section first for the desired structure, for this
particular thesis the structure is defined in chapter 4. We have to define its
dimensions in x,y and z axis and also need to decide the range of the
simulation space.
Step 2: Run ZWF (or ZFidelity Workshop.exe).we will have a blank window.
Select new in the file menu. ZWF will prompt you for the Length Unit.
Step 3: Select “mm” for unit and select OK to continue. Then ZWF will prompt you
for Dielectric Parameters as shown in Figure A.1
Step 4: Click at the Insert button at the upper right location of the dialog box. It’s
the button next to the cross button. No. 1dielectric is created with default
parameter values .the parameters are displayed in the edit fields.
Step 5: Select OK to continue. Then, ZWF will prompt you for Meshing Parameter
as shown in Figure A.2
Step 6: Change the following parameters: the Highest Frequency (GH) =10; The
Center Frequency (GH) =7; The Cutoff Frequency (GH) =3.
Figure.A.1:The dialog for Dielectric Parameters
Step7: Select OK to continue. Then, ZWF will prompt for Layout and Grid
Parameters as shown in Figure A.3
Step 8: Select the New button on the X-grid list box. Enter (Start=-5, End=40 and
step=0.5)
Step 9: Repeat step 8 for the New button on Y-grid & Z-grid list box. Enter (Start=-
5, End=40 and step=0.5) and Start=-5, End=40 and step=0.5) respectively
Figure.A.2: The dialog for Meshing Parameters
Figure.A.3: The dialog for Layout and Grid Parameters

Step 10: Select OK to continue. Then, ZWF will prompt you for Boundary
Parameters. All of them are PEC or Perfect Electric Conductors.
Steps 11: Select the Change button for the Minimum Z Boundary and change it to
1st Order Mur or FMUR. Select the Change button for the Maximum Z
Boundary and change it to FMUR. Select the Finish button.
A.2. Creating Objects for the Structure.
Step 12: Click the lift mouse button at the Object List Window (the lower left
window) to focus on it. Then, type the Insert button on your keyboard .ZWF
will prompt you for a selection of the objects.
Step 13: Select the Rectangular Cylinder object and select OK.
Step 14: Enter the parameters shown in Figure A.4
Step 15: Repeat step 13, for the parameters shown in Figure A.5, A.6, A.7, A8, A.9,
A.10 A.11, A.12 and A.13
Figure.A.4: The1st object in the list
Figure.A.5: The 2nd object in the list

Figure.A.6: The 3rd object in the list
Figure.A.7: The 4th object in the list




Step 16: Select the Coaxial Port object in the Object List window. Then, enter the
parameters shown in Figure A.14
Figure.A.14: The Parameter of the Coaxial Port object
Step 17 Select the Wire object in the Object List window. Then, enter the parameters
shown in Figure A.15
Figure.A.15: The dialog for the 1st feed object with all parameters filled in
Step 18: Repeat step 17, for the parameters shown in Figure A.16
Figure .A.16: The dialog for the 2nd feed object with all parameters filled in
Step19 Select View Parameters in View menu. Change the Elevation Angle from
120 to 60 degree and the Azimuth Angle from30 to -60degrees. Select OK to
continue. Scroll the 3D View window vertically to make the bottom portion
of the structure visible. The 3D view display should look like Figure A.17
Figure.A.17: The 3D view window of the structure

A.3. Simulation Setup and FIDELITY Simulation.
Step 20: Define the output for Far-Field radiation pattern, select Output Definition in
Parameters menu.
Step21: Select the New button at the top right, select the Far Field. Then, a dialog
will come up as shown in Figure A.18
Setp22: Type” Start Freq=0.9, End Freq=2.4 and Number of Freq = 25” in the fields.
Select OK to continue.
Figure .A.18: The Far Field definition dialog
Step 23: Select Save As in the File menu and save it
Step 24: Select Simulation Setup in Pre-Process. Enter the parameters shown in
Figure A.19
Step 25: Select OK to invoke the FIDELITY for an FDTD simulation. Then, close
the ZWF in File menu. The fidelity simulator is true window NT application.
We make it the DOS style because we want to have the batch file simulation
capability discussed above. For this structure, fidelity will take about 5
minutes to finish the simulation. The simulation converged in 5412 time
steps as shown in Figure A.20
Figure .A.19: The simulation setup dialog and parameters.

Figure.A.20: The FIDELITY simulator window
A.4. S-Parameters Extraction and Display.
Step 26:Re-run the ZWF to get the empty window. Open the file that has been saved.
Step 27: ZWF will warn you that the opened file is associated with a simulation
setup. Select OK to continue
Step 28: Select the Find S-Parameters in Post-Process menu on ZFW main menu.
The setup for Parameter Extraction dialog comes up as shown in Figure A.21
Step 29: Change the normalization to “Normalized to Port Impedance. Type “Start
Freq=0.9, End Freq=5.5 and Number of Freq = 900” in the fields. Then, hit
enter.
Step 30: Select OK to continue. ZWF does not have the S-parameters display
capability. We need to run the MODUA simulator for it. By the default, the
MODUA simulator will be invoked automatically to display the result.
Step 31: Select Define Display Graph in the Control menu of MODUA. Select the
“dB and Phase of S-Parameters”. Select OK to continue. Select dB[s(1,1)]”
and OK to continue.
Step 32: Select Save S-Parameters in File menu of MODUA. Select OK to confirm
the default file name
Figure.A.21: The dialog for S-Parameter extraction object in the list
Step 33: Open the ZWF file that has been saved. Select Radiation Pattern in Post
Processing menu. It will be informed that the radiation pattern is saved into
(pat. File).
Step34: The (pat. File) can be opened by the Patten View program for display of
radiation patterns.
Step 35: Run the Patterns View. Move the mouse to the list box window. Click
right mouse button. A pop up menu will come up. Select Add Pattern.
Step 36: Select the pat file that has been saved in step20. Select Open. Then, the
(pat. file) will be added into the list as shown in Figure A.22
Figure.A.22: The window of Patten View
Step 37: Select 2D Pattern in Display menu. Then, a dialog box will come up for
the display parameters as shown in Figure A.23
Figure.A.23: The Pattern dialog box for the display on Pattern View
Step 38: Select Plot Style as “Polar Plot”, the Scale Style as”dBi (Directivity)”.
Check E-Theta and E-Phi in the list box for f=0.9 GHz, Phi=0 .Select OK to
continue. The radiation pattern will display for f= 0.9GHz
Step 39: Repeat step 38, for f=1.8, 1.9,2 and 2.4GHz

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MULTIBAND ANTENNA FOR GSM AND 3G MOBILE SYSTEM

Near ALHDI ARAFA School,

2 May 2006 2 May 2006

Name of Supervisor: Professor Dr. Tharek Bin. Abdul Rahman

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Author: Abdurahman M.M Owag

I would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone who has

I would like to thank my colleagues, friends, and lecturers in the

We propose a new design for built-in handset antennas in that

Kami memperkenalkan rekabentuk baru bagi antena dalaman telefon bimbit

Chapter Title Page

2 MOBIL COMMUNICATION EVOLUTION AND 8

2.7.6.3 A Low-Profile Planar Monopole Antenna for 15

2.7.4 Design of an Internal Quad-Band Antenna for 15

3 THE OPTIMUM DESIGN OF COMPACT 20

4 SIMULATION OF MULTIBAND ANTENNA 35

4.1 The Proposed Design 35

5.1 The Antenna Return Loss 41

figure Title Page

3.2 Configurations of two types of dual-frequency helical 22

3.3 Microstrip patch antenna configuration 23

3.5 Effect of substrate thickness on impedance bandwidth 26

3.6 Configuration of the planar inverted-F antenna 27

3.7 Some reported radiating top patches for dual-frequency 27

3.8 Configuration of a whip (monopole) and PIFA. 28

3.9 A circular cylindrical DRA on a ground plane. 29

3.10 The various feeding configurations. (a) A coaxial probe, 30

3.11 Configuration of a slot antenna with a microstrip feed. 33

4.1 The Geometry of the proposed Antenna 35

4.2 The Dimensions of the proposed Antenna 37

5.1 The simulated input return loss of the designed antenna. 41

5.2 Simulated 3-D radiation pattern for proposed Antenna at 43

5.3 Simulated radiation pattern at 935MHz 45

5.4 The simulated radiation pattern at 1795 MHz 46

5.6 The simulated radiation pattern2100MHz 48

5.7 The simulated radiation pattern 2400 MHz 49

5.8 The peak antenna gain at 900 ,1800,1900,2000and 2400 50

A1 The dialog for Dielectric Parameters 63

A2 The dialog for Meshing Parameters 64

A3 The dialog for Layout and Grid Parameters 64

A4 The 1st object in the list 66

A5 The 2nd object in the list 66

A6 The 3rd object in the list 67

A7 The 4th object in the list 67

A8 The 5th object in the list 68

A9 The 6th object in the list 68

A10 The 7th object in the list 69

A11 The 8th object in the list 69

A12 The 9th object in the list 70

A13 The 10th object in the list 70

A14 The Parameter of the Coaxial Port object 71

A17 The 3D view window of the structure 73

A18 The Far Field definition dialog 74

A19 The simulation setup dialog and parameters. 75

A20 The FIDELITY simulator window 76

A22 The window of Patten View 79

3.1 The Comparison of the Typical Antennas 31

With the rapid growth of wireless communications there is a growing

Designing an internal antenna for a mobile phone is difficult especially when

If merger of technologies is considered where both advanced mobile phone