A.

Design of Superstructure

1.0 Design Data

1.1. Materials and its Properties:

M25
Fe415
Characteristics Strengthof Concrete fck = 25 MPa
Permissible direct compressive stress, σc = 6.2 MPa
Permissible flexural compressive stress, σcbc = 8.3 MPa
Maximum Permissible shear stress, τmax ( 0.07
0.07*fck)
fck) = 1.75 MPa

Basic Permissible Stresses of Reinforcing Bars as per IRC : 21-1987, Section III:
Permissible Flexural Tensile stress, σst = 200 MPa
Permissible direct compressive stress, σco = 170 MPa

Self weight of materials as per IRC : 6-2000:

Concrete (cement-Reinforced) = 24 kN/m3
Macadam (binder premix) = 22 kN/m3

1.2. Geometrical Properties:

Effective Span of Bridge = 24.00 m
Total length of span = 24.56 m
Numbers of span = 2
Width of expantion Joint = 40 mm
Total length
g of Bridge g = 49.2 m
Nos. of longitudinal Girder = 3
Spacing of Girder = 2.4 m
Rib width of main girder = 400 mm
Overall depth of main girder = 2000 mm
Depth of kerb above deck slab = 225 mm
Nos. of cross girder = 6
Spacing of cross girder = 4.8 m
Rib width of cross girder = 300 mm
Overall depth of cross girder = 1500 mm
Deck slab thickness = 220 mm
Deck slab thickness at edge = 150 mm
Thickness of wearing coat = 80 mm
Fillet size (horizontal) = 150 mm
Fillet size (vertical) = 150 mm
Bridge Width:
Carriageway width = 6 m
Footpath width = 0.45 m
Kerb width Outer = 0.15 m
Kerb width Inner = 0 m
Total Width of Deck Slab = 7.2 m
Total depth of Kerb Outer = 0.375 m
Total depth of Kerb Inner = 0 m

Page 1
Fig 1.BRIDGE CROSS-SECTION
 Fig 1.BRIDGE CROSS-SECTION

2.0 Design of Slab

2.1 Design of Cantilever slab: The
h cantilever
il slab
l b iis ddesigned
i d bby effective
i width
id h method.
h d

Thickness of slab = 300 mm at junction with rib

150 mm at free end
Self weight of Railing = 0.5 kN/m (assumed)
Impact factor = 54 % (for IRC class A loading)

25 % (for
( IRC class AA loading)
g)
Dead Load Bending Moment and Shear Force:
S.No. Item Width Depth Unit Wt Load / m run Distance Moment
(kN)
1 Railing/Parap Assumed 0.5 kN 1.525-0.100=
0.9 m 0.45 kN.m
et
2 Kerb (outer) 0.2 0.225 24 1.08 kN 1.525-0.100=
0.9 m 0.97 kN.m
0.15+0.175/2=
3 Kerb (inner) 0 0 24 0 kN 0.2375 m 0 kN.m
4 Wearing Coat 0.4 0.08 22 0.704 kN 0.150/2=
0. 50/ 0.075 m 0.05 kN.m
5 Slab 1 0.15 24 3.6 kN 1.525/2= 0.5 m 1.8 kN.m
1 0.075 24 1.8 kN 1.525/3= 0.3333 m 0.6 kN.m
Total 7.684 kN 3.875 kN.m
Dead load Shear force at theface of rib = 7.684 kN
Dead load Bending Moment at the face of rib = 3.875 kN.m

57KN 350KN 37.5KN

IRC Class A Loading IRC Class AA Track Loading IRC Class AA Wheel Loading
Fig. 2.a, 2.b & 2.c

Live Load Bending Moment and Shear Force:

IRC Class AA will not operate on the cantilever slab that shown in fig 2.b & 2.c above and Class A
Loading is to be considered and the load will be as shown in fig 2.a above.
Effective width of dispersion be is computed by equation
be = 1.2X+ bw
Here
X= 0.125 m
bw= 0.41 m
Hence
be= 0.56 m
IRC Class A Loading Load = 28.5 kN
Live Load per m width including impact = 76.339 kN
Maximum Moment due to live load = 9.5424 kNm
Average thickness of cantilever slab = 225 mm
Taking pedestrain load (LL) = 5.0 kN/m2
Eff ti width
Effective idth off slab
l b = 0
0.45
45 m
Cantilever length of slab = 1 m
Maximum Bending moment = 1.406 kN.m
Shear force at the face of slab = 2.250 kN
Total Design Shear Force = 86.3 kN
Total Design Bending Moment = 14.82 kN.m

Design of Section:
280
Modular Ratio, m = = 11.245
3 σ cbc
Page 2
 280
3 σ cbc
m σ cbc
Neutral axis factor, k = = 0.3182
m σ cbc + σ st
Lever arm factor, j = 1 −
k = 0.8939
3
1
Moment of resistance coefficient, R = × k × j × σ st = 1.1804
2

Therefore, required effective depth of slab=

d= M = 112.06 mm
Rb

Effective depth
p of slab,, pprovided = 254 mm > d reqO.K.
q

M
Area of steel required, Ast = = 326.42 mm2
σ st . j .d
Provide φ 10 mm bars @ 200 mm c/c, giving area of steel = = 393 mm2
> required, Ok.
Distribution Steel:
Distribution steel is to be provided for 0.3 times live load moment plus 0.2 times dead
load moment.
Moment = 4.06 kN.m
Effective depth 244 mm
M
Area of steel required, Ast = = 93.057 mm
2

σ st . j . d

Half reinforcement is to be provided at top and half at bottom.

Provide ø 10 mm bars 200 mm c/c at both top and bottom, giving area of
steel
t l= 392 5
392.5 mm2 > required
required, OK
OK.

Check for min. area of Steel:

2
Min. area of steel @ 0.12 % = 360 mm < Provided. O.K.

Design for Shear:

Dead load shear = 7.68 kN
Live load Shear = 2.250 kN
Total = 9.93 kN
tanβ = 0.150
M × tan β
V-
d
Shear stress, τv = = 0.005 N/mm2
bd

Percentage area of tension steel, pt = 0.13 %

Allowable shear stress as per code is given by
τ c = k 1 .k 2 .τ co
k 1 = 1 . 14 − 0 . 7 × d ≥ 0 . 5 ( d being in m)
= 0.986

A
k 2 = 0.5 + 0.25 ρ ≥ 1 (where ρ =
bd
s
)

= 0.500446 ≥ 1.00

Ad t
Adopt k 2 = 1

Value ot τ co = for M25 grade of concrete from code = 0.4 N/mm2

Allowable shear stress

τ c = K1 × K 2 × 0 .4
= 0.3944 N/mm2 > τ v , Hence Safe

Page 3
 2.2 Design of Interior Panels: The slab panel is designed by Pigeaud’s method.

B
C

A
Fig : 3 Bridge Plan

Short span of slab, Bs = 2 m

Long span of slab, Ls = 4.5 m

Calculation of Bending moments

a) Due to Dead load:
Self weight of wearing coat = 1.76 kN/m2
Self weight of deck slab = 5.28 kN/m2
2
Total = 7.04 kN/m
Since the slab is supported on all four sides and is continuous, Piegaud’s curves are used to
calculate bending moments.
Ratio k = Bs/Ls
Ratio, = 0 44
0.44
As the panel is loaded with UDL,
u/Bs = 1
v/Ls = 1
Where, u & v are the dimensions of the loaded area.
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.0457
m2 = 0.0086
Total dead load W = 63.36 kN
Moment along short span, M1 = W (m1 +0.15m2) = 2.98 kN-m
Moment along long span, M2 = W (0.15m1 +m2) = 0.98 kN-m
Considering effects of continuity, 0.8
Moment along short span, M1 = 2.38 kN-m
Moment along long span, M2 = 0.78 kN-m

b) Due to Live load: Class AA Tracked Vehicle

For maximum bending moment one wheel is placed at the center of panel.
Tyre contact length along short span, x = 0.85 m
Tyre contact length along long span, y = 3.6 m
Loaded length, u = 1.034 m
Loaded width, v = 3.766 m
Wheel load, W = 350 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
W1=350kN
N

u/Bs
/B = 0 517
0.517
v/Ls = 0.837
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.0813
m2 = 0.0147
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 29.227 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 9.413 kN-m
Page 4

Fig: 4
 Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 29.227 kN-m
M2 = 9.413 kN-m
Fig: 4
c) Due to Live load: Class AA Wheeled Vehicle
Case-I: When two loads of 37.5 kN each and four loads of 62.5kN are placed such that two loads of
62.5kN lies at center line of pannel.
Tyre contact width (along short span), = 0.30 m
Tyre contact length (along long span), = 0.15 m
Disperced width along short span, u = 0.510 m
Disperced width along long span, V = 0.380 m
K = 0 44
0.44
Y

62.5kN

62.5kN
W2 W5

62.5kN

62.5kN
X X
W1 W4

37.5kN

37.5kN
W3 W6
Y

Fig: 5

Bending moment due to load W1: 62.5 kN

Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44

u/Bs = 0.255
v/Ls = 0.084
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.1965
m2 = 0.1383
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 13.578 kN-m
Moment along long span,
span
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 10.486 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 13.578 kN-m
M2 = 10.486 kN-m
Bending moment due to load W2: 62.5 kN Wheel load is placed unsymmetrical wrt the X-X

Intensity of loading, q = 322.45 kN/m2

Considering loaded area 2.000 x 0.380 m

Loaded area = 0.760 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 245 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs = 1.000
v/Ls = 0.084
From the Pigeaud
Pigeaud’ss curve,
m1 = 0.0935
m2 = 0.0742
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 25.650 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 21.628 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 25.650 kN-m

Page 5
 M2 = 21.628 kN-m
Next, Consider the area between the real and the dummy load i.e., 1.490 m X 0.380 m
Loaded area = 0.566 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 183 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs = 0.745
v/Ls = 0.084
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.1157
m2 = 0.0944
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0
W(m1+0.15m2)
15m2) = 23 718 kN-m
23.718
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 20.412 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 23.718 kN-m
M2 = 20.412 kN-m
Final Moment
M1 = 0.966 kN-m
M2 = 0.608 kN-m
Bending moment due to load W3: 37.5 kN Wheel load is placed unsymmetrical wrt the X-X
Intensity of loading, q = 193.47 kN/m2
Considering loaded area 1.710 x 0.380 m
Loaded area = 0.650 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 126 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs = 0.855
v/Ls = 0.084
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.1036
m2 = 0.08325
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 14.598 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2)
W(0 15m1+m2) = 12 423 kN-m
12.423
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 14.598 kN-m
M2 = 12.423 kN-m
Next, Consider the area between the real and the dummy load i.e., 0.69 m X 0.380 m
Loaded area = 0.262 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 51 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs
/B = 0 345
0.345
v/Ls = 0.084
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.1765
m2 = 0.1312
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 9.957 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2)
( ) = 8.002 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 9.957 kN-m
M2 = 8.002 kN-m
Final Moment
M1 = 2.321 kN-m
M2 = 2.210 kN-m
Bending moment due to load W4: 62.5 kN Wheel load is placed unsymmetrical wrt the Y-Y
Intensity of loading, q = 322.45 kN/m2

Page 6
 Considering loaded area 2.780 x 0.510 m
Loaded area = 1.418 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 457 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs = 0.618
v/Ls = 0.255
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.1168
m2 = 0.0648
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 57.832 kN-m
Moment along long span,
span
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 37.628 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 57.832 kN-m
M2 = 37.628 kN-m
Next, Consider the area between the real and the dummy load i.e., 2.02 m X 0.510 m
Loaded area = 1.030 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 332 kN
R i k=B
Ratio, Bs/Ls
/L = 0 44
0.44
u/Bs = 0.449
v/Ls = 0.255
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.1353
m2 = 0.0712
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2)
( ) = 48.480 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 30.386 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 48.480 kN-m
M2 = 30.386 kN-m
Final Moment
M1 = 4.676 kN-m
M2 = 3 621 kN-m
3.621
Bending moment due to load W5:
Wheel load is placed unsymmetrical wrt the Both X-X and Y-Y
For X- X Axis
W = 62.5 kN
Intensity of loading, q = 322.45 kN/m2
Considering loaded area 2.000 x 0.380 m
Loaded area = 0.760 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 245 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs = 1.000
v/Ls = 0.084
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.0935
m2 = 0.0742
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 25.650 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 21.628 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 25.650 kN-m
M2 = 21.628 kN-m
Next, Consider the area between the real and the dummy load i.e., 1.490 m X 0.380 m
Loaded area = 0.566 m2

Page 7
 Total applied load = q x area = 183 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs = 0.745
v/Ls = 0.084
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.1157
m2 = 0.0944
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 23.718 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 20.412 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
continuity
M1 = 23.718 kN-m
M2 = 20.412 kN-m
Moment Along X-X
M1 = 0.966 kN-m
M2 = 0.608 kN-m
For Y- Y Axis
W = 62.5 kN
Intensity of loading, q = 322.45 kN/m2
Considering loaded area 2.780 x 0.510 m
Loaded area = 1.418 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 457 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs = 0.618
v/Ls = 0.255
From the Pigeaud
Pigeaud’ss curve,
m1 = 0.1168
m2 = 0.0648
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 57.832 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 37.628 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 57 832 kN-m
57.832 kN m
M2 = 37.628 kN-m
Next, Consider the area between the real and the dummy load i.e., 2.020 m X 0.51 m
Loaded area = 1.030 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 332 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs = 0.449
v/Ls = 0.255
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.1353
m2 = 0.0712
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 48.480 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 30.386 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 48.480 kN-m
M2 = 30.386 kN-m
Final Moment
M1 = 4.676 kN-m
M2 = 3.621 kN-m
Resultent Moment
M1 = 5.642 kN-m
M2 = 4.230 kN-m

Page 8
 Bending moment due to load W6:
Wheel load is placed unsymmetrical wrt the Both X-X and Y-Y

For X X Axis
X-X
W = 37.5 kN
Intensity of loading, q = 193.47 kN/m2

Considering loaded area 1.710 x 0.380 m

Loaded area = 0.650 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 126 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs = 0 855
0.855
v/Ls = 0.084
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.1036
m2 = 0.08325
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 14.598 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2 W(0.15m1+m2)
M2= W(0 15 1 2) = 12 423 kN-m
12.423
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 14.598 kN-m
M2 = 12.423 kN-m
Next, Consider the area between the real and the dummy load i.e., 0.69 m X 0.380 m
Loaded area = 0.262 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 51 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs = 0.345
v/Ls = 0.084
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.1765
m2 = 0.1312
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 9.957 kN-m
Moment along long span,
span
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 8.002 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 9.957 kN-m
M2 = 8.002 kN-m
Moment Along Y-Y
M1 = 2.321 kN-m
M2 = 2.210 kN-m
For Y- Y Axis
W = 37.5 kN
Intensity of loading, q = 193.47 kN/m2
Considering loaded area 2.780 x 0.510 m
Loaded area = 1.418 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 274 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs = 0.618
v/Ls = 0.255
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.1168
m2 = 0.0648
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 34.699 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 22.577 kN-m

Page 9
 Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 34.699 kN-m
M2 = 22.577 kN-m
Next, Consider the area between the real and the dummy load i.e., 2.020 m X 0.510 m
Loaded area = 1.030 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 199 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs = 0.449
v/Ls = 0.255
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.1353
m2 = 0 0712
0.0712
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 29.088 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 18.231 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 29.088 kN-m
M2 = 18.231 kN-m
Final Moment
M1 = 2.806 kN-m
M2 = 2.173 kN-m
Resultent Moment
M1 = 5.127
M2 = 4.383
Total Moment Due to IRC Class AA Wheeled Vechicle
Moment along short span,M1 = 32.309 kN
kN-m
m
Moment along long span,M2 = 25.539 kN-m
c) Due to Live load: Class A Loading
IRC Class A Loading: For maximum bending moment one wheel of 57kN should be placed at the
centre of span and other at 1.2 m from it as shown. Neglecting small eccentricity of 80mm.
Tyre contact length along short span, Y = 0.5 m
Tyre contact length along long span, X = 0.25 m
Imaginary load W3 = W2 is placed on the other side of W1 to make loading symmetrical.
Due to loads W2 & W3 Bending moment at center of panel will be that due to load W1 and half.

Page 10
 Y

57kN

57kN
X X
W1 W2

Fig: 6

Bending moment due to load W1:

Wheel load, W1 = 57 kN
Loaded length, u = 0.696 m
Loaded width, v = 0.465 m
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs = 0.35
v/Ls = 0.10
From the Pigeaud
Pigeaud’ss curve,
m1 = 0.1717
m2 = 0.1245
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 10.851 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 8.565 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 10 851 kN-m
10.851 kN m
M2 = 8.565 kN-m

Bending moment due to load W2:

Wheel load is placed unsymmetrical wrt the Y-Y
Wheel load, W2 = 57 kN
Intensity of loading, q = 176.09 kN/m2

Considering loaded area 2.865 x 0.696 m

Loaded area = 1.993 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 351 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs = 0.637
v/Ls = 0.348
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.10843
m2 = 0.0497
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 40.676 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 23.154 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 40.676 kN-m
M2 = 23 154 kN-m
23.154 kN m
Next, Consider the area between the real and the dummy load i.e., 1.935 m X 0.696 m
Loaded area = 1.346 m2
Total applied load = q x area = 237 kN
Ratio, k = Bs/Ls = 0.44
u/Bs = 0.430
v/Ls = 0.348
From the Pigeaud’s curve,
m1 = 0.1313

Page 11
 m2 = 0.0552
Moment along short span,
M1= W(m1+0.15m2) = 33.081 kN-m
Moment along long span,
M2= W(0.15m1+m2) = 17.751 kN-m
Bending moment including impact and continuity,
M1 = 33.081 kN-m
M2 = 17.751 kN-m
Final Moment
M1 = 3.798 kN-m
M2 = 2.702 kN-m

Total Bending Moment due to load W1 & W2 will be,

M1 = 14.6 kN-m
M2 = 11.3 kN-m

Design Bending Moment due to LL:

M1 = 32.3 kN-m
M2 = 25.5 kN-m

Calculation of Shear Force

a) Due to Dead load:

Dead load shear force = 7.04 kN

b) Due to Live load: Class AA Tracked Vehicle

Load of Tracked Vehicle= 350 kN

350kN 350kN

Fig 7.a
Dispertion in the direction of span, = 1.45 m
For maximum shear, load is kept such that whole dispersion is in the span. That is at 0.725 m
from the edge of beam. 0.3

Effective width of slab = αx  1 − x  + bw

 l 
Span Ratio (L/B) = 2.25
a for continuous slab = 2.60
x = 0.725 m
bw = 3.76
Therefore effective width of slab = 4.96 m
Load per meter width = 70.54 kN
Shear force at left edge = 44.97 kN
Shear force including impact & continuity = 44.97 kN

c) Due to Live load: Class AA Wheeled Vehicle

37.5kN 62.5kN 62.5kN 37.5kN

Page 12
 37.5kN 62.5kN 62.5kN 37.5kN

Fig 7
7.b
b
Dispersion width in the direction of span = 0.900 m
Loads are placed such that outermost load is at distance of
x = 0.450 m from edge of the beam.
bw = 0.31

Effective width for first wheel = = 1.217 m

Wheel Load = 62.50 kN

But the center to center distance of two axel are 1.2 m, thus effective width will overlap.
Average effective width for one wheel = 1.208 m
Portion of load in span = 1.000 m
Load per meter width of slab = 51.72 kN

For second wheel Wheel Load = 62.50 kN

x = 0.550 m
Effective width for second wheel = 1.347 m
But the center to center distance of two axel are 1.2 m, thus effective width will overlap.
Average effective width for one wheel = 1.273 m
Load per meter width of slab = 49.1 kN

For third wheel Wheel Load = 37.50 kN

X = -0.050 m
Effective width for third wheel = 0 400
0.400
Load Acting on Span = 16.67 kN
Acting at 0.2 m from Support
Effective width for third wheel = 0.918 m < 1.2 m
Load per meter width of slab = 18 kN
Shear force at left edge = 37.3 kN
Shear force including impact and continuity
= 37.318 kN

b) Due to Live load: IRC Class A loading

57kN 57kN

Page 13
Fig 7.c
 Fig 7.c
Shear force due to load W1: 57 kN
Dispersion width in the direction of short span = 1.1 m
For maximum shear force, the load should be placed at distance of 0.55 m from web
of girder. In this position second load will be as shown.
 x 
Effective width for first wheel = αx  1 −  + bw
 l 
Where, x= 0.55 m
bw=
bw 0.41 m
L/B= 2.3 α= 2.6
Therefore, Effective width = 1.447 m
But distance between axels is 1.2 m and hence effective width overlaps.
Average effective width / wheel = 1.32 m
Load W1 = 57.00 kN
Load per meter width of slab = 43.07 kN/m
And shear force = 32.30 kN
Shear force including impact & continuity = 32 30
32.30 kN

Shear force due to load W2:

 x 
Effective width for second wheel = αx  1 −  + bw
 l 
Where, x= 0.350 m
bw= 0.41 m
L/B= 2.4 α= 2.6
Therefore, Effective width = 1.161 m < 1.2 m
Load W2 = 57.0 kN
Effective load = 18.1 kN
Load per meter width of slab = 15.6 kN
And shear force = 12.89 kN
Shear force including impact & continuity = 12.89 kN
Total shear force = 45.19 kN

Design of Section:
Total Design Bending Moments,
M1 = 34.69 kN-m
M2 = 26.32 kN-m
Total Design Shear force,
S.F. = 52.23 kN
Effective depth required,

M
d= = 171 4 mm
171.4
Rb
Use 30 mm Clear cover & 12 mm dia
Effective depth available = 184 mm O.K.
Area of steel required along short span,
M
Ast = = 1055 mm2
σ st × j × d
Check for minimum area of steel:
Page 14
 Min. area of steel @ 264 mm2
Provide ø 12 mm bars 100 mm c/c at both top and bottom, giving area of
steel = 1130.4 mm2 > required.
Effective depth for long span = 173 mm
Area of steel required along long span,
M
Ast = = 851 mm2
σ st × j × d
Provide ø 12 mm bars 100 mm c/c at both top and bottom, giving area of
steel = 1130.4 mm2 > required.

Check for shear:

τv = Vu 2
Nomin = 0.284 N/mm
b× d
Provided percentage area of tensile steel = 0.51 %
Permissible shear stress, Κ×τc = 1.16 x 0.313 = 0.363 N/mm2 >
O.K.

3.0 Design of Longitudinal Girder

Effective Span of Bridge = 24 m
Slab thickness = 0.22 m
Width of Rib = 0.4 m
Spacing of main Beam = 2.4 m c/c
Over all depth of Beam = 2 m
3.1 Calculation of dead load moment and shear force on longitudinal girder:

Let the over all depth of the longitudinal girder be 2000 mm, the depth of its rib will
= 1.78 m
Weight of Rib per m = 17.09 kN/m
Dead load due to deck
Dead load from each cantilever portion (refer design of cantilever slab)
= 7.68 kN/m
2
Dead load of slab & Wearing coat = 7.04 kN/m
Total Dead load per m from deck = 51.98 kN/m
This load is borne by all the three girders
Dead Load per girder due to Deck Slab = 17.33 kN/m

Let the Depth of rib of cross girder to be = 1.28 m

let its width be = 0.3 m
Weight of rib of cross girder = 9.216 kN/m
Length of each cross girder = 4m
It is assumed that the weight of each cross girder is equally borne by the entire three
longitudinal girders. This weight acts as point load on each girder its value being
= 12.29 kN
3 kN 12.3 kN 12.3 kN 12.3 kN 12.3 kN 12.3 kN
34.413 kN/m

Fig : 8 RB
RA
Total UDL = 34.413333 kN/m
RA= RB = 449.824 kN
Bending Moment (BM)

Page 15
 BM at Centre of span = 2654.707 kNm
BM at ¼ th of span = 2064.758 kNm
th
BM at 3/8 Span = 2492.474 kNm
th
BM att 1/8 Span = 1157 748 kNm
1157.748 kN

Shear Force (SF)

SF at Support = 437.536 kN
SF at 1/8th Span = 334.296 kN
th
SF at 1/4 Span = 218.768 kN
th
SF at 3/8 Span = 115.528 kN
SF at Center of span = 0 kN

Distance from Support BM SF

At Center of Span 2654.71 0.00
At 3/8th Span 2492.47 115.53
At 1/4th Span 2064.76 218.77
At Support 0.00 437.54

3.2 Calculation of live load moment and shear force on longitudinal girder:

Impact factor for: 4 .5

= 0.150
6 + L
IRC Class AA Tracked Vehicle = 0 100
0.100

IRC Class AA Wheeled Vehicle = 0.215

Distribution of live loads on longitudinal girder for bending moment:

IRC Class AA Tracked Vehicle:
Reaction on the girder will be maximum when the eccentricity is maximum. Eccentricity will be maximum when the loads
are very near to the kerb. Position of loads for maximum eccentricity is shown in figure.
All the
th girders
i d are assumedd to t have
h the
th same momentt off inertia.
i ti

W1 W1

Fig 9
Fig.

2 W1  3I 
Reaction factor for Outer Girder, RA = 1 + × 2 . 4 × 0 . 35  = 0.81 W1
3  2I × (2.4 )2 

Reaction factor for Inner Girder, RB = 2 W1

= 0.667 W1
3
If W be the axel load, then wheel load W1 = W/2
Then reaction factor, RA = 0.406 W
RB = 0.333 W

IRC Class A Loading:

Position of loads for maximum eccentricity is shown in figure.

W1 W1 W1 W1
Page 16
 W1 W1 W1 W1

Fig. 10

Reaction on Outer Girder RA,

RA= 4 W1  3I 
1 + × 2 .4 × 0 .1 = 1.625 W2
2I × (2.4 )
2
3  
4W 1
RB = [1 + 0 ] = 1.333 W2
3
If W be the axel load, then wheel load W2 = W/2
Then reaction factor, RA = 0.813 W
RB = 0.667 W

Bending
g Moment due to Live load: IRC Class AA Tracked Vehicle

The influence line diagram for bending moment is shown in figure.

Effective span of girder, le = 24.0 m
ITC Class AA Tracked Vehicle Load: = 700 kN

 x 
Ordinate of Bending Moment at considered section, M x = 1 − x
 L 

Calculation of bending moment at L/2.

Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 6.0 m 12

Leff= 24 m
Leff

3.6m
700 kN

5.1 6

RA RB
Fig. 11a: ILD for BM at L/ 2

Bending Moment = 3885.0 kN-m

Bending Moment including impact and rection factor for outer Girder = 1736 kN-m
Bending Moment including impact and rection factor for Inner Girder = 1425 kN-m

Calculation of bending moment at 3L/8. = 9m Leff= 24 m

Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 5.625 m 9
Leff

3.6m
700 kN

4.5 4.95
5.63
3*Leff / 8

RA RB
Fig. 11b: ILD for BM at 3L/ 8
Bending Moment = 1855 7
1855.7
kNm
Bending Moment including impact and rection factor for Outer Girder = 829.3 kNm
Bending Moment including impact and rection factor for Inner Girder = 680.4 kNm

Calculation of bending moment at L/4. = 6 m Leff= 24 m

Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 4.500 m 6

Leff

3.6m
700 kN

Page 17
Leff / 4
 700 kN

3.15
Leff / 4
4.500 4.05

RA RB
Fig. 11c: ILD for BM at L/ 4
Bending Moment = 1500.1 kNm
Bending Moment including impact and rection factor for Outer Girder = 670.3460 kNm
Bending Moment including impact and rection factor for Inner Girder = 550.0275 kNm

Calculation of bending moment at L/8. = 3 m Leff= 24 m

Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 2.625 m 3
Leff

3.6m
700 kN

1.050 2.400
Leff / 8 2.625

RA RB
Fig. 11d: ILD for BM at L/ 8
Bending Moment = 881.2 kNm
Bending Moment including impact and rection factor for Outer Girder = 393.792 kNm
Bending Moment including impact and rection factor for Inner Girder = 323.11 kNm
Bending Moment due to Live load: IRC Class A Loading
The influence line diagram for bending moment is shown in figure.
Effective span of girder, le = 24 m
Loads Values Unit Loads Values
W1 27 kN W5 68 kN
W2 27 kN W6 68 kN
W3 114 kN W7 68 kN
W4 114 kN W8 68 kN

Distances Values Unit Distances Values

X Varies X5 4.3 m
X1 Varies X6 3 m
X2 1.1 m X7 3 m
X3 3.2 m X8 3 m
X4 1.2 m X9 Varies

Ordinate of Bending Moment at considered section, M x =  x 

1 −  x
 L 
Calculation of bending moment at L/2 = 12 m, when load W4 is at L/2
Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 6m Leff= 24 m

W1=27kN W2=27kN W3=144kN W4=144kN W5=68kN W6=68kN W7=68kN

x1= 6.5

6.00
RA RB
X= 12 Fig. 12a: ILD for BM at L/ 2

Load Nos. Load Values kN Position from IL Ordinate Moment Component

Maximum
W1 27 -5.50 3.250 87.75
W2 27 -4.40 3.800 102.60
W3 114 -1.20 5.400 615.60
W4 114 0.00 6.000 684.00
W5 68 4.30 3.850 261.80
W6 68 7.30 2.350 159.80
W7 68 10.30 0.850 57.80
Total = 1969.35 kN-m
Total Bending Moment including impact for Outer Girder = 1840.11 kN-m

Page 18
 Total Bending Moment including impact for Inner Girder = 1509.84 kN-m

Calculation of bending moment at 3L/8 = 9.0 m, when load W3 is at 3L/8

Maximum Ordinate of Influence line = 5.625 m Leff= 24 m

W1=27kN W2=27kN W3=144kN W4=144kN W5=68kN W6=68kN W7=68kN W8=68kN

x1= 4.7

5.625
RA X= 9.0 RB
Fig. 12b: ILD for BM at 3L/ 8

Load Nos
Nos. Load Values kN Position from IL Ordinate Moment Component
Maximum
W1 27 -4.30 2.938 79.31
W2 27 -3.20 3.625 97.88
W3 114 0.00 5.625 641.25
W4 114 1.20 5.175 589.95
W5 68 5.50 3.563 242.25
W6 68 8.50 2.438 165.75
W7 68 11 50
11.50 1 313
1.313 89 25
89.25
W8 68 14.50 0.188 12.75
Total = 1918.39 kN-m
Total Bending Moment including impact for Outer Girder = 1792.49 kN-m
Total Bending Moment including impact for Inner Girder = 1470.76 kN-m

Calculation of bending moment at L/4 = 6 m, when load W3 is at L/4

Maximum Ordinate of Influence line = 4.500 m Leff= 24 m

W1=27kN W2=27kN W3=144kN W4=144kN W5=68kN W6=68kN W7=68kN W8=68kN

X1= 1.7

4.50
RA X= 6 RB
Fig 12c: ILD for BM at L/ 4
Fig.

Load Nos. Load Values kN Position from IL Ordinate Moment Component

Maximum
W1 27 -4.30 1.275 34.43
W2 114 -3.20 2.100 239.40
W3 114 0.00 4.500 513.00
W4 68 1 20
1.20 4 200
4.200 285 60
285.60
W5 68 5.50 3.125 212.50
W6 68 8.50 2.375 161.50
W7 68 11.50 1.625 110.50
W8 68 14.50 0.000 0.00
Total = 1556.93 kN-m
Total Bending Moment including impact for Outer Girder = 1454.75 kN-m
Total Bending Moment including impact for Inner Girder = 1193.64 kN-m

Calculation of bending moment at L/8 = 3 m, when load W4 is at L/8

Maximum Ordinate of Influence line = 2.625 m Leff= 24 m

W3=144kN W4=144kN W5=68kN W6=68kN W7=68kN W8=68kN

2.625
X= 3
RA RB
Fig. 12d: ILD for BM at L/ 8
Page 19
 Fig. 12d: ILD for BM at L/ 8

Load Nos. Load Values kN Position from IL Ordinate Moment Component

Maximum
W1 27 O 0.00
di t 0.000 0.00
W2 114 0.00 0.000 0.00
W3 114 0.00 2.625 299.25
W4 68 1.20 2.475 168.30
W5 68 5.50 1.938 131.75
W6 68 8.50 1.563 106.25
W7 68 11.50 1.188 80.75
W8 68 14.50 0.813 55.25
Total = 841.55 kN-m
Total Bending Moment including impact for Outer Girder = 786.32 kN-m
Total Bending Moment including impact for Inner Girder = 645.19 kN-m

Absolute Maximum BM
Calc lation of bending moment at the load point which
Calculation hich is eq
equidistance
idistance from res
resultant
ltant
Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 6m Leff= 24 m
R
W1=27kN W2=27kN W3=144kN W4=144kN W5=68kN W6=68kN W7=68kN

6
RA x= 12 RB
Fig. 12e: ILD for BM at L/ 2 / Absolute Maximum BM

C.G of the Load system from outer 27 kN Wheel Load

= 6.420 m
The heavier wheel load near C.G. of load System is 114kN which lies at a distance of
6.42-(1.1+3.2+1.2)= 0.92 m from CG
X = 0.46 m
Load Nos. Load Values kN Position from Left IL Ordinate Moment Component
support
W1 27 6.04 3.020 81.54
W2 114 7.14 3.570 406.98
W3 114 10.34 5.170 589.38
W4 68 11.54 5.770 392.36
W5 68 15.84 4.080 277.44
W6 68 18.84 2.580 175.44
W7 68 21.84 0.000 0.00
W8 68 0.00 0.000 0.00
Total = 1923.14 kN-m
Total Bending
g Moment including
g impact
p for Outer Girder = 1796.93 kN-m
Total Bending Moment including impact for Inner Girder = 1474.41 kN-m

Page 20
 Shear Force due to Live load: IRC Class AA Tracked Vehicle.
At Support
Effective span of girder, le = 24 m
Load Class AA Tracked vehicle W1= 350 kN
For maximum shear at support, load should be as near the support as possible.
The length of the load is 3.6m, the SF will be max. when the C. G. of the load is placed at a distance of 1/2*3.6=
1.8m From the support along its length, thus the load will lies between the support & the Ist Intermediate
X-girder, the width of track being 0.85m, the CG of load will thus lie at a distance of 1.2+0.85/2=1.625 m
from kerb of footpath Load act at a distance of 1.8 m from support A, B and C
L= 4.8 m C/C Distance of L Girder= 2.4 m
X= 1.8 X1= 3.0 a= 0.6 b= 1.025
C= 1.625 d= 2.05 f= 2.050 e= 0.35
g= 1.375 h= 0.675 i= 1.725
L
Loads on Girders,
kerb Line
PA= 0.573 W1

a
CL of outer L Girder RQ'
PB = 1.146 W1 A Q Q

c
b
PC = 0.281 W1
Ist X- Girder

Reaction at support,

C/C
f
RA = 0.358 W1
g
d

RQ =

irder
0.215 W1

e
B CL of inner L Girder R RR' R

-G
RB = 0.716 W1
h

mediateX
RR = 0.430 W1
C/C

C/C
RC =

Interm
0 176
0.176 W1
i

RS = 0.105 W1 RS' S
C S
CL of outer L Girder
a

kerb Line
X X1

Fig. 13
The loads on the cross girder i.e. RQ, RR & RS are to be distributed by normal Courbon's theory.
Total load, ∑W = W1 = 0.750
C.G. of loads from Q = 2.05 m
Eccentricity, e = 0.35 m
Reaction factor for outer girder,
FQ = 0.305 W1
in this case xi=2.4 m
and ∑xi2=(2.4)2+(0)2+(2.4)2= 2 x (2.4)2
Reaction factor for inner girder,
FR = 0.250 W1
in this case xi=0 m
It may be seen that the reaction FQ and FR act as load at 1/3 span of outer longitudinal girder and inner longitudinal
girder respectively. The reactions at support A and B due to those loads are
RA due to FQ = 0.24375 W1
RB due to FR = 0.200 W1 `
Total reaction on outer Girder = 0.602 W1
Total reaction on inner Girder = 0.916 W1
Max shear at support including impact for outer girder = 231.7 kN
Max shear at support including impact for inner girder = 352.7 kN

At Intermediate Section
Effective span of girder, le = 24.0 m
Ordinate of Bending SF at considered section, SF x
At Left =  x 
1 − 
 L 
 x 
At Right = 1 − 1 − 
 L 

Page 21
Shear at 1/8th span
Calculation of bending moment at L/8 = 3 m, when load Placed at Just Right of L/8
Ordinate of Influence line at Left = 0.875 m
O di t off Influence
Ordinate I fl line
li att Right
Ri ht = 0.125
0 125 m L ff 24
Leff= m
x= 3 a'= 0.125 a= 0.875 b= 0.725
3.6m
a' 350 kN

a b

RA Fig. 14a: ILD of SF at L/ 8 of Span

RB

S.F. = 280 kN
S.F. including impact for outer girder = 125.13 kN
S.F. including impact for inner girder = 102.667 kN

Shear at 1/4th span

Calculation of bending moment at L/4 = 6 m, when load Placed at Just Right of L/4
Ordinate of Influence line at Left = 0.75 m
Ordinate of Influence line at Right = 0.25 m Leff= 24 m
x= 6 a'= 0.25 a= 0.750 b= 0.600
3.6m
350 kN
a'

a b

RA Fig. 14b ILD of SF at L/ 4 of Span

RB

S.F. = 236.25 kN
S.F. including impact for outer girder = 105.574 kN
S.F. including impact for inner girder = 86.625 kN

Shear at 3/8th span

Calculation of bending moment at 3L/8 = 9 m, when load Placed at Just Right of 3L/8
Ordinate of Influence line at Left = 0.625 m
Ordinate of Influence line at Right = 0.375 m Leff= 24 m
x= 9 a'= 0.375 a= 0.625 b= 0.475

3.6m
350 kN
a'

a b

RA RB
Fig. 14c
14cILDof
ILD of SF
SFat
at 3L/ 8 of Span
S.F. = 192.5 kN
S.F. including impact for outer girder = 86.023 kN
S.F. including impact for inner girder = 70.583 kN

Shear at 1/2th span

Calculation of bending moment at L/2 = 12 m, when load Placed at Just Right of L/2
Ordinate of Influence line at Left = 0.5 m
Ordinate of Influence line at Right = 0.5 m Leff 24
Leff= m
x= 12 a'= 0.5 a= 0.5 b= 0.350

3.6m
a' 350 kN
a b

RA RB
Fig. 14d ILD of SF at L/ 2 of Span

Page 22
 Shear Force due to Live load: IRC Class A Load.
The influence line diagram for shear force is shown in figure.
Effective span of girder, le = 24.0 m
Loads Values Loads Values
W1 27 kN W5 68 kN
W2 27 kN W6 68 kN
W3 114 kN W7 68 kN
W4 114 kN W8 68 kN

Distances Values Distances Values

X Varies X5 4.3 m
X11 Varies X66 3 m
X2 1.1 m X7 3 m
X3 3.2 m X8 3 m
X4 1.2 m X9 Varies
Ordinate of Bending SF at considered section, SF x
=  x   x
At Left  1 −  At Right = 1 − 1 − 
 L   L

Page 23
Calculation of Shear Force at Support = 24.0 m, when load W3
Ordinate of Influence line y3= 1 Leff= 24.0 m

W3=144kN W4=144kN W5=68kN W6=68kN W7=68kN W8=68kN

Y7 Y8
Y5 Y6
Y3 Y4

RA RB
Fig. 15a: ILD for SF at Support

Load Nos. Load Position IL Ordinate Moment Component

Values from Left
kN support
W3 114 0 Y3= 1.000 114.00
W4 114 1.20 Y4= 0.950 108.30
W5 68 5.50 Y5= 0.771 52.42
W6 68 8.50 Y6= 0.646 43.92
W7 68 11.50 Y7= 0.521 35.42
W8 68 14.50 Y8= 0.396 26.92
Total = 380.97 kN
Total SF including impact for Outer Girder = 355.97 kN
Total SF including impact for Inner Girder = 292.07 kN

Calculation of SF at L/8 = 3.000 m, when load W3

Ordinate of Influence line At Right 0.875
At Left 0.125 Leff= 24.0 m x= 3
W3=144kN W4=144kN W5=68kN W6=68kN W7=68kN W8=68kN

Y7 Y8
Y5 Y6
Y3 Y4

Fig. 15b: ILD for SF at L/ 8

RA RB

Load Nos. Load Position IL Ordinate Moment Component

Values
V l from
f L
Left
ft
kN support
W3 114 0 Y3= 0.875 99.75
W4 114 1.20 Y4= 0.825 94.05
W5 68 5.50 Y5= 0.646 43.92
W6 68 8.50 Y6= 0.521 35.42
W7 68 11.50 Y7= 0.396 26.92
W8 68 14.50 Y8= 0.271 18.42
Total = 300.05
300 05 kN
Total SF including impact for Outer Girder = 280.36 kN
Total SF including impact for Inner Girder = 230.04 kN

Calculation of SF at L/4 = 6 000 m,

6.000 m when load W3
Ordinate of Influence line At Right 0.75
At Left 0.25 Leff= 24.0 m x= 6.00
W1=27kN W2=27kN W3=144kN W4=144kN W5=68kN W6=68kN W7=68kN W8=68kN

Y3'
Y1 Y2 Y5 Y6 Y7
Y4 Y8
Y3

Fig. 15c: ILD for SF at L/ 4

RA RB
Page 24
 Load Nos. Load Position IL Ordinate Moment Component
Values from Left/
kN Right at X
W1 27 4.3 Y1= -0.071 -1.91
W2 27 3.2 Y2= -0.117 -3.15
W3 114 0 Y3= 0.750 85.50
W4 114 1.20 Y4= 0.700 79.80
W5 68 5.50 Y5= 0.521 35.42
W6 68 8.50 Y6= 0.396 26.92
W7 68 11 50
11.50 Y7= 0 271
0.271 18 42
18.42
W8 68 14.50 Y8= 0.146 9.92
Total = 250.90 kN
Total SF including impact for Outer Girder = 234.44 kN
Total SF including impact for Inner Girder = 192.36 kN

Calculation of SF at 3L/8 = 9.000 m, when load W3

Ordinate of Influence line At Right 0.625
At Left 0.375 Leff= 24.0 m x= 9.0

W1=27kN W2=27kN W3=144kN W4=144kN W5=68kN W6=68kN W7=68kN W8=68kN

Y3'
Y1 Y2 Y5 Y6 Y7
Y4 Y8
Y3

Fig. 15d: ILD for SF at 3L/ 8

RA RB
Load
L d Nos.
N L d
Load Position
P ii IL Ordinate
O di Moment
M Component
C
Values from Left/
kN Right at X
W1 27 4.3 Y1= -0.196 -5.29
W2 27 3.2 Y2= -0.242 -6.53
W3 114 0 Y3= 0.625 71.25
W4 114 1.20 Y4= 0.575 65.55
W5 68 5.50 Y5=
Y5 0.396 26.92
W6 68 8.50 Y6= 0.271 18.42
W7 68 11.50 Y7= 0.146 9.92
W8 68 14.50 Y8= 0.021 1.42
Total = 181.65 kN
Total SF including impact for Outer Girder = 169.73 kN
Total SF including impact for Inner Girder = 139.27 kN

Calculation of SF at L/2 = 12 000 m,

12.000 m when load W3
Ordinate of Influence line At Right 0.5
At Left 0.5 Leff= 24.0 m x= 12.0

W1=27kN W2=27kN W3=144kN W4=144kN W5=68kN W6=68kN

Y3'
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y7
Y6

Fig. 15e: ILD for SF at L/ 2

RA RB

Load Nos. Load Position IL Ordinate Moment Component

Values from Left/
kN Right at X
W1 27 4.3 Y1= -0.321 -8.66
W2 27 3.2 Y2= -0.367 -9.90

Page 25
 W3 114 0 Y3= 0.500 57.00
W4 114 1.20 Y4= 0.450 51.30
W5 68 5.50 Y5= 0.271 18.42
W6 68 8.50 Y6=
Y6 0.146 9.92
W7 68 11.50 Y7= 0.021 1.42
Total = 119.49 kN
Total SF including impact for Outer Girder = 111.65 kN
Total SF including impact for Inner Girder = 91.61 kN

Design of Section:
Total Design Bending Moments and Shear Forces for Outer Girder:
Section Bending Moment (kN(kN-m)m) Shear Forces (kN)
Due to Due to LL Total Due to DL Due to LL Total
DL
X=0 0.00 0.00 0.000 437.536 355.966 793.502
X = L/8 1157.75 393.79 1551.540 334.296 280.359 614.655
X = L/4 2064.76 670.35 2735.104 218.768 234.439 453.207
X = 3L/8 2492.47 829.26 3321.735 115.528 169.733 285.261
X = L/2 2654.71 1736.11 4390.817 0.000 111.646 111.646
Total Design Bending Moments and Shear Forces for Inner Girder:
Section Bending Moment (kN-m) Shear Forces (kN)
Due to Due to LL Total Due to DL Due to LL Total
DL
X=0 0.00 0.000 0.000 437.54 352.72 790.252
X = L/8 1157.75 323.111 1480.859 334.30 230.04 564.334
X = L/4 2064.76 550.028 2614.79 218.77 192.36 411.128
X = 3L/8 2492.47 680.419 3172.89 115.53 139.27 254.796
X = L/2 2654.71 1424.50 4079.21 0.00 91.61 91.607
Design of Outer Girder:
Overall depth of beam, D = 2000 mm
Rib width, bw = 400 mm
Flange width of T-beam will be,
bf = bw + 1/5 x lo 2.5 m > 2.4 m
Therefore width of flange, bf = 2400 mm
170 mm from bottom of T-beam to the centre of gravity of rod
rod,
d= 1830

Area of steel required,

M
Ast= = 13420 mm2
σ st × j × d
Provide 16 nos. of φ 32 mm bars+ 2000
2 nos. of φ 25 mm bars
Provided area of steel = 13843 mm2
Total Provided area of steel = 13843 mm2
Number of bars in bottom row = 4 nos.
Width of beam = 400 mm 400
Side and bottom clear cover to bars = 40 mm Fig. 16 : Cross Section of Girde
C.G. of the bottom row of bars from bottom = 56 mm
Clear distance between vertical bars = 32 mm
C G off th
C.G. the S
Second d row off bbars ffrom bbottom
tt = 120 mm
C.G. of the third row of bars from bottom = 184 mm
C.G. of the fourth row of bars from bottom = 248 mm
C.G. of the fifth row of bars from bottom = 308.5 mm
C.G. of the bar group from bottom = 163.1 mm
≤ 170 mm O.K.
Effective Depth = 1830 mm
Df = 220 mm

Page 26
Check for stresses:
Calculation of depth of neutral axis:
Assuming that the
effective area in of compression and tension sides about neutral axis, we get
½ × bw × xa2 + (bf – bw) × Df × (xa – Df/2) = m × Ast × (d – xa)
Solving, we get, xa = 482 mm
Let compressive stress in concrete at top of flange = σ
And compressive stress in concrete at bottom of flange = σ'
x − D
Then, σ’ = a f
× σ = 0.543 σ
xa
Position of C.G. of compressive stress in flange from top, x1
σ + 2σ ' D f
= × = 99.1 mm
σ +σ' 3
Compressive force in flange, C1 = ½ x(σ +σ ')x Bf x Df
= 407402 σ

Compressive force in rib, C2 = ½ x σ 'xx (Xa – Df)x Bw

= 28420 σ
C.G. of compressive force in rib from top, x2
307.2 mm
Total compressive force, C = 435822.3 σ
C.G. of total compressive force from top
C1 × x1 + C2 × x2
= = 112.7 mm
C1 + C2

Therefore, lever arm, jd = 1717.3 mm

d
Critical Neutral axis depth, nd = = 582.3 mm < xa
1 +
σ st
m σ c
Moment of resistance of the section is given by
 σ +σ 1   −

Mr = bf × d f ×
 
 × d − y  = 699626722.86 σ
 2   

Equating Mr to external B.M we get

Mr = 4390816575.00
σ= 6.28 < 8.3 O.K.
Stress Developed in Steel Reinforcement is given by
 d − xa 
t = m × σ ×  
 = 197.6 < 200 O.K.
 xa 
Check for minimum area of steel
Minimum area of tension steel in beam @ 0.2 % of web area
2
1600 mm2 < Ast provided = 13843 mm O.K.

Design for shear:

V
τ v = = 1.08 N/mm2
B × d

Assuming ####### nos. of φ 32 will be continued up to support, then provided

percentage area of tension steel = 1.00 %
Permissible shear stress, τc = 0.420 N/mm2 < τv
Shear reinforcement is required. Shear reinforcement shall be provided to carry a shear of,
Vs = V - tc . bw . D = 457195 N
Assuming φ 12 mm 2-legged vertical stirrups having area of steel, Asv = 226 mm2

Asv × σ st × d
Spacing, S = = 181 mm c/c
Vs
Page 27
 Vs
As per minimum shear reinforcement requirements, maximum spacing,
σ st × Asv
Smax = = 283 mm c/c.
0.4 × b w
Hence provide φ 12 mm, 2-legged vertical stirrups @ 100 mm c/c at support.
Design summary:
Area of steel required and provided at different sections of Outer girder are given in below:
Tension Reinforcement (Fe 415):
Section BM Area of Steel Required Area of Steel Provided
No. Dia. Area
16 32
L/2 4390.82 KNm 13420 mm2 13843 mm2
2 25
3L/8 3321.73 KNm 10153 mm2 14 32 11254 mm2
L/4 2735.10 KNm 8360 mm2 12 32 9646 mm2
L/8 1551.54 KNm 4742 mm2 10 32 8038 mm2
Support 0.00 KNm 0 mm2 10 32 8038 mm2

Shear Reinforcement ((Fe 415):)

Section SF 2-legged vertical Stirrups required 2-legged vertical Stirrups provided
L/2 111.646 kN 10 φ@ 1029.4 mm 10 φ@ 250 mm
3L/8 285.261 kN 10 φ@ 402.87 mm 10 φ@ 250 mm
L/4 453.207 kN 10 φ@ 253.58 mm 10 φ@ 200 mm
L/8 614.655 kN 12 φ @ 269.24 mm 12 φ @ 150 mm
Support 793.502 kN 12 φ@ 208.56 mm 12 φ@ 100 mm
Area of steel required and provided at different sections of Inner girder are given in below:
Tension Reinforcement (Fe 415):
Section BM Area of Steel Required Area of Steel Provided
No. Dia. Area
16 32
L/2 4079 KNm 12468 mm2 13843 mm2
2 25
3L/8 3172.89 KNm 9698 mm2 14 32 11254 mm2
L/4 2614.79 KNm 7992 mm2 12 32 9646 mm2
L/8 1480.86 KNm 4526 mm2 10 32 8038 mm2
Support 0 000
0.000 KNm 0 mm2 10 32 8038 mm2
Shear Reinforcement (Fe 415):
Section SF 2-legged vertical Stirrups required 2-legged vertical Stirrups provided
L/2 91.607 kN 10 φ@ 150 mm 10 φ@ 250 mm
3L/8 254.796 kN 10 φ@ 150 mm 10 φ@ 250 mm
L/4 411.128 kN 10 φ@ 150 mm 10 φ@ 200 mm
L/8 564.334 kN 12 φ@ 150 mm 12 φ@ 150 mm
Support
pp 790.252 kN 12 φ@ 100 mm 12 φ@ 100 mm

Page 28
4 0 Design of Cross Girder:
4.0

Dead Load
Overall Depth of cross girder = 1.5 m 2.4
Width of cross girder = 0.3 m
Self weight of cross girder= 9.216 kN/m 4.8

Dead load from slab = 20.2752 kN

Fig. 17
Thi load
This l d iis assumed
d as uniformly
if l di
distributed
ib d lload
d per meter run = 8 448 kN/m
8.448 kN/
Total Dead load per meter run = 17.664 kN/m
Assuming, cross girder as rigid, reaction on main girder = 13.52 kN

Live Load: IRC Class AA Tracked Vehicle

Maximum bending moment occurs when one wheel of a vehicle lies near center of span.
Position for maximum bending moment is shown in figure. Deck Slab is assumed to
p y supported.
be simply pp pp
The critical supported between two cross ggirder.
l − 1 .8 / 2
Effective load coming on cross girder = W = 569 kN
l
W1 W1

Fig. 19
Reaction on each longitudinal girder = 189.58 kN
Maximum B.M. occurs under the load, = 260.68 kNm
Bending moment including impact = 286.74 kNm
Dead Load Bending Moment at the section, = 1.8876 kNm

Total bending moment = 288.6 kNm

LL Shear force including impact = 208.5 kN

Total shear force = 222.1 kN

Therefore, Design Moment = 288.6 kNm

Design Shear Force = 222.1 kN

C
Cross girder
i d isi designed
d i d as T-Beam.
TB
Assuming effective depth, d = 1450.00 mm
M
Area of tension steel required = = 1113.37 mm2
σ st × j × d
Minimum area of tension steel in beam @ 0.2 % of web area =
900 mm2 < 1113.4 mm2
Hence provide 3 nos. of φ 25 mm bars + 0 nos.of φ 20
bars having area of steel = 1472 mm2 .

Page 29
D i for
Design f shear:
h
V
Nominal shear stress, τv = = 2 2
0.51 N/mm < τmax = 1.9 N/mm O.K.
B × d
Provided percentage area of tension steel, p = 0.33 %
2
Permissible shear stress, τc = 0.275 N/mm2 < 0.51 N/mm O.K.
Shear reinforcement is required. Shear reinforcement shall be provided to carry
a shear force of
Vus = Vu - tc . bw . D = 139433 N
Assuming φ 10 mm 2-legged vertical stirrups having area of steel, Asv = 157 mm2

Asv × σ st × d
Spacing, S = = 327 mm c/c
Vus
As per minimum shear reinforcement requirements, maximum spa 10 mm 2 legged
0.87fy × Asv
vertical stirrups, = 472 mm
0.4 × b w
Hence provide φ 10 mm 2-legged vertical stirrups @ 150 mm c/c through out the length of
end cross girder and 10 mm 2-legged vertical stirrups @ 150 mm c/c through out the length
of intermediate cross girder.

Elastomeric Bearing On Bridge Used

According IRC 83-part II it is reccomended use of elastomeric bearins of size (250X400X50 ) mm embedding 5
plates of 3mm thickness and 6 mm clearance in plan G= 1 kN/mm2 For Vertical Load 793 50 kN
793.50

Page 30