منهج السويل كلــــــــه

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠٤
   ٢٠٤  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

???‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
   ٢٠٤  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬       
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ?‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ٢٠٤  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 ،،،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESoilF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 WDefinitions
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
 ‫א‬F‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Karl Terzaghi‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬E ١٩٢٥F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 K  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 Soil Formation ‫א‬ ٣{١
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Residual Soil •
E،،‫א‬،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Transported Soil •
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Soil Structure‫א‬ ٤{١

‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
Fine Grained Soil‫א‬ J 
cohesive soil‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،Clay‫א‬ Silt‫א‬W،‫א‬
 WE1.1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Wdispersion‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

‫ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫א‬
 EF     EF    EF

 EF،EF،EFW‫א‬‫א‬WE1.1F

-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬Wflocculation‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K
‫א‬Whoneycomb or cellular‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
Coarse Grained Soil‫א‬ J 
cohesionless soil‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،loose‫א‬‫א‬dense‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،Gravel‫א‬ Boulders‫א‬W،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE2.1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،Sand

‫א‬

 EF     E F
 EF،EFW‫א‬‫א‬WE2.1F


-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٥{١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬J ‫א‬–
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E3.1F‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Soil Stability Problems‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Soil Settlement Problems‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬Environmental Related Problems‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Seepage Problems‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 Excavation Related Problems ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬
-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
EF EF

 EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EFW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3.1F
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬EF
-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬ •

-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
WIntroduction ١{٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Liquid‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬Solid
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Gas‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EA-1.2F‫א‬K
Soil Volumes and Weights Relationship ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KEB-1.2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  total volume‫א‬‫א‬Z VT
  total weight‫א‬‫א‬Z WT
   volume of solids‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z Vs
weight of solids‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z Ws
 volume of voids‫א‬‫א‬Z Vv
weight of water‫א‬Z Ww
 volume of water‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z Vw
airweight of‫א‬‫א‬Z Wa
volume of air‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z Va 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 WT = Ws + Ww  E1.2F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

VT = Vs + Vv
E2.2F
= V s + Vw + Va
Va Wa ≈ 0
Air ‫א‬
Vv
Water 
Vw Ww
VT WT
‫א‬
Vs W s
Solid

 EAF      EBF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE1.2F‫א‬
 ‫א‬EBF،EAF
 water content E w F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Ww
 w= × 100 E3.2F
Ws

 unit weight E γ F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

WT
 γ= E4.2F
VT

- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
ENF‫א‬،E kN / m 3 F‫א‬ γ ‫א‬

 W
1 N = 1 kg × 1 m / s 2
dry unit weightE γ d F‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Ws
 γd = E٥{٢F
VT

 specific gravity E Gs F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K4‫א‬‫א‬

γs Ws
 Gs = = E٦{٢F
γ w Vs γ w

 EkN/m3F‫א‬‫א‬Z γ s W
 1 gm/cm39.81 kN/m3‫א‬Z γ w 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١{٢F‫א‬

 void ratio E e F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Vv
 e= 0 < e << ∞ E7.2F
Vs

- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
1.10.7‫א‬‫א‬،0.80.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 porosity E n F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   
Vv
 n= 0 ≤ n ≤ 1 E8.2F
VT
 degree of saturation E S F‫א‬

 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Vw
 S= × 100 0 ≤ S (%) ≤ 100 E9.2F
Vv

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE1.2F
Gs  ‫א‬
 2.65-2.68 Gravel
2.65-2.68  Sand
2.62-2.68 Silt (inorganic)EF
2.58-2.65 Clay (organic)EF
2.68-2.75 Clay (inorganic)EF

‫א‬، S = 0 % ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، S = 100 %  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 relative density E Dr F‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
cohesionless soil‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

emax − e
 Dr = × 100     E10.2F
emax − emin

 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = e 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = emax
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = emin
0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (2.2)‫א‬
 K100 %

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:(2.2)
Dr (%)  ‫א‬
 0-15 Very loose‫א‬
15-35  Loose
35-65 Medium dense‫א‬
65-85  Dense 

85-100  Very dense ‫א‬


- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

e
 n=      E١١{٢F
1+ e

γ
 γd = E12.2F
w
1+
100

   Se = wG s   E13.2F

(Gs + w)
 γ = γ w E14.2F
1+ e

Gs
 γd = γ w E١٥{٢F
1+ e

 W
 WE١.2F
‫א‬105gm‫א‬120 gm65 cm3‫א‬
 W،2.65‫א‬
 E w F‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 E γ d F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
E n F‫ א‬K٣
 E e F‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
E S F‫א‬ K٥
 W‫א‬
 W
 VT = 65 cm 3 WT = 120 gm Ws = 105 gm G s = 2.65
- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
WE w F‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬

 Ww = WT − Ws = 120 − 105 = 15 gm
:‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ‬

W 15
 w = w × 100 = × 100 = 14.29 %
Ws 105



WE γ d F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
Ws 105
γd = = = 1.62 gm / cm 3
 VT 65
= 1.62 × 9.81 = 15.85 kN / m 3
 E n F‫ א‬K٣
 K Vs ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6.2F‫א‬

Ws
Gs =
Vs γ w

Ws 105
Vs = = = 39.62 cm 3
G s γ w 2.65 × 1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VT = 65 cm 3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE2.2F‫א‬
Vv = VT − Vs

= 65.00 − 39.62 = 25.38 cm 3
V 25.38
 n= v = = 0.39      
VT 65.00
- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

WE e F‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

Vv 25.38
 e= = = 0.64
Vs 39.62

WE S F‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬ ،E6.2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W، Gw = 1 ‫א‬‫א‬ Vw = Ww EcmF‫א‬EgmF‫א‬‫א‬
Ww 15
 Vw = = = 15 cm 3
G wγ w 1 × 1
Vw 15.00
 S= × 100 = × 100 = 59.10 %
Vv 25.38
 WE2K2F
،2.71‫א‬12.40 %‫א‬‫א‬0.10 m31.75 kN‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 E γ F‫א‬ K١
 E γ d F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 E e F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 E n F‫ א‬K٤
E S F‫א‬ K٥
 W‫א‬
WE γ F‫א‬ K١
WT 1.75
 γ = = = 17.50 kN / m 3
VT 0.10

WE γ d F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
γ 17.50
 γd = = = 15.57 kN / m 3
w 12.40
1+ 1+
100 100

WE e F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
Gs
γd = γw
1+ e
2.71
 15.57 = × 9.81
1+ e
2.71 × 9.81
e= − 1 = 0.71
15.57

WE n F‫ א‬K٤
e
n=
1+ e

0.71
n= = 0.42
1 + 0.71

WE S F‫א‬ K٥
Se = wG s
12.40
S × 0.71 = × 2.71
100

12.40 × 2.71
S= = 0.4733
100 × 0.71
= 47.33 %

 WE3.2F
 W،2.66‫א‬26.00 %‫א‬‫א‬
E e F‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 E γ F‫א‬ K٢
E γ d F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 W‫א‬
 K S = 1  S = 100 % ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
WE e F‫א‬‫א‬ K١
Se = wG s
26.00
 1× e = × 2.66
100
e = 0.69
WE γ F‫א‬ K٢

γ =
(Gs + w) γ
1+ e
w
 =
(2.66 + 0.26) × 9.81
1 + 0.69
= 16.95 kN / m3

WE γ d F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
Gs
γd = γw
1+ e
2.66
 = × 9.81
1 + 0.69
= 15.44 kN / m 3
 WE4.2F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Dr = 75 % emax = 0.70 emin = 0.42

G s = 2.68 w = 11 %
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E10.2F‫א‬‫א‬

emax − e
Dr = × 100
emax − emin
0.70 − e
 75 = × 100
0.70 − 0.42
e = 0.49

 WE14.2F‫א‬

- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
(Gs + w)
γ = γw
1+ e
 =
(2.68 + 0.11)
× 9.81
1 + 0.49
= 18.37 kN / m 3

Soil Consistency ‫א‬‫א‬ ٣{٢

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬cohesive soil‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Solid State‫א‬‫ א‬E١
 Semisolid State‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
 Plastic State‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
 Liquid State‫א‬‫ א‬E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Atterberg Limits
 W
Liquid Limit (LL)‫א‬ •
 Plastic Limit (PL)‫א‬ •
 Shrinkage Limit (SL)‫א‬ •
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2.2F‫א‬

- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 

 Liquid State‫א‬‫א‬
 ELLF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 Plastic State‫א‬‫א‬
 EPLF‫א‬
Semisolid State‫א‬‫א‬
 (SL)‫א‬
Solid State‫א‬‫א‬
 
w=0

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE2.2F


WLiquid Limit (LL)‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE3.2F‫א‬‫א‬، 25Casagrande
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

WPlastic Limit (PL)‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬3 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE3.2F‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE3.2F

WShrinkage Limit (SL)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬Plasticity Index (PI) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 PI = LL − PL E16.2F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬E LI F‫א‬

w − PL
 LI = E17.2F
PI

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ w 
 Ksensitive clay


 WE5.2F
، w = 43.8 % ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،PI = 21.7 % ‫א‬، LL = 48.3 % ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬E16.2F‫א‬‫א‬

PI = LL − PL
 21.7 = 48.3 − PL
PL = 26.6 %

 WE١٧{٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

w − PL
LI =
PI
43.8 − 26.6
= = 0.79
21.7




- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 WProblems
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
،78 mm‫א‬35 mm‫א‬‫א‬
98 156 gmE105 oCF‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬gm
 E w F‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 E γ F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
E γ d F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
180 cm3‫א‬402gm‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 W،320 gm2.68‫א‬
 E w F‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 E γ F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
E γ d F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 E e F‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 E n F‫ א‬K٥
E S F‫א‬ K٦
3 mm‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،32.7%‫א‬‫א‬
K13.8%‫א‬
- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
K٤
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E%F‫א‬‫א‬ ENF‫א‬
41 34.5
26 36.4
19 37.6
15 38.6
9 40.7

‫א‬،23.6%23.2%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K18.5 kN/m3‫א‬ 40%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،2.66‫א‬‫א‬0.42‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

e
n= K
1+ e

 Se = wG s K
- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 K٪٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
WIntroduction١{٣
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،   ،‫א‬‫א‬  
 K 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Unified Soil Classification System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials    •
(AASHTO)
The International Soil Classification System‫א‬‫• א‬
 American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 Bureau of Soils (USDAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
  •
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١{٣F‫א‬
0.002 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ٢{٠mm
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬mm
 ‫א‬‫א‬mm٠{٠٧٤‫א‬‫א‬
 K200
Particle Size Distribution of Soil‫א‬‫ א‬٢{٣

     ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Sieve Analysis Test ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

 Hydrometer Analysis Test‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،mm٠{٠٧٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬WE١.3F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Particles Size Classification
2.0 mm < Gravel Gravel
0.074 mm < Sand < 2.0 mm  Sand
0.002 mm < Silt < 0.074 mm Silt
Clay < 0.002 mm Clay
 Sieve Analysis Test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١{٢{٣

‫א‬0.074 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E200FE4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE1.3F‫א‬،Pan‫א‬
 KE2.3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
- ٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE2.3F
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
SIEVE NO. OPENINGEMMF
4 4.750
10 2.000
 20  0.850
40 0.425
60 0.250
80 0.180
100 0.150
140 0.106
200 0.074

 EFEF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF،EFW‫א‬‫א‬WE1.3F

  K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE100 %F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


 Hydrometer Analysis TestE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٢{٣
‫א‬E200F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E٢{٣F‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
E t F‫א‬E L F‫א‬Eυ F
 W،‫א‬‫א‬

L
 υ=       E1.3F
t

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬Stoke 's law 

γ s −γ w 2
 υ= D       E2.3F
18η
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ = γ s
 ‫א‬ = γ w
 ‫א‬ = η
 ‫א‬ = D
‫א‬،E1.3F‫א‬‫א‬E2.3F‫א‬ γ s = G s γ w 
 W‫א‬

- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
30η L
 D=       E3.3F
(Gs − 1)γ w t
 W‫א‬‫א‬E3.3F‫א‬
D (mm) η ( gm. sec/ cm )
2
γ w ( gm / cm ) 3
L (cm) t (min)


 EAtkins, H. N.- 1983F‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{٣F

 W‫א‬‫א‬E3K3F‫א‬

L
 D=K       E4.3F
t
 W
30η
 K=       E5.3F
(Gs − 1)γ w

- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Particle Size Distribution Curve‫א‬‫א‬ ٣{٢{٣
‫א‬Particle Size Distribution Curve‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE3K3F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E1.3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3K3F‫א‬K‫א‬
 W


100
80
60
‫א‬
٪
40
20
0
10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001
‫א‬
mm

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE3.3F

2%ZGravel
- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
45%ZSand 
 49%ZSilt 
4%ZClay 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE4.3F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬poorly graded soil
‫א‬  Kwell graded soil   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kgap graded‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

100
Gap graded ‫ﺗﺪرج ﻓﺠﻮي‬

80
Well graded ‫ﺗﺪرج ﺟﻴﺪ‬
Poorly graded ‫ﺗﺪرج ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‬

60
‫א‬
٪
40
20
0
1 0.1 0.01 0.001
‫א‬
mm

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE4.3F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Effective DiameterE D10% F‫א‬‫ א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬10 %‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 Uniformity CoefficientE Cu F‫א‬ E٢

60 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E D10% F 10 %‫א‬‫א‬E D60% F %
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
D60%
 Cu =       E6.3F
D10%
‫א‬‫א‬، D60%  D10%   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬2‫א‬
 Gradation CoefficientE C c F‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬E D30% F30 %‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D302 %
 Cc =      E7.3F
D10% × D60%
1.0‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬1.0 C c ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 WE1.3F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬
4  96.0
10 84.3
20 70.0
 40  54.8
60 32.7
100 16.2
200 6.4
 Pan 13.6


- ٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬ D60% ، D30% ، D10%  J 
K C u ‫א‬ J 
 K C c ‫א‬ J 

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 E٪F E٪F E٪F EF  EF
95.07 4.93 4.93  19.7 4.750  4
84.37 15.63 10.70 42.8 2.000 10
65.32 34.68  19.05 76.2 0.850 20
33.2 66.80 32.12 128.5 0.425  40
6.13 93.87 27.07 108.3 0.250 60
3.00 97.00 3.13 12.5 0.15 100
0.90 99.10 2.10 8.4 0.074 200
0 100.00 0.90 3.6 Pan
100 400  ‫א‬
KE5.3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ D60% ، D30% ، D10%  J 
 D10% = 0.28 mm
 D30% = 0.40 mm      

 D60% = 0.74 mm      
W Cu ‫א‬ J 
- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
D60% 0.74
 Cu = = = 2.64
D10% 0.28
W C c ‫א‬ J 
D302 % (0.40) 2
 Cc = = = 0.77
D10% × D60% 0.28 × 0.74

100
90
80
70
60
‫א‬
E٪F
50
40
30
20
10
0
10 1 0.1 0.01
،‫א‬

 E1.3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE5.3F

 Unified Soil Classification System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣{٣
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬200‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬G ‫א‬50 % 200
‫א‬‫א‬S  ‫א‬4‫א‬
K2004‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
،50 %200‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 J ESiltF:M
 J EClayF:C
 EOrganic silt and clayF:O
 ‫א‬J EPeatF:Pt
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EWell gradedFWW
 EPoorly gradedF:P
 K50%‫א‬،EHigh plasticityF‫א‬:H
 K50%‫א‬،ELow plasticityF‫א‬:L
‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ،‫א‬ 
 W
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ZGW
 ‫א‬Z SP
 ‫א‬ZCH
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3.3F‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬


 WE2.3F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
70 %Z 4‫א‬‫א‬
 38 %Z 200‫א‬‫א‬
 42 %ZELLF‫א‬
 26 %ZEPLF‫א‬
- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬
WE٣.٣F‫א‬
،50 %200‫א‬
 K
 K S،50 %4‫א‬
16 ‫א‬42 %‫א‬،E٣{٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٧A‫א‬‫א‬،%
K‫א‬‫א‬،sc

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE3K3F
- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



 WE3K3F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E٪F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٣٠ ٤
١٥ ٢٠٠
 ٧ Cu
 Cc
١{٤

 W‫א‬
WE٣{٣F‫א‬
،50 %200‫א‬
 K
 K G،50 %4‫א‬
K٣١‫א‬Cc٤Cu
- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬،GW‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 Soil Classification using(AASHTO)System‫א‬ ٤{٣
‫א‬،A-7 A-1‫א‬
،EA-7F‫א‬EA-1F‫א‬‫א‬KE4.3F
 KEA-2F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬35%‫א‬،E٢٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬KA-1 A-2،A-3W
KA-7A-6،A-5،A-4 W‫א‬ 35%
E6.3F‫א‬K‫א‬،٢٠٠ ٤٠ ١٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ A-7 A-4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KA-2‫א‬‫א‬
   E4.3F‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WA-1
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ WA-2
 K35%
 K‫א‬ WA-3
 K WA-5،A-4
 K WA-7،A-6
- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 WGroup Index‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬E GI F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 ‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 GI = (F − 35)[0.2 + 0.005(LL − 40 )] + 0.01(F − 15)(PI − 10 )    E8.3F
 W
 ٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ = F
 ‫א‬ = LL
 ‫א‬ = PI
‫א‬      ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬    
       ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K    
 K‫א‬

 WE4.3F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬20%35%‫א‬‫א‬45%E200F
 WE٤{٣F‫א‬W‫א‬
، 35%،45%E200F‫א‬ •
 KA-7،A-6،A-5،A-4W‫א‬‫א‬
 KA-6A-4‫א‬،35%‫א‬ •
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 PI = LL − PL = 35 − 20 = 15%
 A-6‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 GI = (F − 35)[0.2 + 0.005(LL − 40 )] + 0.01(F − 15)(PI − 10 )
GI = (45 − 35)[0.2 + 0.005(35 − 40 )] + 0.01(45 − 15)(15 − 10 )

= 10[0.2 + 0] + .01(30 )(5) = 3.5 ≅ 4
A-6(4) W‫א‬

 ‫א‬WE٤{٣F
General Classification Granular Materials (35% or less passing No.200)
A-1 A-2
Group Classification A-1-a A-1-b A-3 A-2-4 A-2-5 A -2-6 A-2-7
Sieve analysis, percent passing

No.10 (2.0 mm) 50 max - - - - - -
No.40( 0.425mm) 30max. 50max. 51max. - - - -
No. 200(0.075) 15max. 25max. 10max. 35max. 35max. 35max. 35max.
Characteristics of fraction passing No.40

Liquid limit - - 40max. 41min. 40max. 41min.
Plasticity index 6max. N.P. 10max. 10max. 11min. 11min.
Usual types of significant Stone fragments, Fine Silty or clayey gravel and sand
constituent materials gravel and sand sand
General rating as subgrade Excellent to good
- ٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
General Classification Silt-Clay (more than 35% passing No.200)
A-7
Group Classification A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7-5, A-7-6
Sieve analysis, percent passing

No.10 (2.0 mm)
No.40( 0.425mm)
No. 200(0.075 mm) 36min. 36min. 36min. 36min.
Characteristics of fraction passing No.40

Liquid limit 40max. 41min. 40max. 41min.
Plasticity index 10max 10max. 11min. 11min.
Usual types of significant Constituent materials Silty soils Clayey soils
General rating as subgrade Fair to poor
70
60
50
A-7-6
40
A-2-6
PI
30
A-6 A-2-7
20
A-7-5
10
A-4 A-2-4 A-2-5 A-5

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
LL
‫א‬‫א‬WE6.3F
- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 WE5.3F
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬

E٪F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٣٠ ١٠
٢٣ ٤٠
١٥ ٢٠٠
 ٣٤ LL
PL
 ٢٢
 WE٤{٣F‫א‬W‫א‬
،35%،15%E200F‫א‬ •
 K A-3،A-2،A-1W‫א‬‫א‬
A-3‫א‬،40%E40F‫א‬ •
 KA-2A-1 
 KA-2-6A-2-4‫א‬،34%‫א‬ •
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 PI = LL − PL = 34 − 22 = 12%

 A-2-6‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 GI = (15 − 35)[0.2 + 0.005(34 − 40 )] + 0.01(15 − 15)(12 − 10 ) = 0
A-2-6(0)W‫א‬
- ٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Problems
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
H‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬
EgmF‫א‬  EgmF EinFEmmF
٥٦٥{٠٧ 565.07 1Y J
٥٨٣{٤٣ ٥٤٦{٤٣ 1/2Y J
٥٦٢{٠٠ ٥٠٨{٠٥ 1/4Y J
٥٤١{٦٨ ٥٤٢{٧٧ 4.76 mm ٤
٤٦٩{٦٩ ٤٤٩{٣٥ 2.00 mm ١٠
٥٢١{٩٨ ٤١١{٤٥ 0.84 mm ٢٠
٦١٧{٤٠ ٤٦١{١٢ 0.42 mm ٤٠
٤٩٥{٦٨ ٣٠٣{٥٣ 0.149 mm ١٠٠
٣١٦{٣٥ ٣٠١{٣٥ 0.074 mm ٢٠٠
٣٩١{٧٩ ٣٨٧{٣٧ Pan
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ، Cu ‫א‬، D10% ‫א‬‫א‬
K C c ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬B‫א‬A‫א‬،AASHTO ‫א‬ E٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬
E٪F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 B A
١٨ ٥٤ ١٠
٣٨ ٤٦ ٤٠
٤١ ٣٤ ٢٠٠
٣٣ ٣٩ LL
٢٠ ٢٧ PL
- ٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬

 K٪٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 Introduction١{٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R. R. Proctor‫א‬ 1930،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 dry density  (γ d ) ‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 moisture content (w) ‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 compactive effortE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 soil type‫א‬ K٤
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ w = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
E1.4F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 Compaction Theory ‫א‬ ٢{٤

‫א‬‫א‬
maximum dry density (γ d −max ) ‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬      ‫א‬  optimum moisture content (OMC )  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬


‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫هﻮاء‬ ‫א‬
‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬
‫ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE1.4F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ،‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Standard Proctor Test‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 Modified Proctor Test‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
- ٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 Harvard Test‫ א‬K٣

 Static Test‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

γ
 γd =       E1.4F
w
1+
100

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE2.4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

30
(γ d −max ) ‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬

20 Saturation line
‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬
10
OMC
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
(%) ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE2.4F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Standard Proctor Test‫א‬‫א‬ ١{٢{٤

‫א‬ (OMC ) ‫א‬‫א‬ (γ d −max ) ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 WmoldK2%‫א‬
 4 inZ101.6 mmZdiameter of mold‫א‬
 4.58 inZ116.43 mmZheight of mold‫א‬‫ א‬
1 3 
ft Z 943.3 cm Zvolume of mold‫א‬
3

30
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3.4F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE3.4F


- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K30.5 cm‫א‬ 2.5 kg‫א‬ 25‫א‬،
 W‫א‬E γ F‫א‬‫א‬

W
 γ =       E2.4F
Vm

 ‫א‬‫א‬Z W W
 ‫א‬Z Vm
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E1.4F
 K (OMC )  (γ d −max ) 
Modified Proctor Test‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٢{٤

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 5Z‫א‬
 4.54 kgZ‫א‬
 45.72 cmZ‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬ 23 kN/m313 kN/m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K20%10%‫א‬‫א‬
Saturation Line‫א‬ ٣{٢{٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2.4F‫א‬
‫א‬Kzero air void line‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،E S = 100 % F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

γw
 γ zav =      E3.4F
1
+w
Gs

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = γ zav W
 K‫א‬ = γ w 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = Gs 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ = w 

 WE1.4F
     ‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬   E1.4F ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E1.4F‫א‬WE1.4F
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

E٪F EF ‫א‬
6.00  1847.71  1
8.00 2000.37  2
10.58  2163.13  3
12.90 2188.75  4
15.68 2097.81  5
17.78 2012.74  6
- ٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬
 ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   Vm = 943.3 cm3   ‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W
 γ =      
Vm
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 KE1.4F‫א‬
  gm/cm3  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E2.4F ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E4.4F‫א‬،kN/m3
 W‫א‬‫א‬،

γ d − max = 20.43 kN / m 3

OMC = 11.40 %

 E1.4F‫א‬WE2.4F

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬


‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
(kN/m3) (kN/m3) (gm/cm3) (cm3) (gm) E٪ F
18.13 19.22 1.96 943.30 1847.71 6.00 1
19.26 20.80 2.12 943.30 2000.37 8.00 2
20.34 22.50 2.29 943.30 2163.13 10.58 3
20.16 22.76 2.32 943.30 2188.75 12.89 4
18.86 21.82 2.22 943.30 2097.81 15.68 5
17.77 20.93 2.13 943.30 2012.74 17.78 6
- ٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ‬
21.5
20.5
γd
19.5
(kN / m )
3
18.5
17.5
16.5
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
w (%)
 E1.4F‫א‬WE4.4F


Factors Effecting Compaction‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣{٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬ E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5.4F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬        
 K
 W‫א‬ E٢
- ٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6.4F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE5.4F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

N b × N l × h × Wh
 E=      E4.4F
Vm
 ‫א‬ = E W
 ‫א‬ = N b 
 ‫א‬ = N l 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ = h 
 ‫א‬ = Wh 
 ‫א‬ = Vm 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


25 bowls / layer × 3 layer × 0.305 m × 2.50 kg × 9.81 m / s 2 1 kJ
 E= −6
× = 594.73 3
943.3 × 10 m 3
1000 m

(γ d −max )
‫א‬
(γ d −max )
γd
‫א‬
OMC
OMC
w (%)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE6.4F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

25 bowls / layer × 5 layer × 0.4572 m × 4.54 kg × 9.81 m / s
2
1 kJ
 E= −6
× = 2698.3 3
943.3 × 10 m 3
1000 m

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬ ،E7.4F ‫א‬   w2   w1 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬KEOMCF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
γd
w1 w2 w (%)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE7.4F
- ٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Field Compaction‫א‬‫א‬ ٤{٤

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Sand Cone Method‫א‬ K١
 Rubber Balloon Method‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 Nuclear Method‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Equipments of Compaction in the Field‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١{٤{٤
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
    ،‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬    ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Smooth-wheel rollers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
   ‫א‬    K400 kN/m2    ،E8.4F ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
Pneumatic or rubber-tired rollers‫א‬
‫א‬ 80 %،E9.4F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K700 kN/m2‫א‬
- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Sheepsfoot rollers‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E10.4F ‫א‬
7000 kN/m21400‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬12 %
 ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Vibratory rollers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE11.4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE12.4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬WE8.4F
 WE9.4F
- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬WE10.4F
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE11.4F

- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬WE12.4F
Sand Cone Method ‫א‬ ٢{٤{٤

   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E13.4F ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E Wsoil F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E γ sand F‫א‬‫א‬KE w F
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Wsand
 Vhole =       E5.4F
γ sand











 ‫א‬WE13.4F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

Wsoil
 γd =       E6.4F
Vhole

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Wsoil
 Wdry − soil =      E7.4F
w
1+
100
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6.4F‫א‬E7.4F‫א‬
- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 WE2.4F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 γ sand = 1.46 gm / cm 3 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Wsand = 468.7 gm ‫א‬‫א‬
 Wdry − soil = 618.3 gm ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
Wsand 468.7
 Vhole = = = 321.0 cm 3  ‫א‬
γ sand 1.46

W dry − soil 618.3
 γd = = = 1.93 gm / cm 3 ≈ 19.3 kN / m 3 ‫א‬‫א‬
V hole 321.0


Relative Compaction (RC)‫א‬‫ א‬٥{٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬

γ d ( field )
 RC (%) = × 100      E8.4F
γ d − max(lab )
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ = RC
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = γ d ( field )
 ‫א‬ = γ d −max(lab )



- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Problems
،1012.7 gm 19.85 kN/m3‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K992.3 gm

Efine-grained soilF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٥
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEpcfF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 KEkN/m3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬J 

Dry Density vs. Water Content
120
Static Compaction
Standar Proctor
110 Harvard Miniature

Modified Proctor
100
Dry Density
pcf
90
80
70
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Water Content, (%)
- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
W‫א‬‫א‬
5 4 3 2 1 ‫א‬
17.3 18.9 19.2 18.0 16.7 γ (kN / m 3 ) ‫א‬‫א‬
32.5 24.9 19.3 12.1 4.7 w (%) ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،15.7 kN/m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،97 %‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
W‫א‬
γ d − max = 19.20 kN / m 3

OMC = 14.6 %
 W‫א‬‫א‬
γ d − field = 17.80 kN / m 3

w = 17.3 %
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 


- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬









- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
:Introduction ١٫٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E1.5F‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

h
 i=        E1.5F
L

 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ = i 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ =h
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = L
30 m‫א‬‫א‬3 km‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
h 30
 i= = = 0.01
L 3 × 1000
- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Darcy's Law‫א‬ ٢{٥

‫א‬‫א‬E v F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1856
 W،E i F‫א‬

 v = ki     E2.5F
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E k F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬WF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE1.5F‫א‬،
 K‫א‬

h
‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﺎء‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE1.5F

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Q = k iA       E3.5F
 W
 ‫א‬ = Q
 ‫א‬ =k
- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ = i 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = A

Assumptions of Darcy' s Law‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
homogenous soil ‫א‬ K١
 laminar flow‫א‬ K٢
linear flow‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 ‫א‬WE1.5F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
k (m / s )  ‫א‬
 >10-2 Gravel
 10-2-10-5  Sand
 10-5-10-8 Silt
 <10-8 Clay 


- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 WE1.5F
300 m‫א‬ 6 × 10 −3 m / s 2 m‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،9 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 A = 2 ×1 = 2 m 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
9
 i= = 0.03
300

 W‫א‬،E3.5F‫א‬

Q = k iA
 = 6 × 10 −3 × 0.03 × 2 = 3.6 × 10 − 4 m 3 / s
m3 s hr
= 3.6 × 10 − 4 × 3600 × 24 = 31.10 m 3 / day per meter of layer width
s hr day
Measurement of permeability‫א‬ ٣{٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E k F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ١{٣{٥
undisturbed sample‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Constant head ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 test
Falling head ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 test
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WConstant head test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬E٥{٢F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻤﺎء‬  K‫א‬
‫ﺧﺮوج اﻟﻤﺎء‬ 
‫ﺣﺠﺮ‬ 
 
L  h

 ‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥{٢F
- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E t F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٥{٣F‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Q = k i At       E4.5F

‫א‬‫א‬E L F‫א‬‫א‬E i F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،E4.5F‫א‬E1.5F،E h F

h
 Q=k At       E5.5F
L
W ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬E5.5F‫א‬

QL
k= (6.5)
Aht
 WE2.5F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 120 mmZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 60 mmZ‫א‬‫א‬ o
 100 mmZ‫א‬ o
 350 mlZ‫א‬‫א‬ o
 2 minZ‫א‬‫א‬ o
 KEm/sF‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
πD 2
π × 100 2
 A= = = 7854 mm 2
4 4
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 Q = 350 ml = 35000 mm 3

 W‫א‬‫א‬،E6.5F‫א‬

QL 350000 × 120
k= = = 0.7427 mm / s = 7.43 × 10 − 4 m / s
Aht 7854 × 60 × 2 × 60
 WFalling head test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3.5F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬

h1
 h2
‫א‬
L
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE3.5F

- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 h2  ‫א‬ h1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬K ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
aL h
 k = 2.30 log10 1     E7.5F
At h2

 W
 ‫א‬ =a
 ‫א‬ = A
 ‫א‬ = L
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = h1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = h2 
  h2  h1 ‫א‬‫א‬ = t 


 WE3.5F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 1350 mmZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 550 mmZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 140 mmZ‫א‬ o
 100 mmZ‫א‬ o
 5 mmZ‫א‬‫א‬ o
 3 minZ‫א‬‫א‬ o
 KEm/sF‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
π D2 π × 100 2
 A= = = 7854 mm 2
4 4
 W‫א‬‫א‬
π D2 π × 52
 a= = = 19.63 mm 2
4 4

 W‫א‬‫א‬،E7.5F‫א‬

aL h 19.67 × 140 ⎛ 1350 ⎞
k = 2.30 log10 1 = 2.30 × log10 ⎜ ⎟
At h2 7854 × 3 × 60 ⎝ 550 ⎠
 = 1.744 × 10 −3 mm / s
= 1.744 × 10 −6 m / s
 WEPumping Test ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٣{٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
Epumping testF‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬casing pipe‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E4.5F‫א‬‫א‬Eobservation wellsF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬


- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
r2
r1
 ‫א‬EQF
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
h2
h1
‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE4.5F

‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

⎛r ⎞
Q ln⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟
 k= ⎝ r1 ⎠       E8.5F
(
π h2 − h12
2
)
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ =k
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = Q
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = r1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = r2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = h1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = h2 
- ٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 WE4.5F
11.20 m‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬6.20 m3/min‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2.48 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5.15 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEcm/sF‫א‬، 45.86 m4.33 m‫א‬‫א‬
:‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 h1 = 11.20 − 5.15 = 6.05 m
 h2 = 11.20 − 2.48 = 8.72 m

 W‫א‬‫א‬
6.20
 Q = 6.20 m / min = = 0.1033 m / s
60

 W‫א‬‫א‬(8.5F‫א‬

⎛r ⎞ ⎛ 45.86 ⎞
Q ln⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ 0.1033 × ln⎜ ⎟
k= ⎝ 1⎠ =
r ⎝ 4.33 ⎠
( ) (
π h22 − h12 π (8.72 )2 − (6.05)2 )
−3
= 1.97 × 10 m/s
= 1.97 × 10 −5 cm / s

 W Water Rise by Capillary Tube ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤{٥

‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE5K5F‫א‬
- ٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬surface tension‫א‬‫א‬weight of water‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

d
T T
α α
hc
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5K5F‫א‬

2
   u = π d hc γ w :‫א‬ •
4
π dT cos α W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

d2
 π hcγ w = π dT cos α      E9.5F
4

4T cos α
 hc =      E10.5F
dγ w

 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ = d
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = hc
 ‫א‬ = γ w
- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ = T
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = α 


 WE5.5F
0.01 1.75 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K10o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬mm

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬(10.5F‫א‬

hc dγ w
T=
4 cos α

1.75 × 0.01 × 10 −3 × 9.81
= = 4.36 × 10 −5 kN / m = 0.044 N / m
4 cos10
WEquivalent Permeability in Stratified Soil ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥{٥

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E n F‫א‬E6.5F‫א‬
 E H FW‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 (H 1 H2 H3 ... H n ) W‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
W
 (k x1 k x2 k x3 ... k xn )
- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
W
 (k z 1 k z2 k z 3 ... k zn )

k1x
H1
k1z
k2x
‫א‬‫א‬
H2
k2z
k3x
H3 k3z
H
k...x
H ... k...z
knx
Hn
knz
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE6.5F

 W‫א‬‫א‬ k x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

H 1 k x1 + H 2 k x 2 + H 3 k x 3 + ... + H n k xn
 kx =    E11.5F
H

 W‫א‬‫א‬ k z ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

H
kz =     E12.5F
H1 H 2 H 3 H
+ + + ... + n
k z1 k z 2 k z 3 k zn
- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 WE6.5F
، ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
H1 = 3 m k1 = 80 × 10 −6 m / sec
 H2 = 5 m k 2 = 20 × 10 −5 m / sec
H3 = 8 m k 3 = 65 × 10 −6 m / sec

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 W k x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

H 1 k x1 + H 2 k x 2 + H 3 k x 3
kx =
H1 + H 2 + H 3
3 × 80 × 10 −6 + 5 × 20 × 10 −5 + 8 × 65 × 10 −6
kx = = 1.1 × 10 − 4 m / sec
3+5+8

 W k z ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
H1 + H 2 + H 3
 kz =
H1 H 2 H 3
+ +
k z1 k z 2 k z 3

3+5+8
kz = = 8.6 × 10 −5 m / sec
3 5 8
+ +
80 × 10 −6 20 × 10 −5 65 × 10 −6
- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
WFactors Affecting Soil Permeability ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٦{٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W
 ‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٥
، 2 % ‫א‬‫א‬ 2 × 10 −4 m / s  2 m  (١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 0.05 N / m ‫א‬‫א‬ 0.01 mm ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ 8 o ‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E٣
K(Q
42 m
18 m ‫א‬EQF
5.4 m
2.2 m k = 4 × 10 −3 m / s
16.5 m
- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٤
W‫א‬
k = 8 × 10 −3 cm / sec
3m
k = 4 × 10 −2 cm / sec
2m
4m k = 2 × 10 −4 cm / sec
- ٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
:Introduction 
W ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ، (x, y, z ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KN/m2، ‫א‬L‫א‬
 y  x 
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ z ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
normal stress (σ ) ‫א‬،E1.6F‫א‬
 Kshear stresses (τ ) 
σ zz
τ zy
τ zx
τ xy
σ xx
τ yx
x
τ xz
τ yz
σ yy
y

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE1.6F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Stresses induced by the self weight of the soil‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢{٦

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ σ v ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  σv = γ z       E1.6F

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ z ‫א‬ γ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
 K‫א‬ σ h ،E٢{٦F‫א‬
‫א‬
σv
σv
γz σh σh
z
σv
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE2.6F

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  σ v = ∑ γ ∆z       E2.6F
 z w ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

  u = γ w zw       E3.6F

 K 9.81 kN / m 3 ‫א‬‫א‬ γ w ‫א‬ u 

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
   ‫א‬   σ v ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  σv =σv −u      E4.6F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 WE١{٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ،E٣{٦F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
2m ‫ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
5m
3m ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬Sand
γ ( sand ) = 18.2 kN / m 3
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ‬

4m
Clay
3
19 8 kN /
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬
 E1.6FWE3.6F

 W‫א‬
 W (z = 2.0 m ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 σ v = 2 × 18.2 = 36.40 kN / m 2 ‫א‬‫א‬
 u=0 W‫א‬
 σ v = σ v − u = 36.40 − 0 = 36.40 kN / m 2 W‫א‬‫ א‬

 W (z = 5.0 m ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 σ v = 36.40 + 3 × 18.20 = 91.00 kN / m 2 W‫א‬‫א‬
 u = 3 × 9.81 = 29.43 kN / m 2 W‫א‬
σ v = σ v − u = 91.00 − 29.43 = 61.57 kN / m 2 W‫א‬‫ א‬

 W (z = 7.0 m ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 σ v = 91.00 + 2 × 19.80 = 130.60 kN / m 2 W‫א‬‫א‬
 u = 29.43 + 2 × 9.81 = 49.05 kN / m 2 W‫א‬
- ٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
σ v = σ v − u = 130.60 − 49.05 = 81.55kN / m 2 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE4.6F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2m
5m
3m
4m
130.60 kN/m2 49.05 kN/m2 81.55 kN/m2
) ‫(ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ‬z ) ‫(ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ‬z )) ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ‬z

 E1.6F‫א‬WE4.6F

Total stress with a surface surcharge load‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٣{٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ، q    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E5.6F ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 σv = γ z + q      E5.6F

q ‫א‬‫א‬
z
σv
σh σh
σv

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE5.6F

 WE٢{٦F
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،E6.6F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K50 kN/m2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ، (z = 8.5 m ) ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ (٥٫٦)E٤٫٦F‫א‬

σ v = q + (σ v − u )
 = 50 + (2.5 × 17.5 + 6 × 19 − 5 × 9.81)
= 158.7 kN / m 2
- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
q = 50 kN/m2
2.5 m
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺭﻜﺎﻡ‬Gravel γ = 17.5 kN / m 3
1.0 m
γ = 19.0kN / m 3
5.0 m ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻁﻤﻲ‬Silt
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬
 E2.6FWE6.6F


Stresses in soil due to footing pressure‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤{٦
، ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬2:1‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧٫٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ∆q ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

Q
 ∆q = (6.6)
( L + z )( B + z )
 
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ = Q
 ‫א‬ = L
 ‫א‬ = B
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = z
- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
L
Q
1
z

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2:1WE7K6F

 W‫א‬ (6.6)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Q
 ∆q = (7.6)
(B + z) 2
- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
The Boussinesq method for soil stresses‫א‬‫א‬ ٥{٦

 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( X , Y , Z ) ‫א‬E8.6F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A ‫א‬K O ‫א‬‫א‬ P ‫א‬
 K (σ x , σ y , σ z ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (x, y, z ) ‫א‬‫א‬
x
O X
r y
Y R σz
σy z
σx
Z
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE8.6F
 W A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

3P z 3
 σz = (8.6)
2π R 5
⎡ 3x 2 z ⎛ x2 − y2 y 2 z ⎞⎤
 σx =
P
⎢ 5 − (1 − 2ν )⎜
⎜ Rr 2 (R + z ) R 3 r 2 ⎟⎟⎥
+ (9.6)
2π ⎣ R ⎝ ⎠⎦
⎡3y 2 z ⎛ y2 − x2 x 2 z ⎞⎤
⎢ 5 − (1 − 2ν )⎜⎜ 2
P
σy = + 3 2 ⎟⎟⎥ (10.6)
2π ⎣ R ⎝ Rr (R + z ) R r ⎠⎦
- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W
 R = x2 + y2 + z2
 r = x2 + y2
ν ،E8.6F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٠{٥‫א‬٠{٥‫א‬Poisson' s ratio
 (3.6F
 ،  ‫א‬ ،500 kN ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
y x = 3 m‫א‬٥m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kν = 0.5 ‫א‬،= 3m
 W‫א‬
r = x2 + y2
= 3 2 + 4 2 = 5.00 m
R = x2 + y2 + z2
= 3 2 + 4 2 + 5 2 = 7.07 m
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3P z 3
σz =
2π R 5
3 × 500 ⎛ 5 3 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ = 1.69 kN / m 2
2π ⎜⎝ (7.07 )2 ⎟
⎠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ν = 0.5 
⎛ 3x 2 z ⎞
P
 σx = ⎜⎜ 5 ⎟⎟
2π
⎝ R ⎠
500 ⎛ 33 2 5 ⎞
σx = ⎜ ⎟ = 0.61 kN / m 2
2π ⎜⎝ (7.07 )5 ⎟⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
 σ y = P ⎜⎜ 3 y 5 z ⎟⎟
2π ⎝ R ⎠
500 ⎛ 3 × 4 2 × 5 ⎞
σy = ⎜ ⎟ = 1.08 kN / m 2
⎜
2π ⎝ (7.07 ) ⎠ 5 ⎟
- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
6m γ = 17.0 kN / m 3
γ = 19.0 kN / m 3
4m

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
EA‫א‬F‫א‬E σ v F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E u F‫א‬E σ v F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
1m
5m γ = 19.5 kN / m 3 γ = 19.5 kN / m 3 γ = 19.5 kN / m 3
A A A
 ،  ‫א‬ K ٥٠٠ kN ‫א‬ ‫א‬      K٣
 K‫א‬٨ m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٤m2‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
6m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٠٠٠ kN ‫א‬
K٢W١‫א‬

- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
   Q2  Q1 ‫א‬  A ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٥
 Kν = 0.5 ٠Zy‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
Q2=1200 kN Q1=600 kN
3m 2m
4m

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
 W‫א‬
G s = 2.66
2m ‫ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
e = 0.55
G s = 2.66
2m ‫ﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
e = 0.48
w = 34.65%
‫ﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
3m e = 2.74
- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
:Introduction  ١٫٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Earth pressure at rest‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
Active earth pressure ‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
Passive earth pressure ‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:Earth pressure at rest ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٫٧
  ‫א‬   z      ‫א‬  ‫א‬    E1.7F ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    K σ h  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    σ v  ‫א‬‫א‬
 σ o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 σ o = K oσ v       E1.7F
- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K o K‫א‬‫א‬ σ v = γ z 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 1.00.5‫א‬

 K o = 1 − sin φ       E2.7F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ φ 

‫א‬
z σv = γ z

σh σh
σv
σ h = σ o = K oσ v
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE1.7F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE2.7F‫א‬، H ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ Po

1
 Po = Koγ H 2       E3.7F
2
 K‫א‬‫א‬ H ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3

- ١٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
:Rankine's theory of active and passive earth pressure ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٫٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1
H Po = K oγ H 2
2
H
3
K oγ H
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE2.7F‫א‬


 WActive pressure‫א‬‫א‬ ١{٣{٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E3.7F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ σ a ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 σ a = K a σ v − 2c K a       E4.7F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K a ،‫א‬ c 
1 − sin φ ⎛ φ⎞
 Ka = = tan⎜ 45 − ⎟       E5.7F
1 + sin φ ⎝ 2⎠

 W،E4.7F‫א‬، Pa ‫א‬‫א‬

1
 Pa = K a γ H 2 − 2cH K a       E6.7F
2
‫א‬
z σv = γ z
σa σa
σv
σ a 〈σ o
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE3.7F‫א‬
- ١٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
− 2c K a
zo
H
1
Pa = K a γ H 2 − 2cH K a
2
H − zo
3
γ HK a − 2c K a
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE4.7F‫א‬
، z o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

2c
 zo =       E7.7F
γ Ka
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ φ = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2c
 zo =       E8.7F
γ

 WPassive pressure‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٣{٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E5.7F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ σ p
- ١٠٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬
σv = γ z
z
σp σp
σv σ p 〉σ o
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE5.7F‫א‬
 σ p = K p σ v + 2c K p      E9.7
 W‫א‬‫א‬ Kp 
1 + sin φ ⎛ φ⎞
Kp = = tan⎜ 45 + ⎟ (10.7)
1 − sin φ ⎝ 2⎠
 W،E6.7F‫א‬، Pp ‫א‬‫א‬

1
 Pp = K p γ H 2 + 2cH K p       E11.7F
2

- ١٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
1
Pp = K p γ H 2 + 2cH K p
2
H
H
2
H
3
2c K p γ HK p
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE6.7F‫א‬

،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKE1.7F‫א‬
 KE7K7F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE1.7F
KE8.7F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K p  K a WE1.7F
φ (o) Ka Kp
10 0.703 1.42
15 0.589 1.70
20 0.490 2.04
25 0.406 2.46
30 0.333 3.00
35 0.271 3.69
40 0.217 4.61
45 0.171 5.83
 ‫א‬‫א‬
σp
σo
σa
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE7K7F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K o = 1 − sin φ
= 1 − sin 30 = 0.50
 W H = 3 m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
σ o = K oσ v
= 0.50 × 17.0 × 3 = 25.5 kN / m 2
- ١٠٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
γ = 17.0 kN / m 3
3m φ = 30 o
c=0
water level
γ sat = 19.5 kN / m 3
2m
φ = 30 o
c=0
 E1.7FWE8.7F‫א‬
 W H = 5 m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

σ o = 0.50 × 17.0 × 3 + 0.50 × (19.5 − 9.81) × 2 = 35.19 kN / m 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 u = 9.81 × 2 = 19.62 kN / m 2

 KE9.7F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 Po (1) = × 3 × 25.5 = 38.25 kN / m
2

 Po (2 ) = 2 × 25.5 = 51.00 kN / m
- ١٠٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

1
 Po (3) = × 2 × (35.19 − 25.5) = 9.69 kN / m
2

1
 Po (4 ) = × 2 × 19.62 = 19.62 kN / m
2
3m
Po (1)
Po (2 )
2m
Po (4 )
Po (3 )
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E1.7F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE9.7F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Po = Po (1) + Po ( 2 ) + Po (3) + Po ( 4)

= 38.25 + 51.00 + 9.69 + 19.62 = 118.56 kN / m

 W (h ) ‫א‬‫א‬

1 2 2 2
38.25 × (3 × + 2) + 51.00 × + 9.69 × + 19.62 ×
3 2 3 3
 h=
118.56
= 1.56 m
- ١٠٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 WSoil surface sloping‫א‬ ٣{٣{٧

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ β ‫א‬‫א‬،E10.7F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1
Pa = K aγ H 2 (12.7)
2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

cos β − cos 2 β − cos 2 φ
K a = cos β ⋅ (13.7)
cos β + cos 2 β − cos 2 φ

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
Pa = K aγ H 2
2
H β
H
3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE10.7F‫א‬
- ١١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

cos β + cos 2 β − cos 2 φ
K p = cos β ⋅ (14.7)
cos β − cos 2 β − cos 2 φ
 WE2.7F
 W‫א‬‫א‬5.5 m‫א‬‫א‬
φ = 35 o
 c=0
γ = 17. kN / m 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، β = 10 o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
1 − sin φ 1 − sin 35
 Ka = = = 0.271
1 + sin φ 1 + sin 35

1 + sin φ 1 + sin 35
 Kp = = = 3.690
1 − sin φ 1 − sin 35

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1 1
 K a γ H 2 = × 0.271 × 17 × (5.5) = 69.68 kN / m
2
Pa =
2 2

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1 1
 K p γ H 2 = × 3.690 × 17 × (5.5) = 948.80 kN / m
2
Pp =
2 2

- ١١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ H = 1.83 m ‫א‬‫א‬

3

 W β = 10 o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

cos β − cos 2 β − cos 2 φ cos10 − cos 2 10 − cos 2 35

K a = cos β ⋅ = cos10 × = 0.282
cos β + cos 2 β − cos 2 φ cos10 + cos 2 10 − cos 2 35
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1 1
K a γ H 2 = × 0.282 × 17 × (5.5) = 72.51 kN / m
2
Pa =
2 2

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ H = 1.83 m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3
 WSurcharges‫א‬‫א‬ ٤{٣{٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، q ‫א‬E11.7F‫א‬K  ‫א‬
 W z ‫א‬

 σ v = q + γz (15.7)

- ١١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
qK a
γ HK a
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE11.7F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1 − sin φ
 σ a = (q + γz ) = (q + γz )K a (16.7)
1 + sin φ

 W H ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1
 Pa = γ H 2 K a + qHK a (17.7)
2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E11.7F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

1
 PP = γH 2 K P + qHK P (18.7)
2

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ q ‫א‬‫א‬ H 
- ١١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 WE3.7F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E12.7F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

q = 450 kN / m 2
4m γ = 19 kN / m 3
φ = 30 o
c=0

 E3.7FWE12.7F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
1 − sin φ 1 − sin 30
 Ka = = = 0.333
1 + sin φ 1 + sin 30

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1 1
 Pa = γ H 2 K a + qHK a = × 19 × 4 2 × 0.333 + 450 × 4 × 0.333 = 650 kN / m
2 2

- ١١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬ h ‫א‬
qK a = 150 kN / m 2
4m Pa = 650 kN / m
h = 1.95 m
γHK a = 25.33 kN / m 2

4 1 4
150 × 4 × + × 25.33 × 4 ×
 h= 2 2 3 = 1.95 m
650

- ١١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ 4.5 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬
γ = 18.6 kN / m 3
4.5 m φ = 34 o
c=0


 6.0 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬
6.0 m
γ = 17.8 kN / m 3
φ = 10
c = 12 kPa
- ١١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
q = 500 kN / m 2
γ = 17.5 kN / m 3
5.0 m φ = 32 o
c=0


W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
H = 4.5 m
γ = 18.0 kN / m 3

φ = 34 o
β = 10 o
 Pp = 320 kN  Pa = 405 kN ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ d  H ‫ א‬K٥
γ = 20 kN / m 3
H φ = 35 o
Pa = 405 kN
d
Pp = 320 kN
- ١١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٪٨٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،



- ١١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
WIntroduction ١{٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.0 %0.5 %‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،،‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

WSubsurface Exploration Program‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
،
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬K ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WSoil Borings Methods‫א‬ ٣{٨

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١{٣{٨
،  ‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEtest pitF‫א‬
 KE1.8F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Ehand augersF‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E2.8F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٣{٨
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‬

 ‫א‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺣﺮة اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE1.8F



 







 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE2.8F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
WRotary Drilling ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EbitF‫א‬
 K‫א‬E3.8F‫א‬،‫א‬




 ‫א‬WE3.8F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬sampler‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
WWash Boring ‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،3.5 m2.0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EcasingF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4.8F‫א‬K
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE4.8F
 EBowles, J. E. - 1997F
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K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
WPercussion Drilling ‫א‬ K٣
- ١٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E5.8F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

WContinuous-Flight Auger ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5.8F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
WSoil Sampling‫א‬ ٤{٨

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
EFW ‫א‬K ‫א‬
Kundisturbed sampleEFdisturbed sample
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Wdisturbed sampleEF ١{٤{٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

Wundisturbed sampleEF ٢{٤{٨
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 WSplit-Spoon Method‫א‬‫א‬
E6.8F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K1.5 m،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.762 m‫א‬623 N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
45 cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 15 cm‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Kstandard penetration test (SPT)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE6.8F
 (Das, B. M. - 1993)
 WShelby Tubes Method
‫א‬،Thin Wall Tube‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬76.2 mm50.8 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬60 cm‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE7.8F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ١٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE7.8F
 (Das, B. M. - 1993)

 WPiston Sampler‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬E8.8F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


WDegree of Sample Disturbance‫א‬ ٥{٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Hole
‫א‬
sampler
sample‫א‬
piston
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE8.8F



D −D
2 2
 Ar = o
× 100 
i
    E1.8F
Di2


 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = Ar 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = Do
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = Di
- ١٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K10%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE1.8F
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K50.8 mm‫א‬47.7 mm‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

D −D
2 2
Ar = o
× 100
i
Di2

=
(50.8)2 − (47.7 )2 = 13.42 %
(47.7 )2
 K‫א‬‫א‬


WField Tests‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦{٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫• א‬

- ١٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
WSubsurface Profile‫א‬‫א‬ ٧{٨

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E9K8F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E11.8F‫א‬KE10.8F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE9.8F
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F




- ١٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫ﺣﺠﺮ رﻣﻠﻲ‬ ‫رآﺎم‬
(‫ﻣﺎرل )ﻃﻴﻦ ﺟﻴﺮي‬ ‫رﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺻﺨﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻃﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺻﺨﺮ ﻧﺎري‬ ‫ﻃﻴﻦ‬
(‫ﺟﻴﻮب )ﻓﺮاﻏﺎت‬ ‫ردم‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE10.8F








- ١٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE11.8F
- ١٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
WSoil Investigation Report‫א‬ ٨{٨

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
 K‫א‬ E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
K‫א‬ E٦
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١١
W‫א‬ E١٢
K
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 Water Content Test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.01 gm‫א‬
110 o C ± 5 o C ‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K W1 ،‫א‬
 K W2 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 110 o C  105 o C  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   K٣
 K24‫א‬،12
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 K W3 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬
، Ws ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Ww ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Ww
 w(%) = × 100
Ws
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W2 − W3
 w(%) = × 100
W3 − W1
‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺎﺀ‬
‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬
 EF
‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬
 EF
EF‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
E٪F‫א‬‫א‬








- ١٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Liquid Limit Test‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Cassagrande‫א‬‫א‬ K١
0.01 gm‫א‬ K٢
110 o C ± 5 o C ‫א‬ K٣
  K٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 40 K٦
  K٧
  K٨

 W‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K1 cm‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬40‫א‬100-150 gm‫א‬ .٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٦
 K‫א‬K‫א‬
- ١٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 K٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

W2 − W3
 w(%) = × 100
W3 − W1
 W
  ‫א‬ = W1
 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬ = W2
 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬ = W2










- ١٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬     KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬
EF‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
E٪F‫א‬‫א‬
 (NF‫א‬
w %
10 25 100
N‫א‬
- ١٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 Plastic Limit Test‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K١
0.01 gm‫א‬ K٢
110 o C ± 5 o C ‫א‬ K٣
  K٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 40 K٦
  K٧
  K٨
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 40‫א‬ 15 gm‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬ 1 (≈ 3 mm ) ‫א‬
8
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K٣٢‫א‬ K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
PL1 + PL2 + PL3
 PL =
3
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  •
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬     KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
- ١٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬
 EF‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
(‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﺒﺔ )ﺠﻡ‬
PLE٪F‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 Grain Size Distribution ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Sieve Analysis Test ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
0.1 gm‫א‬ K٢
110 o C ± 5 o C ‫א‬ K٣
 ‫א‬ K٤
  K٥
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬500 gm‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬E5F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 100 × E‫א‬‫א‬ ÷ ‫א‬‫א‬F = ‫א‬ •
= ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 100% = ‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ١٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KKKKKKKW‫א‬KKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 KKKKKKKW‫א‬KKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 KKKKKKKW‫א‬   KKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 KKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬   KKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKW‫א‬   KKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫وزن اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﺮاآﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ‬ 
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ وزن‬+
‫اﻟﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫א‬
(%) (%) (‫)ﺟﻢ‬ (‫)ﻣﻢ‬
(%) (‫)ﺟﻢ‬ (‫)ﺟﻢ‬
25.40 -
12.70 -
6.35 -
4.75 4
2.00 10
0.850 20
0.425 40
0.15 100
0.074 200
Pan
- ١٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 Grain Size Distribution ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 Hydrometer Analysis Test ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K٣
0.1 gm‫א‬ K٤
110 o C ± 5 o C ‫א‬ K٥
  K٦
 K٧
 K٨
 K٩
  K١٠
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 200 ‫א‬‫א‬ 50 gm ‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K
‫ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﺤﻠ ﻮل ﻣﺜ ﻞ ﻣﻴﺘ ﺎ ﻓﻮﺳ ﻔﺎت اﻟﺼ ﻮدﻳﻮم‬125 ml250 ml‫א‬ K٢
.‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬16 ‫א‬‫א‬،4% ‫اﻟﺬي ﺗﺮآﻴﺰﻩ‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ 15 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K1000 ml
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬ K٦
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬
- ١٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K2520‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1440, 250, 60, 30, 15, 5W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
K‫א‬
K0.01 gm‫א‬ K١١
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬ K١٢
K‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
.0.01 gm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٣FE١١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E

30n
D= (Gs − GT ) L
980 T
L
=K
T
:
 EmmF‫א‬ =D
 EpoisesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ =n
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = Gs
- ١٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 KE1F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = GT
 EminF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ =T
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ =K
 KE2F
 KE3F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ =L

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E

⎡ G 100000 ⎤
N=⎢ s × ⎥ (R − GT )
⎣ Gs − 1 ws ⎦
:
 E%F‫א‬‫א‬ =N
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = Gs
 KE1F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = GT
 ‫א‬‫א‬ = ws
 ‫א‬‫א‬ =R
- ١٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١F
o
C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0 0.9999 0.9997 0.9982 0.9957 0.9922 0.9881 0.9832 0.9778 0.9718 0.9653
1 0.9999 0.9996 0.9980 0.9954 0.9919 0.9876 0.9827 0.9772 0.9712 0.9647
2 1.000 0.9995 0.9978 0.9951 0.9915 0.9872 0.9822 0.9767 0.9706 0.9640
3 1.000 0.9994 0.9976 0.9947 0.9911 0.9867 0.9817 0.9761 0.9699 0.9633
4 1.000 0.9993 0.9973 0.9944 0.9907 0.9862 0.9811 0.9755 0.9693 0.9626
5 1.000 0.9991 0.9971 0.9941 0.9902 0.9857 0.9806 0.9749 0.9686 0.9619
6 1.000 0.9990 0.9968 0.9937 0.9808 0.9852 0.9800 0.9743 0.9680 0.9612
7 0.9999 0.9988 0.9965 0.9934 0.9894 0.9848 0.9795 0.9737 0.9673 .9605
8 0.9999 0.9986 0.9963 0.9930 0.9890 0.9842 0.9789 0.9731 0.9667 0.9598
9 0.9998 0.9984 0.9960 0.9926 0.9885 0.9838 0.9784 0.9724 0.9660 0.9591
- ١٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬WE٢F
 K٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬Gs )

‫א‬‫א‬
E oC F 2.45 2.50 2.55 2.60 2.65 2.70 2.75 2.80 2.85
16 0.01510 0.01505 0.01481 0.01457 0.01435 0.01414 0.01394 0.01374 0.01356
17 0.01511 0.01486 0.01462 0.01439 0.01417 0.01396 0.01376 0.01356 0.01338
18 0.01492 0.01467 0.01443 0.01421 0.01399 0.01378 0.01359 0.01339 0.01321
19 0.01474 0.01449 0.01425 0.01403 0.01382 0.01361 0.01342 0.01323 0.01305
20 0.01456 0.01431 0.01408 0.01386 0.01365 0.01344 0.01325 0.01307 0.01289
21 0.01438 0.01414 0.01391 0.01369 0.01348 0.01328 0.01309 0.01291 0.01273
22 0.01421 0.01397 0.01374 0.01353 0.01332 0.01312 0.01294 0.01276 0.01258
23 0.01404 0.01381 0.01358 0.01337 0.01317 0.01297 0.01279 0.01261 0.01243
24 0.01388 0.01365 0.01342 0.01321 0.01301 0.01282 0.01264 0.01246 0.01229
25 0.01372 0.01349 0.01327 0.01306 0.01286 0.01267 0.01249 0.01232 0.01215
26 0.01357 0.01334 0.01312 0.01291 0.01272 0.01253 0.01235 0.01218 0.01201
27 0.01342 0.01319 0.01297 0.01277 0.01258 0.01239 0.01221 0.01204 0.01188
28 0.01327 0.01304 0.01283 0.01264 0.01244 0.01225 0.01208 0.01191 0.01175
29 0.01312 0.01290 0.01269 0.01249 0.01230 0.01212 0.01195 0.01178 0.01162
30 0.01298 0.01276 0.01256 0.01236 0.01217 0.01199 0.01182 0.01165 0.01149
- ١٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ‬ :(٣) ‫ﺠﺩﻭل‬

151H 152H
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ L, cm ‫א‬ L, cm ‫א‬ L, cm
1.000 16.3 0 16.3 39 9.9
1.001 16.0 1 16.1 40 9.7
1.002 15.8 2 16.0 41 9.6
1.003 15.5 3 15.8 42 9.4
1.004 15.2 4 15.6 43 9.2
1.005 15.0 5 15.5 44 9.1
1.006 14.7 6 15.3 45 8.9
1.007 14.4 7 15.2 46 8.8
1.008 14.2 8 15.0 47 8.6
1.009 13.9 9 14.8 48 8.4
1.010 13.7 10 14.7 49 8.3
1.011 13.4 11 14.5 50 8.1
1.012 13.1 12 14.3 51 7.9
1.013 12.9 13 14.2 52 7.8
1.014 12.6 14 14.0 53 7.6
1.015 12.3 15 13.8 54 7.4
1.016 12.1 16 13.7 55 7.3
1.017 11.8 17 13.5 56 7.1
1.018 11.5 18 13.3 57 7.0
1.019 11.3 19 13.2 58 6.8
1.020 11.0 20 13.0 59 6.6
1.021 10.7 21 12.9 60 6.5
1.022 10.5 22 12.7
1.023 10.2 23 12.5
1.024 10.0 24 12.4
1.025 9.7 25 12.2
1.026 9.4 26 12.0
1.027 9.2 27 11.9
1.028 8.9 28 11.7
1.029 8.6 29 11.5
1.030 8.4 30 11.4
1.031 8.1 31 11.2
1.032 7.8 32 11.1
1.033 7.6 33 10.9
1.034 7.3 34 10.7
1.035 7.0 35 10.6
1.036 6.8 36 10.4
- ١٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 Compaction Tests ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،W‫א‬
 E٤F


20 kg‫א‬
0.1 gm‫א‬
110 o C ± 5 o C ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 Standard Proctor Test ‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬15 kg ‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
، ‫א‬‫א‬٨٠٪E٤F‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
5 cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٦
K7 cm
٢٥،30.5 cm‫א‬2.5 kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
KE٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
KE٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
 ٣٪‫א‬‫א‬E١٣FE٦F‫א‬‫א‬ K١٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



- ١٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 Modified Proctor Test ‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٥FE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٢
٢٥،45.72 cm‫א‬4.54 kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
KE٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
.E١٣FE١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬٣٪‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
maximum dry density (γ d −max ) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬optimum moisture content (OMC ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Ws
γd =
V
W
=
⎛ w ⎞
V ⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ 100 ⎠
:
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = Ws
 ‫א‬ =V
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ =W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ =w
- ١٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKW‫א‬KKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 KKKKKKKW‫א‬KKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 KKKKKKKW‫א‬   KKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 KKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬   KKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKW‫א‬   KKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١  ‫א‬
(‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻜﻭﻜﺔ )ﺠﻡ‬+ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ‬
 EF‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬
 EkN/m3F‫א‬‫א‬
 EkN/m3F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١ ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬
 EF‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬
(‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ )ﺠﻡ‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
E٪F‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 References 

،‫א‬‫א‬،?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬?E١٩٨٨F‫א‬ K١
K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،?‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ? E١٩٨٨F ‫א‬   K٢
K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?‫א‬?E١٩٩٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

Atkinsom, J. (1993), “An Introduction to the Mechanics of Soils and .٤
Foundations”, McGraw-Hill Inc.
Atkins, H. N. (1983), “Highway Materials, Soils, and Concretes”, 2nd Edition, .٥
Prentice-Hall Company, Virginia.
Bowles, J. E. (1997) “Foundation Analysis and Design”, McGraw-Hill Inc. .٦
Das, B. M. (1993) “Principles of Geotechnical Engineering”, 3rd Edition, .٧
PWS Publishing Company, Boston.
Lambe, T. W. & Whitman, R. V. (1969) “Soil Mechanics”, John Wiley & .٨
Sons Inc., New York.
Smith, G. N. & Smith, I. G. (1998) “Elements of Soil Mechanics”, 7th Edition, .٩
Blackwell Science.
Spangler, M. G. & Handy, R. L. (1982), “Soil Engineering”, 4th .١٠
Edition, Happer & Row, Publishers, Inc., New York.
- ١٥٥ -
 ‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢  ١{١
٣  ٢{١
٣  ‫א‬٣{١
٤  ‫א‬٤{١
٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥{١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٩  ١{٢
٩  ‫א‬‫א‬٢{٢
١٩  ‫א‬‫א‬٣{٢
٢٣  
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦  ١{٣
٢٦  ‫א‬‫א‬٢{٣
٢٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٢{٣
٢٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٢{٣
٣١  ‫א‬‫א‬٣{٢{٣
٣٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٣
٣٩  ‫א‬٤{٣
٤٥  
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٧  ١{٤
٤٨  ‫א‬٢{٤
٥٠  ‫א‬‫א‬١{٢{٤
٥١  ‫א‬‫א‬٢{٢{٤
٥١  ‫א‬٣{٢{٤
 ‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
٥٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٤
٥٨  ‫א‬‫א‬٤{٤
٥٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٤{٤
٦١  ‫א‬٢{٤{٤
٦٣  ‫א‬‫א‬٥{٤
٦٤  
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٦٧  ١{٥
٦٨  ‫א‬٢{٥
٧٠  ‫א‬٣{٥
٧١  ‫א‬‫א‬١{٣{٥
٧٥  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٢{٣{٥
٧٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{٥
٧٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥{٥
٨٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦{٥
٨٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٨٦  ١{٦
٨٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٦
٩٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٦
٩٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{٦
٩٤  ‫א‬‫א‬٥{٦
٩٧  
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٠  ١{٧
١٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٧
١٠٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٧
 ‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
١٠٢  ‫א‬‫א‬١{٣{٧
١٠٤  ‫א‬‫א‬٣{٣{٧
١١٠  ‫א‬٣{٣{٧
١١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬٤{٣{٧
١١٦  
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١١٩  ١{٨
١١٩  ‫א‬‫א‬٢{٨
١٢١  ‫א‬٣{٨
١٢١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٣{٨
١٢٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٣{٨
١٢٦  ‫א‬٤{٨
١٢٦  ١{٤{٨
١٢٧  ٢{٤{٨
١٢٩  ‫א‬٥{٨
١٣١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦{٨
١٣١  ‫א‬‫א‬٧{٨
١٣٥  ‫א‬٨{٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٨  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٤١  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٢  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٣  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٥  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
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منهج السويل كلــــــــه

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منهج السويل كلــــــــه

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Soil Structure‫א‬ ٤{١

 EF     EF    EF

Soil Volumes and Weights Relationship ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٢

ENF‫א‬،E kN / m 3 F‫א‬ γ ‫א‬

dry unit weightE γ d F‫א‬‫א‬

 degree of saturation E S F‫א‬

2.58-2.65 Clay (organic)EF

2.68-2.75 Clay (inorganic)EF

 relative density E Dr F‫א‬‫א‬

65-85  Dense 

:‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ‬

Soil Consistency ‫א‬‫א‬ ٣{٢

Particle Size Distribution of Soil‫א‬‫ א‬٢{٣

Sieve Analysis Test ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

2.0 mm < Gravel Gravel

0.074 mm < Sand < 2.0 mm  Sand

0.002 mm < Silt < 0.074 mm Silt

Clay < 0.002 mm Clay

 Sieve Analysis Test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١{٢{٣

Gap graded ‫ﺗﺪرج ﻓﺠﻮي‬

Poorly graded ‫ﺗﺪرج ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‬

 Uniformity CoefficientE Cu F‫א‬ E٢

 D30% = 0.40 mm      

General Classification Granular Materials (35% or less passing No.200)

Sieve analysis, percent passing

Characteristics of fraction passing No.40

General rating as subgrade Excellent to good

General Classification Silt-Clay (more than 35% passing No.200)

Sieve analysis, percent passing

Characteristics of fraction passing No.40

Usual types of significant Constituent materials Silty soils Clayey soils

General rating as subgrade Fair to poor

A-4 A-2-4 A-2-5 A-5

 GI = (15 − 35)[0.2 + 0.005(34 − 40 )] + 0.01(15 − 15)(12 − 10 ) = 0

H‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 Compaction Theory ‫א‬ ٢{٤

‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬

‫ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 Harvard Test‫ א‬K٣

(γ d −max ) ‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬

Standard Proctor Test‫א‬‫א‬ ١{٢{٤

Modified Proctor Test‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٢{٤

Saturation Line‫א‬ ٣{٢{٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬

19.26 20.80 2.12 943.30 2000.37 8.00 2

20.34 22.50 2.29 943.30 2163.13 10.58 3

20.16 22.76 2.32 943.30 2188.75 12.89 4

18.86 21.82 2.22 943.30 2097.81 15.68 5

17.77 20.93 2.13 943.30 2012.74 17.78 6

‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ‬

Field Compaction‫א‬‫א‬ ٤{٤

Sand Cone Method ‫א‬ ٢{٤{٤

 Wdry − soil = 618.3 gm ‫א‬

Dry Density vs. Water Content

110 Harvard Miniature

Darcy's Law‫א‬ ٢{٥

 <10-8 Clay 

Measurement of permeability‫א‬ ٣{٥

 h2  ‫א‬ h1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 h2 = 11.20 − 2.48 = 8.72 m

σ v = σ v − u = 130.60 − 49.05 = 81.55kN / m 2 W‫א‬‫א‬