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Assignment 1 Solution
Problem 1
Mechanics of materials mainly concerns the “internal” effect, such as stresses and strains
caused by external loads acting on a deformable body/structure. It is important in
engineering because it is fundamental and it has wide application fields, such as in
mechanical engineering, civil engineering.
Problem 2
Archimedes
Contribution: This treatise was thought lost until the discovery of the Archimedes
Palimpsest in 1906. In this work Archimedes uses infinitesimals, and shows how
breaking up a figure into an infinite number of infinitely small parts can be used to
determine its area or volume. Archimedes may have considered this method lacking in
formal rigor, so he also used the method of exhaustion to derive the results. As with The
Cattle Problem, The Method of Mechanical Theorems was written in the form of a letter
to Eratosthenes in Alexandria.
Da Vinci
Biography: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was born in Florence, Italy, and was a
prestigious artist, inventor, engineer and scientist. Throughout his lifetime, he also lived
in Milan, Bologna, Rome and Venice. Despite being Italian, he spent the last years of his
life in a house that he was given in France.
Contribution: Leonardo da Vinci used the concept of gears and torque in his inventions.
In doing so, he created the concept of moments, which are very important in modern day
statics and in the mechanics of materials.
Galileo
Biography: Galileo Galilei 15 February 1564– 8 January 1642) was an Italian physicist,
mathematician, astronomer and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific
Revolution. Galileo was born in Pisa (then part of the Duchy of Florence), Italy, and the
first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei, a famous lutenist, composer, and music theorist,
and Giulia Ammannati. Four of their six children survived infancy, and the youngest
Michelangelo (or Michelagnolo) also became a noted lutenist and composer. Galileo's
full name was Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei. At the age of 8, his family moved
to Florence, but he was left with Jacopo Borghini for two years. He then was educated in
the Camaldolese Monastery at Vallombrosa, 35 km southeast of Florence.
Newton
Biography: Sir Isaac Newton (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727 [OS: 25 December 1642 –
20 March 1726])was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher,
alchemist, and theologian who is considered by many scholars and members of the
general public to be one of the most influential people in human history.
Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a theory of colour
based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colours that
form the visible spectrum. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling and studied the
speed of sound.
In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of
the differential and integral calculus. He also demonstrated the generalized binomial
theorem, developed Newton's method for approximating the roots of a function, and
contributed to the study of power series.
Bernoulli
Biography: Jacob Bernoulli (also known as James or Jacques) (27 December 1654 – 16
August 1705) was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family.
Jacob Bernoulli was born in Basel, Switzerland. Following his father's wish, he studied
theology and entered the ministry. But contrary to the desires of his parents, he also
studied mathematics and astronomy. He traveled throughout Europe from 1676 to 1682,
learning about the latest discoveries in mathematics and the sciences. This included the
work of Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke.
Hooke
Biography: Robert Hooke FRS (18 July 1635 – 3 March 1703) was an English natural
philosopher, architect and polymath who played an important role in the scientific
revolution, through both experimental and theoretical work.
His adult life comprised three distinct periods: as a brilliant scientific inquirer lacking
money; achieving great wealth and standing through his reputation for hard work and
scrupulous honesty following the great fire of 1666 (Section:Hooke the architect), but
eventually becoming ill and party to jealous intellectual disputes. These issues may have
contributed to his relative historical obscurity (section: Personality and disputes).
Hooke studied at Wadham College during the Protectorate where he became one of a
tightly-knit group of ardent Royalists centred on John Wilkins. Here he was employed as
an assistant to Thomas Willis and to Robert Boyle, for whom he built the vacuum pumps
used in Boyle's gas law experiments. He built some of the earliest Gregorian telescopes,
observed the rotations of Mars and Jupiter, and, based on his observations of fossils, was
an early proponent of biological evolution. He investigated the phenomenon of refraction,
deducing the wave theory of light, and was the first to suggest that matter expands when
heated and that air is made of small particles separated by relatively large distances. He
performed pioneering work in the field of surveying and map-making and was involved
in the work that led to the first modern plan-form map, though his plan for London on a
grid system was rejected in favour of rebuilding along the existing routes. He also came
near to deducing that gravity follows an inverse square law, and that such a relation
governs the motions of the planets, an idea which was subsequently developed by
Newton.[4] Much of Hooke's scientific work was conducted in his capacity as curator of
experiments of the Royal Society, a post he held from 1662, or as part of the household
of Robert Boyle.
Contribution: Hooke is known for his law of elasticity (Hooke's law), his book,
Micrographia, and for first applying the word "cell" to describe the basic unit of life.
Even now there is much less written about him than might be expected from the sheer
industry of his life: he was at one time simultaneously the curator of experiments of the
Royal Society and a member of its council, Gresham Professor of Geometry and a
Surveyor to the City of London after the Great Fire of London, in which capacity he
appears to have performed more than half of all the surveys after the fire. He was also an
important architect of his time, though few of his buildings now survive and some of
those are generally misattributed, and was instrumental in devising a set of planning
controls for London whose influence remains today. Allan Chapman has characterised
him as "England's Leonardo".
Euler
Biography: Leonhard Euler (15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) was a pioneering
Swiss mathematician and physicist. Leonhard Euler was a Swiss mathematician and
physicist. Euler studied infinitesimal calculus and graph theory and made a bunch of
important discoveries. Additionally, he has done some work in mechanics, fluid
dynamics, optics and astronomy. It is arguable that Euler is one of the best
mathematicians of all time.
D’Alembert
Lagrange
Biography: Joseph-Louis Lagrange (25 January 1736, Turin, Piedmont – 10 April 1813,
Paris), born Giuseppe Lodovico (Luigi) Lagrangia, was an Italian-born mathematician
and astronomer, who lived part of his life in Prussia and part in France, making
significant contributions to all fields of analysis, to number theory, and to classical and
celestial mechanics. On the recommendation of Euler and D'Alembert, in 1766 Lagrange
succeeded Euler as the director of mathematics at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in
Berlin, where he stayed for over twenty years, producing a large body of work and
winning several prizes of the French Academy of Sciences. Lagrange's treatise on
analytical mechanics (Mécanique Analytique, 4. ed., 2 vols. Paris: Gauthier-Villars et fils,
1888-89), written in Berlin and first published in 1788, offered the most comprehensive
treatment of classical mechanics since Newton and formed a basis for the development of
mathematical physics in the nineteenth century.
Coulomb
Biography: Coulomb was born in Angoulême, France, to a well-to-do family. His father,
Henri Coulomb, was inspector of the Royal Fields in Montpellier. His mother, Catherine
Bajet, came from a wealthy family in the wool trade. When Coulomb was a boy, the
family moved to Paris and there Coulomb studied at the prestigious Collège des Quatre-
Nations. The courses he studied in mathematics there, under Pierre Charles Monnier, left
him determined to pursue mathematics and similar subjects as a career. From 1757 to
1759 he joined his father's family in Montpellier and took part in the work of the
academy of the city, directed by the mathematician Augustin Danyzy. With his father's
approval, Coulomb returned to Paris in 1759 where he was successful in the entrance
examination for the military school at Mézières.
Contribution: He is best known for developing Coulomb's law, the definition of the
electrostatic force of attraction and repulsion. The SI unit of charge, the coulomb, was
named after him.
Laplace
Biography: Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace (23 March 1749 – 5 March 1827) was a
French mathematician and astronomer whose work was pivotal to the development of
mathematical astronomy and statistics. He summarized and extended the work of his
predecessors in his five volumes Mécanique Céleste (Celestial Mechanics) (1799–1825).
This work translated the geometric study of classical mechanics to one based on calculus,
opening up a broader range of problems. In statistics, the so-called Bayesian
interpretation of probability was mainly developed by Laplace.
Biography: Siméon Denis Poisson (21 June 1781 – 25 April 1840), was a French
mathematician, geometer, and physicist.
Saint-Venant
Biography & Contribution:: Adhémar Jean Claude Barréde Saint-Venant (August 23,
1797 – January 1886) was a mechanician and mathematician who contributed to early
stress analysis and also developed the one-dimensional unsteady open channel flow
shallow water equations or Saint-Venant equations that are a fundamental set of
equations used in modern hydraulic engineering. Although his surname was Barréde
Saint-Venant in non-French mathematical literature he is known simply as Saint-Venant.
His name is also associated with Saint-Venant's principle of statically equivalent systems
of load, Saint-Venant's theorem and for Saint-Venant's compatibility condition, the
integrability conditions for a symmetric tensor field to be a strain.
Castigliano
Galerkin
Biography: Boris Grigoryevich Galerkin (surname more accurately romanized as
Galyorkin; March 4, 1871 – July 12, 1945), born in Polozk, Belarus, Russian Empire was
a Russian/Soviet mathematician and an engineer.
Timoshenko